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Steam Games Coming To Linux Part 43 - Splice
As many of may already know, Steam is coming to Linux. Let us see the Game titles and features exclusive on Prime Inspiration.
Quick Links
Splice is an experimental and artistic puzzler. Immerse yourself in its microbial world and start splicing! Every level ("strand") consists of a number of cells that you will need to rearrange into a target structure in several moves ("splices"). Exploration and experimentation are key in determining how the curious little cells react to each other. Predict the sequence of splices you'll have to make in order to successfully arrange each strand. Re-sequence, mutate, and splice your way through this unique puzzle experience, and you'll exercise your ability to visualize sequential series of shapes over time. Solve your way to the final strands and you'll be left with a heady sense of mental accomplishment!
Splice is the fourth title out of Cipher Prime Studios, and was the Best Puzzle Game winner of the 2011 Intel Level Up contest.
Here is Splice Trailer video
Key Features
- 75+ Puzzles: The main sequences introduce the player to the game's basic mechanics and the epilogue sequences challenge the player's mastery of the game.
- Angelic Solutions: Every level is solved in a few moves. Challenge yourself and find the angelic solutions of puzzles by completing puzzles in fewer splices than you're given. Novice players can still progress through the game by using all splices.
- Unique Geometry: Explore the structure of a binary tree in radial space.
- Absorbing Soundscape: Put your headphones on and lose yourself in Splice's hauntingly beautiful and Glass-ian piano music.
- Compelling Colors: Massage your retinas with the soothing visual effects and ambience of this primordial puzzle environment.


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In a first for Congressional hearings, James Comey, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, was asked to say under oath on Monday if the official Twitter feed of the President of the United States was lying about the testimony he was still giving.
The extraordinary moment came after Comey had confirmed to the House Intelligence Committee that there is indeed an ongoing counterintelligence investigation of Russian interference in the election of Donald Trump as president and "whether there was any coordination" between the Trump campaign and the Russian effort."
BREAKING: FBI Director Comey confirms the FBI is investigating any possible links between the Trump campaign and Russia pic.twitter.com/tCukCbB3ol
— Bradd Jaffy (@BraddJaffy) March 20, 2017
Comey also stated categorically that there was no evidence to support the conspiracy theory that former President Barack Obama had ordered the wiretapping of Trump Tower, speculation Trump himself had stated as fact in a moment of Breitbart-induced delirium earlier this month.
After those revelations, Comey and Michael Rogers, the director of the National Security Agency, were asked by Rep. Devin Nunes, the Republican chair of the intelligence committee and a former member of Trump's transition team, if they had any evidence that Russian hackers had tampered with the counting of votes in the small number of states that swung the electoral college in Trump's favor. Both men replied that they did not.
Video of that exchange was soon posted on the president's official Twitter account, @POTUS, which is managed by Trump's former caddy and current social media director, Dan Scavino. The president's Twitter spokesman, however, added a caption which mischaracterized the testimony of the two men as proof that "Russia did not influence electoral process."
The NSA and FBI tell Congress that Russia did not influence electoral process. pic.twitter.com/d9HqkxYBt5
— President Trump 45 Archived (@POTUS45) March 20, 2017
That was incorrect. Comey and Rogers had instead both made it plain that they stood by their earlier assessment, in a report that was partially declassified on January 6th, that Russia had indeed hacked the email accounts of Democratic officials, and provided stolen messages to WikiLeaks, in order to damage the electoral chances of Trump's opponent, Hillary Clinton.
A short time later, the two men, who were appearing before the committee largely to clear up confusion caused by the president's earlier tweets — about "the Russia story" being "fake news" and President Obama "tapping my phones in October" — were asked by Rep. Jim Himes, a Connecticut Democrat, if the new @POTUS tweet was a fair summary of their testimony.
Comey and Rogers replied that they had offered no judgement as to the effectiveness of the Russian campaign on the opinions of American voters when they said that there was no evidence of tampering with the actual vote-counting in the swing states.
Comey on Trump tweet that he testified Russia "did not influence electoral process": "It certainly wasn't our intention to say that today." pic.twitter.com/21ASPvFzh1
— ABC News Politics (@ABCPolitics) March 20, 2017
As the New Yorker correspondent Ryan Lizza noted, the White House seemed to have shot itself in the foot by live-tweeting its misleading account of the testimony before the hearing was over.
Good lesson for the president: wait until your top intelligence officials are finished testifying before mischaracterizing their testimony.
— Ryan Lizza (@RyanLizza) March 20, 2017
The same official government account was also used to misrepresent Comey's refusal to go along with Rep. Trey Gowdy, who seemed intent on planting the baseless theory that former President Obama could have leaked the news that Trump's disgraced national security adviser, Michael Flynn, had lied about discussions with Russia's ambassador to the United States.
FBI Director Comey refuses to deny he briefed President Obama on calls made by Michael Flynn to Russia. pic.twitter.com/cUZ5KgBSYP
— President Trump 45 Archived (@POTUS45) March 20, 2017
Before the hearing was over, Trump's Twitter spokesman also falsely claimed that Comey had agreed with the premise that there was "no evidence of collusion between Russia and Trump Campaign."
FBI Director Comey: fmr. DNI Clapper "right" to say no evidence of collusion between Russia and Trump Campaign. #ComeyHearing pic.twitter.com/MqBG2xd4s7
— President Trump 45 Archived (@POTUS45) March 20, 2017
In fact, Comey had merely agreed that there was no evidence of that two months ago, when the January 6th intelligence assessment was released. He made it clear in his opening statement on Monday that the counterintelligence investigation into the Trump campaign and the Russian government to determine "whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts" was "ongoing." That investigation, he added, "will also include an assessment of whether any crimes were committed."

subset: commoncrawl


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ANTIQUE Germany porcelain china HALF DOLL pincushion Munzer 1926. She is 5 1/2" tall. No chips or cracks. She is in excellent condition
A nice hand made reproduction of an antique china doll from long ago. This one was made in 89. China head, arms and feet & legs. Cloth body Nicely sewn, and the dress is cotton with oodles of old style cotton eyelet lace and ribbons. All hand painted glazed china parts. She is 18" tall and in perfect condition. Signed on the back her head/back "Wilma 89". No breaks or damages and clothes are nice with no rips or soils.
Pretty 14" porcelain doll with "Patches" Doll Head Mold from Boots Tyler, 15"-16" Size. Body Type:Cloth with porcelain hands. This is part of a Bubble Gum Babies Series. She wears a cute floral jumper with lots of lace and trim. Light brown hair with a cute hat. Perfect condition with no damages. Made well. Stand included.
THis little buckaroo will be so cute in your cabinet with your vintage cowboy stuff. Very old and made of hand painted bisque porcelain. He is only 3" tall. Mold stamped Japan. Very good condition with no chips or repairs.
A lovely designer doll by Marian Yu. She is 16" tall, has thick long blonde hair, blue eyes and is dressed in original clothing. Her dress is light rose satin with lace overlay pearls & ribbons, matching bonnet and pantaloons. She wears socks and shoes also. She has a porcelain head, arms (to the elbow) and porcelain legs (thigh high). She is poseable and has a cloth body. Perfect condition with original box. Key wound from the back, and plays beautiful dreamer...


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SACRAMENTO (AP) — A new report shows Gov. Jerry Brown let stand 80 percent of a state board's decisions to parole murderers from California prisons.
Brown's office on Friday released the annual report on the governor's reviews of 470 decisions made by the Board of Parole Hearings to free convicted killers in 2012. It showed Brown reversed 91 parole decisions, sent two cases back for reconsideration and let the others stand.
According to his office, Brown allowed 82 percent of the board's 412 parole decisions in 2011.
By contrast, former Republican Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger allowed about a quarter of the recommended paroles to stand, while former Democratic Gov. Gray Davis allowed just 2 percent.
Governor's spokesman Evan Westrup notes in 2011 state courts overturned nearly three-quarters of 144 Schwarzenegger reversals that were challenged.


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Mayzie is sponsoring a Chip In to help the Houston Pittie Pack family. Here is the addy for this event. pittiepackfirerecoveryfundDOTchipinDOTcom/sandrasDASHfireDASHrecovery. Chip In closes 2-15-12.
If anyone would like to send a gift card to help the Houston Pittie Pack, please contact Frankie at his email account frankiefurterATwildblueDOTnet and include "sandra's addy" as the subject. Frankie will respond with an address for mailing your gift.
Agnes Bullock of Dachsies With Moxie is designing a Memory Quilt with the images of the five lost furiends from the Houston Pittie Pack. She is accepting 6" pieces of cloth to sew into the quilt. If you have a square of fabric that has special meaning to you, please contact her by her email addy trainwifeAThotmailDOTcom and include "pittie pack quilt" as the subject. Deadline to mail fabric is 1-16-12. WHN STILL NEEDS APPROX 200 MORE SQUARES TO COMPLETE THE QUILT!
Sprinkles is hosting a giveaway. See her 1-16-12 post and details will be available as soon as some technical difficulties are fixed up. Stay tuned to her blog.
Sugar is giving away a Maui Human Society 2012 calendar that features her. Please see her new blog by clicking her name and see the 1-14-12 post for details. Deadline is 1-23-12.
Mayzie needs a date for the Valentine's party. She is hosting Win A Date With Mayzie. See her 1-16-12 post for details. Send picture and your entry to mayziegalATgmailDOTCOM by 1-27-12 and we will all be able to vote on her blog. $1 per vote goes to Dog Fostermom's new fence.
Mango Minster 2012 is now open for competition. See the 1-1-12 post for all details, categories and rules. Deadline is 2-5-12. Multiple categories, judges, prizes are all included in this event. There is still room for more entries, so check out the blog today to get entered. ALL species are welcome!
Jess & Glacier are planning a Valentine's Day Dance for Blogville. Proceeds from this 2-14-12 event will help Dog Foster Mom build a new fence for her fosterpooches. See the 1-4-12 post for details including Vote for King & Queen, Kissing Booths, Sweets for Your Sweetie, and Raffle Prizes. Deadline for Vote & Kissing pictures is 1-31-12.
Fivesibes is now offering their book, What's Wrong With Gibson. A percentage of the profits will be donated to the non-profit Center for Canine Epilepsy Resources.
Road Dog Tales is now offering their 2012 Pit Bull Frog Calendars. Please visit pitbullfrogsDOTblogspotDOTcom for all the details. Proceeds can be directed to the non-profit organization of your own choosing.
Bailey is hosting an ongoing event called Dogs In Cars. Send her pix of pooches going for rides and she'll be doing posts to show them all. See her 11-11-11 post for the details.
Nola is hosting an ongoing Exchange. Send her things from your area and she'll send you something back.


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Gonzalez, Nationals handle Reds
Gio Gonzalez showed that he's better than his last two outings.
After giving up 12 runs in nine innings over those two starts, Gonzalez pitched a gem on Thursday night. The right-hander held Cincinnati's powerful lineup to one hit in eight innings and the Washington Nationals beat the Reds 8-1.
Denard Span and Danny Espinosa drove in three runs apiece, giving Gonzalez more than enough support. The 21-game winner from last season struck out seven and walked two.
By the time Joey Votto homered for Cincinnati, Gonzalez (2-1) had a 6-0 lead.
''Gio's a guy with an All-Star track record and a guy who could have won the Cy Young last year and it's not surprising,'' Votto said. ''I looked up his numbers on the board and he hadn't had a very good season so far and I imagine he was about due. And tonight was one of those starts for him.''
Washington had lost nine of 12 and their previous six home games. Cincinnati has lost six of its seven road games.
''It's been a long time since we've been shaking hands,'' Nationals manager Davey Johnson said. ''That's more like what we are — good pitching and timely hitting.''
Both had been missing from the Nats lately. Gonzalez helped them back on track by going right after the aggressive Cincinnati hitters.
''Attack the strike zone quick,'' Gonzalez said. ''You don't want to give them a chance to fall behind on it and let them swing.''
Said Johnson: ''His ball moves a heck of a lot, and it's hard to sit on, but it's a lot easier to sit on if you see a lot of pitches in every at-bat.''
The Nationals scored two runs in the bottom of the second against Bronson Arroyo (2-2). With one out, Ian Desmond singled. He scored on Espinosa's double. Kurt Suzuki singled. Gonzalez moved Suzuki to second with a bunt, and Espinosa scored on an infield single by Span.
Washington took a 6-0 lead in the third. Bryce Harper led off with his eighth home run of the year, the most any National has hit in April. Harper also doubled. He has 11 multi-hit games in the 22 Washington has played.
Following Harper's home run, Jayson Werth singled. Adam LaRoche, who had struck out six consecutive times, reached on a two-base throwing error by Votto at first. Werth scored on an infield out by Desmond. Espinosa hit his second home run of the year, a two-run shot, and Washington led by six.
Arroyo allowed six runs — five earned — in six innings. He walked one and struck out two.
Span's two-run triple in the eighth made it 8-1. Playing on his 26th birthday, Espinosa had been just 2 for 18 and entered the game batting .155.
''This is definitely more of what I expect from our team than the last three games,'' Espinosa said.
Votto's home run was his fourth of the year. ... Reds OF Shin-Soo Choo walked in the ninth and has now reached base safely in his first 22 games this season. ... Nationals OF Roger Bernadina singled in the eighth inning. He had been 0 for 16. ... Washington C Wilson Ramos, who's on the 15-day disabled list with a strained left hamstring, will likely go on a rehab assignment this weekend when Double-A Harrisburg plays at Bowie. ... Cincinnati LHP Sean Marshall, on the DL since April 10 with shoulder tendinitis, made his second rehab appearance Wednesday night for Triple A Louisville, pitching a scoreless inning against Gwinnett. He's been eligible to come off the disabled list since Tuesday and joined the Reds Thursday in Washington. ''He's close. He's real close. He said he's feeling good,'' Reds manager Dusty Baker said. ... Cincinnati RHP Homer Bailey (1-1, 3.24) faces Washington RHP Jordan Zimmermann (3-1, 2.67) on Friday night.


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Its long one again! Mark is joined by Matt Krueger of Savage Vibrations jumps on the show and the two hit on a plethora of topics that one can not comprehend. From the 4th of July, to Tommy Lee being a not so nice guy to the fans. Also a guy writes in about not supporting Chik-Fil-A anymore and we discuss the ramifications of Krispy Kreme being a potential hoax! But the topic that gets us all revved up is the story of the lifeguard in Florida and how his job was handled after saving anothers persons life. All this and much more on this episode of The Q....taking talk radio and turning it up to 11!
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September 2023
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Stay Cozy with These Four Vegan Soup Recipes
This blog does not intend to provide diagnosis...
There are few foods more revitalizing than healthy vegan soup. Make these vegan soup recipes for a nutritionally packed meal.
Vegetarian Roasted Red Pepper, Tomato and Lentil Soup Recipe
This roasted red pepper, tomato and lentil soup is an updated version of the classic recipe. In this take on the old favorite, the blend of ingredients supplies heartiness and additional health benefits. Tomatoes are naturally high in vitamin C, and research has shown that the lycopene content may have male reproductive health benefits. Red peppers are high in antioxidants, and lentils supply fiber that can help the body feel full.
- 1 cup uncooked red lentils or brown lentils, soaked
- 3 Tbs. extra-virgin olive oil
- 2 large cans of diced organic tomatoes
- 2 cups vegetable stock or base
- 1/2 cup purified water
- 1 small can of tomato paste
- 1 Tbs. coconut aminos
- 1 Tbs. paprika
- 3 large red bell peppers
- 1 large white onion
- Vegan bread, optional
- Basil, parsley or chives for garnish
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Soak uncooked lentils in purified water during meal preparation. To ensure easy digestibility, it is OK to soak the lentils overnight.
- Grease baking sheet with coconut oil or cooking spray. Place whole red peppers upright on the baking sheet and drizzle with 1 tablespoon of extra-virgin olive oil. Bake for approximately 20 minutes or until the peppers have a blistered and slightly roasted appearance. Remove from oven and allow to cool.
- In a medium pot or large saucepan, heat 2 tablespoons of extra-virgin olive oil and cook chopped onion for approximately three minutes or until supple and tender.
- Pour in vegetable stock or base, canned tomatoes, coconut aminos and tomato paste into the saucepan. Cook over low heat.
- Chop the cooled red peppers and add to the mixture. Use a stick blender to mix all saucepan ingredients together until smooth.
- Thoroughly rinse and drain the soaked lentils. Add the drained lentils to the puréed tomato and pepper mixture. Cover and cook on medium heat for 30 minutes or until the lentils are soft and tender.
- Serve soup topped with chives, parsley and toasted vegan bread. Enjoy.
Vegan Corn and Coconut Milk Chowder Recipe
This corn and coconut chowder can provide a blend of comfort food and sophistication. With the freshness of the tropics and the consistency of a thick stew, vegan chowder is perfect for colder days. The unique combination may also offer important health benefits. Research has shown that sweet corn contains phytonutrients like lutein as well as other vitamins and minerals. Coconut milk offers a rich supply of iron, magnesium, potassium and manganese. Serve with vegan cornbread or breadsticks for a well-rounded meal.
- 1 24-ounce can of coconut milk
- 3 cups of canned corn, rinsed
- 3 Tbs. extra-virgin coconut oil
- 3 cups purified water
- 1 large sweet onion, chopped or diced
- 1 whole poblano pepper, seeded and chopped
Optional Toppings:
- 3 Tbs. coconut flakes
- 1/4 corn kernels, rinsed
- 1/4 cup cilantro, chopped
- 3 pickled jalapenos sliced into garnish rounds
- Pour coconut oil into a large saucepan or stockpot over medium heat. Once the oil is very warm but not scorching, add the chopped onion and sauté for about three minutes until soft.
- Add 3 cups of corn and the chopped poblano. Cook for about five minutes until vegetables are tender.
- Add the coconut milk and water, and then bring contents to a boil. Once boiling, reduce heat and simmer for about 20 minutes.
- The vegetables should be soft and the soup pleasantly fragrant. Using a high-speed immersion blender or hand mixer, purée the soup until smooth.
- Serve topped with corn kernels, cilantro, jalapenos and coconut flakes. Enjoy.
Loaded Vegan Baked Potato Soup Recipe
Loaded baked potato soup is no longer just for bacon and sour cream lovers. With this recipe, it's possible to enjoy all of the wholesome goodness of baked potato soup without the meat or dairy. Since potato naturally contains fiber, potassium and vitamin C, this dish may also help the body load up on some of the nutrients needed to get through the winter.
- 3 Tbs. vegetable oil
- 3 Tbs. extra-virgin coconut oil
- 2 cups vegetable base or stock
- 1 quart of almond milk or cashew milk
- 1 cup organic whole raw cashews
- 1/4 cup of chives
- 2 Tbs. of kosher salt, pepper and paprika
- 3 large russet or Yukon gold potatoes
- 1 large head of cauliflower
- 5 scallions, chopped; separate the green and white portions for this recipe
- 1 large leek, chopped
- Organic Bac'un vegetarian bits, optional
- Vegan cheddar, optional
- Coconut milk for drizzling
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Cover a baking sheet with aluminum foil. Coat potatoes and cauliflower in vegetable oil.
- Using a wood or a metal skewer, poke five holes in each potato. Place the oil-tossed potatoes and cauliflower onto the aluminum-covered baking sheet. Roast in the oven for approximately one hour or until potatoes are tender when tested with the skewer.
- Heat coconut oil in a soup pan over medium heat. Add scallion whites and leeks, and then sauté until tender. Stir in cashews and allow to simmer.
- Once the potatoes and cauliflower have been cooked, add chopped cauliflower to the sauté mixture; be careful not to include any leaves or central stem. Add the almond milk or cashew milk and one half of a chopped and peeled roasted potato. With a high-speed immersion blender or a hand mixer, purée the soup until smooth. Use a fine mesh strainer to transfer the soup to a stock pot and remove any hard cashews. Leave the stockpot over medium-low heat.
- Drop the rest of the potatoes directly into the stock pot using a potato ricer or food mill, and then thin the soup to a desirable consistency using the vegetable stock or base. Gently stir the soup with a large spoon, but do not use a blender or mixer at this point because the soup will become too glutinous.
- Ladle and serve the soup immediately topped with chives or green onion, Bac'un vegetarian bits, vegan cheddar and optional coconut milk for drizzling. Enjoy.
Deluxe Vegan Homemade Miso Ramen Recipe
Loaded with vegetables, brown-rice noodles, ginger and healthy oils, ramen can be an uplifting meal.
- 4 packs of brown rice noodles
- 8 cups of vegetable broth
- 2 Tbs. coconut oil
- 2 Tbs. sesame oil
- 1 Tbs. organic miso
- 1 Tbs. ginger powder
- 3 Tbs. organic cornstarch
- 1 14-ounce block of extra-firm silken tofu, drained and cubed
- 6 cups of chopped spinach
- 5 sliced shiitake mushrooms
- 2 carrots, grated
- 3 green onions, chopped
- Sriracha chili, optional topping
- Sesame seeds, optional topping
- In a large stock pot, combine vegetable stock or base, sesame oil, miso and ginger powder over medium heat. Whisk until smooth. When fully combined and bubbling slightly, simmer over low heat. Cover and set aside the broth mixture for later.
- Heat coconut oil in a large frying pan or skillet over medium heat. Coat the tofu cubes in organic cornstarch, and then brown on both sides in the coconut oil until toasted. Remove tofu from the skillet and set aside.
- Rinse skillet and add a splash of vegetable base or stock to lightly sauté the vegetable options, such as mushrooms and spinach.
- In a final pot, cook the millet and brown-rice noodles according to package directions. Do not use any seasoning packets. Once cooked, drain the noodles thoroughly.
- To serve, divide the noodles evenly in four serving bowls. Top noodles with cooked tofu and vegetables. Pour the finished hot broth from step one over noodles and garnish with grated carrots, green onion and sesame seeds. Serve with sriracha chili and enjoy.


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Securing The Future Of Hot Rods - Hot Rodding Into The Future
The Changing Political Landscape & The Need For Enthusiast Involvement
Related Video
Editors Note:
There's a lot going on in the aftermarket automotive sector that can affect what we love the most-our muscle cars. And while some opt to turn their heads in hopes that everything will turn out for the best, the truth is we all need to have a better understanding of the pending legislations and be aware of what we can do to protect our sport as automotive enthusiasts.
-Henry D
The 2010 elections are here, and at no time in recent history has Washington been so divided. Less than two years ago, then Senator Barack Obama led a movement united by the desire for change. Voters wanted a new era of bipartisan cooperation, openness, and an abandonment of "politics as usual."
The realities of backroom politics quickly eroded campaign ideals. Whether President Obama and the Democratic leadership failed to deliver, or his opponents refused the invitation, the battle lines were fortified and partisan rancor is now stronger than ever.
It's easy to identify key events that hastened the downfall. We must also acknowledge that circumstances at the beginning of 2009 were dire. The world economy wavered and consumers and businesses alike were gripped in fear. Early decisions made by the Obama Administration and Congress helped bring stability to the markets but also left a sour taste for many. Did we bail out the right people? Did we mortgage our future to jump-start the economy? Will skyrocketing deficits lead to stagflation, inflation, or other types of economic grief?
Health care reform underscored the divisions. Early on there was a "debate" on how to address the twin issues of skyrocketing premiums and the millions of Americans without health care insurance. But by last summer, it had devolved into issue ads and angry town hall gatherings.
We are again at an election crossroads in which many voters are seeking "change." That's what this issue of the magazine is about-an opportunity to consider how actions being taken by federal and state lawmakers impact you: the auto enthusiast. The need for the enthusiast community to stay informed and become involved is greater than ever. From emissions to auto equipment standards, the government is making decisions about your current and future car.
This topic is not limited to Washington. While the federal government issues national rules dictating vehicle safety and emissions equipment, most other issues are handled at the state and local levels. From titling and registration to inspection/maintenance, your car is subject to decisions made by state and local officials.
The future of our hobby depends on you. The ballot box is one venue for making your views known. We also urge you to work collectively with your fellow enthusiasts. How? Join the SEMA Action Network (SAN). The SAN is a partnership between enthusiasts, car clubs, and members of the specialty auto parts industry in the U.S. and Canada who have pledged to join forces in support of legislative solutions for the auto hobby. It's free to join and the SAN keeps you informed about pending legislation and regulations-both good and bad-that will impact your state or the entire country. It also provides you with action alerts, speaking points, and lawmaker contact information if you want to support or oppose a bill. Join now at semasan.com.
Regulating Hot Rod Emissions: Past, Present, and Future
Section by Jim McFarland
Government regulations continue to filter into the hot rod community. The purpose of this article is to provide a chronology of events helpful to understanding the current regulatory landscape and then look into the future of what enthusiasts can expect. You will become aware of the role enthusiasts can play in this process, in addition to steps that have been and are being taken by the Specialty Equipment Manufacturers Association (SEMA) on behalf of the users of their products. The material is current, precise, and intended to explain issues helpful to maintaining the future of hot rodding.
It has been approximately 40 years since the government agency that became California's Air Resources Board (CARB) first met with specialty aftermarket parts manufacturers. The agency had become aware that non-stock, emissions-related aftermarket parts were being installed on California vehicles and wanted to establish guidelines for their use. About a dozen specialty parts manufacturers attended the meeting that was convened by the agency setting "design limits" based on the most robust parts options available from the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM or new vehicle manufacturers). In other words, if an OEM offered any versions of "high performance" parts as options to stock counterparts, emissions-related specialty aftermarket parts would not be allowed to exceed the design criteria of higher performance OEM components. For example, multiple carburetors, dual exhausts, camshaft specifications and similar limits to other such aftermarket parts would be the rule.
Moving into the 1970s and '80s, enthusiasts began to see and experience the impact of OEM emissions controls. Federal emissions standards imposed on the OEM were mandated in shorter time periods and included the downsizing of piston displacements, reducing vehicle weight, redesigning engine packages, and making companion changes requiring years to accomplish. As a result, we entered the emissions "band-aid" era involving short-term modifications the OEMs could make in order to meet required standards. Air pumps, carburetors with limited adjustments, exhaust gas recirculation, catalytic converters, rear gear changes to reduce on-road engine speeds, and comparable "quick fixes" were imposed on consumers and enthusiasts, the net effect being both a real and perceived reduction in prior vehicle performance.
At the enthusiast level, emissions controls were perceived as performance-reducing components. It would be another 10 years before redesigned engine packages with computer controlled electronic fuel injection (EFI) and higher overall combustion efficiency would restore "high performance" to the OEM community while meeting even more stringent emissions and fuel economy requirements.
Even during these years, and flying somewhat under the radar, there was the need for specialty aftermarket parts manufacturers to begin adapting to new OEM technologies. Failure to do this impacted two areas in particular. One dealt with attempts to develop products with consumer value, in the face of much more daunting engineering tasks. The other was the requirement that certain emissions standards be met, because by this time both the CARB and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were aware that improperly designed emissions-related parts could take an otherwise certified vehicle out of compliance.
At this point, SEMA took a proactive role in working directly with the CARB to create a method by which emissions-related specialty aftermarket parts could be brought into compliance. While the EPA had its own anti-tampering provisions contained in the federal law affecting aftermarket parts, the CARB had taken a more aggressive position in regulating these components. Working directly with CARB staff, SEMA helped establish an emissions testing program whereby emissions-critical parts could be made legal for on-road use in California. Ultimately, EPA would recognize this certification for use elsewhere in the country. At the time, as now, the so-called CARB "Executive Order" (E.O.) certification process that was created embodied test procedures required of the OEMs when certifying new vehicles. Today, SEMA continues working with both the CARB and EPA to help enable its membership to achieve emissions compliance for specialty aftermarket parts, all of which has a direct impact on several segments in the performance enthusiast community.
There have also been concerns for owners of specially-built or kit car enthusiasts, pertaining to various titling issues and other state-based challenges in numerous locations across the country. Particularly in California where a significant number of specially-built vehicles (SCVs) were identified by regulators as either improperly or illegally registered (approximately five years ago), a major threat to the street rod industry appeared. Because such violations were considered a felony offense, car owners were targeted for arrests and the probability of confiscated vehicles. It has required a major effort on the part of SEMA, working in conjunction with the California Attorney's Office, CARB, Bureau of Automotive Repair, Department of Motor Vehicles, and state legislators to craft a solution to this critical issue. Whereas five years ago there was no clear path to obtaining legal registration and emissions-compliance for these vehicles, today there is a means by which it can be done. Concurrently, SEMA has continued working with states outside California to configure laws and regulations to enable legal registration of street rods and custom cars (including kit cars and replicas). The SEMA model legislation, enacted in 20 states to date, also provides for special license plates for these vehicles. The bill defines a street rod as an altered vehicle manufactured before 1949 and a custom as an altered vehicle at least 25 years old and manufactured after 1948. The bill allows kit cars and replica vehicles to be assigned a certificate of title bearing the same model year designation that the body of the vehicle was constructed to resemble.
Most recently, there have been concerns about the regulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and how performance parts relate to so-called greenhouse gases. After a review of data gathered during emissions compliance testing of specialty aftermarket products that successfully passed these tests, the levels of CO2 that exceeded baseline emissions were quite low. In fact, although increased air/fuel charge enrichment in and of itself can somewhat increase CO2, if combustion efficiency levels associated with improved fuel economy and acceptable emissions are maintained, little or no unfavorable impact has been observed. So it would appear that performance products, when designed and used in a way that enables fuel economy equal to or better than that obtained with stock components, create a negligible effect on CO2 output.
Looking ahead, it is clear that OEM technology and ways it can be improved by enthusiasts or made compatible with specific performance objectives is a further challenge. The car companies build vehicles with technologies that must be understood and addressed, not only within regulatory requirements that include safety and emissions, but also as the platform on which the aftermarket must operate. This challenge has included increased pressure from regulatory requirements, largely dealing with emissions performance and compliance. Gone are the days when performance parts manufacturers could simply expand on the dimensions or specifications of an OEM part or system to produce more power. Aftermarket parts manufacturers are required to upgrade their own technical capabilities and be prepared to meet new challenges to integrate emissions-related parts to regulatory test methods.
Looking further into the future, it is abundantly clear that Federal and State governmental regulations will continue to affect the performance aftermarket, ranging from parts manufacturers to enthusiasts. Historically, it is not a matter of "if" regulations will impact this industry but "when" and to what extent they will do so. An integral part of working toward the prevention or reduction of such actions is the combined ability of SEMA to identify and confront heavy-handed legislation potentially damaging to the performance enthusiast community while working directly with government regulators to address mutual concerns. By linking and integrating these critical elements, the high-performance industry and enthusiast landscape we know today will be ensured a viable future.
Issues That Affect Our Hobby:
In recent years, state and federal officials have attempted to implement emissions reduction programs that target older vehicles. Most scrappage programs allow "smokestack" industries to avoid reducing their own emissions by buying pollution credits generated through destroying these vehicles. These programs accelerate the normal retirement of vehicles through the purchase of older cars, which are then typically crushed into blocks of scrap metal. Hobbyists suffer from the indiscriminate destruction of older cars, trucks, and parts, which anyone undergoing a restoration project can attest to. America safeguards its artistic and architectural heritage against indiscriminate destruction, and our automotive and industrial heritage deserves the same protection.
While some legislation designed to spur sales of new and used automobiles is positive, such as vouchers towards the purchase of a new or used car or tax credits to help upgrade, repair, or maintain older vehicles, scrappage provisions are not. Scrappage programs focus on vehicle age rather than actual emissions produced. This approach is based on the erroneous assumption that all "old cars are dirty cars." However, the true culprits are "gross polluters"-vehicles of any model year that are poorly maintained. Scrappage programs ignore better options like vehicle maintenance, repair, and upgrade programs that maximize the emissions systems of existing vehicles. In the past year, scrappage initiatives have been defeated California, North Carolina, and Washington.
Enthusiasts played a vital role in altering federal scrappage legislation in 2009 when an amendment was worked into the "Cash for Clunkers" program to spare vehicles 25-years and older from the scrappage heap and expand parts recycling opportunities. Cash for Clunkers operated through voluntary consumer participation, allowing car owners to receive a voucher to help buy a new car in exchange for scrapping a less fuel-efficient vehicle. Vehicle hobbyists eased the program's effects by convincing lawmakers to include a requirement that the trade-in vehicle be a model year 1984 or newer vehicle. This provision helped safeguard older vehicles, which are irreplaceable to hobbyists as a source of restoration parts.
How Loud is Too Loud?
Imagine driving down the road and getting stopped for the modified muffler on your painstakingly-restored Chevy. Now imagine sitting on the shoulder, receiving a citation from local law enforcement, while a stock Ferrari overtakes your car and drives on. This is the scene being played out on state highways across the country, the result of poorly drafted or ineffective state laws and regulations. The laws on the books in these states frequently cite the manufacturer's specifications or a factory installed muffler as the basis on which vehicle exhaust noise is measured.
On this topic, states can generally be divided into two major categories: states with noise standards and states without noise standards. Of the states with a test standard on the books, many ignore guidelines when handing out citations. Most states that have chosen to go the route of setting specifications choose to measure a vehicle's noise by decibels. States that have quantifiable noise standards on the books are shaded red in the map to the right. These standards often go unenforced. One reason these regulations are not enforced is that they are based on an in-use standard-exhaust noise is measured while a vehicle is in motion on the highway. The states that employ these operating standards typically divide vehicles into classes and then set separate standards: one for vehicles while driving on roads with a speed limit of 35 mph or less and a second standard for vehicles driving on roadways with a speed limit greater than 35 mph. The measurements are to be taken while the vehicle is in motion on the road, usually from a distance of 50 feet from the center lane of travel.
Other states choose not to specify a quantifiable noise standard. These states are shown in yellow on the map. Typical language in these states' statutes includes prohibitions on "excessive or unusual noise" from a vehicle's exhaust system. While most motorists believe that exhaust systems should not be used in a way that causes overly loud or objectionable noise, these vague provisions fail to provide a clear and objective standard for those seeking more durable exhaust systems that enhance a vehicle's appearance and increase performance.
Language that effectively limits the use of aftermarket exhausts can be found amongst both yellow and red states. Such language includes sentences such as "no person shall modify the exhaust system of a motor vehicle in any manner which will amplify or increase the noise or sound emitted louder than that emitted by the muffler originally installed on the vehicle." While such language does not specifically prohibit all modification, it does not provide any means of measuring whether a vehicle has been acceptably modified. Such language also negatively affects the aftermarket industry by placing the noise limit authority in the hands of the OEMs and ignores the fact that aftermarket exhaust systems are designed to make vehicles run more efficiently without increasing emissions.
Green on the map identifies the three states that have enacted SEMA model legislation to provide enthusiasts and law enforcement officials with a fair and enforceable alternative. The model legislation establishes a 95-decibel exhaust noise limit based on an industry standard adopted by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Under this standard (SAE J1169), a sound meter is placed 20 inches from the exhaust outlet at a 45-degree angle and the engine is revved to three quarters of maximum rated horsepower. The highest decibel reading is then recorded.
Previous California law allowed modifications so long as the noise levels did not exceed the 95 decibel limit. However, the roadside enforcement of this limit was chaotic, leading to subjective, selective, and improper enforcement.
Enforcement of the previous law and regulations in California, for example, resulted in many drivers being pulled over by state and local police and cited for improper modified exhaust systems despite having what they believed to be legal aftermarket exhausts. To prove our point (and educate ourselves) about the widespread improper enforcement of the previous California exhaust law, SEMA conducted a series of exhaust noise tests in early April of 2001. First, we contacted California SEMA Action Network members to see how many folks had received citations for excessive or modified exhaust. We were surprised and dismayed to learn how many fit the category! We then invited them to have their cars tested to see if they actually complied with California law. Finally, we hired a board-certified acoustical engineer and did the testing according to the standards set out in California law. Long story short, of the cars we tested only one exceeded the 95db legal level.
To remedy this problem, in 2002 SEMA helped enact a new enforcement procedure in California through its model bill. The new law forces compliance with an objectively measured standard in a fair and predictable test. Through this procedure, motorists who drive vehicles legally equipped with modified exhaust systems can confirm that they comply with California's exhaust noise standard. The California Bureau of Automotive Repair began operation of the motor vehicle exhaust noise-testing program in 2003. The law also allows courts to dismiss citations for exhaust systems that have been tested and for which a certificate of compliance has been issued. Under the program, the 40 Smog Check stations statewide that provide referee functions are performing the test. These referee stations are issuing certificates of compliance for vehicles when tests of their exhaust systems demonstrate that they emit no more than 95 decibels, under the SAE test procedure. However, only those vehicles that have received a citation for an exhaust noise violation are permitted to submit their vehicle for the test. A similar standard was enacted in Maine in 2003 and Montana in 2007.
SEMA Action Network Maintains Record of Achievement
Gridlock and bitter partisan politics continue to persist in Washington, D.C. and in the state capitols around the country, making positive legislative action difficult. Fortunately, the SEMA Action Network (SAN) has been breaking through the gridlock and promoting legislative solutions for the automotive hobby since 1997.
The SAN is a partnership between enthusiasts, vehicle clubs, and members of the specialty automotive parts industry in the United States and Canada who have joined forces to promote hobby-friendly legislation and oppose unfair laws. With nearly 40,000 members, 3 million contacts, and an ability to reach 30 million enthusiasts through print and press, the SAN is the premier organization defending the rights of the vehicle hobby. The SAN is free to join with no obligations or commitments.
When it comes to taking the action needed to protect the automotive hobby, only the SAN has the experience, the resources, and the dedicated network of enthusiasts to stop unreasonable bills in their tracks and keep the hobby free from overly restrictive government regulation. No other organization brings such a comprehensive set of tools and resources to bear on this mission:
• A professional government affairs staff in Washington, D.C. that works in all 50 states and at the federal level.
• A full-time research staff that monitors every bill introduced in every state.
• Tailored action alerts sent to enthusiasts with bill information, speaking points, and legislator contact information.
• The SEMA SAN website which features tracked legislation, action alerts, guidance on letter writing, lobbying elected officials, land use policies, warranty denial, and a means by which you can identify your legislators.
• The award winning monthly legislative newsletter - Driving Force.
• Pro-hobby model legislation crafted by SEMA SAN staff.
• The State Automotive Enthusiast Leadership Caucus - a collection of nearly 450 state legislators with a common goal to support the motor vehicle hobby.
• The Congressional Motorsports Caucus - 100 U.S. Representatives and Senators who have aligned to pay tribute to America's ever growing love affair with the car and motorsports.
The SAN is an organization dedicated to providing the tools and information necessary for hobbyists to protect their passion. To raise awareness of important issues affecting the hobby around the country, the SAN sponsors the Hot Rod Power Tour bus, travels to car shows and events, raises awareness through automotive media, operates a Facebook group and a Twitter page, and distributes issue brochures to car clubs and businesses. The SAN further supports car clubs by advertising their shows and charitable events in Driving Force.
In its 13-year history, the effect of the SAN on shaping government policy has been enormous. The SAN has successfully:
• Enacted street rod and custom vehicle (including kit cars and replicas) registration and titling laws in 20 states.
• Protected classic vehicles waiting to be restored on private property from confiscation.
• Safeguarded legal off-road nitrous oxide use with SAN model legislation.
• Defended enthusiast's right to use more durable aftermarket exhaust systems.
• Junked state level "Cash for Clunkers" legislation.
• Enacted legislation to lower taxes and fees for hobbyist vehicles.
• Advocated to ensure public lands remain open to responsible off-road recreation.
The current economic and legislative environment is emboldening governments to become more aggressive with their anti-auto hobby legislation. States are seeking new avenues for generating revenue and new ways of dictating what you can and cannot do with your vehicles. The message government is sending is clear-the hobby needs the SEMA Action Network now more than ever.
Emissions, Smog Check Programs
Many states operate their own I/M programs in areas that the EPA has designated as a "nonattainment area," meaning that the area has not attained the EPA's required air quality. The EPA checks for carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide when designating these areas and when an area does not meet the standard for any individual pollutant, or any combination of the pollutants, then it is placed on the list of nonattainment areas.
To meet the EPA's emissions reduction requirements, many states are implementing more stringent emission inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs. An I/M program may be currently operating in your state, or could be soon.
Many states have incorporated the OBD testing method as part of the vehicle emissions inspection for 1996-and-newer vehicles. These OBD tests replace tailpipe tests by identifying emissions problems through information stored in the vehicle's on-board computer system. Some states have even proposed only testing vehicles with the OBD test, limiting the vehicles that need to be tested to those manufactured in 1996 and later. The I/M 240 is an enhanced emissions testing program, with "240" representing the number of seconds that the tailpipe portion of the test lasts. I/M 240 tests require visual inspection of emissions control devices, an evaporative emissions test, and a transient drive-cycle exhaust emissions test, performed while the vehicle is running on rollers. Many state programs mistakenly fail vehicles in the visual test based on the presence of aftermarket engine products or force older collector vehicles to undergo some type of testing.
Policy makers must properly focus on inspection procedures and not confuse legitimate aftermarket parts with emission defeat devices and tampering violations. The hobby must also pursue proactive legislative initiatives to establish exemptions from inspections for low-mileage vehicles, classic vehicles (defined as 25-years old and older), and newer vehicles. It is useful to remind legislators that the emissions from this small portion of the vehicle fleet are negligible. This is especially true when you consider the low miles typically driven by hobby vehicles and the excellent condition in which these vehicles are maintained.
Nitrous Oxide
The hobby must work with legislators to mitigate legislation that would ban the installation of power booster systems, including nitrous oxide systems intended for off-road (track) use. The SEMA model bill aims to do just that with language that provides for the operation of a vehicle equipped for nitrous oxide, so long as the nitrous oxide is disconnected from the engine when the vehicle is anywhere other than the track.
New Car Emissions Inspection Exemptions
It is not an effective use of resources to perform emissions tests on newer vehicles. The results of these tests predominately demonstrate no significant threats to air quality from these vehicles. New vehicles are regulated by the EPA, which provides strict emissions standards, which these vehicles have already met. The idea behind exempting all classes of new vehicles is to reduce costs while not losing appreciable emission reductions. This strategy builds support for emission inspection programs, but also directs finite resources to where they will be most valuable in cleaning the air. Even California, the toughest state on vehicle emissions, recognized the benefits of exempting new vehicles and does not require smog checks to be performed on vehicles 6 model years old or newer.
Equipment Standards & Inspections
Understanding how vehicles and car parts are regulated can be a bit confusing. Here is a quick overview.
The Federal government, through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), has the right to set, enforce, and investigate safety standards for new motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. These "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards" (FMVSS) are performance-based. They do not dictate design elements. For example, the federal lighting standard prescribes the photometric requirements for a headlamp but does not dictate shape or size.
The FMVSS covers basic types of equipment (e.g., tires, rims, headlamps/tail lamps, brake hoses, etc.) and establishes vehicle crashworthiness requirements (front and side impact, roof crush resistance, fuel system integrity, etc.).
Emissions and emissions-related parts are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and various state agencies, primary of which is the California Air Resources Board (CARB). For products sold in California (and states that have adopted the California standards), manufacturers must conform to standards issued by the CARB.
Federal law prohibits states from issuing motor vehicle safety regulations that conflict with federal standards. This is called federal preemption. However, states are free to enact and enforce safety and equipment regulations which are identical to the FMVSS or, in the absence of a federal rule, establish their own laws and regulations. The most frequent examples of individual state rules cover parts like "optional" or "accessory" lighting equipment, noise levels for exhaust and stereo systems, suspension height, and window tinting. States also establish rules on how a vehicle is titled and registered. State and local jurisdictions have authority to regulate inoperable vehicles or determine whether an enthusiast is engaged in a business vs. private activity. State and local law enforcement officials issue tickets and inspect cars.
State laws have evolved over many generations and they continue to change. Some laws are better than others, and there is a constant need to remind state policy makers not to be biased in favor of the vehicle's original equipment, such as lighting, tires and wheels, suspension components, and bumper/frame height. For example, some state laws allow motorists to be ticketed when an officer has made a subjective noise level determination that the exhaust system is "louder than what came with the car." To cite another example, bills have been introduced in state legislatures to ban spinners even though they are legal at the federal level. Opposing arbitrary and unnecessarily restrictive equipment and inspection laws is a constant challenge.
"Gas Guzzler" Laws
Gas Guzzler laws primarily come out of state legislatures in misguided attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A bill in New York, for example, seeks to establish a progressive purchase or lease surcharge for some new motor vehicles based on calculations of carbon emissions. Depending on the vehicle purchased, this surcharge could require owners to pay up to $2,500 more for a vehicle. Another bill in New York proposes to create a task force that would recommend higher toll and registration fees for vehicles based on the vehicle's weight, emissions, and fuel-efficiency ratings. In California, a similar measure was recently defeated that would have added a surcharge to some vehicles based on state calculations of carbon emissions. If such an effort was successful, the effects on a consumer's ability to purchase their vehicle of choice, not to mention vehicle safety, would be dramatic. These measures would also make popular performance and luxury cars, as well as SUVs, light trucks, and minivans, substantially more expensive to own without necessarily curtailing greenhouse gas emissions, since greenhouse gas emissions have more to do with overall basic vehicle maintenance than with owning and operating any particular class of vehicle.
Tire Fuel Efficiency: Kick the Tires. Are They Fuel Efficient?
A lot rides on your tires. That will soon include greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Both California and the federal government are pursuing regulations to rate replacement tires for "fuel efficiency" in an effort to influence consumer choice. In theory, if a tire is more fuel-efficient, less gas is burned and therefore less CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere. Some state lawmakers want to go one step further and mandate emissions limits ... within their state boundaries.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is drafting a "consumer information system" to rate the fuel economy, safety, and durability characteristics of most replacement tires. NHTSA has established test procedures to be used by tire manufacturers in determining tire ratings but is still considering options on how to convey the information to consumers at the point of sale and on the Internet. Companies that only produce 15,000 units or less in a tire line (or 35,000 tires in total brand name production)-mostly tires for classic and antique vehicles or off-highway vehicles-are exempted since fuel efficiency for these types is not a primary consumer concern. Tire manufacturers are considering new rubber compounds, tire designs, and other methods to boost efficiency without negatively impacting traction and strength.
The premise for the new program is to allow consumers to compare ratings for different replacement tires and determine the effect of tire choices on fuel economy or the potential trade-offs between tire fuel efficiency (rolling resistance), safety (wet traction), and durability (treadwear life). The information may be conveyed in the form of a 1-5 star rating system for each category, a 0-100 rating system, or some similar approach. The tire ratings would be included on a label affixed to each tire.
California is pursuing a variation on the federal program whereby state regulators could assign a "fuel efficient tire" ranking to the top 15 percent of tires with the lowest rolling resistance within their size and load class. All other tested tires would be ranked as "tires that are not fuel efficient." If enacted, the testing program could take effect in mid-2011. The California program also contains the exemption for tires produced in units less than 15,000.
California was the first to pursue the issue, passing a law in 2003 to require a consumer information program. Congress followed suit with a federal program in 2007 and pre-empted any other states from establishing consumer information initiatives that differed from the national or California programs.
But some state lawmakers still insist on going one step further. For example, a bill has been introduced in New York to mandate that replacement tires be as energy efficient as the tires sold as original equipment. To date, the bill has been rejected since it would essentially set a 50-state standard, potentially impose substantial redesign costs on tire manufacturers, and conflict with the federal/California programs.
When it comes to consumer information, the big question is whether the focus of attention is misplaced. Will consumers be dissuaded from buying tires that may have improved performance, handling, or appearance features, based solely on a rolling resistance rating? In addition, the program may easily distract consumers from focusing on more important safety issues such as tire inflation and overloading of vehicles.
On that topic, the most inefficient tires are the ones that are under-inflated. A motorist can easily lose 3 or 4 percent in gas mileage when tires are under-inflated. Moreover, a tire that is not properly inflated compromises handling and braking.
EPA Ethanol:
My Engine Is Not Vegetarian-It Wants Gas
There is a battle raging in Washington that may force you to put ethanol in your car, whether you want to or not. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently allows gasoline to include up to 10 percent ethanol (E-10), a fuel additive made from corn or other biomass sources. The ethanol industry wants the EPA to increase the amount to 15 percent.
Who would object? Millions of owners of high-performance engines and older cars who fear corrosion and other nasty side effects. Ethanol attracts water. In turn, the resulting condensation can corrode the fuel lines, fixtures, and tank components (steel, rubber, aluminum, etc). We're talking rust, clogging, and deterioration. For modern cars, the oxygen atom in the ethanol molecule may confuse the exhaust sensor when measuring the fuel/air mixture going into the cylinders. The mixture may be too lean, producing a hot exhaust capable of damaging the catalytic converter. The end result may also be more nitrogen oxides, a building block for smog.
Many newer engines and parts have been designed to be more compatible with alcohol fuels, and E-15 will not be an issue. But E-10 has been a problem for some current and older models, and E-15 may be worse. Many in the auto industry have cautioned the EPA to do more science before it rules on the request.
Why does it matter? The fact is gasoline without ethanol may eventually become scarce or non-existent when you pull up to the pump. We also face an education curve. For many people who already ignore the "contains 10% ethanol" sign will not understand that 15% may cost them a pretty penny in repair bills.
A Quick Guide to Paint Regulations
Cave men were the first to use paint. It was a big hit then and it still is. However, paint is now heavily regulated to address various environmental concerns. The following is a quick overview of various federal and state rules that may impact how you paint your ride.
There are two main issues with respect to regulatory oversight: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs).
VOCs include both man-made and naturally occurring chemical compounds that are released into the atmosphere as a gas. They are found in oil-based paints, adhesives and cleaning supplies and may trigger respiratory irritation, headaches, or other health concerns. VOCs also react with nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form smog. Both federal and state regulators have imposed limits on VOC emissions, primarily at the manufacturer level. A number of products, from paint to engine degreasers and windshield washer fluids, have been reformulated to reduce their VOC levels. Additionally, there has been an effort to switch the public from oil-based paints and cleaning solvents (enamel, lacquer, mineral spirits, etc.) to water-based paints like latex. The paint industry has expanded the range of water-based finishes that are available to assist in the conversion. Sometimes it is not a voluntary switch. A number of states or urban areas have banned retail sales of certain oil-based products in an effort to combat smog.
Aerosol can spray paints are frequently used for smaller jobs and touch-up painting. They rely on VOC-emitting propellants, gasses used to which expand and force out the paint when the valve is opened. The propellants have changed over the years. Chlorofluorocarbons were banned in 1978 since they deplete the upper ozone layer. Butane and propane were then widely used until they were identified as significant smog contributors. The paint industry has more recently relied on a variety of hydrofluorocarbons to serve as propellants. To address VOCs in aerosol paints, both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California have limited the amount of propellants that can be used in spray paint. As with paints purchased in cans, the issue is largely being addressed at the manufacturer level through product reformulation.
HAPs pose a separate concern. They are hazardous metal compounds-cadmium, chromium, nickel, etc.-that become airborne during paint stripping operations or surface coating and autobody refinishing operations. The EPA now regulates most activities except low-volume operations such as when hobbyists restore or customize one or two personal vehicles (or the equivalent in pieces) per year. The EPA rule establishes "best practices" (spray booth, spray gun cleaning, etc.) for minimizing HAP emissions during surface coating operations. All shops are effectively required to have a filtered spray booth or prep station and use high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) or equivalent spray equipment. Spray guns are required to be cleaned manually or with an enclosed spray gun washer. According to the EPA, if new equipment is required to meet the requirements, the costs should be recouped through a more efficient use of labor and materials. (It should be noted that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires commercial spray finishing operations to be performed in a booth or similar enclosure). The HAP rule does not apply to painting done with an airbrush or hand-held non-refillable aerosol cans.
Regulating paint has been a balancing act: making sure hobbyists and commercial entities have access to affordable, quality paints while protecting health and environment. It has also been a moving target, since there is always the chance rules put in-place today may not be deemed adequate upon further review. A good source for additional information is: ccar-greenlink.org/paintrule.html.
Window Tint
Severe limits on window film light transmission and reflectance percentages continue to surface in a number of states. It is important to constantly remind state legislators to advance the industry standard of not less than 35% light transmittance on all windows other than the windshield, and oppose measures that would unreasonably limit the use of window tint materials.
However, not every bill aims to limit the use of window tint. A bill directing the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through a reduction in motor vehicle cabin temperature is currently moving through the California legislature. The cabin temperature of a vehicle can be lowered through the use of window tinting materials. Such a directive by the legislature would signal to regulators that tinting should be considered as a solution to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions created when drivers must idle their cars in California while waiting for them to cool down. Other states have introduced measures to provide exceptions to the limits on vehicle window tinting for drivers with sensitivity to light.
Don't Get Zoned Out!
You come home one afternoon only to find a ticket on your project vehicle that's parked on your property. Sounds like a nightmare scenario, doesn't it? But in some areas of the country, it's all too real. State and local laws-some on the books now, others pending-can or will dictate where you can work to restore or modify your project vehicle. Believe it or not, that project car or truck you've stashed behind your house until the new crate engine arrives or the cherished collectible you've hung onto since high school to pass down to your kids could very easily be towed right out of your yard depending on the zoning laws in your area.
Why is the long arm of the law reaching into your backyard? Some zealous government officials are waging war against what they consider "eyesores." To us, of course, these are valuable on-going restoration projects. But to a non-enthusiast lawmaker, your diamond-in-the-rough looks like a junker ready for the salvage yard. If you're not careful, that's exactly where it will wind up.
Hobbyists are becoming increasingly concerned about the many states and localities currently enforcing or attempting to legislate strict property or zoning laws that include restrictions on visible inoperable automobile bodies and parts. Often, removal of these vehicles from private property is enforced through local nuisance laws with minimal or no notice to the owner. Jurisdictions enforce or seek to enact these laws for a variety of reasons, most particularly because they believe: 1) inoperative vehicles are eyesores that adversely affect property values or 2) inoperative vehicles pose a health risk associated with leaking fluids and chemicals. Many such laws are drafted broadly, allowing for the confiscation of vehicles being repaired or restored.
For the purposes of these laws, "inoperable vehicles" are most often defined as those on which the engine, wheels, or other parts have been removed, altered, damaged, or allowed to deteriorate so that the vehicle cannot be driven. The following are some common conditions that cause vehicles to be in violation of these laws:
• Missing tires
• Vehicle on blocks
• Front windshield missing
• No engine
• Steering wheel missing
• License plate with expired registration date
• No license tag
In the 2009-2010 legislative session, hobbyists defeated bills in Hawaii, Kansas, Nebraska, Virginia, and West Virginia that would have established unreasonable restrictions on backyard restoration projects. In response to these and other anti-hobbyist efforts, SEMA has drafted its own inoperable vehicle bill that's fair to restorers while still considerate of neighbors who don't want a junkyard operating next door. The SEMA model bill simply states that project vehicles and their parts must be maintained or stored outside of "ordinary public view." States can adopt this model legislation as their own; in 2005, Kentucky did just that. This past session, Vermont also chose to protect hobbyists from a bill that was targeted at salvage yards. The new law increases the regulation of salvage yards and automobile graveyards in the state, but includes a provision stipulating that hobbyists are not to be confused with the owners of automobile graveyards. The new law defines an "automobile hobbyist" as a person not primarily engaged in the sale of vehicles and parts or dismantling junk vehicles. Further, the definition of "automobile graveyard" does not include an area used by an automobile hobbyist for storage and restoration purposes, provided their activities comply with federal, state, and municipal law.
A model inoperative vehicle bill should contain the following elements:
1. An explicit provision prohibiting a local area from adopting or implementing an ordinance or land use regulation that prohibits a person from engaging in the activities of an automobile collector in an area zoned by the municipality.
2. A definition of collector vehicles that includes parts cars.
3. A provision allowing an automobile collector to conduct mechanical repairs and modifications to a vehicle on private property.
4. A provision mandating that government authorities provide actual notice to the vehicle's last registered owner and provide an opportunity for voluntary compliance prior to confiscation.
5. A provision mandating due process of the law (adequate notice, right to hearing, etc.) prior to the removal of a vehicle from private property.
6. Language to permit the outdoor storage of a motor vehicle if the vehicle is maintained in such a manner as not to constitute a health hazard.
7. The condition that parts vehicles be located away from public view, or screened by means of a suitable fence, trees, shrubbery, opaque covering or other appropriate means.
Experience indicates that it will be helpful to make a few preparations when you are working in your state or locality to modify damaging proposed inoperable vehicle language:
1. Develop a specialty vehicle definition (e.g., vehicle is 25-years old or older; limited production vehicle; special interest vehicle, etc.).
2. Build a coalition of interested clubs and organizations.
3. Propose fair alternative language that benefits both the hobbyist and the community (e.g., screened from ordinary public view by means of a suitable fence, trees, shrubbery, etc.)
4. Garner support from local media.
5. Be persistent in your efforts.
CAFE & CO2 Standards
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards strive to achieve reduced greenhouse gas emissions through a reduction in the amount of fuel new vehicles burn. Manufacturers are given a fuel economy rating, measured in miles per gallon, that their fleet as a whole must average in a given model year. Congress passed a law in 1973 directing the EPA to set CAFE standards, making these standards a tool exclusively wielded by the federal government. The federal government finalized new fuel-economy standards as well as a national carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions tailpipe standard in April this past year. The two issues are related since CO2 is released in direct proportion to the amount of carbon-based fuel that is burned. Under the new rules, NHTSA has set CAFE standards for model year (MY) 2012-2016 vehicles and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established corresponding CO2 emissions standards. The combined action would match CO2 emission standards previously adopted by California and 13 other states.
The average CAFE rating will be 35.5 mpg in 2016 based on a combined 39 mpg rating for passenger cars and 30 mpg for light trucks. The EPA's CO2 emissions standard is 250 grams per mile for vehicles sold in 2016, roughly the equivalent of 35.5 mpg. The automakers support, and participated in formulating, the rules since they provide a reasonable national approach to regulating CO2 emissions rather than a patchwork of state rules.
NHTSA will use an attribute-based system which sets CAFE standards for individual fleets of vehicles based on size, taking into account the differences between cars and light trucks (SUVs, pickups, and vans). Individual car companies will have flexibility on how to achieve the rules, whether placing more emphasis on hybrids or reducing vehicle size and weight. Nevertheless, a standard based on each vehicle's footprint should force automakers to increase the efficiency of every vehicle rather than downsizing some vehicles in order to offset the sale of bigger cars. Automakers will likely rely on more fuel-efficient tires, turbochargers, low-friction lubricants, six-speed automatic transmissions, and similar technological means to achieve the standards.
While the new CAFE and CO2 standards for 2016 are reasonable, the Obama Administration announced plans to put in place stronger rules for 2017 and beyond. In May, President Obama directed the EPA to also reduce emissions of conventional pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides. The president also instructed regulators to establish fuel economy and CO2 standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks for the first time beginning in MY 2014. Since the government is to regulate CO2 emissions from automobiles, it should do so through the CAFE standards and not allow any individual state to set overly harsh standards.
The California Air Resources Board (CARB) is also pursuing CO2 standards for MY 2017-25 cars and trucks. CARB intends to coordinate its action with the EPA and NHTSA, along with the automakers and other stakeholders, with the goal of setting a single national standard. Federal regulators intend to issue a "game plan" for MY 2017-25 light-duty vehicles by September 2010 and adopt a final rule by mid-2012, while CARB officials want to complete action on the CO2 standards by the end of 2010.
Drastically increased CAFE potentially limits consumer choice if manufacturers are forced to make smaller, less powerful, and less useful cars and light-duty vehicles in order to meet government fuel economy demands. Market-based solutions must be employed which allow the consumer to participate in and respond to national energy policies.
Lighting Equipment Advances & Government Regulations: Issues Affecting the Automotive Aftermarket
Lighting technology has entered a new dimension. Light emitting diodes, for example, are blazing a new path from taillamps to headlamps. Car lamps can now produce light beams that bend around corners, lengthen when the car is going fast and shorten and widen when the car slows down. The aftermarket industry is on the leading edge of these technological advances that promote safety and provide styling alternatives for new lighting products. Much of this innovative aftermarket equipment for cars, trucks, and SUVs provides greater road illumination and creates increased visibility. Federal and state regulators are working to keep current with these advances and also confirm that new products comply with existing regulations.
Federal Oversight
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is the federal agency that regulates original and aftermarket motor vehicle lighting products, including newer technologies coming into the marketplace. Attention has been focused on non-compliant High Intensity Discharge (HID) conversion kits that may produce glare and restyled combination lamps that are missing required functions existing on the original equipment lamps. Certain clear taillamp covers, marker lamps, certain "blue" headlamp bulbs, and other equipment has also been subject to scrutiny.
Optional lighting equipment (non-federally required) is not prohibited by federal law, but is sometimes regulated by the states. Many states establish optional lighting restrictions through the authority of the state police or the state transportation agency.
State Regulation
State-level enforcement of federally required lighting equipment can not deviate from what is prescribed by the federal government. This is called federal preemption. However, states are free to enact and enforce safety and equipment regulations which are identical to the federal safety standards. States also have jurisdiction to enact and enforce vehicle equipment and safety regulations covering equipment not regulated at the federal level, such as "optional" or "accessory" lighting equipment. Some states prohibit a vehicle from being equipped with a lamp or lighting device unless such lamp or lighting device is expressly required or permitted by law or regulation. Other states may regulate optional lighting equipment for maximum candlepower, location and placement, aim of light beam and the times, places and conditions under which the lamps or lights may be used. They may prohibit the use of flashing, oscillating, modulating, or rotating lights of any color while the vehicle is being operated on a public highway.
Still other states only allow optional lighting equipment that was developed and installed by the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). This OEM lighting equipment meets no standards except those established by the manufacturers themselves. These lamps are often of the same or greater intensity than those developed and installed by the aftermarket and frequently aimed and positioned similarly. In this way, these states unfairly discriminate against the installation and use of aftermarket lamps.
Engine Swaps Made Easier
Hobbyists frequently ask us about the rules governing engine switching in project vehicles. First of all, those engaged in engine switching activities are bound by specific state laws that may vary from state to state. Having said that, there are some general guidelines one may consider. This article will cover the rules for switching the engine in production-type vehicles (but not specially constructed vehicles, street rods, kit cars, and the like). The basic rule of engine switching (as opposed to installing a "replacement" engine) is that the change must do no harm. This means that the engine being installed must theoretically be at least as "clean" as the one taken out. Several requirements may define "clean" for the purposes of engine switching:
Model Year: The engine to be installed must be the same age or newer than the one being replaced. Crate engines can be used if they are configured to resemble an engine that was certified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and/or the California Air Resources Board. This essentially means that the required emissions parts must be present on the engine.
Certification Level: The engine to be installed must come from a vehicle certified to meet the same or more stringent emissions standards than the one replaced.
Vehicle Class: " An engine from a vehicle class such as a motor home, medium-duty truck, or marine application must not be used since these engines were certified to different types of emissions standards, using different tests.
System/Equipment: When swapping in a newer engine from a later-model vehicle, all of the relevant emissions control equipment must be transferred as well. This includes the carbon canister, the catalytic converter(s) and even parts of the on-board diagnostic (OBD) system. Some states have exceptions to this requirement, but the general rule is that as much of the donor vehicle's emissions system as possible should be transferred. The vehicle will likely run more efficiently with a full transfer of the system and shouldn't cause any undue heartache.
Of course, engine switching can be much more complex than described here, but these are good general rules to follow and should keep engine switchers out of trouble in most cases.
The U.S. EPA and many states have enforceable policies and guidelines on how to perform legal engine changes. For further information, please consult the EPA and California Bureau of Automotive Repair at:
www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/policies/civil/caa/mobile/engswitch.pdf www.bar.ca.gov/80_BARResources/07_AutoRepair/Engine_Change_Guidelines.html
Lobby for the Hobby
"We the people of the United States" are not just words from the first line of an old document. We are the people who love muscle cars, hot rods, street rods, tuners, replicas, off road trucks, and many other varieties of automotive pursuits that are as diverse as the country in which we live. We are also the people who have to work to protect our automotive passions from unnecessary, unfair, or well intentioned but poorly written laws and regulations. Fortunately, we the people live in a country where we can still make a difference in how we are governed.
Our greatest tool in making that difference is our voice. By speaking out on issues that concern the automotive hobby, contacting our representatives, and working constructively with government officials, we have the power to protect our passion and keep it safe for future generations of auto hobbyists and enthusiasts. When legislatures are out of session, representatives are in their home districts and typically have more time to meet casually with their constituents. They are also planning for the next legislative session and deciding which bills to introduce. Contacting them can have a tremendous impact by raising their awareness of issues that could impact our hobby during the next session. That is what makes right now the perfect time to get involved and build relationships with your legislators, so hit the gas and keep your foot down!
To get you started, we have prepared 10 tips you can use when contacting your representatives:
1. Develop and Maintain Relationships with Your Legislators and Their Staff
Make contact and develop productive relationships with individual legislators. It is the most effective form of grassroots lobbying. It's also important to develop a relationship with their staff who monitor ongoing legislative and community initiatives.
2. Educate Legislators About Our Hobby and Our Issues
Educate your legislator about the hobby and emphasize the positive impact it has on the community.
3. Maintain a Positive Attitude
Develop a positive relationship with your legislator. The next time an enthusiast-related issue comes up, that same legislator may be needed to support your cause.
4. Stay Informed
Keep up-to-date on the legislative issues that affect the hobby in your state. Share this information with fellow enthusiasts.
5. Get Involved in the Community
Join with other community groups to build positive exposure. Holding charity runs and fundraisers provide a great opportunity to show local residents and politicians that auto clubs are a positive community force.
6. Build Relationships with the Local Media
Contact local newspapers and radio/TV stations to publicize car shows, charity events, etc.
7. Invite Officials to Participate in Your Events
Give legislators a platform to reach an audience of constituents.
8. Build an Automotive Coalition
Create coalitions to add strength in numbers and ensure that the rights of all vehicle enthusiasts are represented. Actively participating in regional and statewide councils will develop a unified message to lawmakers. These types of pro-hobbyist groups can be an influential political force.
9. Spread the Word
Take this information to your next club meeting, cruise night, or post it on your online forums. Share this information with other enthusiasts who are willing to help lobby for the hobby.
10. Register to Vote
Exercise your right to support pro-hobby candidates. Constituents are an elected official's number-one priority. Without you and your vote of support, they would not be in office, so make sure you're registered and get out and vote.
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NEW YEAR 2013, a photo by linfrye - with grands - be back soon on Flickr.
140#CP Watercolor
The last day of 2012 begins with temps in the mid 20s and a forecast of sunshine. As in other traditions, we'll clean and tidy the house, store the holiday decorations, restore order as we 'sweep' out the old in order to 'welcome' the new. The holidays are now memories and photographs as we create new experiences with each day and each year.
I'd like to thank each of you for your encouragement, visits, comments, invitations, friendship and inspiration over this year and these past years. Each day, week, each year is a journey, and I feel mightily blessed to have your company as we travel so many roads together.
My thoughts this early morning are best said by my favorite nature-writer, Hal Borland:
"...Any year, regardless of arbitrary time, is like a cicle; you can start at any point upon it and, following the circle, you come back to that point.....No year stands by itself, any more than any day stands alone. There is the continuity of all the years in the trees, the grass, even in the stones on the hilltops. Even in man. For time flows like water, eroding and building, shaping and ever flowing, and time is a part of us, not only our years, as we speak of them, but our lives, our thoughts. All our yesterdays are summarized in our now, and all our tomorrows are ours to shape.....There is no halt, no turning back. Tomorrow rises in the east, and all the tomorrows'....(Sundial of the Seasons)
May 2013 find each of us more peaceful, more prosperous, more creative, more KIND to one another ... and may we make each one of the days we are given gifts of love, joy and peace.


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- Home
- Your Government
- Elections
- Board of Elections
Board of Elections
- Lornette McCaskill, Chair
- Gene Shelnutt, Member
- Walter Blue, Member
- Emily Weidner, Member
- Linda Revels, Member
About The Board
The Hoke County Board of Elections is responsible for:
- Registering voters and maintaining voter records;
- Filing candidates, preparing ballots, issuing absentee ballots, and conducting elections;
- Setting precinct lines, and arranging for polling places for each precinct;
- Reviewing petitions, and receiving campaign reports;
- Hearing challenges and protest, and investigating allegations.
§ 163-34. Power of county board of elections to maintain order.
Each county board of elections shall possess full power to maintain order, and to enforce obedience to its lawful commands during its sessions, and shall be constituted an inferior court for that purpose. If any person shall refuse to obey the lawful commands of any county board of elections, or by disorderly conduct in its hearing or presence shall interrupt or disturb its proceedings, it may, by an order in writing, signed by its chairman, and attested by its secretary, commit the person so offending to the common jail of the county for a period not exceeding 30 days. Such order shall be executed by any sheriff to whom the same shall be delivered, or if a sheriff shall not be present, or shall refuse to act, by any other person who shall be deputed by the county board of elections in writing, and the keeper of the jail shall receive the person so committed and safely keep him for such time as shall be mentioned in the commitment: Provided, that any person committed under the provisions of this section shall have the right to post a two hundred dollar ($200.00) bond with the clerk of the superior court and appeal to the superior court for a trial on the merits of his commitment.
§ 163-39. Limitation on political activities.
No individual subject to this Article shall: (1) Make written or oral statements intended for general distribution or dissemination to the public at large supporting or opposing the nomination or election of one or more clearly identified candidates for public office. (2) Make written or oral statements intended for general distribution or dissemination to the public at large supporting or opposing the passage of one or more clearly identified referendum proposals. (3) Solicit contributions for a candidate, political committee, or referendum committee. Individual expressions of opinion, support, or opposition not intended for general public distribution shall not be deemed a violation of this Article. Nothing in this Article shall be deemed to prohibit participation in a political party convention as a delegate. Nothing in this Article shall be deemed to prohibit a board member or board employee from making a contribution to a candidate, political committee, or referendum committee. Nothing in this Article shall be deemed to prohibit a board member or board employee from advising other government entities as to technical matters related to election administration or revision of electoral district boundaries


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Your email address is an extension of your business — especially if you are the business owner. This is why most companies have an email policy discouraging employees from using email for anything that's not business related. They're trying to avoid having their business linked to anything that might make them look bad.
It's always a good idea to be careful about how you use your business email account and what gets associated with it.


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GAZA/JERUSALEM (REUTERS) - Israeli navy commandos clashed with Hamas gunmen during a raid on the coast of the Gaza Strip on Sunday, the first such gunfight of a six-day Israeli offensive on the territory aimed at stopping Palestinian rocket fire.
The Israeli force was attacking a site in northern Gaza used to launch long-range rockets when it came under fire, a military statement said. The commandos returned fire and managed to hit the launch site, the statement said, adding that four soldiers were lightly wounded in the clash.
Hamas said its fighters had fired at the Israeli force offshore, preventing them from landing.
Israel says a ground invasion of Gaza remains an option, and it has already mobilised about 20,000 reservists to do so, but most attacks have so far been from the air, hitting some 1,200 targets in the territory.
The Islamist group Hamas, which dominates Gaza, has fired hundreds of rockets into Israel, striking deeper in the country than ever before.
The cross-border violence shows no signs of abating despite mounting international pressure on both sides to end the violence. The UN Security Council called for a cessation of hostilities and Western Foreign Ministers were due to meet on Sunday to discuss the need for a ceasefire.
Still sirens went off throughout the night in Israel, sending residents running for safe rooms and bomb shelters.
Israeli aircraft carried out a series of attacks in Gaza, including against a police headquarters and a security compound, Palestinian officials said.
A woman and a three-year-old girl were killed in the air strikes, officials said, bringing the six-day Palestinian death toll to 149, many of them civilians.
Israel says Hamas puts innocent Gazans in harm's way by placing weaponry and gunmen in residential areas. A senior Israeli military officer said aircraft had aborted "hundreds" of strikes to avoid collateral damage and that targets bombed were meant to impact Hamas fire capacity.
No Israeli has been killed by the cascade of Hamas rockets, many of which were shot down above Israeli towns by Iron Dome, a partly US-funded interceptor system. Israel rushed an eighth Iron Dome into service on Saturday to counter stronger-than-expected rocket fire from Gaza.
Fire was also exchanged across Israel's northern border.
Rockets fired late on Saturday from Lebanon hit Israel, and the military said it responded with artillery fire at the source of the launch.
Southern Lebanon is a stronghold of Hezbollah, a Shi'ite Muslim group that battled Israel seven years ago and is engaged in Syria's civil war in support of President Bashar al-Assad; but there are also Palestinian groups in the same area.
Hamas claimed responsibility for the rocket fire from Lebanon, though it was unclear what kind of influence or presence the Islamist group had there.


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Poor start in life need not spell doom in adulthood
Does the environment encountered early in life have permanent and predictable long-term effects in adulthood? Such effects have been reported in numerous organisms, including humans.
But now a biology graduate student at the University of California, Riverside reports that how individuals fare as adults is not simply a passive consequence of the limits that early conditions may impose on them. Studying how adult Trinidadian guppies (small freshwater fish) responded to their early food conditions,Sonya Auer found that the guppies had compensated for a poor start to life in unexpected, and potentially adaptive, ways.
"Adult guppies were able to mitigate the potential negative effects of early setbacks, such as poor conditions during early stages of growth and development, by being flexible in their growth and reproductive strategies," said Auer, who works in the laboratory of David Reznick, a professor of biology.
Study results appear in the December 2010 issue of The American Naturalist.
To study how adult guppies responded to early food conditions, Auer raised two batches of juvenile guppies separately on low and high food levels in the lab. Once they reached sexual maturity, she switched half of the females from each juvenile food level to the opposite adult food level and kept the other half on the same ration trajectory received during the juvenile stage.
She then measured adult responses in somatic growth, reproductive rate, reproductive investment, number of offspring, offspring size and female body condition to juvenile growth history, how these responses changed with age and how they affected overall reproductive success under low and high adult food conditions.
She found that, as predicted, females reared as juveniles on low food matured at a later age, at a smaller size and with less energy reserves than females reared on high food as juveniles.
"Entering adulthood, they were subsequently limited in the amount of time they had to produce babies, the number of babies they could carry at one time, and the amount of energy they could invest in reproduction," she said. "However, females reared on low food were able to replenish their fat reserves, increase their growth rate to make up for their small body size, and produce more babies to compensate for their delayed maturity. The end result was that they were able to achieve the same reproductive success as females reared on high food, regardless of the quality of the adult environment."
Next, Auer plans to study how guppy growth and reproductive strategies respond to seasonal variation in food availability in the wild.
Female guppies used in the experiment were the offspring of first generation descendents of fish collected in 2008 from a downstream, high predation site on the Aripo River in the Northern Range Mountains of Trinidad.


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How the catchphrase, 'I pity the fool' could capture the nation's imagination for such an expanded period of time is beyond most media scholars, yet there's no denying the cultural phenomenon that Mr. T represented in the '80s.
Long before the Flavorwave Oven, at a time when Ricky Stratton needed a heavy and D.C. cab drivers could rip car doors from their hinges more efficiently than the Pumphrey brothers, Fernando held court with Mr. T and Hulk Hogan in his Hideaway before the first Wrestlemania.
This was the dawn of the second Golden Age of Pro Wrestling. (You can make a solid argument, mostly to Baby Boomers, that Gorgeous George Wagner, not Jimmy Garvin, helped create the frenzy around this swath of pop culture back when the acronym NWA wasn't offensive and didn't involve Eric Wright.)
We've since entered the age of Mixed Martial Arts, and in recent years, brands like UFC have seen annual pay per view dollars surpass that of the WWE and boxing.
A new UFC video game has arrived, 'UFC Undisputed 2009,' on the heels of the latest WWE branded game, 'Legends of Wrestlemania.' (Check out the embedded video review for more on both)
So here's the main event… it's not a battle in the cage between the two, but instead a matter of choice. If you had to pick just one of these games to play for an entire month, which would you choose?
Laurence Scott still has a WCCW program that was autographed by his childhood favorite wrestler, the late "Gentleman" Chris Adams.