text:
Synopsis 29: Builtin Functions
Created: 12 Mar 2005
Last Modified: 24 April 2015 Version: 63
The document is a draft.
In Perl 6, all builtin functions belong to a named package (generally a class or role). Not all functions are guaranteed to be imported into the CORE scope. In addition, the list of functions imported into
CORE will be subject to change with each release of Perl. Authors wishing to "Future Proof" their code should either specifically import the functions they will be using, or always refer to the functions by their full name.
After 6.0.0 comes out, global aliases will not be removed lightly, and will never be removed at all without having gone through a deprecation cycle of at least a year. In any event, you can specify that you want the interface for a particular version of Perl, and that can be emulated by later versions of Perl to the extent that security updates allow.
Where code is given here, it is intended to define semantics, not to dictate implementation.
There is no particular difference between an operator and a function, but for the sake of documentation, only functions declared without specifying a grammatical category or with a category of
term: (see "Bits and Pieces" in S02) will be described as "functions", and everything else as "operators" which are outside of the scope of this document. (See S03 for operators.)
In actual fact, most of the "functions" defined here are multi subs, or are multi methods that are also exported as multi subs. The Setting is responsible for importing all the standard multi subs from their various packages into the CORE lexical scope. See S02.
The following type declarations are assumed:
subset Matcher of Mu where * !=== any(Bool,Match,Nil)
Used to supply a test to match against. Assume
~~ will be used against it. Booleans are forbidden because they almost always indicate a programming error where the argument has been evaluated too soon against the wrong
$_. For instance:
grep $_ == 1, 1,2,3; # evaluating wrong $_, so forbidden grep { $_ == 1 }, 1,2,3; # okay grep * == 1, 1,2,3; # okay
subset KeyExtractor of Code where { .signature === :(Any --> Any) }; subset Comparator of Code where { .signature === :(Any, Any --> Int ) }; subset OrderingPair of Pair where { .left ~~ KeyExtractor && .right ~~ Comparator };
subset Ordering where Signature | KeyExtractor | Comparator | OrderingPair | Whatever;
Used to handle comparisons between things. Generally this ends up in functions like
max(), etc., as a $by parameter which provides the information on how two things compare relative to each other.
A closure with arity of 2, which for ordering returns negative/zero/positive, signaling the first argument should be before/tied with/after the second. aka "The Perl 5 way".
For equivalence the closure returns either not 0 or 0 indicating if the first argument is equivalent or not to the second.
A closure with arity of 1, which returns the "key" by which to compare. Values are compared using
cmp for orderings and
eqv for equivalences, which in Perl 6 do different comparisons depending on the types. (To get a Perl 5 string ordering you must compare with
leg instead.)
Internally the result of the KeyExtractor on a value should be cached.
Note that it is very easy to generate a simple
KeyExtractor using
~* for strings and
+* for numbers, since with most simple operators
* returns a closure of one argument.
@sorted = sort +*, @unsorted; #ascending numeric @sorted = sort -*, @unsorted; #descending numeric
A combination of the two methods above, for when one wishes to take advantage of the internal caching of keys that is expected to happen, but wishes to compare them with something other than
eqv or
cmp, such as
<=> or
If a signature is specified as a criterion, the signature is bound to each value and then each parameter does comparisons in positional order according to its type, as modified by its traits. Basically, the system will write the body of the key extraction and comparison subroutine for you based on the signature.
For ordering the list of positional parameter comparisons is reduced as if using [||] but all comparisons do not need to be performed if an early one determines an increasing or decreasing order. For equivalence the list is reduced as if using [&&].
An ordering of
* does the default comparison for the operator:
@sorted = sort *, @unsorted;
See "The
callframe and
caller functions" in S06.
See "The
callframe and
caller functions" in S06.
macro EVAL ( Str|Buf $code, Grammar :$lang = CALLER::<$?PARSER>)
$code as if it were code written in
$lang. If
$code is of type
Buf, the same decoding techniques are applied as a compiler for
$lang would usually do to input files.
The default for
$lang is the language in effect at the exact location of the
EVAL call.
Returns whatever
$code returns, or fails when the compilation fails.
Note that unlike in Perl 5's
EVAL does not catch any exceptions or control exceptions.
multi EVALFILE (Str $filename ; Grammar :$lang = Perl6)
Behaves like, and replaces Perl 5
do EXPR, with optional
$lang support.
multi exit (Int $status = 0)
Stops all program execution, and returns
$status to the calling environment.
An exit runs all appropriate scope-leaving blocks such as
KEEP, and
UNDO, followed by all
END blocks, followed by all
DESTROYs that do more than just reclaim memory, and so cannot be skipped because they may have side effects visible outside the process. If run from an embedded interpreter, all memory must also be reclaimed.
Exit can also be called from an
END block: in that case only the
$status to be returned to the calling environment, is changed. This does end the execution of the END block in question, but will still execute any remaining
END blocks.
Any threads started with the
:app_lifetime parameter (which is basically any asynchronous action started with primitives other than
Thread.new), will be terminated on exit.
multi sleep ( Real $for --> Nil ) multi sleep ( Whatever --> Nil )
Attempt to sleep for up to
$for seconds, or forever when the argument is
*. Implementations are obligated to support sub-second resolutions if that is at all possible. You may pass any of
Rat, or
Duration types as an argument, since those all do
Real, but regardless of which type you use, they are always scaled to seconds. (An implementation is allowed to provide access to a platform-specific function based on, say, nanoseconds, but Perl 6 does not presume to know how much resolution clocks will have in the future, so requires everything to be specified in fractional seconds.)
This function returns nothing; use
sleep-timer if you wish it to return how much time is remaining on the specified sleep. However, if you really just want to keep rolling over in bed until your alarm goes off at a particular time, use
sleep-till instead, since it is not subject to relative clock drift.
All of these sleep functions work only on the current thread.
multi sleep-timer ( Real $for --> Duration )
Just like
sleep, but returns the amount of time remaining to sleep as a
Duration (which will be 0 if the call was not interrupted). Depending on the platform and the system call involved, this may or may not require emulation by interrogating the clock before and after. For those systems whose system call returns the remaining time, this can be more efficient than interrogating the clock twice yourself, However, the optimizer is encouraged to change this to a bare
sleep in sink context. (But then, you might as well just write that in the first place.)
multi sleep-till ( Instant $till --> Bool )
Just like
sleep, but checks the current time and goes back to sleep if accidentally woken up early, to guarantee waiting until the specified time. Returns True if the function actually waited, or if the specified time happens to be the present moment. Returns False if you asked to sleep until a time in the past.
multi die (@LIST)
Throws a fatal Exception. The default exception handler prints each element of the list to $*ERR (STDERR).
multi fail (Str $message)
Can only be called inside a routine and causes the routine to
return an unthrown exception; a
Failure object which stringifies to
$message. If
use fatal is in effect where the routine was called from, it throws the exception.
method bless(*@protos, *%init_args )
bless on any invocant (but typically a type object) to create a new object with the same class as the invocant.
.bless method takes the first positional argument indicating a candidate to bless. If absent, the object builder implicitly asks the representation what its preferred, er, representation is.
bless automatically creates an object appropriate to the representation of the class, then calls all appropriate
BUILD routines for the current class, which initializes the object in least-derived to most-derived order. See "Objects" in S12 for more detailed information on object creation.
multi sub chrs( Int *@grid --> Str ) multi method ords( Str $string: --> List of Int ) is export multi method chr( Int $grid: --> Str ) is export multi method ord( Str $string: --> Int ) is export
chrs takes zero or more integer grapheme ids and returns the corresponding characters as a string. If any grapheme id is used that represents a higher abstraction level than the current lexical scope supports, that grapheme is converted to the corresponding lower-level string of codepoints/bytes that would be appropriate to the current pragmatic context, just as any other Str would be downgraded in context.
ords goes the other direction; it takes a string value and returns character values as integers. The definition of character is pragma dependent. Normally it's a grapheme id, but under codepoints or bytes scopes, the string is coerced to the appropriate low-level view and interpreted as codepoints or bytes. Hence, under "use bytes" you will never see a value larger than 256, and under "use codepoints" you will probably never see a value larger than 0x10ffff. The only guarantee under "use graphemes" (the default) is that the number returned will correspond to the codepoint of the precomposed codepoint representing the grapheme, if there is such a codepoint. Otherwise, the implementation is free to return any negative unique 32-bit id. (The
chr function will know how to backtranslate such ids properly to codepoints or bytes in any context. Note that we are assuming that every codepoint's context knows its normalization preferences, and every byte's context also knows its encoding preferences. (These are knowable in the lexical scope via the $?NF and $?ENC compile-time constants).)
chr and
ord variants are restricted to processing a single character. As is customary, you may pass a longer string to
ord, but only the first character will be translated.
multi item ( $item --> Item )
Forces generic Item context on its argument, and returns it.
multi list ( Iterable $item --> List ) { $item.iterator.list } multi list ( List \iter --> List ) { iter }
Almost a no-op; just makes sure that $item can be iterated.
multi flat ( *@list --> List )
Forces flat context on its arguments, and returns them. The heavy work is done by the
*@ binding.
multi lol ( **@list --> List )
Forces the argument list to be evaluated in lol ("list of lists") context. (Subscripts treat such a list of lists as a multidimensional slice.) Any sublist within the top level of the outer list will be transformed into an item (Scalar). The work is actually done by the binding to the
**@ parameter. See also the more general
.tree method, which defaults to itemizing every level.
hash contextualizer
multi hash ( *@list --> Hash )
Forces the argument list to be evaluated in hash context. The expression is evaluated in list context (flattening any
Captures), then a hash will be created from the list, taken as a list of
Pairs. (Any element in the list that is not a
Pair will pretend to be a key and grab the next value in the list as its value.) Equivalent to
%() (except that empty
%() means
%($/), while empty
hash() means an empty hash).
multi gist( |item --> Str ) multi method gist( Mu $item: --> Str )
Produces an informal string coercion, something a human might want to see if debugging, for instance. Each type may decide its own gist representation.
Mu.gist just calls
.perl, but any type's
gist method may override this to remove metainfo that a human would find to be cluttery or redundant, or to format a composite value with suitable whitespace to tell the bits apart, or to trim down an infinite list to something slightly shorter.
gist is used as a last-ditch string coercion on each individual argument of various human-facing output routines, specifically
warn, and any non-exceptional arguments to
die. The
multi prefix:<:16> ( Str $hexstr --> Num )
multi prefix:<:8> ( Str $octstr --> Num )
multi prefix:<:2> ( Str $binstr --> Num )
multi prefix:<:10> ( Str $decstr --> Num ) etc.
Interprets string as a number, with a default hexadecimal/octal/binary/decimal radix. Any radix prefix (0b, 0d, 0x, 0o) mentioned inside the string will override this operator (this statement is true: 10 == :8("0d10")), except 0b and 0d will be interpreted as hex digits by :16 (
hex("0d10") == :16 "0d10").
fails on failure.
These aren't really functions, syntactically, but adverbial forms that just happen to allow a parenthesize argument. But more typically you'll see
:4<222> :16<deadbeef>
and such.
Replaces Perl 5
hex and
multi gethost( --> OS::Name ) multi gethost( Str $name, OS::Addfamily :$type --> OS::Name ) multi method gethost( OS::Addr $addr: --> OS::Name ) is export multi method gethost( URI $uri: --> OS::Name ) is export
gethost function operates on host naming or address information and returns an
OS::Name. An
OS::Name is, minimally:
class OS::Name { has Str $.name; has OS::Addr $.addr; has Array of Str @.aliases; has Array of OS::Addr @.addrs; }
Such names can apply to anything which has a name that maps to an address, however, in this case the name is a hostname and the address is some sort of network identifier (e.g. an IPV4 address when resolving hosts that have IPV4 addresses).
When stringified, an
OS::Name yields its name. When stringified, an
OS::Addr yields its address in an appropriate text format (e.g. "10.1.2.3" for an IPV4 address).
The optional
type adverb can be passed when resolving a hostname, and will filter the result to only those addresses that are of the appropriate address family. This feature may be supported by the underlying operating system, or Perl may emulate it.
say "Connection from {$socket.peer.gethost}"; my $address = gethost("foo.example.com").addr; my $hostname = gethost(:addr<"10.1.2.3">);
multi chroot ( Str $path = CALLER::<$_> --> Bool )
On POSIX systems, changes the process context of the current process such that the "root" directory becomes
$path and all rooted paths (those that begin with a leading path separator) are relative to that path. For security reasons, many operating systems limit this functionality to the superuser. The return value will be true on success.
multi getlogin ( --> Str )
Returns the username of the account running the program. This may not be as secure as using
getpwuid on some platforms.
multi kill ( OS::Signal $signal, Bool :$group, *@pids --> Bool ) multi method kill ( Proc::PID $pid: OS::Signal $signal?, Bool :$group --> Bool )
Sends the given
$signal to the process(es) given and returns a boolean value indicating success (true) if all of the processes existed and were sent the signal and failure (false) if any of the processes did not exist or the signal could not be delivered to them.
$signal can be initialized from an integer signal number or a string. Common signals are:
KILL - stop the process, do not allow it to exit gracefully TERM - stop the process, allow it to exit gracefully HUP - Hangup, often used as a request to re-run from scratch STOP - Pause execution CONT - Continue after a STOP
Consult your operating system documentation for the full list of signal names and numbers. For compatibility, a signal name may be prefixed with "SIG".
The method form may omit the signal. In this case, the default signal is
If the
:group named parameter is passed,
kill will attempt to send the signal to a process group rather than a single process. This functionality is platform-specific.
The special signal
0 can be sent which does not actually deliver a signal at all, and is used to determine if processes are still running:
say "Still running" if $proc.kill(0);
multi shell ( $expression, :$cwd = $CWD, :%env = %*ENV --> Proc ) multi run ( *$cmd, *@args, :$cwd = $CWD, :%env = %*ENV --> Proc )
shell and
run execute an external program, and return control to the caller once the program has exited.
shell goes through the system shell (
cmd on windows,
/bin/sh on Unixish systems), thus interpreting all the usual shell meta characters.
run treats the first argument as an executable name, and the rest of the positional arguments as command line arguments that are passed to the executable without any processing (except that it encodes Strings to buffers first, as does
Both return a
Proc object, which boolifies to
True if the program had a successful exit and
False otherwise. The
status method on a
Proc provides the exit code. If a
Proc is sunk, an exception will be thrown of type
If you want to execute an external program asynchronously (as in, not waiting for it to be finished), you will need
Proc::Async, as specced in S17-concurrency.
multi runinstead ( ; Str $path, *@args ) multi runinstead ( ; Str $command )
Identical to
run except that it never returns. The executed program replaces the currently running program in memory.
There are higher-level models of concurrency management in Perl (see "Concurrency" in S17). These functions are simply the lowest level tools
sub Processes::fork( --> Proc )
Creates a copy of the current process. Both processes return from
fork. The original process returns the child process as a
Proc object. The newly created process returns the parent process as a
Proc object. As with any Proc object, the child process object numifies to the process ID (OS dependent integer). However, the parent process object numifies to
0 so that the child and parent can distinguish each other.
Typical usage would be:
if !defined(my $pid = fork) { die "Error calling fork: $!"; } elsif $pid == 0 { say "I am the new child!"; exit 0; } else { say "I am the parent of {+$pid}"; wait(); }
multi method wait( Proc $process: *%options --> Proc::Status )
multi wait ( Proc $process = -1, *%options --> Proc::Status )
Waits for a child process to terminate and returns the status object for the child. This status object will numify to the process ID of the child that exited.
Important Proc::Status methods:
.exit - Numeric exit value .pid - Process ID .signal - Signal number if any, otherwise 0
For historical reasons there is a
.status method which is equal to:
($status.exit +< 8) +| $status.signal
$process is supplied, then wait will only return when the given process has exited. Either a full
Proc object can be passed, or just a numeric process ID. A
-1 explicitly indicates that wait should return immediately if any child process exits.
When called in this way, the returned
Proc::Status object will have a
.pid of
-1 (which is also what it numifies to) if there was no such process to wait for.
The named options include:
Defaults to true. If set to false, this forces wait to return immediately.
Exists for historical compatibility.
WNOHANG = 1> is identical to
blocking = False>.
The following functions are classified by Apocalypse/Synopsis numbers.
chroot crypt getlogin /[get|set][pw|gr].*/ kill setpgrp setpriority times
... These are probably going to be part of POSIX, automatically imported to GLOBAL if the platform is the right one
These functions are exported into the default namespace
These functions which existed in Perl 5 still exist but are not part of the default namespace any more.
The following functions can now be found in or replaced by something in the Container modules.
delete, exists, pop, push, shift, splice, unshift
See "Numeric" in S32.
The following functions can now be found in or replaced by something in the IO modules.
accept, bind, binmode, chdir, chmod, chown, close, closedir, connect eof, fcntl, fileno, flock, getc, getsockname, getsockopt, glob, ioctl, link, listen lstat, mkdir, open, opendir, pipe, print, printf, read, readdir, readline, readlink readpipe, recv, rename, rewinddir, rmdir, say, seek, seekdir, select, send, setsockopt shutdown, socket, socketpair, stat, symlink, sysopen, sysread, sysseek syswrite, tell, telldir, truncate, umask, unlink
The following functions can now be found in or replaced by something in the Temporal modules.
gmtime, localtime, time
The following functions can now be found in or replaced by something in the String module.
chop, chomp, index, lc, pack, rindex, split, sprintf, substr, uc, ucfirst, unpack
Some of these are obsoleted only as general functions, and are still available by using the right packages. Others are obsoleted in that they're keywords, rather than functions (these are in their own section, below).
$num1 % $num2
Does a floating point modulo operation, i.e. 5.5 % 1 == 0.5 and 5 % 2.5 == 0.
use DB_File;
Dumped. Restoring from core dumps is in any event not very useful on modern virtual-memory operating systems. Startup acceleration should be accomplished using a precompiler of some kind (details will be very implementation specific), or a pre-forking daemon such as Perl 5's App::Persistent (which will be an external module when it is ported).
See .pairs() method, above.
The NameServices role in S16 covers most of these.
See Exegesis 7.
The User and Group roles in S16 cover most of these.
The NameServices role in S16 covers most of these.
This word is banned in Perl 6. You must specify units. In practice, this probably means you want Str.chars(), although it could be Str.bytes(), or even something else. See S32-setting-library/String for details.
Retired due to lack of use case
See IPC::SysV
Replaced by
temp which, unlike
local, defaults to not changing the value.
See "Concurrency" in S17.
lock has been replaced by
Lock.new and methods on the
Lock object.
Because regex escaping metacharacters can easily be solved by quotes ("Simplified lexical parsing of patterns" in S05), and variables are not automatically interpolated ("Variable (non-)interpolation" in S05),
quotemeta is no longer needed.
Shell escaping should be handled by passing arguments to run, or with code that speaks the language of a specific shell.
There is no
pos function in Perl 6 because that would not allow a string to be shared among threads. Generally you want to use
$/.to for that now, or keep your own position variable as a lexical.
&func.meta.signature; &func.^signature;
There is no ref() any more, since it was almost always used to get the type name in Perl 5. If you really want the type name, you can use
$var.WHAT.perl. If you really want P5 ref semantics, use
But if you're just wanting to test against a type, you're likely better off performing an
isa or
does or
can, or just
$var ~~ TYPE.
Was there a good use for this?
See IPC::SysV;
The NameServices role in S16 covers most of these.
See IPC::SysV;
Algorithm was too Anglo-centric. Could be brought back if generalized somehow.
These are replaced by container types. The compiler is free to assume that any lexical variable is never going to change its container type unless some representation is made to that effect in the declaration. Note: P5's tied() is roughly replaced by P6's variable().
XXX Examples?
my $foo is ....? is tie the meta operation on the container type for 'rebless' - macro tie ( $var, $class, *@args ) { CODE { variable($var).meta.rebless( $class, *@args ) } } )
See notes on "tie", above, but basically these are replaced with container classes.
Should replace
vec with declared buffer/array of
uint4, etc.
wait can now be called with or without an optional process/pid.
See Exegesis 7.
The following were listed in Perl 5's perlfunc, but should now be considered keywords rather than functions.
last, my, next, no, our, package, return, sub, use
Not sure whether these are exported by default or not. Also, many may no longer exist; if so, they should be entered in the "Obsolete" section.
alarm kill
chroot crypt getlogin getpeername -- should this go on Pipe?
OS objects:
--Process getpgrp getppid getpriority setpgrp setpriority
--Service getservbyname getservbyport
--Protocol getprotobyname getprotobynumber
--Network getnetbyaddr getnetbyname
--Host gethostbyaddr gethostbyname
succeed proceed redo
caller chr die do EVAL exec exit fork goto hex import int oct ord require scalar sleep state syscall system times utime wait
Rod Adams <[email protected]> Larry Wall <[email protected]> Aaron Sherman <[email protected]> Mark Stosberg <[email protected]> Carl Mäsak <[email protected]> Moritz Lenz <[email protected]> Tim Nelson <[email protected]> Carlin Bingham <[email protected]> Elizabeth Mattijsen <[email protected]> Brent Laabs <[email protected]>[ Top ] [ Index of Synopses ]


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"Women's preferences for male facial masculinity are not condition-dependent in a large online study", The All Results Journals: Biol, vol. 10, no. 1, 2019.,
"Correspondence Preserving Elastic Surface Registration with Shape Model Prior", in International Conference of Pattern Recognition, 2014, vol. 22, pp. 2143-2148. paper (550.57 KB),

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A parka or anorak is a type of coat with a hood, often lined with fur or faux fur. The hood protects the face from freezing temperatures and wind. The Caribou Inuit invented this kind of garment, originally made from caribou or seal skin, for hunting and kayaking in the frigid Arctic. Some Inuit anoraks require regular coating with fish oil to retain their water resistance.
The words anorak and parka have been used interchangeably, but they are somewhat different garments. Strictly speaking, an anorak is a waterproof, hooded, pull-over jacket without a front opening, and sometimes drawstrings at the waist and cuffs, and a parka is a knee-length cold-weather coat, typically stuffed with down or very warm synthetic fiber, and with a fur-lined hood.
The word anorak comes from the Kalaallisut word annoraaq. It did not appear in English until 1924; an early definition is "a beaded item worn by Greenland women or brides in the 1930s". In the early 1950s it was made from nylon, but changed to poplin by 1959, when it was featured in Vogue magazine as a fashion item. In 1984, The Observer used the term to refer to the type of people who wore it and subsequently, in the United Kingdom, it is sometimes used as a mildly derogatory term.[1]
The word parka is derived from the Nenets language.[2] In the Aleutian Islands the word simply means "animal skin".[3] It first entered the English written record in a 1625 work by Samuel Purchas.
The Inuit who speak Inuktitut use parkas and the Inuit have various terms related to them as follows:
|Inuktitut syllabics
|Roman Inuktitut
|woman's parka
|parka tail
|parka hood
|parka decoration
|parka material
|parka button
|parka belt
|Aboriginal peoples
in Canada
First Nations
The amauti (also amaut or amautik, plural amautiit)[5] is the parka worn by Inuit women of the eastern Canadian arctic.[6] Up until about two years of age, the child nestles against the mother's back in the amaut, the built-in baby pouch just below the hood. The pouch is large and comfortable for the baby. The mother can bring the child from back to front for breast-feeding or for eliminatory functions without exposure to the elements.[6] This traditional eastern Arctic Inuit parka, designed to keep the child warm and safe from frostbite, wind and cold, also helps to develop bonding between mother and child.[7]
N-3B ("scrub snorkel" or "snorkel") parka
The original snorkel parka (USAF N-3B parka, which is 3/4 length and has a full, attached hood; the similar N-2B parka is waist-length and has an attached split hood) was developed in the USA during the early 1950s for military use, mainly for flight crews stationed in extremely cold areas, designed as it was for temperatures down to −60 °F (−51 °C). Originally made with a sage green DuPont flight silk nylon outer and lining it was padded with a wool blanket type material until the mid-1970s when the padding was changed to polyester wadding making the jacket both lighter and warmer. The outer shell material also was changed to a sage green cotton-nylon blend, with respective percentages 80–20, 65–35, and 50–50 being used at various times. It gained the common name of "Snorkel Parka" because the hood can be zipped right up leaving only a small tunnel (or snorkel) for the wearer to look out of. This is particularly effective in very cold, windy weather although it has the added liabilities of seriously limiting the field of vision and hearing. Earlier (Vietnam-era) hoods had genuine fur ruffs on the hoods; later versions used synthetic furs. Original manufacturers of this parka for the government included Skyline, Southern Athletic, Lancer, Greenbrier, Workroom For Designers, Alpha, and Avirex. Older nylon-shell parkas have a tendency to exhibit a change in color from the original sage green to a shade of magenta due to long-term cumulative exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun. To some in the military, this is personally desirable, as it lends to its wearer an aura of seasoned experience (referred to as salty by those in the US Navy and US Marine Corps). However, considered in a tactical environment, this is a liability, as it decreases one's ability to be camouflaged on the ground.
The basic N-3B parka design was copied and sold to the civilian market by many manufacturers with varying degrees of quality and faithfulness to the original government specifications. Surplus military parkas are often available for relatively low prices online and in surplus stores; they compare quite favorably with civilian extreme-cold parkas of all types due to their robust construction, designed for combat conditions, and warmth, at (usually) significantly lower prices. However, one would have to be satisfied with the single color choice of sage green.
In the late 1980s the snorkel parka became unpopular and was associated with geeks and nerds, helping to create the UK term anorak for such people because trainspotters would supposedly wear anoraks whilst collecting numbers on cold railway platforms. As such it became highly unfashionable and for a time wearers became the subject of ridicule.
In Europe the snorkel parka started to regain popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Around 2004, the traditional association with "Anoraks" had faded and the Snorkel Parka became a mainstream fashion jacket, once more becoming particularly popular in the indie scene and with now middle-aged people recapturing memories of their school snorkel parkas. It is also once again popular as a school jacket, though at nothing like the same level of popularity as it achieved in the 1970s and 1980s.
Most modern parkas more closely resemble the original 1950s design and have lost the orange quilted lining of the 1970s and 1980s school parkas, however the old school style are now considered highly desirable selling for high prices in vintage clothing shops.
Snorkel jackets remain very popular within Hip Hop culture being worn by both men and women and also have an association with Indie pop.
The 1970s / 1980s civilian version of the parka was made in many colours - navy blue, green, brown, black, maroon, grey, royal blue, sky blue and bright orange. Most having an orange diamond quilted nylon lining. Although a very small number did have alternative coloured linings such as yellow, pale blue and green.
There were many popular brands in addition to lots of unbranded versions and each having their own unique features. For instance the Campri/Campari branded ones had the pocket flap openning the opposite way around on the hand warmer pockets. Popular brands available were Lord Anthony, Campri, Campari, Wakefields, Keynote, Skyways, Brutus, Fosters, JonJo, Crossbow, and Milletts.
Fishtail parka
The fishtail parka was first used by the United States Army in 1950 to help protect soldiers from the elements in the Korean War. Following the end of the Second World War the US army recognised the need for a new cold weather system for fighting in as the existing kit was inadequate; the fishtail parka solution was the result of a concerted design effort.
There are four main styles of fishtail parkas: the EX-48, M-48, M-51 and the M-65. The M stands for military, and the number is the year it was standardized. The EX-48 model was the first prototype or "experimental" precursor to all of them. The M-48 then being the first actual production model fishtail parka after the pattern being standardised on December 24, 1948.
The name fishtail comes from the fish tail extension at the back that could be folded up between the legs, much like a Knochensack, and fixed using snap connectors to add wind-proofing. The fishtail was fixed at the front for warmth or folded away at the back to improve freedom of movement when needed.
The EX-48 parka is distinctive as it has a left sleeve pocket and is made of thin poplin, only the later production M-48 parkas are made of the heavier sateen canvas type cotton. The EX-48 also has a thin fibre glass based liner that is very light and warm, the M-48 has a thicker wool pile liner with an integral hood liner made of wool. Both are distinguishable from any other type of parka by having the sleeve pocket. This was dropped for the M-51 onward The fur ruff on the hood is also fixed to the shell of an EX-48/M-48 and is of wolf, coyote or often wolverine. The M-48 parka was costly to produce and therefore only in production for around one year. The pockets were wool lined both inside and out. The cuffs had two buttons for securing tightly around a wearer's wrist. The later more mass-produced M-51 parka had just the one cuff button. The liner had a built in chest pocket which again was unique to the M-48 parka.
The next revision was the M-51, made because the M48 was so good and of such high quality it was just too expensive to mass-produce.
The outer hood of the M-51 Fishtail Parka is integral to the parka shell, an added hood liner as well as a button in main liner make the M-51 a versatile 3 piece parka. The idea behind this 3 part system was to enable a more customisable parka that allowed for easier cleaning of the shell as the hood fur was on the detachable hood liner, not fixed to the shell as in the M-48. It also allowed for both liners to be buttoned in or our depending on the temperature and hence warmth required. It was also cheaper than the M-48 to mass-produce The early M-51 was made of heavy sateen cotton, the same material as the M-48. Later revisions of the M-51 were poplin based. The later liners were also revised from the "heavy when wet" wool pile to a lighter woolen loop or frieze wool design that dried easier and were far lighter. The frieze liners were constructed of mohair and were designed using a double loop system which repelled cold weather.
The M-65 fishtail parka has a detachable hood and was the last revision. It features a removable quilted liner made of light nylon / polyester batting which are modern synthetic materials. The M-65 fishtail parka first came in to production in 1968. These parkas featured synthetic fur on the hoods after an outcry from the fur lobby. As a result, only hoods for these parkas made in 1972 and for one year later have real fur.
Designed primarily for combat arms forces such as infantry, they are to be worn over other layers of clothing; alone, the fishtail parka is insufficient to protect against "dry cold" conditions (i.e. below about -10 °C). As such all fishtail parkas are big as they were designed to be worn over battle dress and other layers.
In the 1960s UK, the fishtail parka became a symbol of the mod subculture. Because of their practicality, cheapness and availability from army surplus shops, the parka was seen as the ideal garment for fending off the elements and protecting smarter clothes underneath from grease and dirt when on the mod's vehicle of choice, the scooter. Its place in popular culture was assured by newspaper pictures of parka-clad mods during the Bank Holiday riots of the 1960s.
A cagoule is the British English term for a lightweight, weatherproof anorak or parka, usually without the lining and sometimes coming to knee-length.[8] A cagoule which could be rolled up into a very compact package and carried in a bag or pocket was invented by Noel Bibby of Peter Storm Ltd. in the early 1960s.[9] It has an integral hood, elasticated or drawstring cuffs, and a few poppers or a short zip at the neck. Like the original Aleut anorak it does not open fully at the front and must be pulled on over the head. In some versions, when rolled up, the hood doubles as a bag into which the rest of the coat is pushed. It became very popular in the United Kingdom during the 1970s.
See also
- Capote (garment)
- Goggle jacket
- Hoodie
- Mackintosh
- Yup'ik clothing
- The Anorak, a play about the Montreal Massacre written and performed by Adam Kelly[10]
- ↑ Games, Alex (2007), Balderdash & piffle : one sandwich short of a dog's dinner, London: BBC, ISBN 978-1-84607-235-2
- ↑ ""parka" in ''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary''". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
- ↑ Brewers Dictionary of 20th Century Phrase and Fable
- ↑ parka (2012) Inuktitut Living Dictionary. Retrieved September 14, 2012, from link
- ↑ Asuilaak Living Dictionary
- 1 2 Issenman, Betty Kobayashi (2007). "The Art and Technique of Inuit Clothing". McCord Museum. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ↑ Karetak, Rhoda Akpaliapik; King, J. C. H. ed; Pauksztat, Birgit ed; Storrie, Robert ed (2005), "Amautiit", Arctic clothing of North America: Alaska, Canada, Greenland, China: C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd, p. 80, ISBN 0-7735-3008-8
- ↑ The Chambers Dictionary, 1994. ISBN 0-550-10255-8
- ↑ Mike Parsons and Mary Rose, Invisible on Everest—innovation and the gear makers. ISBN 0-9704143-5-8
- ↑ "Nunatsiaq News 2007-07-27". Nunatsiaqonline.ca. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
External links
|Look up anorak or parka in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- A traditional Inuit parka at the Sheldon Jackson Museum, in Alaska


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On Monday the Hebrew University announced that Mazar's excavation team has discovered a hoard of Byzantine gold, including a piece depicting a menorah. Below of some of the report and a video.
The find, unearthed in the area adjacent to the Southern Wall of the Temple Mount known as the Ophel, was dated to the early 7th century CE, in all likelihood the time of the brief Persian conquest of Jerusalem.
Professor Eilat Mazar described the discovery as a unique find with "very clear Jewish symbols." She posited that the hoard of gold and silver objects, found beneath the floor of a Byzantine-era house meters from the massive walls of the Temple Mount, was brought by Jews who returned to the city after the Persians conquered it from the Byzantines in 614 CE.
"I have never found so much gold in my life!" she said with obvious excitement at a press conference on Mount Scopus. "I was frozen. It was unexpected."
The centerpiece, a medallion that Mazar posited may have been used as ornamentation for a Torah scroll, is emblazoned with a seven-armed candelabrum — a menorah — a Torah scroll, and a shofar, a ram's horn.


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Two hurricanes and two networks
Hurricane Sandy hit close to home. Not where I live, mind you; but where my heart is, with my family.
As the hours went by, I waited for updates from my brothers, my nephews, all in the path of the storm.
My many friends and family members living in New Jersey or New York City checked in one by one, many reporting long periods without power. One amazing woman kept us up to date on how Manhattan was handling the return to work without the NY subway, which normally handles 5 million riders a day.
The closest family news came via email, relaying a message one brother received on cell phone from another brother left without power, rationing the cell phone battery.
I gleaned the wider news from reports on Facebook and Twitter. These included the reposting of an image from the Caribbean, where Sandy, my friends reminded each other, caused immense destruction before ever touching the US: at least 69 dead in six countries, according to the UK paper the Guardian coverage last Monday. On the more local scale, one of my nephews in Brooklyn posted a photo of his survival meal: oatmeal with coconut shavings and peanut butter.
Email served as the old-fashioned medium of communication. Facebook linked me to the people I know living through the disaster.
More than one person commented on how weird it was to be able to access Facebook via cell phone while waiting for electricity to come back on in their homes.
The novelty of living with a disaster, via the reach of new media, was underscored for me by an echo, a memory of another hurricane: Katrina.
At the end of August 2005, as Katrina hit, I was watching anxiously to see what would happen to a city I had learned to love. But everything was different then. I was in Amsterdam for a scholarly conference. The first I knew about the threat and destruction in New Orleans came from the hotel television, broadcasting CNN coverage that would ultimately win a Peabody Award.
The conference went on. People knew what was happening in the Gulf Coast of the US because we saw Hurricane Katrina unfolding on the cable networks, especially CNN.
Facebook was less than two years old; it had only just become available to high schools, after meteoric growth among university students. By December 2004 Facebook counted 1 million users, and by the end of 2005, reached 5.5 million users. That may sound impressive, but today, Facebook claims 1 billion users. One billion.
And it isn't just numbers that make a difference. In September of 2005, the Facebook Photos application that eventually let my nephew share his Hurricane Sandy meal was a month away from launching.
By the end of 2005, Facebook had taken its first steps outside North America, reaching universities in Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and South America. It wasn't available outside of university or high school networks until a year after Hurricane Katrina hit. Many of the people I touched base with this week could not have been on Facebook until that point.
Ubiquitous smart phone use was still in the future in August of 2005. A Blackberry able to web browse was only two years old. The iPhone that I have used this week to check for updates from family descends from the original, not released in summer 2007. Earlier this year, CNet reported that about half of Facebook's users accessed the system on cell phone.
It has become almost obligatory in stories about social media-- Facebook in particular-- to reach this point and then lament the loss of personal contact. What has happened to phone calls, the human voice, the immediate back and forth?
I value all those things. But I live 3 time zones west of my family; fitting in those heart-warming phone calls tends to run into the realities of dislocation: do I call when I reach home at 7, and risk disturbing someone turning in before an early morning? and how early would I have to get up to catch my siblings before they leave for work in their morning-- my pre-dawn hours?
For me, social media-- Facebook in particular-- have opened new ways to stay connected with the everyday trivia and happenstance that is the fabric of connection. Facebook helps me keep in touch; it doesn't cut me off.
And I am not alone. In 2009, media reports about a Pew Foundation study noted that
Internet-based activities and cell-phone ownership led to "larger and more diverse" discussion networks. And the use of social media is more likely to lead to discussion networks among people from different backgrounds, such as those of another race or a member of another political party. Facebook and blog writing were specifically cited as helping a person have a more diverse social networks.
A 2011 Pew study added that Facebook users had more friends, closer friends, and were more likely to be politically engaged, among a series of other positive qualities.
In the present situation, while I would have given a great deal to hear my brother's voice, doing so in the immediate aftermath of Sandy would have cost him and his family a critical resource: a charged phone for emergency use. Facebook reports from throughout the area helped me track on a scale finer than any of the national media what was happening where my family and friends live.
And even now, when my brother is one of the lucky ones with power restored, Facebook lets us talk across our different time zones, sharing the small kinds of comments that you simply would not make a phone call to exchange.
Two hurricanes. Two networks. With all credit to CNN and its heroic coverage of Hurricane Katrina-- I prefer the network that kept me in touch this time around.


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text:
The new city of the future
By Lisa Taddeo
janette sadik-khan
Olugbenro Ogunsemore
Once there was a man so in love with the road that he held meetings in his limousine. Ribbons of asphalt snaking like moon rays into the horizon made him think of the future, of the forward movement of luxury and dominion. But even more than this man loved the road, he cherished what the road connoted. Speed. Efficiency. Action. Getting from a start point to an end point like a time traveler, with no thought at all to the determents along the way. Way, what way? There is only arrival.
This man, who was not the governor or the mayor or the president, built a city on biblical muscle, for here was a mortal who passed policy like a prophet. Red tape became dead tape in the fury of his creation. For forty long years — from the 1920s to the 1960s — he could not be stopped. Beet-faced officials and pleading villagers came to the base of his ziggurat, holding notices and petitions. Don't raze our homes, begged the villagers, and the officials stomped their wing-tipped feet in indignation. But not a single hair bristled on the prophet's neck. He knew best, but more relevantly he held the keys to the coffers, so he simply figured out a way around the masses. He built right through the wails of their protestation, he tore down their tenements and shot highways through their towns and bridges over their rivers and drove tunnels down deep below their stomping feet. He upended and reassembled their whole world, and the city vibrated forward with the movement of his passion.
But finally the man went too far. He proposed one highway too many. The world was changing, the wealthy landowners were starting to hold preservation dearer than innovation, and the man was no longer called a visionary but a destructionist. And so they tore their despot down from his four-wheeled throne in that worst way in which despots can be removed — quietly.
And for the next half century, the building stopped as the city licked its concrete wounds. The roads went cold and quiet. No asphalt was poured, no tunnels dug, no streets reimagined. Instead, the thrum of panicked building was replaced by a system of smug gridlock. Bureaucracy as far as the eye could see, red tape longer than purgatory. The city awoke every morning grappling out of quicksand, dead set, it seemed, on maintaining past inconveniences.
Until one day about five decades after Robert Moses was dethroned, another prophet was anointed. One who wore silk dresses.
She looked nicer than Moses, and she had a new way of doing things — using facts and numbers the way he had used will and force. She seemed gentler, too, but she imposed her way almost as much. And whether or not the new officials and the new villagers agreed with her, the intestines of New York City began to quickly unravel once again.
At a ribbon cutting in Union Square, New York City's Department of Transportation commissioner, Janette Sadik-Khan, walks the politician walk, four steps and your arm is grabbed, five more and you are spun into a circle of pearls and L'Air du Temps. The commissioner has Anna Wintour hair, a tight face, and a tan, thin body that does not look fifty but mid-thirties, sexy. She wears wraps over sleeveless dresses and when they fall away during rousing handshakes there is a toned yoga shoulder exposed, brownish and unabashed.
She smiles a lot, half like a lady and half like a man. Today, before her speech in Union Square, she admires one of her trademark swaths of pedestrian play zone. It's a strip of epoxy gravel spotted with metal tables and chairs and slotted between the sidewalk and the street, and appropriately it feels like a hybrid of the two. Repurposed planters with pastel hibiscus protect the pedestrians from traffic, and on the flip side of the cars is part of Sadik-Khan's empire of new bike lanes. The commissioner loves bikes.
The new plaza has been up only a few days and already it's peopled with iPad readers and texters and nearby business employees having their before-work coffee.
"People just right away use new spaces, they don't question them," she says, smiling. "There is such a hunger for open spaces in New York. We want to sate it as much as possible."
A woman seated at one of the tables does not make eye contact but says to Sadik-Khan, "Who's going to maintain this area?"
Sadik-Khan turns, ever smiling, to address the willful dissenter. "The local businesses do, and the city of New York does."
"You don't know that," says the woman.
"Uh, yes I do. It's already happening in Madison Square, and in Herald Square, and in Times Square." These are the other places where she has created pedestrian plazas; specifically in the latter she has entirely closed down Broadway to vehicles between Forty-seventh and Forty-second Streets. No cars on a long and wild strip of Broadway!
"Local businesses are going to lose money if cars have nowhere left to park."
Sadik-Khan nearly laughs in the woman's face. "Quite the opposite! Revenues from businesses in Times Square have risen 71 percent! That's the biggest increase in history!"
Stat! The commissioner dispatches data streams as though from a machine gun, pelting dissenters with a language that is part English and part numerical: Injuries to motorists and passengers in the project areas are down 63 percent. Pedestrian injuries are down 35 percent. Eighty percent fewer pedestrians are walking in the roadway in Times Square.
The dissenter does not speak again. In a city of people who matter and people who don't, the woman at the table does not have the position or the information to pause the forward movement of the new commissioner, and so the dissenter disappears into a statistic. And Sadik-Khan moves toward the green ribbon.
Mayor Michael Bloomberg is well known to be a data-driven mayor. If you are going to add a fire hydrant in Harlem, he wants to know how many German shepherds are expected to urinate on it. Sadik-Khan is the one out there monitoring the pH balance. And that attention to detail and conversion of detail into data is how she realized her power.
Prior to her appointment in 2007, Sadik-Khan was the senior vice-president of Parsons Brinckerhoff, one of the world's largest engineering firms, and before that she was deputy administrator of the Federal Transit Administration under President Bill Clinton and director of the Office of Transportation under former New York mayor David Dinkins. Somewhere along that résumé she developed the unique superpower of being perpetually right, or at least convincing people of it at data gunpoint. Today she manages forty-five hundred city employees and oversees the safety of New York City's transportation infrastructure, including its highways and byways and bridges and ferries.
"Janette," says the mayor, "uses a data-driven approach to tackle tough challenges and build consensus around innovative solutions." At its most innocent, this is precisely what the DOT commissioner does. Builds consensus, using data. But perhaps more empirically, the commissioner wreaks consensus, inflicting data.
The boldest and most passionate change she's made is closing down Times Square to traffic and painting a plaza there. The plazas at Madison, Herald, and Union Squares have since followed, and now a whole long stretch of Broadway — two hundred thousand square feet, the size of three and a half football fields — is a pedestrian parkland, tables and flowers and sweating tourists resting their eighty-pound Toys 'R' Us bags while billboards glint commercially above them. In the most elementary terms, Sadik-Khan has plucked the city from under the chassis of the automobile and distributed it, Robin Hood — like, to runners and cyclists and mothers with strollers and large men with small dogs.
In her thrall to expedite Bloomberg's PlaNYC mission to turn New York into a butterfly by 2030, Sadik-Khan is shutting down half of Thirty-fourth Street to traffic, creating Manhattan's first river-to-river rapid bus corridor in 2012, plus striking out the beginnings of an eventual eighteen-hundred-mile master bike plan and sprinkling more car tolls to deter more cars. There will be one million more people in New York by 2030, and big changes have to happen to accommodate that influx. The world's most famous street, well, it just didn't conform to the grid.
"Broadway," she says, "was simply a powerful farmer's precolonial footpath, and the great thing it did was create these wonderful squares." But now she doesn't need it anymore. So she restored the grid by doing the math. There were seventy pedestrians for every ten cars in Times Square, but cars were louder and more catered to, so, "you know, the balance was in the wrong direction." She turned it into a village green, where tourists have room to rubberneck on the sidewalks while busy New Yorkers can zoom out of their way across the plaza. That's a pretty monstrous change, and it happened over a long weekend.
"I don't hate cars," says the commissioner, not pissed, but almost. "It's a matter of balance. Until a few years ago, our streets looked the same as they did fifty years ago. That's not good business, to not update something in fifty years! We're updating our streets to reflect the way people live now. And we're designing a city for people, not a city for vehicles." This is a swipe at the old guard, and a new prophecy. Robert Moses took a city of narrow old roads and tore it down and rebuilt a metropolis for gleaming hoods and raw motor, and Sadik-Khan is going to change it back.
Millions of New Yorkers love the new plazas and walking spaces and bike lanes. But millions of car drivers are pissed off. Their roads are being seized. And this is where Sadik-Khan's stats ride in on their unassailable and nonpolluting white horse. Say you drive your Honda Accord from a subway-starved swath of Queens to your job in midtown. And you've noticed the traffic is worse. Go find Sadik-Khan pedaling her Specialized Globe bike from her home in the West Village to her office downtown. Tell her you know, dammit, that traffic in midtown is worse. She will smile and say, Listen. If vehicles are going more slowly, then that's safer for everyone! She will say that vehicle-related injuries are down a tremendous 63 percent.
But she won't stop there. After stuffing you full with safety data she'll insist you try a pie of peripheral benefits. One of the reasons GPS units were plugged into all thirteen thousand yellow taxis in New York was so that the DOT could track the performance of the new system. More stats! They found that northbound taxi trips in west midtown were 17 percent faster in the fall of 2009 (after the Broadway shutdown) than in the fall of 2008. And the stats don't lie!
Like Bible-thumpers and vegans, she has a million different figures memorized cold. She has them organized into trees. If you go this way, she will cut you off with this branch of reasoning. Head in that direction and she has a unique countering set of facts. Either way, it trickles down to the same end result. You have your tardy-to-work card, but she has just saved a few hundred lives. One argument is the clear winner, and it doesn't drive a Honda.
The legend of the quick-change artist began in DUMBO, that sexy industrial hangarland of Brooklyn under the Manhattan Bridge overpass. Over one nonholiday weekend, Sadik-Khan transformed a parking lot into a park. She painted a white border, and the space within it green for grass, and then she grabbed some leftover blocks and voilà — instant magic plaza.
"It was a quick way of showing you can transform a space in a matter of hours instead of a matter of years," says the commissioner. It was a powerful message. Thousands of idealists in corduroy pants converged and salivated for more.
In that little park in DUMBO, you can see how Sadik-Khan has managed to get so much done so fast. Yes, she wields data like a weapon to stun the public into submission for the greater, greener good. But she is also a master of other — some might say keen, others dark — political arts. She wants to move fast. Won't get stuck in red tape. Hates it like hell. So like Moses, she's figured out her own way around it.
Whereas most city officials and past DOT commissioners would have insisted on capital funds for something like, say, a bike lane, Sadik-Khan teases them out on the cheap. When you use capital funds for a project, you need approval from a few different places, and it takes months, sometimes years. So she takes a bunch of guys already painting double lines and gets them to dot a bike lane with the extra paint. Where she wants a plaza to swallow a car lane, she convinces abutting stores and the local business-improvement chapter to pay for the cleaning and to take the chairs and tables in every evening and set them out every morning. She tells them that shutting down the street will actually help their business, the way it did in Times Square. She shows them the numbers and where once they may have been against her, suddenly they are footing her bill. She doesn't even need to check in with Bloomberg. Like a high school a cappella group trying to get to Ibiza for spring break, Sadik-Khan finds money between seat cushions. She uses her guile and glamour to get what she needs, craftily but lawfully.
More downright rebelliously, she sometimes circumvents the community by experimenting with test swatches called pilots, like little harbingers of the future. With a pilot change, you don't necessarily need community permission, since the idea is that you may end up just taking it down. For example, with the DUMBO parklet, a past commissioner might have educated the residents first, tried to get them to buy into the plan. But it takes months to convince a neighborhood to agree to a change. Instead, she just painted. She did the same thing in the Meatpacking District, when she drummed up a plaza next to the Apple store, and again on Willoughby Street in Brooklyn. She's figured out a quiet way to get her way without getting the pesky public in her face.
Part of this is psychological warfare. Moses once said, "Once you sink that first stake, they'll never make you pull it up.'' Sadik-Khan has co-opted those words. Under her rule, bike lanes materialize overnight. Sidewalks become pop-up cafés and flowers bloom inside repurposed pots in quick and cowering deference. New Yorkers aren't used to this kind of change. So there they sit at their new café and they sip their Darjeeling, looking rather stunned or drugged and if not pleased, then at the very least seated.
Some love her for it. When overnight she shut down an entire turning lane on a busy avenue in Brooklyn so that pedestrians could cross the street in peace, the community thought she was a saint. But later, when she didn't so much as reply to a letter from Brooklyn Borough president Marty Markowitz asking her to reconsider the addition of a bike lane that could slow traffic considerably, a lot of Brooklyn wanted to lock up her paint cans. But she didn't have to answer to him. She had the power to do just as she pleased.
The bike lane was painted in.
"She has this remarkable speed," says Sam Schwartz, who was the traffic commissioner from 1982 to 1986 and is now a consultant and transit columnist. "A speed the likes of which is unmatched." He readily acknowledges that Sadik-Khan has done more in the past few years than anyone did in the past fifty.
"She's preparing us for a future that will have fewer cars," says Schwartz. This is something that is tough to swallow for many. But Sadik-Khan is using her method to make biking look cooler. If it's such a pain in the ass to drive in the city, then owning a car won't be a luxury. It will be a Members Only jacket. So roads that had four lanes now have three, and three lanes are thinning to two.
Her next passion project is to reconcile the geography of New York, to provide clear Disney signage and let people know, if they are in Chinatown, that Little Italy is a mere six minutes' walking distance from where they are standing. This will drive profits, she says, and make things easier for visitors. SoHo This Way, Gentle Tourist.
The project will be announced this month, but it won't surprise people who know her if she stakes a few signs before it's fully under way, the way she did in DUMBO. If objects are already up, then it only costs more to take them down. Like Robert Moses before her, she removes the debate by negating the question.
But for all that power, there is something soft over something hard. She smiles and says things like, "You know the way Broadway just kisses Seventh Avenue?" There is something of a fairy-tale beguilement here, a traffic dictator disguised in silk dresses. If Moses had owned a pink fingernail of her beguilement, he might have scored a bridge across the Atlantic.
At another event, an evening wine fundraiser to further revitalize Union Square, one of her pet squares, the commissioner has on a brown shawl and a silver dress and brown Mary Janes with a sustainable heel. She does not eat meat but she loves the bigeye-tuna roll at the Blue Water Grill stand. She drinks the exact perfect amount. People stop and thank her and get inside her space. She is a back-of-the-hand toucher and an emphatic and loving nodder. She gives you her whole neck when she laughs. Everything that is pussycat about her is mostly because she has excellent social skills.
While Moses was a man, tall as a spire and gruff, Sadik-Khan is sly-eyed and disarming. Another reason for her ability to paint that bike lane, perhaps, is that you didn't see the dress coming. She may bake for her lawyer husband and go to parent-teacher meetings at her son's school, but you can bet she has found a new way to streamline a brownie.
Force exerted with a smile is the most relevant kind for the times in which we live. She mentions a secret little sushi spot she found by City Hall. One day, former deputy mayor Kevin Sheekey showed up and Sadik-Khan said to herself, No, get out! This is my place! Laughing, she shows her throat, but she means it. Don't go to her fucking place. And right now, in this moment in history, New York City is her place.
But to anyone with a clear enough scent of human ambition, this is about more than New York. At the intersection of visionary and engineer you'll find the personal aspiration that is, often, what drives change like this. New York is a testing zone; Sadik-Khan is using it to show the world — the president — what the world city of the future could look like. "If you can do it here," she says with a smile, "you can do it anywhere."
What she's doing in New York is trickling across the nation. Parklets are popping up in San Francisco. Portland, Oregon, the outdoor hipster capital of the country, was inspired by New York City, of all places, to have protected bike lanes — an idea Sadik-Khan lifted from Copenhagen, where the bike lanes are protected from traffic by a single-file line of parked cars.
Next on her list is another idea from Copenhagen, a public bike share. There would be stations in lower Manhattan and midtown and Brooklyn to start. You could pick up a bike after touring City Hall and drop it off on Forty-second before you see The Lion King. She's a little reticent to discuss it, but the fact that she's mentioning it at all means she knows she'll keep pushing until it comes out a yea on the other side. And then there is her dream to get all city workers a Zipcar membership, so no one will actually own his own city vehicle. This could halve the city's fleet of sixteen thousand passenger cars. True to form, she has already begotten a pilot of this plan. Since Labor Day, three hundred city workers have been using twenty-five cars, whereas they had previously been using fifty. It is the New York City of the future. It is, most likely, the Everycity of the future.
But the parklets and the bike lanes are not the most important thing she can export. In the grand scheme, they are just the precursors. The real wonder here is that this is a new way of governing. In large part she learned it from Bloomberg and then set it to a fast beat. It's about policy dictated by facts rather than interest groups. It's about not simply cutting the red tape of bureaucracy but, if need be, finding a path entirely around it. It's about actually taking action, now. Sadik-Khan has shown that it's still possible in 2010 for a government official to get things done as quickly and efficiently as Moses did, but with different and greener results.
This evening the Union Square restaurants have laid out tastes of their kitchens beside gourds and haystacks. Fried chicken wrapped in paper and roasted-corn soup with crab and ham in short plastic cups. A country band is playing on the stage beneath the white tent. Bloomberg is not here, so Sadik-Khan is the most fetching political celebrity in the square. Back by the tuna rolls, she is a conspiratorial leaner-in. Like a good officeholder, she knows how to make you feel like you're with her, likely not next week, but definitely tonight, and maybe a lucky window of tomorrow.
Yet the personality part of her accomplishes something more divine. A local barbecue place has an offering of ribs, huge joints of meat glossed in Chinese spare-rib red. To the meatless, they are grotesque, like car-related injuries. The commissioner reaffirms her passion for the tuna and leaves when desirable people leave, early enough to be missed, having stayed long enough to be remembered. It isn't until she is completely out the door that the people who were in her midst converge upon the ribs, with red wine and enterprising incisors. They are not entirely ashamed, but almost.
Back in her West Village bedroom, the commissioner dreams in futuristic pastoral, the Cross Bronx Expressway melting down into benches, joggers in ponytails loping across lime-green plazas, and bicycles, many thousands of them, as far as the eye can see.
Source: http://www.esquire.com/features/brightest-2010/janette-sadik-khan-1210
Related articles:
NYC Mayor Wants Massive Bike-Sharing Program
Strategic Plan for the New York City Department of Transportation 2008 and Beyond
Broadway Is Busy, With Pedestrians, if Not Car Traffic
New York City Plans Bike Sharing Program
Bicycle infrastructure and Bicycle Culture in Copenhagen + videos from plenary speakers in Velo-city 2010
Video: Quotes from Velo-city 2010 in Copenhagen + Citizens Talks
How to Get More Bicyclists on the Road
Velo-city 2010 בקופנהגן - הכנס הגלובלי הראשון לקידום תחבורת אופניים
Sustainability.org.il > תחבורת אופניים >


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This chapter highlights some of the current health programs and policies in place and changes in demographic trends for older adults living within American society. In addition, substantial changes within the social, political, and cultural expectations of communities over the past century pose challenges for policies and programs serving older adults. The chapter presents several issues emerge as realities within the context of policy development and program planning for older adults. These issues include changes in living arrangements, education levels, economic well-being, and rural population settings; trends in morbidity and mortality; and changes within the social, political, and cultural expectations of communities. Despite the availability of programs and services resulting from health policies, many programs have focused upon "medically necessary" services and have lacked a health promotion, health education, or community-based focus.
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- Go to chapter: Background and Demographic Profile of People Growing Older and/or People With Disabilities
This chapter helps the reader to understand the history of housing and long-term care for older adults and people with disabilities and specific components of the Long-Term Care Reconciliation Act. The chapter discusses how legislation related to housing and long-term care provides resources to older adults and people with disabilities. It explains community-based care options such as home health, seniors congregate living, assisted living options, skilled nursing facilities, and long-term care facilities. Although differences may exist from state to state relative to who qualifies for these options and when they qualify, these will be discussed in some detail specifically providing an overview of these as options for care management of older adults. The chapter describes different residential models of care for people as they require community-based settings or settings with supports and examines issues that will face the long-term and community-based care settings in the future.
This chapter presents a brief overview of some legislative efforts within the mental health (MH) arena and examined their limitations and application with respect to older adults and people living with mental illness. The chapter also takes us through a journey to examine the current status of MH and older adults, with a particular emphasis on depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. It discusses and reviews the programs, services and issues still outstanding within the MH arena. The chapter helps the reader to understand specific components of the Community Mental Health Act and other MH-related legislation. Many of the community day hospital programs and community MH programs administered through the Community Mental Health Act are based on the deinstitutionalization paradigm since the goal is to treat people outside the institution and within community settings. It concludes with laying out some challenges for the future in the area of MH and older adults.
This chapter helps the reader to understand the history of the Elder Justice Act (EJA). It provides specific components of the EJA and how programs and services flow for older adults and people with disabilities. The chapter discusses the limitations in programs and services within the EJA. The EJA requires the oversight and the appropriation of federal funding to protect people growing older and people with disabilities from abuse. It addresses legal issues with a special emphasis on the concept of a power of attorney. The chapter explores several legal issues that face older adults. It also address elder abuse, power of attorney, and a differentiation made between the types of power of attorney and the healthcare power of attorney. In addition, the chapter explores legal services provided to older adults as a result of the Older Americans Act, and outlines the challenges within the realm of legal issues.


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Facebook users can now say "charge it," with a new physical gift card the social network is rolling out, which people can use to make purchases in brick-and-mortar retail stores.
The product, called the "Facebook Card," is a plastic, reusable card that users can give their friends to redeem at four different partner companies: Jamba Juice, Olive Garden, Sephora, and Target. Facebook describes the product as "a new type of gift card," in a blog post announcing its launch.
Here's how the Facebook Card is designed to work: A person can select a gift for a friend on the site's Gift Cards & Digital category to be redeemed at one of the affiliated stores. After the user chooses the amount of the gift, the friend is notified and receives the card in the mail a few days later. When the card arrives, the friend can use it at the retailer that was chosen for the gift amount.
If the chosen retailer were Target, for example, the person doing the giving can choose between, say, a US$10, $50, or even $100 value for the card. Once the recipient receives it in the mail, it can be used at any local Target store, Facebook said, although it will not work at Target.com or Target Mobile. Company officials were not immediately available to comment on whether the card would work with websites of the other stores involved in the program.
One card, several accounts
Also, because the card is reusable, it can store multiple gifts from multiple stores. That means that first-time gifts arrive physically in the mail as the card itself, but then later gifts are loaded instantly, electronically, to the same card, the company says. If there are multiple balances on the card, each balance is dedicated to the retailer associated with the gift, Facebook says.
In other words, a person can have a gift balance of $25 at Target, $10 at Jamba Juice, and $40 at Olive Garden. The balances are not cross-distributed among the stores. Card holders can view their balances on Facebook from either their phone or desktop. Facebook will also send an instant notification to recipients' phones whenever the balances change, the company says.
Facebook did not provide details on whether additional vendors would eventually be included in the program. It is also unclear how the card will be sent to recipients who have not provided their mailing address to the site, or whether there would be any other methods to distribute the product for people who do not wish to share their address with Facebook.
Facebook has long promoted digital gift cards for a variety of services. Last year, its Gifts service moved beyond digital options to offering sale and actual delivery of physical items.
Migrating from virtual
Those questions aside, the Facebook Card is a good product that could help the company move beyond the virtual environment where it largely operates today and into the physical world, said Puneet Mehta, CEO of location-based app developer MyCityWay.
The card could lead to payment models beyond gifting, such as microfinance, wherein a person could use Facebook to send money to, say, an entrepreneur in South Africa, he said.
And Facebook's mobile app could eventually bypass the need for the gift card. "Eventually, users might be able to carry money just on the app itself," Mehta said, akin to a "mobile wallet."
Company executives were not very bullish on Facebook's Gifts product during the firm's January 30 fourth-quarter earnings call, so the timing of the card launch is interesting. The company sought to "temper near-term expectations on revenue" coming from areas such as Gifts or search, for instance, and instead focus attention on its mobile platform, CEO Mark Zuckerberg said.
Facebook said the card will roll out gradually to people in the U.S. The company did not say whether the card would be available in other countries.
Zach Miners covers social networking, search and general technology news for IDG News Service. Follow Zach on Twitter at @zachminers. Zach's email address is email@example.com


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America's Got Talent: Episode 16 Review
It's been a long road getting to the quarterfinals in 'America's Got Talent' but here we are. Now it's time to shrink down the group of contestants so more as America decides once again who they like better out of these twelve performers.
We're back at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center where we see our next group of people eager to perform. They've been able to check out how the whole process happens through the quarterfinals so they're definitely prepared. Lets see if they put that extra amount of practice time to good use.
The first is LionDanceMe which basically is a line dancing group. What they do on the stage is a little bit of an improvement from what they've done before, which is more crazy jumping on suspended stands. But the sad thing is that there isn't much else going on with their performance other than the spectacular jumping. The audience has a good response, but none of the judges really seem fond of it.
Next up on the list is Turf, someone who's been desperately trying to climb to the top and it feels like he's been doing so with ease due to his great talent. He takes full advantage of his contortionist skills in his act, something that will definitely make him stand out above the rest. He was lacking a little bit on the dancing department but still, you know he's going to be making waves.
The All Ways! are up next and they're the great hair band who sings contemporary songs but put their own great retro rock twist on it. The song they perform this time is Lady Gaga's "Telephone." It's a little bit of a risky song to sing and you can tell that the lead singer is having a hard time adjusting to it. They're surreal, so it's too bad that the judges didn't think much of them. It's all right, The All Ways, we still think you're cool.
Hey look, it's Hawley Magic the illusionist. His act during the Vegas Week wasn't too spectacular. If you recall, it involved levitating somebody while you could see the trick being revealed thanks to the curtain lifting up. Yes, we know that there's some form of risk or danger invovled with this, but come on. This time he makes his assistant balance on a stick and then decides to spin her around and then impale her. It's a bit random and we're not entirely sure what to make of it. There wasn't too much going on but they still got a decent reaction out of the crowd.
The Lisa Clark dancers are back! They do a wide range of dancing, but we've already seen a couple of dancers and dance troupes come and go. What makes them different? We're not entirely sure. They didn't have a great musical track to use and we're not really sure what exactly they were going for. They tried a little too hard to impress but missed the mark for Howie since he buzzed them.
Then there's the Aurora Light Painters, and they've done some impressive stuff before. Howard didn't like them and ended up giving them an X by the end of their performance. Why? Because … Sharon says its not sophisticated and "sexy" enough. We don't entirely agree with you Sharon, but we appreciate your input.
Danielle Stallings, the young singer from a small town with big dreams, is next up. She blew people away during Vegas week, but we're waiting to see if she can pull it off again here in the quarter finals, and she continues to by singing a contemporary song that proves what kind of vocal range she's got.
Donovan and Rebecca are back – the two super strong acrobats who could probably lift a car with one hand. They do a nice combination of aerial acrobats and strength demonstrations in mid air. It's done to a sweet romantic song and it wins over the crowd. These two will definitely move forward.
Uh oh, here comes Big Barry. We're still confused as to why he's in the quarter finals. It's so great how incredibly distracted he is by all the models but that isn't going to stop the rest of the audience from booing his performance. It's great how heated Howard Stern got over Howie's lax attitude towards Big Barry. We agree with Howard, Howie owes the other performers they denied an apology for pushing Big Barry forward. We're not even sure how he made it this far.
Stand up comic Tom Cotter is a relief to see next because he's intentionally funny. He was critiqued heavily last time and here he takes a little more time giving up his jokes but he still hits one home run of a joke after another. Once again he gets approval out of all of the judges. He'll definitely make it to the next round unless he's put aside somebody like Turf tomorrow night during the results section.
Ben Blaque, the crossbow artist who's more than likely going to seriously injure his assistant one day, is next up. He keeps saying it's so dangerous and stresses how easily a person can get killed when in his act. Well, let's hope that doesn't happen tonight. His weakness: he puts four crossbows together when he shouldn't assemble those parts during his act. What he needed to do was have a separate set of crossbows already put together on the side, that way he doesn't lose the momentum. Wonder if America agrees with the judges.
Last but not least is Tim Hockenberry, the man with the great raspy singing voice. We must admit that the big stage is a bit distracting in regards to some of the talented performances. It's too loud and you can't concentrate on who's up there. No wonder the judges are frustrated. Tim's got a nice voice and delivers a solid performance, but got relatively mixed reviews from the judges.
That's about all the talent that was showcased on tonight's edition of 'America's Got Talent'. Who will make it to the next round? Who knows. But we will be able to find out tomorrow night during the results show.


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The irreverent Krewe du Vieux seems to have found an ideal King for its 2014 procession in John Barry, the historian and author of Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. The krewe is known to take aim at the establishment with playful floats filled with ribald imagery and wordplay, and Barry certainly has experience standing up to the big shots. In fall 2013, after Barry's term expired, Gov. Bobby Jindal didn't renew his position as vice chairman of the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority-East (SLFPA-E) board, which planned to file a massive lawsuit against 97 oil, gas and pipeline companies claiming they had a role in the damaging the Louisiana coast. While there are many sides to the issue, Jindal replaced Barry and two other board members with appointees who aimed to kill the lawsuit. But Barry is still working to keep the lawsuit alive with the nonprofit he formed, and he reigns as king of Krewe du Vieux when it rolls Feb. 15 in the Marigny Triangle and Lower French Quarter. Barry talks about the lawsuit and why anyone wanting beads from him needs to get up close.
The parade's theme this year is "Where the Vile Things Are." What are you hoping the krewe does with that? Well, I think there's certainly a lot of vile political activity surrounding the lawsuit that I hope they got. It's a pretty easy target.
Many have said that since Gov. Jindal ousted you from SLFPA-E, you're free to speak your mind more. Is that why you wanted to align yourself with a krewe that's known for that? [Being chosen as King] really is, if I can be serious, an honor. It's not like being run out of town on a rail … I was flattered, of course. So of course I accepted. A line that I used back when I was introduced to the krewe – I went to a party a few weeks ago, and I had about 10 seconds on the podium. I interrupted a band; no one was listening to me, which I recognized, so I kept my speech brief. What I said was, "[Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority chairman] Garret Graves said I filed the lawsuit for fame, and now I have achieved it." So I've been wondering if that means I should now withdraw my support for the lawsuit. I don't think I will do that.
What's the status of the lawsuit and your involvement with it? I formed a nonprofit called Restore Louisiana Now (RestoreLouisianaNow.org). The purpose of that is to get involved in politics and convince the legislator to stay out of the courts – we want the lawsuit settled in court, which is where lawsuits should be settled.
Anything else you're working on currently? That's taking 10 hours a day, frankly.
Is there anything you can tell us about the parade? I'm not even in the loop, to tell you the truth. I haven't been a member of the krewe before … and they had already picked their theme [when the invitation came]. I can tell people that if they want me to throw them something, they better get close because I have a torn rotator cuff. That's the only thing I can say about my role.
For more information, visit KreweDuVieux.org.