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Posted online February 5, 2002
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes severe anthracnose disease on pepper in Virginia. S. A. ALEXANDER and J. K. Marvel. Dept. Plant Pathology, Physiology & Weed Science, Eastern Shore AREC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Painter, VA 23420. Publication no. P-2002-0001-NEA.
In the past few years, anthracnose disease has caused losses of 35% to 70% in sweet and hot peppers. Isolates collected from the diseased fields were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Although several different species of Colletotrichum may cause anthracnose disease on pepper, C. gloeosporioides is generally the most difficult to control. An experiment to determine the efficacy of selected fungicides for the control of this pathogen was initiated in 2001. Bell peppers of the Paladin variety were planted and the treatments established in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were initiated either before or during flowering, and applied on a 7-14 day schedule. Fruit were harvested and rated for anthracnose infection. The treatments with the most effective disease control consisted of the strobilurin group of fungicides either alone or in combination with maneb or acibenzolar-S-methyl. Plant activators alone were less effective in controlling C. gloeosporioides.
Factors affecting photosynthesis reduction after oil application to grapevine. A. BAUDOIN (1) and T. K. Wolf (2). (1) Dept. Plant Pathology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; (2) Va Tech Research Center, 595 Laurel Grove Rd., Winchester, VA 22602. Publication no. P-2002-0002-NEA.
Oil treatments are thought to have potential for eradicating powdery mildew outbreaks in grape clusters, but also have led to delays in fruit maturity. Significant reductions in net assimilation rate (NAR) followed treatment of abaxial (lower) or both leaf surfaces, but not treatment of upper leaf surfaces. NAR of Vitis labrusca 'Catawba' leaves treated with 1.5% JMS Stylet-Oil was reduced by 50-60%, with recovery in 3-4 weeks, whereas reduction for V. vinifera 'Chardonnay' was 20-30%, with recovery in less than a week. Neither rainfall nor washing of lower leaf surfaces with water and detergent immediately alleviated NAR depression. NAR depression appeared to be partially related to amount of oil emulsion retained by 11 grape cultivars. Field applications of oil, followed by sulfur, reduced fruit soluble solids in 9 of 23 cultivars, with only a weak correlation between visible injury and soluble solids. JMS Stylet-Oil, potassium bicarbonate (Armicarb), and sulfur had similar effectiveness in reducing harmful effects of existing powdery mildew in clusters.
Acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) for surface sterilization of teliospores. M. R. BONDE and S. E. Nester. USDA-ARS-FDWSRU, 1301 Ditto Ave., Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5023. Publication no. P-2002-0003-NEA.
AEW is a germicidal product of electrolysis of a weak (e.g. 0.3M) solution of sodium chloride. It was first tested as a sanitizer in 1967 by Wilk et al. (as reported in 1987 in Sci. Total Environ. 63:191-197) and has received wide attention in Asia and Eastern Europe in the field of medicine (Plant Dis. 83:627-632). We use AEW to surface sterilize teliospores of Tilletia indica, causal agent of Karnal bunt of wheat, from wheat samples prior to plating on germination media. In our studies, AEW at pH 2.5, oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) 1130 mV, and free chlorine content 15 ppm reduced contaminating bacteria and fungi by 6-7 log(10) units. The low pH of AEW accounted for a 99% reduction in bacteria and a 46-87% reduction in the number of fungi. The very high ORP also contributed to its effectiveness. AEW could be stored up to 15 days prior to use without a significant reduction in its effectiveness.
Pathogenicity of Phytophthora species isolated from a recycled water irrigation system in Virginia. E. A. BUSH (1), C. Hong (1,2), and E. L. Stromberg (1). (1) Dept. PPWS, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061; (2) VPI & SU, Hampton Roads AREC, Virginia Beach, VA 23455. Publication no. P-2002-0004-NEA.
Members of the genus Phytophthora are generally considered pathogenic on plants, and individual species may be parasitic on quite narrow or very broad ranges of host species. However, the disease-causing ability of Phytophthora species isolated from irrigation systems in Virginia is unknown. Isolates of Phytophthora species collected from recycled irrigation water from a nursery in Virginia were tested for pathogenicity on sage (Salvia officinalis). In greenhouse tests, plants were inoculated with zoospore suspensions (10,000; 5,000; or 2,500 zoospores per plant). P. cactorum, P. capsici, P. citrophthora, and P. nicotianae demonstrated pathogenicity on sage, while P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri did not. Additional isolates of P. citrophthora and P. drechsleri are being evaluated for pathogenicity on sage. These data complement data from water assays used to characterize Phytophthora species in irrigation water.
Preliminary host range studies of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides for biological control of Russian thistle. C. Cavin and W. L. BRUCKART. USDA-ARS, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702. Publication no. P-2002-0005-NEA.
Evaluation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C.g.) from Hungary for biological control of Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) revealed that C.g. caused significant damage only to one of the two "types" (Ryan & Ayres, Can. J. Bot. 78:59) of S. tragus from the US. Relative to uninoculated controls in three experiments, reductions in dry weight after inoculations with C.g. ranged from 42.8 to 94.8% for S. tragus Type A, compared to reductions of 5.0 to 41.9% for S. tragus Type B, 9.1 and 18.5% for two cultivars of spinach, 0 - 28% for six cultivars of beet, 8.3% for swiss chard, and 0% for Chenopodium quinoa. Except for one cultivar of beet, differences in dry weights of non-target species were not significantly different from controls. Effects of inoculation on dry weight of Type A were all significant (P = 0.05). Future studies will involve comparisons of spinach, at different phenological growth stages, on susceptibility to C.g. from Hungary and C. dematium from the US.
Development of a SCAR-PCR assay to detect Colletotrichum coccodes, a biological control agent of velvetleaf. A. L. DAUCH, A. K. Watson, and S. H. Jabaji-Hare. Dept. of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, QC, CANADA H9X 3V9. Publication no. P-2002-0006-NEA.
Colletotrichum coccodes, registered under the name Velgo™, is considered a potential bioherbicide for velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti, a devastating weed in corn and soybean cropping systems in North America. We are currently developing a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker to detect C. coccodes in different biological samples. The methodology consisted of screening 16 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers in PCR assays on DNA extracted from a large collection of Colletotrichum, heterogeneous fungi, bacteria and plant species. The primer OPN-08 detected a 336 bp amplicon in the biocontrol isolate only. New primers designated as Cc323F/R were designed from the SCAR region and tested for their specificity to C. coccodes. They detected a 323bp fragment not only in the biocontrol isolate but also in 5 other isolates of C. coccodes and in one isolate of C. gloeosporioides. Current experiments are underway to increase the specificity of the designed markers to the biocontrol isolate in the hope to use them in real-time PCR assays on field samples.
Displacement of the Phytophthora infestans populations in Taiwan. K. L. DEAHL (1), L. R. Cooke (2), L. L. Black (3), T. C. Wang (3), and R. Jones (1). (1) USDA, Beltsville, MD; (2) Queens University, UK; (3) AVRDC, Taiwan, ROC. Publication no. P-2002-0007-NEA.
In recent years, Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, has caused severe epidemics on potatoes in many parts of the world. Although late blight is endemic in Taiwan, R.O.C., studies were conducted to help assess factors that may have contributed to recent epidemics in tomato crops. One-hundred forty-four isolates were selected and characterized in terms of allozymes genotypes (glucose phosphate isomerase [GPI] and peptidase [Pep]), mating type, mitochondrial haplotype, pathotype and metalaxyl resistance. Genotype characterization of the isolates showed that a new genotype appeared in the 1998 collection and by 2000 all the isolates recovered were of a new genotype. Furthermore, all these isolates were resistant to metalaxyl. Although the pathogen population was dominated by the 100:100:111 Gpi-genotype (characteristic of US-11), all the isolates were A1 mating types. By analyzing these isolates for genetic and phenotypic diversity, it could be concluded that there has been a dramatic shift in P. infestans populations in Taiwan.
Reservoirs of Colletotrichum acutatum in dormant and growing highbush blueberry. A. DeMARSAY and P. V. Oudemans. Dept. of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension Center, Chatsworth, NJ 08019. Publication no. P-2002-0008-NEA.
Colletotrichum acutatum, the causal agent of anthracnose fruit rot of highbush blueberry, has been observed to overwinter in or on both blighted twigs and live buds, but there have been no systematic studies of the pathogen's primary reservoirs. Tissue samples were taken from a commercial blueberry field in New Jersey before budbreak and at green fruit stage and incubated in moist chambers. Emerging spore masses were tallied to identify the primary reservoirs of the pathogen and whether its distribution among tissue types changed over time. In the dormant sample, canes with at least one dead tip were significantly more likely to harbor C. acutatum than canes with live tips only. Dead tips were significantly more likely to be infected than flower buds. In the later sample, the infection rate of dead tips was lower and did not significantly differ from that of fruit clusters corresponding to the earlier flower buds. C. acutatum can be found in or on dead and live dormant blueberry tissue, but its primary reservoir is dead tips: fruit spurs and other blighted twigs. After sporulation, the pathogen does not live long in dead tissue but survives as latent infections on green fruit.
Preliminary greenhouse evaluation of Ramularia crupinae for biological control of Crupina vulgaris. F. ESKANDARI and W. L. Bruckart. USDA-ARS, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702. Publication no. P-2002-0009-NEA.
An isolate of Ramularia crupinae from France is being evaluated in containment for biological control of Crupina vulgaris. Inoculum was produced on potato dextrose agar at 20°C for 1 week and the mixture of mycelial fragments and spores (not quantifiable) was filtered through two layers of cheesecloth. A single inoculation of 4-week-old plants with R. crupinae resulted in reductions of plant top dry weights by 29.2% and of roots by 65.7%, compared to controls. Seed production was reduced by infection, resulting in significantly fewer seeds per plant (by 18.9%) and significantly lower seed weight per plant (by 19.6%), compared to controls. Five Centaurea spp., Acroptilon repens, Cynara scolymus, Taraxacum officinale, Carduus acanthoides, and Cirsium vulgare, all relatives of C. vulgaris in the Asteraceae, were not susceptible to infection, but a limited number of small, necrotic lesions developed only on the older leaves of Carthamus tinctorius (safflower). Future research includes completion of the host range determination and studies on damage to C. vulgaris from multiple inoculations of R. crupinae.
Use of quantitative real-time PCR to monitor fungal populations in soil. M. FILION (1), M. St-Arnaud (2), C. Hamel (3), and S. H. Jabaji-Hare (1). (1,3) Plant Science and Natural Resource Sciences Depts., McGill University, Montréal, Qc, Canada; (2) I.R.B.V., Jardin Botanique de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada. Publication no. P-2002-0010-NEA.
Quantitative detection of fungi in complex substrates like soil can be laborious and non-specific. A novel molecular approach was adapted for rapid quantification of fungi in soil. Detection and quantification of two fungi belonging to different taxonomical and ecological groups was accomplished using species-specific primers in real-time PCR assays. Sterile and non-sterile soils were inoculated with different amounts of conidia (10e(^6), 10e(^5), 10e(^4) conidia/g soil) of the plant pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli or spores (10e(^4), 10e(^3), 10e(^2) spores/g soil) of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. DNA was extracted from soil, and sequences specific to G. intraradices (362 bp) and F. solani f. sp. phaseoli (562 bp) were quantified in real-time assays by measuring the fluorescence of SYBR Green I dye. The detection efficiency allowed accurate quantification of both organisms over a broad range of DNA concentrations with a detection limit ranging from 1 to 5 pg of DNA.
Evaluation of mefenoxam application methods and timing intervals for control of Phytophthora blight of pepper. M. L. FOGG and S. A. Johnston. Rutgers Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Rutgers University, Bridgeton, NJ 08302. Publication no. P-2002-0011-NEA.
Mefenoxam is a systemic fungicide used for protection of pepper plants against the crown rot phase of Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici. Effectiveness in controlling Phytophthora blight of pepper with mefenoxam has recently declined in New Jersey. Commercially, mefenoxam is injected via drip irrigation every 4 weeks. To begin to examine the correlation between mefenoxam concentration in planta and disease reduction, various application methods and timing intervals were evaluated. Following transplanting, mefenoxam was injected through drip irrigation at 2, 3, and 4 week schedules or by drenching at a 2 week schedule. The bases of plants were drenched weekly with a zoospore suspension of P. capsici. Disease was assessed by determining the number of days from inoculation to crown rot symptoms. Drenching on a 2-week schedule resulted in a significantly longer period of time between inoculation and crown rot (14 days) than any of the drip injection schedules. However, one month post-transplant, applications through drip irrigation every 2 or 3 weeks resulted in a significantly longer period of time between inoculation and crown rot than the drench method (3 days).
Detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in plants and from soil using PCR. I. Genowati (1), G. H. LACY (1), E. L. Stromberg (1), and D. P. Roberts (2). (1) Dept. Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060; (2) USDA-Beltsville. Publication no. P-2002-0012-NEA.
Gaeumannomyces gramini var. tritici (Ggt), the causal agent of take-all disease in wheat, is difficult to detect accurately and rapidly due to its similarity to fungi in the Gaeumannomyces-Phialophora complex. Most of the current molecular identification methods are based on high redundancy families of DNA in the genome, such as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA. None are based on pathogenicity. Our objective was to detect the fungus from diseased plants and infested soil using pathogenicity gene-based primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. For detection we used avenacinase-based primers. In G. graminis var. avenae, avenacinase detoxifies avenacin, a fungitoxic substance produced by the plant. The primers selected were specific to a Ggt avenacinase-like gene and generated a single 870 bp band. PCR conditions were modified to effect detection: the annealing temperature was lowered from 68 to 62°C for plants and soil and the concentration of Taq polymerase was doubled for soil extracts. The lowest detection limit for plant extraction was with plants grown on 4 g Ggt-infested millet seed per kg soil. The lowest detection limit for soil extraction was 16 ug of purified Ggt DNA per g soil.
Epidemiological significance of Phytophthora species present in recycled irrigation water to ornamental production. C. X. HONG, P. Kong, and P. A. Richardson. Virginia Tech, Hampton Roads AREC, Virginia Beach, VA 23455. Publication no. P-2002-0013-NEA.
Phytophthora species are frequently isolated from recycled nursery irrigation water but the epidemiological significance of waterborne pathogens remains undetermined. Field plots consisting of two treatments were established in June 2001: test plants irrigated with (i) nonchlorinated, recycled water at a local nursery and (ii) well water at the Hampton Roads AREC. Test plants include Abelia ( Edward Goucher, annual vinca, azalea, forsythia, nandina, and pansy. Fifteen containers of individual test plants were added to each of the two plots and were managed following standard cultural practices for commercial crops in the nursery. Plants were assessed monthly for disease symptoms. Diseased plants were then examined through isolation to confirm the pathogen identification. 'Pacifica Red Dot' vinca was added to the plots on June 19. On August 22, Phytophthora blight was observed on a few plants in 11 of 15 containers receiving nonchlorinated irrigation water. The disease spread over all the plants and branches in the same plot by September 7. In contrast, no disease symptoms were observed on any plants irrigated with well water at HRAREC. These data suggest that pathogen monitoring programs and disinfestations of contaminated water are warranted in nurseries that use recycling irrigation systems.
Evaluation of varietal resistance for control of Phytophthora blight of peppers. S. A. JOHNSTON, M. L. Fogg, W. L. Kline, and S. A. Garrison. Rutgers Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Rutgers University, Bridgeton, NJ 08302. Publication no. P-2002-0014-NEA.
Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici, is the most important disease of peppers in New Jersey. Cultural control measures are the primary method of control utilized in commercial production; yet, high soil moisture conditions can result in high disease incidence even with cultural control methods. Chemical control is only marginally effective when high soil moisture conditions occur. Therefore, the need for the availability of varietal resistance is important for successful disease management. Commercial varieties and experimental breeding lines were evaluated over a three year period in P. capsici infested fields on a commercial farm and at the Rutgers Agricultural Research & Extension Center. Both the crown rot and the stem lesion phases of the disease developed each year at both sites. The commercial variety, 'Paladin', was the only variety of 28 varieties and lines evaluated to consistently result in significantly less crown rot phase of the disease and marketable yield than the standard commercial varieties. 'Paladin' was susceptible to the aerial phase of the disease. 'Paladin' produced commercially acceptable yields and acceptable horticultural characteristics necessary to be used for commercial production in NJ.
Isolation of plant defense genes exclusive to the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. J. M. LERNER and R. L. Wick. Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. Publication no. P-2002-0015-NEA.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae, found in 80-90% of plants, form when ubiquitous soil-borne Glomalean fungi colonize roots and establish a symbiotic relationship. Mycorrhizae benefit plants by improving growth, vigor and stress and disease resistance. This investigation aims to isolate symbiosis-related plant genes, particularly those involved in pathogen defense. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Ri T-DNA- transformed in-vitro carrot roots and roots from pot-grown plants were cultured and inoculated with Pythium and Phytophthora. Several symbiosis-related plant genes were isolated by subtractive hybridization of cDNA libraries from mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root tissue. Defense genes expressed exclusively by mycorrhizal roots during pathogen invasion will be isolated by subtractive hybridization and differential display. Symbiosis-related genes were cloned and will be sequenced and analyzed. Data regarding their possible role in the mycorrhizal symbiosis and in symbiosis-related defense responses will be presented.
Evaluation of fungicide alternatives to chlorothalonil and resistant cultivars for managing cucurbit powdery mildew. M. T. MCGRATH. Dept. of Plant Pathology, LIHREC, Cornell Univ., Riverhead, NY 11901. Publication no. P-2002-0016-NEA.
Field experiments were conducted in 1999 to evaluate chlorothalonil alternatives. At project onset chlorothalonil was classified as a B2 carcinogen and thus on the Food Quality Protection Act list of priority pesticides for EPA review. Multi-site fungicides like chlorothalonil with low resistance risk are important for managing resistance to single-site fungicides by reducing the overall size of the pathogen population. When tested in combination with myclobutanil (Nova) and azoxystrobin (Quadris) in a 7-day fungicide program applied to pumpkin, potassium bicarbonate (Armicarb) was as effective as chlorothalonil (Bravo) for managing powdery mildew (PM) while giant knotweed extract (Milsana) and monopotassium phosphate (Nutrol) were almost as effective. When tested alone, Bravo was more effective. A fungicide program with alternatives (sulfur, copper, and potassium bicarbonate) applied to a PM resistant cultivar ('Eclipse' muskmelon and 'HMX 6687' pumpkin) controlled PM and protected yield as well as a standard fungicide program (Quadris alternated with Nova plus Bravo) applied to susceptible cultivars.
Quorum sensing regulation effects surface attachment and dissemination in Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii. T. MINOGUE, M. Koutsoudis, and S. Beck von Bodman. Dept. of the Plant Science, University of Connecticut, USA. Publication no. P-2002-0017-NEA.
Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Ps) is the causative agent of Stewart's wilt on sweet corn. EsaR, a LuxR homologue, regulates synthesis of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) virulence determinant in a quorum sensing-specific manner. Genetic data indicate that EsaR functions as a negative regulator, which depends on inducing levels of acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) synthesized by EsaI for derepression. ESN51, esaI(^-)(CPS)(^-), and ESdeltaIR, esaI(^-)esaR(^-)(CPS)(^++), mutant strains are attenuated for virlence due to the loss of the quorum sensing system. We show that surface attachment is enhanced in ESN51 while it is reduced in ESdeltaIR as compared to wild type Ps. These strains, when expressing GFP constitutively, showed differential microcolony formation and colony morphology when visualized by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, dissemination of the mutant strains are attenuated In planta. We discuss the direct and indirect role of esaR/esaI quorum sensing system in overall disease biology of the bacterium.
Species of Pythium associated with greenhouse floral crops in Pennsylvania. G. W. MOORMAN (1), S. Kang (1), D. M. Geiser (1), and S. H. Kim (2). (1) Dept. of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; (2) Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, 2301 N. Cameron St., Harrisburg, PA 17110. Publication no. P-2002-0018-NEA.
During 1996-2001, 114 samples submitted to two clinics in Pennsylvania from commercial greenhouses had 10 different identified and two unidentified species of Pythium on 33 species of plants, 5 potting soil tests and 5 tests of irrigation water Pythium irregulare was found in 46% of the plant samples from 23 different crops, 4 of the 5 water samples and 3 of the 5 unused potting soils tested. Pythium aphanidermatum accounted for 30% of all the plant samples but 76% of the poinsettia samples. The 25 geranium samples were infected with 7 different species including P. aphanidermatum, P. dissotocum, P. heterothallicum, group F, P. irregulare, P. myriotylum, and P. ultimum. Species were identified using morphological features and by comparing the base pair sequence of their ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 regions of the ribosomal DNA to sequences of known species.
Molecular cloning of the gene encoding chitinase from the mycoparasite Stachybotrys elegans. D. MORISSETTE, G. Taylor, and S. Jabaji-Hare. Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, CANADA. Publication no. P-2002-0019-NEA.
Improved resistance to fungal diseases can be achieved by transforming crops with fungal genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes such as chitinases and beta-glucanases. Stachybotrys elegans is a mycoparasite of the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. It releases several chitinases and beta-glucanases during mycoparasitism. Three chitinases have been characterized from S. elegans but none have been cloned so far. To clone these enzymes, primers have been designed based on alignment of 4 other chitinase gene sequences from Trichoderma and Aphanocladium species, both well known mycoparasites of higher fungi. PCR was performed and a product of 900 bp was sequenced (SECHI) showing over 80% similarity with chitinase gene and protein sequences from other higher fungi. Experiments are currently been conducted to obtain the entire sequence of SECHI. The methodology used will consist of designing gene-specific primers based on PCR products for Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE)-PCR. To our knowledge, the application of RACE-PCR to isolate genes encoding for cell wall hydrolytic enzymes from mycoparasites is unique.
Fungicidal control of powdery mildew of flowering dogwood in Delaware. R. P. MULROONEY and N. F. Gregory. Plant and Soil Sciences Dept., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717. Publication no. P-2002-0020-NEA.
Powdery mildew of flowering dogwood has been increasing in both occurrence and severity in Delaware and the region. Chemical control studies for the control of powdery mildew, Microsphaera sp., of flowering dogwood, Cornus florida, were conducted in Newark, DE from 1998 to 2001. Generic field run trees of Cornus florida were utilized in the tests. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were replicated either 4 or 5 times and a plot consisted of a single tree 8-10 ft tall. Fungicide programs were initiated each season (May 15 to June 2) when powdery mildew was first seen on the test trees or on trees near the site. A variety of fungicides at two and three week spray intervals were tested including biorational (green) fungicides such as 1% horticultural oil, 1% neem oil and potassium bicarbonate in 2001. Fungicide treatments were terminated in early August. All the fungicides tested provided control of powdery mildew compared to untreated trees. Aesthetic ratings were made at the end of the season and were also significantly higher for treated trees.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fusarium avenaceum from lisianthus. F. A. NALIM (1), D. M. Geiser (1),W. H. Elmer (2), R. J. McGovern (3), and B. K. Harbaugh (4). (1) Dept. Plant Pathology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802; (2) Dept. Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504; (3) Plant Pathology Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; (4) Environmental Hort. Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Publication no. P-2002-0021-NEA.
Recent severe outbreaks of crown and stem rot of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) have been attributed to F. avenaceum. F. avenaceum isolates have previously been identified based only on morphology. Our goal was to characterize F. avenaceum isolates from lisianthus based on phylogenetics and to generate a database of F. avenaceum sequences useful for purposes of taxonomy, management and control. Sixty isolates of Fusarium were included in the study. These were from many hosts including lisianthus and from diverse localities. We sequenced portions of two protein coding genes, translation elongation factor 1-alpha and beta-tubulin, and carried out a phylogenetic analysis using PAUP. Analysis of both genes showed F. avenaceum isolates to be monophyletic with no significant incongruence among gene geneologies. A bootstrap analysis showed a hundred percent support for the F. avenaceum clade. Isolates from lisianthus were scattered within this clade and did not form a separate group, suggesting the possibility that any F. avenaceum isolate may be pathogenic on lisianthus regardless of its phylogenetic origin.
Effect of leaf wetness frequency and duration during spring on the total ascospore productivity of Venturia inaequalis. V. PHILION. IRDA, St-Hyacinthe, Qc J2S 7B8. Publication no. P-2002-0022-NEA.
In many parts of the world, most fungicide applications on apple trees are directed against primary infections of apple scab which are caused by ascospores that are released in the spring. In this context, it is important to understand the factors that influence ascospore availability. In this experiment, the effects of spring leaf wetness frequency and duration on the ascospore productivity were determined. In the spring of 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001, leaf samples that overwintered in different sites were artificially wetted at fixed intervals and the ascospore production was measured. Based on ANOVA, only the frequency of leaf wetness events affected the overall seasonal ascospore productivity. Ascospore release was higher in treatments with higher wetness frequency. It is possible that the potential ascospore dose (PAD) is reduced under dry spring conditions because a portion of the ascospore supply cannot be ejected. This finding could help determine the PAD fraction actually released in the orchard and the risk associated with each rain event.
Spatial and temporal distributions of Phytophthora, soil properties, and yield within a commercial cranberry bed in New Jersey. L. POZDNYAKOVA and P. V. Oudemans. Rutgers University Blue/Cranberry Research Center, Chatsworth, NJ. Publication no. P-2002-0023-NEA.
Spatial distributions of soil properties, Phytophthora Root Rot (PRR) infection, and yield were monitored on a cranberry bed during 1999-2001 using GIS, GPS, geostatistics, and remote sensing. Soil, pathogen, crop, and spectral data from the 216 locations within a single 8.23-acre bed were incorporated in a GIS to study relationships among the factors. Low yielding areas were consistent through three years with r=0.55 between yields of 1999 and 2000. Those areas were also prone to recurrent PRR infections (r=0.15-0.65 between different isolation dates, subject to climatic conditions and management practices). The problems usually arise in low, poorly drained areas (r=0.27 for yield vs. elevation and r=0.20 for PRR vs. soil water content). Soil electrical conductivity and temperature measured in-situ as well as remotely sensed spectral characteristics demonstrated good correlations with yield and PRR. The results of the study were used to quantify chronic impacts of PRR on cranberry and to determine the soil factors that enhance root infection.
Quinone reduction systems of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. W. QI and J. Jellison. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469. Publication no. P-2002-0024-NEA.
Quinone reduction systems may play multiple roles in the metabolism of brown rot fungi. These roles include the detoxification of quinones and reactive oxygen species. Quinone reduction systems may also play a role along with mineralization processes, in a quinone redox cycle of phenolate biochelators implicated in the brown rot process. In the present study, intact mycelia and the intracellular enzyme extract of Gloeophyllum trabeum could reduce 1,4-benzoquinone, but showed different kinetic constants. The G. trabeum plasma membrane redox system was characterized based on its ferricyanide reduction kinetics. An intracellular NADH dependent 1,4-benzoquinone reductase was purified from G. trabeum and was characterized. The native enzyme contained flavin mononucleotide, and had a molecular weight weight of 44KD and a pI of 4.2. The enzyme had a subunit molecular weight of 22KD. The quinone reductase was highly inducible by 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and showed high apparent Kcat values for multiple quinones, which indicates it can function efficiently in quinone metabolism.
Isolates of Phytophthora infestans that infect Petunia × hybrida and Nicotiana benthamiana also produce INF1. M. C. RATHBONE, C. D. Smart, and W. E. Fry. Dept. Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Publication no. P-2002-0025-NEA.
Many species of Phytophthora, including P. infestans, produce 10 kDa secreted protein elicitors (elicitins), the most abundant of which in P. infestans is INF1. Previous work in which production of INF1 was silenced in one isolate of P. infestans suggested that the presence of INF1 prevented late blight infection on Nicotiana benthamiana. However recent laboratory and greenhouse investigations have shown that Petunia × hybrida and N. benthamiana can be hosts for P. infestans. We report here that these species are also hosts in field tests. Additionally, we assayed isolates that infected P. × hybrida and N. benthamiana for inf1 via Southern and northern analysis and also for 10kDa protein production. Isolates that infected potatoes, tomatoes, P. × hybrida and N. benthamiana in field tests and greenhouse tests all produced 10kDa proteins, had sequences that hybridized to inf1 probes in Southern analyses and expressed RNA that hybridized to inf1 in northern analyses. It appears that INF1 is not a pathogenicity determinant in all isolates of P. infestans.
How inoculum cycling has contributed to re-emergence of Penicillium expansum as a significant postharvest problem in apples. D. A. ROSENBERGER, C. A. Ahlers, F. W. Meyer, and K. L. Van Camp. Dept. Plant Pathology, NY Agric. Exp. Stn. (Geneva), Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, NY 12528. Publication no. P-2002-0026-NEA.
Grocery store displays of bagged Empire and McIntosh apples were evaluated for decays on eight dates in February, March and April over two years. Blue mold decay was visible in 37% of 131 Empire displays and in 21% of 141 McIntosh displays. The inoculum cycle that contributes to postharvest losses was deduced from results of numerous experiments conducted over 5 years. Benzimidazole-resistant strains of P. expansum recycle on apple field bins, are dispersed to stems of freshly harvested apples via postharvest drenches, and invade fruit through the stems during long-term controlled atmosphere storage. Decayed apples re-contaminate bins, thereby providing inoculum for the next crop. A single bin may carry 2 × 10(^9) spores. Airborne spores from decayed fruit contaminate apples on the packing lines and contribute to development of decays in packed fruit. Airborne inoculum concentrations in some packinghouses exceeded 500 spores/liter of air during winter. Improved bin sanitation is needed to reduce inoculum cycling.
Controlling Penicillium expansum in apples with postharvest applications of fludioxonil. D. A. ROSENBERGER, F. W. Meyer, C. A. Ahlers, and K. L. Van Camp. Dept. Plant Pathology, NY Agric. Exp. Stn. (Geneva), Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, NY 12528. Publication no. P-2002-0027-NEA.
Fludioxonil (Scholar 50W, Syngenta Corp.) was evaluated in five trials over 3 years to determine its effectiveness for controlling P. expansum in stored apples. Wounded Empire fruit inoculated with spore suspensions of P. expansum were treated with varying concentrations of fludioxonil or thiabendazole (TBZ). Fludioxonil at 300 ug/ml a.i. controlled decay as well as or slightly better than TBZ at 530 ug/ml in three trials with TBZ-sensitive P. expansum. Fludioxonil also controlled TBZ-resistant P. expansum. Fludioxonil was equally effective for protecting fruit exposed to inoculum suspensions containing 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 spores/ml. Effectiveness was not reduced when fludioxonil treatment solutions were amended with 4% (w/w) of soil or soil-plus-organic debris and held for 90 h at 15°C prior to use. Fludioxonil at 150 and 75 ug/ml controlled decay through 148 days of cold storage, but fruit treated at those low rates developed significantly more decay during a subsequent 7-day shelf life test than did fruit treated with 300 ug/ml.
Integrating trifloxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl into apple disease control programs. D. A. ROSENBERGER, F. W. Meyer, C. A. Ahlers, and K. L. Van Camp. Dept. Plant Pathology, NY Agric. Exp. Stn. (Geneva), Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, NY 12528. Publication no. P-2002-0028-NEA.
The new fungicides kresoxim-methyl (KM) and trifloxystrobin (TR) were compared with older fungicides to determine the best uses for these fungicides in apple spray programs. Nine field trials were conducted over 4 years. Dilute sprays of KM at 50 ug/ml or TR at 25 ug/ml a.i. provided protectant and post-infection activity against apple scab equal to that of a myclobutanil/mancozeb (45 and 900 ug/ml) mixture. KM and TR did not provide adequate control of rust diseases when used in consecutive sprays, but they were effective when alternated with fenarimol/mancozeb or myclobutanil/mancozeb. KM and TR controlled powdery mildew when applications were initiated before bloom, but they acted more slowly than myclobutanil when applied to a running mildew epidemic. TR provided slightly better mildew control than KM. KM at 50 ug/ml provided better protectant activity against flyspeck than TR at 25 ug/ml. Both KM at 45 ug/ml and TR at 30 ug/ml provided better post-infection activity against flyspeck than did thiophanate-methyl plus captan (157 and 600 ug/ml).
Sampling oomycetes from various substrates and hosts in flower production greenhouses. N. SHISHKOFF, J. Knoedler, and M. Daughtrey. Cornell Univ., LIHREC, Riverhead, NY 11901. Publication no. P-2002-0029-NEA.
A baiting technique was used to collect oomycete isolates from benches and soil in 12 greenhouses in NY and New England. Isolates were also collected from symptomatic plants submitted for diagnosis. Of over 700 isolates collected so far, 145 have been studied for identification and/or pathogenicity. Although results are preliminary, certain things can be concluded. First, diverse oomycetes can be collected from a single greenhouse complex: among 30 isolates collected from one site, at least 9 spp. of Pythium were observed. Second, host plants can have distinct oomycete flora: geraniums from 5 sites were infected with P. irregulare and African violets and begonias were the only plants from which P. spinosum was isolated. Some plants were hosts to many oomycetes: Calibrachoa, a new greenhouse crop, hosted at least 3 species of Pythium and two species of Phytophthora. Poinsettia was infected with two known pathogens, P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora drechsleri. Finally, Pythium spp. isolated from soil and debris in greenhouses included the pathogenic species P. aphanidermatum and P. irregulare and some of these isolates were pathogenic in seedling and cutting assays.
Formation and survival of ascomata of the cucurbit powdery mildew. N. SHISHKOFF and M. T. McGrath. Cornell Univ., LIHREC, Riverhead, NY 11901. Publication no. P-2002-0030-NEA.
Under laboratory conditions, only temperature influenced the development of ascomata of the cucurbit powdery mildew, Podosphaera xanthii; relative humidity and photoperiod had no effect. Temperatures over 24 C inhibited ascomatal development. Continuous 24 C incubation interrupted by short periods of 26 C temperature reduced ascomatal formation, while continuous incubation at 26 C interrupted by short periods of 24 C resulted in ascomata only if the interruption occurred at 8-11 days after inoculation, and then only in small numbers. When pumpkin leaves bearing ascomata were placed in nylon mesh bags, buried in soil, and sampled monthly from November through the following June, cytoplasm-filled contents were present in 2-18% of ascomata through May. Some contained undifferentiated cytoplasm, while others contained spores in various stages of development. Despite the strong correlation of temperature and ascomatal formation, the proper conditions for formation could not be predicted from weather data.
Impact of liming and nitrogen on the severity of summer patch in Kentucky bluegrass. G. TOWERS, W. Hill, J. Heckman, B. Clarke, and J. Murphy. Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. Publication no. P-2002-0031-NEA.
The effect of lime (99, 198, and 396 kg CCE ha(^-1)) in combination with the acidifying fertilizer ammonium sulfate (AS; 196 kg N ha(^-1) season(^-1)) or the alkalinizing fertilizer calcium nitrate (CN; 196 kg N ha(^-1) season(^-1)) on the severity of summer patch (Magnaporthe poae) in 'Georgetown' Kentucky bluegrass was evaluated in the field from 1995 to 1998. Fertilizers were applied alone and in combination with lime or elemental sulfur (845 kg S ha(^-1)). Disease severity was greater on turf that received CN than AS. Compared to CN alone, CN plus lime (396 kg CCE ha(^-1)) enhanced symptom expression, while the addition of sulfur to CN reduced symptom development in 1998. Although turf treated with AS plus sulfur sustained low levels of summer patch in 1998, the combination resulted in extremely poor turf quality. Compared to AS alone, the application of AS plus lime raised soil pH but did not increase disease severity. Thus, lime may be applied with AS, to maintain acceptable soil pH levels, without reducing the effectiveness of AS for the control of summer patch in Kentucky bluegrass.
Response of bentgrass cultivars to dollar spot under different cultural and chemical management practices. J. N. VAICIUNAS, J. A. Murphy, and B. B. Clarke. Dept. Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. Publication no. P-2002-0032-NEA.
The susceptibility of bentgrass cultivars (CVS) to dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) and brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani) was assessed to identify factors that can be used to reduce fungicide inputs while maintaining acceptable turf quality. Eight bentgrass CVS were evaluated under field conditions. All CVS were maintained at two cutting heights: 0.356 cm (greens height) and 0.953 cm (fairway height), and two nitrogen levels: 0.012 kg m(^-2) and 0.031 kg m(^-2) year(^-1). CV treatments were subdivided into six fungicide application schedules (untreated, 7, 14, 28, or 56 day intervals, or an economic threshold of 0.3% disease) using the contact fungicide chlorothalonil. For most CVS, dollar spot was least severe on turf receiving the high rate of nitrogen. CVS Penn G2, SR 7200 and L-93 were least susceptible to dollar spot under most nitrogen and cutting height treatments. In general, brown patch was most severe on turf maintained at greens height and high nitrogen. In 2000, CVS SR 7200, L93, and Penn G2 required the fewest fungicide applications to control dollar spot.
The current status of mummy berry on blueberry in North America. L. A. WASILWA (1), P. V. Oudemans (1), and J. S. Lehman (2). (1) Rutgers University Blueberry Cranberry Research Center and (2) Otterbein College, Westerville, Ohio. Publication no. P-2002-0033-NEA.
The fungus, Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi is the causal agent of the blueberry disease, mummy berry. The fungus is widespread in NA and is found in most blueberry growing regions. The phenology of apothecium development must be closely coordinated with host development for infection to occur. A comparison of ten NJ populations showed a good correspondence between mean apothecial development time of a population and AFLP band frequencies. However, approximately 60% of the total AFLP variation was found at the population level indicating significant genetic exchange between populations. Since most populations were mixed but differed in mean development time (different proportions of early and late phenologies) this result was not surprising. Samples from 17 populations across North America were tested for genetic variability using AFLPs and for vegetative compatibility using nit mutants. These mummy berry populations from highbush, lowbush and rabbiteye blueberries in NA were subdivided into two large clusters that correlate with two vegetative compatibility groups. Tight clusters representing the state or province of origin were found. Surprisingly, clusters representing the different blueberry species were not found.
Impact of temperature and fungal isolate on the susceptibility of bentgrass cultivars to take-all patch. E. N. WEIBEL (1), L. P. Tredway (2), and B. B. Clarke (1). (1) Dept. of Plant Pathology and Biology, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08901; (2) Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Publication no. P-2002-0034-NEA.
Susceptibility of 18 bentgrass cultivars to take-all patch was assessed in the growth chamber. Bentgrass was grown at a seeding rate of 20 g m(^-2). Six weeks after seeding, cultivars were inoculated with one of three isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae by placing one infested rye grain below the soil surface on opposite sides of each pot. Inoculated plants were incubated at either 15 or 20°C using a 12 hr light/dark cycle. Disease susceptibility was determined by measuring the percent surface area exhibiting foliar symptoms. Cultivars SR7200, Penn A-1, Seaside II, SR1020, Providence, Putter, and Penn G-2 were least susceptible to take-all, whereas Penncross, Penneagle, and Penn A-4 were most susceptible to the disease. All first- and second-order interactions among temperature, cultivar, and isolate were statistically significant. Therefore, the susceptibility of bentgrass cultivars to take-all patch may vary among locations according to the fungal isolate and environmental conditions present.
Sensitivity of Pythium isolates to metalaxyl. R. L. WICK and M. B. Dicklow. Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. Publication no. P-2002-0035-NEA.
Isolates of Pythium recovered from specimens submitted to the Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic at the University of Massachusetts were subjected to a metalaxyl sensitivity assay. A total of sixty isolates were collected. The number of isolates recovered from crops were as follows: geranium 14, poinsettia 13, verbena 6, various vegetable crops 6, and the remainder from calibrachoa, dahlia, chrysanthemum, a soilless medium, and irrigation water from an ebb and flow system. Isolates were tested on corn meal agar modified with 0, 50 and 100 mg/l active ingredient metalaxyl. Thirty-one isolates (52%) did not grow in the presence of 50 or 100 mg/l metalaxyl. Twenty-five isolates (42%) grew as well or nearly as well in 100 mg/l metalaxyl as they did in culture medium with no fungicide. Four (6%) grew well at 50 mg/l metalaxyl but not at 100 mg/l. Damping off of squash seedlings in the greenhouse was not controlled by metalaxyl when a metalaxyl-resistant (100 mg/l) strain was introduced into the growing medium.
Effectiveness of prohexadione-Ca (Apogee 27.5DF) for fire blight shoot blight suppression in commercial apple orchards. K. S. YODER (1), A. R. Biggs (2), and J. L. Norelli (3). (1) VPI&SU, Winchester, VA 22602; (2), WVU, Kearneysville, WV 25430; (3) USDA-ARS, AFRS, Kearneysville, WV. Publication no. P-2002-0036-NEA.
Prohexadione-Ca (P-Ca) test plots were established in commercial orchards with recent history of fire blight infection in susceptible cultivars. The P-Ca rate, 125 mg/L, was adjusted, based on tree size, for airblast application at 935 L/ha to deliver 0.345 kg ai/ha in orchard #1 (O1) and 0.462 kg ai /ha in orchard #2 (O2). A surfactant (LI-700, 0.125% v/v) and a water-conditioning agent (Choice, 0.25% v/v, a 50% blend of salts of organic acids, phosphate ester and NH(4)SO(4)) were included. P-Ca was applied at late bloom 1 May in O1 (cv. 'York') and 2 May in O2 (cvs. 'York' and 'NW Greening'). Hail injury and rain in both orchards 26 May resulted in secondary spread of bacteria from blossoms to shoots. Due to renewed shoot growth, P-Ca was re-applied 29 June in O1 and 2 July in O2. In both orchards, similar amounts of blossom blight indicated that primary inoculum levels were uniform on treated and non-treated trees. In O1, P-Ca reduced shoot blight strikes by 88-94% in counts 8 June, 21 June or 9 Aug, and reduced shoot lengths by 18 May, 17 d after treatment. The second application reduced water sprout infection evident 9 Aug. At O2, P-Ca gave 94% control of shoot blight on 'York' 9 June and 96% on 'Greening' 13 June. On 'Greening', P-Ca also reduced by 76% the frequency of canker blight strikes (shoots with orange tips close to overwintered cankers).
Early blight resistance in an F1 diploid hybrid potato population of Solanum phureja ( S. stenotomum. R. ZHANG (1), B. J. Christ (1), and K. G. Haynes (2). (1) Dept. Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802; (2) USDA/ARS Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705. Publication no. P-2002-0037-NEA.
Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani Sorauer, is a serious disease of potato foliage and tubers that occurs in most potato growing regions worldwide. An F1 diploid out-cross mapping population was developed and evaluated for two years for early blight resistance. There were significant differences among the F1 clones for early blight resistance. Resistance, based on area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), with continuous distribution, ranged from 361 to 2460 and from 614 to 2858 for 1999 and 2000, respectively. The average AUDPCs for the two parents were 1331 and 1989, as well as 1128 and 1584 for 1999 and 2000, respectively. There were F1 clones showing high levels of early blight resistance. The data will be used to identify and map early blight resistance genes in potato using DNA markers. This will improve our understanding of the genetics of disease resistance and facilitate our breeding program through marker-assisted selection.


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Space Shuttle Atlantis thundered into the history books on Friday, July 8th, 2011, closing out NASA's 30-year shuttle program with the STS-135 mission. The all-veteran crew of 4 astronauts delivered critical spare parts & tons of supplies to the International Space Station & delivered an experimental robotic refueling machine, in hopes it can be used to refuel satellites in orbit. Atlantis touched down back in Florida Thursday July 21st, bringing an end to one of America's greatest era's - the space shuttle program. Atlantis will be processed as a museum piece to be put on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida, with the exhibit's grand opening scheduled for 2013.
Coverage for Zero-G News and ARES Institute. All images copyright Mike Killian Photography, all rights reserved, unauthorized use is prohibited.

subset: commoncrawl


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St. Meinrad, The Black Madonna and Einsiedeln Abbey – podcast
In this 7 minute podcast from the Sonrise Morning show on Catholic radio, Dr. It...
John the Serene was a bishop of Naples and Early Church Father who here reflects on the famous first verse from Psalm 27: The Lord is my Light and my Salvation. Who shall I fear?
The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? How great was that servant who knew how he was given light, whence it came, and what sort of man he was when he was favored by that light. The light he saw was not that which fades at dusk, but the light which no eye has seen. Souls brightened by this light do not fall into sin or stumble on vice.
Our Lord said: Walk while you have the light in you. What other light did he mean but himself? For it was he who said. I came as a light into the world, so that those who have eyes may not see and the blind may receive the light. The Lord then is our light the sun of justice and righteousness, who has shone on his Catholic Church spread throughout the world. The prophet spoke as a figure of the Church when he cried: The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear?
The spiritual man who has been thus illumined does not limp or leave the path, but bears all things. Glimpsing our true country from afar, he puts up with adversities; he is not saddened by the things of time, but finds his strength in God. He lowers his pride and endures, possessing patience through humility. That true light which enlightens every man who comes into the world bestows itself on those who reverence it, shining where it wills, on whom it wills, and revealing itself according to the will of God the Son.
When this light begins to shine upon the man who sat in darkness and the shadow of death, in the darkness of evil and the shadow of sin, he is shocked, he calls himself to account, repents of his misdeeds in shame, and says: The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear?
Great is this salvation, my brethren, which fears neither sickness nor lethargy and disregards pain. We should then in the fullest sense not only with our voice but with our very soul cry out, The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? If he enlightens and saves me, whom shall I fear? Even though the dark shadows of evil suggestions crowd about, The Lord is my light.
They can approach, but cannot prevail; they can lay siege to our heart, but cannot conquer it. Though the blindness of concupiscence assails us, again we say: The Lord is my light. For he is our strength; he gives himself to us and we give ourselves to him. Hasten to this physician while you can, or you may not be able to find him when you want him.
This excerpt on Psalm 27 by John the Serene ( Sermo 7: PLS 4, 785-786) appears in the Roman Catholic Office of Readings for Thursday of the 3rd week of ordinary time. The accompanying biblical reading is taken from Deuteronomy 30:1-2.
Is he the same man as John the Silent (454-558), a bishop in Armenia, who lived to age 104 ?
No, this author was actually a bishop of Naples in the 9th century and is called the "serene" or "peaceful" or "peacemaker" apparently because he helped to mediate a peace treaty between Naples and the neighboring Dutchy of Benevento. We will be updating our site shortly with some biographical information on him.


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"No... no.. Master Naton... this cannot be."
Garrett was dragging Disaara Lon as she ranted and apologized.
"So how does this thing work?" He asked, lifting her hand to the strange terminal.
"I don't really know. But, it uses the force to search... impressions. You give it a thought, like we were trying to do, and it... checks for it."
A green cube projected itself around Disaara's hand.
CONFIRMED came up in bright yellow letters.
Cameo added his hand. CONFIRMED.
"Snap out of it, Lon." Cameo said, hauling her up off the floor, supporting her with his shoulder. "This is it, you know what we're looking for."
Disaara shook her head, forehead in her hands. "Nothing like that is here. Nothing like that exists."
"It exists." Garrett said. "We have to know what it is."
The cube twisted and whirled, turned red, purple, extended on both ends. A highlight was drawn, runes crawled out of memory and into the holograph.
"No." Lon said, though she wasn't even looking. "Not that. Not him."
Cameo paled, despite his cave-fish complexion.
"What the frell should I be soiling myself over, Masters Jedi?" Garrett asked.
"The Immortal Emperor." Cameo said, whispering in reverent tones.
"Killed him, didn't we?" Garrett asked.
"Not Palpatine. Not Damascus. The one before."
"Well if we took out two, they're not that frelling Immortal, are they?"
"I've brought blasphemy to the archive." Disaara moaned. "And doom. Doom to us all."
"Oh for frack's sake, Lon, snap out of it." Garrett was sweating.
A cube displayed itself, runes from their visions matched the ones on the screen, then a number appeared.
"The Blissful Icon." Lon said.
"What's that?" Cameo asked, and the idea that he did not know the answer made Garrett ill at ease more than anything that had so far occurred.
"We locked it away, back on Tython, before the migrations. It was a holocron unlike any other. The legends say that it was an artifact of seemingly pure light side energy, it radiated bliss, contentment, joy - all the benefit of a lifetime of meditation and sacrifice, by merely concentrating on it's surface. A quick and easy path to something that is neither."
They were walking through the artifacts, all of which seemed alive in a way they had not before. Runes were dancing, weird light illuminated the floors, books were open. Even Garrett felt the Dark Side vibrating within.
"So why'd you lock it up?" Garrett asked. "Peace and bantha grease in a box? Drop it in on Coruscant and the Senate's all kittens and rainbows, right?"
"Apathy." Cameo said. Disaara nodded.
"It brought joy, contentment, without action. The adepts wasted away, addicted, they wanted nothing but to glance upon it. They were useless, drained..."
"And here it is." Cameo said, motioning to a cube, suspended in a pillar of nullification resin, surrounded by forcefields.
"The Love Bomb." Garrett said.
"All we know is that there were three, three artifacts of the Immortal Emperor, that, somehow, could bring about his rebirth."
"So he's dead but also immortal. And I thought I did all the drugs." Garrett sighed.
"The cubes must be destroyed." Cameo and Disaara said in unison.
"Well what about the third?"
The Cruel Void
18 years after the Battle of Yavin...
A divergent, persistent and interactive Star Wars timeline with a rich history and established characters.
A divergent, persistent and interactive Star Wars timeline with a rich history and established characters.
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Create a nautical paradise for your little beach bum with this great sand dollar piece. All kids giclee prints by Meghann O'Hara for Oopsy Daisy are printed with care in the United States. Wall art is reproduced in our San Diego studios using the best digital reproduction method currently available, resulting in great clarity and color saturation. Hanging hardware, either a sawtooth or wire hanger dependent on art size, is attached for easy hanging and artist biography information is included on backside so that you may learn more about the artist's inspiration.
Meghann O'Hara received her BA in visual art from the University of St. Francis in Joliet, Illinois. She has worked in illustration, with her inspiration often coming from her appreciation of color and fashion and the gifts of love and kindness. Her work focuses on simple shapes, but has a complex character and distinctive sweetness to it.
Type: Wall Art


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We don't like paying for things. No point in handing over hard-earned cash for something when we can get the same thing for free, we think.
It seems like a no-brainer, but our unwillingness to pay for things directly has led the internet into a dark and dangerous corner where a dependence on advertising is putting our privacy and security on the line.
Ads life
Since the beginning of the internet, we've been trained to expect not to pay to access anything we want online.
At the start, everything put up there was free for all. That collaborative, open-source vibe has lingered on from those early days, and somehow still holds, despite somewhat belated efforts by content creators to monetize their work.
But the backdrop has changed beyond recognition. The internet is no longer populated with geeks, hobbyists and academics, but has become a centre of everyone's commercial and social worlds.
Any business with hopes of interacting with the rest of the world has an online presence, and anyone with goods or services to sell wants to get their message out to people as they gaze at their screens.
This desire for visibility has led to ever-growing spending on online marketing and advertising.
In the beginning, it wasn't much of a problem, and allowed smaller sites to generate a little funding without much effort, encouraging more people to contribute and adding to the diversity of the internet.
But we never really figured out a better approach for a more commercial online world. Having got used to free content, we baulked at paywalls, subscriptions and service charges.
The absence of simple, dependable and universal systems for making small payments didn't help here, and the growing threat of malware and data leaks also added to our wariness when it came to handing over our financial info to the internet's all and sundry.
So advertising bedded itself in as the main source of funding for the web, and drew in ever more marketing cash.
On the back of it, the likes of Google and Facebook became financial giants through their huge PII-farming operations, harvesting all the information they can about us to sell on to advertisers that demand ever more specific targeting of their wares.
Ad nauseum
This in itself has led to numerous worries over how nicely these big firms deal with our data, but to an extent these are manageable fears – we know who Google and Facebook are, we can pressure them to behave better, and when it comes down to it we can simply avoid their services if we don't like them.
The rest of the web is much more murky. The bulk of online advertising goes through complex chains of ad distribution networks, with the tiny per-click or per-view fees paid by the original company trying to market itself somehow managing to support multiple middlemen.
These invisible chains have become a standard target for scammers and criminals, who sneak malicious links into the chain and get them placed on popular sites, compromise end user systems en masse to hijack clicks or place their own ads, or simply build automated bots to fake clicks and earn unwarranted affiliate fees.
A few weeks ago, a US Senate subcommittee highlighted the growing danger of malvertising, and proposed some approaches to curbing the proliferation of complex ad networks which can lead to all sorts of nasties, mainly centering around better processes for choosing which ads are shown by websites.
But is it too late to change this? So many firms, both legitimate and dodgy, are so dependent on the affiliate pay-per-click system that rooting it out completely will require a major step-change in internet culture.
Ad where?
It's not just websites that are funding themselves with advertising, of course. Marketers, and scammers, have always been quick to take advantage of any new technology which can put their message in front of new eyes.
When email emerged as a popular communication vector, commercial spam quickly appeared too, closely followed by others abusing the system to make money from bulk mailing, and of course to spread malware and make money more directly from victims. They flooded our inboxes to such an extent that, for several years now, people have been questioning the viability of email as a usable tool.
The development of smart phones and the app culture that goes with them has also been taken over by advertising, with numerous small-time apps building in third-party ad libraries, which bring their own raft of privacy and security risks.
On desktops, a similar model has been around for a long time. Quality software can cost serious money, and for most purposes free tools can be found by determined searching.
More entrepreneurial hobbyists, and smaller software houses, quickly saw a way around our unwillingness to pay directly for our stuff by including – yes you guessed it – advertising in their products.
Again there were privacy issues, and again scammers and more aggressive ad purveyors found ever sneakier ways of getting onto our systems.
Distribution networks sprang up with their own complex arrangements of affiliate fees, encouraging the foisting of unwanted software on more and more victims.
Nowadays much of the "free" software economy funds itself by using deliberately confusing, if not actually deceptive, language in their downloader or installer packages, tricking people into accepting multiple additional items alongside whatever it was they really wanted.
These "optional" extras feature hidden or ineffective uninstall processes, concealed source information, and of course either in-your-face advertising or aggressive pushes to upgrade "freemium" software.
Ads blocked
Last month, Microsoft proposed a set of rules covering dodgy adware, in an effort to force developers of ad-supported software to play nice with their users.
These rules, due to come into force in July, require software to include proper uninstallation, clear labeling of what it is and who made it, and – of course – clarity over the fact that it is indeed ad-supported.
Once these rules come into force in Microsoft's own security tools, running by default in newer versions of Windows and considered a minimal "baseline", it will make it much easier for all security vendors to simply block offending items without fears of legal action from their "legitimate" developers.
Of course, business-focused solutions have always had more freedom to block such software, which is rarely appropriate for business purposes. But a change in the ecosystem should benefit us all, reducing the problem of foistware at least a little.
What's really needed is a major change in attitude though. We need to learn the value of paying directly for what we use where possible, to minimise our reliance on advertising and reduce its power as a model for scams and malware as well as less ethical marketers.
Of course, we want to avoid the apocalypse of a cash-up-front internet, but maybe we also need to start boycotting sites, apps and software that use overly aggressive or unattributed advertising.
We need to send a message that if people want to advertise to us online or on our devices, they need to do so in a responsible and appealing way.
Images of pig, deals and cash courtesy of Shutterstock.


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As a single plant, cogongrass is unassuming, bucolic even. But in dense stands, it is a powerful vegetative force that alters forests and forges monocultures. The plant, known as Imperata cylindrica, has established itself on tens of thousands of acres in Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia and on one million acres in Florida, and it's spreading fast. "Cogongrass could become a greater threat than kudzu or Japanese honeysuckle," says Stephen Enloe, an invasive plant specialist at Alabama's Auburn University.
Cogongrass not only forms into thick mats of thatch and leaves that make it nearly impossible for native plants to survive, but it also burns hotter than native species. After a burn, a six- to 12-inch-deep rhizome network sends up new shoots, regenerating themselves as soon as a month after the fire. This resilience makes it a severe threat to forests, especially the pine stands that make up a major industry in the South. Cogongrass is estimated to cost Alabama alone more than $7.5 million per year in lost timber productivity.
Heeding the call of worried scientists and others, the federal government has spent millions in American Reinvestment and Recovery Act money to fight the weedy scourge. These funds are being used to detect and treat infested areas of cogongrass, says Stephen Pecot of the Alabama Cogongrass Control Center.
Very few methods fight cogongrass effectively, so researchers are developing new ones. Investigators are testing herbicides, deploying remote-sensing techniques for mapping large infestations and detecting incipient patches that may be obscured by trees or shrubs, and studying cogongrass genetics to better understand the plants across their U.S. range.
A study published in May in the American Naturalist reported that plants such as cogongrass grow best in nitrogen-rich soil, suggesting that lowering the nitrogen content—perhaps by boosting the number of nitrogen-devouring microbes in the soil—might work. Says Enloe: "With persistence, it can be dealt with, but it requires a lot of land managers to kick it up a notch."


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In cases where you want the data or content in a report to be different for each user, there are a couple different ways to approach this. This will depend on whether you want to return user-specific data or whether you want to use logic to hide and show objects in the report depending on a user's region. The first technique is to filter rows of data by user within the query. To do this, you will need to store the network user names of all your users in a table within your database. Using an example of users in regions A or B you could store the user name and their region in a UserRegion table like this:
|Region A
|Region A
|Region B
|Region B
…then you would reference this table in the dataset query and use a parameter to filter records, which would be something like this:
SELECT col1, col2. col3, etc
Sales s INNER JOIN Region r ON s.RegionID = r.RegionID
INNER JOIN UserRegion ur ON r.RegionID = ur.RegionID
WHERE ur.UserID = @UserID
In the dataset properties Parameters page, change the mapping for the UserID query parameter to use the UserID report global object, as in: =Globals!UserID. You can also delete the UserID report parameter that was autogenerated by the dataset.
The other technique is to dynamically hide and show objects, such as a data region, report item, a data region group or an individual table row. You can do this for each user but you'd have to build specific logic into the report for every user. You could also leverage the same database/query technique as above to get the current user's region and then dynamically hide or show an object by setting its Hidden property to an expression like:
=(FIRST(Fields!Region.Value, "Dataset1") <> "Region A")
In the above example, the row or object would be hidden if the user's region was not Region A.


text:
FLIR Blackfly® PoE GigE Cameras are lightweight, cost effective solutions for space-sensitive imaging applications. FLIR Blackfly® PoE GigE Cameras have a variety of features that are ideal for integration into machine vision systems including a 16MB image buffer in addition to on-camera imaging processing. These GigE Vision standard compliant cameras include capture software and SDK, and are compatible with Windows and Linux systems.
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Wyoming Lawmakers Propose 'Gun Protection' Legislation
Several Wyoming lawmakers are proposing legislation designed to protect gun-owners from any potential federal firearm ban. The "Firearms Protection Act" bill, introduced this week, would make any federal law banning semi-automatic firearms or limiting the size of gun magazines unenforceable within the state's boundaries.
Anyone trying to enforce a federal gun ban could face felony charges under the proposal. It also includes a provision allowing the Wyoming Attorney General's office to defend any state resident against any federal firearm ban.


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Apply Sisleÿa L'Intégral Anti-Âge morning and evening to face and neck.


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This article is more than 1 year old
Commodore specs up Cxx games machine
C64 emulator on board
CeBIT Commodore's eagerly anticipated Cxx gaming PC will sport an Intel Core 2 Extreme four-core processor, a pair of 768MB Nvidia GeForce 8800 GTX graphics card and a Creative X-Fi soundcard, the company revealed today.
What it didn't say up front was how much all this gaming hardware - fitted inside a casing covered with one of a half-dozen or so painted 'skins' applied to the interchangeable front and side panels - will cost.
The machine's specification also inlcudes an Asus P5N32-E motherboard based on Nvidia's nForce 680i SLI chipset. Each system has 4GB of Corsair Dominator DDR 2 memory clocked at 1066MHz. There's a choice of hard drives: two 150GB 10,000rpm boys in RAID configuration, or a single 500GB 7200rpm job.
Running on top of all this: Windows Vista Ultimate. Keeping it supplied with power: a 1,000W ICE Cube PSU. Not a machine for folk concerned about their carbon footprint, then.
This is the top-of-the-line Cxx, of course - Commodore Gaming will also offer three lesser machines, right down to an entry-level model, the Cg. The in-betweeners are the Cgx and Cgs.
That Commodore line-up in full
All four boxes can be given a personal touch, thanks to a choice of casing decorations. And users can control two multi-colour LEDs inside the case's side-mouted fans to "enhance the mood with an ambient glow", as Commodore put it.
The four systems all have a C64 emulator ready installed on their hard drives along with 50 "classic" games, the company said.
Commodore said the machines will come with a two-year service and parts warranty. The machines are due to go on sale later today.


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Monday, December 21, 2015
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!
Already today we would like to wish you Merry Christmas and all the best in the New Year 2016!
Many of you are asking if we are doing a special event of any kind again at the end of the year. Unfortunately, we have not managed to get it ready in time. Over the past few months we have been working on a new World of Trucks functionality which would enable us to do Special Events on a more regular basis. It's something that you look forward to, but we still need more time to spend on this feature.
However, we are not ignoring the special time of the year completely! As of now, a little game update is already uploaded to Steam, it's about to be distributed through our regular Updater for non-Steam edition users, too. It contains a brand new, cheerful in-game scene for the main menu "desktop" screen with a Christmas motif - actually the very scene which you can see on the image above.
Let us thank you sincerely for staying loyal to our truck sims and following us on blogger, facebook, and twitter, and watching the movies on our YouTube channel.
Next year should be a good year for fans of our games - we are going to bring you tons of new stuff, not only for Euro Truck Simulator 2, but now for American Truck Simulator as well. Although we were a bit delayed in our plans, there are also some more interesting vehicles to be introduced to our game universe. We can't wait to tell you more about it soon.
We don't say goodbye yet though. We plan to to post a couple of updates before the end of the year here. There is a couple of additional exciting topics to discuss. Stay tuned!
138 comments:
Ty guys! I wish happy times to u all, and for our community friends who come here every day to love or hate, no matters, Cheers fron Brazil!! Lets Truck!!ReplyDeleteReplies
It is possible to drive in Scandinavia with online contracts ?ReplyDeleteReplies
Andre Costa stop butting in like the c8ck hungry b8tch you are !Delete
Hungarian paintjob please! Love scs <3ReplyDeleteReplies
How many time you asked it ? Seriously chill , you won't see it before months or years. Better ask some modder to do some.Delete
Im sorry you see me ask many times, but i really want it from scs so i can support them!Delete
They would have released your DLC a long time ago if they even read what people write here in the comments,but I don't think it will happen so get over it!Delete
Never give up! I think they read comments! :DDelete
I agree Btompa, never give up. I hope you get your paint someday.Delete
This comment has been removed by the author.Delete
Thanks David! Make me happy :DDelete
SCS you should give him this paintjob as a Christmas gift. Nobody wants it, except him. Respect it.Delete
Btompa97 Btompa97 i make my own skins look at my video https://youtu.be/S8jCvsCokfM you can make your own paint Job all you need is the templet of the truck you want Hire look on google for Images for ets2 truck templates and look at this youtube video https://youtu.be/Vij8rrzfprIDelete
Don't forget that you can support SCS in many other ways until they make your paints.Buy all the 29 DLCs,their other games and so on.I think that's enough support.Delete
Already have them bro! ;) @adrian hahahaha @qbol okey i will try it but still i wait for scs paintjob :D @migelDelete
interesting Vehicles ? now i'm interestedReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks SCS and a very Merry Christmas to you all.ReplyDelete
Steve in Colorado
Akula and Hye Xenforo MacedoniaNS #hype !!!ReplyDelete
Delay Delay Delay Delay can't get in time delay bad managementReplyDelete
Guys you sucks , i don't know how you keep your jobs but in other companies they work 12 hours a day in small rooms with no break because they fear loose their jobs.
Maybe that hard management is not the best, but your lazy weak permissive management "Ok guys no worries do your best and we'll update it when you feel ready" just create more and more delays for basic tasks any little studio can do in 20x less time than you.
Boost up your employees that doesn't feel any stress because they don't have delay to respect , or hire a fucking MANAGER and you'll see how fast your project gonna go.Replies
Oooo burn! :DDelete
I suggest you get yourself a job in software development and see how difficult it is to perform the job SCS does is before you comment here degrading them.Delete
Software development is inherently difficult to predict because you never know if the next 5000 lines will cause an issue in code you'd think was unrelated, but because you had to update that one object to include a new variable, it got optimized by the compiler in a different way causing a bug that only appears when a,d,x,z,y is true, but if you add b to the mix the bug magically goes away again. Delays happen because it's hard, management doesn't make it easier, it just means you get more broken code out the door because you didn't delay to fix the issue, and end up having to fix it later instead, if you get the time.
SCS: Keep up the good work, I'd rather see you delay things than getting another broken game in my hands at launch <3 (I'm looking at you Ubisoft…)
- AnonymousDecember 21, 2015 at 5:29 PM
Very well said, Thor Erik. This shot trowing going on in this comment field is just ridiculous. A bet you,Akule don't know what it takes to make a game, so it's no idea to trow shit at SCS, go take a brake from ets2.Delete
All the "handle controller" based games as Project Cars, Assetto Corsa, rFactor2 was delayed for more than 12 months. Those who respect a proper release date are often poor on Game interest as NFS serie.Delete
SCS only are able to offer a nice interest in a deep driving world even it's far to be perfect, I don't know a better game for my steering wheel, so I am enjoying ETS2 while waiting for next games, DLC & updates from SCS.
I don't know anyone here who does not let you play others games that looks like perfect to you.
Your complains should have more effect if you was able to speak about the good side of the game too.
Akula, maybe in your run down sorry excuse for a country, you get to treat employees like shit and they have to take it, but most civilised countries have laws and employee rights they have to respect. It's not the end of the world if a game gets delayed, no1 will die from it, and you'll still be able to sit on your fat ass doing something else in the mean time. If you're not happy with their games or their delays, just leave, have a nice cup of shut the fuck up and go play something else.Delete
Merry Christmas Akula ....Delete
Hey, how about some original and different in your posts for 2016 .... surprise us!
Ha ha ha ,he should learn better english....Delete
From the first day of the game, i would to see a harder driving... Truck physic is joke, trailer mass is like 500 kilogramsDelete
idiot ......Delete
Well Merry Christmas to you too, ya' filthy animal. *gun fire* And a happy New Year!Delete
Ps: you forgot the last gunfire.
Hope next year to see new eastern countries added to the game.ReplyDelete
Merry Xmas & Happy New Year to you too SCS! Thanks for your continued efforts :)ReplyDelete
Merry Xmas & Happy New Year to SCS. Keep up the good work!ReplyDelete
Love the new "desktop" animation, but I get 40 fps on the main menu and it's almost impossible to navigate the menu with 40 fps :/ReplyDeleteReplies
Well get your self some decent pc you d8mb sh8t mother f8cker !Delete
So nice work SCS, keep working!ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas and a happy New year to all of you.
Follow @ets2.fanpage on instagram!
Anyway will be released the trucks with double trailers? http://blog.scssoft.com/2015/06/hot-fix-update-and-scandinavian-license.htmlReplyDelete
This will provide new gameplay in the game!
Seasons greetings from Holland.ReplyDelete
Keep up the good work and I hope you all enjoy some time off!
Thank you for the update! It's sad that the people who actually enjoy this game doesn't hang out in the comment section. Anyways merry chrismasand a appy new year to you guys to, but don't eat to much - we need your updates. ;)ReplyDelete
Thanks for the update - I'd been wondering if I'd get the chance to ship some Christmas Gifts, but it's easy to see that's not possible this time around.ReplyDelete
Looking forward to ATS and the next updates. The Vehicles one sounds interesting!
Have a great Christmas and a Happy New year!
Happy New year to all of you !! ;)ReplyDelete
Merry X-mas, SCS, drink a glass of wine for me :)ReplyDelete
Make Romanian Paintjob because very much romanian play this game and look it : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGanhyW5LrcReplyDelete
Convoy with over 130+ People.I think is the most biggest convoy! :D
It's not that I'm loyal to your game, it's that I'm hopelessly addicted.ReplyDeleteReplies
As addicted to my salty balls !Delete
There will be Paintjobs for new vehicles??ReplyDelete
Sorry, it was a joke, Merry Christmas for everyone, SCS team, ETS comunity and even Akula!!
I am very excited to know more about new vehicles :)
Lot of things are comming, and even it's too slow for some people, I just see that my favorite game is not an abandonware and have a nice future coming step by step.
Thanks SCS. wish the whole team a Merry Christmas and Happy New YearReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Thank You SCS!! Wish You and all a MERRY CHRISTMAS!!!!ReplyDelete
Im getting bored and fed up of asking for support as i never receive a response from the support at SCS?ReplyDelete
I am having trouble with using the online updater it does not work for me, someone please tell me why it isnt or what im doing wrong?
same wisch for u too SCSReplyDelete
Wesołych i przede wszystkim zdrowych świąt Bożego Narodzenia oraz dużo sukcesów jeszcze w starym ale i nowym 2016 roku! :).ReplyDelete
Really?????Come on..ReplyDelete
SCS thank you very much !! Merry Christmas!!ReplyDelete
I'll spend my xmas time trucking! Good job guys! Cheers from Brazil!ReplyDelete
Супер класс.ReplyDelete
"It's not that I'm loyal to your game, it's that I'm hopelessly addicted."ReplyDelete
This is the best way to describe what you doomed me in! Merry Christmas SCS, in 8 days it will be a full year since I bought ETS2 and I played it for 600+ hours already.
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Very interesting. I can't wait for the news, I hope that will be some real surprises.ReplyDelete
I am a Loyal Player for your Euro Truck Sim 2 and will also play the American Truck sim as well with same loyalty. Please Come to Asia also at least after a decade and include INDIA in it with this sort of dedication.ReplyDelete
Happy Christmas and New Year 2016 to SCS developers,players and Mods
Merry Christmas to everyone working for SCS and thanks for greating these great games. You've really come a long way and I am sure there is much more in store for us to enjoy.ReplyDelete
Happy Holidays but I still have not go my updateReplyDelete
Highly required =( double pivot pointReplyDeleteReplies
Agree. Tandem trucks.Delete
Merry Christmas and a happy new to SCS keep up the good workReplyDelete
Happy Holidays! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year! 😀ReplyDelete
Happy Holidays! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year! 😀ReplyDelete
When can we have our own trailer ?ReplyDelete
When can we have our own trailer ?ReplyDelete
Seasons Greetings to all in SCS and to all ETS2 supportersReplyDelete
Looking forward to the new year and the updates to ETS2 and ATS.
Your looking forward towards s8cking my big a9s n8gger d8ck !Delete
I've decided to stop reading the blog comments because th majority of the people are impatient trolls that keep bashing SCS for everything. Their comments are making every SCS blog reader actually dumber.ReplyDeleteReplies
Merry Christmas all. Ivory Coast paint jobs please!!! ;-)ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas all. Ivory Coast paint jobs please!!! ;-)ReplyDelete
merry Christmas and a happy new year to you all, a great big thank you for all the enjoyment you have given me over the past year, keep up the good work, Seasons greetings to you all and your families...ReplyDelete
I confess I kept looking to the "desktop" for at least 2 minutes without clicking anything... :)ReplyDelete
Happy holidays!
Thanks for all your hard work only thing I ask is maybe the Christmas trailer skins from last year can be turned back on for this year? thought it would be for every year as the skins where already in there :)ReplyDelete
Do you think to add turkish map in ets 2?ReplyDelete
Thank you all an Merry X-mas and Happy New Year 2016 :)ReplyDelete
Thank you! Happy new year for you, guys :)ReplyDelete
Thank you! Happy new year for you, guys :)ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to all of you. I can`t wait to see what 2016 will bring for this game.ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year SCS software :)ReplyDelete
have a merry Christmas SCS and a happy new year 😊 and same too all the POSITIVE supporters of SCS software in other words, those who don't give them grief (not pointing any fingers 'Akula' )ReplyDelete
Thank you! A good tree turned out!ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year, ETS2 team!
And we will waiting for American Truck Simulator :P COMING SOONReplyDelete
I hope, that in 2016 we will see new Renault T, facelift MAN (agree with me, there are very little work in facelifting cabin) and South Expansion Portugal-Spain, continue Italy and France in the most realistic and exiting game in the World - ETS2!ReplyDelete
How can I revert the home background ? the christmas background drops my FPS..ReplyDelete
cough...Coach simulator...cough...ReplyDelete
keep up the good work, merry christmasReplyDelete
Any word adding Spain ?ReplyDelete
it put a smile on my face when I logged on ... nice touch.ReplyDelete
Happy Christmas & a Merry New Year. :)
Happy Christmas euro truckers from wobbly at wobbly towers eating my mince pies and having a sherry, seasons greetings to you all :-)ReplyDelete
I was totally surprised when I logged on to the game this morning,ReplyDelete
I laughed so loud that my wife woke up, what an amazing background.
Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you all in SCS
Until i get 1.22 update i will not be happyReplyDelete
Please put the DAF CF in next update!ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas
Please put the DAF CF in next update!ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Please Double TrailerReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 23, 2015 at 4:49 PM
Please make drawbar trailer, and hills. The simulation of hills is ridicilous. In Norway we have 12% and steeper mountains, this is nothing.ReplyDelete
falta isso aqui nas nossas estradas - (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XU3gOHy7zto&feature=youtu.be)ReplyDelete
Boas festas para todos...
Season greeting to all of you...ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas~ A couple of updates? This year is about to end soon,only a week now~ I'm afraid you can only post one update news........ReplyDelete
Guys, see this video if we say "realistic sounds and driving"ReplyDelete
Turkey Flag Skin Pack PleaseReplyDelete
Hello. I wanted to ask if you will ever make the DLC expansion of Italy.ReplyDelete
Good Christmas :)
it's a great theme!ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
God gave His greatest gift to us on that first Christmas Day and may the wonder of it always guide and light your way...ReplyDelete
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Brasil envia um FELIZ NATAL a todos HO HO HOReplyDelete
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Euro Truck Simulator for next generation consoles like Xbox One and Playstation 4 !! :DReplyDelete
very geertes scs and World of truck team I wish you merry christmas and a happy new year later in 2016 , keep up the good mfgReplyDelete
Raven Design Paint Jobs DLC please..ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 30, 2015 at 1:50 PM
WHEN WILL WE SEE NEW TRUCKS LIKE THE NEW SCANIAS RENAULTS VOLVOS ETC WITHOUT MODS RATHER KEEP THE GAME INTACT BUT WOULD LIKE TO SEE NEW TRUCKS AND POSSIBLY MULTI DROP DLEIVERYSReplyDelete
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Is it the dumb blonde? The asexual gay dude? Or the Long Duk Dong-like Asian background player? Which sitcom stereotype can you just not abide?
Mic's Nico Lang has a lot of examples for the nine stereotypes that need to die. For instance, he's not a fan of the woman who tries to have it all, a la Liz Lemon, or the adorkable heroine (*ahem* New Girl Jess Day). The thing is, Lang has a point in pointing out the archetypes—problematic or not— that these characters fall into, but many, in my opinion, are three-dimensional people, anyway, whether through good writing or acting or both. What would our TV landscape be like without 30 Rock's protagonist, or even Gilmore Girl's Kim family, whom I think were more than just their good daughter/strict mother tropes.
This is where you come in, dear reader! We want to know, in the comments:
- Which stereotype do you just hate and wish would go away? Why?
- Which character comes to mind when you think of such a stereotype and does he or she save it for you or not?
- Please provide a picture of said character at their most stereotypical
To get you started, here are Lang's list of nine. Bonus if you come up with your own, though:
- The One Whose Asperger's Is Hilarious
- The Adorkable Gal
- The Asian Character Who Is Practically Long Duk Dong
- The One Trying to Have It All
- The Woman Whose Weight Is a Punchline
- The Guy With the Inexplicably Hot Wife
- The Black Character Who Gets Forgotten
- The One Whose Hair Color Determines Her Intelligence