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Getting Started
Types of Preservatives
Lumber Imperfections
Lumber is a general term for all types of wood products cut from a log into all sizes and shapes, which may be treated with preservatives or not. There are two types of lumber: softwoods and hardwoods. Softwood lumber comes from conifer trees like pine, fir, spruce, and cedar. They can be easily dented with just your fingernail.
Hardwood lumber comes from deciduous trees, which have broad leaves that fall off in the cold months. The most common trees you'll see hardwood lumber come from are oak, maple, walnut, hickory, and mahogany. As you can gather from the name, most hardwoods are harder than softwoods with the exception of balsa wood.
Softwood — while not soft — describes wood product milled from evergreen conifer trees such as pine, fir and hemlock. These trees keep their needles year-round. Softwood has a broad range of uses, with 80 percent of construction materials created from Softwood, including window frames, interior doors, medium-density fiberboard, and studs. Douglas Fir, Hemlock, Pine and Cedar are the main sources for building materials. Softwood trees have a faster growth rate. The grain of softwoods is less dense than in hardwoods.
Hardwood is the term for wood milled from deciduous trees—those that shed their leaves. Walnut, Mahogany, Oak, Maple, Alder, Hickory and Teak are the most popular. These hardwoods are more expensive and are mainly used for furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and decks. The grain in hardwoods is denser than in softwoods.
Pressure Treated: Used on the exterior of the home. To reduce deterioration of wood products due to insect, or other micro-organism, and mold/decay fungi attack, wood exposed to moisture is treated with chemicals. By forcing preservatives deeply into the wood, organisms cannot use the wood fibers as food.
Dimensional lumber: while named the "actual" or "nominal" size, dimensional lumber will be smaller in width and depth due to shrinkage from drying and planing. Cut to actual size at the mill, the wood then may be dried and planed, reducing the nominal size to the dimensional. Length is actual. For example: 2 X 4 reduces to 1-1/2" to 3-1/2" in width and depth. An 8-foot 2X4 will measure 8 feet long, but 1-1/2" by 3-1/2".
Green lumber refers to milled wood products with a moisture content of 19 percent or greater.
Dry lumber has been dried or seasoned to less than 19 percent moisture content.
Kiln dried means it was seasoned or heated in a chamber to reduce moisture content.
Heat-treated refers to wood placed in a closed chamber and heated to a core temperature of 56-degrees C for 30 minutes, which may or may not reduce the moisture content.
Rough sawn may show the edges from milling and will not be finished with sanding or planning.
Dressed or Planed has a smooth finish produced by mechanically removing the rough surface.
Softwood lumber is classified by government standards as Yard, Structural, and Factory and Shop Lumber, which is used in smaller pieces for remanufacturing, such as door rails and stiles, or in wood ladders.
Yard refers to lumber used in general construction, such as boards, laths, and wood siding. The lumber is graded visually:
• C Select is almost free of all defects; used for cabinets and shelving
• D Select is almost free of defects but may have small knots less than the size of a dime
• 1 Common contains knots that are small, tight and won't fall out, such as pine
• 2 Common contains slightly larger knots; may be used for shelving.
• 3 Common contains larger knots and is suitable for fencing or crates.
Structural Lumber is used in framing buildings as posts, beams, studs, rafters, joists sill plates and wall plates. The size chosen will be determined by its use and strength or bendability. 2X4; 2X6; 2X8; 2X10; 2X12; 4X4; 4X6; 4X8; 6X6; and 8X8 are the sizes produced as dimensional lumber.
• Machine grading measures stiffness or density to provide information the builder needs to construct appropriately. Moisture content and species are also noted as well as the mill producing the lumber. Species is included in the grading. The following are grades for Western Wood Products and Southern Yellow Pine, although SYP are graded for the first three only.
• Structural Light Framing (SFL) is 2" to 4" thick; 2" to 4" wide grades Select Structural, No. 1, No. 2 No. 3 used in structural applications where highest design values are needed in light framing sizes.
• Light Framing (LF) is 2" to 4" thick, 2" to 4" wide grades Construction, Standard, Utility used where high strength values are not required, such as wall framing, plates, sills, cripples, blocking, etc.
• Stud2" to 4" thick; 2" and wider graded Stud is an all-purpose grade for studs including bearing walls.
• Structural Joists and Planks (J&P) are graded as Select Structural, No. 1, No. 2 and No.3.
• Beams and Stringers are 5" and thicker, width more than 2" greater than thickness are graded Dense Select Structural, Dense No.1 and No. 2 (Doug Fir or Doug Fir-Larch only); Select Structural, No. 1 and No.2 used for beams and stringers when sizes are larger than 4" nominal thicknesses are required.
• Post and Timbers 5" X 5" and larger; width not more than 2" greater than thickness Dense Select Structural, Dense No.1 and No. 2 (Doug Fir or Doug Fir-Larch only); Select Structural, No. 1 and No.2 are used for vertically loaded applications where sizes larger than 4" nominal thickness are required.
• Structural Decking 2" to 4" thick, 4" to 12" wide Selected Decking used where appearance of the best face is important; 2" to 4" thick, 4" to 12" wide. Commercial Decking is used when appearance is not of primary importance.
• Softwood Boards are cut less than 2" thick and 5" deep in various lengths used for moulding, shelving and woodworking projects.
Timbers are milled 5" thick or greater and used as beams, stringers, posts, caps, sills, girders, or purlins.
Treated lumber is milled to dimensional standards for use in outdoor projects such as decks, sheds, etc. Decking is milled with curved edges for use as deck flooring and railing. Treated with preservatives described above, deck boards are pine milled to about 1-inch thick by 5-1/2 inches. Some deck boards may be slightly thicker.
Hardwood does not have standards like Softwoods, but hardwood is cut in ¼' thicknesses, ranging from 1/2" to 4"in various lengths. Mainly used for cabinetry, moulding, shelving, woodworking projects, and crafts.
Grades for Hardwood:
• FAS (First and Seconds) highest rating, with 83.3 percent usable; minimum board 6" X 8'.
• F1F (First One Face) better face will be FAS, the poor face will have minor defects (No. 1 Com) Minimum board 6" X 8'
• Select: better face will be FAS, the poor face will have minor defects (No. 1 Com). Minimum board 4" X 6'
• 1 Common: Have minor defects ; 66.66 usable material; Minimum board 3" X 4'
• 2A Common: Have some defects; 50 percent usable material; Minimum board 3" X 4'
• 3A Common: Have many defects; 33.3 percent usable material; Minimum board 3" X 4'
Waterborne, copper based preservatives prevent termite attack and fungal decay. Copper Azole (CA) and Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ) are used in exterior residential, as well as commercial and agricultural construction.
Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) is no longer permitted for residential use by the Environmental Protection Agency. It may be found used on Utility Poles, Highway Construction, etc.Micronized Copper Azole (MCA) contains micronized copper and biocides, providing less copper leaching from the material. For use in outdoor and landscaping projects.
Borate (SBX) is the most commonly used of the Carbon Based preservatives (PT1 and EL2) to treat wood used in residential construction, except where the wood meets the ground. Used for sill plates, roofing trusses, joists, etc.
Creosote is one of the oldest preservatives and used for severe environmental situations, such as railroad ties, commercial, industrial and marine installations. Not for use in residential applications due to the odor and oily appearance.
Oilborne preservatives such as Penta, Oxine Copper and Copper Naphthenate are applied for industrial applications.
Bow - Warp from end to end
Cup - Warp from side to side
Crook - Warp at one end of the board
Twist - Combination of bow, cup, and crook in a board
Knothole - Hole left in the board when a knot falls out
Split - Crack completely through the board thickness
Check - Crack on one side
Shake - Crack following the grain
Wane - Edge missing on one side


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The designated authorities referred 515 people to the Public Prosecution for not wearing masks in places where they are mandatory. In addition, 1 person for not maintaining a safe physical distance, and 8 persons for not installing the Ehteraz app.
In line with the cabinet decision based on Law No. 17 of 1990 regarding infectious diseases, the competent authorities referred several people to the Prosecution for violating #COVID19 preventive and precautionary measures in force. #IwearAMask #Coronavirus #MoIQatar #Qatar pic.twitter.com/R1Y7YbXu2I— Ministry of Interior (@MOI_QatarEn) March 13, 2021
The measure is in line with the Cabinet decision, Decree-Law No. 17 of 1990 on infectious diseases, and the precautionary measures in force in the country to contain the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19).
The designated authorities called on the public to adhere to the precautionary measures in place to ensure their safety and the safety of others.
Source: Ministry of Interior
Cover image: Shutterstock
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subset: commoncrawl


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T-Mobile revealed March 22 that it is forced to close seven of its 24 call centers and eliminate 1,900 staff positions. The move impacts 3,300 people, a majority of whom share jobs.
The Bellevue, Wash.-based telecommunications provider, which parent company Deutsche Telekom AG tried but failed to sell to AT&T for $39 billion in 2011, said in a statement to the media that it must consolidate its call center functions in order to help control costs.
"Concentrating call centers is an important step to achieve competitive cost structures to successfully compete as a challenger and value player in the wireless market," CEO and President Philipp Humm said in statement to the press. "These are not easy steps to take, but they are necessary to realize efficiency in order to invest for growth."
Call centers to be shuttered are located in Allentown, Pa.; Fort Lauderdale, Fla.; Frisco, Texas; Brownsville, Texas; Lenexa, Kansas; Thornton, Colo.; and Redmond, Ore.
Other Staff Will Be Hired Later
There is a silver lining of sorts regarding the layoffs; T-Mobile also said that at a future date it will be hiring 1,400 people to work in its other 17 call centers. This indicates more of a reorganization of call center functions than simply cutting back on the number of personnel, although the company will have shed 1,900 employees when the consolidation is complete.
Despite the call center closures, T-Mobile has plans to invest in other sections of the company. Humm said T-Mobile "will restructure and optimize operations in other parts of the business, which will take place by the end of second quarter of 2012."
Those efforts will include a $4 billion modernization of its network, the planned launch of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology in 2013 and an investment in 1,000 new sales positions.
T-Mobile is the smallest of the four nationwide carriers in the United States, which also include AT&T, Verizon and Sprint.


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Bill aimed at speedier teacher firings among those signed by Brown
Gov. Jerry Brown on Wednesday signed legislation aimed at speeding the dismissal of public school teachers for gross misconduct, a bill in reaction to a sex abuse case at Miramonte Elementary School in Los Angeles.
The measure was introduced after teacher Mark Berndt was arrested in 2012 and charged with 23 counts of lewd conduct. The Los Angeles Unified School District said red tape in the firing process was responsible for the district paying $40,000 to the teacher to drop his appeal of his firing.
Appeals of firings that now can take more than a year would be expedited under the new law.
A teacher accused of the most egregious misconduct, including sex abuse, child neglect and drug crimes, would be given 30 days after being fired to seek an independent hearing, which would then have to start within 60 days.
The hearing would be overseen by an administrative law judge, not a three-person panel, and the decision would be binding.
"We all agree that the current dismissal appeal process takes too long and costs too much money," said Assemblywoman Joan Buchanan (D-Alamo), who introduced AB 215. "The only ones who benefit are attorneys."
The measure was supported by the California Teachers Assn., but the Assn. of California School Administrators and Los Angeles schools Supt. John Deasy opposed the measure.
The administrators' group worried the tight deadlines could create obstacles to firing teachers and the definition of egregious conduct was too narrow, excluding crimes including armed robbery and aggravated assault, according to Naj Alikahn, a spokesman for the association.
"The bill is not everything that we wanted but it is a start," said Los Angeles school board member Tamar Galatzan.
The new law also allows evidence older than four years to be used in cases of alleged sexual misconduct.
"The governor signed AB 215 to improve the dismissal process in California," said Jim Evans, a Brown spokesman.
In all, the governor signed 17 bills into law Wednesday, with most taking effect Jan. 1.
Brown also approved a measure aimed at helping California's burgeoning private space industry by strengthening the liability waiver signed by spaceflight passengers. The new law builds on a limited liability measure approved in 2012 by the Legislature for commercial space ventures.
"Clarifying and strengthening the current waiver required by federal and state law is one small step in the right direction to support the commercial space industry," said Sen. Steve Knight (R-Palmdale), who introduced SB 415.
Other bills signed Wednesday would:
- Allow community college districts, through their governing boards, to contract for shuttle services on campuses paid for by a fee to all students if the action is approved by a majority of the students.
- Increase the maximum horsepower allowed for electric scooters and mopeds from two to four after makers of the machines said they needed more power for safety on hills to keep pace with automobile traffic.
- Permit the Los Angeles County Fair to conduct horse races at Los Alamitos Race Course.
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CRS: Airline Passenger Rights Legislation in the 107th Congress, August 17, 2001
From WikiLeaks
About this CRS report
This document was obtained by Wikileaks from the United States Congressional Research Service.
The CRS is a Congressional "think tank" with a staff of around 700. Reports are commissioned by members of Congress on topics relevant to current political events. Despite CRS costs to the tax payer of over $100M a year, its electronic archives are, as a matter of policy, not made available to the public.
Individual members of Congress will release specific CRS reports if they believe it to assist them politically, but CRS archives as a whole are firewalled from public access.
This report was obtained by Wikileaks staff from CRS computers accessible only from Congressional offices.
For other CRS information see: Congressional Research Service.
For press enquiries, consult our media kit.
If you have other confidential material let us know!.
For previous editions of this report, try OpenCRS.
Wikileaks release: February 2, 2009
Publisher: United States Congressional Research Service
Title: Airline Passenger Rights Legislation in the 107th Congress
CRS report number: RL30940
Author(s): Robert S. Kirk, Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Date: August 17, 2001
- Abstract
- This report examines legislation pertaining to airline consumer protection in the 107th Congress. It summarizes legislation proposed in the 106th Congress and the airlines' response. It examines the findings of the Department of Transportation Inspector General's February 13, 1001 report on airline customer service. It discusses the legislative remedies proposed in the 107th Congress. Finally, a side-by-side presentation of provisions from six airline passenger rights bills is set forth.
- Download


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BURNHAM-ON-SEA, UK – Video has emerged of a strange object hovering in the sky above a sea-side campsite.
Numerous tourists spotted the cigar-shaped object above a holiday park last July, but only recently was the video anonymously released.
UFO expert Malcolm Robinson said it was "totally consistent with other UFO sightings, none of which have been hoaxes or naturally-occurring phenomenon."
[polldaddy poll=1381862]


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The interior of a cenote
The cenotes
of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo are peppered with mysterious skeletons
. Over the millennia, these water-filled caves have served as burying grounds and sacrificial sites
for native peoples, and in fact, several ancient sets of remains have been found so deep in the caves that they are inaccessible without diving equipment, suggesting that they must have been placed there when the caves were dry, before the ice caps melted around 8,ooo BCE, and putting them in the range of 10-14,000 years old. Now, though, one of those ancient skeletons, called the Young Man of Chan Hol II since its discovery in 2010, has gone missing from its cenote. New Scientistreports
that the National Institute of Anthropology and History has put up posters in bakeries, supermarkets, and divers' shops throughout the town of Tulum in hopes of receiving tips as to the skeleton's whereabouts and is considering legal action, though we're not sure what actions are possible against thieves. Apparently there have been other archaeological thefts from cenotes as well; the cenotes are frequented by divers, and the authorities cannot guard them all.
Image courtesy of Darren Fry / flickr


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There's been a lot more opportunities for just thinking outside the very strict design parameters that we usually work with. Then just thinking about not just designing for any particular device but a particular context. Because even if you are on a mobile phone, if you're viewing something on a subway in the morning versus in the middle of the office at 10:30, your environment sort of dictates how you want to interface with a particular piece of content. That's really what's been firing me up as a long term proponent of flexible designs, letting the user dictate the experience. I sort of see that as the next step, thinking beyond the desktop.
Ethan Marcotte and I talk about the third edition of Designing with Web Standards and discuss the future of the web—a podcast by Paul Boag, with full transcription.


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757-251-2312 | 2801 W Mercury Blvd Hampton, VA 23666
Hampton Roads Car Care has been a staple of the Hampton automotive scene since 2019. We've spent this time proudly serving the Hampton area and have become a valued part of the community. Whether you need general upkeep and maintenance or a complete vehicle overhaul, Hampton Roads Car Care has been there to provide excellent service and trustworthy advice.
Our customers return to us whenever they have an issue or even a small concern about their vehicle because they know that they'll receive the very best in automotive care. Our highly trained technicians allow us to provide solutions to a wide range of problems, getting you back on the road quickly without breaking the bank on repairs. Hampton Roads Car Care specializes in Car & Truck Care, Electronic Services, Electrical Services, General Services, Heating and Cooling Services, Engine & Transmission, Miscellaneous Services, Towing, Transmission Services, and Undercar Services and we are proud to help our customers get our safely on the road.
Stop in or give us a call at 757-251-2312 to let us know how we can help you!
Jorge L Serret Gomez, 09/11/2023
(Translated by Google) My problems were solved... Thanks you. (Original) Mis problemas fueron resueltos... Thanks you.


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HTML table advanced features and accessibility
In the second article in this module, we look at some more advanced features of HTML tables — such as captions/summaries and grouping your rows into table head, body and footer sections — as well as looking at the accessibility of tables for visually impaired users.
|The basics of HTML (see Introduction to HTML).
|To learn about more advanced HTML table features, and the accessibility of tables.
Adding a caption to your table with

You can give your table a caption by putting it inside a

 element and nesting that inside the

 element. You should put it just below the opening

 tag.
Dinosaurs in the Jurassic period
As you can infer from the brief example above, the caption is meant to contain a description of the table contents. This is useful for all readers wishing to get a quick idea of whether the table is useful to them as they scan the page, but particularly for blind users. Rather than have a screen reader read out the contents of many cells just to find out what the table is about, the user can rely on a caption and then decide whether or not to read the table in greater detail.
A caption is placed directly beneath the

 tag.
Note: The
summary attribute can also be used on the

 element to provide a description — this is also read out by screen readers. We'd recommend using the

 element instead, however, as
summary is deprecated and can't be read by sighted users (it doesn't appear on the page).
Active learning: Adding a caption
Let's try this out, revisiting an example we first met in the previous article.
- Open up your language teacher's school timetable from the end of HTML Table Basics, or make a local copy of our timetable-fixed.html file.
- Add a suitable caption for the table.
- Save your code and open it in a browser to see what it looks like.
Note: You can find our version on GitHub — see timetable-caption.html (see it live also).
Adding structure with
,
, and

As your tables get a bit more complex in structure, it is useful to give them more structural definition. One clear way to do this is by using

, and

, which allow you to mark up a header, footer, and body section for the table.
These elements don't make the table any more accessible to screen reader users, and don't result in any visual enhancement on their own. They are however very useful for styling and layout — acting as useful hooks for adding CSS to your table. To give you some interesting examples, in the case of a long table you could make the table header and footer repeat on every printed page, and you could make the table body display on a single page and have the contents available by scrolling up and down.
To use them:
- The

element must wrap the part of the table that is the header — this is usually the first row containing the column headings, but this is not necessarily always the case. If you are using
<colgroup>element, the table header should come just below those.
- The

element needs to wrap the part of the table that is the footer — this might be a final row with items in the previous rows summed, for example. You can include the table footer right at the bottom of the table as you'd expect, or just below the table header (the browser will still render it at the bottom of the table).
- The

element needs to wrap the other parts of the table content that aren't in the table header or footer. It will appear below the table header or sometimes footer, depending on how you decided to structure it.

 is always included in every table, implicitly if you don't specify it in your code. To check this, open up one of your previous examples that doesn't include

 and look at the HTML code in your browser developer tools — you will see that the browser has added this tag for you. You might wonder why you ought to bother including it at all — you should, because it gives you more control over your table structure and styling.
Active learning: Adding table structure
Let's put these new elements into action.
- First of all, make a local copy of spending-record.html and minimal-table.css in a new folder.
- Try opening it in a browser — You'll see that it looks OK, but it could stand to be improved. The "SUM" row that contains a summation of the spent amounts seems to be in the wrong place, and there are some details missing from the code.
- Put the obvious headers row inside a

element, the "SUM" row inside a

element, and the rest of the content inside a
- Save and refresh, and you'll see that adding the

element has caused the "SUM" row to go down to the bottom of the table.
- Next, add a
colspanattribute to make the "SUM" cell span across the first four columns, so the actual number appears at the bottom of the "Cost" column.
- Let's add some simple extra styling to the table, to give you an idea of how useful these elements are for applying CSS. Inside the head of your HTML document, you'll see an empty


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On the same day that guard Chilo Rachal returned to the team after briefly quitting, ESPNChicago.com's Michael C. Wright reported that right tackle Gabe Carimi has been benched.
Carimi, a first-round draft pick last year, confirmed the decision Thursday. Jonathan Scott is expected to replace Carimi at right tackle. Chris Spencer will take over for Rachal, who made the journey from Milan to Minsk and back to Chicago.
All of the change cames just days after the San Francisco 49ers manhandled the Bears in San Francisco.
It speaks volumes about the failure of the Bears' organization to build an offensive line when it has to bench a first-round pick in his second season.


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August 12, 2020
I'm The Princess of Procrastination
Gwen Smith
Today's Truth
So then, just as you received Christ Jesus as Lord, continue to live your lives in him, rooted and built up in him, strengthened in the faith as you were taught, and overflowing with thankfulness. (Colossians 2:6-7)
Friend to Friend
Sir Isaac Newton wrote a book that was published in 1687 called The Principia: Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy. In this book, Newton unpacks research that redefined the way the world looks at science and physics. One of the three Laws of Motion he wrote about is this: an object in motion tends to remain in motion unless an external force is applied to it.
Interestingly enough, this particular law of motion presents a compelling analogy for increasing growth and progressing toward mature faith. When it comes to growing in spiritual maturity, the most important thing to do is getting started. Once you begin to move, it is much easier to stay in motion. To progress. To mature.
Motivation often follows the simple discipline of getting started.
Though I know this to be true, I am still the princess of procrastination. (Tiara worthy!) Even though I am aware that progress and procrastination are oil and water, I am also blissfully delusional with rationalization. My oil and water blend just fine, thank you very much.
The antithesis of procrastination then is simply to do something . . . anything! Find a way to move forward. Start small. After all, objects in motion tend to stay in motion. Right? So if you and I want to experience the power that God has for us, we need to intentionally direct our hearts in ways that leads us to His strength.
The writer of Hebrews gave a challenge to those who are believers in Christ, but who lack maturity.
We have much to say about this, but it is hard to make it clear to you because you no longer try to understand. In fact, though by this time you ought to be teachers, you need someone to teach you the elementary truths of God's word all over again. You need milk, not solid food! Anyone who lives on milk, being still an infant, is not acquainted with the teaching about righteousness. But solid food is for the mature, who by constant use have trained themselves to distinguish good from evil. (Hebrews 5:11-14, NIV)
Where are you in all of this? Are you intentionally moving forward in faith or is your faith unintentionally waning and taking a back seat to everything else in your life?
There was a short season when my children were young and needed to be fed and carried. Brad and I encouraged them as they progressed from sitting up, to crawling, and then to walking and running on their own. Their growth was our mission.
My spiritual growth needs to be my own personal mission. Mature believers grow. Mature believers move forward.
Spiritually speaking, where are you now as compared to a few years ago?
One marker of spiritual maturity is that the fruit of God's Spirit is evident in our lives. Do people see God in you? They know about your pains, but do they know about your peace? Do others leave your presence and wonder where your joy comes from or do they wonder if you were weaned on a dill pickle? And how do you respond when you face temptation? Are you led by the Spirit of God or by your own desires?
The Apostle Paul encouraged the believers in the church at Colosse to draw strength from Jesus by being rooted in and built up in Him.
So then, just as you received Christ Jesus as Lord, continue to live your lives in him, rooted and built up in him, strengthened in the faith as you were taught, and overflowing with thankfulness. (Colossians 2:6-7)
To make this happen, I have to know the teachings, the character, and the life-changing love of Jesus. Since motivation often follows the simple discipline of getting started … I need to just get started.
Pray a prayer.
Talk to Jesus.
Read a verse.
Read a whole chapter.
Read the notes in my Bible that correspond with that verse or those chapters.
I can do this.
You can do this.
We can strengthen our faith by just getting started.
Let's start now in prayer and then move into a time of response – a time of motion – in the "Now It's Your Turn" section.
Let's Pray
Dear Lord, I want to grow in faith. Please help me to intentionally seek and know You more so that others might see evidence of Your goodness in my life.
In Jesus' Name,
Now It's Your Turn
COLOSSIANS CHALLENGE: Pick a starting point from the following:
Read the book of Colossians, a few verses a day. Read then respond in prayer.
Read the book of Colossians, one chapter a day. Read then respond in prayer.
Read the book of Colossians for four days straight, a different translation each day.
Read then respond in prayer.
AND since it helps to lock in some accountability, CLICK HERE to leave a comment on my blog and tell me which of the Colossians challenge levels you are committing to: Daily Verses, Chapter or Book! (No shame! A few verses per day or a whole book a day … doesn't matter! Do what you can do. Just do something!)
More from The Girlfriends
Have you listened to the GRACEOLOGIE with Gwen Smith podcast yet? Hang out with Gwen and friends when you go on walks, exercise, run errands or travel. Podcasts are also perfect to listen to as you do household chores! (Laundry anyone?) Each GRACEOLOGIE with Gwen Smith podcast episode is filled with fun, faith-focused, grace-filled conversations that will help you know and trust God more. These discussions are going to encourage you in meaningful ways to live out and lean on the GRACE of Jesus in the midst of cluttered, messy days. CLICK HERE to listen on iTunes, or visit GwenSmith.net/Graceologie for more information.


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Becoming a technology laggard in the 21st century is far from inconceivable. As human dependence on gadgets grows, the demand for developing new technology intensifies. Cell phones are prime examples of products that are continually evolving. The typical cell phone begins production, goes into distribution, and becomes obsolete all in less than three years. Such rapid technological advances mandate that test systems built to examine products with fast life cycles be expandable to sustain product growth over the long haul. These systems must not only be modular and flexible to support copious tests that may vary between product models, but they also must be scalable to accommodate a larger number of test points. Most importantly they must be cost-effective and easy to use so as to reduce development time.
For a single test system to have all of the above listed features would involve the use of scalable software coupled with modular and expandable hardware. The goal of this document is to list software, hardware, and maintenance/support considerations that can prepare engineers to design quality test system architectures with extensive life spans.
The software component of a test system is used to deploy the hardware and display processed data to the end user. The ideal software package should minimize the effort required when developing and expanding the test program and, thus, streamline the productivity of software engineers. This section lists the factors to consider when choosing software tools for designing long-term test system architectures.
Test systems built for longevity usually require modifications during their life spans. To make the process of incorporating these changes into the test program less time-consuming, the software must be scalable. Examples include easy-to-use application programming interfaces (APIs) that minimize the need to learn hardware caveats and the abundance of example code that serves as a starting point for any application. It must also minimize the effort required to perform new analysis on data acquired from the hardware by providing a host of precoded analysis functions that perform complex mathematical processing.
Test systems often need to be expanded either to accommodate more test points that may be required for testing newer models of a device under test (DUT) or to perform new tests on an existing DUT. Thus, software used to write test applications must not only be able to support hardware expansion but it must also simplify the process of modifying existing test code by maximizing code reuse. Some software tools do this by providing interactive configuration utilities that convert user input into data that is then used by the test code. By taking advantage of such utilities, users can expand the test program by making changes to the configuration file rather than to the actual code, thus reusing existing code. Another way that software can maximize code reuse when system hardware changes occur is to support drivers that use a standard communication protocol to program multiple instruments with the same API. Interchangeable Virtual Instruments, or IVI, are a prime example of such drivers, as shown in figure 1. IVI drivers are sophisticated instrument drivers that feature increased performance and flexibility for intricate test applications that require interchangeability, state caching, or simulation of instruments. These drivers minimize the need for hardware engineers to learn new protocols or hardware commands that may vary among instruments from different vendors.
To achieve interchangeability, the IVI Foundation has defined specifications for the following eight instrument classes: digital multimeter (DMM), oscilloscope, arbitrary waveform/function generator, DC power supply, switch, power meter, spectrum analyzer, and RF signal generator. For the purpose of illustrating the advantages of IVI, consider a DMM/switch system that is being expanded. Because of higher throughput demands, an additional DMM might be needed. However, because of cost constraints, a cheaper model of the instrument is chosen from a different vendor. If the test program for the system were written using IVI drivers, the code to deploy the first DMM could be reused to deploy the second one as well. For more information on IVI, visit the IVI page.
Lastly, systems built to sustain long-term technological advances must be flexible and use application development environments (ADEs) that can withstand structural changes by working with multiple hardware and software platforms. If the ADE does not support these multiple platforms, programmers need to use different ADEs for different projects and spend time porting existing intellectual property from one platform to the other. Consider an older application built to work on Windows 98 that needs to be transported over to a newer PC that runs Windows XP. If the ADE used to develop the code did not support Windows XP, the test program would have to be completely reconstructed. Similarly, imagine that your application needs change and you must add a new measurement device. If your development software does not support this new hardware, then you may have to substantially change the application. Both scenarios would exponentially increase development time and significantly affect the efficiency of the test engineer. Therefore, a software package well-suited for designing test system architectures for longevity must support multiple vendor hardware platforms and numerous OSs. Moreover, it must be built on an adaptable framework that simplifies the process of adding support for new hardware and OSs when needed. Software with these features helps minimize the time needed to modify existing test code when new hardware or tests are introduced in the system, thus increasing application longevity.
Consider a DUT that is a product model of a gadget that is constantly evolving – for example, the Apple iPod. Older versions of this device such as the iPod mini (now obsolete) were audio-only devices. Newer iPods can play sound as well as video. An evaluation of past trends and the wide adoption of the iPod show that it is possible that future versions of the device will incorporate additional features. Testing complex and evolving devices such as the iPod requires a flexible hardware platform that is constantly growing. This section lists the factors to consider when choosing hardware platform for designing long-term test system architectures.
With technology evolving, test needs are bound to become more complex. Therefore, it is crucial that the hardware platform chosen to build the test system is continually growing as well. Such a platform eliminates the need to completely redesign a test system architecture when its maximum capacity is reached. Open industry platforms, such as PXI, VXI, and GPIB, are usually good examples of this type of hardware. This type of platform reap the benefits of multivendor adoption, which include constant growth and innovation. Increased channel-count, voltage, current, speed, and accuracy specifications are just a few areas in which vendors that manufacture open-standard hardware compete with each other for industry recognition. This competition fosters healthy platform growth and a constant supply of new products to meet the needs of advanced test systems.
Open standards that are modular further reduce system costs by maximizing component reuse. Their flexibility eliminates complexities when system expansion is needed. Because test systems built for longevity are often expanded to incorporate more I/O points during their life spans either to test new DUTs or to add testing features to existing DUTs, a flexible hardware foundation is crucial. Hardware chosen in test systems that need to last several years must have the ability to perform a vast number of tests. To do so, it must have a large portfolio of products that can perform tests on analog, digital, and RF signals at various levels with accuracy and speed. With the iPod example, future versions of the device might need a test system with expanded channel count and the ability to perform video, audio, and maybe even RF (in the case newer iPods that play radio stations). Open-standard platforms, because of their vast product offering and continual growth, are more likely to fulfill these requirements.
Combining the right complementary hardware and software tools can facilitate the design of long-term test system architectures. However, even the right tools are rendered useless if they are not supported by their manufacturers. Systems that have longer life spans need to be updated and calibrated for accuracy. Furthermore, these systems need software updates to keep up with changing software requirements such as updating the OS of the application from a previous Windows version. Lastly, hardware components in systems built for longevity have a higher likelihood of needing repair. These factors mandate that products used in long-term test systems come from manufacturers that provide support services such as:
Engineers should preferably choose hardware and software that have longer life spans than the system itself. If this is not possible, they must ensure that these products are manufactured by vendors who have a strong track record for providing drop-in replacements and support for obsolete products. Without vendor support, technical issues and unforeseeable problems in the system can be hard to troubleshoot. This can sometimes cause unwanted delays and, in more extreme circumstances, require the construction of an entirely new system.
National Instruments is committed to providing products and services that engineers can use to build test systems for the long term. The recommended solution is a five layer system architecture that was introduced in the executive summary of this guide. This section will highlight the main products and services that ensure support over the long-term. From a software perspective, the NI LabVIEW platform forms the core of all NI software. As a graphical programming language, NI LabVIEW is based on three basic steps that can be used to construct any test program – acquire, analyze, and present.
Figure 2. There are three steps to programming in LabVIEW.
For acquisition, LabVIEW has APIs, as shown in figure 2, for programming various NI hardware devices such as DMMs, RF instruments, digitizers, programmable power supplies, and multifunction data acquisition devices. Because these APIs are the result of cohesive efforts by NI hardware and software R&D engineers, they follow the same programming sequence. This consistency makes programming various instruments in LabVIEW menial and eliminates the need for programmers to learn the nuances of each instrument. Most importantly, it minimizes development time. To simplify the acquisition process even more, LabVIEW uses configuration wizards and follows the dataflow paradigm, making it simple and intuitive for first-time users to write test code.
In addition to acquisition, the LabVIEW platform offers hundreds of built-in analysis functions that cover different areas and methods for extracting information from acquired data. Programmers can use these functions as is or modify, customize, and extend them to suit a particular need. These functions are categorized in the following seven groups: measurement, signal processing, mathematics, image processing, control, simulation, and application areas. View the LabVIEW for Measurement and Analysis tutorial for more information on analysis tools in LabVIEW.
LabVIEW also has a vast number of abstraction features such as charts, graphs, knobs, and the ability to export data to data management software such as Microsoft Excel or NI DIAdem, which help present analyzed data to the user in a clear fashion. Data presentation also can be done between locations by making use of the LabVIEW ability to publish data to the Web or log information to a database. Cohesively, these features make LabVIEW scalable and ideal for building long-term test system architectures.
Figure 3: LabVIEW is an intuitive graphical programming language that provides tools such as charts, graphs, and buttons to abstract information for the user.
LabVIEW also comes with built-in features and add-on modules and utilities to help reuse existing code. These features include interactive configuration wizards such as Measurement & Automation Explorer and NI Switch Executive, which convert user input into data that is fed into LabVIEW test code, as shown in figure 4. Using such graphical configuration wizards, programmers can add hardware to programs by making changes to the configuration file rather than to the test program. This maximizes code reuse and increases development efficiency. In addition to configuration tools, the LabVIEW platform offers users a host of IVI class drivers to help maximize code reuse in the test program. For more information on IVI, visit the IVI page.
Figure 4. Engineers can use NI Switch Executive to configure and deploy a 9,216-crosspoint switch matrix within minutes.
The last requirement that software packages need to meet is platform independence. Complex test systems sometimes require precision instruments. When an NI solution for such instruments does not exist, programmers can make use of more than 5,000 FREE instrument drivers to program instruments from numerous vendors including Agilent, Fluke, and Keithley. Learn more on the Instrument Driver Network page. In this way, programmers can use the LabVIEW ADE to program instruments from multiple vendors, making it independent of the hardware platform. LabVIEW also supports multiple OSs and can be deployed on Windows, Mac OS, Linux®, real-time OSs such as PharLap, and even FPGA. The flexibility of LabVIEW is one of its biggest assets. Using traditional text-based languages programmed in Windows, on an FPGA, and on an embedded processor would require engineers to learn three completely separate languages (for example, C, VHDL, and TI Code Composer Studio™). Using LabVIEW, engineers can deploy applications on all three targets in the same environment, maximizing efficiency and minimizing time spent learning new tools.
For a test system to function, its software and hardware need to work in a congruent fashion by complementing each other. It is just as important to select the right hardware platform as it is to pick a powerful software tool when designing a test system for longevity. Using a flexible open hardware platform, such as PXI, minimizes the need for test system replacement as product life cycles end and technological advances are made. This increases test system longevity.
PXI is an open-standard platform used by various test and measurement industry leaders who are all members of the PXI Systems Alliance. Currently, the more than 70 companies worldwide that are PXI Systems Alliance members share a common commitment to providing an open platform equipped for a variety of applications, from machine control to automated test. Growth of PXI modules has been rapid since the adoption of the PXI standard in 1998, and today more than 1,200 PXI products are available. In addition to a vast product offering, PXI is also expected to continually grow for the foreseeable future. These PXI characteristics make it suitable for use in long-term test systems.
Its modular nature also makes PXI suitable for building test systems for longevity, as shown in figure 5. Expanding a PXI system to incorporate more I/O points or new testing capabilities is as easy as adding one of the more than 1,200 available modules to an empty slot in a PXI chassis, which is the outer frame of the system. Because all instruments are powered by the chassis, components such as the chassis fan and the power supply are reused to the maximum.
In addition to being an open standard and modular in nature, PXI has a wide span that addresses the needs of various applications from vision testing to high voltage and current testing (high-power applications) to even RF test. PXI modules can perform these tests with accuracies of up to 7½ digits (26 bits) and rates up to 6.6 GS/s. PXI instruments are also suited for mixed-signal tests that involve both analog and digital signals. Some modules also come with built-in signal conditioning for the measurement of sensors such as thermocouples, RTDs, load cells, and strain gages. The PXI platform also has FPGA modules and real-time capability, making it suitable for test applications that need determinism. To learn more about its capabilities and offerings, visit the PXI page.
Other modular platforms made by National Instruments include NI CompactDAQ, a low-cost alternative to PXI, and NI CompactRIO, an FPGA-based platform designed for high-speed control and deterministic test applications, as shown in figure 6. By designing modular system hardware that maximizes code reuse while catering to a vast number of applications, National Instruments provides test engineers with a selection of hardware platforms appropriate for designing long-term test systems.
Figure 6. Other modular platforms manufactured by NI include NI CompactDAQ and CompactRIO.
NI has a commitment to providing an array of quality hardware and software products that make designing test system architectures for longevity as easy as possible. NI makes every effort to support these products by providing calibration services, technical support, and numerous repair and warranty options.
NI also makes every effort to support obsolete products by providing technical assistance via the Web in the form of knowledgebases, tutorials and example code, and discussion forums and by offering drop-in replacements for hardware products that go "end of life." Using these services, NI hardware and software can be maintained and sustained over the long term.
You should consider software and hardware platforms that are designed to support long-term maintenance and upgrades. While hardware and software products can help build an efficient test system for longevity, it is the availability of product support from the manufacturer that determines whether it will be maintainable. In the universe of technology, what is advanced today may be archaic tomorrow – there is no avoiding that fact. With proper planning, it is possible for the test system to avoid a similar fate.
National Instruments, a leader in automated test, is committed to providing the hardware and software products engineers need to create these next generation test systems.


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Since entering public office, Texas governor Rick Perry has profited from multiple land deals that, according to critics, were the result of his political connections. What do you think?
"That shows the exact kind of corrupt savvy a president will need to get this country back on track."
Dorian Flood • Unemployed
This Week's Most Viral News: September 29, 2023
"I'm not buying it. Everybody knows Perry made his millions through a string of prudent livestock investments in the '80s."
Steve Brown • Gambreler
"Yeah, exactly. Being a Texas governor is awesome."
Bernard Langford • Systems Analyst


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Section 2.3.4, " Discovering what Kinds of Objects are Available "
QMF uses AMQP Messaging (QPid) as its means of communication. To use QMF, Qpid messaging must be installed somewhere in the network. Qpid can be downloaded as source from Apache, is packaged with a number of Linux distributions, and can be purchased from commercial vendors that use Qpid. Please see http://qpid.apache.orgfor information as to where to get Qpid Messaging.
Qpid Messaging includes a message broker (qpidd) which typically runs as a daemon on a system. It also includes client bindings in various programming languages. The Python-language client library includes the QMF console libraries needed for this tutorial.
Please note that Qpid Messaging has two broker implementations. One is implemented in C++ and the other in Java. At press time, QMF is supported only by the C++ broker.
If the goal is to get the tutorial examples up and running as quickly as possible, all of the Qpid components can be installed on a single system (even a laptop). For more realistic deployments, the broker can be deployed on a server and the client/QMF libraries installed on other systems.
The Python console API for QMF can be used in a synchronous style, an asynchronous style, or a combination of both. Synchronous operations are conceptually simple and are well suited for user-interactive tasks. All operations are performed in the context of a Python function call. If communication over the message bus is required to complete an operation, the function call blocks and waits for the expected result (or timeout failure) before returning control to the caller.
For the purposes of this tutorial, code examples will be shown as they are entered in an interactive python session.
$ python Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Sep 30 2008, 15:41:38) [GCC 4.3.2 20080917 (Red Hat 4.3.2-4)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>>
We will begin by importing the required libraries. If the Python client is properly installed, these libraries will be found normally by the Python interpreter.
>>> from qmf.console import Session
We must now create a Session object to manage this QMF console session.
>>> sess = Session()
If no arguments are supplied to the creation of Session, it defaults to synchronous-only operation. It also defaults to user-management of connections. More on this in a moment.
We will now establish a connection to the messaging broker. If the broker daemon is running on the local host, simply use the following:
>>> broker = sess.addBroker()
If the messaging broker is on a remote host, supply the URL to the broker in the addBroker function call. Here's how to connect to a local broker using the URL.
>>> broker = sess.addBroker("amqp://localhost")
The call to addBroker is synchronous and will return only after the connection has been successfully established or has failed. If a failure occurs, addBroker will raise an exception that can be handled by the console script.
>>> try: ... broker = sess.addBroker("amqp://localhost:1000") ... except: ... print "Connection Failed" ... Connection Failed >>>
This operation fails because there is no Qpid Messaging broker listening on port 1000 (the default port for qpidd is 5672).
If preferred, the QMF session can manage the connection for you. In this case, addBroker returns immediately and the session attempts to establish the connection in the background. This will be covered in detail in the section on asynchronous operations.
The Python console API provides access to remotely managed objects via a proxy model. The API gives the client an object that serves as a proxy representing the "real" object being managed on the agent application. Operations performed on the proxy result in the same operations on the real object.
The following examples assume prior knowledge of the kinds of objects that are actually available to be managed. There is a section later in this tutorial that describes how to discover what is manageable on the QMF bus.
Proxy objects are obtained by calling the Session.getObjects function.
To illustrate, we'll get a list of objects representing queues in the message broker itself.
>>> queues = sess.getObjects(_class="queue", _package="org.apache.qpid.broker")
queues is an array of proxy objects representing real queues on the message broker. A proxy object can be printed to display a description of the object.
>>> for q in queues: ... print q ... org.apache.qpid.broker:queue[0-1537-1-0-58] 0-0-1-0-1152921504606846979:reply-localhost.localdomain.32004 org.apache.qpid.broker:queue[0-1537-1-0-61] 0-0-1-0-1152921504606846979:topic-localhost.localdomain.32004 >>>
Let us now focus our attention on one of the queue objects.
>>> queue = queues[0]
The attributes of an object are partitioned into properties and statistics. Though the distinction is somewhat arbitrary, properties tend to be fairly static and may also be large and statistics tend to change rapidly and are relatively small (counters, etc.).
There are two ways to view the properties of an object. An array of properties can be obtained using the getProperties function:
>>> props = queue.getProperties() >>> for prop in props: ... print prop ... (vhostRef, 0-0-1-0-1152921504606846979) (name, u'reply-localhost.localdomain.32004') (durable, False) (autoDelete, True) (exclusive, True) (arguments, {}) >>>
The getProperties function returns an array of tuples. Each tuple consists of the property descriptor and the property value.
A more convenient way to access properties is by using the attribute of the proxy object directly:
>>> queue.autoDelete True >>> queue.name u'reply-localhost.localdomain.32004' >>>
Statistics are accessed in the same way:
>>> stats = queue.getStatistics() >>> for stat in stats: ... print stat ... (msgTotalEnqueues, 53) (msgTotalDequeues, 53) (msgTxnEnqueues, 0) (msgTxnDequeues, 0) (msgPersistEnqueues, 0) (msgPersistDequeues, 0) (msgDepth, 0) (byteDepth, 0) (byteTotalEnqueues, 19116) (byteTotalDequeues, 19116) (byteTxnEnqueues, 0) (byteTxnDequeues, 0) (bytePersistEnqueues, 0) (bytePersistDequeues, 0) (consumerCount, 1) (consumerCountHigh, 1) (consumerCountLow, 1) (bindingCount, 2) (bindingCountHigh, 2) (bindingCountLow, 2) (unackedMessages, 0) (unackedMessagesHigh, 0) (unackedMessagesLow, 0) (messageLatencySamples, 0) (messageLatencyMin, 0) (messageLatencyMax, 0) (messageLatencyAverage, 0) >>>
or alternatively:
>>> queue.byteTotalEnqueues 19116 >>>
The proxy objects do not automatically track changes that occur on the real objects. For example, if the real queue enqueues more bytes, viewing the byteTotalEnqueues statistic will show the same number as it did the first time. To get updated data on a proxy object, use the update function call:
>>> queue.update() >>> queue.byteTotalEnqueues 19783 >>>
The update method was added after the M4 release of Qpid/Qmf. It may not be available in your distribution.
Up to this point, we have used the QMF Console API to find managed objects and view their attributes, a read-only activity. The next topic to illustrate is how to invoke a method on a managed object. Methods allow consoles to control the managed agents by either triggering a one-time action or by changing the values of attributes in an object.
First, we'll cover some background information about methods. A QMF object class (of which a QMF object is an instance), may have zero or more methods. To obtain a list of methods available for an object, use the getMethods function.
>>> methodList = queue.getMethods()
getMethods returns an array of method descriptors (of type qmf.console.SchemaMethod). To get a summary of a method, you can simply print it. The _repr_ function returns a string that looks like a function prototype.
>>> print methodList [purge(request)] >>>
For the purposes of illustration, we'll use a more interesting method available on the broker object which represents the connected Qpid message broker.
>>> br = sess.getObjects(_class="broker", _package="org.apache.qpid.broker")[0] >>> mlist = br.getMethods() >>> for m in mlist: ... print m ... echo(sequence, body) connect(host, port, durable, authMechanism, username, password, transport) queueMoveMessages(srcQueue, destQueue, qty) >>>
We have just learned that the broker object has three methods: echo, connect, and queueMoveMessages. We'll use the echo method to "ping" the broker.
>>> result = br.echo(1, "Message Body") >>> print result OK (0) - {'body': u'Message Body', 'sequence': 1} >>> print result.status 0 >>> print result.text OK >>> print result.outArgs {'body': u'Message Body', 'sequence': 1} >>>
In the above example, we have invoked the echo method on the instance of the broker designated by the proxy "br" with a sequence argument of 1 and a body argument of "Message Body". The result indicates success and contains the output arguments (in this case copies of the input arguments).
To be more precise... Calling echo on the proxy causes the input arguments to be marshalled and sent to the remote agent where the method is executed. Once the method execution completes, the output arguments are marshalled and sent back to the console to be stored in the method result.
You are probably wondering how you are supposed to know what types the arguments are and which arguments are input, which are output, or which are both. This will be addressed later in the "Discovering what Kinds of Objects are Available" section.
QMF is built on top of a middleware messaging layer (Qpid Messaging). Because of this, QMF can use some communication patterns that are difficult to implement using network transports like UDP, TCP, or SSL. One of these patterns is called the Publication and Subscription pattern (pub-sub for short). In the pub-sub pattern, data sources publish information without a particular destination in mind. Data sinks (destinations) subscribe using a set of criteria that describes what kind of data they are interested in receiving. Data published by a source may be received by zero, one, or many subscribers.
QMF uses the pub-sub pattern to distribute events, object creation and deletion, and changes to properties and statistics. A console application using the QMF Console API can receive these asynchronous and unsolicited events and updates. This is useful for applications that store and analyze events and/or statistics. It is also useful for applications that react to certain events or conditions.
Note that console applications may always use the synchronous mechanisms.
Asynchronous API operation occurs when the console application supplies a Console object to the session manager. The Console object (which overrides the qmf.console.Console class) handles all asynchronously arriving data. The Console class has the following methods. Any number of these methods may be overridden by the console application. Any method that is not overridden defaults to a null handler which takes no action when invoked.
Table 2.4. QMF Python Console Class Methods
|Invoked when...
|a connection to a broker is established
|a connection to a broker is lost
|a new package is seen on the QMF bus
|kind, classKey
|a new class (event or object) is seen on the QMF bus
|a new agent appears on the QMF bus
|an agent disconnects from the QMF bus
|broker, object
|the properties of an object are published
|broker, object
|the statistics of an object are published
|broker, event
|an event is published
|agent, timestamp
|a heartbeat is published by an agent
|information about a connected broker is available to be queried
|broker, seq, response
|the result of an asynchronous method call is received
Supplied with the API is a class called DebugConsole. This is a test Console instance that overrides all of the methods such that arriving asynchronous data is printed to the screen. This can be used to see all of the arriving asynchronous data.
We'll start the example from the beginning to illustrate the reception and handling of events. In this example, we will create a Console class that handles broker-connect, broker-disconnect, and event messages. We will also allow the session manager to manage the broker connection for us.
Begin by importing the necessary classes:
>>> from qmf.console import Session, Console
Now, create a subclass of Console that handles the three message types:
>>> class EventConsole(Console): ... def brokerConnected(self, broker): ... print "brokerConnected:", broker ... def brokerDisconnected(self, broker): ... print "brokerDisconnected:", broker ... def event(self, broker, event): ... print "event:", event ... >>>
Make an instance of the new class:
>>> myConsole = EventConsole()
Create a Session class using the console instance. In addition, we shall request that the session manager do the connection management for us. Notice also that we are requesting that the session manager not receive objects or heartbeats. Since this example is concerned only with events, we can optimize the use of the messaging bus by telling the session manager not to subscribe for object updates or heartbeats.
>>> sess = Session(myConsole, manageConnections=True, rcvObjects=False, rcvHeartbeats=False) >>> broker = sess.addBroker() >>>
Once the broker is added, we will begin to receive asynchronous events (assuming there is a functioning broker available to connect to).
brokerConnected: Broker connected at: localhost:5672 event: Thu Jan 29 19:53:19 2009 INFO org.apache.qpid.broker:bind broker=localhost:5672 ...
To illustrate asynchronous handling of objects, a small console program is supplied. The entire program is shown below for convenience. We will then go through it part-by-part to explain its design.
This console program receives object updates and displays a set of statistics as they change. It focuses on broker queue objects.
# Import needed classes from qmf.console import Session, Console from time import sleep # Declare a dictionary to map object-ids to queue names queueMap = {} # Customize the Console class to receive object updates. class MyConsole(Console): # Handle property updates def objectProps(self, broker, record): # Verify that we have received a queue object. Exit otherwise. classKey = record.getClassKey() if classKey.getClassName() != "queue": return # If this object has not been seen before, create a new mapping from objectID to name oid = record.getObjectId() if oid not in queueMap: queueMap[oid] = record.name # Handle statistic updates def objectStats(self, broker, record): # Ignore updates for objects that are not in the map oid = record.getObjectId() if oid not in queueMap: return # Print the queue name and some statistics print "%s: enqueues=%d dequeues=%d" % (queueMap[oid], record.msgTotalEnqueues, record.msgTotalDequeues) # if the delete-time is non-zero, this object has been deleted. Remove it from the map. if record.getTimestamps()[2] > 0: queueMap.pop(oid) # Create an instance of the QMF session manager. Set userBindings to True to allow # this program to choose which objects classes it is interested in. sess = Session(MyConsole(), manageConnections=True, rcvEvents=False, userBindings=True) # Register to receive updates for broker:queue objects. sess.bindClass("org.apache.qpid.broker", "queue") broker = sess.addBroker() # Suspend processing while the asynchronous operations proceed. try: while True: sleep(1) except: pass # Disconnect the broker before exiting. sess.delBroker(broker)
Before going through the code in detail, it is important to understand the differences between synchronous object access and asynchronous object access. When objects are obtained synchronously (using the getObjects function), the resulting proxy contains all of the object's attributes, both properties and statistics. When object data is published asynchronously, the properties and statistics are sent separately and only when the session first connects or when the content changes.
The script wishes to print the queue name with the updated statistics, but the queue name is only present with the properties. For this reason, the program needs to keep some state to correlate property updates with their corresponding statistic updates. This can be done using the ObjectId that uniquely identifies the object.
# If this object has not been seen before, create a new mapping from objectID to name oid = record.getObjectId() if oid not in queueMap: queueMap[oid] = record.name
The above code fragment gets the object ID from the proxy and checks to see if it is in the map (i.e. has been seen before). If it is not in the map, a new map entry is inserted mapping the object ID to the queue's name.
# if the delete-time is non-zero, this object has been deleted. Remove it from the map. if record.getTimestamps()[2] > 0: queueMap.pop(oid)
This code fragment detects the deletion of a managed object. After reporting the statistics, it checks the timestamps of the proxy. getTimestamps returns a list of timestamps in the order:
Current - The timestamp of the sending of this update.
Create - The time of the object's creation
Delete - The time of the object's deletion (or zero if not deleted)
This code structure is useful for getting information about very-short-lived objects. It is possible that an object will be created, used, and deleted within an update interval. In this case, the property update will arrive first, followed by the statistic update. Both will indicate that the object has been deleted but a full accounting of the object's existence and final state is reported.
# Create an instance of the QMF session manager. Set userBindings to True to allow # this program to choose which objects classes it is interested in. sess = Session(MyConsole(), manageConnections=True, rcvEvents=False, userBindings=True) # Register to receive updates for broker:queue objects. sess.bindClass("org.apache.qpid.broker", "queue")
The above code is illustrative of the way a console application can tune its use of the QMF bus. Note that rcvEvents is set to False. This prevents the reception of events. Note also the use of userBindings=True and the call to sess.bindClass. If userBindings is set to False (its default), the session will receive object updates for all classes of object. In the case above, the application is only interested in broker:queue objects and reduces its bus bandwidth usage by requesting updates to only that class. bindClass may be called as many times as desired to add classes to the list of subscribed classes.
Method calls can also be invoked asynchronously. This is useful if a large number of calls needs to be made in a short time because the console application will not need to wait for the complete round-trip delay for each call.
Method calls are synchronous by default. They can be made asynchronous by adding the keyword-argument _async=True to the method call.
In a synchronous method call, the return value is the method result. When a method is called asynchronously, the return value is a sequence number that can be used to correlate the eventual result to the request. This sequence number is passed as an argument to the methodResponse function in the Console interface.
It is important to realize that the methodResponse function may be invoked before the asynchronous call returns. Make sure your code is written to handle this possibility.
Apache Qpid, Messaging built on AMQP; Copyright © 2015 The Apache Software Foundation; Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0; Apache Qpid, Qpid, Qpid Proton, Proton, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache Qpid project logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation; All other marks mentioned may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners


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I met Bronwyn within a year of moving to Toronto over a decade ago. At the time she had recently returned from living in Korea. As long as I've known Bronwyn, she's remained untamed which qualifies her as a perfect candidate for an MBSB interview.
What made you choose the expat life?
I'm not sure I chose this life or it chose me yet. I do know that life "back home" did not fit with my philosophy of how I wanted to live.
Why Tulum, Mexico?
I was planning a cross country move when I made a brief yet life changing visit to the Mayan riviera. I sat there looking at the sea and it dawned on me that although Vancouver had water and a natural beauty I was wanting in my life…the sea and the playa in Tulum were far nicer and warmer with sunshine all the time. There was the undeniable. In this case Tulum picked me.
Please fill us in on an average day for you in Tulum.
Days are very tranquil here. If it's a work day, it's not much different than a work day back home except for the 4 km bike ride to the beach and the only traffic on the path are butterflies and iguanas. On a non-work day and this means no house cleaning, no laundry (which is a job in and of itself at times), I am usually found at the beach for part of the day or visiting one of the many cenotes around Tulum or just relaxing with friends. There is no plan as that set one up for disappointment and doesn't allow for the randomness of life to work its magic….good Lord I sound like a hippie 😉
Ha! What adjustments did you have to make moving to Mexico?
First and foremost would be the climate and the language. Not sure you can adjust to the climate but it does hit you like a wall and takes some getting used to. In summer one just accepts the fact that sweat is a part of your daily outfit.
What is the status of foreigners in Mexico?
I'm unclear as to the meaning of this question but there are several types of "foreigners or expats" here:
- Retired folks that own homes and live here part of the year
- Folks from all over the world…mostly Europeans, Americans and Canadians who have moved here and started a business
- Folks that wanted a new way of living out of the "rat race". A simple existence where work is not the main meal of the day. These people, of which I am one of, work in various fields from spa-type therapist, to service providers like child care to tour/dive guides and the like.
"I smile more,
laugh more
and live more."
And of women? Additionally, how do you feel foreign women fit into the culture?
It's a Latin culture on the Mayan riviera…women are second class in many ways and many jobs are still unattainable. Many local women do not work at all. Foreign women I find, are of a different elk even from the counterparts "back home", thus are able to adjust or at very least accept the ways of the land and laugh it off.
In no way have I felt fear for my safety nor have I felt repressed by men or the culture here.
Many local ladies do not work but there has been a change in the last couple years and I am now seeing lady taxi drivers…the one industry that is very male oriented here.
Please give as an idea of the range of costs for monthly expenditures including rent, internet, food and other general expenses.
People rent rooms, small one bedroom houses or massive homes. Rooms can be as low as $120, a house $250 to $450 and massive luxury homes up to $1000 a month. Internet is approximately $35 and includes cable, tv, phone. Most do not have landlines and at the beach there is none at all. We all have cell phones and it's pay as you go, so all depending on your usage really, but I spend less than $20 every 4 to 6 weeks. Food is surprisingly expensive but I think this is due more to the fact that this is a tourist town. It is comparable to city prices. Sadly, transportation on a truck can be filled up for $40 to $60 but many folks ride bicycles, scooters or motor bikes for ease as much as cost. Taxis in town cost $2 to the beach from town, $4.50 during the day and up to $9 dollars at night. Colectivos (local transport from tulum to Playa Del Carm and in big cities is more like public transport but in vans) cost from Tulum to Playa Del Carm – an hour trip costs $3.50.
Are there opportunities for expats to work in Tulum?
Yes. Tulum is a very small town but growing at light speed. Work options vary depending on your skills and bank roll. As in any growing economy there are just as many options for employment, many expats come and open a business. Hotels, bars, restaurants, to services….if you have the imagination you make what you want.
What's your favourite aspect of living the expat life?
Not sure if I relate to the idea of being an expat but I certainly relate to "Tulum living". I have lived and worked in other countries where life was very different and I never felt it was my home. Here I feel I am at home. Topping my list of best aspects – lack of daily stress and drama. I smile more, laugh more and live more. My life motto being "work less…LIVE more" and the fact that I rarely know what day of the week it is. I no longer live/work, think "I cannot wait until Friday".
Everyday is the weekend here.


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Neurons have always been the stars of brain research, but scientists are now realizing that nonneuronal cells known as glia—which make up around 90 percent of cells in the brain—are not the mild-mannered understudies they appeared to be. Some glia may even fire electrical signals, a finding that overturns a central dogma of neuroscience that holds that neurons are the only cells in the brain with such signaling ability.
Last winter, when neuroscientists at University College London examined glia known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), they were astounded to find that, just like neurons, one subtype fired electrical signals in response to electrical stimulation. Before this study little was known about the function of OPCs, says study leader Ragnhildur Karadottir, except that they could develop into new oligodendrocytes, a type of glial cell that forms an insulating sheath around neurons like the rubber on an electrical cord.
"We were very surprised," Karadottir says. "The first thing one learns in neuroscience is that neurons fire action potentials and glia do not." The researchers suspect that, in these glia, action potentials—the rapid electric currents that travel along nerves—might serve as a signal to insulate an active neuron.
Other recent findings are further eroding the idea that glia merely provide food and support to neurons. Scientists have known for years that glial cells play an integral role at the neuromuscular junction, where nerves meet muscle in the body. But glia in the brain are much more difficult to study because they are harder to isolate, image and grow in the lab.
So a number of scientists are focusing on alternative ways to study glia. This winter a group of researchers at Stanford University compared the active genes of neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, the star-shaped glial cells that fill the spaces between neurons. Some of the astrocyte genes they found are important for phagocytosis, a crucial biological process by which healthy cells engulf and destroy bacteria or dying cells. This genetic footprint may indicate that astrocytes help to keep the brain clean of dying cells and scar tissue, says John Cahoy, the graduate student who led the study.
Many of the newly identified genes are completely unknown, however, and Cahoy says that his research on glia is just a start. As neuroscientists refine their understanding of the brain, they are realizing that cognition is even more complex than anybody imagined. "We're just opening the door on understanding how glial cells interact with neurons," Cahoy says. (For more on the role of glia in the brain, see "The Forgotten Brain Emerges," by Claudia Krebs, Kerstin Httmann and Christian Steinhuser; Scientific American Mind, December 2004.)
This story was originally printed with the title, "The Other Brain Cells".


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Ready for some easy picnic food ideas? Now is the perfect time to head out into nature and enjoy lunch outdoors! Of course, picnic season is never over and we can have them any time of the year. All we need is a good location, nice weather and some great company. One is always looking for some great easy picnic food ideas to take outdoors that are not only healthy but easy and fast to make.
Easy picnic food ideas that are delicious and healthy too
- Chinese Chicken and Noodle Salad
This delicious salad is crisp and crunchy and really easy to make. Just take some chicken breast and toss it with slivered almonds and noodles. The dressing that will go prefect with this is orange, ginger and sesame.
- Pasta salad
Another ideal choice for easy picnic food ideas is pasta salad and this can be made with any of those leftovers from the day before. Just cook your favorite pasta shape and stir in your favorite dressing along with cooked veggies. You can also add a handful of frozen peas, bacon bits, potato chip crumbs etc. to make this signature dish for picnic.
- Wraps and Sandwiches
These are easy to make. Just take wraps or tortillas and fill up with tomato, spinach or any other meat stuffing like ham or tuna. You can also use banana slices and add in some honey. Basically, anything goes with sandwiches! We love Butterball Turkey Bacon sandwiches for our picnics!
- Baked Chicken Tenders
Those chicken bites simply taste awesome, whether warm or cold. Add honey mustard dressing or Blue cheese to add to the taste. These are always a big favorite with all, especially kids when on a picnic.
- Strawberry-Rhubarb Pies
The crispy rhubarb tart flavor just goes perfectly with sweet strawberries. Enjoy the freshness of Strawberry with their rich flavors in those Pies. These are a great favorite with kids.
- Curried Egg Salad
This is an easy one! Just take hard-boiled eggs, curry powder, fresh lime juice, mustard, curry powder, pepper, red onion and mix them up. You can also add diced apple. Try spreading it over whole-wheat or rye bread!
- Cold Peanut Noodles
Cook those egg noodles or even the regular spaghetti. Drain them out in cold water and rinse. Toss in some sesame oil, sugar, vinegar, peanut butter, black pepper, soy sauce and chili oil. You can also add cooked shrimp, shredded cucumber and chopped scallions. You can try this Chinese New Year egg noodle recipe.
Enjoy making the above easy picnic food ideas that are just right for a perfect picnic menu. Now you need not rack your brains as to what menu to decide for your picnic. Pick from any of the above easy to follow picnic food ideas. And don't forget to check our List of picnic items under $100.


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Very strong turnout at the Serpentine Gallery Summer Party last night in London. I do love the British star system. It gets super low classy at times but at least it's robust – they make celebrities out of randoms who get super famous there, but only there. And those are the people who serve as carpet fillers whenever there's an event.
This time though, we didn't have to rely on UK reality show stars or competition contestants. I mean if Keira Knightley shows up, you know you're good. Especially when she's wearing Chanel. But then again, she wears Chanel a lot. As luxury becomes more and more democratised, or Kardashian-ed, Chanel remains. Will there be a day when Kanye West's wife can just call up Karl and be all like, hey, I need a dress? For the time being, he still keeps a small exclusive circle of favourites. Keira was joined by husband James Righton. They've been married a year now.
Also in attendance – Bradley Cooper with Suki Waterhouse, hand in hand. He was on his own at Glastonbury – click here for a refresher from yesterday – while she was away working but now they're reunited and they want you to know they are happy. OK.


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