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The U.S. National Security Agency is able to read messages sent via a corporate BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES), according to a report by German news magazine Der Spiegel. The purpose of this spying is economic or political, and not to counter terrorism, the magazine hints.
The report, published in English on Monday, cites internal documents leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden.
Governments have long demanded that BlackBerry provide access to encrypted messages carried by its email and BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) services, to allow them to monitor for terrorist activity.
BlackBerry has complied in the case of its consumer-grade BlackBerry Internet Service (BIS), notably providing the Indian government with access to consumer messages. Indeed, Der Spiegel cited NSA documents claiming that since 2009, analysts have been able to see and read text messages sent from BlackBerrys, and to collect and process BIS mails.
However, the company has always maintained that it cannot provide access to messages sent through its offering for corporate customers, BES, saying the encryption keys are known only to the company operating the BES.
However, among the documents leaked by Snowden are some that indicate the NSA, and its U.K. counterpart, the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), can access text messages and emails sent between BES users, Der Spiegel said.
The two agencies have been targeting messages sent via BlackBerry's platform since before May 2009, when they ran into temporary difficulties that U.K. analysts later traced to a change in BlackBerry's messaging protocol following its acquisition of a smaller company. By March 2010, they were once again able to access the information, Der Spiegel said, citing GCHQ documents marked "UK Secret."
The leaked documents seen by Der Spiegel contain no indications of large-scale spying on smartphone users, but "If the intelligence service defines a smartphone as a target, it will find a way to gain access to its information," the magazine reported.
Der Spiegel said that to acquire BES data involves a sustained effort on the part of the NSA's Office of Tailored Access Operations, a specialized hacking team based in Forte Meade, Maryland.
An NSA presentation entitled "Your target is using a BlackBerry? Now what?" seen by the magazine shows what can be achieved. It contained an image of a Mexican government email, the plain text of which appears in a slide under the title "Post Processed BES collection."
Such cases raise questions for other states. As the magazine noted, the German federal government recently awarded a contract to BlackBerry for secure communications between federal agencies.
Ironically, though, other documents show the NSA is concerned about the effects on national security of BlackBerry's declining popularity among U.S. government employees. Between August 2009 and May 2012, the "only certified government smartphone" saw its share of the U.S. government smartphone market fall from 77 percent to 50 percent, the documents said.
The Mexican email, and the agency's concern for the security of government communications, are just some of the indications that the NSA's focus on BlackBerry may not just be about the war on terrorism.
While BlackBerry devices are common in government and in corporate management, they are only the ninth-most-popular among users of extremist online forums, according to leaked NSA documents seen by Der Spiegel. The most popular phones in such circles are Nokia devices, with Apple iPhones in third place.
Der Spiegel also said that the NSA has in the past been able to obtain data from targets' Apple iPhones, although the methods detailed are unlikely to scare most users. The allegations concerned only iOS versions 3 and 4, and Der Spiegel said data was obtained principally by hacking a target's computer and downloading the backup copy of data such as photos and contacts synchronized with the iPhone. At one time this also allowed the NSA to obtain a log of locations visited by the iPhone in the seven days preceding the last data synchronization, but Apple ceased storing this log as of iOS version 4.3.3, Der Spiegel noted.
Peter Sayer covers open source software, European intellectual property legislation and general technology breaking news for IDG News Service. Send comments and news tips to Peter at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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This site is the archived OWASP Foundation Wiki and is no longer accepting Account Requests.
To view the new OWASP Foundation website, please visit https://owasp.org
REST Security Cheat Sheet
Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 03/14/2017
REST (or REpresentational State Transfer) is a means of expressing specific entities in a system by URL path elements. REST is not an architecture but it is an architectural style to build services on top of the Web. REST allows interaction with a web-based system via simplified URLs rather than complex request body or POST parameters to request specific items from the system. This document serves as a guide (although not exhaustive) of best practices to help REST-based services.
Session management
RESTful web services should use session-based authentication, either by establishing a session token via a POST or by using an API key as a POST body argument or as a cookie. Usernames, passwords, session tokens, and API keys should not appear in the URL, as this can be captured in web server logs, which makes them intrinsically valuable.
Protocol for Authentication and Authorization
The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service, either on between the resource owner and the HTTP service, or by allowing the third-party application to obtain access on its own behalf.
The openID Connect which is based on Oauth2.0 widely used in federation authentication. It allows Clients to verify the identity of the End-User based on the authentication performed by an Authorization Server, as well as to obtain basic profile information in Jason Web Token format.
Protect Session State
Many web services are written to be as stateless as possible. This usually ends up with a state blob being sent as part of the transaction.
In short, even if you have a brochureware web site, don't put in https://example.com/users/2313/edit?isAdmin=false&debug=false&allowCSRPanel=false as you will quickly end up with a lot of admins, and help desk helpers, and "developers".
Access Control
Many RESTful web services are put up, and then farmed, such as a price matching website or aggregation service. There's no technical method of preventing this use, so strongly consider means to encourage it as a business model by making high velocity farming is possible for a fee, or contractually limiting service using terms and conditions. CAPTCHAs and similar methods can help reduce simpler adversaries, but not well funded or technically competent adversaries. Using mutually assured client side TLS certificates may be a method of limiting access to trusted organizations, but this is by no means certain, particularly if certificates are posted deliberately or by accident to the Internet.
API Key can be used for every API request. If there is any suspecius behaviors in the API requests, it will be able to be idenfied by the API Key and revoke the specific API Key for further requets. Furthrmore, API rate limites control can also enforce on the API key as source of identifier of every API requets.
Protect HTTP methods
RESTful API often use GET (read), POST (create), PUT (replace/update) and DELETE (to delete a record). Not all of these are valid choices for every single resource collection, user, or action. Make sure the incoming HTTP method is valid for the session token/API key and associated resource collection, action, and record. For example, if you have an RESTful API for a library, it's not okay to allow anonymous users to DELETE book catalog entries, but it's fine for them to GET a book catalog entry. On the other hand, for the librarian, both of these are valid uses.
Whitelist allowable methods
It is common with RESTful services to allow multiple methods for a given URL for different operations on that entity. For example, a GET request might read the entity while PUT would update an existing entity, POST would create a new entity, and DELETE would delete an existing entity. It is important for the service to properly restrict the allowable verbs such that only the allowed verbs would work, while all others would return a proper response code (for example, a 403 Forbidden).
In Java EE in particular, this can be difficult to implement properly. See Bypassing Web Authentication and Authorization with HTTP Verb Tampering for an explanation of this common misconfiguration.
Protect privileged actions and sensitive resource collections
Not every user has a right to every web service. This is vital, as you don't want administrative web services to be misused:
The session token or API key should be sent along as a cookie or body parameter to ensure that privileged collections or actions are properly protected from unauthorized use.
Protect against cross-site request forgery
For resources exposed by RESTful web services, it's important to make sure any PUT, POST, and DELETE request is protected from Cross Site Request Forgery. Typically one would use a token-based approach. See Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Prevention Cheat Sheet for more information on how to implement CSRF-protection.
CSRF is easily achieved even using random tokens if any XSS exists within your application, so please make sure you understand how to prevent XSS.
Insecure direct object references
It may seem obvious, but if you had a bank account REST web service, you'd have to make sure there is adequate checking of primary and foreign keys:
In this case, it would be possible to transfer money from any account to any other account, which is clearly absurd. Not even a random token makes this safe.
In this case, it would be possible to get a copy of all invoices.
This is essentially a data-contextual access control enforcement need. A URL or even a POSTed form should NEVER contain an access control "key" or similar that provides automatic verification. A data contextual check needs to be done, server side, with each request.
API Rate limits
The objective of the API Rate limits is to reduce massive API requests that cause denial of services, and also to mitigate potential brute-force attack, or misuses of the services. The API rate limits can be controlled at API gateway or WAF. The following API rate limits mechanism can be considered.
The results of exceeding API rate limits can be temporarily blacklisted the application/API access or notification alert to relevant users/admin. The service should return HTTP return code. "429 Too Many Requests" - The error is used when there may be DOS attack detected or the request is rejected due to rate limiting
Input validation
Input validation 101
Everything you know about input validation applies to RESTful web services, but add 10% because automated tools can easily fuzz your interfaces for hours on end at high velocity. So:
Assisting the user makes the most sense, as the most common scenario is "problem exists between keyboard and chair" (PEBKAC). Help the user input high quality data into your web services, such as ensuring a Zip code makes sense for the supplied address, or the date makes sense. If not, reject that input. If they continue on, or it's a text field or some other difficult to validate field, input sanitization is a losing proposition but still better than XSS or SQL injection. If you're already reduced to sanitization or no input validation, make sure output encoding is very strong for your application.
Log input validation failures, particularly if you assume that client-side code you wrote is going to call your web services. The reality is that anyone can call your web services, so assume that someone who is performing hundreds of failed input validations per second is up to no good. Also consider rate limiting the API to a certain number of requests per hour or day to prevent abuse.
Secure parsing
Use a secure parser for parsing the incoming messages. If you are using XML, make sure to use a parser that is not vulnerable to XXE and similar attacks.
Strong typing
It's difficult to perform most attacks if the only allowed values are true or false, or a number, or one of a small number of acceptable values. Strongly type incoming data as quickly as possible.
Validate incoming content-types
When POSTing or PUTting new data, the client will specify the Content-Type (e.g. application/xml or application/json) of the incoming data. The server should never assume the Content-Type; it should always check that the Content-Type header and the content are the same type. A lack of Content-Type header or an unexpected Content-Type header should result in the server rejecting the content with a 406 Not Acceptable response.
Validate response types
It is common for REST services to allow multiple response types (e.g. application/xml or application/json, and the client specifies the preferred order of response types by the Accept header in the request. Do NOT simply copy the Accept header to the Content-type header of the response. Reject the request (ideally with a 406 Not Acceptable response) if the Accept header does not specifically contain one of the allowable types.
Because there are many MIME types for the typical response types, it's important to document for clients specifically which MIME types should be used.
XML input validation
XML-based services must ensure that they are protected against common XML based attacks by using secure XML-parsing. This typically means protecting against XML External Entity attacks, XML-signature wrapping etc. See http://ws-attacks.org for examples of such attacks.
Framework-Provided Validation
Many frameworks, such as Jersey, allow for validation constraints to be enforced automatically by the framework at request or response time. (See Bean Validation Support for more information). While this does not validate the structure of JSON or XML data before being unmarshaled, it does provide automatic validation after unmarshaling, but before the data is presented to the application.
Output encoding
Send security headers
To make sure the content of a given resources is interpreted correctly by the browser, the server should always send the Content-Type header with the correct Content-Type, and preferably the Content-Type header should include a charset. The server should also send an X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff to make sure the browser does not try to detect a different Content-Type than what is actually sent (can lead to XSS).
Additionally the client should send an X-Frame-Options: deny to protect against drag'n drop clickjacking attacks in older browsers.
JSON encoding
When inserting values into the browser DOM, strongly consider using .value/.innerText/.textContent rather than .innerHTML updates, as this protects against simple DOM XSS attacks.
XML encoding
XML should never be built by string concatenation. It should always be constructed using an XML serializer. This ensures that the XML content sent to the browser is parseable and does not contain XML injection. For more information, please see the Web Service Security Cheat Sheet.
Data in transit
Unless the public information is completely read-only, the use of TLS should be mandated, particularly where credentials, updates, deletions, and any value transactions are performed. The overhead of TLS is negligible on modern hardware, with a minor latency increase that is more than compensated by safety for the end user.
Consider the use of mutually authenticated client-side certificates to provide additional protection for highly privileged web services.
Data in storage
Leading practices are recommended as per any web application when it comes to correctly handling stored sensitive or regulated data. For more information, please see OWASP Top 10 2010 - A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage.
Message Integrity
In addition to HTTPS/TLS, JSON Web Token (JWT) is an open standard (RFC 7519) that defines a compact and self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. JWT can not only be used to ensure the message integrity but also authentication of both message sender/receiver. The JWT includes the digital signature hash value of the message body to ensure the message integrity during the transmition.
HTTP Return Code
HTTP defines status code [1]. When design REST API, don't just use 200 for success or 404 for error.
Here are some guideline to consider for each REST API status return code. Proper error handle may help to validate the incoming requests and better identify the potential security risks.
Related articles
OWASP Cheat Sheets Project Homepage
Authors and primary editors
Erlend Oftedal - [email protected]
Other cheatsheets

subset: commoncrawl


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Louis Armstrong Recording Sessions
Paul Studer had the privilege of being allowed to photograph the recording of two of Louis Armstrong's albums in 1957 - Satchmo: A Musical Autobiography and Louis and the Angels. He had a camera with a silent shutter, the Leica M2. The photographs capture the atmosphere of humor and celebration. Many thanks to Ricky Riccardi and Richard Basi for identifying the musicians.Read More
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For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty near St. Jacques, France. At 11:30 a.m. on 30 October 1944, after his company had lost 55 out of 88 men in an attack on an entrenched. full-strength German company of elite mountain troops, Pvt. Ross placed his light machinegun 10 yards in advance of the foremost supporting riflemen in order to absorb the initial impact of an enemy counterattack. With machinegun and small-arms fire striking the earth near him, he fired with deadly effect on the assaulting force and repelled it. Despite the hail of automatic fire and the explosion of rifle grenades within a stone's throw of his position, he continued to man his machinegun alone, holding off 6 more German attacks. When the eighth assault was launched, most of his supporting riflemen were out of ammunition. They took positions in echelon behind Pvt. Ross and crawled up, during the attack, to extract a few rounds of ammunition from his machinegun ammunition belt. Pvt. Ross fought on virtually without assistance and, despite the fact that enemy grenadiers crawled to within 4 yards of his position in an effort to kill him with handgrenades, he again directed accurate and deadly fire on the hostile force and hurled it back. After expending his last rounds, Pvt. Ross was advised to withdraw to the company command post, together with 8 surviving riflemen, but, as more ammunition was expected, he declined to do so. The Germans launched their last all-out attack, converging their fire on Pvt. Ross in a desperate attempt to destroy the machinegun which stood between them and a decisive breakthrough. As his supporting riflemen fixed bayonets for a last-ditch stand, fresh ammunition arrived and was brought to Pvt. Ross just as the advance assault elements were about to swarm over his position. He opened murderous fire on the oncoming enemy; killed 40 and wounded 10 of the attacking force; broke the assault single-handedly, and forced the Germans to withdraw. Having killed or wounded at least 58 Germans in more than 5 hours of continuous combat and saved the remnants of his company from destruction, Pvt. Ross remained at his post that night and the following day for a total of 36 hours. His actions throughout this engagement were an inspiration to his comrades and maintained the high traditions of the military service.
Copyright © 2023 the National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation


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100% Satisfaction Guarantee
At Cafe Britt, we strive for perfection and dedication in serving you. That's why we are committed to making things right if you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase.
We never leave quality to chance. We pay detailed attention to our production, and our shipments are hand packed and carefully inspected before leaving our warehouse. But in the event your order was not fulfilled correctly or you are not satisfied with your purchase, please contact us immediately by email at email@example.com or call 1-800-GO BRITT . We will fully replace any items you are not happy with or send you a refund. Cafe Britt cannot receive product returns or make exchanges. (For more information about this policy, please contact us via the number or email address provided). You can give the best suited use to any unwanted items. Our commitment to quality is reflected in several initiatives that allow Cafe Britt to constantly monitor and improve our services, processes and products, thus assuring 100% satisfaction .


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New Vehicle Inventory
- 3 Vehicle Matching
Fairmont Ford Inventory in Fairmont, MN
Our staff here at Fairmont Ford is excited to show off all of our Ford cars to our customers from all over Southern Minnesota and Northern Iowa. Within our new Ford inventory you will be sure to find a wide assortment of new Ford cars from the popular 2023 model lineup including options like the Ford Escape, Ford Edge, Ford Explorer, Ford Bronco and Ford F-150 to name a few. We strongly encourage you to schedule a test drive with any car you may be interested in to get the true experience before purchasing. To learn more about any of the Ford cars we have available please contact our Ford dealership online! The new Ford inventory at Fairmont Ford is located at 700 East Blue Earth Ave, Fairmont, MN 56031 and we happily serve all Ford enthusiasts from Fairmont, Mankato, Blue Earth, Jackson, Estherville and all other nearby area.
Please Call Before You Come!
To Verify Availability And To Set An Appointment For A Better Buying Experience!


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Saucony Men's Echelon 8 Running Shoes
Just for New Members
Get $10 when you spend $25**Bonus terms apply
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Can I earn Cash Back on Saucony Men's Echelon 8 Running Shoes?
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Amanda Kimmel found herself the latest victim of Russell on the last episode of Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains.
In a new interview, the 25-year-old three time player of Survivor speaks out on her catfight with Danielle, what she thinks of Candice's flipping, and her thoughts on Russell. She also reveals she is done with Survivor for good.
Excerpts from Amanda's interview with TV Guide is below –
TVGuide.com: As you entered that tribal council, what did you think your chances were of going home?
Amanda Kimmel: I knew they were good because a lot of talk happened before the tribal council, like Russell pulled Candice aside, and then I pulled her aside after that, and then he'd pull her back and it was like a tug of war between me and Russell with Candice. I knew there were good odds that I was going to home. But I really did think that Candice was going to vote with us, just because I really tried to explain the benefit of her voting that way instead of just saying she had to save me.
TVGuide.com: Why do you think Candice flipped to Russell's side?
Amanda: I think Russell got in her head, to be honest. I think he told her he wanted to be in the final two with her or something and she bought it. Candice and I had a rough relationship at the beginning of the game. We didn't like each other, we didn't trust each other and then we kind of fought everything out and I thought we had a really solid bond, so I was surprised that she, even with Sandra wanting to vote with us, wanted to go with the Villains … Candice had a plan and I didn't want to do the plan and that was another reason why that happened … I think she was nervous with all the power Russell had over people. I think she wanted to be the first one to switch over.
TVGuide.com: Obviously one of the big moments was the fight between you and Danielle for the clue. What was going through your mind at that time?
Amanda: I knew that my team was going to be toast if I didn't find that. I've never heard any rules over the clues, because this is really the first time they've done this, so I seriously thought that whoever had it, had it. Like anyone can see it, anyone can have it. I don't know what the exact rule is, so I didn't know that the first person is that one that has it. I thought anyone could have it. So I was like, why not just take it? If I don't, we're toast, and Colby's here, so it's two against one, so we might as well just try it. I grabbed it and I should have just ran. I wanted to run to the bathroom, lock the door, read it and get rid of it, but that didn't happen. Colby obviously didn't help me. He made me feel so bad about it.
TVGuide.com: How does it feel to be the first person to reach 100 days on? If they asked, would you play Survivor again?
Amanda: No, my Survivor career is over. I'm really proud that I went over 100 days. I never thought I would do anything like this in my whole life … but I mean I wouldn't come back. It takes a long time to get over. It's hard to explain it, but it's mentally and physically really hard on your body and I don't want to put myself through it again.


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Amazon, Seth Godin's Domino, and other good folks collaborated to come out with a book of essays whose proceeds go to buy mosquito nets to end malaria. My essay for End Malaria Day is actually the topic of the next book I was going to do until I got all hopped up on publicness and privacy and wrote Public Parts. The essay is on beta-think. Here's a snippet from the start:
Voltaire was half right. "Le mieux est l'ennemi du bien," he said: The best is the enemy of the good. The best is also the enemy of the better. Striving for perfection complicates and delays getting things done. Worse, the myth of perfection can shut off the process of improvement and the possibility of collaboration.
That myth of perfection is a byproduct of the industrial revolution and the efficiencies of mass production, distribution, and marketing. A product that takes a long time to design and produce is sold to a large market with a claim of perfection. Its manufacturer can't have customers think otherwise. The distribution chain invests in large quantities of the product and can't afford for it to be flawed. Mass marketing is spent to convince customers it is the best it can be. Thus perfection becomes our standard or at least our presumption. But perfection is delusion. Nothing and no one is perfect.
The modern cure to Voltaire's paradox—and a gift of the digital age—is the beta: the unfinished and imperfect product or process that is opened up so customers can offer advice and improvements. Releasing a beta is a public act, an invitation to customers to help complete and improve it. It is an act of transparency and an admission of humility. It is also an act of generosity and trust, handing over a measure of control to others.


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In theory at least, as cars are outfitted with more advanced electronics, safer vehicles should be at least one of the main results.
Networks drive the car of the future
A report out today predicts that the market for ultrasonic, LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), radar and camera-based sensors for automotive applications will grow rapidly, from $0.7 billion in 2009 to $2.4 billion in 2017.
Seven advanced car technologies the government wants now
The report from IMS Research "The World Market for Automotive Sensors", notes that the market for ultrasonic sensors will grow as the use of park/reverse assist systems and self-parking systems increases.
"Today, many fewer LIDAR, radar and camera-based sensors are used in cars than ultrasonic sensors. This is because they are featured in emerging applications fitted to only a few vehicles. However, these applications will become much more common and the market for their sensors is forecast to increase dramatically. For example, we forecast that the market for automotive camera-based sensors will be almost six times bigger in 2017 than in 2009," said IMS' automotive research director, Jon Cropley, in a statement.
Many ultrasonic sensors are already used in light vehicles for park/reverse assist systems anti-lock braking systems (ABS), airbags and engine emissions controls.
In the near future new applications for these technologies will only grow. They include adaptive cruise control, night vision, driver monitoring, lane-departure warning, drive recorders and multi-view systems. Many of these applications were fitted to fewer than 1% of all light vehicles produced in 2010.
In a paper from Stephen Prosser of TRW Automotive noted a number of future applications for these technologies. From the paper:
• Future development of the active and passive safety systems will enable the vehicle to sense and interpret its surrounding environment, recognize potentially dangerous situations and provide a pre-determined level of support to the driver.
• Blind-spot detection, lane change monitoring and roundabout shunt prevention are examples of systems that could be enabled through the deployment of vision-based sensors and multiple sensor data fusion techniques.
• Parking assistance systems a production reality. Ultrasonic sensors mounted on the sides of vehicles will measure the length and depth of a parking space as the vehicle drives past it. The system then calculates the maneuvers that are required to steer the vehicle safely into the space. The driver is then provided with sound or visual instructions to complete the task. A future enhancement would involve the use of electronically controlled steering system to execute the maneuver automatically.
Follow Michael Cooney on Twitter: nwwlayer8 (http://twitter.com/#!/NWWlayer8)


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Concerned about your stress levels? This 25-question assessment is based on key areas of your life—relationships, work, attitude, and physical symptoms.
Are you suffering from job burnout?
A study from Rutgers University reports that almost half of American workers are either "very" or "extremely" concerned about work-related stress. And these concerns directly impact workplace satisfaction and on-the-job performance. Learn how you can reduce stress at work.
Business travel blues: something stressful in the air
It may feel like work and travel are stressing you out, but you allow it to happen. What can you do to keep calm and relaxed when you're on the road?
The National Mental Health Association offers the following tips for reducing or controlling stress.
The American Institute of Stress
American Psychological Association, APA Help Center


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Night trip from Malang or Surabaya for Bromo sunrise tours & Ijen Crater tours with Ijen blue fire tours with reasonable tour price and then escort you to bus station or train station or ferry port or airport in Bayuwangi in the most eastern tip of Java Island
Our staff will pick you up either from Malang or Surabaya at night time / around at 21:00 – 24:00 PM (please let us know where we have to meet you) and then we drive slowly to reach parking area in Mount Bromo by private car with AC for about 3-4 hours hours driving (it is depend on the situation of the traffic). On this trip either from Malang or Surabaya to Bromo, you may stop on way for having meals, coffee or tea at local restaurant or go to the public toilet. On this night, you will not need to overnight stay at the hotel in Bromo area
Upon your arrival in parking area in Mount Bromo (at least at 03:00 am), we will use a jeep which will be ready to start your trip to enjoy for Bromo sunrise tour which is located on the tengger region as known as a view point to see sunrise with its young volcanic including Mount Bromo and an active Mount Semeru as background. If it is not foggy, the sunlight when the sunrise will play light shadow which it come up from the sidelines of the mountains and it will give impression like unforgettable thing on mind & heart as a creation from the God. You can choose one of the places to see sunrise in Mount Bromo area such as:
Mount Pananjakan or Gunung Penanjakan is known well as the best place for view point of Bromo Sunrise in Tengger region. Mt Penanjakan is a major viewing point for all tourists who visited Mount Bromo to enjoy sunrise tours Bromo. It means this place will be crowded on the season of holiday or on the weekend
Kingkong hill or Bukit Kingkong: If you visit to Mount Bromo, on weekends, or holidays, so at Bromo very crowded with visitors. I suggest you go to the other viewpoint (king kong hill) is a good place to see the sunrise time and Bromo crater, on the an altitude of about 2600 meters
Love hill of Bromo or Bukit Cinta Bromo: is an alternative place to see the stunning beauty for sunrise time on the Mount Bromo. Just like King Kong hill, the spot of love hill is also less well-known than the main spot named "the view point 1" or Mount Penanjakan (the 1st summit climbing), where the most clear view of the sunrise on Mount Bromo can be seen from this spot. However, if you got that Mount Penanjakan is too crowded of other tourists, you can choose Love Hill as a good alternative besides King Kong hill
After enjoy nice view in Mt. Bromo and around at 07:30 am, we will continue our trip for about 1-1,5 hours driving by 4WD vehicle/ jeep to reach "the savanna/ teletubies hill" by crossing the seas of sand in Bromo & Tengger region which is bordered by mountains. After a short break & take pictures, we will go to the hotel or restaurant in Bromo area for having breakfast (cost for breakfast will be your own expenses) and then, we will continue our trip to Hotel in area of Ijen Crater for about 5 - 7 hours driving. In this route will pass rural landscape, small cities, rice fields, plantations & beaches. Lunch will be served on the way at local restaurant. About at late afternoon or in the early evening, we will reach at your hotel in area of Ijen Crater then overnight stay before you enjoy Ijen Crater Trekking on the next morning
At 04:30 in the morning ( dawn time ), our vehicle will bring us to the village of Paltuding to reach parking area which is located on the slope of Mount Ijen which is well-known as post 1 Paltuding as starting point for climbing or trekking in Ijen Crater. We will drive slowly by passing through plantations and rainforest. This trip will take about 1 – 1.5 hours driving and on this place is one of the few remaining forests in Java Island with plants, big trees & giant ferns. Arrive at the parking area of Mount Ijen, approximately 1.5 until 2 hours, you will be required to ascend slope of mount Ijen to reach peak of Ijen Crater and along the path you will enjoy the stunning natural scenery with fresh air & shady.
Resting on the edge of the crater at an altitude of 2883 meters and enjoy best panorama of the green lake of sulfur which reflects spectacular view and in the surrounding walls will give the impression like unforgettable thing on your life. The sulfur mining workers go down into the crater and climb back up by passing dangerous path on the edge of Ijen Crater with the load as much as 80 kilograms on their shoulders. This is really a job with dangerously condition, but the sulfur mining workers never give up earning money for their family life
The sulfur mining workers are one of tales which you will bring to your home and inform it to your children and family as gold experience that where in the part of this world there is dangerously job to support their family life. Here also, you will enjoy the beautiful scenery in the crater of Ijen as one of God's amazing creation. Do not forget to take pictures in this area as a proof that you have visited one of the most amazing places on earth. After enjoyed the natural scenery at Crater of Ijen and then you will descend the slope of Mount Ijen until vehicles parking area where our vehicle is waiting to escort you to the Banyuwangi as your last destination and Night trip for Bromo Sunrise & Ijen Tour package finished
Price is included:
~ Pick up service from Surabaya or Malang & transfer out to Banyuwangi
~ Land transportation with driver and fuel during the trip as mentioned on the tour program
~ 4WD vehicle (jeep) for Bromo Sunrise & Savannah tours, mineral water, highway & parking during the trip
~ Cost for a tour guide with English speaking (it is depend on your request for this trip)
~ Cost for 1 night stay in Ijen Crater area with breakfast (if you choose one of the hotels list from our website)
Price is not included:
~ Travel insurance, Bar, Laundry, Phone call, Internet, Tipping
~ Entrance tickets in Mt Bromo & Ijen Crater as mentioned on the tour program
~ Horse riding at cross the seas of sand in Bromo but you can do it on foot (it is optional)
~ Cost for 1 night stay in Bromo area with breakfast (you do not need to stay in Hotel)
~ Cost for meals (lunch, dinner) during the trip as mentioned on the tour program
~ Cost for optional program & other personal cost during the trip
Entrance tickets: You are required to pay entrance tickets during your trip by yourself and please show your id card. Cost for entrance tickets are mentioned below:
~ Ticket in Bromo is IDR. 227.000 per person on working days & IDR. 327.000 per person on public holidays
~ Ticket in Ijen Crater is IDR. 100.000 per person on working days & IDR. 150.000 per person on public holidays
(Note: Indonesian citizen will get cheaper cost for entrance ticket as a local people)
What items you should bring: Comfortable shoes for trekking, warm clothes, simple mask & flashlights
Additional information: If the weather is good and you still have enough time during this tour package, you will have a chance to do optional tour programs, such as: Bromo Milky Way Tours, Madakaripura Waterfall Tours, Umbulan Waterfall Tours, Blue Fire Ijen Tours & Banyuwangi Exploring Tours with extra cost as mentioned detail on the attachment


text:
As the city of St. Paul heads into one last day of convention hoopla -- and one final day of protests -- state civil liberties leaders have accused St. Paul police of making many improper arrests and in some cases, provoking more problems.
"I think some of the police on the street have been very aggressive physically," said Charles Samuelson, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Minnesota. "The phrase is 'spoiling for a fight.'"
But Ramsey County Attorney Susan Gaertner did not think police were overzealous. "I see a pattern of trying to respond in a measured way," she said.
The dispute over how police handled the protests will likely be played out in Ramsey County District Court over many months. Of 71 felony cases brought by the police this week to the county attorney's office, 27 cases, or 38 percent, have been dismissed outright.
With about 300 local arrests so far, St. Paul has already doubled the 154 arrests in Denver during the Democratic National Convention.
"Nobody was charged with felony riot," said Sonny Jackson, a Denver police spokesman. Demonstration crowds were also considerably smaller in Denver.
Many arrests involved individuals or small groups, but there also were two instances Monday where groups of 40 to 80 people were arrested. It was likely during those incidents that bystanders may have gotten caught in the middle. Some of those were journalists and students.
'Look at the footage'
St. Paul Mayor Chris Coleman defended police officers in a Wednesday interview.
"We have for a year watched people who made very clear that they were coming to the city of St. Paul to commit criminal activity," Coleman said.
"What I have said from the beginning is that if you come to pick up a sign to exercise your constitutional rights, you'd be welcome, and we saw that. We had 10,000 people who successfully and peacefully marched on Monday."
Coleman said he watched police "in the face of taunts and swearing and spitting, stood there, very, very reserved ... They didn't react to that."
Said St. Paul police commander Doug Holtz: "We're telling the citizens of St. Paul: 'You look at the footage, you look at the actions of these criminals, and you tell me as a citizen that these actions were lawful and that the police didn't act appropriately.'"
Asked about concerns that people might take away the wrong image of St. Paul, St. Paul Police Chief John Harrington acknowledged that numerous residents have told him "this is a different side of St. Paul than they would have liked to have seen."
Five St. Paul City Council members issued a statement Wednesday: "We urge everyone to keep in mind that most of us have only heard fragments of stories about the events of the past few days. Sometimes these fragments, taken out of their context, make it seem that law enforcement has overstepped or overreacted. We regret that some peaceful demonstrators got caught in the middle of criminal actions and law enforcement trying to stop this activity."
Lawsuit possible
Shamako Noble, president of the Hip Hop Congress in San Jose and a member of the group that organized the peaceful Poor People's March on Tuesday that included about 2,000 people, noted that hundreds of officers in riot gear lined the streets as they marched.
He said their demeanor, with tear-gas guns at the ready, seemed to escalate the situation rather than calm it. He noted that marshals from his own group successfully policed their march, getting protesters who shouted at police to keep moving.
While not approving lawlessness, Teresa Nelson, ACLU's counsel, said there was a "good possibility" her group will file a civil rights lawsuit for wrongful arrests "similar to what happened in New York" in 2004, where people were swept up and arrested without proper cause. New York has paid out $2 million in damages. She decried the arrest of what she said were at least eight journalists "swept up" by police while they covered street confrontations.
Another test?
The reaction of police may be tested again today when the Anti-War Committee, a local group, will march to the Xcel Energy Center where U.S. Sen. John McCain will speak tonight, accepting the Republican nomination. The committee, which has a history of civil disobedience, may be planning more of the same.
By far the most dramatic arrests involve eight people connected with the anarchist RNC Welcoming Committee, seven of whom were arrested in raids before the convention began and are now charged with conspiracy to riot.
A litany of accusations from undercover police and informants is detailed in an 18-page search warrant. The group allegedly planned to build bleach and gasoline bombs, disable vehicles, lob feces and urine at police, and blockade streets, bridges and freeways to keep delegates from the convention, among other things.
Bruce Nestor of the National Lawyers Guild, one of the attorneys representing the eight in the initial phase, called it, "overcharging what at most was an expressed intention to block traffic. My concern is they are going to convict people for their political beliefs."
Randy Furst • 612-673-7382 Anthony Lonetree • 651-298-1545


text:
Research & Design
Academic research on waterfront developments in ShanghaiOngoing...
Academic research into the changing use of Shanghai's waterfronts, both inner-city and peri-urban
Ecological Restoration Shanghai2019-2020
In collaboration with Tongji University, we contributed to a research and design study for ecological restoration for the city of Shanghai
Urban Village regenerationChangsha, 2018 -
Urban Language Studio joined in a regeneration strategy for an urban village in Changsha. Conceptual Design proposals have been approved.
The project is under construction...
Research and design on coastal communities in VietnamVietnam, 2018-2019
Sustainable development perspectives for a vulnerable coastal area around the Tam Giang Lagoon.
Research & Concept Development at Vanke2017-2018
During 2017 and 2018 Harry den Hartog worked for Vanke on research and concept development regarding revitalizing new towns in China.
Research on residential high-rise2015-2017
Research with Tongji University on carbon emissions and sustainable development of residential high-rise complexes in the Yangtze Delta.
Living on Water2015
Urban Language Studio performed preliminary research on possibilities for floating neighborhoods in China, in cooperation with DeltaSync
Salon and excursion on urban villagesNovember 2014
Organizing a salon and visits to Shanghai-based non-profit groups for the World Banks main economic expert and specialist on climate change, with as central theme the role of urban villages, the position of migrants and gentrification.
Resilient Port DevelopmentNovember 2014
Capacity building by workshop in Singapore on resilient port development in the context of urbanizing deltas, organised by the Future Cities Laboratory at ETH and Delft University of Technology.
New Town development in ZhejiangNingbo, 2014
Consulting for World Bank on a New Town development in Zhejiang Province
Urban Sustainability in ChinaShanghai, 2013
Research on urban sustainability and liveability in Chinese new towns commissioned by the European Commission.
Urban Design Workshop in IndiaAtal Nagar-Nava Raipur, 2012
Urban Language Studio was invited to participate in an intensive 10-day cross-disciplinairy urban design workshop on the development of a new town in central India.
Research for Moscow Urban Forum 2012Autumn 2012
Urban Language Studio has been asked as Chinese representative by the organizing committee of the Moscow International Urban Forum «Emerging World Cities» to do preliminary research on the quality of life as experienced by residents of Beijing and Shanghai.
Dutch New Worlds
Scenarios in Physical Planning and Design in the Netherlands, 1970-2000Shanghai - Zurich - Rotterdam, June 2012
"Our decisions shape our future, but we know little about how. To find out, planners and designers construct vivid images of what could be."
Edge of Public
Exhibition + book + forum in Hong Kong's Kowloon Park, curated by Liu Yuyang, Li Xiangning, and Harry den HartogHong Kong, 16 February - 23 April, 2012
In the countless new town developments in China, we witnessed an increasingly privatized domain both spatially and socially. What is the real shape of the public domain and how can architects respond to this phenomenon?
Critical advice on developing a new town (2)Liaoning, 2011
Urban Language Studio was asked to give an independent critical reflection on existing plans for a new town near Shenyang supplemented by suggestions for further development.
Redevelopment plan for an islandVladivostok / Shanghai, 2011
Winning contest entry for the redevelopment of an island close to Vladivostok.
Critical advice on developing a new town (1)Beijing, 2011
Urban Language Studio was asked to give an independent critical reflection on existing plans for a new town near Beijing supplemented by suggestions for further development.
Advice on various international projectsShanghai, 2011
In the autumn of 2011, Urban Language Studio worked on several studies and consultations commissioned by professionals related with Tongji University.
Urban China magazineShanghai, 2011 - 2012
Urban Language Studio consults regularly with the urban research center of Urban China magazine. Harry den Hartog was member of the editorial board of #51 and #52, and ongoing expert board member.
Area development in rural HenanZhengzhou, 2011
Urban Language has been consulted by a local developer for independent critical advice in an area development in rural Henan.
Chinese Triptych
Exhibition and debate in architecture center CaslaAlmere, 8 April - 18 June 2011
Works by Urban Language Studio exhibited in Casla architecture center
Shanghai New Towns
Searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolisShanghai, 2010
Research on the rapid urbanization and decentralization in the direct controlled municipality Shanghai, resulting in the book Shanghai New Towns - Searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis, published by 010 Publishers.
From Almere to QingpuShanghai, 13-19 May 2010
Urban Language Studio coordinated an excursion for the International New Town Institute (INTI) with as central theme the new towns and new cities around Shanghai.
Urban FluxBeijing, Summer 2009
The Chinese magazine Urban Flux invited Harry den Hartog as a guest-editor to make this special issue on Dutch Architects and China. The magazine also discusses the state of architecture in the Netherlands.
BNSP workshop discussionAmsterdam, 22 October 2009
Urban Language Studio organized a workshop discussion on the urbanization of the Dutch countryside during a BNSP Congress.
Shanghai DialoguesShanghai, 17 October 2009
Urban Language Studio mediated the Chinese contacts during a Sino-Dutch conference, as part of the Shanghai International Creative Industry Week.
Shanghai GlobalismShanghai, 2009
Organisation of a study tour to the 'One City - Nine Towns' development around Shanghai commissioned by New York University.
Urban GalleriesNanjing - Rotterdam, 2009
Organization of a study trip through Germany and the Netherlands for a group of young Chinese designers and critics with a special interest in museums
Are cities more important than countries?Rotterdam, 2008-2009
Publication commissioned by the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS) on the occasion of its 50th anniversary
Urban MeetingsRotterdam, October 2008
Urban Language Studio made a series of reports and an essay, commissioned by the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS), meant to explore the outlines of an 'Urban Agenda' for the 21st century.
Editor E-zine
VreewijkRotterdam, 2008
Design study on urban renewal and restructuring of a monumental neighbourhood
The power of small scaleRotterdam - Almere, 2007
Design study for urban renewal in the Dutch newtown Almere.
Executive-editor of Huig#8 and Huig#9Rotterdam, 2007
Harry den Hartog was executive-editor of Huig#8 and Huig#9, the biannual magazine of the Rotterdam Academy of Architecture and Urban Design.
NL2040 - Hints for laterThe Hague - Rotterdam, 2007
Harry den Hartog wrote a number of columns, reports and an extensive essay as input for a series of meetings and debates with the aim to give an 'alternative' vision on future spatial tasks for The Netherlands.
Living farmyardsOverijssel, 2006
The Dutch Province of Overijssel counts thousands of farmyards. Yearly several hundreds of them loose their agricultural function. The province asked us to do a research on the possibilities for transformation of abandoned and old farmyards.
Private Territory
Study on the rise of private controlled outdoor spaces in the NetherlandsRotterdam, 2005-2006
Following his graduation project at the Academy of Architecture and Urban Design in Rotterdam Harry den Hartog researched the rise of private controlled territories in The Netherlands.
Living outside the cityRotterdam, 2005-2006
The book Exurbia - living outside the city, made by Harry den Hartog, criticizes the fast changing Dutch countryside. The new spatial policy in the Netherlands seems to be a threat for the countryside and the edges between urban and rural. This book gives some critical comment on the new policy, supplemented with appropriate suggestions.
Research publications
Engineering an ecological civilization along Shanghais main waterfront and coastlinePublished in: Frontiers in Environmental Science
Shanghai, 2021
Journal paper for Frontiers in Environmental Science. (eBook)
Shanghai: Excellent en duurzaam, maar inclusief?Published in: Geografie
Utrecht, October 2021
Magazine for Economic and Social Geography published by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society
China Urban Lab: Nut en noodzaak van experimentenPublished in: Rooilijn
Amsterdam, November 2016
Article for Rooilijn, a journal by the University of Amsterdam on science and policy in spatial planning
Attempts to Control UrbanizationPublished in: Volume #39
Amsterdam, April 2014
Article on China's Hukou System: Attempts to Control Urbanization by Strictly Separating Urban and Rural
Correspondent for Mark magazinePublished in: Mark magazine
Since 2009
Harry den Hartog regularly contributes articles to Mark magazine, a platform for the practice and perception of architecture at the dawn of the third millennium.
Urban Tensions in the Yangtze River DeltaPublished in: IOSPress
Delft, April 2014
Essay contribution in the book 'New Urban Configurations'.
Eastern PromisesPublished in: Hantje Catz Verlag
Vienna, June 2013
We were invited by MAK (Austrian Museum of Applied Arts / Contemporary Art) to contribute a series of critical articles on pioneering architectural projects for an exhibit and accompanying catalog 'Contemporary Architecture and Spatial Practices in East Asia'.
Shopping for HistoryPublished in: Mark #43
Zhujiajiao, April/May 2013
Article on an urban renewal project in an ancient Chinese water town west of Shanghai.
Correspondent for ArchiNedPublished in: ArchiNed
Since 2004
Harry den Hartog regularly contributes articles to ArchiNed and made temporarily part of the editorial team.
Made in ChinaPublished in: MARK #45
Dalian, Aug/Sept 2013
Article written at the request of MARK about the Dalian Conference Center, designed by Coop Himmelb(l)au: a prime example of thoroughness and precision work.
重细节与长远规划Published in: Society and Public Welfare
March 2013
Harry den Hartog contributed an article at the request of a renowned Chinese magazine
Publication on Moscow's new town developmentShanghai, Autumn 2012
Urban Language Studio was invited as critical independent expert to contribute a chapter to a book on conurbations, commissioned by the Moscow Urban Planning Institute. This book served as a moment of reflection in the development of a new city near Moscow.
Quality towers over quantity in building citiesPublished in: China Daily
Shanghai, 22 June 2012
Opinion piece for the newspaper China Daily, by Harry den Hartog. The inducement for writing this article was the Joint Declaration on the EU-China Partnership on Urbanization, signed by European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso and China's Vice-Premier Li Keqiang on 3 May 2012.
From central control towards laissez fairePublished in: S+RO
Shanghai, June 2012
Article about the similarities and differences between the Netherlands and China in the field of urban and regional planning.
Everyday Theme Parks 日常主题公园Published in: Urban China magazine #52
Shanghai, May 2012
Essay about the role of malls in contemporary China, with references to worldwide experiences, the decay of existing cities, an urban renaissance, and of course Michael Sorkin's 'Variations on a theme park: the new American city and the end of public space'.
From Qingpu to JiadingPublished in: T+A magazine
Shanghai, January 2012
Paper on the urbanization of the countryside around Shanghai and the role of architects in creating new cities.
Nanjing PerspectivesPublished in: MARK magazine #32
Nanjing, June/July 2011
Conversation with Steven Holl on the design and building process of the Art & Architecture Museum in Nanjing.
Haphazard growth in a land of plentyPublished in: DAMn°28
Shanghai, April 2011
Essay on extremely fast and uncoordinated urban developments in Shanghai.
Creación de comunidad e identidad en los pueblos nuevos de ShanghaiPublished in: Materia Arquitectura #2
Shanghai, November 2010
Essay on the creation of new communities and new identities in Shanghai for a Chilean magazine.
World Expo ShanghaiPublished in: de Architect
Shanghai, May 2010
Report on the World Expo in Shanghai for the Dutch magazine 'the Architect'.
Bubbles in Shanghai: decentralization, speculation and the housing shortagePublished in: SR+O
Shanghai, April 2010
Essay on the effects of spatial and administrative decentralization, increasing speculation and huge housing shortage.
Letter from SichuanPublished in: MARK magazine #23
Chengdu, December 2009 - January 2010
Report about reconstruction activities in the earthquake devastated area.
Green Fields, Orange CloudsRotterdam, September 2009
Essay on urban - rural relations in American cities, notably Chicago
Greener City, Better LifePublished in: Urban China #37
Shanghai, August 2009
Essay for the magazine Urban China on the meaning of parks as public spaces, in east and west
City in a city: Linked HybridPublished in: de Architect
Beijing, May 2009
That it is possible to combine climatic, economic and social sustainability in an overall concept has been demonstrated by Steven Holl Architects with Linked Hybrid.
Dutch architects building global architecture in China?Published in: Urban Flux #7
Shanghai, May 2009
Essay on the works and experiences of Dutch architects in China.
Harry den Hartog was invited as a guest-editor for a special edition about 'Dutch architecure'. (circa 60 pages). The magazine also discusses recent projects and developments in the Netherlands.
Sidewalk versus Mall
Public spaces under threatPublished in: Urban Flux #6
Shanghai, April 2009
Essay on the similarities and differences between the Netherlands and China, regarding the use and meaning of public spaces.
Building your own housePublished in: id+c
Nanjing, April 2009
Column on private commissioned housing in the Netherlands for the Chinese-language magazine id+c
Architecture in the NetherlandsPublished in: id+c
Nanjing, January 2009
Essay on recent developments in the field of architecture in the Netherlands. This essay is also an introduction for an extended special on Dutch Design.
Greenery & Community
Community gardens in New YorkPublished in: Club Donny #1
Rotterdam, Spring/Summer 2008
Essay for Club Donny, a new biennial magazine on the personal experience of nature in the urban environment.
Beijing 080808
The meaning of the Olympic Games for BeijingPublished in: de Architect
Beijing, August 2008
Host country China intends to use the Olympic Games that will take place this year in Beijing to show off what it has achieved. What is the impact of the Olympic Games on this city?
The Limits to Growth?
How Beijing is preparing for the futurePublished in: de Architect
Beijing, August 2008
Beijing, like Shanghai, wants to present itself as a model city for the future. How will Beijing continue to develop itself after the Games?
Olympic Games, a motor for urban renewal
Conversation with Kees ChristiaansePublished in: NAi Publishers
Rotterdam, May 2008
Harry den Hartog interviewed Kees Christiaanse and others about the usefulness of Olympic Games in the Netherlands. These conversations are included in the book Olympic Fire, published by NAI Publishers and edited by Winy Maas.
How to build a good architecture school?
Interview with Herman HertzbergerPublished in: Huig magazine
Amsterdam, February 2008
As editor-in-chief of Huig Magazine, Harry den Hartog interviewed the well-known architect Herman Herzberger on the question "How to build a good architecture school?"
Tamed 'wild living'
Municipal management versus freedom of buildingPublished in: de Architect
Almere, June 2007
Over the coming years the municipality of Almere will make 30,000 sites available to private individuals so that they can build homes as they want to. A new balance has to be found between municipal management and this new freedom.
City and Countryside
Physical planning and design in contemporary ChinaPublished in: de Architect
Shanghai/Beijing, May 2006
The relation between the rural and urban economy have been changing ever since China became a World Trade Organization member in 2001. To overcome the dichotomy between city and countryside, farmers must find a way to join the world economy.
Collective Housing in SuburbiaPublished in: SR&O
Rotterdam, October 2005
Article (in Dutch) on new forms of collective housing in suburbs and new towns in the Netherlands.
China imports European flavoured suburbPublished in: de Blauwe Kamer
Beijing, April 2005
Article on a new community in Beijing (Dutch only).
Roadside tourism in ChinaPublished in: de Blauwe Kamer
Zhejiang / Anhui, februari 2005
Article (in Dutch) on emerging rural tourism
Rice with gravy
Holland Village in ShanghaiPublished in: ArchiNed
Shanghai, 31 January 2005
Article on a 'Dutch' new town in Shanghai.
News about us
The New Countryside in China: An Urban Vision?12 December 2021
Public talk at China Crossroads
Ecological civilization as an alternative development model?Published in: Free State of Amsterdam
September 2021
Blog by Prof. dr. Zef Hemel in response to my paper in Urban Planning.
Benefits of Urban Wetlands and Scaling Up the Sponge City Approach18 June 2019
Public talk at Floriade Dialogues #3 "Climate resilient strategies for water sensitive cities" in Beijing
Interviewed by CCTV19 October 2018
During a conference on new town developments Harry den Hartog was briefly interviewed on urbanization in China
ZAOjiu talk on 'Shared Urbanism9 September 2017
ZAOjiu talk on 'Shared Urbanism"
Interviewed on metropolitan agriculture by Shenzhen TVShenzhen, July 2016
Interviewed on metropolitan agriculture by Shenzhen TV
TEDx talk in Caohejing High-Tec Park, ShanghaiShanghai, 28 October 2015
Urban AgendaNovember 2013
Visiting Beijing as participant at EU China Urbanisation Partnership Forum.
OCT LOFT Talk
invited as panel-member by UrbanusShenzhen, 7 December 2013
Urban Interiors in contemporary China
Invited speaker at World Interiors EventAmsterdam,7 September 2013
Lecturing in Italy
Invited by two universities in Italy for guest-lecturesMilano/Pavia, May 2013
Creating liveable cities in China
Debate at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, 23 October 2012
Awarded by Shanghai Culture Fund for reprint Shanghai New TownsShanghai, August 2012
Study session on high-rise in AsiaShanghai, 19 September 2012
Day trip for Stylos to Songjiang and JiadingShanghai, 18 July 2012
History and Design Studio Shanghai
Workshop and lecture at Politecnico di TorinoTurin, 2012
Debate in Rockbund Art Museum: Disappearing Rural Shanghai
Discussion on 'Disappearing Rural Shanghai'Shanghai, 29 June 2012
Interviewed by South China Morning Post: 'A space in the crowd'Hong Kong, 23 March 2012
Book presentation 'Edge of Public'Hong Kong, 16 February 2012
Today our bilingual booklet Edge of Public was presented in Hong Kong's Kowloon Park, during the opening ceremony of the Hong Kong & Shenzhen Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism \ Architecture 2011-2012.
Shanghai New Towns to see on the UABB biennial in ShenzhenShenzhen, 8 December 2011 - 10 February 2012
Lecture at the Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, December 2012
Needed: Architecture with Chinese characteristics
Interviewed by Shanghai DailyShanghai, 25&26 October 2011
Presentation on new towns in WuhanWuhan, 27 October 2011
Sanghay ile Istanbul
Turkish-language review of Shanghai New TownsSeptember 11, 2011
Rural Kitchen
Lecture and jury member during the Rural Kitchen workshopChongming Island, Fall 2009
Beijing International Book Fair 2011Beijing, 30 August - 5 September 2011
Blue eyes looking at ChinaBeijing, 4 September 2011
Urban Language Studio in debate during the Beijing International Book Fair 2011
Photos by Urban Language on display in the NAiRotterdam, 1 July 2011 - 15 January 2012
During the exhibition Daring Design in the NAi, some photos by Urban Language Studio were exhibited.
Shanghai New Towns rewarded by 'The Best Dutch Book Designs 2010'
Exhibited from 11 June to 17 July 2011 in the Stedelijk Museum in AmsterdamAmsterdam, 11 June to 17 July 2011
Book review by Time + Architecture magazine
Chinese-language review of our book 'Shanghai New Towns'Shanghai, May/June 2011
Interviewed by Urban China magazineShanghai, June 2011
...on sprawling cities and the edge between urban and rural.
Ontwerpen aan ChinaRotterdam, May 2011
Interviewed by Arjen Oosterman
Public lecture and debate in the Shanghai Study Center of the Hong Kong UniversityShanghai, 7 March 2011
Presentation of the main findings of our recently published book "Shanghai New Towns - Searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis".
Exported to ChinaShanghai, February 2011
'Shanghai New Towns. Searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis' is also available now in Chinese bookstores.
Book Launch and debate in Trouw Amsterdam / De VerdiepingAmsterdam, 30 November 2010
Presentation of our book Shanghai New Towns - Searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis followed by a debate.
Presentation in Tai WuRotterdam, 20 September 2010
Presentation in Tai Wu for an association of architects on recent architectural developments in China.
Local wisdom and globalizationShanghai, 20 July 2010
Urban Language was member of the jury during the CUMULUS Shanghai Conference 2010 at the College of Design & Innovation.
First copy Shanghai New TownsShanghai, 14 May 2010
Today a first (preliminary) copy of our book 'Shanghai New Towns - Searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis' was handed over to Sun Jiwei, the District Governor of Shanghai's Jiading district, during a conference organized in cooperation with INTI, in the VIP lounge of the Dutch Pavilion 'Happy Street' during the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai.
Presentation on urban developments in ShanghaiDelft, 28 November 2009
Presentation on the turbulent urban developments in Shanghai during the international conference 'The New Urban Question - Urbanism beyond Neo-Liberalism' that took place from November 26th to 28th, 2009 at Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam and Delft University of Technology (TU Delft).
Interviewed by the Chinese-language newsmagazine Modern WeeklyShanghai, 3 October 2009
This well-read newsmagazine, which has a wide circulation, interviewed Harry den Hartog on the changing urban-rural relations in China.
Interviewed by Urban China magazineShanghai, March 2009
We were interviewed by Chinese-language Urban China magazine on 'the ideal city'.
Looking for greenThe Hague (Nl.), 29 September 2008
Lecture on community gardens during the debate 'Greenspotting Haaglanden' in Stroom The Hague
Book launch Exurbia - Living outside the cityAmsterdam, 5 January 2007
Today a first copy of our book was handed over to Government Advisor on Landscape Dirk Sijmons in Architectura & Natura.
Column / 哈利评城
Temporary Dystopia: Shanghai in Absolute Lockdown to Contain the Omicron VariantPublished in: ArchiNed / IIAS
Shanghai, 24 May 2022
Shanghais new waterfront: economic engine or inclusive public space?Published in: Port City Futures
19 April 2021
Shanghai na COVID-19: global city en bouwen voor de buurtPublished in: ArchiNed
24 April 2020
Shanghai: Timid signs of recovery and lessons to learnPublished in: Spread stories not the virus
February 2020
Why urban villages are essential to Shenzhens identityPublished in: Sixthtone
April 2018
城市大型活动的遗产需要明智的策略 Reusing Mega Events Venues Requires a Smart StrategyPublished in: The Paper / SixthTone
December 2017
上海为何总在全球宜居城市排行榜的中游 Shanghai: Exotic, Modern, Dynamic But Never Livable?Published in: The Paper / SixthTone
October 2017
特色小镇的特色从何而来 Tè Sè Xiǎo Zhèn: a counterbalance of the metropolis, or a tool to bring the metropolis to the fields?Published in: The Paper / SixthTone
April 2017
除了拆围墙,小区更需要多样性的功能 How Tearing Down Walls Will Open Up Chinas CitiesPublished in: The Paper / SixthTone
February 2017
中国城市还是城市实验室吗 Why Urban Labs Hold the Future for Chinese CitiesPublished in: The Paper / SixthTone
January 2017
购物广场的兴起,带来退化的公共空间 / How Chinas Mall Mania Destroys Local CommunitiesPublished in: The Paper / SixthTone
December 2016
曾经的水城上海,能成为宜居滨水城市吗 City and WatersidePublished in: The Paper / SixthTone
November 2016
我为什么着迷于上海里弄 Living in a lilongPublished in: The Paper / SixthTone
October 2016
如何重新连接城市与农村 City and CountrysidePublished in: The Paper / SixthTone
September 2016
Better City, Better Life begins with a good streetPublished in: ArchiNed
Shanghai, 31 May 2010
A visit to 'Happy Street' with John Körmeling.
Local GlobalPublished in: Architectuur Lokaal
Serie of columns for the Dutch magazine Architectuur Lokaal on architecture and commissioning in China.
Report from ChinaPublished in: ArchiNed
Hangzhou, 19 February 2009
The volume of reporting on the rampant growth of Chinese cities is causing a sense of China fatigue in The Netherlands. But China remains a very fascinating country nonetheless.


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The BEST Automotive/Car Dealership PSD theme on ThemeForest!
Automotive is one of the most powerful car dealership themes purpose built to showcase your listings, loaded with more features than you can shake a stick at! It has everything you need to list and catalogue vehicles.
Automotive is a PSD Theme to sell, rent or buy your car online. This template is best suited for dealers, who need to do their business online via websites.
If you like our theme please do not forget to rate it!
//UPDATE// HTML Version is Now available here!
PSD Layers Organization
- Home Page with full slider
- Home Page with slider
- Home Page with Video and Call to Action buttons
- Rent your Car Page with filter
- Showroom
- Sell your Car with forms
- Blog Page
- Blog Single Post Page
- Advanced Search
- About Us
- Single Car Details Page
- Contact Page with form and Google maps
- Login Page
- Chat Lightbox
- 404 Error Page
- 15 Fully Layered PSD Templates
- 3 Sliders available
- 3 Homepages
- Categories page
- Single Car Details page
- 2 Level Dropdown Menu
- PDF Documentation File
- Free Fonts Used
- Easy to customize & use
- Well Organized Layers
- Customer Support
Fonts used in template:
Google Fonts
Icons used:
NOTE: The online samples images belong to their respective owners and are only used for demo purposes.


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Specification :
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The Nikon F-mount Sigma 18-35mm f/1.8 DC HSM Art Lens is a wide-angle to normal-length zoom that features a fast, bright constant f/1.8 maximum aperture. It is specifically designed for use with APS-C-sized sensors and provides a 35mm-equivalent focal length range of 27-52.5mm.
The lens integrates four aspherical elements into its construction as well as five Special Low Dispersion (SLD) glass elements to help minimize various aberrations and distortions throughout the zoom range as well as provide greater image sharpness and clarity. A Super Multi-Layer Coating has also been applied to lens elements to reduce surface reflections, lens flare, and ghosting to produce images with higher contrast and color fidelity. The lens barrel design is constructed from a Thermally Stable Composite (TSC) material that is akin to metal in texture and resistance to temperature and environmental changes while also remaining lightweight and compact. An internal focusing and zooming mechanism also helps to maintain a compact and consistent overall length and non-rotating front ring also better enables the use of circular polarizing filters. For control of focus, a Hyper Sonic Motor (HSM) is used to ensure fast, precise, and quiet focusing capabilities that are well suited to continuous shooting and movie recording.
For updating lens firmware and fine-tuning its nuances to best suit your personal shooting, this lens is compatible with the Sigma USB Dock. The dock allows you to specify certain parameters and other settings through the Sigma Optimization Pro software, such as AF speed and focusing limitations.
|Focal Length
|18 - 35mm
Comparable 35mm Focal Length: 27 - 52.5 mm
|Maximum: f/1.8
Minimum: f/16
|Camera Mount Type
|Nikon F
|Format Compatibility
|Nikon DX
|Angle of View
|76.5° - 44.2°
|Minimum Focus Distance
|11" / 27.94 cm
|Maximum Reproduction Ratio
|Optical Design
|17 Elements in 12 Groups
|Diaphragm Blades
|Image Stabilization
|Filter Thread
|Front: 72 mm
|Dimensions (DxL)
|Approx. 3.07 x 4.76" / 78 x 121 mm
|1.78 lb / 811 g
|Packaging Info
|Package Weight
|2.5 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|7.0 x 4.8 x 4.7"


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9 Stories That Will Move Markets in 2013
From the U.S. deficit to Mideast turmoil, the issues that could have the biggest impact on the global economy in the coming year.
If 2012 was the year of the "fiscal cliff" and unlimited bailouts in Europe, what will 2013 be? Making economic and financial forecasts is never easy -- and I usually stick to the long-term variety -- but here are some of the topics that may sway global markets in the coming year, for better or worse:
If 2012 was the year of the "fiscal cliff" and unlimited bailouts in Europe, what will 2013 be? Making economic and financial forecasts is never easy — and I usually stick to the long-term variety — but here are some of the topics that may sway global markets in the coming year, for better or worse:
In the eurozone: The person who helped to calm markets most in 2012 was probably Mario Draghi, who became head of the European Central Bank only a year ago. With one short statement — punctuated by the line "Within our mandate, the ECB is ready to do whatever it takes to preserve the euro. And believe me, it will be enough" — he committed to keeping the euro area together essentially by printing as much money as necessary to buy up its bonds. The question is whether his credibility will last through another year. Even if the common currency is safe for now, it will not be stronger unless Draghi can force finance ministers to accept new rules about how countries enter, leave, and act in the euro area. Even then, setting a single monetary policy for a group of economies at different stages of boom and bust will be a thankless task. Their economies need to come into closer synch for the euro area to work as planned — and that's unlikely in 2013.
In Britain: Meanwhile, the markets will be watching Mark Carney's first moves as governor of the bank of England. The former governor of Canada's central bank and Goldman Sachs alum has the respect of investors, but he's facing a much more difficult situation in Britain, which is currently hamstrung by a backwards fiscal policy, than he did in riding Canada's resource-fueled boom. In fact, he'll be working in an environment much closer to what Ben Bernanke, the chairman of the Federal Reserve, has had to deal with in the United States, where Republicans in Congress blocked fiscal stimulus even as the country struggled to recover. Bernanke was forced to take extraordinary measures to fulfill the Fed's mandate; Carney may also have to get creative in London, as he is surely in for a long slog.
At the Fed: Investors are already starting to wonder who will replace Bernanke when his term ends in January 2014. The Fed is undergoing something of a policy shift now, having decided to target an explicit level of unemployment as well as a maximum threshold for inflation. It's unlikely that the Fed's pledge to keep rates low through 2015 will change, unless the global economy should suddenly boom. But the new chairman (or chairwoman!) will determine whether the Fed cements the first major change to monetary policy since Paul Volcker took over in 1979.
Whether it happens before or after January 1, the United States will find a way to make sure taxes don't rise on most middle-class families, and also to avoid arbitrary spending cuts in some government departments. The fiscal cliff will turn into something like a fiscal ramp. Afterwards, the deficit will remain. As I and others have said, it is neither so big nor so difficult to control as some politicians might like the public to believe. Once the rhetorical fog clears, markets are likely to feel more comfortable with the nation's fiscal situation and respond accordingly.
Is it lucky that Japan's central bank is under the thumb of its politicians? Perhaps, since its once and future leader, Shinzo Abe, seems to be the only one with a plan to shock its economy back to life, à la Dr. Frankenstein. Markets welcomed his party's electoral victory earlier this month, but part of his platform was a tougher stance on China and territorial disputes in Japan's neighborhood. In terms of the health of the global economy, fueling conflict in East Asia could negate whatever gains Abe achieves at home. Here's hoping he leaves the nationalist rhetoric on the campaign trail and focuses on raising the living standards of his constituents.
China's new leaders have much more power than Japan's Abe to reshape their economy, but, unlike him, they haven't signaled any sudden changes. Nevertheless, they have big challenges ahead: curbing overinvestment, building demand for goods and services in the domestic market, turning the renminbi into a convertible currency, reducing civil unrest, and managing a pile of foreign reserves with highly uncertain exchange and interest rates. Many of these problems would go away, or at least be less pressing, if the new leaders could unleash a new source of economic growth. A thorough legal and regulatory reform that instituted more transparency, stronger property rights, and better protection of investors would do the trick.
What will happen in the Middle East, and how will it affect the global economy? I don't know, but I am pretty sure that something will happen in the Middle East and it will affect the global economy in 2013. Syria and Egypt still look volatile, and Israel, Lebanon, and Iran are always wild cards. The main interest of the major economic powers now is containment — how to stop a conflagration from disrupting trade and growth. But there are upsides, too. As soon as Egypt can stabilize and restart its economy, it can become a regional powerhouse: a country of more than 80 million people growing by more than 6 percent per year. Egyptian stocks, which should be a leading indicator of economic growth, have already started to climb.
A return to faster growth will inevitably mean a return to higher prices for food, fuel, minerals, and metals. The global economy doesn't have to pick up much steam for prices to spike, since demand often increases more quickly than supply can respond. We've been seeing crop prices high enough to cause riots every couple of years now, and investors will likely seek out companies that can boost yields — whether in harvests or extraction processes — or come up with substitutes for resources in short supply, such as copper and rare earths. Those are long-term plays, though — we can't count on innovation to solve shortages in the near term.
Every day, emerging economies are becoming more closely linked to the global financial system. These economies are some of the fastest growing in the world, but it's not always easy for foreigners to buy into them. Rising issuances of stocks and bonds are gradually opening up these markets, connecting money from around the world with profitable opportunities. Issuances of debt securities in developing countries have risen steadily for the past few years even as the global economy struggled to grow, and bond funds covering emerging markets have performed extremely well. This trend has plenty more room to run, and it's no accident: Giving the billions of workers in developing countries access to new capital — in this case, by bringing in foreign money to buy it — is one of the best ways to make them more productive, helping them to earn higher wages and increase their own spending. The more this happens in 2013, the better 2014, 2015, and every year thereafter will be.
More from Foreign Policy
A New Multilateralism
How the United States can rejuvenate the global institutions it created.
America Prepares for a Pacific War With China It Doesn't Want
Embedded with U.S. forces in the Pacific, I saw the dilemmas of deterrence firsthand.
The Endless Frustration of Chinese Diplomacy
Beijing's representatives are always scared they could be the next to vanish.
The End of America's Middle East
The region's four major countries have all forfeited Washington's trust.


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Popular Science
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Common terms and phrases
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Creating a bond between donation and cause online
Although 'creativity' might generally be perceived as the ability to produce art or invent a new tool, it can also mean finding a new application for tools that already exist. This week's sites are featured, not because of cutting-edge design or use of the latest web technologies, but rather because CARE International and GlobalGiving have found imaginative ways of using the Web to deal with a specific problem.
The problem in question is one faced by most relief agencies - that potential donors may not feel a strong sense of connection to the work that they're supporting. And for organizations largely or wholly dependent on donors, the ability to clearly communicate how donations are used can be vital to ensuring continuing sponsorship. Through their respective websites, CARE and GlobalGiving are using inventive methods to strengthen the relationship between subscriber and cause - CARE, by actually taking surfers to the final destinations of their contributions, and GlobalGiving, by letting them choose specific projects to support.
CARE ("Where the end of poverty begins.") launched its series of Virtual Field Trips in 1999, with a first-person, onsite review of rural and urban projects taking place in Bolivia. Over the next few years, a dozen more trips were added to the list, which now includes Haiti, Honduras, Kosovo, Madagascar and Mali - and in addition to their fundraising role, the Field Trips are also commonly added to educational 'cool sites' lists for their instructional value.
Using the inaugural campaign as an example, the Bolivia Virtual Field Trip provides an abundantly illustrated journal of a 10-day expedition through one of the poorest countries in the Western hemisphere. Expedition members use a series of journal entries to take Web visitors from cultural and physical acclimatization on arrival in La Paz (altitude 12,000 feet), through walks among clouds (of moisture, dust, and butterflies) and a drive on "the scariest road in the world," to the inevitable mixed feelings that accompany the trip home.
Side-by-side with the cultural and geographic details, guides also introduce various projects that CARE sponsors in the landlocked nation, from sustainable farming to village banking. (While each Field Trip follows a similar format, different countries naturally receive varying types of aid. Kosovo teams provided shelter to replace bombed and burned-out homes while educating civilians about land mines. Programs in Haiti included hot lunches for school children, and drainage for a flood-prone village.)
Each Field Trip's index offers background information about the country, a Photo Album of the trip, a Map, screensaver, recommended links, and an opportunity to contribute to CARE's programs. (Last year CARE spent more than $500 million on 870 projects in 70 countries.) A pull-down menu with access to the other Field Trips is located in the upper-right corner of each page.
While the Virtual Field Trips are detailed but archival in nature, GlobalGiving's site ("Give Direct. Change the World.") provides a less personal, but more up-to-date, look at its projects, and allows donors to connect directly with a variety of social and environmental causes around the world. Founded in 2001 by a pair of former World Bank executives, the organization has facilitated donations totalling $1.6 million to some 400 international projects, and at any time, the site features a searchable collection of more than 300 undertakings in 70 countries.
GlobalGiving's home page has very little 'information' of its own, but dozens of links -divided into several clusters- which lead the visitor to specific details about the organization's projects. At time of writing, the center of the page was dedicated to material about a recent PBS documentary (The New Heroes) which featured 12 initiatives supported through the site, a list of GlobalGiving's 'Top 10' current projects (ranked by how close they are to meeting their funding goals), and a handful of other news items. To the left, details about specific projects are accessible through regional and topical listings, keyword queries (eg: "asia, human rights"), and a search Wizard - which matches potential donors to compatible projects through a short questionnaire. Finally, for those who'd rather not make a direct decision about how their money is allocated, a "GG Matching Fund" steers donations to projects that are closest to reaching their funding objective.
As your research reaches the level of individual projects, each venture is given its own homepage with a tabbed summary of its goals, funds needed (and whether any donations have been made to date), information about the people involved in the enterprise, progress reports, and photo galleries. Above and below the tabbed content are options to bookmark or print the page, e-mail the information to a friend, create a registry of preferred causes, or even copy and paste a re-directing HTML script into your personal website. Naturally, there is also a donations link, where surfers can either make immediate contributions to specific projects via plastic or PayPal, or mail a check to the foundation's Bethesda headquarters.
Both of these sites illustrate the effective execution of a great idea, as each has found its own way of making the benefactor feel closer to the beneficiary. (An objective that enriches people at both ends of the exchange.) Of course, this article is -as always- merely addressing innovative or interesting websites, and is not concerned with ranking the merit of the relief organizations behind these or any other homepages. While both are clearly reputable, there also many other worthy organizations that would gratefully accept your support, and if Live 8 left you wishing that there had been an 800-number waiting to take your pledge, this is for you - there are still hundreds of websites standing by.


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- Date:
- 1955 - present
- Areas Of Involvement:
- merger
- Related People:
- John L. Lewis Walter Reuther Lane Kirkland Samuel Gompers George Meany
AFL–CIO, in full American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations, American federation of autonomous labour unions formed in 1955 by the merger of the AFL (founded 1886), which originally organized workers in craft unions, and the CIO (founded 1935), which organized workers by industries.
History of the AFL
Founded in 1881, the Federation of Organized Trades was the precursor of the American Federation of Labor (AFL, or AF of L), which, late in the 19th century, replaced the Knights of Labor (KOL) as the most powerful industrial union of the era. In seeking to absorb the existing craft unions, the KOL had reduced their autonomy and involved them in social and political disputes that did not represent the unions' own direct interests. Consequently, the craft unions revolted. In 1886, under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, they organized themselves as the AFL, a loose federation that remained for half a century the sole unifying agency of the American labour movement.
In its beginnings, the American Federation of Labor was dedicated to the principles of craft unionism. Its approximately 100 national and international unions retained full autonomy over their own affairs. In return, each union received "exclusive jurisdiction" over a craft. Although this provoked some bitter jurisdictional disputes between unions affiliated with the federation, union membership still grew. The AFL, unlike the KOL, did not focus on national political issues. Instead, it concentrated on gaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions.
The 1920s marked the first period of economic prosperity that lacked a parallel expansion of unionism. During the Great Depression and into the early 1930s, growth in union enrollments slowed. The administration of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, brought new opportunities for labour. The new political climate, marked by the passage of the 1935 Wagner Act, prevented employers from interfering with union activities and created the National Labor Relations Board to foster union organization and collective bargaining. As a result, the U.S. labour movement entered a new era of unprecedented growth.
History of the CIO
An enduring question—whether union organization should be based on craft (skill) or industry (workplace)—became a divisive issue at the American Federation of Labor's 1935 convention. An industry-based resolution, which stated that "in the great mass production industries … industrial organization is the only solution," was defeated, which prompted defection. In November 1935, representatives of eight unions announced the formation of the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO). Two more unions joined later. The AFL retaliated by suspending all 10 unions, but the CIO built momentum by organizing the key steel, rubber, and automobile industries, reaching agreements with such large corporations as U.S. Steel and General Motors. In the following year the CIO and the AFL battled for leadership of American labour, often trying to organize the same workers.
The CIO held its first convention in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in November 1938, adopting a new name (Congress of Industrial Organizations) and a constitution as well as electing John L. Lewis as its president. Lewis had organized the first successful strike against General Motors (a "sit-down" tactic) in 1937. This action spurred several other organizing efforts and drew new members.
Lewis pledged to resign as CIO president if Roosevelt, whom he had previously supported, was reelected in 1940. He kept his promise and was succeeded that year by Philip Murray, who had served under Lewis in the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) union. In the following year the CIO organized the employees of the Ford Motor Company, steel companies (including Bethlehem, Republic, Inland, and Youngstown), and other big industrial corporations that previously had refused to sign agreements with it.
Merger of the AFL and the CIO
The passage of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 and the growing conservatism in U.S. national labour policies implicit in the statute aroused unions to renewed political activity. The CIO joined the AFL in opposition to the new law, but political unity was only gradually translated into union solidarity. After Murray's death late in 1952, Walter P. Reuther, head of the CIO's United Automobile Workers, became president of the CIO. Three years later, in 1955, the AFL and the CIO merged, with George Meany, former head of the AFL, becoming president of the new federation (a post he held until November 1979, a few months before his death). Membership in the new labour entity included about one-third of all nonagricultural workers in 1955. Membership declined steadily thereafter.
In 1957 the union federation expressed ethical concerns when it expelled the Teamsters Union after disclosures of corruption and labour racketeering in what was then the nation's largest union. (Not until 1987 was the Teamsters Union readmitted to the AFL-CIO.)
The conservative Meany and the liberal Reuther never achieved more than an icy cordiality, and in 1968 Meany succeeded in getting Reuther and several other CIO leaders expelled from the federation's executive board. Thereupon, Reuther's United Automobile Workers (UAW) promptly withdrew from the AFL-CIO, allying with the Teamsters from 1968 to 1972. Reuther died in 1970, and, two years after Meany's retirement and Lane Kirkland's accession to the presidency of the AFL-CIO in 1979, the UAW reaffiliated with the AFL-CIO. During Kirkland's presidency (1979–95) the percentage of workers represented by organized labour declined from 19 to 15 percent.
When Kirkland retired on August 1, 1995, he named his secretary-treasurer, Thomas R. Donahue, to fill the remainder of his term. At the organization's 1995 convention, Donahue was defeated for the presidency by John J. Sweeney in what marked the first competitive election in AFL-CIO history. Sweeney, former president of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), led a dissident slate committed to reversing the federation's declining membership and waning political power. Also in 1995, the first person of colour was elected to an AFL-CIO executive office when Linda Chavez-Thompson became executive vice president. Sweeney pledged to increase union membership through aggressive organizing campaigns and political lobbying.
However, because of an increasing decline in union membership, five international labour unions—the Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA), the SEIU, and the United Brotherhood of Carpenters, as well as the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE) and the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE), which later merged to form UNITE HERE—joined together in 2003 to form the New Unity Partnership (NUP), an informal coalition that advocated reform of the AFL-CIO, emphasizing organizing efforts to promote union growth. Following the dissolution of the NUP in 2005, its former member unions—which by then also included the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) and the Teamsters—disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO and launched Change to Win, a formal coalition that afforded an alternative to the AFL-CIO.
In 2009 Sweeney stepped down as AFL-CIO president. He was succeeded by Richard Trumka, who had previously served as the president of the UMWA and as the AFL-CIO's secretary-treasurer. Trumka held the post until his death in 2021.
The general organization
Local union delegates, allocated in proportion to their membership, elect the president to a four-year term. The executive council, which meets at least twice a year, consists of the president, executive vice president, secretary-treasurer, and about 50 vice presidents—most of them presidents of national unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO. An executive committee of six vice presidents selected by the council meets more often with the president and secretary-treasurer to discuss policy matters. Moreover, a general board, which includes the executive council and a principal officer of each affiliated union, meets at least once a year to address policy matters.
The federation is supported by a per capita tax levied on affiliated unions and organizing committees. The federation engages in organizing efforts, educational campaigns on behalf of the labour movement, and political support of legislation deemed beneficial to labour.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica