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|Nov 10, 2010
New highly stable fuel cell catalyst gets strength from its nano core
|(Nanowerk News) Stop-and-go driving can wear on your nerves, but it really does a number on the precious platinum that drives reactions in automotive fuel cells. Before large fleets of fuel-cell-powered vehicles can hit the road, scientists will have to find a way to protect the platinum, the most expensive component of fuel-cell technology, and to reduce the amount needed to make catalytically active electrodes.
|Now, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory have developed a new electrocatalyst that uses a single layer of platinum and minimizes its wear and tear while maintaining high levels of reactivity during tests that mimic stop-and-go driving. The research — described online in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition ("Core-Protected Platinum Monolayer Shell High-Stability Electrocatalysts for Fuel-Cell Cathodes"), and identified by the journal as a "very important paper" — may greatly enhance the practicality of fuel-cell vehicles and may also be applicable for improving the performance of other metallic catalysts.
|The newly designed catalysts are composed of a single layer of platinum over a palladium (or palladium-gold alloy) nanoparticle core. Their structural characterization was performed at Brookhaven's Center for Functional Nanomaterials and the National Synchrotron Light Source.
|This high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image shows a bright shell on a relatively darker nanoparticle, signifying the formation of a core/shell structure — a platinum monolayer shell on a palladium nanoparticle core.
This high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image shows a bright shell on a relatively darker nanoparticle, signifying the formation of a core/shell structure — a platinum monolayer shell on a palladium nanoparticle core. "Our studies of the structure and activity of this catalyst — and comparisons with platinum-carbon catalysts currently in use — illustrate that the palladium core 'protects' the fine layer of platinum surrounding the particles, enabling it to maintain reactivity for a much longer period of time," explained Brookhaven Lab chemist Radoslav Adzic, who leads the research team.
In conventional fuel-cell catalysts, the oxidation and reduction cycling — triggered by changes in voltage that occur during stop-and-go driving — damages the platinum. Over time, the platinum dissolves, causing irreversible damage to the fuel cell.
In the new catalyst, palladium from the core is more reactive than platinum in these oxidation and reduction reactions. Stability tests simulating fuel cell voltage cycling revealed that, after 100,000 potential cycles, a significant amount of palladium had been oxidized, dissolved, and migrated away from the cathode. In the membrane between the cathode and anode, the dissolved palladium ions were reduced by hydrogen diffusing from the anode to form a "band," or dots.
|In contrast, platinum was almost unaffected, except for a small contraction of the platinum monolayer. "This contraction of the platinum lattice makes the catalyst more active and the stability of the particles increases," Adzic said.
|Reactivity of the platinum monolayer/palladium core catalyst also remained extremely high. It was reduced by merely 37 percent after 100,000 cycles.
|Building on earlier work that illustrated how small amounts of gold can enhance catalytic activity, the scientists also developed a form of the platinum monolayer catalyst with a palladium-gold alloy core. The addition of gold further increased the stability of the electrocatalyst, which retained nearly 70 percent of reactivity after 200,000 cycles of testing.
|"This indicates the excellent durability of this electrocatalyst, especially when compared with simpler platinum-carbon catalysts, which lose nearly 70 percent of their reactivity after much shorter cycling times. This level of activity and stability indicates that this is a practical catalyst. It exceeds the goal set by DOE for 2010-2015 and it can be used for automotive applications," Adzic said.
|He noted that fuel cells made using the new catalyst would require only about 10 grams of platinum per car — and less than 20 grams of palladium. Currently, in catalytic convertors used to treat exhaust gases, 5 to 10 grams of platinum is used. Since fuel-cell-powered cars would emit no exhaust gases, there would be no need for such catalytic converters, and therefore no net increase in the amount of platinum used.
|"In addition to developing electrocatalysts for automotive fuel cell applications, these findings indicate the broad applicability of platinum monolayer catalysts and the possibility of extending this concept to catalysts based on other noble metals," Adzic said.
|The fundamental science leading to the development of the new electrocatalyst and early scale-up work was funded by the DOE Office of Science. Additional funding came from the Toyota Motor Corporation.
|The Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Laboratory is one of the five DOE Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs), premier national user facilities for interdisciplinary research at the nanoscale. Together the NSRCs comprise a suite of complementary facilities that provide researchers with state-of-the-art capabilities to fabricate, process, characterize and model nanoscale materials, and constitute the largest infrastructure investment of the National Nanotechnology Initiative. The NSRCs are located at DOE's Argonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge and Sandia and Los Alamos national laboratories.
|Source: Brookhaven National Laboratory


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For all press and media enquiries please contact Jon Flinn on 07811 397122 or email [email protected]
New Singing syllabus on the way
We are currently developing a new singing syllabus which will include refreshed repertoire lists for all grades. With hundreds of songs and arias to choose from, the exciting new repertoire will provide "attractive and appealing material for young and developing voices in the lower grades and broaden the choice of repertoire at higher grades" Eileen Field, ABRSM syllabus consultant The syllabus will be available 7 September 2017, for use in exams from 1 January 2018. As well as introducing new repertoire lists for Grades 1 to 8, there will be some changes to the accompanied song requirements for Grades 6 to 8, providing greater choice and flexibility so that singers at this level can perform repertoire that matches their strengths and interests. Candidates will perform three songs, rather than four, with each item marked out of 30. They will be able to choose their three songs from five different lists:
- List A: Early and sacred songs
- List B: Art songs in French and German
- List C: Art songs in English
- List D: Art songs in other languages
- List E: Opera, operetta and musical theatre
They will no longer be required to sing in two languages, and any song can be sung by any voice type and in any key. There will be no changes to the unaccompanied traditional song or sight-singing requirements at any grade. Read more: www.abrsm.org/singing2018

subset: commoncrawl


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DiRT 3 will boast more cars, more locations, more routes and more events than any other game in the series. With more than double the track content of 2009's hit, players will enjoy a career as an elite professional driver, competing in off-road racing events featuring jaw-dropping damage and race-changing weather.
DiRT 3 will feature the most amount of Rally content to feature in the series to date, accounting for 60% of its extensive career mode. With rally stages set across three continents, including the addition of all-new locations Finland, Kenya, Norway and Michigan, players will learn to master the conditions on tarmac, gravel and snow in dry and wet conditions for the most authentic rally experienceSo it looks like we're in a for an all round improved experience with DiRT 3, anyone looking forward to it?


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Donald N. Frey, the engineer who led the team that gave us the first Ford Mustang, passed away
today March 5th. He was 86 years old.
Working with Ford's general manager in 1962, Lee Iacocca, Frey and his team developed the two-seater prototype that evolved into the Mustang two years later. Sad to think that so many of the great engineers and designers of that era are no longer with us.
[New York Times]


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The following article is excerpted from Digital Arts.
Boris FX has released its Boris Continuum Complete 6 FxPlug for Apple's Final Cut Studio. BCC 6 FxPlug includes more than 200 filters for Apple's Final Cut Pro, Motion, and Final Cut Express.
Besides the addition of new features included with the recently-released Boris Continuum Complete 6 AE for Adobe—such as Extruded Text, Splines, and Shapes—BCC 6 FxPlug takes advantage of Apple FxPlug's real-time architecture for simultaneous live previews of dozens of preset transitions, glows, and color and film look effects in a newly designed effects browser window.
BCC 6 FxPlug features over a dozen new FxPlug Shaders. Many of the FxPlug Shaders draw on BCC strengths such as lights, keying, and 3D. FxPlug Shaders are unique to Final Cut Pro, Final Cut Express, and Motion, tying directly to each host application's render pipe for greater efficiency and faster render speed.
There are 28 new filters ranging from realistic 3D vector graphics extrusions to organic 3D deformers to painting and image restoration. The new 3D Objects category includes Extruded Text, Extruded EPS, Extruded Spline, Type-On Text, and Layer Deformer. New image restoration filters include DV Fixer, Smooth Tone, and Pixel Fixer. New image painting filters consist of Charcoal Sketch, Pencil Sketch, Water Color, and Cartoon Look. New OpenGL filters include Lightning and Tile Mosaic. A new Swish Pan transition filter is also included.
The Extruded Text OpenGL-accelerated 3D text generator includes built-in 3D shatters and a warp deformer. Multiple 3D materials can be created from external image files featuring texture and bump maps as well as reflections. Each material can be individually saved as a preset and applied to the front, back, bevel, or extrusion surface of the text object. The text object can be further deformed and animated with a number of deformers such as Bend, Taper, Twist, Shatter, Ripple, Pulse, or Curl.
Extruded EPS provides a way to import and extrude Adobe Illustrator layered vector logos and graphics. Type-On Text offers 3D extruded text that can be animated in true 3D space in a type-on or type-off fashion. Extruded Spline is based on built-in primitives such as a medallion or heart and can create 3D extruded objects with bevels and spline-based extrusion profiles.
Other new effects include Layer Deformer, Pixel Fixer, DV Fixer, Smooth Tone, Swish Pan, Charcoal Sketch, Pencil Sketch, Water Color, Cartoon Look, Tile Mosaic, and Lightning.
Boris Continuum Complete 6 FxPlug costs $995 or $295 as an upgrade.


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What to do outside the Orlando area, including help and advice on the Gulf Coast, Daytona Beach, Miami, Fort Lauderdale, the Florida Keys and Cruises.
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Here you can see a detailed look at the forecast for the next 48 hours. Note that the base for this is our Meteogram product, which shows a good average forecast for Michalovce (Slovakia).
However, you can also look at our compact prediction based on any other model that forecasts for your chosen location.
The following models are available for Michalovce:
ECMWF 6z/18z (3 days), ECMWF IFS HRES (5 days), ICON-EU (5 days), Swiss HD (3 days), Swiss HD ECMWFbase (3 days), Swiss Standard (5 days), HARMONIE (2 days), GFS (5 days), GEM (5 days), ACCESS-G (5 days), ICON (5 days), NORWAY (5 days), UKMO (5 days), DWD MOSMIX (5 days), Serbian MOS (5 days)
This plot displays the 14 day temperature forecast for your selected location, Michalovce.
The red numbers show the expected high temperature for a given day, while the blue numbers show the expected low temperature. Because forecast uncertainty increases with time, we also display the range of possible high/low temperature outcomes, shown as the shaded red/blue regions. The actual high/low temp could fall anywhere in that shaded region, and the larger the shaded regions are, the higher the forecast uncertainty is.
Current weather - Here we've put together a glance at all the most important information about the current weather in Michalovce (Slovakia). You can see where there are thunderstorms currently ongoing, as well as where thunderstorms have occurred in recent weeks and months with our lightning analysis tool. Our HD satellite images of Michalovce will show you whether there's sunshine currently in the area, or if clouds are making for a more gloomy day. Finally, current observations will tell you what current temperatures look like around Michalovce at the moment, as well as if it's humid and/or windy.
Forecast for the next few days - The weather forecast for Michalovce is available in several different versions, all clearly and simply displayed here on the Weather Michalovce page. For the short term, we have data based on a single weather model that is known to deliver the best forecast for Michalovce. For the longer term, we have forecasts for the next two weeks based on an analysis of many different possible forecast outcomes that will give you a sense of not just what's most likely, but how the forecast could change in future updates as we get closer to any given date. If the range of possible outcomes is narrow, you can have high confidence in the forecast. If the range is wide, you know there's more uncertainty, and to not give too much credence to any one possible forecast outcome. We also have other products such as Meteograms and Forecast XL elsewhere on our site to give you additional options for figuring out the forecast for Michalovce.
Neighboring places around Michalovce
- Michalovce, Straňany, Zábava, Topoľany, Vrbovec, Močarany, Betlenovce, Krásnovce, Krásnovce, Veľké Zalužice
Cities, towns, villages
- Banská Bystrica, Bardejov, Bratislava, Bratislava-Dúbravka, Bratislava-Karlova Ves, Bratislava-Nové Mesto, Bratislava-Petržalka, Bratislava-Rača, Bratislava-Ružinov, Bratislava-Staré Mesto, Dubnica nad Váhom, Dunajská Streda, Hlohovec, Humenné, Komárno, Košice, Košice-Dargovských hrdinov, Košice-Juh, Košice-Nad jazerom, Košice-Sídlisko KVP, Košice-Sídlisko Ťahanovce, Košice-Západ, Levice, Liptovský Mikuláš, Lučenec, Martin, Michalovce, Nitra, Nové Zámky, Old Town, Partizánske, Pezinok, Piešťany, Poprad, Považská Bystrica, Prešov, Prievidza, Rimavská Sobota, Ružomberok, Snina, Spišská Nová Ves, Topoľčany, Trebišov, Trenčín, Trnava, Vranov nad Topľou, Zvolen, Čadca, Šaľa, Žilina
Mountains and hills
- Baranie rohy, Batizovský štít, Bradavica, Dračí štít, Gerlachovský štít, Gánok, Kežmarský štít, Končistá, Kotlový štít, Kriváň, Lavínový štít, Lomnický štít, Malý Kežmarský štít, Malý Pyšný štít, Malý Ľadový štít, Pyšný štít, Slavkovský štít, Snehový štít, Spišský štít, Vysoká, Zadný Gerlach, Zadný Ľadový štít, Ľadový štít, Široká veža, Ťažký štít
- Csicsói-halastavak, Dračie pleso, Holt-Vág, Kavicsos, Krivánské Zelené pleso, Lioni-tó, Malé Hincovo pleso, Modré pleso, Morské Oko, Popradské Pleso, Počúvalský Rybník, Pusté pleso, Sivé plesá, Skalnaté pleso, Starolesnianske pleso, Veľké Hincovo Pleso, Zamrznuté pleso, Zbojnícke plesá, Zbojnícke Ľadové pleso, Zelená Voda, Zelené pleso Kačacie, Zmrzlé pleso, Ľadové pleso, Žabie Javorové pleso, Žabie plesá


text: For some, searching for the right home plan can seem a hike through the deep, dark jungle. Unless you know where you're going, it's easy to get lost in the "thickets of variety." A reliable map, of course, would help you stay on the right path. That's where our Home Plan Collections can save the day. Each collection provides a "map" of sorts - a streamlined selection of home plans that all share one common design trait, such as a finished basement, a 2nd master suite, a mudroom, etc. Many find that it's much easier to select a home plan, once they've narrowed their choices to only the designs that feature something they really want.Plan Number 87609


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Product Description
Caseworks' vertical boxing glove Case-Up display is part of our classically designed wall mount product line. Manufactured by the finest American craftsmen, this display features 1/8" clear acrylic for the lid and your choice of a 2 3/8" mahogany, black or brown genuine wood frame. Our unique and original idea places the frame against the wall with the lid projecting outward. This allows for viewing from all sides and angles.


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Honda develops next-generation diesel engine
TOCHIGI, Japan 09/25/2006 —
Honda Motor Co., Ltd., today announced it has developed a next-generation diesel engine that reduces exhaust gas emissions to a level equal to a gasoline engine. Honda's next-generation diesel engine employs a revolutionary NOx catalytic converter that enables a great reduction in NOx emissions sufficient to meet stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Tier II Bin 5 emissions requirements (based on Hondas internal calculations). This catalytic converter features the world's first innovative system using the reductive reaction of ammonia generated within the catalytic converter to "detoxify" nitrogen oxide (NOx) by turning it into harmless nitrogen (N2).
The new catalytic converter utilizes a two-layer structure: one layer adsorbs NOx from the exhaust gas and converts a portion of it into ammonia, while the other layer adsorbs the resulting ammonia, and uses it later in a reaction that converts the remaining NOx in the exhaust into nitrogen (N2). Ammonia is a highly effective reagent for reducing NOx into N2 in an oxygen-rich, lean-burn atmosphere. This ability to generate and store ammonia within the catalytic converter has enabled Honda to create a compact, lightweight NOx reduction system for diesel engines. The system also features enhanced NOx reduction performance at 200-300oC, the main temperature range of diesel engines. Honda designed the catalytic converter for use with it's 2.2 i-CTDi diesel engine, which has earned widespread praise for quiet, clean operation and dynamic performance since it's introduction in 2003 on the European Accord model.
By further advancing combustion control, the 2.2 i-CTDi delivers cleaner exhaust to the NOx catalytic converter. Honda achieved this by optimizing the combustion chamber configuration, reducing fuel injection time with a 2,000-bar common rail injection system and boosting the efficiency of the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) system. Thanks to these improvements, Honda has reduced the amount of NOx and soot normally found in engine exhaust, while increasing power output.
Along with developing superior technology for cleaning exhaust gas, Honda plans to address other technical challenges in developing clean diesel engines, such as handling diesel fuels with different cetane numbers and meeting U.S. On-Board Diagnostic System requirements. Honda plans to introduce its next-generation diesel engine in the U.S. within three years. Gasoline engines presently employ three-way catalytic converters that offer NOx reduction rates as high as 99 percent, but this performance is possible only at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. In the oxygen-rich environment of a lean-burn diesel engine, three-way catalytic converters only reduce NOx levels by approximately 10 percent. Honda's new catalytic converter efficiently reduces NOx in a lean-burn atmosphere, enabling diesel engines to rival gasoline engines in cleanliness. The compact system is also easy to install in passenger vehicles.
- 1: During lean-burn operation, the NOx adsorbent in the lower layer adsorbs NOx from the exhaust gas.
- 2: As needed, the engine management system adjusts the engine air-fuel ratio to rich-burn, wherein the NOx in the NOx adsorption layer reacts with hydrogen (H2) obtained from the exhaust gas to produce ammonia (NH3). The adsorbent material in the upper layer temporarily adsorbs the NH3.
- 3: When the engine returns to lean-burn operation, NH3 adsorbed in the upper layer reacts with NOx in the exhaust gas and reduces it to harmless nitrogen (N2).


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Data centers are power-hungry, and Facebook's Oregon center in Crook County is no exception, using 28MW. While that's fairly standard, it has doubled the power use of the county.
Meet Microsoft's New Surface Laptops
The entirety of Crook County uses just under 30MW. Add to that the fact that this is only Facebook's first phase of data centers in this part of the US, and the everyday power needs of the locals will pale into insignificance in the future. Fortunately, the local power grid is being expanded to add capacity, and in fact the center has brought tens of millions of dollars into the local economy. I'm sure the locals Like that. [Data Center Knowledge via SlashDot; Image: Tom Raftery]


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Perhaps one of the reasons why the news business is declining in Y/Y sales is that everyone followed industry accepted best practices. In other words, it did not innovate in step with understanding -- and moving ahead of -- the marketplace. It was a new kind of media company that launched the Kindle: Amazon.
Why is Amazon so successful?
Because it understands the digital medium and learns from customer behavior constantly. Go to the site after a book search and browse on related links on that page. What do you see up top in the URL? Exactly. Each unique URL is tracked from the source and provides a picture of someone's path to the site and through it. Then, the company serves up content based upon what is stored in the site's database memory about you.
Tracking is one component that allows the media company to create a specific experience for the buyer.
It's the same mechanism that allows serving up the right ads and offers at the right time in the browsing experience. You can have a similar result on your Web site, if you implement software such as Silverpop, Eloqua, or DemandGen, tools of varying features for multichannel marketing.
If you're not familiar with these tools, you may want to take a look. They have features such as (check out individual offerings for specifics):
- email marketing personalization
- lead management or nurturing automation
- multichannel integration
- data integration
- lead segmentation
- customer life cycle management
And so on. Tools that learn about your customer preferences -- and now geographic locale -- have been fore and center with the exponential growth in acceptance of digital and now social media. Geotagging is the promise of what's next, especially as we think of mobile communications. From the Wikipedia definition (emphasis mine):
Geotagging can help users find a wide variety of location-specific information. For instance, one can find images taken near a given location by entering latitude and longitude coordinates into a Geotagging-enabled image search engine. Geotagging-enabled information services can also potentially be used to find location-based news, websites, or other resources.
There are ways to geotag your photos with Google Earth images, for example. Yelp allows you to pull local restaurants on your iPhone, for example. And the all popular foursquare allows you to find friends in the neighborhood and them to find your. Robert Scoble writes about a few of these applications and compares them to foursquare.
Venues are starting to promote their involvement with foursquare on Twitter, with signs at cash registers and even sidewalk blackboards and to offer something back to the repeat visitor. Nick Saint at Silicon Alley Insider has more information on the growing user base -- 275,000 -- the company's potential business strategy, and step by step instructions for iPhone use.
You still need two things to succeed
Even when you become really smart about the tools and implement repeatable processes that allow you to track interest, and get people to your business, you still need two things to succeed with sales. You need:
1. a steady pipeline of great new content that keeps people coming back to interact
2. a conversation strategy to make that interaction helpful and memorable
We've talked a lot about content marketing in the last year. We'll continue to talk about what works, what doesn't with that and how it's evolving with mobile. Last week we talked about mobile news. Will geotagging help the news business? Relevant, local news, when you need it. Will news organizations start behaving more like media companies, a-la Amazon?
Moving forward, we will also talk about tying all the pieces together with a conversation strategy. Something that is still missing in many business strategies and could help the next wave of the news media.
Do you have a conversation strategy? Have you assessed its effectiveness? What do you think is missing from it? What is ok to outsource to a third party and what should you keep in house? Weigh in!
[image credit http://www.flickr.com/photos/krazydad/ / CC BY-NC-SA 2.0]
© 2006-2010 Valeria Maltoni. All rights reserved.


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The University of Sheffield has been named UK University of the Year in the 2011 Times Higher Education Awards.
Judges said that the University "stood out as a result of a strategy based on its values and rooted in its founding principles" and praised our "determination and grit" in focusing on our local community.
University guides also confirm our position as one of the UK's leading universities. The 2010 Virgin Guide to British Universities says that "Sheffield is a top university across the board".
Teaching quality assessments rate our teaching very highly across a wide range of subjects, and official research assessments confirm our reputation as a centre for world-class research in many disciplines.
We have nearly 25,000 students from 128 countries, and over 5,500 staff. The University of Sheffield is a popular choice with applicants for university places, and once they arrive our students enjoy the experience so much that many settle in Sheffield after they graduate.
Our research partners and clients include Boeing, Rolls Royce, Unilever, Boots, AstraZeneca, GSK, ICI, Slazenger, and many more household names, as well as UK and overseas government agencies and charitable foundations.
Our academic partners include leading universities around the world. International partnerships include Worldwide Universities Network (USA, Europe and China) and our partnership with Leeds and York Universities (the White Rose Consortium) has combined research power greater than that of either Oxford or Cambridge.
The University's history stretches back to 1828, when the Sheffield School of Medicine was founded, and our University Charter was granted in 1905.


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Journal of Studies on Alcohol
(March 2002 Supplement)
Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement
Journal of Studies on Alcohol
College Drinking, What It Is, and What To Do about It: A Review of the State of the Science
National Advisory Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Task Force on College Drinking
Special Editors: Mark S. Goldman, Ph.D., Gayle M. Boyd, Ph.D., Vivian Faden, Ph.D.
Supplement No: 14
Printed Date: March 2002
Commissioned Papers
Panel 1 - CONTEXTS AND CONSEQUENCES
Objective: The study was designed to assess current trends in studying, and emerging approaches to furthering understanding of, college drinking.
Method: A literature review was conducted of findings and methods highlighting conceptual and methodological issues that need to be addressed.
Results: Most studies address clinical, developmental and psychological variables and are conducted at single points in time on single campuses. Factors affecting college alcohol use and methods of studying them are discussed.
Conclusions: Most current studies of college drinking do not address the influence of the college and its alcohol environment. Our understanding of college drinking can be improved by expanding the scope of issues studied and choosing appropriate research designs. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 14-22, 2002)
George W. Dowdall, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Sociology, St. Joseph's University, and Henry Wechsler, Ph.D., Lecturer and Director of College Alcohol Studies, Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health
Objective: This article provides information on the extent of alcohol use and other drug use among American college students.
Method: Five different sources of data are examined for estimating recent levels of alcohol (and other drug) use among college students: Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (CAS), the Core Institute (CORE), Monitoring the Future (MTF), National College Health Risk Behavior Survey (NCHRBS) and National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA).
Results: Alcohol use rates are very high among college students. Approximately two of five American college students were heavy drinkers, defined as having had five or more drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks. Alcohol use is higher among male than female students. White students are highest in heavy drinking, black students are lowest and Hispanic students are intermediate. Use of alcohol—but not cigarettes, marijuana and cocaine—is higher among college students than among noncollege age-mates. Longitudinal data show that, while in high school, students who go on to attend college have lower rates of heavy drinking than do those who will not attend college. Both groups increase their heavy drinking after high school graduation, but the college students increase distinctly more and actually surpass their nonstudent age-mates. Trend data from 1980 to 1999 show some slight improvement in recent years.
Conclusions: Despite improvements in the past 20 years, colleges need to do more to reduce heavy alcohol use among students. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 23- 39, 2002)
Patrick M. O'Malley, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, and Lloyd D. Johnston, Ph.D., Distinguished Research Scientist, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
Objective: Research on individual differences in drinking rates and associated problems among college students is reviewed.
Method: Studies are included if completed within U.S. college and university samples and found in published scientific literature as identified by several searches of national databases.
Results: The resulting review suggests first that the extant literature is large and varied in quality, as most studies use questionnaire responses from samples of convenience in cross-sectional designs. Evidence from studies of college samples does consistently suggest that alcohol is consumed for several different purposes for different psychological effects in different contexts. A pattern of impulsivity/sensation seeking is strongly related to increased drinking among students. This pattern is supported by research into personality, drinking motives, alcohol expectancies and drinking contexts. A second pattern of drinking associated with negative emotional states is also documented. Some long-term consequences of this second pattern have been described. Social processes appear especially important for drinking in many college venues and may contribute to individual differences in drinking more than enduring personality differences.
Conclusions: Future research efforts should test interactive and mediating models of multiple risk factors and address developmental processes. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 40-53, 2002)
John S. Baer, Ph.D., Research Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, and Coordinator of Education, Center of Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
Objective: This article offers a developmental perspective on college drinking by focusing on broad developmental themes during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood.
Method: A literature review was conducted.
Results: The transition to college involves major individual and contextual change in every domain of life; at the same time, heavy drinking and associated problems increase during this transition. A developmental contextual perspective encourages the examination of alcohol use and heavy drinking in relation to normative developmental tasks and transitions and in the context of students' changing lives, focusing on interindividual variation in the course and consequences of drinking and on a wide range of proximal and distal influences. Links between developmental transitions and alcohol use and other health risks are discussed in light of five conceptual models: Overload, Developmental Mismatch, Increased Heterogeneity, Transition Catalyst and Heightened Vulnerability to Chance Events. We review normative developmental transitions of adolescence and young adulthood, focusing on the domains of physical and cognitive development, identity, affiliation and achievement.
Conclusions: As shown in a selective review of empirical studies, these transitions offer important vantage points for examining increasing (and decreasing) alcohol and other drug use during adolescence and young adulthood. We conclude with a consideration of research and intervention implications. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 54-70, 2002)
John E. Schulenberg, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Social Research, Professor, Department of Psychology, and Research Scientist, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, and Jennifer L. Maggs, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Family Studies and Human Development, University of Arizona
Objective: This article reviews the literature on adolescent brain development and considers the impact of these neural alterations on the propensity to use and misuse alcohol.
Method: Neural, behavioral and hormonal characteristics of adolescents across a variety of species were examined, along with a review of the ontogeny of ethanol responsiveness, tolerance development and stress/alcohol interactions.
Results: The adolescent brain is a brain in transition. Prominent among the brain regions undergoing developmental change during adolescence in a variety of species are the prefrontal cortex and other forebrain dopamine projection regions, stressor-sensitive areas that form part of the neural circuitry modulating the motivational value of alcohol and other reinforcing stimuli. Along with these characteristic brain features, adolescents also exhibit increased stressor responsivity and an altered sensitivity to a variety of ethanol effects. Findings are mixed to date as to whether exposure to ethanol during this time of rapid brain development alters neurocognitive function and later propensity for problematic ethanol use.
Conclusions: Developmental transformations of the adolescent brain may have been evolutionarily advantageous in promoting behavioral adaptations to avoid inbreeding and to facilitate the transition to independence. These brain transformations may also alter sensitivity of adolescents to a number of alcohol effects, leading perhaps in some cases to higher intakes to attain reinforcing effects. These features of the adolescent brain may also increase the sensitivity of adolescents to stressors, further escalating their propensity to initiate alcohol use. Additional investigations are needed to resolve whether ethanol use during adolescence disrupts maturational processes in ethanol-sensitive brain regions. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 71-81, 2002)
Objective: The purpose of this article is to examine the aspects of collegiate environments, rather than student characteristics, that influence drinking. Unfortunately, the existing literature is scant on this topic.
Method: A literature review of articles primarily published within the last 10 years, along with some earlier "landmark" studies of collegiate drinking in the United States, was conducted to determine institutional factors that influence the consumption of alcohol. In addition, a demonstration analysis of Core Alcohol and Drug Survey research findings was conducted to further elucidate the issues.
Results: Several factors have been shown to relate to drinking: (1) organizational property variables of campuses, including affiliations (historically black institutions, women's institutions), presence of a Greek system, athletics and 2- or 4-year designation; (2) physical and behavioral property variables of campuses, including type of residence, institution size, location and quantity of heavy episodic drinking; and (3) campus community property variables, including pricing and availability and outlet density. Studies, however, tend to look at individual variables one at a time rather than in combination (multivariate analyses). Some new analyses, using Core Alcohol and Drug Survey data sets, are presented as examples of promising approaches to future research.
Conclusions: Given the complexities of campus environments, it continues to be a challenge to the field to firmly establish the most compelling institutional and environmental factors relating to high-risk collegiate drinking. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 82-90, 2002)
Cheryl A. Presley, Ph.D., Director, Student Health Programs and Assistant to the Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs for Research, Executive Director, Core Institute, Southern Illinois University; Philip W. Meilman, Ph.D., Director, Counseling and Psychological Services, Courtesy Professor of Human Development, Associate Professor of Psychology in Clinical Psychiatry, Cornell University; and Jami S. Leichliter, Ph.D., Behavioral Scientist, Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Preventiony
This article provides a review and synthesis of professional research literature on the types, extent and patterns of negative consequences produced by student's misuse of alcohol in college populations based on survey research conducted during the last two decades. Considerable evidence is available documenting a wide range of damage by some student's drinking done to themselves as well as to other individuals, although some types of consequences remain speculative. Damage and costs to institutions are likely to be substantial, but this claim remains largely an inference based on current studies. Drinking by males compared with that of females produces more consequences for self and others that involve public deviance, whereas female's drinking contributes equally with males to consequences that are personal and relatively private. Research on racial/ethnic background, time trends and developmental stages reveals patterns in student data on consequences of drinking, but these data are very limited in the literature. Evidence suggests there is only a modest correlation between student's self-perception of having a drinking problem and the many negative consequences of drinking that are reported. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 91-100, 2002)
H. Wesley Perkins, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Objective: To evaluate the empirical associations between alcohol use and risky sex at two levels of analysis. Global associations test whether individuals who engage in one behavior are more likely to engage in the other, whereas event-specific associations test whether the likelihood of engaging in one behavior on a given occasion varies as a function of engaging in the other on that same occasion.
Method: Studies examining the association between drinking and risky sex in samples of college students and youth were reviewed. Those published in the past 10 years and using event-level methodology or random sampling were emphasized.
Results: Findings were generally consistent across levels of analysis, but differed across types of risky behaviors. Drinking was strongly related to the decision to have sex and to indiscriminate forms of risky sex (e.g., having multiple or casual sex partners), but was inconsistently related to protective behaviors (e.g., condom use). Moreover, the links among alcohol use, the decision to have sex and indiscriminate behaviors were found in both between-persons and within-persons analyses, suggesting that these relationships cannot be adequately explained by stable individual differences between people who do and do not drink. Analysis of event characteristics showed that drinking was more strongly associated with decreased protective behaviors among younger individuals, on first intercourse experiences and for events that occurred on average longer ago. Conclusions: Future efforts aimed at reducing alcohol use in potentially sexual situations may decrease some forms of risky sex, but are less likely to affect protective behaviors directly. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 101-117, 2002)
M. Lynne Cooper, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Missouri at Columbia
Objective: This article summarizes research on the role of alcohol in college students' sexual assault experiences. Sexual assault is extremely common among college students. At least half of these sexual assaults involve alcohol consumption by the perpetrator, the victim or both.
Method: Two research literatures were reviewed: the sexual assault literature and the literature that examines alcohol's effects on aggressive and sexual behavior.
Results: Research suggests that alcohol consumption by the perpetrator and/or the victim increases the likelihood of acquaintance sexual assault occurring through multiple pathways. Alcohol's psychological, cognitive and motor effects contribute to sexual assault.
Conclusions: Although existing research addresses some important questions, there are many gaps. Methodological limitations of past research are noted, and suggestions are made for future research. In addition, recommendations are made for college prevention programs and policy initiatives. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 118-128, 2002)
Antonia Abbey, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Wayne State University
Objective: The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the research literature on alcohol-related aggression with a focus on college students.
Method: Data from both survey studies and experimental laboratory investigations conducted on college students are reviewed. Various methodological approaches to studying the alcoholaggression relation, and their associated limitations, are then presented and discussed.
Results: The literature indicates that alcohol consumption facilitates aggressive behavior and increases the risk of being the victim of a violent act, particularly in heavy drinkers. Results from these studies are then placed into a context by reviewing 12 influential theories of aggression and alcohol-related aggression. On the basis of these theories and empirical data, a preliminary risk profile is presented to help identify which factors are likely to be important in predicting who will and who will not become aggressive after drinking alcohol.
Conclusions: Although much research is still needed to elucidate the intricate causes of alcohol-related aggression, current prevention efforts might focus on modifying key risk factors such as poor cognitive functioning and inaccurate expectations about the effects of alcohol. Other prevention efforts directed specifically at college students might focus on helping them to identify risky situations that might facilitate the expression of intoxicated aggression. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 129-139, 2002)
Peter R. Giancola, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Kentucky
Today's First-Year Students and Alcohol (Not part of Supplement)
M. Lee Upcraft, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Center for the Study of Higher Education, Professor Emeritus of Higher Education and Assistant Vice President Emeritus for Student Affairs, The Pennsylvania State University
So What Is an Administrator to Do? (Not part of Supplement)
Susan Murphy, Ph.D., Vice President, Student and Academic Services, Cornell University
Panel 2 - PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Objective: This article outlines a typology of programs and policies for preventing and treating campus-based alcohol-related problems, reviews recent case studies showing the promise of campusbased environmental management strategies and reports findings from a national survey of U.S. colleges and universities about available resources for pursuing environmentally focused prevention.
Method: The typology is grounded in a social ecological framework, which recognizes that health-related behaviors are affected through multiple levels of influence: intrapersonal (individual) factors, interpersonal (group) processes, institutional factors, community factors and public policy. The survey on prevention resources and activities was mailed to senior administrators responsible for their school's institutional response to substance use problems. The study sample was an equal probability sample of 365 2- and 4-year U.S. campuses. The response rate was 76.9%.
Results: Recent case studies suggest the value of environmentally focused alcohol prevention approaches on campus, but more rigorous research is needed to establish their effectiveness. The administrators' survey showed that most U.S. colleges have not yet installed the basic infrastructure required for developing, implementing and evaluating environmental management strategies.
Conclusions: The typology of campus-based prevention options can be used to categorize current efforts and to inform strategic planning of multilevel interventions. Additional colleges and universities should establish a permanent campus task force that reports directly to the president, participate actively in a campus-community coalition that seeks to change the availability of alcohol in the local community and join a state-level association that speaks out on state and federal policy issues. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 140-147, 2002)
William DeJong, Ph.D., Professor, Boston University School of Public Health, and Director, U.S. Department of Education's Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, and Linda Langford, Sc.D., Associate Director of Evaluation and Assessment, U.S. Department of Education's Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention
Objective: The purpose of this article is to review and assess the existing body of literature on individually focused prevention and treatment approaches for college student drinking.
Method: Studies that evaluate the overall efficacy of an approach by measuring behavioral outcomes such as reductions in alcohol use and associated negative consequences were included. All studies discussed utilized at least one outcome measure focused on behavioral change and included a control or comparison condition; however, not all trials were randomized.
Results: Consistent with the results of previous reviews, little evidence exists for the utility of educational or awareness programs. Cognitive-behavioral skills-based interventions and brief motivational feedback (including mailed graphic feedback) have consistently yielded greater support for their efficacy than have informational interventions.
Conclusions: There is mixed support for values clarification and normative reeducation approaches. Much of the research suffers from serious methodological limitations. The evidence from this review suggests that campuses would best serve the student population by implementing brief, motivational or skills-based interventions, targeting high-risk students identified either through brief screening in health care centers or other campus settings or through membership in an identified risk group (e.g., freshmen, Greek organization members, athletes, mandated students). More research is needed to determine effective strategies for identifying, recruiting and retaining students in efficacious individually focused prevention services, and research on mandated student prevention services is an urgent priority. Integration between campus policies and individually oriented prevention approaches is recommended. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 148-163, 2002)
Mary Larimer, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Psychology, Associate Director, Addictive Behaviors Research Center, University of Washington, and Jessica M. Cronce, B.S., Research Coordinator, Addictive Behaviors Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Washington
Objective: This article provides a review of conceptual and empirical studies on the role of social norms in college student alcohol use and in prevention strategies to counter misuse. The normative influences of various constituencies serving as reference groups for students are examined as possible factors influencing students' drinking behavior.
Method: A review of English language studies was conducted.
Results: Parental norms have only modest impact on students once they enter college beyond the residual effects of previously instilled drinking attitudes and religious traditions. Faculty could theoretically provide a positive influence on student drinking behavior, but there is little evidence in the literature that faculty norms and expectations about avoiding alcohol misuse are effectively communicated to students. Although the norms of resident advisers (RAs) should ideally provide a restraint on student alcohol misuse, the positive influence of RAs is limited by their negotiated compromises with students whom they oversee and by their misperceptions of student norms. Research reveals student peer norms to be the strongest influence on students' personal drinking behavior, with the more socially integrated students typically drinking most heavily. The widespread prevalence among students of dramatic misperceptions of peer norms regarding drinking attitudes and behaviors is also a consistent finding. Permissiveness and problem behaviors among peers are overestimated, even in environments where problem drinking rates are relatively high in actuality. These misperceived norms, in turn, have a significant negative effect promoting and exacerbating problem drinking.
Conclusions: Interventions to reduce these misperceptions have revealed a substantial positive effect in several pilot studies and campus experiments. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 164- 172, 2002)
H. Wesley Perkins, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Objective: The question addressed in this review is whether aggregate alcohol advertising increases alcohol consumption among college students. Both the level of alcohol-related problems on college campuses and the level of alcohol advertising are high. Some researchers have concluded that the cultural myths and symbols used in alcohol advertisements have powerful meanings for college students and affect intentions to drink. There is, however, very little empirical evidence that alcohol advertising has any effect on actual alcohol consumption.
Method: The methods used in this review include a theoretical framework for evaluating the effects of advertising. This theory suggests that the marginal effect of advertising diminishes at high levels of advertising. Many prior empirical studies measured the effect of advertising at high levels of advertising and found no effect. Those studies that measure advertising at lower, more disaggregated levels have found an effect on consumption.
Results: The results of this review suggest that advertising does increase consumption. However, advertising cannot be reduced with limited bans, which are likely to result in substitution to other available media. Comprehensive bans on all forms of advertising and promotion can eliminate options for substitution and be potentially more effective in reducing consumption. In addition, there is an increasing body of literature that suggests that alcohol counteradvertising is effective in reducing the alcohol consumption of teenagers and young adults.
Conclusions: These findings indicate that increased counteradvertising, rather than new advertising bans, appears to be the better choice for public policy. It is doubtful that the comprehensive advertising bans required to reduce advertising would ever receive much public support. New limited bans on alcohol advertising might also result in less alcohol counteradvertising. An important topic for future research is to identify the counteradvertising themes that are most effective with youth. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 173-181, 2002)
Henry Saffer, Ph.D., Professor of Economics, Kean University, and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research
Objective: This article categorizes and describes current media campaigns to reduce college student drinking, reviews key principles of campaign design and outlines recommendations for future campaigns.
Method: The article describes three types of media campaigns on student drinking: information, social norms marketing, and advocacy. Key principles of campaign design are derived from work in commercial marketing, advertising, and public relations and from evaluations of past public health campaigns.
Results: Information campaigns on the dangers of high-risk drinking are common, but none has been rigorously evaluated. Quasi-experimental studies suggest that social norms marketing campaigns, which correct misperceptions of campus drinking norms, may be effective, but more rigorous research is needed. As of this writing, only one major media campaign has focused on policy advocacy to reduce college student drinking, but it is still being evaluated. Lessons for campaign design are organized as a series of steps for campaign development, implementation and assessment: launch a strategic planning process, select a strategic objective, select the target audience, develop a staged approach, define the key promise, avoid fear appeals, select the right message source, select a mix of media channels, maximize media exposure, conduct formative research, and conduct process and outcome evaluations.
Conclusions: Future campaigns should integrate information, social norms marketing, and advocacy approaches to create a climate of support for institutional, community and policy changes that will alter the environment in which students make decisions about their alcohol consumption. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 182-192, 2002)
William DeJong, Ph.D., Professor, Boston University School of Public Health, and Director, U.S. Department of Education's Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention
Objective: The goal of this article is to provide an overview of environmental strategies that may reduce college drinking. Drinking behavior is influenced by many environmental factors, including messages in the media, community norms and attitudes, public and institutional policies and practices and economic factors. College student drinking may be influenced by environmental factors on and off campus.
Method: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, ETOH, Current Contents and Social Science Abstracts databases was conducted to identify research studies evaluating effects of environmental strategies on college and general populations.
Results: The identified environmental strategies fall into four categories: (1) increasing compliance with minimum legal drinking age laws, (2) reducing consumption and risky alcohol use, (3) decreasing specific types of alcohol-related problems and (4) deemphasizing the role of alcohol on campus and promoting academics and citizenship. Although the extant research indicates that many environmental strategies are promising for reducing alcohol-related problems among the general population, few of these strategies have been evaluated for effects on the college population.
Conclusions: Further research is needed to evaluate effects of alcohol control policies on alcohol consumption and its related problems among college students. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 193-205, 2002)
Traci L. Toomey, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, and Alexander C. Wagenaar, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Alcohol Epidemiology Program, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota
Objective: The goal of this article is to review critically the extant minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) research literature and summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of this policy.
Method: Comprehensive searches of four databases were conducted to identify empirical studies of the MLDA published from 1960 to 1999. Three variables were coded for each study regarding methodological quality: (1) sampling design, (2) study design and (3) presence or absence of comparison group.
Results: We identified 241 empirical analyses of the MLDA. Fifty-six percent of the analyses met our criteria for high methodological quality. Of the 33 higher quality studies of MLDA and alcohol consumption, 11 (33%) found an inverse relationship; only 1 found the opposite. Similarly, of the 79 higher quality analyses of MLDA and traffic crashes, 46 (58%) found a higher MLDA related to decreased traffic crashes; none found the opposite. Eight of the 23 analyses of other problems found a higher MLDA associated with reduced problems; none found the opposite. Only 6 of the 64 college-specific studies (9%) were of high quality; none found a significant relationship between the MLDA and outcome measures.
Conclusions: The preponderance of evidence indicates there is an inverse relationship between the MLDA and two outcome measures: alcohol consumption and traffic crashes. The quality of the studies of specific populations such as college students is poor, preventing any conclusions that the effects of MLDA might differ for such special populations. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 206-225, 2002)
Alexander C. Wagenaar, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Alcohol Epidemiology Program, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, and Traci L. Toomey, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota
Objective: This article reviews comprehensive community interventions that sought to reduce (1) cardiovascular disease risks; (2) smoking; (3) alcohol use disorders, alcohol-related injury and illicit drug use; or (4) sexual risk taking that could lead to HIV infection, sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy.
Method: Comprehensive community programs typically involve multiple city government agencies as well as private citizens and organizations and use multiple intervention strategies such as school-based and public education programs, media advocacy, community organizing, environmental policy changes and heightened enforcement of existing policies. This review focused on English-language papers published over the past several decades.
Results: Some programs in each of the four problem areas achieved their behavioral and health goals. The most consistent benefits were found in programs targeting behaviors with immediate health consequences such as alcohol misuse or sexual risk taking. Results were less consistent when consequences of targeted behaviors were more distant in time such as cardiovascular risks and smoking. Also, programs that targeted youth to prevent them from starting new health-compromising behaviors tended to be more successful than programs aimed at modifying preexisting habits among adults. Programs that combined environmental and institutional policy change with theory-based education programs were the most likely to be successful. Finally, programs tailored to local conditions by the communities themselves tended to achieve more behavior change than programs imported from the outside.
Conclusions:Comprehensive community intervention approaches may have considerable potential to reduce college-age drinking problems, especially given the success of these programs in reducing alcohol-related problems and in preventing health-compromising behaviors among youth. (J. Stud. Alcohol, Supplement No. 14: 226-240, 2002)
Ralph Hingson, Sc.D., Professor and Chair, Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Boston University School of Public Health, and Jonathan Howland, Ph.D., M.P.H., Professor and Chair, Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Boston University School of Public Health
The Role of Evaluation in Prevention of College Student Drinking Problems (Not part of Supplement)
Robert F. Saltz, Ph.D., Associate Director and Senior Research Scientist, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, CA
View from the President's Office: The Leadership of Change (Not part of Supplement)
Joy R. Mara, M.A., Mara Communications
The Student Perspective on College Drinking (Not part of Supplement)
Peggy Eastman, Author and Journalist
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Google's annual I/O conference kicks off tomorrow amid widespread speculation that a new version of the Android OS will be announced, perhaps one that marries it with Google's Chrome OS.
Google and other companies such as LG are also expected to talk up smartwatches based on the Google Wear OS, which was introduced in March.
The opening keynote begins at 9 a.m. PT (12 p.m. ET) in San Francisco with a live video stream online and Google has packed in a variety of breakout sessions into the two-day event. Many of those sessions, built around the conference theme of "design, develop and distribute" will also be live-streamed.
That overall theme indicates a strong focus on cross-platform functionality, although the conference agenda also promises discussion of plenty of cutting-edge technologies.
Five Google designers are part of a panel at 2 p.m. PT Wednesday on "Cross-platform design," with another panel on "Cross-platform interaction design" at 10 a.m. PT Thursday. Both will be live streamed. Various reports quoting unnamed sources have described a Quantum Paper design framework that works across a variety of smartphones, tablets, Chrome devices, browsers and even Google apps.
One of the more unusual live-streamed sessions is set for Thursday at 9 am. PT, when Google engineers will talk about several initiatives, including Project Tango, to build smartphones and tablets that incorporate 3D motion and depth-sensing capabilities.
According to the program notes for the session, Google plans to launch an Android smartphone-like device into space this summer to construct a 3D map of the International Space Station to "enable autonomous navigation of a floating robotic platform'' that will turn into a robotic assistant for astronauts. Tango will also help enable augmented reality technologies in mobile devices on earth.
Google announced its work with NASA on the Tango technology in April.
An Android update likely
As for Android, the timing is right for an update. Android 4.4, KitKat, was launched last October and many analysts expect an Android 5.0 release (to be called Lollipop, or possibly Licorice). Various other flavors have been announced in the Android line in the past, with between five and eight months between them.
Other reports, however, indicate Google will launch Android 4.5, not 5.0.
The timing is also right for some kind of Chrome-Android integration.
In early 2013, Google put its Chrome division head, Sundar Pichai, in charge of both Chrome and Android. And Pichai said in May that Google would continue to embrace both OSes separately, while adding: "The picture may look different a year or two from now...." As this year's Google I/O gets under way, those comments will be 14 months old.
On the other hand, Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt said in March 2013 that the two OSes would remain separate "for a very, very long time."
One way that Android and Chrome could move closer together would be through the use of HTML5 in building Web-based apps to run on both platforms.
In one example of how Android could be improved, CiteWorld's Chris Nerney noted in April that Google's voice-activated digital assistant Google Now doesn't yet function inside of an app (although it can be used to find those apps on a mobile device). Allowing that capability would be a valuable update for the next version of Android.
Analysts, asked what they expect to see at I/O, said they believe the upcoming version of Android will add support for smartwatches or other Android Wear devices, primarily by linking Android smartphones and their related apps to Android Wear smartwatches -- probably through Bluetooth.
Several analysts said that Google is likely to reveal health-related app connections to Android, much as Samsung and Apple have done recently.
In addition, Google needs to add a unified way to control in-home devices so it can take advantage of its recent purchases of Nest and Dropcam, said Patrick Moorhead, an analyst at Moor Insights & Strategy. "Google needs to say specifically how the new Android will deal with this" home monitoring and control area, he said.
Smartwatches at Google I/O
Speculation has also focused on whether Google will announce its own Google Wear smartwatch at I/O. More likely: LG will show its LG G Watch on the OS, with possibly Motorola highlighting the Moto 360 running on Google Wear.
Moorhead said devices from Fossil and HTC will be shown, too. "Wear needs to show something above the crop of failures like the Samsung Gear if it expects to be successful," Moorhead said via email.
Moorhead wrote in Forbes recently that he has evaluated 11 different smartwatches or smart wristbands and has found most wanting when it comes to delivering a broad range of "horizontal" functions. He declared them a "long way off from mass consumer acceptance."
Security wishes for Android and Google
Of five analysts interviewed, four said Google needs to describe ways it will make Android more secure, especially for enterprise use.
Samsung has already built its own set of tools, called Knox, for use with Android. It's aimed at helping IT managers cope with employees who bring in personal devices for work. So why hasn't Google taken up security issues more directly?
"Security has been a serious problem for Android and this needs to be addressed before Android is more aggressively banned by companies," said Rob Enderle, an analyst at Enderle Group. "Original Equipment Manufacturers feel that Google just ignores them and has that attitude since the OEMs are getting the code for free and should just shut up or constrain their feedback to 'thank-you.'
"Google's disregard for OEMs is legendary," Enderle said, adding that OEMs don't want to go public with their worries because they don't want to get into a fight with Google over security.
"We'll have to keep our fingers crossed that Google makes a greater focus on enterprise-grade features," added Ramon Llamas, an analyst at IDC. "Android is the biggest platform and has a big target on its back. There are tons of Android smartphones brought to jobs with BYOD, but a lot of enterprise groups are saying, 'Thanks, but no thanks' to Android and even with some Android apps.
"Google needs more smart security and enterprise support at the back end and greater communication with businesses," Llamas said.
Jack Gold, an analyst at J. Gold Associates, said that Google's May purchase of Divide, an enterprise software maker focused on BYOD, could lead to an announcement at I/O about enterprise support.
"Divide ultimately needs to be embedded into Android," Gold said. "Nevertheless, Google needs to make a strong statement that enterprise capabilities will be in the next release of Android and this would dramatically affect enterprise adoption of Android, which is limited now due to security concerns."
Google has declined to talk about what announcements will be made at I/O.
Matt Hamblen covers mobile and wireless, smartphones and other handhelds, and wireless networking for Computerworld. Follow Matt on Twitter at @matthamblen or subscribe to Matt's RSS feed. His email address is email@example.com.
See more by Matt Hamblen on Computerworld.com.
Read more about app development in Computerworld's App Development Topic Center.


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Miscellaneous thoughts about miscellaneous matters
I was thinking about a new topic for a blog without much success. I have a few half written posts that didn't come together, but a few minutes I came across a post on a forum in which someone was asking about optimistic nihilist characters. I looked into the concept as it is handled online, and I realized that I am not one, and the philosophy is opposed to what I think. Apparently, there are people who believe that they live in a meaningless universe with no raison d'etre. I feel sorry for them.


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|Farshad Aduli
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. USA
Farshad Aduli is currently working in Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. USA. He has published numerous research papers and articles in reputed journals and has various other achievements in the related studies. He has extended his valuable service towards the scientific community with his extensive research work.
|Research Interest
Esophageal and Gastric Varices, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, Pancreatitis, Plasmacytoma
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I have accumulated a great deal of knowledge over the years and it would be a crime not to share it with you.
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Scott's Tip Of The Day Declares War on The American Family Association
Scott's Tip Of The Day: There are three things I hate more than anything: Cauliflower, people who drive slow in the passing lane and the American Family Association.
Cauliflower makes me gag. People who drive slow in the passing lane add time to my commute. The American Family Association? That requires a little elaboration....
Lets take the most recent example. Ben & Jerry's recently released a new flavor called "Schweddy Balls." Funny, right? Even if you don't think it's funny, who cares? Transexuals are dancing with the stars on TV. Gay people are allowed to ask and tell. A black dude is president. We're living in a modern world. The American Family Association, however, is demanding Schweddy Balls be removed from the market.
Really American Family Association? Really? You people don't have anything better to do? You already complain about radio programs, television programs, porno....now you are complaining about ice cream?
Guess what? If you don't like television shows with foul language or nudity then don't watch them. If you don't like Schweddy Balls, then eat some vegetables instead. If you spent as much time watching your kid as you did complaining about ice cream, then maybe he wouldn't be exposed to these "awful" things.
And what makes these things so awful anyway? As Mark Twain once said "Nature knows no indecencies; man invents them." The word "Fuck" wasn't so bad until people stigmatized it. And nudity? There's nothing wrong with the human body. It's a beautiful thing. Well generally. I mean a lady with hammer toes isn't beautiful. Neither is a man with a crooked penis. But generally, yeah, it's a beautiful thing. All you are doing is programming your children to feel shame over natural things.
If you want to raise your kid like that then be my guest. You're a parent. Do some parenting. Watch your kids. Forbid them from watching "naughty" programs. Supervise them. Over-supervise them. Teach your kids that dinosaurs and people lived at the same time. Fuck your kid up. Make him self-conscious. Make him feel like shit for thinking normal thoughts and feeling normal things. But don't create a world where my kid feels shameful for behaving like that. We live in a free country. Don't tread on me. Don't censor me. Don't create decency standards for my children. I can take care of raising them myself. And don't you dare try to take those Schweddy Balls away from me.. I love putting those schweddy fucking balls in my mouth.
I hope everyone in the American Family Association gets arthritis from writing those stupid letters to Ben & Jerry's. I have never declared war on anyone or any organization but I am declaring war on the American Family Association. If you have any free time I fully encourage you to call them and tell them they are idiots. Write them hate mail. Send them scathing letters. Feel free to record your conversations or copy me (email@example.com) on those emails and I will publish your responses if I like them. If anyone in the American Family Association thinks they are justified in their actions and would like to discuss them I'd be happy to have a dialogue with you. I'll let you present your case. But you're going to have to answer my questions afterwards. Are you sure your beliefs will hold up to scrutiny?
4 comments:
- Simon said...
Scott... that's a bloody fantastic post. Funny, angry, and 100% right.
- September 21, 2011 at 9:03 AM
- stephen Hayes said...
I was so excited by your post that I pounded my fist hard enough on my desk to knock over my coffee mug. What a mess. It was worth it, though. I agree with Scott about everything you said. Censorship doesn't work and never has. This latest dustup will just help Ben & Jerry's to sell more product.
- September 21, 2011 at 12:38 PM
- lovepunch said...
agreed 100%! It's my first time commenting, but I felt I should tell you I am really debating writing an email to the AFA about how idiotic they are. If I get my lazy butt up to do it, I will shoot you a copy :)
- September 22, 2011 at 11:12 AM
- John said...
You have a very good blog that the main thing a lot of interesting and useful!
- March 25, 2012 at 10:13 AM


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Carnegie Hall Live: The Cleveland Orchestra Plays Brahms And Shostakovich
BRAHMS Violin Concerto
KAIJA SAARIAHO Laterna magica
SHOSTAKOVICH Symphony No. 6 in B Minor
The Cleveland Orchestra brought an intriguing mix of old and new to this concert at Carnegie Hall: one of the best-loved violin concertos of all time played by a master soloist, an emotionally inscrutable mid-20th century symphony and an exciting new work by a Finnish master.
Kaija Saariaho (born in Helsinki in 1952) is one of the most widely heralded composers of our time. Her 2008 piece Laterna Magica — the "Magic Lantern" takes its name from the first machine that, when cranked, created the illusion of a moving image. It's also the name of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman's autobiography — and those two sources of inspiration come together beautifully in this piece.
As Saariaho explains, the mechanics of a laterna magica suggest continuous movement; at points, Saariaho's musical motifs flow by so quickly that the overall effect is almost static. But there is also a sonic indebtedness to both Bergman and to his frequent cinematographer, Sven Nykvist: the score plays with the idea of light. Indeed, Bergman's own vivid description of what Nykvist was able to achieve — "gentle, dangerous, dream-like, living, dead, clear, hazy, hot, strong, naked, sudden, dark, spring-like, penetrating, pressing, direct, oblique, sensuous, overpowering, restricting, poisonous, pacifying, bright light" — is in the score in German. These words are either spoken into woodwind instruments or even clearly whispered by whole sections of the orchestra. This performance marked the New York premiere of Laterna Magica.
Before the Saariaho was a perpetual crowd favorite: Brahms' Violin Concerto with the excellent Gil Shaham as soloist. (This was a last-minute change in programming: Yefim Bronfman was originally scheduled as soloist for Brahms' Piano Concerto No. 2, but had to cancel due to illness.) Dedicated to Brahms' friend Joseph Joachim, the concerto originally was meant to be in four movements rather than three — and some of the musical material Brahms wrote in early drafts of the Violin Concerto made their way into his Second Piano Concerto instead.
The evening concluded with Shostakovich's Symphony No. 6. At first, Shostakovich announced that this work — coming on the heels of his Fifth Symphony, which astonishingly was received warmly by both the public and Stalin's machine — would be a large-scale setting of Vladimir Mayakovsky's poem Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. What he turned out in 1939, however, was an abstract and entirely instrumental set of three movements, in which the nocturnal opening Largo gives way to surprising merriment in the last two movements. It's light music turned up to 11. Is this symphony completely apolitical, or a parody of forced gaiety? Whatever you make of the Sixth, the two scherzos are brilliantly colored and orchestrated, and demand a truly virtuosic ensemble.
Copyright 2012 WQXR Radio


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No matter how strong your child's determination is to gain better control over her food and activity choices, she'll probably experience some backsliding from time to time. Maybe she'll overeat for several days in a row. She might grab some unhealthy foods in the school cafeteria when she's feeling stressed about upcoming final examinations.
Perhaps she'll attend a birthday party and help herself to more than one very large slice of cake—with extra ice cream on top. As discouraged as you and your child might feel at those moments, you need to keep these lapses in perspective. You don't have to view them as the start down a slippery slope from which there's no turning back. Instead, think of them as just minor stumbling blocks, which is exactly what they are. Even if they add a pound or two to your child's weight, they're certainly not a reason for her to give up and abandon all the successes she's had so far. Remember that you are helping your child develop lifelong habits for healthy eating and activity. Learning how to make wise health decisions about nutrition and activity is what's important. Help your child learn that all-or-nothing thinking gets in the way of making changes and can lead to a pattern of restriction and overindulgence that not only doesn't feel good, but reinforces negative eating and activity patterns. Remember too, that when you let your child in on meal planning, food shopping and preparation, and planning family activities, she will learn to make good decisions from your example.
In fact, backsliding is a normal part of making any type of change. The key is not to get dejected. Instead, you and your child need to rethink what may have gone wrong and how you can minimize the risk of it happening again.
The first step in this process is to acknowledge that a setback has actually occurred or is still underway. Has your child stopped playing outdoors? Is she spending more time in front of the TV? Has the entire family started eating at fast-food restaurants more often than usual?
Once you give some thought to what might be going awry, the best corrections for your course may become rather obvious. Even so, you'd be surprised at how often parents and children know that something isn't going right, but never take the time to evaluate what's really happening. That's why it might be helpful to write down what your child is eating and what her activity level is. The mere act of putting this information down on paper can help you identify specific problem areas and when and why they might be taking place.
Are the setbacks occurring when grandma comes for a visit, for example? Does she bring some sweets with her that aren't ordinarily available in your home? Did your youngster go out for pizza or fast food 3 times last week, even though the family has been trying to stick to a once-a-week limit? Did you stop at the supermarket on the way home from work twice in recent days and buy some soda for the entire family to grab? Does it follow periods of abstinence or withholding foods?
No matter what the problems are, they're now in the past. Rather than becoming frustrated or perhaps even scolding your child or other family members for these inevitable detours, acknowledge the fact that none of us are perfect. Stay optimistic. Turn your attention to health-promoting strategies. If your child is old enough, let her participate in this process of figuring out what went wrong and how you can prevent it from happening again.
So if grandma always brings a bag of candy whenever she visits, can you talk with her and suggest that she give her grandchildren nonfood gifts from now on? If you've backtracked from your commitment to cut back on trips to the local fried-chicken take-out restaurant, can you immediately do an about-face and return to healthier eating?
Once you reverse course and begin making positive changes, don't let down your guard and just assume that things will move forward without any further problems. Although some people think that they can make changes and then forget about them, you can't count on a smooth road ahead. You need to remain vigilant. Keep monitoring your child's progress in the weeks and months ahead. Make sure she doesn't fall back into old habits that could undermine all of her positive efforts to date.


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For the second time in two preseason games, Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Michael Vick has been sidelined by injury.
Vick was knocked out of the Eagles' 27-17 win Monday night against the New England Patriots in the first quarter after taking a hard hit from Pats defensive end Jermaine Cunningham.
Vick stayed on the turf for several moments, clutching his left side. He stood up, only to drop back down to one knee before three Eagles trainers came onto the field.
Vick walked off under his own power, but later walked slowly toward the locker room. X-rays on Vick's ribs were negative, and the Eagles held him out of the remainder of the game.
Wide receiver DeSean Jackson said during a sideline interview that Vick didn't appear too hurt in the locker room at halftime.
"He was sore and bruised up a little bit," Jackson said. "He was like, 'Man I can't keep taking those hits like that.' I'm hoping we can protect him up a little better than that."
The injury came on a play-action pass on the first play of the Eagles' second offensive possession. Eagles left guard Evan Mathis got beat by the Patriots' Kyle Love, forcing Vick to shift into Cunningham's neighborhood in the collapsing pocket. Vick's deep pass fell incomplete, and Cunningham drove the quarterback into the turf. Vick was 1-of-3 passing for 5 yards and gained 5 yards on the ground in one rushing attempt.
Vick left the Eagles' first preseason game early after hitting the thumb on his throwing hand on a helmet.
Rookie Nick Foles took over for Vick on Monday and promptly was hit with a delay-of-game penalty before his first snap.


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Hi Everyone,
Today over at the JustRite Stamps blog, we are previewing a new clear stamp set that is perfect for this gorgeous autumnal season called: Autumn Words - ohmyword - talk about the yummiest font ever! I love the feel of the fonts in this set and especially fell in love with the gorgeous leaves. On a sidenote (hope you don't mind), I have a thing for fall leaves - I remember growing up on the east coast and just locing breathing in the fall colors, crunching the leaves as I walked to school and collecting bouquets of fall leaves to give to my mother. That is one thing that miss about living in the east coast - the gorgeous fall display of gorgeousness.... sigh... and the sweetest thing is that my BFF from grade school sends me a package every fall with some fall leaves from the neighborhood - isn't that the sweetest?! This year, I am going to try to make fall bouquets with my kids and wanted to try the same thing with this gorgeous stamp set! I stamped the different leaves in different inks and then cut them out and layered them together into a fall bouquet :) with a litle button of twine to the center. I created a little circle scalloped frame and then stamped the words "Give and Thanks" together for this awesome sentiment and attached some ribbons to the ends of the sentiment.
gorgeous new stamp set: Autumn Words !! Please check them out here!
JustRite Inspiration
Sankari WegmanMichele Kovack
Angela Barkhouse
Sharon Harnist
Heidi Blankenship
Kazan Clark
Kellie Fortin
Thank you so much for stopping by today!
Have a beautiful day!
Big hugs,


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This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2013, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted.
Wildlife conservation groups on Thursday praised a decision by Dixie National Forest withdrawing a plan to harvest 8,000 acres of old-growth forest near Escalante.
"Conservationists are calling this a valentine for wildlife," said Kevin Mueller, program director for Utah Environmental Congress. "The withdrawal really is a reprieve for wildlife."
But others, including Rep. Mike Noel, R-Kanab, said opposing the timber sale is "not proper thinking."
"When trees grow so close together you have this huge buildup of fuels so you have ground fires and crown fires. They think that's good but that's not proper thinking and not proper management," he said.
The Utah Environmental Congress was told of the withdrawal in a letter received Wednesday from Kris Rutledge, regional appeals coordinator for the U.S. Forest Service. The three-paragraph letter says only that because Dixie National Forest Supervisor Angelita S. Bulletts had withdrawn approval of the plan earlier this month, the UEC's appeal "is dismissed without further review."
Why the plan was withdrawn and whether this is the final death knell for the long-disputed project were not immediately clear. Bulletts was on leave and could not be reached for comment Thursday.
Mueller said the harvest has appeared dead at least three times before, as far back as 1999.
"This is a horrible game of whack a mole that's been going for about a dozen years, and I just really hope the Forest Service gives up the ghost on this project and doesn't resurrect it again," he said.
The timber harvest area of 8,306 acres is about 15 miles northwest of Escalante at elevations ranging from 9,000 to 10,750 feet. Mueller said the trees that were to be cut down are an estimated 150 to 400 years old.
Conservation groups have fought the harvest, saying the trees provide needed nesting and forage habitat for the threatened Mexican spotted owl and sensitive-species goshawk.
Like Noel, proponents of the timber harvest, formally called the "Iron Springs Vegetation Improvement and Salvage Project," have warned of wildfire threat without it.
But Mueller noted that the project area is populated mostly by Engelmann Spruce, a high-elevation tree type that naturally burns at long intervals, 100 to 400 years. He said that because of the area's high elevation, fire suppression has not taken place there so it is not in an "unnatural" state.
Also, if a wildfire does occur, "it is part of the natural cycle of things," he said. "The forests actually become more valuable to sensitive and rare species after a fire."
Mike Garrity, executive director of the Alliance for the Wild Rockies, said the project would have been "illegal logging" because it did not adequately consider the impact on protected species. He said also the project's withdrawal will save taxpayers millions because the Forest Service typically loses money on timber sales.
"We hope the Forest Service finally will get the message and stop wasting taxpayers' money proposing illegal logging of old-growth forest in Utah," Garrity said.
Noel said opposition by groups outside of Utah like the Montana-based Alliance for the Wild Rockies, is a "perfect example" of why state officials want to take control of public lands. "This is another reason why our Utah lands and forestry people and local people can do a better job of managing lands because we're not held hostage to groups in ... other areas," he said.