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[233 U.S. 334, 335] Messrs. O. W. Dynes, C. S. Jefferson, and Burton Hanson for plaintiff in error.
[233 U.S. 334, 337] Mr. George Cosson, Attorney General of Iowa, and Mr. Henry E. Sampson for appellee.
Mr. Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court:
This suit was brought by the state of Iowa to obtain a mandatory injunction requiring the Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul Railway Company to comply with an order of the State Railroad Commission promulgated December 22, 1909. The defendant answered, denying the validity of [233 U.S. 334, 340] the order, and also filed a cross petition to set it aside, alleging that it was repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, as an attempt to regulate interstate commerce and to deprive the company of its property without due process of law, and, further, that the Commission was without authority under the laws of the state to make the order. Judgment, sustaining the action of the Commission and directing compliance, was affirmed by the supreme court of the state. 152 Iowa, 317, 130 N. W. 802.
It appeared that the railway company, in 1909, had refused to accept shipments of coal in carload lots at Davenport, Iowa, for points in that state when tendered in cars of other railroad companies by which the coal had been brought to Davenport from points in Illinois. The railway company insisted that it was entitled to furnish its own cars. The Clark Coal & Coke Company, operating a branch at Davenport, complained of this rule to the Railroad Commission, stating that it was a departure from the practice which had obtained for several years with respect to such shipments, that the Clark Company paid all charges to Davenport, and on receiving orders from its customers tendered written billing for transportation from Davenport to the designated points, and that it was unreasonable for the railway company to require in such cases that the coal should be unloaded and reloaded in its own cars. A hearing was had before the Commission at which other shippers intervened, adopting the coal company's complaint. The facts were presented in an agreed statement, as follows:
Thereupon, the Commission rendered a decision in favor of the shipper and entered the following order, to which this controversy relates:
The railway company contended, both before the Commission and in the state court, that the shipments in question were interstate; and it was alleged in its answer that the method of transportation resorted to was a device of shippers to secure, by adding the rate from the initial point in Illinois to Davenport to the rate established by the Iowa distance tariff from Davenport to other points in the state, a lower rate than that applicable to an interstate shipment from the point in Illinois to the point of final destination.
The Railroad Commission held that the transportation desired from Davenport was a purely intrastate service, saying: 'Under the admitted facts, the city of Davenport became a distributing point for coal shipped by the consignor. The certainty in regard to the shipments of coal ended at Davenport. The point where the same was to be [233 U.S. 334, 343] shipped beyond Davenport, if at all, was determined after the arrival of the coal at Davenport. The coal was under the control of the consignee, and he could sell it in transit or at Davenport, or reconsign it to a point on respondent's railway, or any other railway, at his own discretion.' Upon the trial of the present suit in the state court, the state introduced in evidence the proceedings, decision, and order of the Commission, and without further evidence both parties rested. The supreme court of the state took the same view of the facts that the Commission had taken, and accordingly held that the shipments were intrastate. The court said that the facts showed that the coal was originally consigned to the coal company in Davenport, that it was there held until sales were made, that the consignee had taken delivery, paying the freight to the initial carrier, and assuming full control. 152 Iowa, 317, 319, 130, N. W. 802.
The record discloses no ground for assailing this finding. It is undoubtedly true that the question whether commerce is interstate or intrastate must be determined by the essential character of the commerce, and not by mere billing or forms of contract. Railroad Commission v. Worthington, 225 U.S. 101 , 56 L. ed. 1004, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 653; Texas & N. O. R. Co. v. Sabine Tram Co. 227 U.S. 111 , 57 L. ed. 442, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 229; Railroad Commission v. Texas & P. R. Co. 229 U.S. 336 , 57 L. ed. 1215, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 837. But the fact that commodities received on interstate shipments are reshipped by the consignees, in the cars in which they are received, to other points of destination, does not necessarily establish a continuity of movement, or prevent the reshipment to a point within the same state from having an independent and intrastate character. Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Texas, 204 U.S. 403 , 51 L. ed. 540, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 360; Railroad Commission v. Worthington, 225 U.S. 101, 109 , 56 S. L. ed. 1004, 1008, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 653; Texas & N. O. R. Co. v. Sabine Tram Co. 227 U.S. 111, 129 , 130 S., 57 L. ed. 442, 449, 450, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 229. The question is with respect to the nature of the actual movement in the particular [233 U.S. 334, 344] case; and we are unable to say upon this record that the state court has improperly characterized the traffic in question here. In the light of its decision, the order of the Commission must be taken as referring solely to intrastate transportation originating at Davenport.
In this view, the validity of the Commission's order is challenged upon the ground that at common law the carrier was entitled to use its own equipment, and that the statute of the state of Iowa as to the receiving of cars from connecting carriers (Code, 2116) is inapplicable for the reason that, with respect to the transportation in question, the plaintiff in error was the initial carrier. But the obvious answer is that what is required by the law of Iowa has been determined by the supreme court of that state. That court, examining the various provisions of the Iowa Code which have relation to the matter, has held that the order was within the aughority of the Railroad Commission. 152 Iowa, 317, 320, 321, 130 N. W. 802.
Further, the plaintiff in error insists that the enforcement of the order would deprive it of its liberty to contract, and of its property, without due process of law, and would deny to it the equal protection of the laws, in violation of the 14th Amendment. We find these objections to be without merit. It was competent for the state, acting within its jurisdiction, and not in hostility to any Federal regulation of interstate commerce, to compel the carrier to accept cars which were already loaded and in suitable condition for transportation over its line. The requirement was a reasonable one. It cannot be said that the plaintiff in error had a constitutional right to burden trade by insisting that the commodities should be unloaded and reloaded in its own equipment. Upon this point the case of Wisconsin, M. & P. R. Co. v. Jacobson, 179 U.S. 287 , 45 L. ed. 194, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 115, is decisive. There is no essential difference, so far as the power of the state is concerned, between such an order as we have here and one compelling the [233 U.S. 334, 345] carrier to make track connections, and to receive cars from connecting roads, in order that reasonably adequate facilities for traffic may be provided. See also Minneapolis & St. L. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 186 U.S. 257, 263 , 46 S. L. ed. 1151, 1156, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 900; Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. North Carolina Corp. Commission, 206 U.S. 1, 19 , 27 S., 51 L. ed. 933, 941, 945, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 585, 11 Ann. Cas. 398; Missouri P. R. Co. v. Kansas, 216 U.S. 262 , 54 L. ed. 472, 30 Sup. Ct. Rep. 330; Grand Trunk R. Co. v. Michigan Railroad Commission, 231 U.S. 457, 468 , 58 S. L. ed. --, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 152.
It is argued that it was unreasonable to subject the railway company to the expense incident to the use of the cars of another carrier when it was ready to furnish its own. The record affords no sufficient basis for this contention. What the expense referred to would be was not proved, and, in the absence of a suitable disclosure of the pertinent facts, no case was made which would justify the conslusion that, in its practical operation, the regulation would impose any unreasonable burden. On the other hand, the agreed statement makes it evident that prior to the change which gave rise to this controversy it was the practice of the company to accept such shipments.
Finally, it is said that the order of the Commission interferes with interstate commerce because the cars in question were the vehicles of that commerce, and were brought into the state as such. No question, however, is presented here as between the shippers and the owners of the cars, and no actual interference with interstate commerce is shown. Nor does it appear that any regulation under Federal authority has been violated.
The plaintiff in error has failed to establish any ground for invalidating the order of the Commission and the judgment must be affirmed.
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Citation: 233 U.S. 334
Docket No: No. 176
Argued: March 03, 1914
Decided: April 13, 1914
Court: United States Supreme Court
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For Pakistan's Swat residents, uneasy calm
A tenuous cease-fire has halted Taliban-Army fighting, as negotiations for a permanent deal continue.
Residents of the troubled Swat Valley are breathing a little more easily following the announcement of a cease-fire between the Pakistani government and Taliban forces last week, though uncertainty remains over how long peace can last.
The kidnapping and subsequent release of a senior government official on Sunday underscored the fragile nature of the deal negotiated last week by the government of the North West Frontier Province and hard-line cleric Maulana Sufi Mohammad.
During the 10-day cease-fire, Mr. Mohammad is attempting to convince Taliban militants – led by his son-in-law Maulana Fazlullah – to accept a long-term agreement to stop fighting if the government implements Islamic law. The two sides are discussing whether the sharia to be imposed will simply help speed up a currently logjammed judicial system, or institute the Taliban's tougher stances such as banning girls' education.
The deal was greeted optimistically by provincial lawmakers as a respite from violence that has left more than 1,200 people dead, displaced at least 250,000, and seen the destruction of more than 150 schools.
Nestled between snow-capped peaks, the former princely state of Swat, which formally acceded to Pakistan in 1969, was once a thriving tourist venue.
Today, in the district's main town of Mingora, the hotels are abandoned and crumbling.
A similar fate has befallen many of the schools, police stations, roads, and other infrastructure that once made Swat a regional beacon of modernity and development.
Taliban fighters decked in combat gear and balaclavas can be seen roaming freely around the outskirts of the town, maintaining their own checkpoints, some few hundred yards away from heavily barricaded government ones.
It was at one such Taliban checkpoint at the entrance of Mingora that Khushal Khan, the newly minted district chief, was abducted on Sunday night along with his six bodyguards. Mr. Khan was released later in the night.
"It shows where the balance of power lies," notes Javed Khan, a local journalist for the Urdu daily, Ausaf. "A kind of welcome to Swat."
The incident comes on the heels of the killing of Geo TV journalist Musa Khan Khel by unknown assailants last Wednesday – after the cease-fire – which shocked Pakistanis and brought a wave of condemnation by rights groups and press clubs throughout the country.
In the streets and bazaars of Mingora, people have started to go about their daily business, still heeding the moral codes imposed by the Taliban. CD and DVD shops remain shuttered, as does the town cinema. The faces of models have been scratched out on the few surviving billboards, while the "ladies' bazaar," a street of fine silk-cloth shops remains devoid of female customers – a consequence of a religious edict issued by Mr. Fazlullah on his nightly FM radio broadcast.
Many who failed to comply with edicts have fled, or were abducted by Taliban militias, beheaded, and strung-up in the infamous Ziba Khana Chowk ("Butchers' roundabout").
The undercurrent of fear that pervades the town is exacerbated by reports of a network of Taliban informers.
Fear of the Taliban, meanwhile, is matched by a seething anger toward the Army over civilian casualties and its failure to protect the people.
At a school where government officials are distributing flour and other essentials to people who have lost their homes, men gather around to vent their misery and tell of their losses. "Where was the Army when the schools were being blown up? Where were they when they were needed?" asks one.
A peace deal was needed to bring the fighting to an end, some argue. "Peaceful citizens were dislodged and half the population left. In such a situation, any peace deal was welcome," says Ziauddin Yusufzai, a school principal.
Some analysts, however, remain skeptical of a lasting peace. "This is a deal that both sides have negotiated in bad faith," says Riffat Hussain, a military analyst at Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad, predicting that the government and Taliban will simply use the cease-fire to entrench their positions.
The Taliban's long-term aims, he says, may be to "carve out Swat as a political enclave for their influence and rule. They will then have a sanctuary for the more extreme forces of Baitullah Mehsud to further destabilize both FATA [Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas] and Afghanistan," he says, referring to the leader of the Taliban in Pakistan.
US special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke, last week called the truce "hard to understand."
On Monday, all boys' and some girls' schools reopened in Swat with the permission of Taliban forces, though attendance was reported to be low – around 40 percent – owing to ongoing fears and the number of people who have fled from the area.
For now, however, there is some relief. "We're happy to be back at school. Education is our basic right, and we are thinking about our future," says Mylala Yusufzai, a schoolgirl.

subset: commoncrawl


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Raw brussels sprouts at midnight, anyone?
Friday, December 20
Recipe: Shredded Brussels Sprouts Salad with Pecorino, Chives, and a Lemony Caper Dressing
Raw brussels sprouts at midnight, anyone?
3 comments:
Brussels salad is so delicious! Has become a fave! Yes, good at midnight!ReplyDelete
Wishing you happy holidays and hugs to the donkeys!
Perfect timing, as always, dear Farmgirl. We have 5 Brussels sprouts stalks cooling their heels in the garage in a bucket of water, bringing in before the ground froze hard. This sounds fresh and wonderful and will be the foil for the Meyer lemons I've been coddling indoors since cold came. First lemon harvest embraces first Brussels sprouts success! Think your roasted Brussels sprouts will be the fate of the rest of the stalks. Thanks so much. Merry Christmas!ReplyDelete
I've never had brussel sprouts and have been afraid to try them. I think I might use this as a starting point! Happy Winter Solstice!ReplyDelete
December 2015 update: Hi! For some reason I can't figure out, Blogger hasn't been letting me leave comments on my own blog (!) for the last several months, so I've been unable to respond to your comments and questions. My apologies for any inconvenience! You're always welcome to email me: farmgirlfare AT gmail DOT com.
Hi! Thanks for visiting Farmgirl Fare and taking the time to write. While I'm not always able to reply to every comment, I receive and enjoy reading them all.
Your feedback is greatly appreciated, and I especially love hearing about your experiences with my recipes. Comments on older posts are always welcome!
Please note that I moderate comments, so if I'm away from the computer it may be a while before yours appears.
I try my best to answer all questions, though sometimes it takes me a few days. And sometimes, I'm sorry to say, they fall through the cracks, and for that I sincerely apologize.
I look forward to hearing from you and hope you enjoy your e-visits to our farm!


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3 Tory MPPs sponsor anti-abortion news conference
But Tories say they won't reopen abortion debate if elected as next government
Ontario's Liberal government accused the Progressive Conservatives Wednesday of trying to reopen the abortion debate after three Tories sponsored a news conference at the legislature to stop public funding of the controversial procedure.
It only takes one MPP to sponsor an event in the legislature's media studio, so having Conservative MPPs John O'Toole, Randy Hillier and Rick Nicholls all sponsor an announcement by Campaign Life was a clear attempt to reopen the abortion debate, said Laurel Broten, the minister responsible for women's issues.
"If we look at the track record in Ottawa, where we have seen Prime Minister (Stephen) Harper distance himself from the issue but at the same time allow backbench MPs to drive an agenda forward, that we can see what perhaps the plan is here," Broten told reporters.
None of the three Tories who sponsored the Campaign Life news conference attended the event or responded to calls requesting comment.
Premier Dalton McGuinty has made it clear he and his government are pro-choice, but voters should question where PC Leader Tim Hudak stands on abortion, added Broten.
"Last year, (Hudak) indicated that he did not intend to advance efforts to reopen the debate about women's right to choose in the province, but unfortunately today there were certainly strong efforts made by three of his caucus colleagues to reopen that very debate," she said.
Hudak was not available to comment Wednesday, but Progressive Conservative finance critic Peter Shurman insisted the debate on abortion "is closed," and the opposition has no plans to revisit the issue if they form government after the next election.
"We have 36 people with 36 sets of opinions and long ago, at the federal level, it was established that people could hold personal opinions on a range of subjects, and one of them was abortion," Shurman told reporters.
"It's not something that is up for discussion, and my colleagues are acting entirely on their own."
Hudak admitted last year that he had signed an anti-abortion petition in the past, but insisted at the time that he had no plans to reopen the debate if he becomes premier.
The NDP said they believe in a woman's right to choose, and warned there are factions in both the Tory and Liberal caucuses that are strongly anti-abortion and want to stop funding it.
"The sad reality is it's not just the PCs it's also the Liberals, and many Liberal members have also supported this initiative," said New Democrat Cheri DiNovo.
"We find that very sad. This is 2012, we should be beyond that discussion."
Protests to take place Saturday
Campaign Life announced it will hold protests outside the offices of at least 41 MPP's across the province Saturday to demand they end coverage of abortion under the Ontario Health Insurance Plan.
"They will demand that their MPPs work to defund abortion, which is an elective procedure that is done today for reasons of convenience as a back up birth control method," said Alissa Golob, Campaign Life's youth co-ordinator.
The group opposes public funding for abortions under any circumstances, and said there's never a situation where the procedure would save a mother's life.
"Taxpayers are fed up with turning over their hard earned cash to finance a controversial, medically-unnecessary procedure," said Jack Fonseca of Campaign Life.
"It's one thing for an individual to make a personal choice to kill a baby in the womb, but it's quite another to expect the rest of us to co-finance that."
Broten also said publicly-funded Catholic schools in Ontario should not be teaching students that abortion is wrong because the anti-bullying law prohibits misogyny.
"Taking away a woman's right to choose could arguably be considered one of the most misogynistic actions that one could take," she said.
"I don't think there is a conflict between choosing Catholic education for your children and supporting a woman's right to choose."
Campaign Life, which uses a red-yellow-green traffic light system to show whether politicians support their efforts to delist abortions, also plans to hold a mass rally outside the legislature Oct. 30.


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ITEM 256 Bonded Patching of Portland cement concrete Pavement
256.01 Description
256.02 Materials
256.03 Equipment
256.04 Removal of Unsound Concrete
256.05 Preparation of Patch Area
256.06 Bonding Grout Installation
256.07 Placing Patching Material
256.08 Curing and Loading
256.09 Method of Measurement
256.10 Basis of Payment
256.01 Description. This work consists of bonded patching of portland cement concrete pavements at spall areas adjacent to cracks or joints or other areas of the pavement as designated by the Engineer. This work involves removing all loose and unsound concrete and asphalt material patches; removing sound concrete as directed; preparing the surface; applying a bonding grout if required; reconstructing the joint or crack; and mixing, placing, finishing, and curing of the patching material called out in the pay item description.
256.02 Materials. Furnish materials conforming to:
Portland cement....................................................... 701.05
Fine aggregate.......................................................... 703.02
Coarse aggregate, No. 8 size.................................... 703.02
Curing material........................................................ 705.07
Air-entraining admixture.......................................... 705.10
Quick setting concrete mortar.................................. 705.21
256.03 Equipment. Use a milling machine, concrete saw, jackhammers, or other approved equipment to remove existing surface material. Provide oil and moisture free compressed air for cleaning and abrasive blasting the prepared area. Provide an on-site concrete mixer capable of mixing a minimum of 2-cubic foot (0.06 m³) batches of patching material. Provide chipping hammers not heavier than the nominal 35-pound (16 kg) class.
256.04 Removal of Unsound Concrete. The Engineer will locate and mark all areas to be repaired prior to concrete sawing. Provide the Engineer with aerosol spray paint to outline the areas for repair. Repair areas will be rectangular or square in shape with dimensions as required to envelope the surface deterioration.
Saw the perimeter of all areas designated for removal to a depth of 1 inch (25 mm) to produce a vertical or slightly undercut face. Make additional saw cuts as required to facilitate removal. Remove all unsound concrete, all asphalt material, and all obviously loose and disintegrated concrete within the patch area. Remove sound concrete where required to achieve the minimum depth within the patch area. Remove concrete by jack hammering or milling. The minimum depth of any partial depth repair is 1 1/2 inch (38 mm) except at the perimeter saw cuts. Operate chipping hammers at an angle of less than 45 degrees measured from the surface of the pavement. During removal of unsound concrete, remove all pavement reinforcing exposed in the patch areas using a cutting tool or a torch.
256.05 Preparation of Patch Area. Before applying bonding grout and/or the patching material, abrasive blast the exposed concrete surfaces to which the patching material is to bond until free of loose particles, oil, dust, traces of asphalt concrete and joint sealer, and other contaminates. Remove all sandblasting residue with compressed air just prior to placing the concrete bonding grout or the patching material. Do not begin abrasive blasting operations until implementing reasonably available engineering controls to limit fugitive dust that are acceptable to the Engineer. Conform to State, regional, and local government agency requirements regarding control of dust generated by the blasting operation. For Types B and C patching materials that do not use water as the activator, perform additional surface preparation according to the patching material manufacturer's recommendations.
Recreate joints in or along the patch using a joint board that extends below the prepared surface and has a width equal to the existing joint. One hour after placing the patching material, remove the joint board in a manner that does not damage the patch.
256.06 Bonding Grout Installation. For bonding Type A patches, use grout that consists of equal parts, by volume, of portland cement and sand, mixed with sufficient water to form a stiff slurry. Using a stiff brush or broom, apply a thin, uniform coating of grout to the prepared surface. Scrub the grout onto the dry surfaces of the prepared area to be patched immediately before placing the patching material. Do not allow excess grout to collect in low spots. Do not allow the grout to dry before placing the new concrete. Paint grout over all sawed joints between the new and existing concrete immediately after completing the finishing.
For bonding Types B and C patches, conform to the patching material manufacturer's recommendations.
256.07 Placement of Patch Material. Use Type A, B, or C patch material as follows:
A. Type A. Provide patch material consisting of one part high early strength portland cement, one and a half parts fine aggregate, and one and a half parts No. 8 coarse aggregate by volume. Add sufficient air-entraining admixture to maintain an air content of 8 ±2 percent. Add enough water to obtain the minimum slump practical for placing, and do not allow slump to exceed 4 inches (100 mm). Mix the materials on site. Do not use ready-mixed concrete. Place the concrete mixture in the patch area while the bonding grout is still wet. Slightly overfill, vibrate, and strike off the concrete.
B. Type B. Provide patch material consisting of quick setting concrete mortar 705.21, Type 1 or 2. Mix and place the mortar according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Add coarse aggregate, as needed, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Place the concrete mixture in the patch area. If the manufacturer's requirements specify using bonding grout, place the concrete mixture while the bonding grout is still wet. Slightly overfill, vibrate, and strike off the concrete.
C. Type C. Provide patch material consisting of a blend of quick setting concrete mortar 705.21, Type 2 and selected aggregates with an activator. Mix and place these materials according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Add coarse aggregate, as needed, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Place the concrete mixture in the patch area. If the manufacturer's requirements specify using bonding grout, place the concrete mixture while the bonding grout is still wet. Slightly overfill, vibrate, and strike off the concrete.
Screed patches 12 feet (3.7 m) and less in length parallel to the centerline. Screed patches over 12 feet (3.7 m) in length perpendicular to the centerline.
While the concrete is still in a plastic state, test the surface for trueness and for being flush with the edges of the adjacent slabs using a 10-foot (3 m) straightedge. Place the straightedge parallel to the pavement centerline with the ends resting on the existing pavement and draw the straightedge across the patch. Where the straightedge does not remain in contact with the existing pavement while drawing it across the patch, correct all high or low areas exceeding 1/8 inch in 10 feet (3 mm in 3 m). Recheck the concrete surface after making corrections to assure that the patch area meets the surface tolerance before the patching material hardens.
Texture the new concrete surface similar to that of the surrounding pavement.
256.08 Curing and Opening to Traffic. Cure Type A patches according to 451.10, except allow the patch to attain a modulus of rupture of 400 pounds per square inch (2.8 MPa) before opening to traffic. Cure Types B and C patches according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
256.09 Method of Measurement. The Department will measure the quantity of Bonded Patching of Portland Cement Concrete Pavement, Type ___ by the number of square feet (square meters) of the exposed surface of all patches, irrespective of the depth of the patch, repaired in the complete and accepted work. If the actual measured area of a patch is less than 2 square feet (0.2 m²), the Engineer will increase each such measurement to 2 square feet (0.2 m²).
256.10 Basis of Payment. The Department will pay for accepted quantities at the contract price as follows:
Item Unit Description
Bonded Patching of Portland
(Square Meter) Cement Concrete Pavement, Type __


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Yesterday's release of the 2010 Keeneland Maker's Mark bottle featuring UK basketball coach John Calipari was a slam dunk. Reports are that 24,000 bottles sold out everywhere in under 2 hours. There simply were not enough to meet the demand. Coach Cal and Maker's Mark have decided to make 8,000 more of the bottles available. The catch is, they will be empty! They will feature the same design as the full bottles which sold out on Day One of sales. The only difference is that instead of the Surgeon General's warning on the back label, there's a message from the CFFC. The proceeds from these bottles will benefit The Calipari Family Foundation for Children to help better the lives of underprivileged children in Kentucky. The limited edition bottles are on sale now for $49.99 with free shipping anywhere in the continental United States. You can get order this bottle online directly from caliparifoundation.org
Why empty bottles? Maker's Mark President/CEO Bill Samuels, Jr. said: "Cal's foundation can now sell and ship them anywhere. With nothing inside there are no legal restrictions. Fans everywhere can get one and make a donation to his cause for kids. When Cal agreed to do our charitable bottle only available in Kentucky, he warned me about the nearly 1 million fans outside Kentucky that are not going to be happy. He was right."
"Ellen and I would like to thank Bill Samuels, Maker's Mark and Keeneland for making this special edition empty bottle to help support our Foundation. By not including alcohol in the bottles, we are able to ship these keepsakes all across the world and allow the Big Blue Nation to share in the commemoration of our first fabulous year in the Bluegrass," Coach Calipari said.
The collaboration between Maker's Mark and Keeneland, Kentucky's world famous bourbon and its historic thoroughbred racetrack and sales company, respectively, could result in nearly $250,000 for the CFFC.
Watch the video below for more info about the Maker's Calipari bottle.


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Lakeview Memorial Gardens (cemetery) plays a vital role in honouring the life, faith and heritage of a cherished loved one. Family and friends can experience a deeper sense of connection with their memories and with one another in a tranquil setting that's guaranteed to be maintained forever.
Today, through pre-planning, you can make decisions ahead of time. Design your own unique statement, save money, and reduce the burden on your family.
Whether burial or cremation is chosen, our specialists provide the options and information you need to make decisions with confidence. We work seamlessly with your funeral home or place of worship throughout the arrangement process.
As a member of the Arbor Memorial family, we share a proud heritage providing funeral, cremation and interment rights to families in Pointe-Claire, and across Canada. You can feel confident putting your trust in our professionals, whether planning ahead or at a time of need.
Key Features of Lakeview Memorial Gardens (Cemetery)
- Traditional burial gardens
- Many different cemetery gardens
- Outdoor and indoor cemetery niches
- Indoor mausoleum
- Ample parking
The Benefits of Planning Ahead
- Savings: Planning early offers cost savings of up to thousands of dollars.
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- Peace of mind: Gain comfort in knowing your plans are ready.
The legacy you leave behind is as important as the life you live today. Pre-planning gives your family comfort, knowing everything has been arranged in advance and according to your wishes. It's not just about taking care of the finances, it's about choosing how you want to be remembered.
We know it can be difficult making important decisions without professional advice, especially when it comes to something as emotional as deciding between burial, cremation or a specific type of memorial. Our pre-planning specialists can guide you through every step, ensuring you have a plan that fits your needs.


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"How the Internet Changed my Business" is a great introduction for some thoughts on the excitement of the Access Zone at the London Wine Fair last week.
Not only is this something that we at Vrazon talk about a lot, but it was also the first session and one that we got some great feedback on. In some ways, the whole point of the Access Zone programme and ethos is to showcase the ideas and opportunities of social media for the wine trade, and kicking off with the stories of three people who are not the usual suspects, talking from a perspective beyond the usual winemaking or retailing one, helped to set the scene.
We are so grateful to our MANY friends who came by to say hello, to contribute to the programme and also to contribute to the informal networking and advice that happened on the AccessZone. It was wonderful to see so many great wine content creators from around the world stopping by in London from bases in France, Italy, USA, Portugal, The Netherlands, Spain and Canada (did I miss someone?). If you've created some content on the fair or the access zone, let us know so we can share it.
Over the next few days and weeks we will be publishing and commenting on the sessions that were all recorded & produced so professionally by our friends at Mad Cat Media (HIRE THEM NOW!). We will also start to publish the series of interviews that were conducted on the stand with many influential figures in the wine business for our "Unfiltered" series. These are being edited and made ready as we speak and will be a great resource for anyone interested in the future of wine. Keep an eye on this site.
We also have to congratulate Catherine Monahan and Robert Joseph for the success of Wine-Stars which took place on the Access Zone on the Thursday (visit their site to learn more about this event). Vrazon was very happy to have been able to support the activity and help to bring the event to life and record the proceedings for the world to experience. Good luck to all those involved, especially the fantastic wineries who took part.
If you missed any of the key sessions, such as the announcement of the Born Digital Wine Awards 2012 winners, or the presentation about the EWBC Digital Wine Communications Conference in Turkey, all these are available now.
Thank you so much to the partners who helped us make the Access Zone happen including the London Wine Fair, Laithwaites, Wines of Turkey, the Circle of Wine Writers, p+f wineries, freewine and others.
In the meantime, do watch and enjoy this:
Some related Access Zone posts we've come across:


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News blog
Organizing a successful conference abroad - 6 useful tips
Crossing borders to organize an event abroad can be quite a challenging task and calls for detailed planning in advance.
Impact of Covid-19 on associations: Can a crisis lead to new opportunities?
The Covid-19 pandemic crisis has hit us like a storm, catching most of us unprepared in many ways.
Growing your Association´s membership base: Communication is key
It goes without saying that the membership curve grows faster if the association holds a congress in that given year. Discounted registration fees and other benefits are an easy attraction. But what if the conference is held every two or even three years? The expectations for the number of members are logically lower, but one should not simply disregard this as a non-congress year.
COVID-19 and the Meetings Industry
During this uneasy time of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, the meetings industry, amongst many others, is taking a hard hit.
Merry Christmas!
We sincerely thank you for your support and look forward to our future cooperation.
The sport-charity happening TERIBEAR moves Prague was a great success
This year's fifth round of the charity run was the longest-running event of this year for C-IN and broke all records.
About C-IN News Blog
To follow our most recent activities and initiatives we invite you to follow our blog.


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Which daily soap opera, actor, actress and couple did you enjoy the most during the week of May 6-10, 2013? ONE LIFE TO LIVE, Roger Howarth, Erika Slezak and DAYS OF OUR LIVES couple Sonny & Will are the reigning champs. But who were your favorites this week? Vote in the poll below and check back next week for the results.
Voting ends at 9 a.m. ET on Monday, May 13. Scroll down to the bottom and click "Done" when finished.
- THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS Will Air Jeanne Cooper Tribute On Tuesday, May 28
- THE BOLD AND THE BEAUTIFUL, LA CASA DE AL LADO & EVA LUNA Up For Monte Carlo TV Festival's International Audience Award
- Daytime Emmy nominations
- Why April 29 was a Big Day in Soap Opera History
- DAYS OF OUR LIVES, DEGRASSI, PARENTHOOD Among Winners at 17th Annual PRISM Awards
- Stars & Industry React To Jeanne Cooper's Death


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If you plan on staying put in Gulf Shores for a while, make your time feel homier by renting a townhouse. A townhouse gives you room to stretch out and comes with the conveniences of living in a real home, like a fully-stocked kitchen, a big sofa—perfect for mid-afternoon naps—and a washer and dryer in the unit.
Renting a townhome is a smart plan if you're bringing the whole family. Rather than trying to cram everyone into a single hotel room, you can give the kids their own room for extra privacy while keeping everyone under the same roof. The kitchen can be a lifesaver, giving you the means to brew a soothing up of joe in the morning and whip up a mound of pancakes that will put a smile on everyone's face.
For ultimate relaxation, choose a townhome outside the main tourist attractions—you'll avoid traffic jams during the busy season and develop a better understanding of Gulf Shores's true character. Get to know your neighbors to see what life is really like in the area and get great restaurant recommendations from those who really know what they're talking about.
Travelocity is your ticket to short-term and long-term townhouse rentals. With prices ranging from cheap to luxury, we can accommodate a tight budget or find you upscale townhomes with a view and other posh amenities. Whether you're visiting Gulf Shores for an extended work assignment, need a place for your family to live while you relocate, or simply want to truly get to know this fascinating city, a townhome rental is a great option. Let Travelocity find the perfect townhouse rental for you.
|Town Houses
Lowest Price
Highest Price
Popular accommodation
|Beachside Resort Hotel, Hilton The Lodge at Gulf State Park, AL, Motel 6 Gulf Shores, AL, Microtel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Gulf Shores, Comfort Inn & Suites Gulf Shores East Beach near Gulf State Park, Courtyard by Marriott Gulf Shores Craft Farms


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Karen Neves, a Canadian reference librarian, has a challenging task: to promote library resources to a medical faculty that is spread over three provinces. As she explains in a recent blog post, her library "has struggled a bit to gain a toe hold in information literacy" with the faculty they serve. She decided to try something new: "I decided to see if a LibGuide designed based on the architecture of COPS would be effective. It succeeded beyond my wildest imagination."
Here is a screenshot of her guide:
Eccles Health Sciences Library has begun using this service as well. Campus Guides is the larger, campus-wide version of LibGuides, and our guides cover topics ranging from anatomy to toxicology. Course-specific guides can easily be created as well; check out one created for Suzanne Stensaas' "Dental Neuroanatomy" class. Faculty and others interested in creating their own course-specific guide are encouraged to contact the Library, or you can post a comment on this blog.
Update 9/14/11: the blog post cited at the beginning of this article is no longer available. You can browse their current guides, find one you like, and then contact them to get a copy.


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My aunt's comments:
Auntie Dorothy, her twin Daisy (my mom), and their older brother Fred were born in the apartment building across the street from P.S. 62, at 651 Fox Street. Their parents, Minnie Farkas Schwartz and Teddy Schwartz, moved every few years during the 1920s, but always stayed in the neighborhood.P.S. 62 was the elementary school we attended, only then it ran to the 6th grade. I never knew the area was in the South Bronx; I did know it had been renamed Fort Apache. To me, the South Bronx was below 149th St.!
My aunt remembers that after 651 Fox, they lived on Leggett Ave., a few steps away from Teddy's Dairy (my Grandpa's grocery store), which today is a hop, skip, and jump from Bruckner Blvd. Later, the family moved to 712 Fox Street. Finally, they settled at 672 Beck Street, around the corner from Teddy's Dairy store, where they stayed for many years until everyone was grown and my grandparents retired.
Now for some class photos of Daisy and Dorothy at P.S. 62 during the 1920s. Sorry, no notes about which twin is which. Note that the kindergarten class, in a photo taken around Halloween, has more than 30 students. Looking at the other photos, the classes are even larger!
|Kindergarten: Daisy and Dorothy are in identical outfits and haircuts with bangs, center of 2d row, with a jack o'lantern between them
|Second grade: Daisy and Dorothy at left of center, in matching outfits and haircuts again. Poster at far right is for American Junior Red Cross.
|The twins were apparently separated during fourth grade. This is class 413--the twin is in closeup, below.
|Dorothy or Daisy in class 413
|Class 407, with the other Schwartz twin (along left wall, see closeup below).
|Daisy or Dorothy in class 407


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Concealed Covert Advertising: The New Contentposted by Moderator
Filed under: Propaganda and Disinformation, Spin
Media literacy alert! This article about covert advertising does exactly what it talks about. It masquerades as content while advertising products…
When advertising becomes content, who wins "" advertisers or publishers, or both?
by Mathew Ingram
March 2, 2013
One of the biggest trends in media at the moment is "sponsored content" or what some call "native advertising." But is it the savior of online media, or just another mirage in the advertising desert?
Andrew Sullivan, the former Daily Beast writer who recently launched his own standalone publishing venture, has made it pretty clear that he doesn"™t like advertising, which is why his site is supported entirely by reader subscriptions. And he also made it clear in a recent series of posts that he doesn"™t like the growing trend of sites like BuzzFeed using what they call "sponsored content" as a replacement for traditional advertising "" something he suggested was ethically questionable for media entities of all kinds.
Like it or not, however, this phenomenon is becoming more and more commonplace "" and not just at new-media ventures like BuzzFeed but also at traditional publishers like The Atlantic. Is it the savior of online media, or just another mirage in the advertising desert? This is a question we are going to discussing at length at paidContent Live in New York on April 17, including a panel entitled "The future of native advertising: Blurring ads and content."
If it"™s useful, does it matter if it"™s sponsored?
The principle behind what some call sponsored content and others refer to as "native advertising" (and newspapers and magazines called "advertorial") is that marketing messages and other forms of advertising are more successful when they look and feel just like the other content that surrounds them, rather than an annoying and/or irrelevant interruption. If you can make your message useful, the theory goes, then users are more likely to click or remember.
The most obvious example of this is the kind of advertising that both Twitter and Facebook offer: namely, features like "promoted tweets" and "sponsored stories." They appear in a user"™s stream just like any other status update or message, but they are advertising that is based on "" and in some cases even includes "" the activity of a user around specific topics (although Facebook"™s version has caused some controversy over the inclusion of status updates).
BuzzFeed, whose president Jon Steinberg will be on our paidContent Live panel, is one of the leading proponents of this concept: co-founder Jonah Peretti has talked about how the startup decided from the beginning not to use traditional banner ads and other forms of advertising, but to pin its hopes on sponsored content. But critics like Sullivan have complained that the sponsored content is too hard to distinguish from the regular content at BuzzFeed.
Another form of native advertising is the kind that Forbes magazine specializes in, with its BrandVoice program. In a nutshell, the magazine provides marketers and advertisers with a platform that is indistinguishable "" apart from the brand names and disclaimers that are posted on their pages "" from the content that appears elsewhere on the magazine"™s website.
Advertising is just another form of media
Forbes"˜ chief product officer Lewis D"™Vorkin, who will also be on our panel at paidContent Live, has written about the idea behind this platform, and the idea is that branded or marketing-related content should be given a status that is equal to that of the magazine"™s traditional content, and that it should succeed or fail based on whether it is actually useful to readers or not. So the blog written by someone who works for a brand or corporate sponsor looks and functions almost exactly the same as any other blog written by a Forbes staffer.
A whole separate category of sponsored content or native advertising is what some marketers like to call "brand journalism," and Kyle Monson of Knock Twice "" a former journalist who used to run the "brand journalism" practice at JWT in New York "" is going to be on our paidContent Live panel talking about that. This approach sees brands like Coca-Cola and Qualcomm and Intel creating their own content or journalism around topics that are of interest to their customers, without making it explicitly an advertising message.
So with brands becoming publishers and producing "brand journalism," where does that leave traditional media companies? And are the blurring lines between sponsored content and traditional media a problem, or are critics like Andrew Sullivan just reluctant to embrace this new way of doing things online? Those are just some of the questions we will be tackling at paidContent Live on April 17, so I hope you can join us to continue the debate.


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Farrah Abraham's Mom -- My Sex Tape Baby's NOT That Kinda Girl
Farrah Abraham's Mom My Baby's NOT That Kinda Girl
Farrah Abraham's mom has blind faith in her daughter who has a penchant for drinking, boob jobs, lesbian romps and now ... porn.
Debra Danielsen is still not convinced her daughter shot a porn tape. TMZ however, IS convinced ... in fact, we're 100% sure she shot the skin flick Sunday with dong-master James Deen.
Debra tells us ... her daughter's not the type that would make a sex tape, BUT IF SHE DID it's not her fault. She says, "My daughter has never expressed interest in things like that. She was not brought up that way." Debra goes on about her little girl who gave birth at 16 ... "We have religious beliefs."
As for who Debra thinks IS responsible ... it's those dastardly people behind the tape.
We're hearing James Deen may have been behind things ...


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Servicios Personalizados
Links relacionados
- Similares en SciELO
Salud Pública de México
versión impresa ISSN 0036-3634
Salud pública Méx vol.52 supl.2 Cuernavaca ene. 2010
Cigarette labeling policies in Latin America and the Caribbean: progress and obstacles
Políticas de etiquetado de cigarrillos en América Latina y el Caribe: progreso y obstáculos
Ernesto M Sebrié, MD, MPHI; Adriana Blanco, MDII; Stanton A Glantz, PhD.III
IDepartment of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Buffalo, New York, USA.
IIAdvisor, Tobacco Control, Pan American Health Organization. Washington DC, USA.
IIICenter for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California. San Francisco, USA.
Objetive. To describe cigarette labeling policies in Latin America and the Caribbean as of August 2010. Material and Methods. Review of tobacco control legislation of all 33 countries of the region; analysis of British American Tobacco (BAT)'s corporate social reports; analysis of information from cigarette packages collected in 27 countries. Results. In 2002, Brazil became the first country in the region to implement pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages. Since then, six more countries adopted pictorial labels. The message content and the picture style vary across countries. Thirteen countries have banned brand descriptors and nine require a qualitative label with information on constituents and emissions. Tobacco companies are using strategies commonly used around the world to block the effective implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)'s Article 11. Conclusions. Since 2002, important progress has been achieved in the region. However, countries that have ratified the FCTC have not yet implemented all the recommendations of Article 11 Guidelines.
Keywords: health communication; health legislation; public policy; tobacco industry; tobacco labeling; tobacco packing
Objetivo. Describir las políticas de etiquetado de cigarrillos vigentes en América Latina y el Caribe en agosto de 2010. Material y métodos. Revisión de la legislación para el control del tabaco en vigencia en los 33 países de la región; análisis de reportes sociales corporativos del grupo BAT; análisis de información de paquetes de cigarrillos recolectados en 27 países. Resultados. En 2002, Brasil se convirtió en el primer país de la región en implementar etiquetas de advertencias sanitarias pictoriales en los paquetes de cigarrillos. Desde entonces, otros seis países adoptaron advertencias pictoriales. El contenido del mensaje y el estilo de la fotografía varía entre los países. Trece países prohibieron descriptores de marca y nueve requieren una advertencia cualitativa con información de constituyentes y emisiones. Las compañías tabacaleras están utilizando estrategias comúnmente usadas alrededor del mundo para bloquear la implementación efectiva del Artículo 11 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT) de la OMS. Conclusiones. Desde 2002, se ha alcanzado un importante progreso en la región. Sin embargo, los países que han ratificado el CMCT aún no han implementado todas las recomendaciones de las directrices del Artículo 11.
Palabras clave: comunicación en salud; legislación sanitaria; políticas públicas; industria del tabaco; etiquetado de productos derivados del tabaco; envasado de productos derivados del tabaco
Beginning with the United States (US) in 1966,1 governments have required printing health warning labels (HWLs) on cigarette packages to warn smokers about the risks of tobacco use. Since then, at least 116 countries have adopted similar measures with a variety of characteristics.2 As more and more countries ban tobacco advertising, tobacco industry marketing increasingly relies on the cigarette package to communicate with consumers and potential consumers.3
A 1993 study4 evaluated the presence, the content, and the design of HWLs on cigarette packages in 28 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and found that 25 of the countries either had a small size, unspecific and weak warning such as "Smoking is harmful to health" printed on the lateral side of the pack similar to the 1966 US warning, or had no warnings at all. A 1999 study5 of cigarette labeling legislation in 45 countries, including 6 from Latin America, assessed the content (developing a scale based on a 10-point content score for 10 specific themes), size and location of HWLs. The study found that packs from developed countries had a higher content score reflecting the presence of multiple and specific warnings, compared to those from developing countries. HWLs in developed countries were also 27% larger and appeared more frequently on both front and back of the packs compared to those from developing countries, where they were on the lateral side of the packs.
Article 11 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), in effect since 2005, establishes provisions on tobacco product packaging and labeling, including HWLs, removal of misleading information, and constituent and emissions labeling.6 In November 2008, the third Conference of the Parties (COP3) approved the Guidelines for the implementation of Article 117 (Table I). As of August 30, 2010, all LAC countries but Argentina, Cuba, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Saint Kitts & Nevis, and Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, have ratified the WHO FCTC. Three years after becoming Parties, these countries are legally obligated to implement Article 11.
This article describes current cigarette labeling policies implemented in LAC countries and the progress achieved in light of the FCTC. It also reports on tobacco industry interference, primarily by British American Tobacco (BAT) and Philip Morris International (PMI), the two transnational tobacco companies that have the greatest market share in the region, as well as their local subsidiaries.
Material and Methods
This is a cross-country, comparative analysis of HWLs printed on cigarette packages, as well as other important characteristics of cigarette package labeling, among the 33 countries of LAC. Information collected for this research came from governmental regulations on packaging and labeling for tobacco products of each of the 33 countries, tobacco industry corporate social responsibility reports, and cigarette packages sold in the participating countries.
Tobacco labeling legislation
We reviewed current tobacco control legislation (e.g., laws, executive decrees, ministerial resolutions, etc.) as of August, 2010 for the 33 LAC countries (Table II) available at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)'s legislation database PATIOS http://www.paho.org/tobacco/PatiosHome.asp. We analyzed mandatory HWLs printed on tobacco products, other warnings and messages, removal of misleading information, tobacco constituents and emissions labeling, and any other labeling regulations required by the government.
Tobacco industry reports
We analyzed information on cigarette labeling in the "social reports" published by BAT's affiliates in some LAC countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Trinidad & Tobago, and Venezuela), which are part of their corporate social responsibility campaign, and are available at the BAT website http://www.bat.com/global (accessed between July 2007 and May 2010).
Cigarette packages repository
We collected 200 cigarette packages from 27 LAC countries through PAHO and the Comité Latino Americano Coordinador del Control del Tabaquismo (CLACCTA, Latin American Coordinating Committee on Smoking Control), the Latin America network of tobacco control researchers and advocates, maintained by the InterAmerican Heart Foundation. The cigarette packages are from different brand families belonging to the primary tobacco companies in each country, which are part of a collection maintained at Roswell Park Cancer Institute at: http://www.tobaccolatinamerica.org.
Packaging and labeling policies
Following the Guidelines for implementing FCTC Article 11,7 the information is presented under the three subareas.
Health warning labeling
We located local regulations related to packaging and labeling on cigarettes for 19 of 20 countries in Latin American (all except Haiti), and 7 out of 13 non-Latin Caribbean countries (Table II). While we did not locate regulations for Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, and Suriname, cigarette packages from those countries did have a single text-only warning as recommended by the CARICOM (the Caribbean Community) Bureau of Standards.63
Most of the countries in the region (n=21) have text-only warnings on tobacco products (Table II). Following Canada's example (2001), seven Latin American countries adopted a combination of text and pictorial-based HWLs: Brazil (2002), Venezuela (2004), Uruguay (2006), Chile (2006), Panama (2006), Peru (2009), and Colombia (2010). In addition, Bolivia, Mexico, and Paraguay have passed legislation mandating pictures as part of their health warnings to be implemented by 2010. Honduras will follow suit in 2011. The seven countries that have implemented graphical warnings have adopted different types of photographs including diseased body parts, symbolic images (an ABSTRACT representation of a condition), and testimonial pictures (image of a face with or without personal identifying information) (Figure 1).
Number of warning messages and rotating system
Almost half of the LAC countries (n=19) have only one warning message printed on all cigarette packages. The other 17 countries have more than one message, ranging from 2 in Ecuador to 12 in Jamaica (Table II). Uruguay has adopted four sets of multiple and concurrent pictorial warnings (in 2006, 2007, early 2009, and late 2009), Brazil has adopted three sets (in 2002, 2004, and 2009), and so Panama (in 2006, 2009, and 2010) and Venezuela implemented two sets (in 2005 and 2009). Since 2006, Chile has a pair of two warnings (one pictorial in the front and one text-only in the back) printed at the same time in all cigarette packs and a new pair is introduced every year (4th set in 2009).
Location and size
In almost half of the LAC countries (n=17) HWLs mostly appear on the lateral side of the packs or less frequently, in the back (BAT voluntary). The rest of the countries (n=15) have different regulations, ranging from both main sides (e.g., front and back) and lateral side to only one main side, which is generally the back. The size (measured as a percentage of the principal display areas) ranges from 80% of both front and back in Uruguay (Figure 1) to 25% of the front in Guatemala (Table II).
Message content
Almost half (n=16) of the LAC countries have a weak and unspecific warning label message that only warns about the danger or risk to health similar to the 1966 US warning "Caution: Cigarette Smoking May be Hazardous to Your Health". Almost half (n=15) require warning label messages with themes related to specific diseases and/or other health effects or conditions (Table III). The 2009 Venezuelan's warnings also include a logo with the message "Venezuela Libre de Humo de Tabaco" Smokefree Venezuela (Figure 1), which may help promote the public support of the adoption of smokefree policies in the country. A toll-free telephone "quit line" number is required in Brazil, Uruguay, and Mexico. In addition, the Uruguayan's cigarette packages include a website address where smokers can get information on smoking cessation (Figure 1). Honduras and Trinidad & Tobago have not specified the message content of their HWLs as of August, 2010. Despite recommendations of Article 11's Guidelines, as of August 2010, no countries in LAC had adopted non-health messages such as the adverse economic or social outcomes, the environmental impact of tobacco use, or tobacco industry practices.
Almost a third of the LAC countries (n=10) require a marker word in capital letters, sometimes in a different color, at the beginning of the warning, which may draw the reader's attention to the message.64 Words used include "ADVERTENCIA" warning, "PELIGRO" danger, and "CUIDADO" careful. In Brazil the third set of pictorial warnings use the name of a disease such as "GANGRENA" gangrene.
Except in Haiti, where HWLs are written in two languages (French and Creole), in the rest of LAC countries HWLs are written in only one language, either Spanish (most of the Latin American countries), Portuguese (only in Brazil), English (most of the CARICOM countries), or Dutch (only in Suriname) (Table II). However, other languages are spoken and officially recognized in four countries, Bolivia (Quechua or Aymara), Guatemala (distinct Mayan languages), Peru (Quechua or Aymara), and Paraguay (Guarani).
Source attribution
Although not a requirement of Article 11, more than half (n=20) countries attribute their warnings to either a national health authority or a legal provision. Health agencies include the Minister of Health (e.g., Barbados), the Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Drugs Addiction (e.g., Honduras), Minister of Public Health and Social Welfare (e.g., El Salvador), and the Chief Medical Officer (e.g., Jamaica). Costa Rica is the only country that attributes their warnings to a specific legal provision. The use of source of attribution can increase credibility in some countries but also can reduce the impact of the warning if they are too big.7
Removal of misleading information
Following FCTC Article 11's Guidelines, thirteen LAC countries have banned brand descriptors with references to implied harm reduction such as "light", "mild" or "low-tar." In addition, Bolivia has banned claims of additive-free, 100% natural, or organic tobacco; Brazil and Uruguay have banned the use of numbers as brand descriptors; and Uruguay has banned the use of colors to identify different cigarette types within a brand family (Table II). Colombia has banned the display of the expiration date, which can mislead consumers into think that there is a safe time to consume tobacco.7
Toxic constituents and emissions labeling
Toxic constituent information is required by law or voluntarily displayed by tobacco companies in 24 LAC countries (Table II). Cigarette packs in LAC have two types of constituent labeling: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative disclosure involves printing the yields of different substances such as tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide, which in 9 countries is required by law. Nine countries require a legend (lateral or on the back), with qualitative information on toxic constituents (e.g., tar, nicotine, and CO) as recommended by the Guidelines of FCTC's Article 11. Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay also disclose information on carcinogens other than tar (e.g., arsenic, cadmium and polonium). Mexico and Peru also provide information on other toxic substances, such as cyanide, or additives such as ammonia (Table II). Uruguayan cigarette packs require the skull-and-crossbones picture with the legend "Toxic Product", an internationally recognized symbol of poisonous substances (Figure 1). Bolivia and Panama are the only countries in the region that have banned the printing of the yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide that can be deceptive to the consumers as suggested by the Guidelines.7
The tobacco industry interference
Tobacco company arguments and strategies to oppose the implementation of effective cigarette labeling policies are similar across LAC and around the world.1 Arguments used include: warnings do not work; smokers already know the risks and therefore are not necessary; pictorial-based warnings harass and scare smokers; new warnings would cost too much money to implement; the timeline for implementation is too short and will take much more time; the industry does not have the technology necessary to implement the regulations. Tobacco companies have been using strategies to prevent the approval of laws or to weaken their provisions, as well as to delay implementation of strong HWLs and other effective labeling policies.
Preventing stronger policies
Voluntary measures
In 2005, BAT Argentina increased the size (up to 30% in the back) of the weak and unspecific only-text warning label "Fumar es perjudicial para la salud" Smoking is harmful to health. The company launched a campaign on billboards claiming "We increased the health warning label. We continue to inform clearly and responsibly so you can continue to choose. Nobleza Piccardo" (Figure 2).65 Similar measures were developed by BAT in Colombia,66 Honduras,67,68 Costa Rica,69 and Trinidad & Tobago.70
Tobacco companies also voluntarily print the yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide on cigarette packs potentially substitute for misleading descriptors such as "light", "ultra-light" and "low-tar" in several countries (n=10).
Lobby legislative and executive authorities
In 1986, the Congress of Argentina passed a very weak national law that established the current text-only warning label printed on all cigarette packs. However, the original draft of the bill required stronger message content.71 In 1992, BAT and PMI managed to get the presidential veto to a comprehensive law that Congress had approved and that would have resulted in new, rotating HWLs.71
Weakening new legislation: Agreement with health authorities
In 2004, BAT & PMI Mexico signed an agreement with the Secretary of Health of Mexico to increase the size of the HWLs from 25 to 50% of the back of the cigarette packages, under the condition that pictures would be excluded. In addition, they agreed to place a lateral warning reading "Currently there is no cigarette that reduces health risks" apparently to prevent the banning of brand descriptors (as required by the FCTC) that continued to appear on Mexican cigarette packs. Finally, the companies decided to include an onsert in 25% of the packs of each brand sold in the country with "health information" that was technical and difficult to read because of the small font size.72,73
Undermining the implementation
In 2006, before the first pictorial warning label appeared in Chile, BAT Chile began to give away metallic cigarette package covers that could be used to stick the packs inside and which would hide the warning.74 In addition, BAT Chile launched new formats of packages ("book pack design") that display two additional surfaces in the interior of the pack and break the warning.75 Stickers with cartoon faces to be used to cover the pictorial warning appeared in retail stores as well.
Delaying implementation: Litigation
Tobacco companies have litigated against the new cigarette labeling policies in Uruguay, Brazil, and Paraguay to stop or delay the implementation of pictorial warnings. As of August, 2010 the cases are pending in Brazil and Uruguay.
After the approval of the third set of warning labels in Brazil, four injunctions were filed against the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA, National Agency of Health Surveillance). In December 2008, the tobacco industry trade unions from the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Sinditabaco/ RS) and the State of Rio de Janeiro (Sinditabaco/RJ) filed two injunctions against the new set of warning labels. In March 2009, Souza Cruz (BAT Brazil) filed a new injunction while the Public Minister of the State of Santa Catarina had done the same earlier the same year. After a short period of delay, the Court dismissed both cases and the new warnings began to appear in April 2009. However, the companies appealed to the Supreme Court where the final ruling is pending as of August, 2010.76,77 Arguments used were that the images did not represent the smoking associated risks, they may confuse and misinform the population, and that ANVISA should have used real images. In addition they claimed that the pictures hurt human dignity.
In September 2008, BAT Uruguay filed a complaint against Ministerial Ordinance 51456 that had been enacted by the Minister of Health of Uruguay on August 18, 2008, which among other provisions, banned tobacco companies from having more than one presentation for each brand. In other words, the law would allow only one type of Marlboro or other brand name. On October 1, 2008 the case was dismissed by the Court. According to a local newspaper, in October 2009, Montepaz, Abal Hermanos (PM Uruguay), and BAT, the three tobacco companies that share the market in Uruguay, filed a complaint against the Executive Decree that increased the size of the HWLs from 50 to 80 % of the total display areas. The companies called the decree "irrational, illegal, insensate, overbearing, and arbitrary."78 On February 19, 2010, PMI sued the government of Uruguay before the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) alleging that the country requirements that banned the use of more than one brand presentation infringed a bilateral Switzerland-Uruguay investment treaty.79 According to its website "the primary purpose of ICSID is to provide facilities for conciliation and arbitration of international investment disputes."80 According to a representative from Abal Hermanos/PM Uruguay, their goal is "to repair the damage from regulatory measures taken by the Executive Branch during the last two years that harmed PMI investments in the country and curtailed the company's right to use its registered brands, in frank violation of Uruguay's international obligations" and " to suspend the application of the recently approved regulations."79 As of August 2010, the final ruling was pending.
On December 26, 2009 the Supreme Court of Justice of Paraguay declared null the Ministerial Resolution enacted by the Minister of Health and Social Welfare in May 2009, which sought the implementation of new warning labels in the country. The ruling was a result of an injunction presented by the Tobacco Union of Paraguay (on behalf of representatives of all tobacco companies in Paraguay) on the grounds of unconstitutionality.81 However, in March, 2010, the President issued a Decree to comply with new HWLs according to the FCTC.46
In 2002, Brazil became the first country within the region to implement pictorial-based HWLs, which it did before the WHO FCTC entered into force in February 2005. Since then, and in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO FCTC's Article 11 Guidelines, six other LAC countries followed suit and four more have approved legislation to be implemented during 2010 and 2011.
Our results indicate that around 27% (9/33) of LAC countries have implemented the minimum provisions of Article 11 in all three sub-policy areas: 1) pictorial warning labels, at least 50% of main faces, specific health effects, rotating, principal/s language/s; 2) ban of brand descriptors; and 3) qualitative content and emissions label, while 12% (4/33) adopted either one or two of them. However, the majority of LAC countries (n=20) require less than the minimum provisions or none.
Our results also indicate that cigarette package warning content and style of presentation varies significantly across countries. The effectiveness of different approaches is only beginning to be studied. A study conducted as part of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project, evaluated the impact of HWLs in Uruguay, Brazil and Mexico and found that Uruguayan smokers were more likely than Brazilian or Mexican smokers to notice regularly HWLs, probably due to Uruguayan warnings were printed in both main faces, whereas Brazilian and Mexican were only on the back. Furthermore, this study indicates that Brazilian warnings had a greater cognitive and behavioral impact than either Mexican or Uruguayan, with Mexican text-only labels doing equal or better than Uruguayan labels. This result suggests that the ABSTRACT representation of Uruguayan pictorial HWLs is not as effective as the Brazilian strategy. Finally, the Brazilian pictorials had an inverse association with educational achievement, suggesting that style of pictures could address literacy issues.82 The WHO/CDC Global Adult Tobacco Survey conducted in Brazil83 (2008) and Uruguay84 (2009) showed that 65% and 45% respectively of current smokers thought about quitting because of a warning label.
A few countries have developed and adopted synergistic measures to enhance the impact of their HWLs, such as mass media campaigns and mandating the placement of the same health warnings on tobacco advertising including point-of-sale. For example, in 2002, the Brazilian government launched 2 TV spots with the stories of "Euclide" and "Renata" victims of larynx cancer and abortion respectively to promote two of the new pictorial warnings.85 Since 2006, when it was implemented the first testimonial HWL in Chile86 (Figure 1), the Minister of Health of Chile has been launching the new picture in a press conference contributing to the publicity of the health warning. In addition to the cigarette packs, the Chilean law mandates the placement of the same health warning label in 50% of all graphic tobacco advertising (counter-advertising) such as billboards and point-of-sale displays.18 In Brazil and Uruguay, warnings are also present at point-of-sale.57
In 2009, Uruguay became the first country in the world to limit brands to only one presentation per brand name (e.g., Marlboro), which moves in the direction of plain packaging (e.g., completely removal of brand imagery including color).87 This regulation aims to help eliminate misleading consumers about relative risk of products. As of August, 2010, the tobacco industry was not able to successfully challenge this significant progress.
In addition to the information mandated by law, tobacco companies generally print other messages on the cigarette packages either to compete with the mandated health warnings or to mislead the consumers. Legends with a reference to an expiration date such as "Better before"... are printed on several countries of the region voluntary by the tobacco industry. Only Colombia followed recommendations of Article 11's Guidelines and banned it. Underage warnings such as "Only for adults" or "Underage sale prohibited" are also printed voluntarily in cigarette packs from several LAC countries. These legends are part of the tobacco industry's "youth smoking prevention" programs developed in Latin America during the 1990s to portray cigarettes as an adult product while continue marketing to young people.88
In 2009, an intergovernmental initiative was developed within the countries from the MERCOSUR (the trade agreement of South America) with the goal of creating and maintaining an electronic-based bank of pictorial warnings, which are available for any country of the region seeking to implement such policy: http://www.cictmercosur.org/esp/index.php The Convention Secretariat, following a decision by the COP3 and with the technical assistance of WHO's Tobacco Free Initiative, established a central international database of HWLs, which is available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/healthwarningsdatabase/en/index.html.
Since 2002, important progress has been achieved in the region. However, only Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela meet FCTC's Article 11 minimum requirements. Furthermore, as of August, 2010, 11 countries that are Parties to the WHO FCTC have passed the deadline of 3 years between ratifying and implementing Article 11. The tobacco industry has used predictable arguments and strategies to block, undermine and delay the effective implementation of Article 11. Policymakers who want to implement effective labeling policies in their countries need to be aware and anticipate tobacco industry tactics to counteract them, prevent loopholes in the regulations, and use scientific evidence and experience from other countries.
This research was funded by the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI) and the National Cancer Institute grant CA-87472 and program project grant P01 CA138389 "Effectiveness of Tobacco Control Policies in High vs. Low Income Countries" to Roswell Park Cancer Institute. The funding agencies played no role in the conduct of the research or preparation of the manuscript.
We would like to thank Rob Cunningham and James Thrasher for their helpful comments on this article.
Declaration of conflicts of interest
We declare that we have no conflicts of interest.
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Received on: March 26, 2010
Accepted on: June 9, 2010
Address reprint requests to: Ernesto M Sebrié, MD, MPH. Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Elm & Carlton Streets. 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
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