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Contested Ground: Immigration in the United States
This report, part of a Transatlantic Council on Migration series on national identity in the age of migration, traces how the American public and the U.S. government have responded to the diversification of migrant streams and the increasing proportion of illegal immigration in recent decades. It outlines the anxieties triggered by this immigration, the policy response at the national and state levels, and the implications of the second generation for the United States over the long run.
The report details how the composition of immigration to the United States has shifted over the past four decades, from overwhelmingly European to predominantly Latin American, with close to 30 percent from Mexico alone. Recent flows are also increasingly dispersed, expanding outside of traditional metropolitan regions to smaller towns and cities, as well as new destination areas in many Southern and Midwestern states. The author argues that much of the anti-immigrant sentiment stemming from these changes reflects public concerns that immigration is reshaping society, largely for the worse. According to national surveys, many Americans believe that immigrants displace natives in the labor market, increase crime rates, drive up tax burdens, and encourage the deterioration of social and moral values, despite existing evidence to the contrary.
These anxieties seem to be tugging the U.S. immigration system in a more restrictive direction, especially in the area of illegal immigration, with policies at both the federal and state levels fixated on enforcement, apprehension, and removal tactics as the primary response. The author points out, however, that the current legislative approach ignores the fact that demographic changes are driven as much or more by U.S.-born children of immigrants as by immigrants themselves.
Arguing that the central policy challenge for the United States lies in how to ease the integration of the second generation into American society, workforce, and politics, the author expresses concerns over the lack of funding allocated to immigrant integration programs and the absence of public policy framing a constructive response.
I. Introduction
II. A Nation of Immigrants
III. Anxieties about Immigration
IV. Developments in Immigration Policy
A. Federal Enforcement
B. State and Local Responses
C. The Real Policy Challenge: The New Americans
V. Conclusion


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Bipartisan Measures Urge Use of a Temporary Worker Program to Admit Irish Immigrants
With little prospect of the 112th Congress acting on comprehensive immigration reform, there is growing bipartisan support behind measures that would increase the number of temporary visas available to one group of foreign citizens – Irish nationals.
In December, Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY), the chair of the Senate immigration subcommittee, added to a bill on high-skilled immigrants a provision that would allow up to 10,500 Irish nationals to enter the United States each year through the existing but obscure E-3 temporary worker program. Soon after, Senators Scott Brown (R-MA) and Mark Kirk (R-IL) introduced the Irish Immigration Recognition and Encouragement Act of 2011 (IRE Act) as a stand-alone bill that would similarly open the E-3 program to high-skilled Irish. Proponents of the measures are now pushing for a vote on at least one of these bills prior to St. Patrick's Day on March 17.
Despite support for the measures on both sides of the aisle, the prospects of the bill to which Senator Schumer attached his E-3 provision and the Brown-Kirk E-3 bill remain uncertain. The primary obstacle to their passage is Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA), who has taken steps to block both measures out of his long-standing concern that temporary worker programs undercut U.S. workers and undermine U.S. labor standards.
The significance of the Irish measures, however, lies less in the specifics of the legislation and more in the degree of positive response that proposals like these have recently generated in Congress. The rather atypical bipartisan backing of the bills seems to indicate a thawing in congressional attitudes toward immigration legislation, at least as it relates to certain groups of immigrants. In addition, the bills demonstrate that legislators can choose to craft stand-alone immigration laws that benefit discrete populations or address certain concerns, an option that could become more popular at a time when a comprehensive approach to immigration reform is generally considered impossible.
Stand-Alone Immigration Measures
The trend toward introducing the narrowly constructed immigration reform measures began last November, when the House of Representatives overwhelmingly approved in a 389-15 vote a bill introduced by Representative Jason Chaffetz (R-UT) that would lift per-country visa caps for employment and family-based immigration flows. The measure would not change the overall number of immigrants admitted to the country, but it would lead to more immigrants admitted from China and India (whose nationals make up the largest numbers of employer-sponsored visa applicants) as well as from Mexico and the Philippines (traditionally the sources of the largest numbers of family-based visa applicants).
More recently, the House Judiciary Committee approved a bipartisan bill that would add Israel to the list of countries whose nationals qualify to receive E-2 investor visas. And in January, Representative David Rivera (R-FL) introduced a modified version of the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act that would allow certain unauthorized immigrants to legalize their status by enrolling in the U.S. military.
History and Details of the E-3 Program
The current version of the E-3 visa program is only open to Australian nationals. However, Australia is not the only country whose nationals are beneficiaries of country-specific programs for the admission of high-skilled immigrants. Trade agreements between the United States and Singapore and the United States and Chile set aside a certain number of H-1B visas for nationals of those two countries, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) allows certain high-skilled Canadian and Mexican professionals to enter the United States on three-year, renewable TN visas.
Similarly, it was the signing of the United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement in 2004 that triggered the creation of the E-3 program. While the language authorizing E-3 was not part of the treaty, most experts believe that the concept of creating a new visa program for Australians arose during treaty negotiations. Because congressional leaders had become adverse to the executive branch using treaties to create special visa arrangements, it was necessary to introduce the provision for Australian nationals through the regular legislative process. This was accomplished by amending the REAL-ID Act to create the E-3 program, a move that received critical backing from then Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist (R-TN) and Representative James Sensenbrenner (R-WI). Some have also speculated that another reason for the creation of the E-3 program was to reward Australia for its willingness to back the United States in its wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Through the E-3 program, up to 10,500 two-year visas are made available annually to skilled Australian nationals who are sponsored by prospective employers. The spouses and children of those who receive E-3 visas are also allowed to enter the United States and do not count toward the visa cap. Since the creation of the program, however, the number of Australian nationals admitted on E-3 visas has never come close to hitting the 10,500 cap. According to Department of State (DOS) statistics, just 2,175 Australian nationals were granted principal E-3 visas in FY 2010.
Like the H-1B temporary visa program (which applies to high-skilled workers from any country), E-3 visa applicants must prove that they are coming to work in the United States in a "specialty occupation," defined as a job that requires a bachelor's degree or its equivalent. Like H-1B employers, those sponsoring E-3 visa applicants must also file labor attestations with the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) stating that they will comply with certain labor standards intended to protect U.S. workers. In another parallel to the H-1B process, the E-3 process does not create an automatic pathway to lawful permanent residence.
In many ways, however, the E-3 visa process is far more generous than the general H-1B process. Employers sponsoring E-3 visa applicants do not need to receive approval from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) before a qualified candidate applies for a visa at a U.S. consulate. In addition, while noncitizens may generally hold H-1B status for up to six years, E-3 recipients may continually renew their visas as long as they meet the E-3 criteria. Perhaps most significantly, the spouses of principal E-3 visa holders are also eligible to work in the United States, while spouses of H-1B holders are not.
Politics and Criticism
Despite having bipartisan support and precedent, the new E-3 measures for Irish citizens are facing some criticism. Opponents of the legislation assert that it is fundamentally unfair for the United States to create a new visa process that only benefits nationals of one country. They also suggest political motivations on the part of the new measures' sponsors.
Indeed, two of the biggest backers of the new E-3 visa reform legislation are Senators Schumer and Brown, who represent the states with the largest (New York) and third-largest (Massachusetts) Irish-immigrant populations, respectively, according to the 2010 census. Critics have also noted that Senator Brown, who had not been an original supporter of the Schumer bill, is currently in the middle of a hotly contested re-election race.
Perhaps the larger questions regarding the Irish measures surround the merits of pushing immigration proposals that address special interests or narrowly targeted groups to purposely garner bipartisan support. Critics of such proposals assert that only a broad reform will address the current, deeper inadequacies of the U.S. immigration system. In a Congress in which such a comprehensive approach appears unlikely, however, backers of measures such as the Irish bills argue that passing any immigration law constitutes progress – even if it only affects a discrete population.
- Check out the MPI data hub tool Who's Where in the United States to learn more about Irish immigrants in the United States.
- Read the new Irish Immigration Recognition and Encouragement Act of 2011 (IRE Act)
- Read Senator Schumer's Fairness for High Skilled Immigrants Act of 2011 (S. 1983), which would open the E-3 program to the Irish.
- Read the legislation implementing the REAL-ID Act, which created the current E-3 visa process for Australian nationals.
Policy Beat in Brief
Additional Portions of Immigration Laws in Alabama and Arizona Blocked. Additional portions of immigration enforcement laws HB 56 in Alabama and SB 1070 in Arizona have been blocked from taking effect.
In a surprise decision issued March 8, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit found two additional parts of Alabama's HB 56 to likely be unconstitutional and subsequently blocked them: a provision that made private contracts with unauthorized immigrants unenforceable by the state and a provision that made it a crime for unauthorized immigrants to enter into business transactions with the government. This ruling follows the court's decision last fall to initially block two of HB 56's provisions.
In Arizona, U.S. District Court Judge Susan Bolton, who in July 2010 temporarily stopped implementation of several of the most controversial parts of Arizona's SB 1070, ruled on February 29 that an additional portion of the law prohibiting day laborers from soliciting employment is likely unconstitutional. In her ruling halting implementation of the provision, Judge Bolton relied on a recent decision from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which held that a similar day laborer law in Redondo Beach, California violated day laborers' free speech rights.
- Find out more about the SB 1070 controversy in the December 2011 Policy Beat.
- Learn about Alabama's immigration law HB 56 in the October 2011 Policy Beat.
- Read Judge Bolton's recent decision on SB 1070.
- Read the recent Eleventh Circuit decision on HB56.
Two Tax Crimes Considered Aggravated Felonies for Purposes of Immigration Law. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 decision issued February 21, affirmed a lower court's ruling and held that two permanent residents' convictions for willfully filing false tax returns and aiding in the preparation of false tax returns constituted "aggravated felonies" for immigration law purposes. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), lawful permanent residents who commit aggravated felonies are subject to deportation and are not eligible to apply for cancellation of removal before an immigration judge. In its decision, the court's majority found that the two tax crimes fell within the aggravated felony definition because they were crimes of fraud in which a victim (here, the government) suffered a loss of more than $10,000.
- Read more about aggravated felonies and their consequences for immigration purposes in the April 2010 Policy Beat.
- Read the Supreme Court's recent decision.
Budget Request Signals New Immigration Enforcement Priorities. The federal government has released its budget request for fiscal year (FY) 2013, and in the process identified a shift in several of the administration's immigration enforcement priorities. The new budget proposes a reduction in funding for the controversial 287(g) immigration enforcement program of $17 million, noting that the nationwide deployment of the Secure Communities program by FY 2013 reduces the need for 287(g). The budget further calls for a reduction of $170 million for the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP), a Department of Justice (DOJ) program that reimburses states for the costs of incarcerating noncitizens who are convicted of crimes. In contrast, the budget requests increased funding for the Alternatives to Detention (ATD) program and the Criminal Alien Program (CAP).
- Read more about the 287(g) and Secure Communities programs in the June 2009 Policy Beat.
- Read more about the Obama Administration's immigration enforcement priorities in the September 2010 Policy Beat.
- Read the DHS budget in brief.
- Read the DOJ budget overview.
Immigration Court Filings Increase Again in 2011, Possible Decline in 2012. The number of immigration cases filed in the nation's immigration courts jumped 28 percent between FY 2007 and FY 2011 (rising from 335,923 cases to 430,574 cases), according to the Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR). While the 2011 numbers indicate the continuance of an upward trend in filings, however, there is some evidence that the situation may reverse itself this fiscal year.
Last month, the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC) found that, in the first quarter of FY 2012 (between October and December 2011), the number of cases filed in immigration courts was 33 percent lower than the number of cases filed during the previous quarter. TRAC attributes this drop to the Obama administration's new prosecutorial discretion policy, which encourages immigration agents, officers, and attorneys to refrain from placing in removal proceedings noncitizens who are deemed of "low priority" for deportation.
- Read more about the Obama Administration's new prosecutorial discretion policy in the February 2012 Policy Beat.
- Read the new EOIR FY 2011 Statistical Yearbook.
- Read the new report from the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse here.
New H-2B Final Rule. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) published a new final rule changing the requirements for U.S. employers participating in the H-2B program, a visa category that allows employers to sponsor foreign-born workers for temporary, non-agricultural jobs. The new rule requires prospective H-2B employers to provide documentation of their inability to recruit and hire an adequate number of U.S. workers to meet their temporary labor needs and to forward job openings to State Workforce Agencies (SWAs), which assist in recruiting employees. The prior version of the program allowed employers to merely attest that they could not find adequate U.S. workers. The new rule also states that, if employers pay the transportation and lodging costs of H-2B workers, they must also pay such costs for similarly placed U.S. workers.
- Read the new H-2B final rule in the Federal Register.
- Read more about H-2B visas in the January 2010 Policy Beat.
New Performance-Based National Detention Standards. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has released new standards governing all of its immigration detention facilities, the first complete change in the rules since 2008. The standards recommend a series of changes in detention conditions, including: providing detainees with up to four hours per day of recreation, allowing detainees to have longer contact visits with guests and relaxing the requirements for contact visits, providing that medical grievances should be submitted in sealed envelopes to medical professionals, requiring translators to be on hand for medical appointments when a detainee is limited English proficient, and requiring more comprehensive mental and physical health screenings at the time of a detainee's admission. Many immigrant advocates, however, believe that the new standards do not go far enough in creating a "civil" immigration detention system. They have also criticized the fact that the standards are not legally enforceable.
- Find out more about immigrant detention in the recent Source article Immigrant Detention under Scrutiny in Australia, United Kingdom, and United States.
- Read more about immigration detention in MPI's 2011 Spotlight Immigration Enforcement in the United States.
- Find the new ICE detention standards.
- Read the old 2008 detention standards.
Filing Window Closes for Salvadoran TPS Re-Registration. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) closed on March 12 its 60-day re-registration window for Salvadoran nationals in the United States seeking to apply for an extension of Temporary Protected Status (TPS). The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) grants TPS – which includes a grant of temporary work authorization and protection against deportation – to eligible noncitizens from designated countries who are unable to return to their countries of origin because of armed conflict or a natural disaster.
In addition to El Salvador, six countries are currently designated for TPS: Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. El Salvador was the first country to be designated for TPS in 1990. As of 2008, approximately 229,000 Salvadorans in the United States had TPS protection.
- Find out more about Salvadoran Immigrants in the United States.
- Learn about TPS in the February 2010 Policy Beat.
- Read the USCIS press release on the re-designation of TPS for Salvadorans.
State and Local Policy Beat in Brief
Mississippi House Passes Immigration Enforcement Bill. On February 24, Mississippi's House of Representatives passed HB 488, a strict immigration enforcement law that combines elements of Arizona's SB 1070 and Alabama's HB 56, both highly controversial immigration laws. If it becomes law, HB 488 would require police officers to check the immigration status of stopped individuals whenever there is "reasonable suspicion" that they are unauthorized immigrants; would require public schools to determine the immigration status of enrolled students; and would prohibit unauthorized immigrants from entering into business transactions with city or state governments.
Though the bill has not yet passed the Mississippi Senate, its passage in the House is significant, largely because legislators in most other states appear to be holding off on introducing measures modeled after SB 1070 until the Supreme Court rules on the law's constitutionality later this year. Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant has said that he will sign the bill into law, should it pass both houses.
- Read more about laws modeled after Arizona's SB 1070 in the October 2011 Policy Beat.
- Read the text of the new Mississippi bill, HB 488.
Split Decision in Fremont, Nebraska Case. On February 20, U.S. District Court Judge Laurie Smith Camp struck down as unconstitutional a key part of Fremont, Nebraska's 2010 housing ordinance aimed at regulating illegal immigration. Judge Smith Camp found that the portion of the ordinance allowing landlords to be penalized for harboring unauthorized immigrants if they permitted such noncitizens to rent homes or apartments was preempted by federal law. But the judge ruled that the city could move forward with implementation of two other parts of the ordinance: a provision requiring all potential renters over the age of 18 to apply for rental licenses and allowing the city to deny licenses to unauthorized immigrants and a provision requiring all government contractors to participate in the E-Verify program. Both sides in the Fremont case plan to appeal.
- Learn more about the Fremont case in the July 2010 and November 2010 Policy Beats.
- Read Judge Smith Camp's recent decision on the Fremont case.
- Read the press release from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), one of the parties to the case, explaining its intent to appeal the recent decision.
Baltimore Mayor Issues Executive Order Advising Police Not to Ask About Immigration Status. Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, the mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, issued an executive order instructing city police officers not to ask stopped or arrested individuals about their immigration status. According to the mayor's office, the new order is intended to ensure that noncitizens are willing to report crimes and cooperate with the police. The move follows a decision by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to begin implementing the Secure Communities program in Baltimore.
Secure Communities is a federal immigration enforcement program that screens the immigration status of all arrested individuals in a particular jurisdiction, so that ICE can decide whether to detain or place in removal proceedings an arrested individual.
- Find out more about ICE's Secure Communities program in the March 2011 Policy Beat.
- Read the new executive order.
ICE Settlement in New Haven Lawsuit. In an unprecedented move, ICE agreed to pay $350,000 to settle a lawsuit brought by 11 noncitizens who were arrested at their homes in the middle of the night in June 2007 as part of a fugitive immigrant operation. The agency has also agreed not to pursue removal cases against the 11 individuals.
ICE's June 2007 New Haven operation, which resulted in the arrest of more than 30 noncitizens, garnered national media attention and criticism, largely because critics alleged that ICE purposely conducted the New Haven raid in response to the city's decision to allow all residents – regardless of immigration status – the opportunity to apply for city identification cards. According to media reports, the new settlement is unusual not only because it constitutes the largest amount of money ever paid to settle a case having to do with an immigration raid, but also because it combines a monetary settlement with protection from removal for the noncitizen plaintiffs.
- Learn more about ICE's fugitive operations program in Collateral Damage: An Examination of ICE's Fugitive Operations Program.
- Read more about the New Haven ID card plan in the August 2007 Policy Beat.

subset: commoncrawl


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While we were reeling after the horrible event in the theater in Aurora, Colorado; while it were still unfolding we endured the army of experts and analysts who offer their solutions, counsel and views on every detail and nuance of the tragedy. People with shock and horror still clearly written all over their countenance have microphones pushed in their faces followed by ridiculous questions like, how did you feel when you saw…
The words of the experts all start to meld together like a giant Hollywood production that while well-funded ends up by saying nothing and offering no lasting solutions. Unlike a Hollywood production, real life offers no alternate endings.
Then along comes one former Baptist minister, turned Governor, turned TV talk show host with a summary that hits the nail on the head. Although he was saddled with the daunting task of hitting the nail on a board that someone keeps moving; he took aim and brought the hammer down with a single blow that drove it in up to the hilt.
Mike Huckabee commented that after all is said and done it can be seen that it is not education, politics, society or a plethora of other things that is wrong with our nation, " it is sin," Huckabee said, even as a muffled amen rose up from his audience. Don't run – take the earpiece out of your ear, put down the iPad, tear your sweaty hand from the game stick or shut off the TV for a five full minutes to ponder the Governor's conclusion. Atheist, agnostic or true believer, you will have to admit that it is the most reasonable conclusion anyone has offered yet.
The notion that America has tuned out the moral message of the gospel is a complete falsehood, for two simple reasons. The first is that millions of Americans are praying more and proclaiming the need to turn back to God more than at any time in our recent history. The second is that the rest of the population is fully tuned-in to something else.
They sit like mindless sheep in the classrooms where instructors tell them they are primitive minded Neanderthals for ascribing to any religious view that holds man accountable to the Creator God. They have the latest tunes, news, weather and sports pumped in between their ears on countless new electronic gadgets that don't pause even while they send photos, texts and messages to their friends. For leisure they take up one of Hollywood's latest offerings of altered reality from a video disc or as it were on July 20, 2012, in a local movie theater.
Now we have come full circle to where this subject began. Sadly it was in this setting where the world's worst reality crashed in, uninvited, unexpected and completely unwanted as an intrusion to Hollywood's magic, mayhem and nonsense.
With forensic psychologists, legal experts and social scientists offering thousands of possible explanations who wants to go all the way back to the antiquated, over-used and largely discarded message of the gospel? Modernity's answer is understood, but it is not necessarily the correct answer. In crisis, calamity and tragedy the best answer has been and still continues to be found in an old adage not heard as much anymore. "Wise men still seek Him."
It is too easy to say that America has become a deeply sinful nation. We need only to look around, peruse the news or listen to our neighbors to come to that indisputable conclusion. What is almost impossible to find is someone that admits that we are sinners and that sin is our greatest problem. Echoes of John's epistle fly from the past to the ailing conscience of modern man, not to condemn, but to re-direct and hopefully stop the loss of one single man or an entire nation. To wit:
"But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness." (1 John 1: 7-9)
Thousands of years before John offered his inspired word about man's denial of sin and its remedy, the writer of the book of Deuteronomy warned that when mankind refused to deal with sin and obey God's commandments that lots of troubles would ensue. While we engage dozens of government agencies to avert acts of terrorism from without, Deuteronomy warned of the terror within, but withholds nothing about the source and cause of that terror. Yes – it is sin, just as Governor Huckabee has concluded.
Not only did the ancient people reject the message, but they used the same excuses that modern man uses today. They said there is no sin and if there is, God is not going to judge us for it. They concluded that time and chance alone accounted for their calamities.
"I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon them. They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison of serpents of the dust. The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs. I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men: Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, our hand is high, and the LORD hath not done all this." (De 32: 23-27)
We are still making the same conclusions as the ancients; "and the LORD hath not done all this." Thus we make true, the grand conclusion from yet another Biblical writer, King Solomon. Heralded as the wisest man to have ever lived in his day, Solomon concluded that men would always be victims of their own sinful nature even as they dissed, denied and deferred their complicity in their own destruction.
Solomon said simply; "The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun." (Ec 1:9)
Be it Solomon, Deuteronomy, John or Huckabee this is no Sunday school lesson, but a call to the highest level of discernment a nation can muster, it is a clarion call from the everlasting wisdom of the ages. It is our sin that is destroying our nation – no more and no less.


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Leidos has a current job opportunity for a Junior Cyber Security Analyst at Hill AFB, Utah.
This position will perform cyber threat intelligence analysis, correlate actionable security events, perform network traffic analysis using raw packet data, net flow, IDS, IPS and custom sensor output as it pertains to the cyber security of communications networks, and participate in the coordination of resources during incident response efforts. Additionally, this position requires rotating shift work.
Review DoD and open source intelligence for threats.
Identify Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) and integrate those into sensors and SIEMs.
Under supervision, triage alerts to identify malicious actors on customer networks.
Complete basic-level cyber analysis of potential events.
Report incidents to customers and USCYBERCOM.
Motivated self-starter with strong written and verbal communication skills, and the ability to create complex technical reports on analytic findings.
Bachelor's degree and less than 2 years of prior relevant experience; additional work experience or Cyber courses/certifications may be substituted in lieu of degree.
Must have DoD 8570 IAT II prior to starting and CSSP-A Certification within 180 days of hire.
Demonstrated understanding of the life cycle of network threats, attacks, attack vectors and methods of exploitation with an understanding of intrusion set tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs).
Demonstrated understanding of TCP/IP, common networking ports and protocols, traffic flow, system administration, OSI model, defense-in-depth and common security elements.
Experience with any of the following: Anti-Virus, HIPS, ID/PS, Full Packet Capture, Host-Based Forensics, Network Forensics.
Familiarity with Intelligence Driven Defense and/or Cyber Kill Chain methodology.
Willing to perform shift work.
Must be a US Citizen.
Must have an active DoD Secret security clearance.
Unix/Linux command line experience.
Scripting and programming experience.
Experience with malware analysis concepts and methods.
In-depth knowledge of architecture, engineering, and operations of at least one enterprise SIEM platform (e.g. Nitro/McAfee Enterprise Security Manager, ArcSight, QRadar, LogLogic, Splunk).
CND experience (Protect, Detect, Respond and Sustain) within a Computer Incident Response organization or Security Operations Center.
Advanced certifications such as SANS GIAC/GCIA/GCIH, CISSP or CASP and/or SIEM-specific training and certification.
Demonstrated commitment to training, self-study and maintaining proficiency in the technical cybersecurity domain.
Pay Range:Pay Range $53,300.00 - $82,000.00 - $110,700.00
The Leidos pay range for this job level is a general guideline only and not a guarantee of compensation or salary. Additional factors considered in extending an offer include (but are not limited to) responsibilities of the job, education, experience, knowledge, skills, and abilities, as well as internal equity, alignment with market data, applicable bargaining agreement (if any), or other law.
About Leidos
Leidos is a Fortune 500® technology, engineering, and science solutions and services leader working to solve the world's toughest challenges in the defense, intelligence, civil, and health markets. The company's 46,000 employees support vital missions for government and commercial customers. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, Leidos reported annual revenues of approximately $14.4 billion for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2022. For more information, visit www.Leidos.com.
Pay and Benefits
Pay and benefits are fundamental to any career decision. That's why we craft compensation packages that reflect the importance of the work we do for our customers. Employment benefits include competitive compensation, Health and Wellness programs, Income Protection, Paid Leave and Retirement. More details are available here.
Securing Your Data
Beware of fake employment opportunities using Leidos' name. Leidos will never ask you to provide payment-related information during any part of the employment application process (i.e., ask you for money), nor will Leidos ever advance money as part of the hiring process (i.e., send you a check or money order before doing any work). Further, Leidos will only communicate with you through emails that are generated by the Leidos.com automated system – never from free commercial services (e.g., Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail) or via WhatsApp, Telegram, etc. If you received an email purporting to be from Leidos that asks for payment-related information or any other personal information (e.g., about you or your previous employer), and you are concerned about its legitimacy, please make us aware immediately by emailing us at [email protected].
If you believe you are the victim of a scam, contact your local law enforcement and report the incident to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission.
Commitment to Diversity
All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to sex, race, ethnicity, age, national origin, citizenship, religion, physical or mental disability, medical condition, genetic information, pregnancy, family structure, marital status, ancestry, domestic partner status, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, veteran or military status, or any other basis prohibited by law. Leidos will also consider for employment qualified applicants with criminal histories consistent with relevant laws.


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NEW YORK/WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Citigroup is close to paying about US$7 billion (S$8.7 billion) to resolve a US probe into whether it defrauded investors on billions of dollars worth of mortgage securities in the run-up to the financial crisis, a source familiar with the matter said on Tuesday.
A majority of the settlement is expected to be in cash, but the figure also includes several billion dollars in help to struggling borrowers, the source said.
An announcement of the settlement between the bank and the US Department of Justice could come as early as next week, the source said.
A Citigroup representative declined comment. A Justice Department spokeswoman did not respond to requests for comment.
A settlement of around US$7 billion for Citigroup would be higher than analysts had expected based on the bank's mortgage securities business.
Some Wall Street analysts had previously estimated that Citigroup likely had about US$3 billion of reserves set aside for a related settlement. US authorities had demanded more than US$10 billion last month, Reuters reported.
Talks between US authorities and Citigroup stalled last month after both sides stood far apart on a settlement figure and the Justice Department had prepared to sue the bank.
The bank is scheduled to report second-quarter results on Monday. Analysts, on average, have estimated the company would earn US$3.4 billion.
US Attorneys offices in Brooklyn and Colorado have been investigating the bank as part of a larger task force probing faulty mortgage securities that helped fuel the housing bubble in the mid-2000s and contributed to its collapse.
JPMorgan Chase & Co paid US$13 billion in November to resolve a range of probes from the task force, in a deal that U.S. authorities said would serve as a template for other banks. Bank of America Corp has also been in negotiations to resolve similar investigations.


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Investors are always looking for stocks that are poised to beat at earnings season and Discover Financial ServicesDFS may be one such company. The firm has earnings coming up pretty soon, and events are shaping up quite nicely for their report.
That is because Discover Financial Services is seeing favorable earnings estimate revision activity as of late, which is generally a precursor to earnings beat. After all, analysts raising estimates right before earnings - with the most up-to-date information possible - is a pretty good indicator of some favorable trends underneath the surface for DFS in this report.
In fact, the Most Accurate Estimate for the current quarter is currently higher than the broader Zacks Consensus Estimate of $2.05 per share. This suggests that analysts have very recently bumped up their estimates for DFS, giving the stock a Zacks Earnings ESP of +0.23% heading into earnings season.
Discover Financial Services Price and EPS Surprise
Discover Financial Services Price and EPS Surprise | Discover Financial Services Quote
Why is this Important?
A positive reading for the Zacks Earnings ESP has proven to be very powerful in producing both positive surprises and outperforming the market. Our recent 10-year backtest shows that stocks that have a positive Earnings ESP and a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold) or better show a positive surprise nearly 70% of the time, and have returned over 28% on average in annual returns (see more Top Earnings ESP stocks here ).
Given that DFS has Zacks Rank #2 (Buy) and an ESP in positive territory, investors might want to consider this stock ahead of earnings. You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here .
Clearly, recent earnings estimate revisions suggest that good things are ahead for Discover Financial Services and that a beat might be in the cards for the upcoming report.
Will You Make a Fortune on the Shift to Electric Cars?
Here's another stock idea to consider. Much like petroleum 150 years ago, lithium power may soon shake the world, creating millionaires and reshaping geo-politics. Soon electric vehicles (EVs) may be cheaper than gas guzzlers. Some are already reaching 265 miles on a single charge.
With battery prices plummeting and charging stations set to multiply, one company stands out as the #1 stock to buy according to Zacks research.
It's not the one you think.
Want the latest recommendations from Zacks Investment Research? Today, you can download 7 Best Stocks for the Next 30 Days. Click to get this free report
Discover Financial Services (DFS): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.


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Support Whittier Professors
Whittier's success as a top liberal arts college is built upon the unwavering quality and dedication of its faculty.
Preparing graduates for success in the world means recruiting, retaining and developing faculty who make a difference at the College. Support for faculty is generously given through gifts to the Whittier Fund, as well as endowed funds that underwrite department chairs and programs.
Giving opportunities include
Endowed Faculty Chairs
By creating a permanent endowment to fund a faculty position at the College, donors make a lasting commitment to the teacher/scholars that make Whittier an extraordinary place for student learning.
Department Support Funds
Gifts to support an academic department can create endless opportunities for collaborative student-faculty projects, bringing dynamic speakers to campus, or other departmental events.
Faculty Research Grants
Faculty research grants enable Whittier's dedicated faculty to enhance their teaching and research through support for new opportunities. This often takes the form of collaborative interdisciplinary research or curricular development projects.
To learn more about opportunities to support the dedicated faculty at Whittier College, contact the Office of Advancement at 562.907.4219 or email@example.com.


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Black History Committee Dr King Service
The Black History Committee of the Hudson Valley held its 46th Annual Martin Luther King Jr Celebration on Monday, January 19, 2015 at New Hope Baptist Church in Newburgh, NY.Read More
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Updated: October 19, 2019
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July 09, 2020
Patricia Mendez
May 15, 2020
Jasmine Day
January 18, 2019
Heather Benjamin
March 10, 2017
Christina Huynh
December 06, 2016
Shruti Agrawal, Arcedior
July 10, 2012
Green Home Guide Staff
Dimming saves energy while setting the right light level to improve mood and ambiance. Screw-in compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and screw-in light emitting diode bulbs (LEDs) are a great energy-... Read more
March 14, 2011
Celeste LeCompte
There are a growing number of options for homeowners seeking to use energy-efficient light bulbs. This buyer's guide will help you select the most energy efficient and environmentally sensitive... Read more
Emily Widle
March 12, 2011
Saving energy is simple—with occupancy/vacancy sensors. One of the easiest energy-saving solutions you can add to your home is an occupancy /vacancy sensor.


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Hinwil / Pfäffikon SZ, 25 January 2012 - Oerlikon is now a Premium Partner of the Sauber F1 Team. The high-tech group is intensifying its involvement with the traditional Swiss racing team, and the Oerlikon logo will be prominently displayed on both sides of the upper engine cover of the new Sauber C31-Ferrari as well as on team gear and equipment. In addition, the previously announced plan to build a solar park at the company headquarters in Hinwil, featuring thin-film silicon panels based on Oerlikon technology, is to be driven forward.
Team Principal Peter Sauber comments: "We have long held Oerlikon Balzers in esteem as a technology partner supplying special coatings for high-stress components. In 2011 we began to further expand our partnership with Oerlikon in the interests of improving our company's environmental performance, and we can see great potential for numerous know-how transfer possibilities in the future."
Michael Buscher, CEO of the Oerlikon Group, elaborates: "We are pleased to play a part in further enhancing the environmental compatibility of the internationally renowned Sauber F1 Team. Formula One is a highly innovative sport with a global profile, making it an ideal platform to communicate our positioning as a leading technology enterprise to the world."
Oerlikon products are integral to the automotive world. The company's Textile Segment supplies tyre cord, technical fibres for lightweight components and special yarns for racing gear. Oerlikon Drive Systems provides high-performance gearing systems for sports cars. Oerlikon's Vacuum Segment offers solutions for vehicle paintwork, the Coating Segment provides coatings for high-stress engine components in Formula One and general vehicle construction, and Oerlikon Advanced Technologies' machines manufacture computer chips used in mobile navigation and safety electronics systems. "All our business Segments are directly or indirectly represented in automotive construction and motor racing with innovative solutions. On the basis of these diverse links, the partnership between Sauber and Oerlikon is an excellent match that is further reinforced by a shared Swiss heritage," says Oerlikon CEO Michael Buscher.


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News Story
Pentagon Cuts Have Military States Worried
For a preview of how states are likely to respond to deep cuts in federal military spending — a key component of the debt-reduction deal Congress approved this month — consider the Pentagon's proposal a year ago to eliminate the Joint Forces Command, a sprawling military installation near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in southeastern Virginia.
Last August, then-Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced that the installation — one of 10 headquarters for U.S. military operations around the world — would be shuttered as a result of Pentagon budget cuts. Its operations, Gates said, relied too heavily on outside contractors, the kind of spending that the defense secretary wanted to curtail, and he suggested that its specific mission of training troops to work in a joint capacity had largely been fulfilled.
But for Virginia, the installation was far more than a military training and command center. With an annual operating budget of $838 million and a workforce of 5,700 civilians, contractors and military personnel located in two neighboring cities, Norfolk and Suffolk, the Joint Forces Command represented an economic powerhouse . And Virginia's leaders were not going to accept its demise without a fight.
Republican Governor Bob McDonnell called the proposed closure "outrageous," and set up a commission charged with retaining and expanding U.S. military operations in the state. Democratic U.S. Senator Jim Webb protested by blocking all of the Defense Department's pending nominees in the Senate. Webb and the House member who then represented the district surrounding the installation introduced legislation that demanded the Pentagon give "full justification" for the decision. And a team of state officials demanded a face-to-face meeting with Gates, which they eventually got last November.
In the end, Virginia's protests paid off. The White House announced in January of this year that the Joint Forces Command would indeed be eliminated, but that it would be restructured and that about half of its budget and personnel would be retained in southeastern Virginia. The dismantling of the command became official earlier this month — almost exactly a year after Gates first proposed it — but thousands of civilian employees remain, and the economic devastation that had been widely forecast has not been realized.
The story of the Joint Forces Command highlights the tug-of-war that is likely to happen between the federal government and individual states as national leaders try to reduce the federal debt. Military spending, a major driver of many states' economies, is targeted for large cuts in the debt-reduction deal. While state leaders from both parties regularly criticize the federal deficit as unacceptable, they also have their own states' best interests in mind, and they are keen to avoid cuts that could cost their constituents jobs in a fragile recovery. As Virginia's example makes clear, states have a powerful incentive to make sure that the deepest budget cuts happen elsewhere — effectively opening up a new front in their long-running battle for jobs and economic development.
What's at stake?
At Stateline has reported, states so far have fared relatively well in the debt-reduction deal. Key state-specific programs such as Medicaid, food stamps and children's health insurance were specifically exempted from the cuts ordered by Congress, although they could reappear in discussions held by a congressional "Super Committee" in the fall. Military programs, on the other hand, have already been targeted for a minimum of $350 billion in cuts over 10 years, with the possibility of $600 billion more if the Super Committee fails to agree on other areas to cut — a strong possibility given Washington's well-known gridlock.
State officials from Alaska, Hawaii, Maryland, New Mexico, Virginia and other military-dependent states are being tight-lipped about how deep Pentagon cuts would affect their economies, saying that far too many details of the debt deal are still unknown. But the plan has clearly served as a wake-up call in some states where the Pentagon provides much of the economic activity.
In Virginia, which is home to the Pentagon itself as well as a range of important military bases and contractors, McDonnell last week reported a $545 million state budget surplus amid better-than-expected tax collections. But he tempered the celebrations by advocating for the creation of a new state fund to safeguard against the impending federal cuts in military and other spending.
In Maryland, some business groups and economists say the state needs to fundamentally rethink its economic development strategy in light of a shrinking federal role. The state is home to the National Security Agency and tens of thousands of military jobs at bases including Andrews Air Force Base, Aberdeen Proving Ground and Fort Meade.
Meanwhile, the list of the federal government's top defense contractors "reads like a who's who of Maryland business," says Ron Wineholt, vice president of government affairs for the Maryland Chamber of Commerce. The contractors include Lockheed Martin, Northrup Grumman, Textron, and hundreds of smaller businesses that compete for defense and research work.
A recent study by Blueprint Maryland, an advocacy group that is pushing for Maryland to diversify its economy, found that hundreds of thousands of Maryland jobs are at stake in the federal government's negotiations over debt. "Maryland's principal industry is the federal government," the study found, "and that is now the American industry most likely to downsize in the years ahead."
For their part, Maryland officials say they think they can absorb the cuts that have already been approved. But they are concerned about what might happen if more are triggered.
"If the cuts stay in the -to- billion range over the next 10 years, I think the cuts in Maryland will be relatively modest," says Mike Hayes, a retired Marine Corps brigadier general who now works for the state Department of Business and Economic Development. Hayes believes Maryland actually may be well-positioned if Pentagon cuts focus primarily on personnel, since the state's renowned high-tech sector can provide information technology and other services that could replace manpower. "If we diminish the number of people in uniform," he says, "then we become dependent on the very best technology that we have."
But Hayes sees far bigger problems on the horizon if deeper military spending cuts become reality. "If they go beyond ( billion)," he says, "then I think we're in uncharted territory, frankly."
Jockeying for position
With the Super Committee set to start its work in the fall, the jockeying among the states has already begun. The Associated Press recently noted the Pentagon has many friends on the Super Committee, which is tasked with finding at least $1.2 trillion more in federal spending cuts by the end of this year. The committee includes senators and representatives from military-dependent states including Massachusetts, Ohio and Washington State, and there is growing speculation that hundreds of billions of dollars in additional defense cuts are simply unacceptable to many members of the committee.
Indeed, the two states with arguably the most on the line — Maryland and Virginia — have some of the best-connected politicians who will be working hard to safeguard their interests. Maryland has House Minority Whip Steny Hoyer, Super Committee member Chris Van Hollen and Martin O'Malley, head of the Democratic Governors Association. Virginia has House Majority Leader Eric Cantor and McDonnell, the head of the Republican Governors Association.
For some states, meanwhile, a major dependence on federal military spending creates an unusual political dynamic as the Super Committee begins its work: State officials actually could be pushing for entitlement cuts or reductions in state aid that they might otherwise oppose, since the alternative — automatically triggered military cuts of historic magnitude — may be even less palatable for them.
"From a Maryland perspective, the best solution would be adjustments made to Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid," Anirban Basu, a prominent economist with the Sage Policy Group, a private consulting firm, recently told The (Baltimore) Sun. "That would spread the pain of those adjustments across the country and not just disproportionately impact Maryland's economy."
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Was John McCain's senior foreign policy adviser Randy Scheunemann fired for leaking sensitive information to his friend, the longtime McCain backer and New York Times columnist William Kristol? Were Kristol, Scheunemann, and deputy communications director Michael Goldfarb at the heart of a feud inside the McCain camp over the Palin candidacy—with Kristol fighting the battle in his Times column? McCainiacs associated with the campaign tell The Daily Beast that whatever happened between Scheunemann and McCain on a formal level, it's clear that there was a serious rift in the week before the election, and that the cause of the split boils down to one word: Kristol.
Kristol's New York Times column—written inside what the McCain campaign considered enemy territory—was read with great interest. As Kristol used column after column to boost Sarah Palin, suspicions built inside the campaign that Kristol and McCain staffers close to him had written off McCain and were now determined to salvage Palin as a vehicle for Republican politics in the future, possibly the Republican nomination in 2012. Michael Goldfarb—who left Kristol's Weekly Standard to work on communications for the McCain campaign—also repeatedly came under suspicion among McCain insiders for his close ties to Kristol and his "manic zeal" in fending off questions over the Palin candidacy.
There was a serious rift in the week before the election, and the cause of the split boils down to one word: Kristol.
As one McCain adviser put it to me: "In the last six weeks there was a remarkable echo. You could listen to arguments made by folks inside of the campaign who were close to Bill Kristol and then open up The New York Times and read them in Kristol's columns. It was 'set Sarah free,' coupled with an agenda designed to appeal to the religious right and the more raucous elements of the party. They got their way often enough, and we started noticing that at many of the Palin functions it was nonstop 'Sarah, Sarah,' while John McCain all but vanished. Were they trying to get McCain elected in 2008, or to help Palin on the way to the Republican nomination in 2012? You can't get yourself into a situation in which anyone can credibly ask that question."
A scan of Kristol's columns in The Times shows what the McCain insider was talking about.
His first two columns following the announcement of the Palin pick were devoted to general efforts to bolster Palin's image and fend off criticisms that she lacked the necessary experience to fill out the Republican ticket. On September 1, in a piece headlined " A Star is Born," Kristol argued that the Palin choice would bolster McCain's image as a "shrewd and prescient gambler." And on September 8, his column was devoted to debunking criticism of Palin's qualifications and praising her as a woman "of the people." "McCain didn't just pick a politician who could appeal to Wal-Mart Moms. He picked a Wal-Mart Mom." These pieces were crafted in what was in retrospect the golden age of the campaign. After a financial crisis erupted on Wall Street, however, the Kristol columns got became tactical in their orientation.
On September 28, Kristol wrote: "McCain needs to liberate his running mate from the former Bush aides brought in to handle her—aides who seem to have succeeded in importing to the Palin campaign the trademark defensive crouch of the Bush White House. McCain picked Sarah Palin in part because she's a talented politician and communicator. He needs to free her to use her political talents and to communicate in her own voice." The same column contains the first intimations of discord within the campaign, claiming that McCain had criticized his staff over their handling of Palin and suggesting that he had instructed Steve Schmidt and Rick Davis to "liberate" her to go on the offensive. He also suggests that the campaign recalibrate and focus its attacks on Obama's "radical past," especially on his relationship with Jeremiah Wright. The next week, Kristol advanced this line of attack in an interview with Palin herself. Palin wondered aloud why Obama's relationship with Wright "isn't discussed more"—a deviation from McCain's own wishes, which were that Wright not be discussed at all.
On October 13, Kristol's criticism reached the boiling point. "Fire the campaign," he thundered. "What McCain needs to do is junk the whole thing and start over. Shut down the rapid responses, end the frantic e-mails, bench the spinning surrogates, stop putting up new TV and Internet ads every minute. In fact, pull all the ads—they're doing no good anyway. Use that money for televised town halls and half-hour addresses in prime time." Among the McCain tactics that had failed, he acknowledged, were the very ones he had advocated just two weeks earlier.
What emerges on a close reading is this: Palin and those closest to her inside the campaign were eager to wage a Lee Atwater-style campaign designed to demonize Barack Obama, with Palin as the figure leading the charge. McCain was resisting this push or at least attempting to keep it within tight boundaries. Kristol campaigned against the McCain strategy, boosting Palin.
On Wednesday, The New York Times reported rumors of Scheunemann's firing, and quoted an anonymous McCain aide as saying Scheunemann was feeding a "constant stream of poison" to Kristol. Scheunemann denies he had been fired. But Scheunemann admitted to CNN that his email had been temporarily disconnected..
How did Kristol respond? Appearing on Fox News, Kristol protested his loyalty to John McCain and called the anonymous staffers who had criticized him "paranoid." He explained that the campaign had started looking through staffers' emails to see "who was allegedly leaking stuff, negative stuff." Presumably, he means leaking to Bill Kristol.
As I reported previously, Kristol was instrumental in convincing the McCain campaign to select Sarah Palin, and he stood tenaciously by his candidate. He used his position as a media figure—at The Weekly Standard, on Fox News, and in his valued column at The New York Times—to advance his vision of the campaign's interests.
This raises an obvious question for The New York Times: Should Bill Kristol's contract as an opinion columnist be renewed when it runs up at year's end? There is no problem with the conservative viewpoint advanced in his pieces—he was after all hired as a replacement for a conservative voice, William Safire. Still, The Times must be concerned about Kristol's intervention in the campaign he was writing about. Simply put, the pundit meddled in the campaign he was commenting on.
Perhaps all of this could be forgiven and forgotten, but Kristol has committed a far graver sin: He has publicly trashed The Times. Here's how Editor & Publisher reports his latest eruption of Times-bashing:
"Appearing once again on The Daily Show, Bill Kristol, Jon Stewart's favorite whipping boy ('Bill Kristol, aren't you ever right?'), on Thursday night defended the McCain-Palin ticket, at one point informing the show's host that he was getting his news from suspect sources. 'You're reading The New York Times too much,' he declared. 'Bill, you WORK for The New York Times!' Stewart pointed out."
That may soon require the past tense.
Scott Horton is a law professor and writer on legal and national security affairs for Harper's Magazine and The American Lawyer, among other publications.


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These latest developments are establishing mobile initiatives for a variety of horizontal and industry-specific business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) application scenarios.
Enabling Mobile Enterprise Agile App Development
Furthermore, third parties are increasing their mobile application life-cycle investments to meet the growing demand for mobile applications -- such as native, Web-based or cross-platform -- with an emphasis on accelerating client mobile applications to market at lower total cost of ownership (TCO) with higher productivity and quality.
An insightful IDC study has analyzed the emerging new mobility services market and reviewed vendor investments in infrastructure and mobile intellectual property (IP) -- across fourteen different providers.
The following are key factors influencing growth in this segment:
- Accelerating mobile IP creation or investment and partnership activity through component reusability, application factories, and use of internal IP for rapid cross-platform portability are central to service provider investments.
- Partnerships with mobile enterprise application platform vendors are on the rise as are initiatives that integrate smart device technology with cloud-based back-end applications to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and generate new revenue streams.
- The importance of usability and user experience (UX) is becoming a critical best practice to accelerate development timeframes and ensure alignment to business expectations.
- Mobile development is frequently being packaged as part of broader mobile application life-cycle services -- with heightened attention to mobile platform selection, business case development, architectural planning (e.g. back end integration), and agile mobile development and testing.
"As third-party service providers move forward, they will need to address the broader spectrum of enterprise customer needs, from new entrants to the mobile space to more mature customers that have been engaged in a mobile road map strategy for a few years," said Rona Shuchat, director, Application Outsourcing Services at IDC.
The focus will be on building relevant and innovative business-centric solutions -- using mobile device apps as a key enabler.
As such, it's important to conceptualize new use-cases that will increase operational efficiencies and facilitate higher worker productivity, lower the cost of end-to-end order and supply chains, or introduce effective new ways of marketing products to end-customers via mobility.


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I got into the car this morning to take my youngest to school and the song on the radio was "Way down we go" by Kaleo. I had to laugh because earlier as I was getting ready I had a running to do list in my head and I knew it included sending out an energy update. I had thought to myself – What is the best way to describe what is happening right now? I was pulled from this train of thought to attend to making lunch and making sure teeth were brushed. Yet as I got into the car, spirit obliged me and described it perfectly. Way down we go.
The energies coming in are amazing, intense, fantastic and brutal all at the same time. These are the higher timeline energies coming in. It's a pre-wave before we jump timelines as a collective. The reason this is important is because it is a beautiful opportunity to clear up all that is unsustainable in the accelerated energies. This is the reason that so many are experiencing that what they thought was stable is crumbling. If it is not going to serve you in this accelerated timeline it has to go. For some this will feel like a giant roadblock has been put in your path so that you have no option but to go elsewhere, yet for others it is subtle and confusing. Being in the midst of Mercury Retrograde does not make it any less confusing either. This is a good time to go deep within and make sure that all of you, your mind, body, and spirit is on the same page. For others doorways have opened and the path looks beautifully clear.
If you have experienced a road block in your plans, take it as a sign that the direction you were headed is not in your highest good long term. Prior to an accelerated timeline you could have explored that direction and learned from it even if it didn't stay stable for the long term. However, with this timeline jump, we will be moving very quickly and the soul understanding this is now saying – that won't work out and I don't need to have the experience. So when things appear to fall apart, take a step back and say – Thank you, you saved me from something that would not have been worthwhile in the long run.
I understand that this is a lot easier to do when it is business opportunities that fall away verses relationships. Yet, the premise remains the same, what would not have lasted for the long term is being shown to us now. That does not mean that all that stays now will not end at a later time. What it means is that if it stays at this time it is still in your highest good and you are growing and learning from it.
Not only are we seeing where things have shifted, we are also seeing where our loved ones, pets included are transitioning out of form. Contracts have ended, roles are completed, and their energy is ready to move on. There seems to be quite a few pets leaving us the last couple of months and it is in their absence that we realize just how deeply they supported us. I am not surprised when a client asks about a pet and I hear from their ascension team that the pet is a soul mate or guide. Many of you can look back and see where animals have helped you through patches in life and when that is complete, the animal leaves. Being an animal on earth is just one of the many experiences we undertake before coming in as a human. As with us, the animals have a task and a goal, when it is completed, they return to spirit to learn something new. With the accelerated timeline, the timeline in which an animal companion completes their role has changed as well. Though it is painful, it can also be a sign that you too are ready for the next phase in your life. My niece just recently lost a very beloved horse that helped her heal and grow in so many ways. Now the horse is still helping her figure out who she is through the grief process.
Not only are we seeing really rapid shifts in our life with the energies, but we are also experiencing deep, deep introspection. As we embody more and more of our soul, our I AM, we must reconcile all that is within us that does not match the higher frequencies. This is really taping into not only our patterns but the Ancestral patterns that have affected our lives. Ancestral DNA is being cleared in these moments. It's an opportunity for you to look back through your family history. Can you see where you continued the pattern or fought against it to the point you created one just as problematic? (For example: the abused child who now as a parent does not instill rules or discipline in their children.) Now is the time to see your patterns and the deep emotions swirling around them. From here you can release them and choose different. This is happening on a collective level as well. Groups that have been subjugated are now standing up not only for what is taking place in this now, but to discuss what has taken place through the years. It has to come up for acknowledgement and releasing, without this we just keep recreating it.
I am blessed that much of my understanding of this process comes from working with clients and their guides. It leads to huge AH HA moments and I know that they must be shared. Recently I was working with a client and her guides were telling me that what was holding her back was deep anger and pain over things that happened in her life. When I told her about it, she said that she had reconciled all that, understood that her soul chose the experience and that she grew from it. Then I got it. Really got it. As we awaken and merge with our highest self we learn the concepts of soul path and choosing the theme we experience and the soul growth that is obtained. This helps us to understand the bigger picture, but if we haven't dealt with the emotions created by the events, then it's like throwing a pretty bag over a feral screaming cat. Eventually that cat will find its way out and it is going to be madder than ever.
Somewhere along the way many of us thought that to be spiritual we shouldn't feel negative emotions, we reasoned them away with knowledge and logic. Well, that only works for so long. The only way to fully release all those emotions, the pain, the disappointment is to feel them and honor them. Otherwise it creates this build up that must be released. Imagine this conversation:
Human Self: I feel cheated that my dad was an alcoholic my whole life. That he was never there and then when he finally sobers up, I am out of the house. Then he dies just a few years later. I never got to know him and I'm pissed.
Spiritual Self: Well, you planned this, you see. You learned a lot about yourself growing up with an alcoholic, uninvolved father. He showed you want kind of parent you did not want to be and the type of man you didn't want to marry.
Human Self: What does that have to do with how I FEEL? (As the human self wants to punch the self-righteous spiritual self in the face)
Can you see how that lack of validation of feelings could just create more anger? More feelings of not being heard? Can you see how this can get louder and louder until it can no longer be ignored or placated away? This is what the energy is showing us. It is showing us what has been glossed over and stuffed down. Give yourself permission to be ANGRY. Give yourself permission to be SAD. Give yourself permission to FEEL anything that is coming up. Sit with it until it no longer needs to be acknowledged.
At that point, the deeper spiritual understanding is wonderful and we can begin to see just how perfect all of this has been. Until then though we must honor the one who was hurt, disappointed, betrayed, ignored, and unloved. As we honor this part of ourselves and we love it fully and deeply, this in itself sets us free.
"And way down we go-o-o-o-o
Way down we go-o-o-o-o
Say way down we go
Way down we go
You let your feet run wild
Time has come as we all oh, go down
Yeah but for the fall oh, my
Do you dare to look him right in the eyes?"
Have the courage to go deep and look yourself, ALL of yourself right in the eyes. Once you get through & honor all the layers of pain and emotion, you will see how beautiful you really are.
Sending you all so much love.
» Source


text:
Selected Poems by Jorge Luis Borges
Regular price
Though universally acclaimed for his dazzling fictions, Jorge Luis Borges always considered himself first and foremost a poet. This new bilingual selection brings together some two hundred poems–the largest collection of Borges' poetry ever assembled in English, including scores of poems never previously translated. Edited by Alexander Coleman, the selection draws from a lifetime's work–from Borges' first published volume of verse, Fervor de Buenos Aires (1923), to his final work, Los Conjurados, published just a year before his death in 1986. Throughout this unique collection the brilliance of the Spanish originals is matched by luminous English versions by a remarkable cast of translators, including Robert Fitzgerald, Stephen Kessler, W. S. Merwin, Alastair Reid, Mark Strand, Charles Tomlinson, and John Updike.


text:
A U.S. appeals court has denied Apple a rehearing on the rejection of an injunction on sales of Samsung Electronics' Galaxy Nexus. Apple had earlier questioned a criterion for preliminary injunctions used by the court.
The company asked the court to review its earlier ruling that to secure a preliminary injunction, a 'causal nexus' had to be established between the infringing feature and consumer demand for the accused product.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit also denied Thursday Apple's motion for a rehearing by a full court of its petition, without giving reasons.
The causal nexus criterion requires the patent holder to prove, as a prerequisite to securing a preliminary injunction, that the patented feature drives consumer demand for the accused product, Apple said in its petition. Neither the Supreme Court nor the appeals court has ever before imposed such a feature-specific prerequisite to injunctive relief, it said.
Electronic devices contain a host of features, many patented, that are not even apparent to consumers but which enhance the utility and ultimately the value of the product, according to Apple. "In cases involving such products, and many others, circumstantial evidence will be important to establishing the prerequisites to a preliminary injunction," it added.
Courts have traditionally considered only four factors in issuing preliminary injunctions: likelihood of success, irreparable injury, balance of hardships, and public interest, Apple said. The court has, however, held that causal nexus is part of the showing of irreparable harm.
Granted, then withdrawn
The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, San Jose division ordered in June a preliminary injunction on the Galaxy Nexus, but it was vacated by the appeals court.
The record does not permit the inference that the allegedly infringing features of the Galaxy Nexus drive consumer demand, the appeals court ruled in October. Apple claims that Samsung infringes in the Quick Search Box of Galaxy Nexus a unified search feature used in the Siri voice assistant, which is disclosed in the disputed patent bearing U.S. patent number 8,086,604.
Apple and Samsung have a number of legal battles in the U.S. and abroad. In another lawsuit before the District Court in California, Judge Lucy H. Koh on Tuesday granted judgment as matter of law that Samsung's patent infringement was not willful, and declined to raise the US$1.05 billion in damages earlier awarded to Apple by a jury. The court also refused Samsung a retrial.
John Ribeiro covers outsourcing and general technology breaking news from India for The IDG News Service. Follow John on Twitter at @Johnribeiro. John's e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
deduction system, natural deduction, sequent calculus, lambda-calculus, judgment
basic constructions:
strong axioms
This is Part II of an exposition by Todd Trimble on ETCS.
See also
Part I, ZFC and ETCS
Part III, ETCS: Building joins and coproducts
This post is a continuation of the discussion of "the elementary theory of the category of sets" [ETCS] which we had begun last time, here and in the comments which followed. My thanks go to all who commented, for some useful feedback and thought-provoking questions.
Today I'll describe some of the set-theoretic operations and "internal logic" of ETCS. I have a feeling that some people are going to love this, and some are going to hate it. My main worry is that it will leave some readers bewildered or exasperated, thinking that category theory has an amazing ability to make easy things difficult.
In an attempt to nip my concerns in the bud, let me remind my readers that there are major differences between the way that standard set theories like ZFC treat membership and the way ETCS treats membership, and that differences at such a fundamental level are bound to propagate throughout the theoretical development, and impart a somewhat different character or feel between the theories. The differences may be summarized as follows:
Membership in ZFC is a global relation between objects of the same type (sets).
Membership in ETCS is a local relation between objects of different types ("generalized" elements or functions, and sets).
Part of what we meant by "local" is that an element per se is always considered relative to a particular set to which it belongs; strictly speaking, as per the discussion last time, the same element is never considered as belonging to two different sets. That is, in ETCS, an (ordinary) element of a set is defined to be a morphism ; since the codomain is fixed, the same morphism cannot be an element of a different set . This implies in particular that in ETCS, there is no meaningful global intersection operation on sets, which in ZFC is defined by:
Instead, in ETCS, what we have is a local intersection operation on subsets of a set. But even the word "subset" requires care, because of how we are now treating membership. So let's back up, and lay out some simple but fundamental definitions of terms as we are now using them.
Given two monomorphisms , we write ( if the monos are understood, or if we wish to emphasize this is local to ) if there is a morphism such that . Since is monic, there can be at most one such morphism ; since is monic, such must be monic as well. We say define the same subset if this is an isomorphism. So: subsets of are defined to be isomorphism classes of monomorphisms into . As a simple exercise, one may show that monos into define the same subset if and only if and . The (reflexive, transitive) relation on monomorphisms thus induces a reflexive, transitive, antisymmetric relation, i.e., a partial order on subsets of .
Taking some notational liberties, we write to indicate a subset of (as isomorphism class of monos). If is a generalized element, let us say is in a subset if it factors (evidently uniquely) through any representative mono , i.e., if there exists such that . Now the intersection of two subsets and is defined to be the subset defined by the pullback of any two representative monos . Following the "Yoneda principle", it may equivalently be defined up to isomorphism by specifying its generalized elements:
Thus, intersection works essentially the same way as in ZFC, only it's local to subsets of a given set.
While we're at it, let's reformulate the power set axiom in this language: it says simply that for each set there is a set and a subset , such that for any relation , there is a unique "classifying map" whereby, under , we have
The equality is an equality between subsets, and the inverse image on the right is defined by a pullback. In categorical set theory notation,
Hence, there are natural bijections
between subsets and classifying maps. The subset corresponding to is denoted or , and is called the extension of .
The set plays a particularly important role; it is called the "subset classifier" because subsets are in natural bijection with functions . [Cf. classifying spaces in the theory of fiber bundles.]
In ordinary set theory, the role of is played by the 2-element set . Here subsets are classified by their characteristic functions , defined by iff . We thus have ; the elementhood relation boils down to . Something similar happens in ETCS set theory:
Lemma 1. The domain of elementhood is terminal.
Proof. A map , that is, a map which is in , corresponds exactly to a subset which contains all of (_i.e._, the subobject ). Since the only such subset is , there is exactly one map .
Hence elementhood is given by an element . The power set axiom says that a subset is retrieved from its classifying map as the pullback .
Part of the power of, well, power sets is in a certain dialectic between external operations on subsets and internal operations on ; one can do some rather amazing things with this. The intuitive (and pre-axiomatic) point is that if has finite products, equalizers, and power objects, then is a representing object for the functor
which maps an object to the collection of subobjects of , and which maps a morphism ("function") to the "inverse image" function , that sends a subset to the subset given by the pullback of the arrows , . By the Yoneda lemma, this representability means that external natural operations on the correspond to internal operations on the object . As we will see, one can play off the external and internal points of view against each other to build up a considerable amount of logical structure, enough for just about any mathematical purpose.
To continue this train of thought: by the Yoneda lemma, the representing isomorphism
is determined by a universal element , i.e., a subset of , namely the mono . In that sense, plays the role of a universal subset. The Yoneda lemma implies that external natural operations on general posets are completely determined by how they work on the universal subset.
To illustrate these ideas, let us consider intersection. Externally, the intersection operation is a natural transformation
This corresponds to a natural transformation
which (by Yoneda) is given by a function . Working through the details, this function is obtained by putting and chasing
through the composite
Let's analyze this bit by bit. The subset is given by
and the subset is given by
Hence is given by the pullback of the functions and , which is just
The map is thus defined to be the classifying map of .
To go from the internal meet back to the external intersection operation, let be two subsets, with classifying maps . By the definition of , we have that for all generalized elements
(where the equality signs are interpreted with the help of equalizers). This holds true iff is in the subset and is in the subset , i.e., if and only if is in the subset . Thus is indeed the classifying map of . In other words, .
A by-product of the interplay between the internal and external is that the internal intersection operator
is the meet operator of an internal meet-semilattice structure on : it is commutative, associative, and idempotent (because that is true of external intersection). The identity element for is the element . In particular, carries an internal poset structure: given generalized elements , we may define
and this defines a reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric relation :
equivalently described as the equalizer
of the maps and . We have that if and only if .
Here we begin to see some of the amazing power of the interplay between internal and external logical operations. We will prove that carries an internal Heyting algebra structure (ignoring joins for the time being).
Let's recall the notion of Heyting algebra in ordinary naive set-theoretic terms: it's a lattice that has a material implication operator "" such that, for all ,
Now: by the universal property of , a putative implication operation is uniquely determined as the classifying map of its inverse image , whose collection of generalized elements is
Given , the equality here is equivalent to
(because is maximal), which in turn is equivalent to
This means we should define to be the classifying map of the subset
Theorem 1. admits internal implication.
Proof. We must check that for any three generalized elements , we have
Passing to the external picture, let be the corresponding subsets of . Now: according to how we defined a generalized element is in if and only if . This applies in particular to any monomorphism that represents the subset .
Lemma 2. The composite
is the classifying map of the subset .
Proof. As subsets of ,
where the last equation holds because both sides are the subsets defined as the pullback of two representative monos , .
Continuing the proof of Theorem 1, we see by Lemma 2 that the condition corresponds externally to the condition
and this condition is equivalent to .
Passing back to the internal picture, this is equivalent to , and the proof of Theorem 1 is complete.
Next we address a comment made by "James", that a category satisfying the ETCS axioms is cartesian closed. As everything else in this article, this uses only the fact that such a category is a topos: has finite products, equalizers, and "power sets".
Proposition 1. If are "sets", then represents an exponential
Proof. By the power set axiom, there is a bijection between maps into the power set and relations:
which is natural in . By the same token, there is a natural bijection
Putting these together, we have a natural isomorphism
and this representability means precisely that plays the role of an exponential .
Corollary 1. .
The universal element of this representation is an evaluation map , which is just the classifying map of the subset .
Thus, represents the set of all functions (that is, relations from to ). This is all we need to continue the discussion of internal logic in this post, but let's also sketch how we get full cartesian closure. [Warning: for those who are not comfortable with categorical reasoning, this sketch could be rough going in places.]
As per our discussion, we want to internalize the set of such relations which are graphs of functions, i.e., maps where each is a singleton, in other words which factor as
where is the singleton mapping:
We see from this set-theoretic description that classifies the equality relation
which we can think of as either the equalizer of the pair of maps or, what is the same, the diagonal map .
Thus, we put , and it is not too hard to show that the singleton mapping is a monomorphism. As usual, we get this monomorphism as the pullback of along its classifying map .
Now: a right adjoint such as preserves all limits, and in particular pullbacks, so we ought then to have a pullback
Of course, we don't even have yet, but this should give us an idea: define , and in particular its domain , by taking the pullback of the right-hand map along the bottom map. In case there is doubt, the map on the bottom is defined Yoneda-wise, applying the isomorphism
to the element in the hom-set (on the left) given by the composite
The map on the right of the pullback is defined similarly. That this recipe really gives a construction of will be left as an exercise for the reader.
As further evidence of the power of the internal-external dialectic, we show how to internalize universal quantification.
As we are dealing here now with predicate logic, let's begin by defining some terms as to be used in ETCS and topos theory:
An ordinary predicate of type is a function . Alternatively, it is an ordinary element . It corresponds (naturally and bijectively) to a subset .
A generalized predicate of type is a function . It may be identified with (corresponds naturally and bijectively to) a function , or to a subset .
We are trying to define an operator which will take a predicate of the form [conventionally written ] to a predicate [conventionally written ]. Externally, this corresponds to a natural operation which takes subsets of to subsets of . Internally, it corresponds to an operation of the form:
This function is determined by the subset , defined elementwise by
Now, in ordinary logic, is true if and only if is true for all , or, in slightly different words, if is constantly true over all of :
The expression on the right (global truth over ) corresponds to a function , indeed a monomorphism since any function with domain is monic. Thus we are led to define the desired quantification operator as the classifying map of .
Let's check how this works externally. Let be a generalized predicate of type . Then according to how has just been defined, classifies the subset
There is an interesting adjoint relationship between universal quantification and substitution (aka "pulling back"). By "substitution", we mean that given any predicate on , we can always pull back to a predicate on (substituting in a dummy variable of type , forming e.g. ) by composing with the projection . In terms of subsets, substitution along is the natural external operation
Then, for any predicate , we have the adjoint relationship
so that substitution along is left adjoint to universal quantification along . This is easy to check; I'll leave that to the reader.
Now we put all of the above together, to define an internal intersection operator
which intuitively takes an element (a family of subsets of ) to its intersection , as a subset .
Let's first write out a logical formula which expresses intersection:
We have all the ingredients to deal with the logical formula on the right: we have an implication operator "" as part of the internal Heyting algebra structure on , and we have the quantification operator "". The atomic expressions and refer to internal elementhood: means is in , and means is in .
There is a slight catch, in that the predicates "" and "" (as generalized predicates over , where lives) are taken over different domains. The first is of the form , and the second is of the form . No matter: we just substitute in some dummy variables. That is, we just pull these maps back to a common domain , forming the composites
Putting all this together, we form the composite
This composite directly expresses the definition of the internal predicate given above. By cartesian closure, this map induces the desired internal intersection operator, .
This construction provides an important bridge to getting the rest of the internal logic of ETCS. Since we can can construct the intersection of arbitrary definable families of subsets, the power sets are internal inf-lattices. But inf-lattices are sup-lattices as well; on this basis we will be able to construct the colimits ( e.g., finite sums, coequalizers) that we need. Similarly, the intersection operators easily allow us to construct image factorizations: any function can be factored (in an essentially unique way) as an epi or surjection to the image, followed by a mono or injection . The trick is to define the image as the smallest subset of through which factors, by taking the intersection of all such subsets. Image factorization leads in turn to the construction of existential quantification.
As remarked above, the internal logic of a topos is generally intuitionistic (the law of excluded middle is not satisfied). But, if we add in the axiom of strong extensionality of ETCS, then we're back to ordinary classical logic, where the law of excluded middle is satisfied, and where we just have the two truth values "true" and "false". This means we will be able to reason in ETCS set theory just as we do in ordinary mathematics, taking just a bit of care with how we treat membership. The foregoing discussion gives indication that logical operations in categorical set theory work in ways familiar from naive set theory, and that basic set-theoretic constructions like intersection are well-grounded in ETCS.
Last revised on November 2, 2019 at 19:55:14. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.