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Special Agent: Linguist Background
STEP 1: Click on the "Apply" button to be directed to the FBIJobs Careers website.
STEP 2: Click the "Start" button to begin. You will be prompted to either Sign In to continue or to register with FBIJobs if you don't already have an account.
STEP 3: Follow the step-by-step process to submit your interest. You will be guided through each step. You must complete all sections of the form AND ALL REQUIRED DOCUMENTS MUST BE ATTACHED to successfully submit your interest.
1. Your resume, specifically noting relevant work experience and associated start and end dates.
2. Other supporting documents:
- College transcripts, if qualifying based on education, or if there is a positive education requirement.
- Veterans: DD 214; Disabled Veterans: DD 214, SF-15 and VA letter dated 1991 or later.
Please see instructions on the site for attaching documents.
Use your linguistics and language background to become an FBI Special Agent!
FBI Special Agents apply their professional expertise and unique skill sets to their work and role every day. Special Agents come from many foreign language/linguistics backgrounds and use them to interview victims, translate during a suspect interrogation or testify in court. Language skills and cultural knowledge, specifically in Arabic, Bosnian, Chinese, Farsi, Russian, Somali, Uzbek, Korean or another language are highly sought after by the FBI.
You can expect continued specialized training once onboard and opportunities to work on some of the Bureau's most complex cases. The scope and scale of our investigations provide unique challenges unlike anything you could work on in the private sector.
- $78,000.00 – $153,000.00
Salary is commensurate to experience and location.
Candidates must:
- Adhere to strict standards of conduct.
- Undergo a rigorous background investigation, credit checks and a polygraph in order to obtain a Top Secret Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) Clearance.
- Pass all physical fitness requirements; must be physically fit to complete training at the FBI Academy at Quantico, VA, and maintain a high level of fitness throughout your career.
- Pass a medical exam, which includes, but is not limited to, meeting visual and hearing standards.
- Successfully complete approximately 19 weeks of employment as a Special Agent trainee while housed at the FBI Academy at Quantico.
- Upon graduation from the FBI Academy, be available to transfer to one of the FBI's 56 Field Offices, including San Juan, Puerto Rico or remote resident agencies (satellite offices) to meet the needs of the FBI. Special Agents rarely return to their processing office. Applicants should ensure that their families are prepared for and support this move.
- Throughout your career, be available for temporary duty assignments anywhere in the world, on either a temporary or a long-term basis.
- Work a minimum of a 50-hour workweek, which may include irregular hours, and be on-call 24/7, including holidays and weekends.
- Be willing and able to participate in arrests, execute search warrants, raids and similar assignments.
In addition, all Special Agent candidates must successfully complete the Special Agent Selection System (SASS), a mentally and physically challenging process designed to find only the most capable applicants. The selection process typically takes one year or more to complete.
You must:
- Be a U.S. citizen.
- Be at least 23 years old and not have reached your 37th birthday on appointment.
- Be able to obtain a Top Secret SCI Clearance.
- Have two years of full-time professional work experience (see work experience waiver for exceptions).
- Meet the FBI's Employment Eligibility requirements.
- Possess a valid driver's license with at least six months driving experience.
- Candidates must have a bachelor's degree or higher (preferably in linguistics or language) from a U.S.-accredited college or university.
All degrees must be from an accredited college or university and must be verified by submitting college transcripts.
As the federal agency whose mission is to ensure the fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans, the Department of Justice is committed to fostering a diverse and inclusive work environment. To build and retain a workforce that reflects the diverse experiences and perspectives of the American people, we welcome applicants from the many communities, identities, races, ethnicities, backgrounds, abilities, religions, and cultures of the United States who share our commitment to public service.


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The foundation —
Who are we? —
Team —
Elisa Condello-Bitschnau
E-Mail: email@example.com
Tel: +41 (0)58 317 77 00
Fondation Barry du Grand-St-Bernard
Rue du Levant 34
CH-1920 Martigny
An adventure in Martigny
The living museum is a meeting place that brings together people and the St. Bernards dogs from the Great St. Bernard pass. The legendary St. Bernards dogs are a main focus. The museum contains art objects and items that have shaped the history of the hospice, the Great St. Bernard Pass and its dogs, which showcases this cultural patrimony by means of a modern and interactive presentation aimed at fostering the world-famous symbolism of the Swiss national dog.

subset: commoncrawl


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Inside Mac Games as it was is no longer, but out of the ashes will rise a new site focused on the community forums, populated with news and articles from volunteers. In the days and months ahead changes will be coming to IMG as the work of transitioning continues.
If you'd like to help build the new Inside Mac Games please visit the forums at the link below.
Also, thank you to all those who've visited the site and participated in the forum discussions over the years. I've been working at IMG for over a decade now, first as a news gatherer and later as editor. In that time I've had the opportunity to talk and work with many interesting and talented people. I've also posted more news briefs than I like to think about. It's been fun, and I'll miss it, but I have hope that the readers and forum membership will pick up the torch and carry IMG into the future.
Recent Mac Games News
Thursday, November 20, 2014Wednesday, November 19, 2014Tuesday, November 18, 2014Monday, November 17, 2014Friday, November 14, 2014
Search for other Mac games news stories or browse our Mac Games News Archive.


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Little Prince tote bag by Anchor Comics; details below
It's easy to accumulate too many tote bags, as Jason Pinter noted on Twitter: "I've received approximately 842,000 tote bags from conferences over the years." And too many tote bags are just clutter.
But tote bags, when kept to a reasonable number, can also be useful decluttering and organizing tools. I use tote bags in my organizing work; they help with decluttering when they're used for things like hauling books to the used bookstore.
Karina Glaser uses tote bags as part of her system for organizing books in a household that includes two parents, two kids, and six library cards. (Karina's whole post, over on Book Riot, is delightful. Thanks to Liz Jenkins for the pointer.)
My daughters are so lucky to have great libraries in their schools, and I'm lucky too because as a parent I can check out up to ten books at a time. These books go into a tote bag next to our living room bookshelf.Totes are also good for arts and crafts, as Mickie Mueller notes. (Go read her whole post on 7 ways to use a tote bag.)
... I'm not even going to go into my book return procedure, which involves tote bags in various styles for the different institutions we need to return them to.
Craft Tote: When working on various projects, I sometimes run to my daughter's house, and sometimes she brings projects to my house, we love tote bags for the convenience of being able to fit any size or shaped craft supplies right in there. ...Even though I have plenty of tote bags, some especially wonderful ones still catch my eye. I'm enchanted with the Little Prince tote bag at the top of this post, with art by Sean Gregory Miller.
Art Tote: Speaking of projects, being an artist, I can carry a small piece of art, sketch book, pencil sharpener, and a great big pencil bag in one of my totes, great if I want to catch up on an art deadline if things are slow at the office or I'm vending at a fair. I love to carry my art supplies in a tote with an inspiring design.
And I'm also very fond of this cat lady tote bag by Emily McDowell. [via Hauspanther]
Related posts:
Decluttering and Organizing the Tote Bag Collection
Two Tips for Managing the Tote Bags


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It gets to be old hat after awhile, doesn't it??
Cleveland Cavaliers forward LeBron James was named today as the NBA's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, December 22nd through Sunday, December 28th.
In three games during the week, James averaged 26.0 points on .527 shooting, 6.7 assists, 6.7 rebounds and 2.0 steals in 39.7 minutes per game. James has now won the award 16 times in his career: for the third time this season and already equaling his total for 2007-08, twice in 2006-07, five times in 2005-06 and on three occasions during the 2004-05 campaign.
In receiving the award for the third time this season, James and the Cavaliers are off to their best start in franchise history (26-4). With three wins at home during the week, they extended their undefeated home record to 16-0 and remain the only undefeated team at home this season in the NBA.
James scored 15 of his game-high 27 points in the third quarter against Houston on December 23rd to lead the Cavs to a 99-90 victory. He also added a game-high nine rebounds and five assists.
In the game versus Washington on December 25th, he finished with 18 points, five rebounds and six assists. The Cavaliers were down by seven points with 1:40 remaining in the fourth quarter and closed the game on an 11-0 run against the Wizards to come back and win the game 93-89. James led the rally with nine points, three rebounds and two assists in the final period.
On December 28th, James scored 33 points and tallied six rebounds and nine assists, including 11 points, three rebounds and four assists in the fourth quarter comeback versus Miami. Heading into the fourth quarter, the Cavaliers were down by nine points but Cleveland outscored the Heat 35-19 to win their sixth consecutive game.
The Los Angeles Lakers' Kobe Bryant was named the Western Conference Player of the Week. Other nominees for the Eastern Conference Player of the Week were Atlanta's Joe Johnson, Charlotte's Gerald Wallace, Cleveland's Mo Williams, Detroit's Rodney Stuckey, Miami's Dwyane Wade, Orlando's Rashard Lewis and Toronto's Jermaine O'Neal.


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Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
On-line version ISSN 2224-9435
Print version ISSN 1019-9128
J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. vol.82 n.4 Pretoria Dec. 2011
Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings in South Africa
C FurnissI,*; A CarstensII; S S van den BergIII
IDepartment of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
IIDepartment of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Section Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
IIIc/o Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Equine Specialist Services, PO Box 1412, Suider-Paarl, 7624 South Africa
This study involves the evaluation of pre-purchase radiographic studies of South African Thoroughbred yearlings. Radiographic changes were recorded and compared with similar international studies. The study differs from other studies in that a lower prevalence of pedal osteitis (1.26 %), dorsal osteochondral fragmentation of the metatarsophalangeal joint (1.60 %), distal metacarpal sagittal ridge changes (15.7 %), ulnar carpal bone lucencies (8.33 %), carpal osteophytes (1.19 %), distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joint radiographic changes (9.92 %), tarsal osteochondrosis lesions (4.40 %) and stifle osteochondrosis lesions (0.4 %) was found. The prevalence of dorsal osteochondral fragments in the metacarpophalangeal joint was similar to other studies (1.60 %). A higher prevalence of vascular channels as well as irregular borders and lucencies was evident in the proximal sesamoid bones. There was a higher prevalence of palmar metacarpophalangeal and plantar metatarsophalangeal osteochondral fragments (2 % and 7.10 % respectively). Palmar metacarpal disease, metacarpal supracondylar lysis, proximal sesamoid bone fractures and carpal osteochondral fragmentation were absent in the current study. Additional findings recorded in the current study were proximal interphalangeal joint hyperextension (left front 15.13 %, right front 18.91 %), the solar angle (right front 2.38º, left front 2.79º), the prevalence of carpal bone 1 (30.95 %) and carpal bone 5 (1.59 %). Management, nutrition and genetics in the various groups of Thoroughbred yearlings should be further investigated in order to explain the reasons for the differences recorded in the current study.
Keywords: equine, pre-purchase radiographic studies, radiographic changes.
Radiographic studies as part of a pre-purchase examination of yearlings at national yearling sales was initiated in Kentucky, USA, in 1993 with the repository system, a facility which allows the viewing of radiographs, coming into effect in 199614. In New Zealand the repository system was 1st established in January 2003 at Karaka, Auckland17.InSouth Africa the 1st repository was opened at the 2007 National Yearling Sale in Germiston where over 300 sets of radiographs were lodged, while in the same year at the Keeneland National Yearlings sale in Kentucky, USA, 4700 sets of radiographs were lodged14.
The South African National Yearling Sale is held annually in Germiston, Gauteng, where between 550 and 600 yearlings are sold annually26. This is the largest Thoroughbred sale in South Africa and in 2008 showed a gross income of R201 050 000 with the highest priced yearling sold at R3 million26. In 2008, 269 of 600 yearlings were radiographed (44.83 %).
Radiographic changes recorded from pre-purchase radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings have been investigated in Thoroughbred populations around the world, not only in terms of the prevalence of specific radiographic changes but also the impact these changes have on the sale price and future racing career of the Thoroughbred3,10,11,13,14,17,24. The changes identified can either be classified as developmental or traumatic in origin. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a developmental orthopaedic disease and most commonly manifests as sagittal ridge defects of the distal metacarpus, distal intermediate ridge defects of the tibia, trochlear ridge lesions in the tarsus and lesions in the stifle joint in the Thoroughbred yearling 10,11,13,14,17,24. The most common traumatic radiographic lesions identified in the same studies are within the distal joints of the tarsus with the prevalence varying from 6.1 % to 31 %9,14,17. Evidence has been found linking these degenerative changes of the distal joints of the tarsus to osteochondrosis in juvenile horses1,27. In a study of Thoroughbred yearlings palmar metacarpal disease (41.3 %) and supracondylar lysis (4.8 %) were identified in the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) and is likely linked to repetitive trauma sustained during exercise2,14.
The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of radiographic changes in pre-purchase radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings presented at the 2008 National Yearling Sale in Germiston, South Africa. This will enable the veterinarian involved in the pre-purchase examination to inform his/her client of the normal and abnormal radiographic findings. Our hypothesis was that the prevalence of radiographic changes is similar to studies done in other Thoroughbred populations around the world.
Sampling and radiographic studies
Radiographic studies of 269 Thoroughbred yearlings were obtained from the repository of the 2008 National Yearling Sale in Germiston, South Africa. These radiographs form part of a pre-purchase examination that the owners/buyers request and are taken between 1 month and 1 day before the sale. The owner/ buyer chooses whether or not to lodge the radiographic studies at the repository.
A radiographic examination of a yearling comprised a minimum of 36 radiographs evaluating the front digit (LM), MCP joint (D15ºPrPaDO, D30ºMPaLO, D30ºLPaMO, LM flexed), metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint (D15ºPrPlDO, D15ºPr30ºMPlDiLO, D15ºPr30ºLPlDiMO, LM), carpus (D 30º-40º) LPaMO, D(20º- 30º) MPaLO, LM flexed), tarsus (D65º MPlLO, D10ºLPlMO, LM) and stifle joint (Cd20ºLCrMO, CdCr, LM). The Thoroughbred Breeders Association of South Africa requires the views described. Poor quality radiographs were excluded from the study.
Each radiograph was evaluated by the primary researcher (CF). Approximately 10 % of all radiographs were scrutinised by the co-author (AC). All differences pertaining to the radiographic changes were discussed and CF re-evaluated all areas where differences in opinion were found and adapted the reports accordingly.
Categorisation of radiographic changes
The digit: radiographic changes recorded included the angle of phalanx 3 (P3) in relation to the solar surface (solar angle), the inclination of the digital axis and enthesophytes/osteophytes/periosteal reactions on the phalanges (Fig. 1). The digital axis was evaluated by observing the angle of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and classifying this angle as normal, hyperextended or flexed (Fig. 2). A normal axis was represented by a line drawn bisecting phalanx 2 (P2) into equal dorsal and palmar halves being parallel to the dorsal cortex of P327. Enthesophytes/ osteophytes were identified as new bone formation exceeding 2 mm in height and present in specific areas such as the extensor process of P3 and the distal and proximal aspects of P2.
Metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints and proximal sesamoid bones: dorsal and palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments were classified as articular or non-articular. The longest diameters of the osteochondral fragments were measured. Osteochondral fragments were considered to originate from phalanx 1 (P1) when they were found in close proximity to P1 with a fracture bed identified in the parent bone. The flexed LM view of the MCP joint highlighted the dorsal aspect of the sagittal ridge where the presence of a semicircular notch or flattening of the visible sagittal ridge was recorded (Fig. 4). Subchondral cyst-like lesions were defined as an area of lucency in the subchondral bone of which the longest diameter was measured.
Linear lucencies on the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) were recorded as vascular channels, counted and classified into regular or irregular vascular channels. Regular vascular channels were defined as linear lucencies that had parallel sides for the entire length and were less than or equal to 2 mm in width. Irregular vascular channels were defined as linear lucencies that had non-parallel sides for any portion of their length or were more than 2 mm in width14. Lucent areas on the abaxial surface of the PSBs were measured. Osteophytes, which were defined as new bone formation on the articular apices and bases of the PSBs, were recorded14.
Enthesophytes differed from osteophytes as they were defined as new bone formation at the insertion of the interrosseus medius or origin of the distal sesamoidean ligaments14.
The carpus: the presence of osteophytes, osteochondral fragments, ulnar carpal bone (Cu) lucencies, the presence of carpal bone 1 (C1) and carpal bone 5 (C5) were recorded.
The tarsus: all osteochondral fragments were measured and recorded. Variations in appearance of the distal aspect of the trochlear ridges were ignored as they were seen as normal variations9. Radiographic changes involving the distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints which included new bone formation, irregularity of the subchondral joint surfaces and/or lucencies were recorded and these changes were grouped together.
The stifle: subchondral cyst-like lesions and osteochondral fragments were measured and recorded.
Data analysis
Radiographic changes were described and the percentages of the total radiographic changes noted. The mean as well as the largest and smallest solar angle for each P3 was calculated. All findings and measurements were entered into an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel 2007, Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA, USA). The radiographic changes identified in the South African yearlings were compared with other yearling populations (Tables 9-11).
The digit
The average solar angle of the RF (right front) and LF (left front) P3 was 2.38º and 2.79º respectively. Hyperextension of the PIP joint was found in 36 of 238 cases in the LF digit (15.13 %) and 45 of 238 cases in the RF digit (18.91 %). Hyperextension in the DIP joint was identified in 18 of 238 cases in the LF digit (7.56 %) and in 23 of 238 cases in the RF digit (9.66 %) (Fig. 3). Few of the DIP joints were in a flexed position (1 of 238 in the left digit, 0.42 % and 2 of 238 in the right digit, 0.84 %). Table 1 shows the radiographic changes of the digits.
The metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal sesamoid bones
The most common radiographic change recorded was the change on the sagittal ridge with 30 of 255 LF MCP joints affected (11.80 %) and 29 of 255 RF MCP joints affected ( 11.40 %) (Table 2). The change was bilateral in 19 (47.50 %) of the 40 yearlings affected. Proximopalmar osteochondral fragments were more common than proximodorsal osteochondral fragments with a total of 5 yearlings affected (1.96 %). The largest proximopalmar osteochondral fragment measured 7.4 mm in length while the smallest measured 2.3 mm in length. Four yearlings had proximodorsal osteochondral fragments in the MCP joint (1.57 %) measuring 2.0 mm, 2.1 mm, 3.5 mm and 1 mm in length. All osteochondral fragments in the MCP joints were found to be articular.
Most MCP joint PSBs had 2 or 3 vascular channels present on their abaxial surface with a combination of regular and irregular vascular channels (Fig. 5). The medial PSB in both LF and RF had an irregular abaxial border in 57 of 255 (22.4 %), and 32 of 255 MCP joints (12.50 %), more often than the lateral PSB, which was affected in 15 of 255 (5.90 %) and 17 of 255 (6.70 %) MCP joints. Only a few PSB osteophytes were seen with 1 of 255 (0.40 %) recorded in the medial PSB of the LF MCP joint and 3 of 255 (1.20 %) in the medial PSB of the RF MCP joint.
The metatarsophalangeal joint and proximal sesamoid bones
Articular proximoplantar fragments of P1 were more prevalent in the LH MTP joint with 12 of 255 (4.71 %) MTP joints affected in comparison with the RH MTP joint, where 5 of 255 (1.96 %) joints were affected. The length of these osteochondral fragments ranged from 22-85 mm in the LH MTP joint and 20-69 mm in the RH MTP joint. Proximodorsal osteochondral fragments of P1 were recorded in the same frequency in the LH and RH MTP joints with a total of 4 yearlings affected (1.57 %). The dorsal osteochondral fragments in the LH MTP joint were 2.0 and 4.7 mm in length on 2 separate joints while the in the RH MTP joint these osteochondral fragments were 3.2 and 0.5 mm in length. Subchondral cyst-like lesions were identified in the LH P1 in 2 yearlings. Changes on the sagittal ridge of the distal metatarsus were identified in only 1 yearling (0.40 %).
An irregular border of the PSBs of the MTP joint was seen more frequently in the medial PSB in both the LH MTP joint (8.98 %) and the RH MTP joint (8.59 %). Lucencies showed a similar pattern of distribution. Osteophytes were identified on the PSBs with a prevalence 5.47 % and 8.59 %. Visible vascular channels were less common in the MTP joint than in the MCP joint. All radiographic changes of the MTP joint are listed in Table 4.
The carpus
Carpal bone 1 was present in 78 yearlings (30.95 %). Exactly half of these yearlings had C1 bilaterally. Carpal bone 5 was found less commonly (4 of 252, 1.49 %). A circular lucency in the Cu was identified in 21 Thoroughbred yearlings (8.33 %) with only 5 being bilateral (23.81 %). These circular lucencies varied in size ranging from 2.2-7.0 mm in length (Fig. 6). Osteophytic new bone formation on the carpal bones was recorded in a total of 3 yearlings (1.19 %).
The tarsus
Radiographic changes in the DIT and TMT joints were present in 25 of 252 yearlings (9.92 %) (Fig. 8). Forty-eight per cent of these radiographic changes were bilateral. Concavity and/or fragmentation of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia was present in 5 of 252 left tarsal joints (1.98 %) and 6 of 252 right tarsal joints (2.38 %) and 33 % of these were bilateral (Fig. 7). The largest osteochondral fragment recorded was 19 mm × 6 mm while the smallest recorded was 23 mm in length. Four tarsal joints affected had multiple fragments. Other manifestations of osteochondrosis were found such as lucencies in the medial malleolus in 1 of 252 yearlings (0.4 %) and changes in the lateral and medial trochlear ridges of the talus in 8 of 252 yearlings (3.17 %). Wedging or collapse of the central and 3rd tarsal bones was identified in 4 of 252 yearlings (1.59 %), 50 % being bilateral.
The stifle
One subchondral cyst-like lesion was recorded in the right stifle of a yearling (0.4 %). Lucency and fragmentation of the patella was identified in the right stifle of another yearling (0.4 %).
Comparison of radiographic changes with other similar studies
Similar studies on pre-purchase radiographs in Thoroughbred yearlings were compared and are listed in Table 9 . The radiographic findings of each study were compared to the current study and the prevalences are represented in Tables 10 and 11.
This study provides prevalence data on the radiographic changes identified in pre-purchase radiographs of a select group of Thoroughbred yearlings at the 2008 National Yearling Sale, Germiston, South Africa. The hypothesis that radiographic changes are similar to studies done in other Thoroughbred yearling populations was rejected, and it was concluded that the radiographic findings in South African Thoroughbreds are not similar to studies of Thoroughbreds elsewhere in the world. These differences are discussed below.
In the current study there was a lower prevalence of pedal osteitis (1.26 %) than in other studies where the prevalence recorded was between 2 % and 11 %10,14. The only radiographic change identified in the current study, in terms of pedal osteitis, was new bone formation on P3. This radiographic change was recorded in the left P3 in 2 yearlings and in the right P3 in 1 yearling. In 1 study a D65ºPr-PaLDiO view or upright pedal view of P3 was also included14. The addition of this view would increase the likelihood of identifying changes of pedal osteitis5,27. In the latter view, P3 is seen dorsopalmarly in its entirety and signs of bone resorption, marginal fractures or widening of the vascular channels along the margin of P3 would be more readily identified5. The digit radiographic sets in the current study were limited to a LM view only, since this was the only view required by the TBA.
The most common radiographic finding in the digits was deviation in the digital axis, which was not recorded in selected studies used for comparison. This may be significant as it may have an effect on the future athletic career of the yearling. Malalignment of the digital bones is seen in 72.8 % of horses with front limb lameness15,18. With hyper-extension of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, greater stress is placed on the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and the navicular bone and has been associated with heel bruising, lamellar tearing at the toe, pedal osteitis, navicular disease, distal sesamoidean ligament injury, DDFT tenopathy as well as injuries to tendons proximal to the digit7. The disruption of the digital axis may progress to the long-toe low heel syndrome commonly seen in Thoroughbred racehorses. This condition delays break-over and contributes to increased compression of the dorsal joint margins of the carpus as well as the MCP, PIP and DIP joints7. Without early correction of the digital axis in long-toe low heel syndrome, chronic changes may develop that may shorten the athletic career of the race horse. As no exact angles were measured, these joints were only described as flexed, normal or hyperextended.
The solar angle of P3 was found to be lower than normal, with the average solar angle in the RF and LF digit being 2.38º and 2.79º, respectively. This angle in normal horses has been recorded to be between 5 and 10º 5,6,27. This discrepancy in the angle of P3 has been suggested to be breed-related as low angles have been recorded in Thoroughbred populations6. The other studies of radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings did not measure the solar angle, therefore the results cannot be compared. The solar angle has been found to be influenced by trimming of the hoof with the P3 to heel distance reduced more than the P3 to toe distance, thus decreasing the angle of the P315. The horn of the hoof is softer at the heel area and thus more easily rasped than the horn in the toe area. This may result in more horn removed contributing to the low solar angle.
The prevalence of proximodorsal osteochondral fragments in the MCP joints of South African Thoroughbred yearlings was recorded as being 1.57 % in Thoroughbred yearlings evaluated, which is similar to other studies that recorded prevalences between 1.2 and 1.6 %10,14,24. Prevalence of proximodorsal osteochondral fragments was found to be similar in both MCP and MTP joints. In other studies these fragments were found to be twice as common in the MTP joint10,14. This difference between the population of Thoroughbred yearlings may be attributed to stud farm management, as these fragments have been linked to trauma7.
There is a higher prevalence of proximopalmar and proximoplantar osteochondral fragments in the MCP and MTP joint in the current study. Similar studies recorded prevalence of between 0.3 % and 0.5 %10,14. Proximoplantar osteochondral fragments were found to be more common in the MTP joints, which was similar to other studies. As these osteochondral fragments have been attributed to osteochondrosis and trauma, it is difficult to explain the relatively higher prevalence of palmar/plantar fragments in this study population7,21. Palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments have been shown to have a genetic predisposition in Standardbreds7. As the genetic contribution is unknown, it is difficult to speculate whether or not this factor plays a role in the prevalence of palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments in the current study. In this foal crop of 2006 there are no other radiographic changes in other joints that suggest that trauma plays a role.
The prevalence of changes on the sagittal ridge of the MCP joint was lower (15.69 %). In other studies of Thoroughbred yearlings the prevalence of sagittal ridge lesions varied between 7.5 and 60.8 % in the MCP joint10,11,14,24. In 1 study the prevalence of sagittal ridge radiographic changes was nearly 4 times the number recorded in this study (60.6 %)14. Sagittal ridge lesions have been linked to joint effusion and lameness and thus are likely to be a significant finding28. A limitation of the current study is the fact that sagittal ridge lesions were not classified into types and thus it is not possible to accurately prognosticate on the sagittal ridge findings. As discussed above, these sagittal ridge lesions have been classified under osteochondrosis although it is difficult to distinguish between osteochondrosis and trauma7. In this study, 47.50 % of sagittal ridge changes identified were found to be bilateral and this characteristic may suggest a developmental aetiology. Factors that influence the development of osteochondrosis such as nutrition, biomechanics and genetics may play less of a role in South African Thoroughbreds, thus resulting in a lower incidence.
The most common change seen in the MCP joints in a previous study was flattening of the distal palmar 3rd of MC3 condyles with a prevalence of 41.3 %, with half of these changes being bilateral14. These changes have been seen in working Thoroughbred racehorses2. Palmar supracondylar lysis was identified in MCP joints of Thoroughbred yearlings in the same study with a total of 54 of 1127 Thoroughbred yearlings affected (4.8 %)14. Signs of flattening of the distal palmar 3rd of MC3 and supracondylar lysis were not recorded in the population of South African Thoroughbred yearlings. Both of these conditions have been linked to exercise and the exercise programmes of the different Thoroughbred populations could explain the variation in the prevalence of these conditions.
There was a slightly higher prevalence of vascular channels, irregular abaxial borders and lucencies in the PSBs of the MCP joint in the current study. Vascular channels are a common finding in Thoroughbred yearling radiographs3,14. Radiographic changes in the PSBs have been described as a grade III sesamoiditis with 9.5 % and 10.9 % of front and hind fetlocks affected, respectively10. This change could be present due to an increase in exercise prior to the sale but may also be associated with pathology in the nterosseus medius7.
No PSB fractures were present in the current study, in contrast to a prevalence of fractures in the PSBs of the MTP joint in 27 of 1102 yearlings (2.5 %) in Kentucky14. This prevalence of PSB fractures may reflect the management practices at the studs in the Kentucky region. There may be an increased risk of injury during rearing of the horse or in the preparation for the sales.
The prevalence of carpal bone 1 and 5 was 30.95 % and 1.59 % respectively. This radiographic finding was not recorded in the other studies of Thoroughbred yearlings used as a comparison. The South African Thoroughbreds fall into the normal reference range for these radiographic features5.
There was a lower prevalence of lucencies in the Cu bone in the current study. It has been found that ulnar carpal bone lucencies and associated fragments can be an incidental finding in horses from all disciplines23. It is difficult to explain this lower prevalence in the South African Thoroughbred yearling population. It may be speculated that these lucencies could represent osteochondrosis lesions.
There was a lower prevalence of osteophytes in the carpus with similar studies showing a prevalence of between 1.7 % and 2.6 %14,24. This radiographic change, indicative of a degenerative process in the joint, may reflect the differences in the exercise programmes of the different Thoroughbred populations. Poor conformation may also play a role7.
No osteochondral fragments associated with the joints in the carpus were present in South African Thoroughbred yearlings. Other studies of Thoroughbred yearlings found a prevalence for osteochondral fragments of 0.3 to 2.2 % of carpi examined10,14,24. Again the presence of this radiographic change in other groups of Thoroughbred yearlings may reflect the level of exercise to which they are exposed to prior to the Yearling Sales.
There was a lower prevalence of radiographic changes in the DIT and TMT joints (9.92 %). Other studies had a recorded prevalence of 17.5 % and 30 %, respectively14,17,25. It has been found that osseous spurs in the DIT and TMT joints could not be linked to hind limb lameness25. Further research is needed to explain the low incidence of tarsal radiographic changes in the current study.
The prevalence of osteochondrosis lesions in the tarsus (4.4 %) and stifle (0.8 %) is generally lower compared with other studies10,14,17,24. Concavity/fragmentation of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia was the most common osteochondrosis lesion and was present in 4.4 % of yearlings in a previous study compared with 3.17 % in the current study14. The lower prevalence of lesions indicative of osteochondrosis may be attributed to a difference in management, genetics or nutrition or a combination of these factors in the South African population of Thoroughbred yearlings. Other reasons for this low prevalence recorded could be the low sample population in the current study or the fact that yearlings with tarsal or stifle lesions may not have had their radiographs lodged in the repository.
The aetiopathogenesis of osteochondrosis is often multifactorial and poorly understood; genetics, nutrition and biomechanics are factors that have been implicated in the development of this condition16,19,20. The South African Thoroughbred population is not an isolated genetic pool. Seventy per cent of the top 100 yearlings at the 2008 National yearling sale were sired by stallions from the USA. This statistic suggests a strong link to the USA gene pool. There is a great deal of movement of Thoroughbred racehorses in and out of South Africa for breeding and racing purposes. In 2008, a total of 295 Thoroughbreds were imported into South Africa for these purposes26. This suggests that the local Thoroughbred racehorses do not have an isolated gene pool and thus this factor is unlikely to play a role in the low prevalence of OCD lesions present. Another factor influencing the development of osteochondrosis is nutrition. Further investigation of this factor in the different Thoroughbred populations is warranted. Individual management practices may also play a role in the development of osteochondrosis lesions. The differing management practices may be reflected in the amount of time foals spend on pasture or confined in a stable, as well as the exercise programme of the yearling prior to the sale16. Management practices in the various study populations should be further investigated to try to account for the low prevalence of osteochondrosis lesions seen in the current study.
The prevalence of flattening of the distal palmar 3rd MC3, supracondylar lysis, sesamoid fractures, osteophytes and fragmentation of the carpus and radiographic changes in the distal joints of the tarsus is higher in other populations of Thoroughbreds and these changes are all related to exercise7. The exercise programme of yearlings in preparation for the sales may account for the traumatic and degenerative radiographic changes. As discussed above, the prevalence of palmar metacarpal disease and supracondylar lysis in the fetlocks of the USA Thoroughbreds may be due to a more intensive training programme prior to the sale. Joint injury rates and exercise programmes have been shown to differ between trainers3,8.In South Africa the yearling's pre-sale training programme is restricted to walking and trotting. In South Africa there is a large amount of affordable labour and thus studs usually employ 1 handler per yearling. This may decrease the risk of injury during the pre-sale exercise programme. Yearling sales preparation has been studied using information from 18 farms in New Zealand. This research showed a significant difference in training and incidence of lameness between farms8. This may apply to Thoroughbred yearling populations worldwide.
Disease of the suspensory apparatus or interosseus medius pathology may account for the mild increase in vascular channels seen as well as the irregular borders of the PSBs noted. It may be speculated that due to the high percentage of Thoroughbred yearlings with hyperextension of the PIP joint in the current study (15.13 % in the LF digit and 18.9 % in the RF digit) there may be a greater strain on the interosseus tendon in this population of Thoroughbred yearlings. This may lead to an increase in the number of vascular channels seen in the PSBs and or result in an irregular border at the insertion of the interosseus tendon on the PSB. This is speculation as no attempt was made to link the radiographic changes in the PSBs to hyperextension in the PIP joint. This may be investigated in future studies. One may further speculate that the long-toe low-heel syndrome may also play a role in increasing the number of vascular channels in the PSBs by the same principles discussed above.
Farriery done on the stud farms may play a role in the radiographic changes seen affecting the digital axis, solar angle and sesamoid changes. Incorrect hoof trimming or an excessively long interval between trims could lead to mediolateral and dorsopalmar hoof imbalance and may lead to radiographic changes seen7.
Similar studies in Thoroughbred yearlings involved study populations of between 582 and 1505 yearlings10,14,17,24. The South African study population consisted of only 269 Thoroughbred yearlings. This is a relatively small study population and this may also play a role in the low prevalence of radiographic changes recorded.
One of the previous studies was done from radiographs that were taken over 4 years from 1993 to 199614. Another study was done over 6 years from 1986 to 1991 with other studies done later in the new millenium10,14. The current study is limited to radiographic studies taken in a single year, 2008. This may have an influence on the prevalence of radiographic changes seen in the South African population of Thoroughbred yearlings, as seasonal weather conditions vary from year to year, which may influence the quality and quantity of nutrition of the Thoroughbred yearling. A more representative study population would consist of radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings taken over a number of years in order to eliminate any effects due to variation of seasonal weather conditions.
The history of the population of Thoroughbred yearlings under investigation was not obtained. The practice of radiographing weanlings has recently gained popularity in South Africa, resulting in some horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery before the sale. One study showed the incidence of a history of arthroscopy prior to a yearling sale to be as high as 13 %22. This would result in a decrease in the prevalence of radiographic changes present in pre-purchase radiographic examinations performed.
The owner of the radiographs has a choice whether to lodge the radiographs at the repository or not. This principle also applies to other repositories around the world4. Radiographic studies of yearlings with many radiographic changes may not have been submitted to the repository as radiographic findings affect the price of the yearling to be sold. This principle applies to other studies whose study population depends on the lodging of radiographs at a repository. Therefore, studies which base their study population on Thoroughbred yearlings whose radiographs appear in the sales repository are biased studies as they do not represent the entire Thoroughbred yearling population. Whether South Africans are less likely to lodge all radiographic studies at the repository is unknown. The repository system has only recently been introduced at South African sales and therefore it may be speculated that South Africans may be more apprehensive over radiographic changes and their effect on the sale of their yearling. This may account for the lower prevalence of radiographic changes seen in the current study.
Many studies have researched the effect of radiographic changes on the athletic ability of the Thoroughbred racehorse by following the career of the racehorse after the yearling sales13. The prevalence and distribution of radiographic changes has been found to have little effect on the future of racing performance of the Thoroughbred racehorse12,14,17. A reason for this finding could be the short athletic career of the Thoroughbred racehorse. A racehorse is 1st raced as a 2 year old as the races with the highest stakes are often in the 1st 2 years of its athletic career. It may be speculated that by the time these lesions start causing degenerative changes in the joint, the career of the animal is over. For this reason many Thoroughbred racehorse owners have questioned the role of pre-purchase radiographic examinations. However, the information gained is important to establish what lesions are present in the yearling and to use this to attempt to minimise or prevent the condition in the future.
The current study provides prevalence data of radiographic changes in the South African Thoroughbred yearlings, which show some differences when compared with similar studies done in Thoroughbred yearlings around the world.
The Thoroughbred Breeders Association is thanked for providing the radiographic studies.
1. Bjornsdöttir S, Ekamn S, Eksell P, Lord P 2004 High detail radiography and distology of the centrodistal tarsal joint of Icelandic horses age 6 months to 6 years. Equine Veterinary Journal 36:5-11 [ Links ]
2. Blevins B E, Widmer W R 1990 Radiology in racetrack practise. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 6:31-60 [ Links ]
3. Bolwell C F, Rogers C W, French N P, Firth E C 2011 Exercise in Thoroughbred yearlings during sales preparation: A cohort study. Equine Veterinary Journal June 8. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00370.x.( in press) [ Links ]
4. Bramlage, L R 1993 Osteochondrosis and the sale horse. Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Antonio, Texas, USA, December 5-8,1993:87-89 [ Links ]
5. Butler J A, Colles C M, Dyson S J, Kold S E, Poulos P W 2000 Clinical radiology of the horse (2nd edn). Blackwell Scientific Publications, London [ Links ]
6. Cripps P J, Eustace R A 1999 Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal 31:427-432 [ Links ]
7. Dyson S J, Ross M W 2003 Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse. Saunders, St Louis, Missouri [ Links ]
8. Jackson F, M, Whitton C, Vizard A, Anderson G, Clarke A 2003 A prospective study of presale radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings. Online at: http://www.rirdc.infoservices.com.au (accessed 5 November 2009) [ Links ]
10. Howard B A, Embertson R M, Rantanen N W, Bramlage L R 1993 Survey radiographic findings in Thoroughbred sale yearlings. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 38:397-402 [ Links ]
11. Jackson M, Whitton C, Vizard A, Anderson G, Clarke A 2003 A prospective study of presale radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings. Online at: http://www. rirdc.infoservices.com.au (accessed 5 November 2009) [ Links ]
12. Jorgensen H S, Proschowsky H, Flak-Ronne J, Willeberg P, Hesselholt M 1997 The significance of routine radiographic findings with respect to subsequent racing performance and longevity in Standardbred trotters. Equine Veterinary Journal 29:55-59 [ Links ]
13. Kane A J, McIlwraith C W, Park R D, Rantanen N W, Morehead J P, Bramlage L R 2003 Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance. Equine Veterinary Journal 35:66-374 [ Links ]
14. Kane A J, Park R D, McIlwraith C W, Rantanen N W, Morehead J P, Bramlage L R 2003 Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 1: Prevalence at the time of the yearling sales. Equine Veterinary Journal 35:354-365 [ Links ]
15 Kummer M, Geyer H, Imboden I, Auer J, Lischer C 2006 The effect of hoof trimming on radiographic measurements of the front feet of normal Warmblood horses. Veterinary Journal 172:58-66 [ Links ]
16. McIlwraith C W, Trotter G W 1996 Joint disease in the horse. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia [ Links ]
17. Olivier L J, Baird D K, Baird, A N, Moore, G E 2008 Prevalence and distribution of radiographically evident lesions on repository films in the hock and stifle joints of yearling thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 26:202-209 [ Links ]
18. Page B T, Hagen T L 2002 Breakover of the hoof and its effects on structures and forces within the hoof. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 22:258-264 [ Links ]
19. Pearce S G, Firth E C, Grace N D, Fennessy P F 1998 Effect of copper supplementation on the evidence of developmental orthopaedic disease in pasture-fed New Zealand Thoroughbreds. Equine Veterinary Journal 30:211-218 [ Links ]
20. Pool R R 1993 Difficulties in definition of equine osteochondrosis; differentiation of developmental and acquired lesions. Equine Veterinary Journal, Supplement 16:5-12 [ Links ]
21. Pool R R, Meagher D M 1990 Pathologic findings and pathogenesis of racetrack injuries. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice 6:1-30 [ Links ]
22. Preston S A, Zimmel D N, Chmielewski T L, Trumble T N, Brown M P, Boneau J C, Hernandez J A 2010 Prevalence of various presale radiographic findings an association of findings with sales price in Thoroughbred yearlings sold in Kentucky. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 236: 440-445 [ Links ]
23. Reed S R, Jacksone B F, McLlwraith C W, Pilsworth R, Knapp S, Wood J L, Price J S, Verheyen K L 2011 Discriptive epidemiology of joint injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Equine Veterinary Journal Mar 15. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00352.x. (in press)
24. Scott N J, Hance S, Todhunter P, Adams P, Adkins A R 2005 Incidence of radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. 755 cases. Advances in Equine Nutrition III: 347 [ Links ]
25. Simon V, Dyson S J 2010 Radiographic anatomic variation of the carpus in horses with carpal lameness and control horses. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 51(6):601-606 [ Links ]
26. Thoroughbred Breeders Association SA 2008 Sales results Germiston national yearling sales. Online at: http://www.tba.co.za (accessed 26 August 2009) [ Links ]
27. Thrall D E 2007 Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, Missouri [ Links ]
28. Yovich J V, Mcllwraith C W, Stashak T S 1985 Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 186:1186-1191 [ Links ]
Received: November 2010
Accepted: September 2011
* Author for correspondence. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Just too many giggles to contain…
Here it's coffee and conversation, and where the faith-sharing is often a friendly mix of catechesis and cannoli. It's a place where we can catch up…
I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.
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text:
May 8, 1938 - March 10, 2012
Saturday, March 10, 2012
RIP Jean "Moebius" Giraud
Posted by Jason Shayer at 7:59 AM
Labels: Daredevil, Elektra, Iron Man, Jean Giraud, Moebius, Punisher, rip, Silver Surfer, Thing
3 comments:
Good post. Another great (with Ralph McQuarrie) among the gods now.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 12, 2012 at 4:19 PM
Just found out today when I overheard it discussed in my local comic shop. I chipped in that I was half way though The Incal at the moment and was advised to check out a recent BBC documentary on Moebius...definitely a sad loss of a great comicbook Legend.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 21, 2012 at 7:13 AM
that marvel age cover is my favourite marvel cover of all time. It is currently my iPhone wallpaper.ReplyDelete
hope they have pencils in heaven. rip Moubius.
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text:
Attorney Search
Search for an attorney by name and get address and phone number
Suffolk County Bar Association
SCBA Lawyer Referral & Information Service
(631) 234-5577 or email firstname.lastname@example.com for a no fee or low fee consultation with an attorney that specializes in your area of law. (10 AM-4 PM Monday-Friday)
Legal Aid
Legal Aid Society of Suffolk County, Inc.
John P. Cohalan, Jr. Courthouse
400 Carleton Ave, 4th Floor
Central Islip, NY 11722
District Court: (631) 853-5212, Fx: (631) 853-4336
Family Court: (631) 853-4343
Children's Law Bureau: (631) 439-2450
Riverhead Office: (631) 852-1650
Assigned Counsel through County Law 18-B
Assigned Counsel Defender Plan of Suffolk County
Nassau/Suffolk Law Services
Nassau/Suffolk Law Services Committee Inc. or "Law Services" is a non-profit, community based poverty law program which provides legal assistance in civil (non-criminal) matters to low-income people throughout Nassau and Suffolk Counties in New York State.
Senior Citizens Law Program at Touro Law Center Program
Free legal services provided to qualified Suffolk County Residents 60 years or older, including Landlord/Tenant, Senior, Subsidized & Section 8, Town Code Violations/Taxes
(631) 761-7470
225 Eastview Drive, Central Islip, NY 11722
Fax 631-761-7089 • www.tourolaw.edu
Women's Law Initiative - NY
For victims of domestic violence. How to get a restraining order, statutes, and domestic-violence resources.
New York State Defenders Association
Do you need CourtHelp?
More forms, references, FAQs provided by the NYS Courts.
see also the
in the Public Access Law Libraries in Central Islip and Riverhead


text:
June 2007 Volume 58 No 6
Editor John Allison Marketing Director Alice Lindsay Deputy Editor Erica Jeal Subscriptions Manager Megan Jackson Publishing Assistant Sara-Mae Tuson
Editorial Board Martin Bernheimer Alan Blyth Hugh Canning Rupert Christiansen Andrew Clark Andrew Clements Richard Fairman Michael Kennedy Fiona Maddocks Rodney Milnes (Chairman) Roger Parker Andrew Porter
Editorial Offices 36 Black Lion Lane London W6 9BE Telephone: 020 8563 8893 Fax: 020 8563 8635 e-mail: email@example.com Website: www.opera.co.uk
Subscriptions Telephone: 020 8748 0911 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Advertising Jane Stoggles Cabbell Publishing Ltd Tel: 020 8971 8450 Fax: 020 8971 8480
Front cover: Anna Netrebko (see pp. 644-51) (photo: Kasskara/DG)
Founded in 1950 by the Earl of Harewood Past Editors Harold Rosenthal and Rodney Milnes
643 Dream on By the Editor 644 People 336:Anna Netrebko Hugh Canning 651 Newsdesk 654 Dutch courage Pierre Audi discusses his Holland Festival plans with Willem Bruls 656 Readers'letters 659 First principles Will Crutchfield talks to George Loomis about his work at Caramoor 664 Colin Graham, 1931-2007 Steuart Bedford, Keith Grant and Rodney Milnes 668 Edmund Tracey, 1927-2007 Rodney Milnes and David Cairns 672 Opera around the world 709 Opera in Britain 731 Opera on CD 737 Opera on DVD 746 Opera books 748 Coming events including plans for the UK houses, new season plans for Covent Garden and ENO, Munich (Staatsoper), Amsterdam, Barcelona, Geneva; 'We hear that ...'; Opera calendar home and abroad 767 Classified advertisements 768 If I came back as ... Scarpia Yehuda Shapiro
Opera, June 2007
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text:
It's hard to describe how valuable the broadband service I have from Verizon has been to me. When I was in Indiana two weeks ago for the K-12 Open Minds Conference, it literally saved me from the lack of wireless in my hotel room. I would guess I use the card for some amount of time every day.
So I was very disappointed to find that after I upgraded my Toshiba Portege laptop to Ubuntu 7.10, my wireless connection would hang up immediately after connecting. I kept getting a "USB disconnect" that immediately hung up the connection. I had previously followed Tina Gasperson's directions on setting up the EVDO card pictured above within Linux, but in my searching the web found that Ubuntu 7.10 reconfigured how USB is handled, and apparently the PCMCIA EVDO card is accessed through the USB settings.
But in trying the setup outlined here, which was stated specifically not to work with Ubuntu 7.10 (but that someone later noted had worked for them), I was back online again. Even better, these directions from the Ubuntu Forums are much easier to automate, allowing me to create a menu item to connect, and so I'm actually glad I had to solve the issue. As an aside, I did a speed test with the card today from my house, where Verizon reception has always been poor to middling, and I was at 400+kb down and 100kb up. Not bad for anywhere access.


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DC had earlier settled on a company line to describe Mr. Snowden. Asked whether we'd be having any of these privacy policy conversations ? and changes, per the President's recent speech -- without his purloined documents, the deflection-du-jour went like this: "I think he broke the law and ran away. If he really believes he's a patriot, he should come home and face the music." It is, of course, blindingly obvious that the NSA folks in the black building were doing exactly what they wanted to do, unfettered by adequate concern for civil liberties. They were as voluntarily transparent as their HQ.
That nod-able "face the music" line worked for a while, perhaps until recent revelations about another burglary came to light. In that 1971 incident at an FBI field office in Media, PA, amateur peaceniks stole whole suitcases full of files (paper -- how quaint!). Those documents revealed clandestine government projects to, among other misdeeds, sow paranoia among leaders of the anti-war movement, and try to convince Dr. King to commit suicide, lest they reveal his nocturnal wanderings. Those were shocking, arrogant abuses of unchecked governmental power, demonstrating the need for citizen oversight.
"Sunlight," as the saying goes, "makes an excellent disinfectant."
Those burglars, now grandparently suburbanites, have been lauded as heroes in the press; the parallels to Mr. Snowden and the abuse potential in the contemporary context are clear and important. The ante needed upping.
Thus on Sunday, GOP Reps. McCaul and Rogers darkly accused Snowden of spying for one-or-more "nation-states." On Meet the Press the charge went like this:
REPRESENTATIVE MIKE ROGERS: This was a thief, who we believe had some help, who stole information the vast majority had nothing to do with privacy.
DAVID GREGORY: Who helped him?
ROGERS: Well, there were certain questions that we have to get answered. Where some of this aid, first of all, if it was a privacy concern he had, he didn't look for information on the privacy side for Americans. He was stealing information that had to do with how we operate overseas to collect information to keep Americans safe. That begs the question. And some of the things he did were beyond his technical capabilities. Raises more questions. How he arranged travel before he left. How he was ready to go, he had a go bag, if you will.
?I believe there's a reason he ended up in the hands, the loving arms, of an FSB agent in Moscow. I don't think that's a coincidence, number one. Number two, and let me just talk about this. I think it's important.
GREGORY: You think the Russians helped Ed Snowden?
ROGERS: I believe there's questions to be answered there. I don't think it was a gee-whiz luck event that he ended up in Moscow under the handling of the FSB.
GREGORY: That's a significant development if it's true.
ROGERS: Well, I said we have questions we have to answer. But as somebody who used to do investigations, some of the things we're finding we would call clues that certainly would indicate to me that he had some help and he stole things that had nothing to do with privacy?
That's your evidence: a "go bag?" Is that like the carry-on I take on the flight to Albuquerque when I visit my kid (having made my own travel reservations, too)? But Congressman McCaul of Texas two-stepped right in, on ABC's This Week:
MCCAUL: Hey, listen, I don't think Snowden -- Mr. Snowden woke up one day and had the wherewithal to do this all by himself. I think he was helped by others.
STEPHANOPOULOS: The Russians?
MCCAUL: You know, to say definitively, I can't -- I can't answer that. But I personally believe that he was cultivated by a foreign power to do what he did. And he -- I would submit, again, that he's not a hero by any stretch. He's a traitor?
STEPHANOPOULOS: That's a pretty serious charge, sir. Which foreign power do you believe cultivated Edward Snowden?
MCCAUL: Again, I can't give a definitive statement on that. I -- but I've been given all the evidence, I know Mike Rogers has access to, you know, that I've seen that I don't think he was acting alone.
Ah ? so you believe it because Mike Rogers believes it, and he's seen "evidence." Like "go bags" and travel plans? Meanwhile, back on Meet the Press, our own Senator F. concurred, in very uncertain terms:
GREGORY: Do you agree with Chairman Rogers that he may have had help from the Russians?
FEINSTEIN: He may well have. We don't know at this stage. But I think to glorify this act is really to set sort of a new level of dishonor. And this goes to where this metadata goes. Because the N.S.A. are professionals. They are limited in number to 22 who have access to the data. Two of them are supervisors. They are vetted. They are carefully supervised...
Now, I don't know whether Edward Snowden acted alone. But I DO know that common decency commands that you don't make that kind of charge on the basis of innuendo and go bags. It's appalling and McCarthy-esque: we need somebody to re-ask "Have you no decency?"
Two other ironies are worth noting: first, if it was not obvious before these interviews why Snowden stays away, the depths to which elected officials will sink to sling demagogic mud on national TV has now been demonstrated. Where might Snowden receive a fair trial ? the moon? One can only hope that this shameful tactic backfires, which may be the only way to make it stop.
Second, looking at you Sen. Feinstein, the vaunted NSA, with its 'vetted' (! -- vetted like Snowden?) agents and supervisors (!) has had more than six months of Job One-level opportunity to connect the dots on Snowden's associations. Based on these interviews, they have come up with ? wait for it ... another cricket. One might easily conclude that either the charges are bupkis, or the NSA programs are neither as timely nor efficacious as their supporters claim them to be.
Or both.


text:
Using morphine to end a person's life is a myth, argues a senior doctor in a letter recent letter in the British Medical Journal.
Using Morphine To Hasten
Death Is A Myth, Says Doctor
It follows the case of Kelly Taylor, a terminally ill woman who went to court earlier this month for the right to be sedated into unconsciousness by morphine, even though it will hasten her death.
Mrs Taylor's request to use morphine to make her unconscious under the principle of double effect is a puzzling choice, writes Claud Regnard, a consultant in palliative care medicine. The principle of double effect allows a doctor to administer treatment that hastens death, providing the intention is to relieve pain rather than to kill.
Evidence over the past 20 years has repeatedly shown that, used correctly, morphine is well tolerated and does not shorten life or hasten death, he explains. Its sedative effects wear off quickly (making it useless if you want to stay unconscious), toxic doses can cause distressing agitation (which is why such doses are never used in palliative care), and it has a wide therapeutic range (making death unlikely).
The Dutch know this and hardly ever use morphine for euthanasia, he writes.
Palliative care specialists are not faced with the dilemma of controlling severe pain at the risk of killing the patient - they manage pain with drugs and doses adjusted to each individual patient, while at the same time helping fear, depression and spiritual distress, he adds.
And he warns that doctors who act precipitately with high, often intravenous, doses of opioids are being misled into bad practice by the continuing promotion of double effect as a real and essential phenomenon in end of life care.
Using double effect as a justification for patient assisted suicide and euthanasia is not tenable in evidence-based medicine, he says. In end of life care, double effect is a myth leading a double life.
Opium People
Opium Images
Opium Timeline
The Plant of Joy


text:
Something new: The Monarch Tea Room
There aren't too many tea rooms in Honolulu, so there is certainly room for one more. The latest is The Monarch Tea Room, located in the back of Na Mea Hawaii/Native Books in the Ward Warehouse.
Liza and Shakkel Yunis, who moved to Hawaii from London, created the tea room to provide a tea experience that they know and love. The location in Na Mea fits their concept, as it ties back to Hawaii's history and the monarchy — King David Kalakaua learned about British afternoon tea in his travels around the world, and fell in love with it.
You don't have to order the full afternoon tea set if you visit The Monarch Tea Room, as items are available ala carte. For my cofficing friends, I need to point out that there is free wifi (do we now call this a tea-fice?), and it's a comfortable place to rest, read, or work with a pot of luxury tea. An added bonus that Shakkel didn't realize until last week: They have prime parade viewing from the window.
The Monarch Tea Room is having its grand opening on Saturday, June 21, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. with live entertainment, tea brewing and sampling stations, a monarchy competition in the store, and more.
The Monarch Tea Room
The Monarch Tea Room
1050 Ala Moana Blvd, Suite 1000


text:
Fukushima Meltdown Confirmed
On April 6, Reuters reported that "the core at Japan's Fukushima nuclear reactor has melted through the reactor pressure vessel," Rep. Edward Markey told a House hearing on the disaster, saying:
"I have been informed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) that the core has gotten so hot that part of it has probably melted through the reactor pressure vessel."
Recklessly promoting nuclear proliferation, America's NRC is notorious for coverup and denial of its harmful effects. As a result, their rare admission virtually confirms a full core meltdown in one or more reactors, meaning vast amounts of radiation are being uncontrollably released into the atmosphere, water and soil, spreading over a vast area. It's the ultimate nightmare scenario now unfolding, but don't expect major media reports or government officials to explain.
Nonetheless, on April 6, New York Times writers Matthew Wald and Andrew Pollack headlined, "Core of Stricken Reactor Probably Leaked, US Says," stating:
America's NRC "said Wednesday that some of the core of a stricken Japanese reactor had probably leaked from its steel pressure vessel into the bottom of the containment structure, implying that the damage was even worse than previously thought."
Far worse, in fact, because molten core material then burns uncontrollably through the concrete foundation, meaning all bets are off.
On April 5, Times writers James Glanz and William Broad headlined, "US Sees Array of New Threats at Japan's Nuclear Plant," saying:
American engineers warned "that the troubled nuclear plant....is facing a wide array of fresh threats that could persist indefinitely, and that in some cases are expected to increase as a result of the very measures being taken to keep the plant stable, according to a confidential" NRC assessment.
Identified threats include:
● Possible further explosions because of hydrogen and oxygen from seawater used to cool the reactors that may have done more harm than good.
o former GE reactor designer Margaret Harding:
"If I were in the Japanese's shoes, I'd be very reluctant to have tons and tons of water sitting in a containment whose structural integrity hasn't been checked since the earthquake," and very likely is seriously damaged.
● Because of concern about severe reactor core damage, NRC recommended boron be added to cooling water as a moderator to absorb neutrons.
● Exposed/unprotected spent fuel rods in Units 1, 2, 3 and 4 pose extreme dangers. Moreover, explosions blew nuclear material "up to one mile from the units" into the atmosphere, indicating much greater damage than previously disclosed.
As a result, David Lochbaum from the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) believes:
"This paints a very different picture, and suggests that things are a lot worse. They could still have more damage in a big way if some of these things don't work out for them....They've got a lot of nasty things to (handle), and one missed step could make the situation much, much worse."
Other experts believe criticality was reached, posing far greater dangers than revealed.
Yet government and Tokyo Electric (TEPCO) officials still claim "no immediate risk of a hydrogen explosion occurring" or serious harm to human health. In fact, danger levels now are extreme. More on that below.
Even the NRC admitted that salt water "severely restricted" and likely blocked circulation pathways. Moreover, inside the core, "there is likely no water level (so it's) difficult to determine how much cooling is getting to the fuel." Perhaps none, and three or more reactors are affected, one or more in meltdown.
Independent Expert Opinions
On April 4, geoscientist/international radiation expert Leuren Moret told interviewer Alfred Lambremont Webre that Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper are concealing the effects of tectonic nuclear war on North America from Fukushima's fallout. In fact, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) radiation maps confirm contamination on America's West Coast, Midwest, and Western Canada, in some areas as high as Japan's.
Radioactive Iodine-131 in rainwater sampled near San Francisco was found to be over 18,000 times above federal drinking water standards. Idaho, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts rainwater samples showed Iodine-131 up to 181 times above normal, expected to rise. It's also showing up in milk.
As a result, mobile measures in parts of America and Canada were suspended until further notice to conceal the disaster's gravity.
Moret cited two distinguished nuclear scientists who've publicly said northern Japan (one-third of the country) is uninhabitable and should be evacuated. Marion Fulk is one, a Manhattan Project scientist who helped develop the hydrogen bomb. He also was America's atmospheric fallout expert when above-ground tests were conducted.
Dr. Chris Busby is the other, an ionizing radiation expert. On March 30, he told Russia Today television that Fukushima contamination will cause at least 417,000 new cancers.
Moret called Fukushima a false flag operation to weaken an economic rival, harm its economy, agriculture and fisheries, and compromise its detente with China. Compared to Chernobyl, Fukushima's releasing multiple times more radiation, perhaps amounts too enormous to imagine with potentially catastrophic global effects.
In response, Japan, America and Canada are in denial. Permissible radiation exposure levels have been raised. Legitimate reporting was halted. US and Canadian atmospheric testing was suspended. State authorities told California physicians not to give iodine to concerned patients. Measuring radiation in milk was also stopped.
Contamination is spreading from the Arctic to the Equator. Long-lived radioactive isotopes will cause environmental and human health havoc for generations. Moret said life forms developed over billions of years are being destroyed in a century.
On March 29, Chris Busby's Rense.com article headlined, "Deconstructing Nuclear Experts," saying:
"What these people have in common is ignorance. (Most) who appear (in the major media) and pontificate have not actually done any research on the issue of radiation and health. Or if they have, they....missed all the key studies and references. (Others are) real baddies" who say Fukushima is nothing to worry about, nothing like Chernobyl or Three Mile Island (TMI).
In fact, Fukushima already way exceeds both and will get increasingly worse ahead as radiation releases continue and spread. Busby quoted Joseph Conrad saying, "after all the shouting is over, the grim silence of facts remain."
"I believe that (the array of) phony experts," said Busby, "are criminally irresponsible, since their advice will lead to millions of deaths....I hope they are sent to jail where they can have plenty of time to read the scientific proofs (showing) their advice was based on the mathematical analysis of thin air."
He cited the late Professor John Gofman, a senior US Atomic Energy Commission expert who resigned, saying, "(T)he nuclear industry is waging a war against humanity."
So far, in fact, it's winning. It's entered an endgame that will decide whether or not humanity will survive. "Not from sudden nuclear war," said Busby. "But from the ongoing and incremental nuclear war which began with the releases to the biosphere in the 60s of all the atmospheric test fallout, and which continued inexorably since (to this day), accompanied by parallel increases in cancer rates and fertility loss to the human race."
Busby calls it "the greatest public health scandal in human history...." - Who can disagree?
A Final Comment
In a personal email, environmental researcher Dr. Ilya Perlingieri explained the dangers of Japan dumping thousands of tons of radioactive water in the Pacific, saying:
"We are all in grave danger! This was insanity! This radioactive water will come here (to America). There is no question about that. The currents will bring it to the west coast and contaminate the entire area: beaches and all sealife between the coast and Japan. What evaporates naturally will then come on the air currents around the rest of the US and then the rest of the planet!" "This is epic, and it was not an accident."
Stephen Lendman: I was born in 1934 in Boston, MA. Raised in a modest middle class family, attended public schools, received a BA from Harvard University in 1956 and an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of PA in 1960 following 2 years of obligatory military service in the US Army. Spent the next 6 years as a marketing research analyst for several large US corporations before becoming part of a new small family business in 1967, remaining there until retiring at the end of 1999. Have since devoted my time and efforts to the progressive causes and organizations I support, all involved in working for a more humane and just world for all people everywhere, but especially for the most needy, disadvantaged and oppressed. My efforts since summer 2005 have included writing on a broad range of vital topics ranging from war and peace; social, economic and political equity for all; and justice for all the oppressed peoples of the world like the long-suffering people of Haiti and the Palestinians. Also co-hosting The Global Research News Hour, occasional public talks, and frequent appearances on radio and at times television.
Stephen Lendman is a Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization. He lives in Chicago and can be reached at email@example.com. Also visit his blog site sjlendman.blogspot.com and listen to The Lendman News Hour on RepublicBroadcasting.org Monday - Friday at 10AM US Central time for cutting-edge discussions with distinguished guests on world and national issues. All programs are archived for easy listening.
Photo: Kyodo
URL: http://www.a-w-i-p.com/index.php/2011/04/08/fukushima-meltdown-confirmed


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Majority unlikely with nine mayoral candidates
By Kate House-Layton
Published September 16th 2007 in Delaware State News
The open election saw the city's largest number of candidates to date.
Mr. Speed took 24 percent of the vote. Two of his competitors, Robin R. Christiansen and William H. Daisey took similar shares of votes for a narrow margin behind Mr. Speed.
Two years later, with just two opponents, Mr. Speed captured 60 percent of the vote.
Dover set another record this year with nine mayoral candidates for this Tuesday's special election to fill the seat Mr. Speed left in July for a job at Delaware State University.
Ellen O. Wasfi, who serves on the board of the League of Women Voters of Greater Dover, is pleased to see so many candidates in the election.
"It shows that there are people from all walks of life in all aspects of the community that want to take part in how the city is run," she said.
She also anticipates good voter turnout due to the number of candidates.
If six candidates split the vote in 2004, however, will nine divide the percentages more?
She and others say yes.
"What the logical thinking would dictate is that it's unlikely there would be one majority candidate," Ms. Wasfi said. "Voter turnout, no matter how many people turn out, you're going to get a split of the vote."
Ms. Wasfi believes in the concept of runoff elections which narrows the candidates who took the most votes to get a stronger election majority.
Other cities, Ms. Wasfi said, hold runoff elections, although they can be expensive.
"The question is how satisfied is the citizenry of Dover?" she asked. "If there is dissatisfaction, how much satisfaction would there be if we had a runoff election."
Technology for instant runoff voting also exists, she said.
In these instances, voters have the opportunity to select their top three candidate choices. The machine tabulates the choices and allocates points per each choice to determine a true victory.
The software, she said, is expensive for the initial investment, but could save the cost of a runoff election.
The whole point of majority rule in an election, she said, is to put the person who satisfied the majority of voters and their concerns in office.
Robert Richie, executive director of Fair Vote, The Center for Voting and Democracy out of Takoma Park, Md., believes an election with nine candidates could fracture the vote.
"If you just happen to be the one that has the most votes, that's not necessarily the popular choice," he said.
It can also affect campaigns, he said.
If candidates thinks they can win by a certain percentage, they might only focus on the group of people where they know they could get the votes.
A large number of candidates can be troubling to a voter who has to choose between two people they like.
Runoff voting can take away some of the negative edge of campaigning.
Robert's Rules of Order, the basic handbook of operation for most clubs, organizations and other groups, recommends runoff voting, Mr. Richie said.
"There's a lot of evidence that voters will abandon their first choice if they think it's fruitless and will then go to their next choice," he said.
Former Dover City Councilman and election board chairman Thomas J. Leary agrees elections should show more decisive victories.
"What type of persuasive power does a mayor have going in winning 15 percent?" he asked.
"It seems to me the chief argument (against runoff voting) has been since it's new we shouldn't try it," Mr. Leary said.
"The real surprise through this whole thing, because no one is a stronger personality than the others, the one who is able to get out and get people to vote is the one that's going to pull it off," Mr. Leary also said. "That's the one who shook the most hands and is better organized."
Dr. Samuel B. Hoff, a George Washington Distinguished Professor of history and political science and law studies director at Delaware State University, took a look at the variables that could affect election results.
"We start with the assumption before we know anything that we have a nine slice pie and all pieces are equal," he said.
He noted the election is on a weekday. He also said you have to look at special election patterns how much voter loyalty each candidate could carry and prior election performance.
"We've seen the drawing power of the incumbents on the council," Dr. Hoff said, referring to Dover City Council members Carleton E. Carey Sr. and Reuben Salters. "We're looking at Mr. Carey and Mr. Salters with the possibility of bringing in, say, 1,000 votes," he said.
Mr. Daisey, a former councilman and mayoral candidate, possesses the same performance potential, he said.
The other candidates have the task to not only to pull in the same amount of votes, but pull them from the same constituencies as their competitors, Dr. Hoff said.
"One will have to go beyond the basic constituency," he said.
Name recognition carries weight, he said, but voters could choose a first-timer if they feel another candidate ignored a pet issue.
Because Mr. Carey and Mr. Salters serve on Dover City Council, voters might want to keep them on the panel, Dr. Hoff also said.
"It'll be fascinating to see how some of the dynamics turn out," he said.


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- This event has passed.
Stanzas in Meditation: A Gertrude Stein Celebration – Panel
25th Anniversary Program
Apr 21, 2012 | 1:00 pm
Event Navigation
Four emerging textual scholars — Logan Esdale, Susannah Hollister, Liesl Olson and Emily Setina — share their recent work in the Gertrude Stein archives at Yale University, moderated by the collection's curator Nancy Kuhl.
A reading of Stein's poetic work follows.
Logan Esdale teaches at California State University, Long Beach. His new edition of Gertrude Stein's novel, Ida, is published by Yale University Press. He is the author of a related article, "Gertrude Stein's Twin," which appeared in the journal Textual Practice.
Susannah Hollister is ACLS New Faculty Fellow in English at the University of Texas, Austin. She is co-editor of Gertrude Stein's Stanzas in Meditation: The Corrected Edition (2012), which received the MLA's Committee on Scholarly Editions Seal.
Liesl Olson is Director of the Scholl Center for American History and Culture at the Newberry Library in Chicago. Her first book is Modernism and the Ordinary (2009). She provides the introduction to Gertrude Stein's Narration: Four Lectures (2010).
Emily Setina is Assistant Professor of English at Baylor University. She is co-editor of Gertrude Stein's Stanzas in Meditation: The Corrected Edition (2012). A former Watson Fellow with a PhD from Yale, her areas of study include modernism, textual criticism and poetry.
Nancy Kuhl is curator of Poetry for the Yale Collection of American Literature at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University and a poet.
- Date:
- Apr 21, 2012
- Time:
1:00 pm
- Event Categories:
- 25th Anniversary Event, Readings and Conversations


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If you wish to support Kiera Newsome's transition since her recent release, please visit her GoFundMe page here.
The generosity of The Kalmanovitz Charitable Foundation enabled the Center for Juvenile Law and Policy to establish the Juvenile Innocence and Fair Sentencing Clinic in 2013. The JIFS Clinic expands the Center's advocacy efforts on behalf of court-involved children beyond the Los Angeles juvenile justice system to include the representation of youth who have been wrongfully convicted and youth who are sentenced to unjustly disproportionate adult prison sentences.
Each year, well over a thousand juveniles are prosecuted as adults in California and hundreds are sentenced to lengthy prison sentences. While there are undoubtedly youth who suffer valid convictions and who need to be segregated from society, we know that there are juveniles who do not belong in adult prison, either because they are factually innocent, or because their punishment is inconsistent with their moral and legal culpability. The Juvenile Innocence and Fair Sentencing Clinic is a vital step toward remedying a heart-wrenching and important problem.
JIFS Clinic Course Information
The course is a year long, and will be comprised of a five-unit substantive course and a five-unit clinic.
In the clinic, the students will represent persons who have been convicted of offenses committed when they were under 18. Students will be assigned cases at varying stages of the appellate process, and will have the chance to conduct investigations, meet with clients, evaluate cases for innocence/sentencing claims, conduct evidentiary hearings in court, research and write appellate, habeas and amicus briefs, and if possible, conduct oral arguments in the court of appeal. Students may also have the opportunity to work on legislation and policy work related to the clinic's goals. Course work will include methodology of investigation, causes of wrongful convictions, and state and federal appellate and habeas processes. All aspects of the students' involvement will be personally supervised by clinical professors. The substantive component will be graded, while the clinical units will be ungraded.
Minimum requirements for enrollment are: Criminal Law, Civil Procedure and Evidence. Criminal Procedure is strongly recommended, but not required. Students must be California Bar certified and in good academic standing. Prior academic performance will be considered, however, weight will be given to those students who can demonstrate an interest in the issues presented as well as to those who have prior experience in a related field. In addition to completing an application with a resume, students must interview with Professor Hawthorne in order to be considered for the class. Please note that there will be a three-day orientation to be held one week before the official school year begins. Participation in orientation the week before classes begin, is mandatory.
Application information for interested law school students is available on Symplicity.


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