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|Read the magazine story to find out more.
Temporary Coating May Help Protect Homes from WildfiresBy Marcia Wood
September 3, 2013
Quickly spraying a home with a temporary fire-retardant coating may prevent it from being destroyed by a forest or brushland wildfire. An experimental gel that U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) plant physiologist Gregory M. Glenn and his colleagues in Albany, Calif., have developed might offer better, more affordable protection than other fire-retardant gels.
The experimental gel is made of sodium bentonite clay, corn starch and water. Preliminary tests suggest that a quarter-inch layer of the gel may protect wood-based home siding for up to 30 minutes.
Depending upon the circumstances, that timeframe might be long enough to save a house. In a best-case scenario, all that a homeowner might need to do after the fire is to wash the coating off the house, according to Glenn. He works for the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency.
In preliminary research, documented in a 2012 article in Fire Safety Journal, Glenn and his coinvestigators cut planks of residential wood-based siding into squares measuring about 7 by 7 inches by 3/8-inch thick, then coated all but the "control" squares with either the experimental gel, a commercial gel, or other formulations.
In several of the tests that followed, the experimental clay-and-starch gel outperformed the other coatings. "Drying tests," for example, showed that the gel kept its moisture longer, which is an important quality in a fire retardant.
In "burn tests," siding coated with the research gel took longer to reach 392 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature at which wood-based siding may begin to burn and char.
Other tests, in which the squares were positioned upright, demonstrated that the gel was less prone to sliding, technically known as "slumping," toward the bottom of the squares. The starch helped the coating to stay in place and, in so doing, to shield the siding.
In all, the California studies provide a foundation for more extensive tests of the promising, all-natural coating.
Although neither sodium bentonite clay nor starch are new to firefighting, the idea of combining these materials to form a fire-retardant coating is apparently a "first," as is the California team's detailed analysis of the coating's effectiveness.
Glenn collaborated with co-workers Bor-Sen Chiou, Artur Klamczynski and Zhongli Pan at ARS' Western Regional Research Center in Albany, and with former ARS researcher Gokhan Bingol. ARS is seeking a patent for the research.
An article in the September 2013 issue of Agricultural Research magazine highlights these studies.


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Connecting the Dots
Lessons for Leadership in a Startup World
When Chambers joined Cisco in 1991, it was a company with 400 employees, a single product, and about $70 million in revenue. When he stepped down as CEO in 2015, he left a $47 billion tech giant that was the backbone of the internet and a leader in areas from cybersecurity to data center convergence. Along the way, he had acquired 180 companies and turned more than 10,000 employees into millionaires. Widely recognized as an innovator, an industry leader, and one of the world's best CEOs, Chambers has outlasted and outmaneuvered practically every rival that ever tried to take Cisco on–Nortel, Lucent, Alcatel, IBM, Dell, and Hewlett-Packard, to name a few.
Now Chambers is sharing his unique strategies for winning in a digital world. From his early lessons and struggles with dyslexia in West Virginia to his bold bets and battles with some of the biggest names in tech, Chambers gives readers a playbook on how to act before the market shifts, tap customers for strategy, partner for growth, build teams, and disrupt themselves. He also adapted those lessons to transform government, helping global leaders like French President Emmanuel Macron and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to create new models for growth.
As CEO of JC2 Ventures, he's now investing in a new generation of game-changing startups by helping founders become great leaders and scale their companies.
Connecting the Dots is destined to become a business classic, providing hard-won insights and critical tools to thrive during the accelerating disruption of the digital age.
"[Chambers] recently published a book…called Connecting the Dots. In it, he covers his core philosophy on leadership – with many great stories. Chambers boils down his approach to four key areas: anticipate and get ahead of market transitions, find ways to innovate at scale, build a culture that is focused on the needs of the customer and develop a flexible network infrastructure."―Forbes (Oct 20, 2018) Read the full article.
"Chambers, author of the new book 'Connecting the Dots,' serves as a mentor to those tech-minded upstarts trying to change the game. The JC2 Ventures portfolio consists of 12 companies. Chambers told Yahoo Finance he is a month or so away from revealing his next bet."―Yahoo! Finance (Oct 4, 2018) Read the full article.
"A native West Virginian, [Chambers] provides examples of companies, cities and states that failed to evolve and got left behind. Chambers says "it's better to disrupt or you'll be disrupted." He lays out other insights from his decades of experience in his new book, "Connecting the Dots: Lesson for Leadership in a Startup World."―CBS This Morning Podcast (Oct 5,2018) Listen to the full interview.
"In his new book "Connecting the Dots," Chambers also argues that the U.S. as a whole is in need of an entrepreneurial reinvention. Silicon Valley no longer has a monopoly on startups, he said, as countries like France and India have explicitly developed tech programs to encourage investment. And Chambers stressed that a comparable movement stateside must include all 50 states — not just existing tech hotspots like San Francisco, New York and Austin."―Recode Decode (Oct 10, 2018) Listen to the full interview.
"'It's easy to assume that America's current advantages will last forever,' Chambers writes in Connecting The Dots: Lessons for Leadership in a Startup World, which was released on Tuesday. 'But even the largest businesses can collapse, as we saw during the financial crisis.' Ostensibly the tale of his journey from a childhood with dyslexia in West Virginia to a historic 20-year run as head of the now-$221 billion networking giant in Silicon Valley, this page-turner is as much about an uncertain future for the U.S. economy as it is a celebration of tech's growing influence over the past few decades."―Barron's (Sept 29, 2018) Read the full article.
"'I'm not retired, but I am on to my next chapters,' John Chambers told Business Insider in the hours before his new book launched. He's not kidding. First, there's the book: Titled 'Connecting the Dots,' it's part memoir and part business advice book. And then there's the 16-and—counting startups he's advising and/or has invested in, some of which are still in stealth mode — not to mention that he's personally mentoring some of the execs at those companies."―Business Insider (Oct 1, 2018) Read the full article.
"Big tech has got to learn to regulate itself, or else the government will do it for them. That's according to John Chambers, the former CEO and Executive Chairman of networking giant Cisco. He sat down with Cheddar to discuss how tech companies can solve their own issues and avoid the government from stepping in."―Cheddar TV (Sept 27, 2018) Watch the full article.
- "Former Cisco Chairman John Chambers on French President Macron rejecting trade deals with countries outside the Paris climate accord, his new book on Cisco's rise, free trade and investing in cricket protein bars."―Fox Business (Sept 25, 2018) Watch the full interview.
"John Chambers, JC2 Ventures founder & CEO and former Cisco CEO, weighs in on the global start-up economy."―CNBC Squawk on the Street (Sept 25, 2018) Watch full interview.
- "In a new book set to be released Sept. 25, John Chambers, who stepped down as Cisco chief executive in 2015 but remained executive chairman until late last year and is now 'chairman emeritus,' argues for a comprehensive digital strategy in the United States. In the book, 'Connecting the Dots: Lessons for Leadership in a Startup World,' the 69-year-old, who grew up in West Virginia, explains how he reinvented himself and his company over two decades and shares the leadership strategies that made him one of the last CEOs of a major tech company from his generation to step down."―The Washington Post (Sept 14, 2018) Read the full article.
- "Anyone who listened in to a Cisco earnings call during John Chambers' 20-year tenure at the helm of the networking company will be familiar with the former CEO's reassuring, Southern drawl. Even when describing the economy as 'lumpy' during the last financial downturn, back in late 2007, Chambers managed to sound comforting and optimistic. But his latest project, a just-published business book titled Connecting the Dots: Lessons for Leadership in a Startup World, has some sobering words for corporate America and for our government."―Fortune (Sept 25, 2018) Read the full article.
"Former Cisco CEO John Chambers shares his playbook and leadership philosophy in his new book, Connecting the Dots: Lessons for Leadership in a Startup World."―Bloomberg (Sept 28, 2018) Listen to the full interview.


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MADISON, Wis. – Mike Bruesewitz returned to the starting lineup in style, scoring 13 points as Wisconsin closed out its non-conference schedule with an 87-51 victory over Samford on Saturday.
Bruesewitz, whose total was a season high, was one of five players in double figures for the Badgers (9-4). He sustained a concussion in practice on Dec. 6, missed two games and came off the bench last Saturday in a win over Milwaukee.
Frank Kaminsky poured in a career-best 16 points, Ryan Evans added 14 points and 12 rebounds, Sam Dekker scored 12 and Jared Berggren had 10 for Wisconsin, which opened up a 30-point lead before halftime. The Badgers open Big Ten play Jan. 3 at home against Penn State.
Raijon Kelly scored 16 points to lead the Bulldogs (3-11), who missed their first five shots and trailed 13-2 just more than 5 minutes into the game.


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Amidst all the WikiLeaks hoopla, there's also actual regular news going on. Windows 7 is barely out the door, and we're already dealing with Windows 8, which is indeed being worked on but will not arrive for at least two years. There's some rumours from an Italian website which state that the 64bit version of Windows 8 will have a completely new interface called Wind. Right.
My Italian is... Problematic, so while I understand some of it, I have to rely on others to fully grasp what they're saying. Before we get going, though, let me state that I have very little confidence in the validity of these rumours, and the only reason I'm reporting on them is because I think it's completely idiotic for Microsoft to do what these rumours claim.
The Italian website claims that the 64bit version of Windows will come with a new interface called Wind, which won't be available on 32bit installations. It will supposedly be very heavy on the graphics card, requiring 170MB of graphics memory and a dedicated video card. This seems like a complete and utter reversal of all the work done with Windows 7, which massively reduced the memory footprint of the graphics user interface.
What does this 'Wind' need all this memory for? Supposedly, it can run on 3D displays (but doesn't require them), and the interface will be fully dynamic, adapting to the user's daily operations, changing shortcuts and icons to fit the user's needs. This seems like a disaster waiting to happen - "where the heck did my shortcuts go?".
These rumours the exact opposite of what Windows 7 has achieved. Windows 7 is lighter on resources than Windows Vista, and that process of optimisation was far from complete, Microsoft said. It seems like a very stupid idea to come up with an entirely new, resource-heavy interface users will have to adapt to. Also - 3D monitors? I can has 3D input device first plskthnxbi?
I think what we're dealing with here is simply design studies by Microsoft - you know, like concept cars, cars that embody the future design direction of a car company in the extremes in order to highlight them. I'm sure Microsoft is working on some way for the interface to benefit from 3D monitors, but one designed around it within two years?
I've said it before, and I'll say it again: sure, and I have a unicorn.
There's also more reasonable stuff in there, like a fast hibernation system (old rumour, I believe), and better SSD support.
Source: OSnews


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Council Minutes - January 2009
The 106th Meeting
January 27–28, 2009
- REPORT: Task Force on Minority Aging Research
- REPORT: Working Group on Program
- REPORT: Council of Councils
- REPORT: Division of Behavioral and Social Research Review
Attachment A: Roster of the National Advisory Council on Aging
Attachment B: Director's Status Report to Council
The 106th meeting of the National Advisory Council on Aging (NACA) was convened on Tuesday, January 27, 2009, at 3 p.m. in Building 31, Conference Room 10, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. Richard J. Hodes, Director, National Institute on Aging (NIA), presided.
In accordance with the provisions of Public Law 92–463, the meeting was closed to the public on Tuesday, January 27, from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. for the review, discussion, and evaluation of grant applications and on Wednesday, January 28, from 1:46 to 2:30 p.m. for the review of intramural laboratories and reports in accordance with the provisions set forth in Sections 552(b)(c)(4) and 552(b)(c)(6), Title 5, U.S. Code and Section 10(d) of Public Law 92–463.1 The meeting was open to the public on Wednesday, January 28, from 8 a.m. to 1:45 p.m.
Council Participants:
Dr. Peggye Dilworth-Anderson (by telephone, January 27 only)
Dr. Lawrence M. Friedman
Dr. Mary Ganguli
Dr. S. Michal Jazwinski
Dr. Sundeep Khosla
Dr. Terry L. Mills
Dr. John C. Morris
Ms. Orien Reid
Dr. Gerald P. Schatten
Dr. Susan L. Swain
Dr. Dale E. Bredesen
Dr. Kenneth V. Brummel-Smith
Dr. Carl Eisdorfer
Ex Officio Participants:
Ms. Lori Gerhard, Administration on Aging (AOA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Absent Ex Officio Participants:
Dr. James Burris, Department of Veterans Affairs
Dr. Kenneth Pugh, National Naval Medical Center
Ad Hoc Council Participants
Dr. Andrea LaCroix
Dr. Victor Molinari
Dr. Lennart Mucke
Dr. June Simmons
The Council Roster, which gives titles, affiliations, and terms of appointment, is appended to these minutes as attachment A.
In Addition to NIA Staff, Other Federal Employees Present:
Dr. Laurent Taupenot, Center for Scientific Review, NIH
Ms. Jane Tilly, Administration on Aging
Members of the Public Present:
Dr. John Cacioppo, University of Chicago (by telephone)
Dr. David Cutler, Harvard University
Dr. Rita Effros, University of California, Los Angeles
Dr. David Felson, Boston University
Dr. Alan Garber, Stanford University (by telephone)
Mr. Rick Hansen, Digicon, Inc.
Ms. Mary Jo Hoeksema, Population Association of America/Association of Population Centers
Dr. Rose Maria Li, Rose Li and Associates, Inc.
Dr. Frances McFarland Horne, Rose Li and Associates, Inc.
Ms. Amy Pollack, Association for Psychological Science
Ms. Branka Sekis, Social Scientific Systems, Inc.
This portion of the meeting was closed to the public, in accordance with the determination that it concerned matters exempt from mandatory disclosure under Sections 552(b)(c)(4) and 552b(c)(6), Title 5, U.S. Code and Section 10(d) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended (5 U.S.C. Appendix).2
A total of 953 applications requesting $1,164,240,705 for all years underwent initial review. The Council recommended 508 awards for a total of $822,442,686 for all years. The actual funding of the awards recommended is determined by the availability of funds, percentile ranks, priority scores, and program relevance.
Dr. Hodes welcomed members to the open session of the 106th NACA meeting and called the meeting to order at 8:05 a.m. on Wednesday, January 28, 2009.
A. Director's Status Report
Dr. Hodes reminded the Council that although the NIH budget has remained stable in terms of current dollars since 2003, in constant dollars the budget has experienced a loss of buying power of about 13 percent. This decline has taken place at a time when the number of scientific opportunities and applications has exploded. The NIH is operating under a continuing resolution, which funds the agency at fiscal year (FY)2008 levels until March 6, 2009.
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 2009 (OBRA) is trailing behind the Economic Stimulus Package for floor action in Congress. Substantial uncertainty remained particularly concerning the Stimulus Package and its effects on NIH's budget. As regards the annual appropriation bill, Dr. Hodes noted that although the Senate and House versions differ, it is expected that the NIH will receive a small increase in its budget for FY2009.
Dr. Hodes acknowledged a report given by Ms. Orien Reid the previous day on the rollout of the Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC) and the new Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool (RePORT). He reminded the Council that RCDC was developed to improve consistency, transparency, and reproducibility of NIH reports on spending. Selecting a category in RePORT will generate a list of relevant research projects. Overall, the little feedback the NIH has received on RePORT has been positive. The NIH had expected the community to express concern about the potential for nonrelevant projects to be erroneously included in a particular category or the effects of the new system on numbers. However, since the RCDC rollout, there has been little response in this regard. Most categories showed a decrease in spending by 20 to 30 percent, and RCDC appears to capture aspects of projects related to a certain category—for example, aging-associated cell death in AD—without introducing irrelevant items. Dr. Hodes noted the NIH's expectation that RCDC could one day aid with portfolio analysis and science planning. Ms. Reid indicated the large amount of information provided by RCDC as well as the challenges overcome to launch the new system.
In response to questions from Dr. Gerald Schatten, Dr. Hodes speculated that the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) would likely receive the $1.5 billion earmarked in the House version of the Stimulus Package for repair, renovation, and instrumentation sharing. NIA leadership is working with staff and constituents to generate a list of needs to provide to NCRR in case this funding is approved. In response to Dr. Schatten's questions about the additional Stimulus Package funds that may be appropriated for scientific research, Dr. Hodes noted that the turnaround time for this funding would make conventional review of de novo applications difficult. He speculated that the NIH would use the funding toward applications already in hand or toward an expedited program for new applications. In response to a question by Dr. Susan Swain, Dr. Hodes added that bridge funds have also been mentioned in the broader discussion of new spending.
Dr. Terry Mills asked whether RCDC will replace the Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects (CRISP). Ms. Kathie Reed, of the NIA Office of Planning, Analysis, and Evaluation, responded that CRISP will become an Expenditures and Results extension to the RePORT tool; i.e., RePORTER.
B. Future Meeting Dates
May 19–20, 2009 (Tuesday and Wednesday)
September 22–23, 2009 (Tuesday and Wednesday)
January 26–27, 2010 (Tuesday and Wednesday)
May 25–26, 2010 (Tuesday and Wednesday)
September 21–22, 2010 (Tuesday and Wednesday)
C. Consideration of the Minutes of the Last Meeting
The minutes of the September 2008 meeting were considered. A motion was made, seconded, and passed unanimously to approve the minutes.
D. Introductions
Dr. Hodes introduced new NIA Deputy Director Dr. Marie Bernard and Council members and invited introductions from incoming members Dr. Andrea LaCroix, Dr. Victor Molinari, Dr. Lennart Mucke, and Ms. June Simmons. Dr. Alexander Parsadanian, a new Scientific Review Officer in the Scientific Review Branch, was also introduced.
III. REPORT: Task Force on Minority Aging Research
Dr. Mills highlighted two presentations heard by the Task Force on the previous day. In the first, Dr. Vivian Pinn, Director of the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH), presented an interim report on the NIH Working Group on Women in Biomedical Careers. Co-chaired by Dr. Pinn and Dr. Raynard Kington, Acting NIH Director, the working group includes NIH Deputy Directors, NIH Institute and Center (IC) Directors, dual-career couples, postdoctoral fellows, intramural scientists, and extramural grants administrators. The NIH has launched a Web site, http://womeninscience.nih.gov, which includes information about the working group and links to career development resources within the NIH, professional societies, and other organizations.
Dr. Mills noted the 11 subcommittees of the Working Group and commented specifically on the subcommittee focused on expanding support for research on the efficacy of programs to reduce gender bias. He suggested that the NIA Task Force on Minority Aging Research implement similar efforts to examine the efficacy of NIA programs to reduce bias.
The Working Group called attention to the recommendations from the National Academies Report, Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering, which was sponsored by ORWH, Eli Lilly and Company, the National Science Foundation, and the Ford Foundation. It also recommended giving attention to the NIH intramural community and the concerns of intramural women scientists and providing special attention to issues of barriers to advancement, minority women scientists, and mentoring.
Dr. Pinn's presentation also highlighted a number of issues with respect to extramural research, including the availability of detailed information on the involvement of women in extramural research; the doubling of the period of parental leave available to National Research Service Award recipients and a call for institutions to examine their own parental leave policies for all students and postdoctoral fellows; and clarification of Federal cost policies to provide guidance to universities on how to structure indirect cost and fringe benefit arrangements when considering reimbursement for childcare, parental leave, and other factors.
The presentation also highlighted data indicating higher award success rates for experienced males compared to their female counterparts although first-time researchers are equally successful; that males receive larger awards than females do although both sexes receive the same percentage of requests; and that the NIH success rates are lowest for African Americans. A workshop on Mentoring Women in Biomedical Careers has recommended that the NIH develop new requests for applications (RFAs) to study mentoring, include a mentor training requirement on training awards, and incorporate "women of color" as an issue or theme to be addressed in meetings and RFAs. Dr. Mills cautioned, however, that the term "women of color" needs a more specific operational definition.
In the second presentation to the Task Force, Dr. Hinda Zlotnik, Chief of the Minority Biomedical Research Support Branch of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, provided an update on the Support of Competitive Research (SCORE) Program. This program was designed to increase the competitiveness of faculty at minority-serving institutions. Although SCORE requires that an applicant be a faculty member at a minority-serving institution, it does not require the applicant to be a minority.
The SCORE program includes three categories of awards—SC1, a research advancement award; SC2, a pilot project award; and SC3, a research continuance award. SC1 fosters transition to non-SCORE support, providing $250,000 per year in direct costs and support for 5 years for new investigators or 4 years for previous SCORE awardees. The award is renewable once; thus, investigators could receive up to 9 years in SC1 support. SC2 is a smaller grant, providing up to $100,000 per year (not to exceed $300,000 for the entire award period) for investigators to generate preliminary data. This award could facilitate a transition into SC1 funding and ultimately into R01 funding. Eligible institutions can apply for and hold a maximum of 25 SCORE awards, and eligible faculty can apply for and hold only 1 individual SCORE award. In their applications, principal investigators (PIs) must list developmental goals and describe a plan to accomplish them. If the PI leaves for another institution, the award is not transferable.
Dr. Mills noted that as of FY2008, the program has made a total of 114 awards, including 50 SC1s and 30 SC2s. Twelve other ICs participate in the SCORE program. Forty-one of the SC1 and SC2 awards are co-managed by other ICs, and 12 SC1 and SC2 awards are funded by other ICs.
Dr. Robin Barr reminded the Council that this report, which is required by law, tracks the inclusion of women and racial and ethnic minorities in intramural and extramural clinical research. He noted the fluctuations in enrollment data that can occur from the entry and exit of large studies. Total NIA numbers fell with the number of protocols between 2007 and 2008. NIA-supported protocols are recruiting African Americans and Latinos/Hispanics in numbers proportional to their representation in the total population. However, all trials are recruiting more women than men. The number of Phase III trials fell from four in 2007 to one in 2008.
A motion to approve the report was forwarded and seconded. The motion passed unanimously.
V. REPORT: Working Group on Program
Dr. John Morris noted three meetings and two RFA concepts presented to the working group during the previous day. The Council also reconsidered the standing Statement of Understanding.
Advisory Meetings
Dr. Felipe Sierra, of the Division of Aging Biology, highlighted recommendations from a September 2008 Summit on the Biology of Aging. The Working Group decided to forward the recommendations to the Council for approval rather than hold them until a planned program review takes place for the Division of Aging Biology. A motion to adopt the recommendations from the Summit report was forwarded and seconded. The motion passed unanimously.
Dr. Dallas Anderson, of the Division of Neuroscience, presented a meeting to be held in March. The meeting, cosponsored by the Alzheimer's Association, will examine the prevalence of AD, why prevalence estimates vary, and ways to reduce variability. Meeting participants also will discuss key issues in and ways to operationalize criteria for determining AD. A motion to approve the meeting concept was made and seconded. During discussion of the motion, Dr. Mary Ganguli pointed out that the scope and implications of the meeting will go beyond prevalence to the current science underlying criteria, early detection, and biomarkers. The motion passed unanimously.
Dr. Mahadev Murthy, of the Division of Aging Biology, presented a meeting linked to recommendations from the Summit on the Biology of Aging. This meeting will be held to develop consensus criteria for defining normal aging in rodent models. A motion to approve the meeting was forwarded and seconded. The motion passed unanimously.
RFA Concept Clearances
Dr. Suzana Petanceska, of the Division of Neuroscience, presented a proposed program announcement (PA) based on a workshop held in August 2008. The PA will support research into the role of different apolipoprotein E isoforms in brain aging and AD. Dr. Hodes informed the Council that the NIA had received and will consider comments provided by the Working Group the prior day regarding the PA's focus. A motion to approve the PA was made and seconded. The motion passed unanimously.
Dr. Lisbeth Nielsen and Dr. John Phillips, of the Division of Behavioral and Social Research (DBSR), presented a PA that would support network research resources and infrastructure for emerging behavioral and social research on aging. During her presentation at the Council meeting, Dr. Nielsen added that the requested support builds upon other investments made by the DBSR in centers programs, which traditionally have not been funded at a level to permit cross-institutional activities such as summer institutes. A motion to approve the PA was made and seconded. The motion passed with one abstention.
Statement of Understanding
Dr. Barr reminded the Council that the Statement of Understanding between the NIA and NACA allows the NIA to expedite actions and report on them at later Council meetings. He cited as an example the action the NIA took to support grantees in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike. Dr. Barr also noted that the statement allows the NIA to expedite applications within the 20th percentile although budget constraints have not allowed funding to this level. Dr. Schatten commended the latitude the statement offers the NIA to act expeditiously. A motion to approve the Statement of Understanding was forwarded and seconded. The motion passed unanimously.
VI. REPORT: Council of Councils
Ms. Reid, who represents NACA on the NIH Council of Councils (COC), summarized her remarks to the Working Group on Program from the day before. Full minutes from the COC meeting will be posted when available at https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/council.
VII. REPORT: Division of Behavioral and Social Research Review
Dr. Alan Garber and Dr. John Cacioppo, Co-Chairs of the DBSR review committee, participated by telephone and reported the results of the review, which yielded two sets of documents. The DBSR Review Committee Report contains overarching and specific recommendations as well as a supplemental report primarily for DBSR/NIA staff use that contains more detailed reports in 10 topic areas. The latter reports do not represent consensus recommendations. They are available upon request.
Through a series of conference calls and a face-to-face meeting between May and November, the committee reviewed information obtained from background materials and summaries provided by the DBSR, discussions with selected individuals within the NIA, subcommittee discussions, and written input from several associations. On the basis of this information, the committee determined that the DBSR had been highly responsive to recommendations from its 2004 review. Reviewers were impressed with the Division's operations and its willingness to take calculated risks in exploring areas of research. The committee noted that the DBSR is a model for interdisciplinary research within the NIH. The Division regularly considers biological measures along with traditional social, behavioral, and economic measures, and its applicants tend to fare better in study sections compared with other NIH applicants. The Committee noted several DBSR accomplishments: Enhanced leadership in the development of new scientific areas through excellent hires, which addresses the primary concern from the 2004 review; continued strong leadership in the development of powerful new datasets and collaborations with other Federal agencies; recruitment of outstanding researchers into behavioral and social research on aging; and improved collaboration with the Division of Neuroscience.
Dr. Garber reported that in a time of difficult budgetary conditions, the Committee recognizes the need to balance multiple agendas but underscored the principle of identifying and supporting work of the highest scientific merit as paramount. Specifically, if tradeoffs are required, the committee recommends an emphasis on research that will change science in a more broadly defined area. Dr. Garber highlighted the Committee's overarching recommendations and recommendations from several subcommittees:
- Continue to emphasize integrative science and multilevel analysis.
- Adopt a life course perspective.
- Consider establishing a board to advise the DBSR on how to prioritize intervention and translation projects.
- Maintain centrality of the micro- and macroeconomy of population aging in DBSR's portfolio.
- Revitalize the social demography, epidemiology, and sociology portfolios, which do not appear to have experienced much recent intellectual or funding growth.
- Support disparities research, but direct it more toward theory-based research.
- Continue and expand training support, with an emphasis on new models of training.
- Develop appropriate datasets and continue to support data availability.
- Consider additional staffing in areas of behavioral or health economics, social epidemiology, and interventions.
The Committee generally agreed with the DBSR leadership on the importance of program project grants, and it endorsed actions taken by the NIH to address overburdened review offices and the need for better review mechanisms for interdisciplinary applications. However, Committee members thought it unfortunate that site visits, which can be expensive, were being cut in a time of budgetary constraints. The Committee challenged the DBSR with developing alternative mechanisms to promote interdisciplinary training appropriate for the next generation of aging researchers. In light of the current economic climate, the Committee also challenged the DBSR to develop a strategic plan to address budgetary constraints that will likely continue or worsen in the next few years.
Dr. Sundeep Khosla asked whether the Committee discussed novel technologies that might allow older people to be monitored in their homes, thus promoting the ability to live independently. Dr. Garber and Dr. Cacioppo believe these technologies form a natural area for comparative assessments and for research on interventions and cost effectiveness. Dr. Richard Suzman, DBSR Director, highlighted efforts supported by the Division, including SmartHouse, in which a Roybal Center is working with Intel to develop home monitoring, and studies involving measures of energy expenditure and sleep quality. Ms. Lori Gerhard underscored the AOA's interest in this line of research.
Dr. Hodes complimented the Co-Chairs for leading a model review. He then addressed the review committee's concern about site visits. He noted that although in-house site visits are preferable to electronic review mechanisms, the problem is not only expense but also availability of reviewers. The NIA is working to improve the review format. Dr. Hodes also offered to have the NIA provide a progress report within a year on the results of the changes the NIH has already made with respect to peer review.
A motion to accept the Committee's report was made and seconded. The motion passed unanimously.
Due to inclement weather, Dr. Virginia Lee was unable to attend the meeting so did not deliver her presentation on behalf of the Division of Neuroscience on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal labor degeneration.
Aging Biology: Immune Exhaustion in Aging and AIDS: Parallel Mechanisms, Possible Solutions
Dr. Rita Effros, of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, began her presentation by summarizing findings from a recent workshop sponsored in part by the NIA. The workshop, which focused on HIV and aging, found that by 2015, half of all HIV-positive patients will be over age 50. Other findings included the older age of newly infected patients, an increased cancer incidence in the HIV-infected population as it ages, and increased prevalence of age-related diseases among this population. In addition, HIV appears to accelerate frailty, and the immune system is involved not only in HIV/AIDS but in many of its associated diseases.
Although many aging studies have used model organisms profitably, certain aspects of immune changes in elderly humans cannot be mimicked in these models. Moreover, all that is known about the immune system is based on cells isolated from blood, but blood cells represent only 2 percent of total lymphocytes in the human body. The majority of immune cells reside in the gut, the population of central memory cells in the gut predicts the rate of HIV disease progression, and immune reconstitution with the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) occurs more slowly in the gut than in the blood. Yet aside from these observations, almost nothing is known about the effects of aging or HIV infection on the mucosal immune system. A major research gap is the lack of understanding about the effects of age, HIV, or both on gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Despite these gaps, research on the aging immune system has provided new insights into HIV pathogenesis. Likewise, HIV disease has become a model of accelerated aging of the immune system. Whether there are common approaches, and what the synergistic immunological effects are, is unknown.
Dr. Effros' work has focused on cytotoxic T cells, which recognize and kill cells that have been infected with virus. Because these T cells have unique receptors that recognize specific parts of a virus, presentation of a new viral infection requires a massive expansion of specific cytotoxic T cells. These cells undergo repeated expansions until they reach replicative senescence where they are no longer able to divide or kill virally infected cells. Cells in replicative senescence produce inflammatory factors, are resistant to apoptosis, and have shortened telomeres. They also lose expression of the signaling molecule CD28. The number of CD28-negative cytotoxic T cells increases markedly with age, and cytotoxic T cells isolated from young patients infected with HIV show patterns similar to that seen in much older, HIV-negative individuals. The accumulation of these cells in older people appears to be driven by latent viral infections acquired during youth as cytotoxic T cells are actively involved in keeping those infections latent.
Telomere shortening could be considered as "the canary in the coal mine" for health. CD28-negative cells have short telomeres, and they have been correlated with poor response to influenza vaccine, osteoporotic fractures, and early mortality in the elderly. Shortened telomeres also have been associated with atherosclerosis, premature myocardial infarction, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, AD, psychological stress, and microalbuminuria. A study by Cawthon and colleagues associated shortened telomeres with a threefold higher risk of death from heart disease and an eightfold higher risk of death from infection. The level of telomerase, the enzyme that prevents telomere shortening, has been used as a marker of cardiovascular disease risk and the ability to control HIV.
Dr. Effros closed her presentation by presenting data from ongoing studies on the immune effects of enhancing telomerase activity. Council discussion focused on these studies.
Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology: Recent Findings on Meniscal Tears, Obesity, and Knee Osteoarthritis from NIA-Supported Studies
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. Among the elderly, OA accounts for more mobility disability than does any other disease, and it is the underlying factor in most total knee and hip replacements. In the United States, 27 million people are affected by OA, and this number is expected to increase with the aging population, the obesity epidemic, and increased number of sports-related injuries. Yet there are few preventive strategies and no known treatments that can prevent OA-associated structural joint deterioration. Dr. David Felson, of the Boston University Medical Center, focused his presentation on the knee and specifically the meniscus, which serves as a shock absorber for load. Tears or damage in the meniscus have been associated with knee pain and buckling, and hundreds of thousands of arthroscopic surgeries per year are triggered by meniscal tears. More than half of surgeries removing the meniscus are done in patients aged 45 years or older, and the majority of those surgeries occur in patients aged 60 years and older.
Dr. Felson and his colleagues used the Framingham OA Study to investigate the prevalence of meniscal tears. In this study, 991 participants with mean age of 62 years underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of their knees. Twenty to twenty-five percent of these participants had had knee pain on most days. The study found that meniscal tears were common even in patients with no knee symptoms, that the prevalence of meniscal tears increased with age, and that meniscal tears were more prevalent in men than in women. Moreover, the study found that meniscal tears were associated with knee pain only because they were related to OA, which causes pain.
The course of meniscal tears without surgical intervention is unknown, and longitudinal studies have been hampered by difficulties in obtaining information on meniscal status in patients who do not have surgery. Another community study, the Multicenter OA Study (MOST), enrolled more than 3,000 people aged 50 to 79 years who had OA or were at high risk for OA. Patients at high risk were overweight or obese and had frequent knee pain or a history of knee injury. Again, study participants underwent knee MRI. MOST found that patients who had meniscal tears but did not receive surgery were at high risk for OA. In light of the high frequency of meniscal tears seen in the Framingham OA Study, knee OA might be a disease more of fibro cartilage than of hyaline cartilage. In addition, more OA might be posttraumatic and mediated by meniscal tear than previously suspected. Thus OA might not be an inevitable disease of aging so much as one of repeated injury.
Dr. Terry Mills noted Dr. Felson's comments that surgery for meniscal tears also increases the risk for OA and questioned how orthopedists should proceed in light of MOST results. Dr. Felson agreed that the relationship between OA and meniscal tears is complicated. The MOST data might suggest the need to operate on patients who have meniscal tears and symptoms, but more studies are needed to determine what happens with patients who do not experience symptoms.
Ms. Orien Reid noted the higher prevalence of tears in men than in women and asked whether patient histories indicated any lifestyle differences between the two genders. Dr. Felson responded that the presence of meniscal tears did not appear to be related to previous injuries, but he also suggested that the study might not have adequately captured differences in terms of activities. In addition, it is not clear why more men than women have meniscal tears but more women than men have OA.
In response to questions from Dr. Susan Swain about alternative interventions, Dr. Felson noted that the MOST data suggest intriguing opportunities for therapies. Fibro cartilage is partially vascularized, and the rim of the meniscus is often the area where initial degeneration occurs. The finding that OA affects fibro more than hyaline cartilage suggests opportunities for therapy not previously anticipated.
Dr. Sundeep Khosla asked about implications for the pathogenesis of OA and whether meniscal tears induce other factors that might drive OA. Dr. Felson responded that metabolic or genetic abnormalities were not clear, but some orthopedists have reported a rasplike effect on underlying cartilage from degenerative tears.
Ms. Lori Gerhard noted the associations with obesity and asked whether any studies had been done on the role of nutrition and hydration. The prevalence of not only meniscal tears but also dehydration increases with age. Dr. Felson did not know of any such studies.
In response to questions from Dr. Andrea LaCroix about effects of physical activity, Dr. Felson noted that most studies have focused on OA and hyaline cartilage loss and not so much on meniscal tears. In response to a comment from Dr. Mills, Dr. Felson further noted that there are two kinds of meniscal tears: acute tears that occur with sports or walking and incidental tears that occur in older years and do not cause pain. His presentation focused on the latter. Dr. Robin Barr asked whether incidental tears are progressive. Dr. Felson responded that MOST can follow patients over time and that many of the tears seen in the study have a high risk for progression.
Behavioral and Social Research: Measuring the Value of the Medical Sector—Developing a Prototype for National Health Accounts
Dr. David Cutler, of Harvard University, described a new, long-term project to produce a set of National Health Accounts, which can be used to make sound public policy decisions. These accounts will be analogous to National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs), which provide total gross domestic product (GDP) and its division into major categories such as consumption, investment, Government spending, and net exports. NIPAs play a central organizing role in economic measurement, and because they divide spending increases into prices and quantities, they allow for the calculation of productivity growth.
NIPAs are organized around market activity, but health activities often reside outside the market. Thus, "satellite" accounts have been suggested as a way to measure the costs and benefits of such activities. The satellite health accounts are based on inputs such as medical care, time invested in one's own health, other consumption such as food and tobacco, and environment and health-related outputs such as length and quality of life and financial externalities, or how changes in a person's health affect the financial circumstances of others through tax and transfer programs. Constructing a set of national health accounts involves three steps: A global measure of population health, a measure of spending and health at the level of disease or medical condition, and the use of detailed models to link spending and health outcomes at the disease level. Quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE), or the number of years of quality-adjusted life a person today can expect to live, comprises life expectancy and quality of life. Life expectancy is relatively easy to measure, but quality of life is somewhat complex, relating self-reported quality to symptoms and impairments and tracking how those symptoms and impairments change over time.
Dr. Cutler shared data suggesting that the general population was healthier in 2004 than it was in 1987. About two-thirds of the increase in QALE could be attributed to longer life expectancy. Improved quality of life also was a factor; people experienced fewer impairments in 2004. On the basis of these data, it appears that national health measurement is possible and that disease-based models will help evaluate what has been done and simulate future possibilities.
In response to Dr. Mills' questions about effects of chronic comorbidities, Dr. Cutler noted that people are living with more chronic diseases but functioning better than they would have years before. He also noted that today people report health comparable to that reported by people 10 years younger in earlier reports. How much of this improvement in quality of life is related to medical care, environment, or social support is not yet clear.
Dr. Hodes commented that NIPAs allow quarterly or annual assessments and could be updated and inform policy. Dr. Cutler noted that the same type of flexibility would be seen with national health accounts although assessments might occur less frequently. He added that GDP is a respected measure because of the scientific rigor involved in assessing it, and he hopes health accounts would be assessed and used in a similar way. In response to questions from Dr. Barr about tying health accounts to national policy goals, Dr. Cutler cited insurance coverage, environmental policies, the physical structure of a community, and nutrition policies as examples of policies that could be informed by national health accounts.
Dr. Lennart Mucke expressed puzzlement regarding the conclusion that the population is healthier, particularly in light of the aging population and the many age-associated diseases. He was concerned that this type of message might signal to the general population and to policymakers that less work on health is needed. Dr. Cutler clarified the conclusion to state that an age-adjusted population is healthier. He added that, at present, the focus is on health spending without looking at other aspects of health. This focus leads to problematic avenues of policy. The construction of national health accounts could provide a better picture and thus improve policy. Dr. Mary Ganguli expressed her understanding that the average 25-year-old is not healthier so much as more optimistic about his or her health. Dr. Cutler responded that more than optimism is involved. For example, impairment appears to be declining.
Ms. Reid noted statistics from America's Second Harvest, which indicate that 33 million people in the country are hungry or at risk for hunger and that 13 million of those people are children. She expressed concern about their current quality of life and implications for their health in later years. Dr. Cutler responded that health accounts could be broken out for different groups and used to explore which interventions most improve the population's health. He also suggested ways in which health accounts could be used to track disparities over time.
In response to questions from other Council members, Dr. Cutler further clarified categories of impairment. He also responded to questions from Dr. Richard Suzman by pointing out that national health accounts would not replace the health portion of NIPAs and that the new accounts would be better received by Federal agencies if they first gain academic credibility. Other Council members expressed concern about difficulties in self-assessment for topics like cognition. Such assessments could be affected by age, severity of cognitive decline, and older adults' fear about changes in their cognition.
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences
Dr. Edward Lakatta, Chief of the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences (LCS), focused his presentation on translational and interdisciplinary research conducted by the laboratory. Comprising several units, the Laboratory employs a wide range of experimental models, from molecules to humans, and it interacts with several longitudinal population-based studies such as the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging and the Cardiovascular Health Study. The Laboratory's process for translational research involves identifying and understanding a need; generating ideas; exploring proofs of concept in molecular, cellular, or animal studies; and promoting human clinical trials. An understanding of regulatory and intellectual property issues is built in from the beginning. Dr. Lakatta pointed out that often the process for translational research is not planned but that LCS facilitates it by being prepared.
LCS has used this process to explore mechanisms and treatment of vascular injury. Using rat and guinea pig models, the laboratory found that taxol could mitigate the angioplasty-associated damaging properties of smooth muscle cells. In collaboration with Boston Scientific, LCS developed a taxol-coated stent and conducted clinical trials that showed a substantial clinical benefit. Taxol-coated stents are now widely used. The intramural program has received royalties from this work, and these royalties are used to fund studies investigating the use of erythropoietin in preventing heart failure.
An exploration of arterial aging is one of the more challenging areas of translational research in which LCS is engaged. Age is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but it has been virtually ignored. The Laboratory thus explores aspects of aging in the absence of clinical disease by studying community populations and classifying them as "successfully" or "unsuccessfully" aging. This classification is based on factors that could contribute to disease. Thus, "unsuccessful aging" does not necessarily mean a participant has a clinical disease. Rather, that person has fallen into the poorest category with respect to a factor associated with disease.
On the basis of its studies, LCS views unsuccessful aging as the manifestation of an interaction between vascular aging and factors involved in vascular disease. In the absence of textbook clinical diseases, aging arteries undergo several major changes that can lead to cardiovascular events. Work by LCS and other groups has shown that at the clinical level, age-associated increases in arterial stiffness predict cardiovascular mortality and lead to increased blood and pulse pressure. Molecular and cellular studies in LCS have shown that intimal-media thickening, another age-associated arterial change, is primarily intimal and arises from vascular smooth muscle cells becoming aggressive and migrating to the intima. This process is related to matrix metalloproteinase 2, which not only breaks down basement membrane but also activates latent growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta. Thus, arterial remodeling arises from the production of proinflammatory mediators by smooth muscle cells. These mechanisms are also apparent in atherosclerosis and hypertension across several animal models. LCS therefore suggests that hypertension and atherosclerosis should be viewed as clinical end points rather than risk factors.
These studies have implications for the development of therapies that will target arterial aging in humans. Lifestyle interventions and pharmacotherapy have proven effective. Exercise conditioning improves endothelial function, pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, and carotid augmentation index in older persons, and lower sodium diets have been associated with reduced age-associated arterial stiffening. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors appear to slow vascular aging in rodent models, and drug-diet combinations have been shown to slow or reduce intimal-medial thickening in humans. Dr. Lakatta closed his presentation by showing LCS studies on the use of an investigational drug, which attacks crosslinked proteins, to prevent or reduce arterial stiffness.
Dr. Mucke asked how LCS—and the NIH in general—could provide guidance and share its experiences with academic centers that are struggling with the process of translating research. Dr. Lakatta noted that translational work in LCS could be advertised more, but he also pointed out the many components of NIA infrastructure that help with the translational process. For example, because of LCS's interactions with the Technology Transfer Branch, it now routinely considers the patentability of its study results.
Dr. Mucke also commented on the many relevant age-related initiatives that do not make it through university business offices because of competing agendas. Dr. Lakatta agreed that age-related issues are often of lower priority. LCS hopes to work with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, which explores the same issues with a different emphasis, to further promote clinical trials.
Dr. Victor Molinari asked whether LCS's interest in preventive aging is consistent with the pharmaceutical industry's push to reduce blood pressure and hypertension at all ages. Dr. Lakatta responded that it is consistent and likened the push to putting fluoride in drinking water because these arterial changes appear to be universal across species. However, proving that reducing blood pressure and cholesterol at younger ages would be beneficial is difficult because of the lack of cardiovascular events, hence the reluctance of pharmaceutical companies to pursue this avenue.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
Dr. Josephine Egan, Chief of the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (LCI), focused her presentation on LCI efforts in diabetes research. The Laboratory studies factors, of which glucose is only one, that regulate insulin secretion. One such factor, GLP-1, is a hormone that is released from the gut when food reaches the small bowel. Upon its release, GLP-1 proceeds through the islets of Langerhans and induces insulin secretion, at which point GLP-1 is quickly broken down. Because it is broken down so quickly, GLP-1 is not an effective pharmacological intervention for inducing insulin secretion. However, extendin 4, an analog that mirrors the action of GLP-1 and maintains insulin secretion after a patient eats, is now a treatment for type 2 diabetes.
With age, the ratio of fat to muscle changes in the human body. This change leads to the metabolic syndrome, characterized by a decrease in insulin sensitivity and a requirement for more insulin. The absence of more insulin leads to increases in blood sugar and blood pressure, decreased glucose tolerance, and changes in lipid profile. Dr. Egan pointed out, however, that there is no one intervention to prevent or delay these changes. However, the LCI is beginning to understand more about the components of the metabolic syndrome. For example, the LCI has found an association between declining production of adiponectin and declines in insulin sensitivity. In addition, the Laboratory has studied nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in which the insulin receptor becomes dysfunctional, leading to decreased beta oxidation, fatty acid buildup, and steatosis. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), in its work on alcoholic liver disease, has found that alcohol raises the level of endogenous cannabinoids. Work by the LCI has shown that the endogenous cannabinoid system in the pancreas is overactive in the metabolic syndrome. However, a simple blockade of the system is problematic because endogenous cannabinoids are also active in the brain, and blocking them in the brain can lead to depression. The LCI is now working with the NIAAA to develop cannabinoid blockers that do not reach the brain.
Dr. Egan concluded by highlighting other work in the LCI:
- The Bioanalytical and Drug Discovery Section is developing a compound that activates the beta-adrenergic receptor. The Section is looking at the use of this compound and its derivatives as treatments for cardiac failure.
- The Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Section is studying calcium channels and the changes that occur with atherosclerosis. The Section has extracted smooth muscle cells from areas both close to and far away from atherosclerotic plaques and found calcium-channel splice variants that stimulate migration of these cells, which worsens atherosclerosis. The Section is now exploring interventions to block those splice variants.
- The Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Section has studied several models for OA and developed and tested a treatment in animal models. The Section is now involved in a collaboration to study this intervention in patients with OA and also is developing several analytical techniques.
The open session of the 106th meeting of the National Advisory Council on Aging was adjourned at 1:46 p.m. on January 28, 2009. The next meeting is scheduled for May 19 and 20, 2009.
This portion of the meeting was closed to the public, in accordance with the determination that it concerned matters exempt from mandatory disclosure under Sections 552(b)(c)(4) and 552(b)(c)(6), Title 5, U.S. Code and Section 10(d) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended (5 U.S.C. Appendix).
I hereby certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the foregoing minutes and attachments are accurate and complete.3
Prepared by Robin Barr, D.Phil.
With assistance by Rose Li and Associates, Inc.
- For the record, it is noted that members absented themselves from the meeting when the Council discussed applications (a) from their respective institutions or (b) in which a conflict of interest may have occurred. This procedure only applied to applications that were discussed individually, not to "en bloc" actions. (Back to text.)
- For the record, it is noted that members absented themselves from the meeting when the Council discussed applications (a) from their respective institutions or (b) in which a conflict of interest may have occurred. This procedure only applied to applications that were discussed individually, not to "en bloc" actions. (Back to text.)
- These minutes will be approved formally by the Council at the next meeting on May 19-20, 2009, and corrections or notations will be stated in the minutes of that meeting. (Back to text.)
Attachment A: Roster of the National Advisory Council on Aging
(Terms end December 31) (*WGoP Member)
Richard J. Hodes, M.D.
Director, National Institute on Aging
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD
Lisa F. Berkman, Ph.D. (2012)
Director and Professor
Harvard School of Public Health
Dept of Society, Human Development, and Health, and Dept of Epidemiology
Cambridge, MA
Dale E. Bredesen, M.D. (2011)
Professor, Director & CEO
Buck Institute for Age Research
Novato, CA
Kenneth V. Brummel-Smith, M.D. (2009)
Professor and Chair
Department of Geriatrics
Florida State University College of Medicine
Tallahassee, FL
Peggye Dilworth-Anderson, Ph.D. (2010)
Professor, Health Policy & Management
Associate Director, Aging and Diversity/ Institute on Aging
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC
Carl Eisdorfer, Ph.D., M.D. (2009)
Knight Professor and Director
Center on Aging
University of Miami
Miami, FL
Lawrence M. Friedman, M.D. (2009)
Independent Consultant
Rockville, MD
*Mary Ganguli, M.D., M.P.H. (2009)
Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology
Department of Psychiatry
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA
*S. Michal Jazwinski, Ph.D., (2010)
Department of Medicine
Tulane University Health Sciences Center
New Orleans, LA
*Sundeep Khosla, M.D. (2010)
Professor, Endocrine Research Unit
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Nutrition
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Rochester, MN
Andrea Z. LaCroix, Ph.D., M.P.H. (2012)
Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center
Women's Health Initiative Clinical Coordinating Center
Seattle, WA
Victor Molinari, Ph.D. (2012)
University of South Florida
Department of Aging and Mental Health
Tampa, FL
*John C. Morris, M.D. (2009)
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO
Lennart Mucke, M.D. (2012)
Director and Professor of Neuroscience
Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA
Orien Reid (2010)
Chairman, Alzheimer's Disease International
President, Consumer Connection
Laverock, PA
*Gerald P. Schatten, Ph.D. (2009)
Professor, Pittsburgh Development Center
Magee-Womens Research Institute
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA
June Simmons (2012)
Chief Executive Officer
Partners in Care Foundation
San Fernando, CA
James P. Smith, Ph.D. (2012)
Senior Economist
RAND Corporation
Department of Labor and Population
Santa Monica, CA
Susan L. Swain, Ph.D. (2011)
President and Director
Trudeau Institute
Saranac Lake, NY
Kathleen Sebelius
Department of Health and Human Services
Hubert H. Humphrey Building
Washington, DC
Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.
National Institutes of Health
Public Health Service
Bethesda, MD
James F. Burris, M.D.
Chief Consultant
Geriatrics & Extended Care Strategic Healthcare Group
Department of Veterans Affairs
Washington, DC
Lori Gerhard
Director, Office of Planning & Policy Development
U.S. Administration on Aging, DHHS
Washington, DC
Kenneth G. Pugh, M.D.
Commander, MC, U.S. Navy
Department of Medicine
National Naval Medical Center
Bethesda, MD


text:
Our diets are unhealthy, that much is clear. Now, an increasing number of scientists and physicians wonder if our propensity for unhealthy, obesity-inducing eating might be tied to the food choices made during our first weeks and months of life. Indeed, the latest research indicates that what we learn to like as infants paves the way for what we eat as adults. If true, we might be able to tackle the obesity epidemic in a new and more promising way, one that starts with the very first spoonful.
Today, unfortunately, most of those early lovin' spoonfuls contain more sugar and salt than is nutritionally wise. A recent study in the Journal of Public Health found that 53 percent of processed baby and toddler foods lining supermarket shelves (at least in Canada) have an excessive number of calories from simple sugars, and 12 percent of them have too much sodium. The authors, noting how overindulgence on both of these nutrients is tied to cardiovascular disease and diabetes, suggest that early exposure to overly sweet or salty meals could promote a taste for these unhealthy ingredients in the future.
There are, of course, some very real, deeply rooted evolutionary affinities for salt and sugar. Basic tastes are largely hardwired, predetermined by genetics and our primordial drive to stay alive. In the wild most herbivores and omnivores have developed ways to quickly sort the good foods from the potentially harmful ones. Sugars in fruits, for example, are natural sources of energy. And because of that, animals have strong inclinations for—and receive great pleasure from—eating sweet foods.
Rather than focus on limiting the unhealthful aspects of diet, Gary Beauchamp, a biopsychologist and a leading expert on chemosensory science, prefers to study the promotion of good-for-you foods. Based on data he has collected in the past 40 years, Beauchamp thinks ''that complex multisensory flavor profiles—even more so than individual tastes such as sweet or bitter—are influenced by our experiences during the first few months of life." And if parents introduce healthful tastes and flavors, such as carrots or broccoli, early on, an infant will not only rapidly adapt, but will also develop a preference for these flavors that could persist for a lifetime.
To be clear, there is a marked difference between tastes and flavors. Tastes are one-dimensional, whereas flavors are multimodal. The five basic tastes (sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami) activate specific receptors—the taste buds—of the sensory system, which map directly to cranial nerves. Flavors, on the other hand, arise when information from both the mouth and the nose is combined, and it can be difficult to tease out the contribution of the smells from the assortment of tastes that describe the essence of a flavor. Think about the experience of enjoying a glass of fine wine. Describing the vintage as sweet would be a disservice to the complexity of the liquid before you. While the taste of supple fruit may dominate the varietal, sweet does not exactly describe the flavors from the subtle vanilla undertones or the smoky oak finish. Nor does it explain the lush aroma that hits your nose as you sip.
Situated between the campuses of the University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University in West Philadelphia, the Monell Center is the world's only independent, non-profit institute studying the science of taste and smell. "Our hypothesis is that flavors associated with various vegetables, could be influenced by early exposure," says Beauchamp, who is the organization's director. So now he and his team are trying to figure out how exposure to certain tastes and flavors early in life influences the foods we choose to eat as we get older."
More of a bad thing
At first blush, it seems logical that increasing the amount of sugar in an infant's diet would cause the evolutionary drive to kick into high gear, intensifying his or her fervor for sweets. But even though science supports our evolutionary inclination for certain tastes, the evidence is mixed on whether altering exposure to individual tastes can trump the biological components.
Children do have an increased affinity for sweet foods compared to adults, presumably due to their nutritional needs required for active growth. But there has been little evidence to support the idea that increased sugar intake will affect preferences as an adult. "The liking for sweets," Beauchamp says, "is a particularly strong case where you [have] a very big biological component."
As we have developed an innate liking for sweet to get the energy we need, our reactions to other tastes have developed to protect us. Bitter tastes often signal a food might be toxic or poisonous, whereas a sour zing may hint that something has fermented or spoiled, both of which seem to be evolutionary aversions that kept foragers safe when dining in the wild.
Nevertheless, many plants that are good for us are quite bitter. Could our aversion to these tastes also be leading to health problems? In a 2010 review article, researchers at the Monell Center questioned whether over-consumption of bad foods is fully to blame for many diet-related health problems. Although most are quick to point the finger at high-sugar and salt diets as the causative agent for many diseases, the team wondered whether our decreased intake of bitter vegetables—those that are known to regulate the metabolic system—could be exacerbating the problems.
Bitter is better (than it tastes)
Since the 1930s, researchers have known that some people are more sensitive to bitter tastes than others. Moreover, the sensitivity seemed to run in families, leading to a hypothesis that there was a genetic component to taste preferences. In 2003, the TAS2R38 bitter receptor was described, and certain alleles of the gene that codes this receptor were linked to a person's perception of a compound that was bitter to some, and tasteless to others.
Shortly after the discovery of the TAS2R38 link to bitter taste sensitivity, researchers at the Monell Center discovered that although genetics predispose certain people to be vulnerable to bitter foods, the effect seemed to wane with age. During one particular study, the researchers found that 64 percent of children with one copy of the gene allele that heightened their bitter perception were able to detect the lowest concentration of a bitter-tasting chemical. However, when it came to the adults with the exact same genetic profile, only 46 percent of them were able to notice the subtle bitter flavor. Acquired tastes for noticeably bitter foods, like coffee and beer, support the notion that some tastes can change with exposure and age.
But even more striking evidence for acclimation to bad-tasting foods that are good for you comes from the Monell Center's work on flavors, which appear to be more readily morphed by exposure, especially early in life. In 2009 Beauchamp, along with Julie Mennella and a few other colleagues from the Monell Center published a study in which they recruited four- to nine- month-olds who, as infants, were fed a hydrolyzed casein formula, which contains proteins broken down into their simpler peptide and amino acid constituents. This type of formula is often given to babies who have problems digesting proteins. But according to Beauchamp, the curious thing about it is its flavor: "To you and me, [it] tastes absolutely awful."
Hydrolyzed casein is somewhat bitter, a little sour and oddly savory. But it is the aftertaste that does people in. (Beauchamp says that many adults throw up the first time they try it.) The team discovered that if babies had consumed hydrolyzed casein early in life, their perceptions of flavor changed. Early exposure to the predigested formula caused babies to eat more savory, bitter, sour or plain cereal than infants who were brought up on breast milk or regular milk-based formula. Not only did the babies familiarized with hydrolyzed casein formula consume more off-tasting foods, but they also seemed to thoroughly enjoy their meal, making fewer disapproving facial expressions than the standard formula or the milk drinkers.
"If you feed a baby this formula before he or she is four months of age," Beauchamp says, "most accept it readily. They seem to like it. [But] if you begin the feeding at five to six months of age, by that time, something has happened." By that age, the window of influence has closed, and eating the hydrolyzed casein formula is not enjoyable at all. "They hate it just like you or I [would]," he notes.
As occurs with other senses, it seems that Beauchamp has uncovered a sensitive period in early development for flavor preferences. Feed an infant a food in the first few months, and they might just become a fan for life; miss that window, and the liking for foods with pungent flavors—no matter how good for you—might be much more of a fight.
A case for conditioning
Adam Drewnowski, an epidemiologist and nutritional expert at the University of Washington, wonders whether Beauchamp's finding that babies exposed to hydrolyzed casein formula early in life develop a taste for sharp flavors is a form of classical conditioning. "You have a nasty taste, but you are pairing it with calories," he says. So it is possible that with exposure, the infants learn to accept the bad taste because the positive stimulus—the underlying need for a caloric energy source for survival—is much stronger. He suggests that this powerful form of learning could be put to use to introduce more icky-tasting but healthful foods early on in a child's life. In essence, what Beauchamp uncovered may be the infant equivalent of the phenomenon of adults developing a taste for bitter coffee or beer in part because they're drawn to the underlying caffeine or alcohol buzz.
Beauchamp's work squares with the advice that many pediatricians, including Wendy Sue Swanson, who is a staff member at Seattle Children's Hospital and practices at The Evertt
Clinic, give to parents.* "You are setting your child up for a lifetime," she tells families that visit her clinic. She recommends "offering them whole foods and fresh foods" and training them so that "they are learning to crave water when they're thirsty—not sports drink, not fruit juice." And so, Swanson endorses Beauchamp's work of promoting natural-tasting, healthy foods as soon as babies are ready for solids.
Swanson's only concern is how and when to introduce these flavors, given that most pediatricians suggest nothing but breast milk or formula early in life. "Babies who were fed formula and rice cereal before four months of age had an…increased likelihood of being obese based on body-mass index at the age of three," she says, citing previous studies. "So if you're introducing a lot of food before four months of age that isn't breast milk or standard 20 calorie-per-ounce formula, you may be setting them up for either overeating or not regulating their hunger properly."
Obesity is a multifaceted problem; aside from the strong behavioral aspects, there are equally prominent socioeconomic elements. And as Drewnowski points out, getting people to eat more vegetables and less processed foods will only battle obesity in middle-class America, where people can better afford to pay the premium that is pinned to more healthful foods. "[Beauchamp's work is] a step in the right direction," Drewnowski says. But, he notes, in practice, "many people don't eat the foods they like, they eat the foods they can afford."
Despite the unresolved issues they point out, both Swanson and Drewnowski agree that new, innovative approaches to battling obesity are needed. "Clearly, whatever we are doing now isn't working," Swanson adds. And what makes Beauchamp's theory so appealing is that it lays out a different plan of attack for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders: Instead of telling people what they shouldn't consume, it may work just as well if researchers and physicians can instead find ways to train the senses to prefer healthful foods in the first place.
*Correction (7/13/2011): This sentence was changed after posting to correct Wendy Sue Swanson's title.


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Choose your path
CHICAGO (March 18, 2014) – The Appraisal Institute, the nation's largest professional association of real estate appraisers, today concluded an historic week-long teaching opportunity at Kuwait University – Real Estate Academy.
"Basic Appraisal Principles," a 30-hour course taught by Leslie Sellers, MAI, SRA, a former Appraisal Institute president, was the organization's first-ever educational offering in the Persian Gulf and is part of an agreement signed with Kuwait University – Real Estate Academy on Nov. 18, 2013. Course attendees included appraisers, engineers and architects who work for banks. The Appraisal Institute will return to Kuwait on April 13-20 to teach "Basic Appraisal Procedures."
"Our organization was honored to have been approached by Kuwait University – Real Estate Academy, and we were encouraged by the enthusiastic response from the course attendees," said Appraisal Institute President Ken P. Wilson, MAI, SRA. "We look forward to building on this exciting partnership and continuing to provide first-rate appraisal educational offerings."
Working with Kuwait University – Academy of Real Estate in Kuwait City is the most recent example of the Appraisal Institute's international thought leadership:
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Subscribe to the Appraisal Institute's RSS feed to stay connected with the latest news from the Appraisal Institute, and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and our blog, Opinions of Value.
The Appraisal Institute is a global professional association of real estate appraisers, with nearly 22,000 professionals in almost 60 countries throughout the world. Its mission is to advance professionalism and ethics, global standards, methodologies, and practices through the professional development of property economics worldwide. Organized in 1932, the Appraisal Institute advocates equal opportunity and nondiscrimination in the appraisal profession and conducts its activities in accordance with applicable federal, state and local laws. Individuals of the Appraisal Institute benefit from an array of professional education and advocacy programs, and may hold the prestigious MAI, SRPA, SRA, AI-GRS and AI-RRS designations. Learn more at www.appraisalinstitute.org.
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In order to have its full erotic charge, any production of August Strindberg's 'Miss Julie' needs to be situated on a social faultline. When it was written in 1888, the taboo of a haughty aristocratic daughter seducing her father's servant was enough to create shockwaves. But 'Mademoiselle Julie' – a recent, distinctly tepid, high profile production starring Juliette Binoche and updated to modern Europe – challenged the play's continuing relevance.
Such doubts are exploded by this extraordinary production, which has sailed down from the Edinburgh Festival Fringe by way of New York on a sea of ecstatic reviews. Set, symbolically, in the semi-desert region of the Karoo in modern South Africa, writer/director Yael Farber's 'Mies Julie' uses racial and political tensions to raise the sexual temperature to boiling.
As white, wealthy farmer's daughter Julie, Hilda Cronje prowls the stage like a leopard – when she's facing away from the action she presses herself against the back-stage wall as if she would make love to the bricks if there were no other option. A constant electronic subsonic hum accompanied by the low trill of a saxophone contributes to the sense of simmering unease.
Farber's production paints a desolate picture of post-apartheid South Africa. In the kitchen that all too appropriately becomes a melting pot, Bongile Mantsai's black servant John cuts a dignified, restless figure, torn between resentment of the oppression endured by his family for generations and the sexual urge for Julie that violently contradicts such emotions. We watch him becoming literally possessed by his desire, as the two imbibe a toxic cocktail of hate and lust. When they finally have sex, it's volcanic.
In a lightning flash of brilliance Farber has made Christine – normally John's fiancée – his mother, so we can see how the mixture of resentment and love has festered through the generations. When Julie suspects she is pregnant she describes her womb as 'your land-grab' to John – making her last, fatal act, a sickening assertion of her disintegrating dignity.
Awash with blood, sweat, and hate, this is one of the most galvanizing productions you're likely to see for a long time. It reignites Strinberg's vision at the same time as reinforcing a devastating portrait of a country trying to heal its wounds. Rachel Halliburton


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Multi Rotor Uav Market 2021 report explores the future trends, top companies development and forecasts4 min read
Global Multi Rotor Uav Market: Demand Analysis & Opportunity Outlook 2025
The global Multi Rotor Uav Market study published by Report Ocean is focused upon identifying market sizes of different market segments and regions for the forecast period 2021-2025. The research report is based on various qualitative and quantitative aspects of the Multi Rotor Uav Market industry with market size based on study period of 2016-2025. The research report includes competitive analysis with in-depth statistics on major market elements such as growth driving factors, restraining factors, lucrative opportunities, upcoming challenges and trends.
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• Base Year: 2020
• Forecast Period: 2021-2025
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3-rotor UAV
4-rotor UAV
6-rotor UAV
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Aerial Photography and Filming
Search and Rescue
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Multirotor service-drone
Draganffy Innovations
Century Helicopter Products
Vulcan UAV
Trimble Navigation
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The key players in the market were identified through secondary research, and their market contributions in different applications across the globe were determined through primary and secondary research. This entire process included the study of the annual and financial reports of the top market players and extensive interviews for key insights with industry leaders such as CEOs, VPs, directors, and marketing executives. All percentage shares and breakdowns were verified through primary sources and determined using secondary sources. With all the possible parameters that affect the market growth covered in this research study have been viewed in extensive detail, accounted and verified through primary research, and analyzed to arrive at the final qualitative and quantitative data.
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Extensive primary research was conducted to gain a detailed insight of the performance of market and industry for the projected period. For compilation of research report, the Research Analyst of the company have conducted primary surveys (interviews) with the key level executives (CEOs, VPs, Marketing Directors, and Business Development Managers, among others) across the industry at different levels, active in the market. In addition to analyzing the current and historical trends, our experienced analysts predicted about the market scenario extensively for the next five years.
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Wife kills husband over Christmas food
It was learnt that the incident happened at the couple's home on London Barber Street, Majidun, in the Ikorodu area of Lagos State.
It was also learnt that Christiana, 37, had asked the husband for money for food to celebrate Christmas, but the husband had said he didn't have any money.
This was said to have led to a quarrel between the couple, which degenerated into a fight.
Our correspondent was told that in the ensuing scuffle, Christiana, a mother of three, picked a kitchen knife, with which she stabbed the husband to death.
A police source said the incident happened around 5.20pm, adding that it threw the community into confusion.
He said, "The woman asked the man for money for food, but the man turned her down, saying he didn't have money. This led to an argument and the man hit her. They fought and the woman, in anger, went into the kitchen and got a knife with which she stabbed him to death.
"What attracted neighbours was the man's scream for help as he was drenched in blood. The woman said it was not intentional."
The landlord was said to have reported the case to policemen from the Owode Onirin division, who arrested the suspect.
The victim's corpse was reportedly deposited in the Ikorodu General Hospital's morgue.
The Police Public Relations Officer, SP Dolapo Badmos, confirmed the incident, saying the case had been transferred to the State Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Department, Yaba.
She said, "It was a resident that came to report at the station that the man fought with his wife. In the process, the woman stabbed him to death. The police visited and photographed the scene.
The suspect was arrested and the corpse deposited in a morgue. The case is still under investigation as we await the result of the autopsy. Meanwhile, the case has been transferred to the SCIID."


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Privacy Policy for St Andrew's Church of Scotland, Newcastle upon Tyne
This Privacy Policy covers the way in which the congregation of St Andrew's Church of Scotland, Newcastle will use and disclose personal information that members, employees, volunteers, donors and other associates may provide us with.
Personal information includes any information that identifies you personally, such as your name, address, email address or telephone number.
The congregation recognises the importance of your privacy and personal information and we have therefore outlined below how the congregation collects, uses, discloses, and protects this information. We are registered with the Information Commissioner through the umbrella registration of the Presbytery of England and strive to comply fully with data protection law.
How We Collect Information
The congregation receives and stores personal information provided by members, employees, volunteers, donors and other associates. This information can be supplied to us:
- in writing or via email, by telephone conversation or on our website (e.g. when an individual is becoming a member); or
- by otherwise associating with the congregation or its organisations, (e.g. by enquiring about our work, activities, employment and volunteering opportunities); or
- when donating money to the congregation or its organisations.
We may also receive information about you from third parties.
How We Use Information
We may use the information we collect:
- in connection with membership records, for pastoral care purposes or in relation to your participation in our activities;
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Disclosure of Information
The congregation may require to share personal information held for a number of reasons including to provide pastoral or other assistance, process donations or carry out any other contractual obligations. This data may be disclosed to:
- the relevant Presbytery;
- other bodies within the Church of Scotland;
- relevant agents and third parties;
- employees and/or volunteers including the charity trustees/ office bearers.
The congregation does not permit these parties to use such information for any other purpose than the foregoing.
The congregation may also need to disclose your information if required to do so by law.
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By providing us with your personal data, including sensitive personal data such as on your health, you consent to the collection and use of any information you provide in accordance with the above purposes and this privacy statement.
Storage and Security of Personal Information
The congregation, via its office bearers and employees, will use all reasonable endeavours to ensure that personal information is held in a secure and confidential environment and when the information is no longer needed it will be destroyed or permanently rendered anonymous.
You may request details of personal information which we hold about you under the Data Protection Act 1998. A small fee may be payable. If you would like a copy of the information held on you, please contact the Session Clerk
If you believe that any information we are holding on you is incorrect or incomplete, please write to the address below*. Any information found to be incorrect will be corrected as quickly as possible.
The Role Keeper, St Andrew's Church of Scotland, Sandyford Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 1QX.
July 2016