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Book: Oracle SQL Tuning with Oracle SQLTXPLAIN
Publisher: Apress
Year: 2013
Oracle SQL Tuning with SQLTXPLAIN is a practical guide to SQL tuning the way Oracle's own experts do it, using a freely downloadable tool called SQLTXPLAIN. Using this simple tool you'll learn how to tune even the most complex SQL, and you'll learn to do it quickly, without the huge learning curve usually associated with tuning as a whole.
Firmly based in real world problems, this book helps you reclaim system resources and avoid the most common bottleneck in overall performance, badly tuned SQL. You'll learn how the optimizer works, how to take advantage of its latest features, and when it's better to turn them off.
Quickly tune any SQL statement no matter how complex.
Build and tune test cases without affecting production.
Use the latest tuning features with confidence.
What you'll learn
How and why complex SQL goes wrong
When statistics are crucial and when they are not
How and when the tuning facilities of the database can help or hinder
When to tune and when not to tune
Which steps in an execution plan are crucial to performance
How the optimizer works out the execution plan
Who this book is for
Oracle SQL Tuning with SQLTXPLAIN is ideal for everyone who deals with SQL and SQL tuning. Both developers and DBA's will benefit from learning how to use the SQLTXPLAIN tool along with the problem solving approach described in this book.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to SQLTXPLAIN
2. The Cost-Based Optimizer Environment
3. How Object Statistics Can Make Your Execution Plan Wrong
4. How Skewness Can Make Your Execution Times Variable
5. Troubleshooting Query Transformations
6. Forcing Execution Plans Through Profiles
7. Adaptive Cursor Sharing
8. Dynamic Sampling and Cardinality Feedback
9. Using SQLTXPLAIN with Data Guard Physical Standby Databases
10. Comparing Execution Plans
11. Building Good Test Cases
12. Using XPLORE to Investigate Unexpected Plan Changes
13. Trace Files, TRCANLZR, and Modifying SQLT Behavior
14. Running a Health Check
15. The Final Word
16. Appendix A. Installing SQLTXPLAIN
17. Appendix B. The CBO Parameters (126.96.36.199)
18. Appendix C: Tool Configuration Parameters
-=DownLoad Links=-
Free Download Link 1 (To Get Unlimited Faster Download? Click Here)


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Here's a cool hack for those of you wishing to play some retro multiplayer SNES games online!
[Michael Fitzmayer] is a resident hacker at shackspace; der hackerspace in Stuttgart. He's come up with this clever little ethernet adapter network-bridge that can share local controller-inputs over the internet. The entire project is open-source, and readily available on github. It's still in the early stage of development, but it is already fully functional. The firmware is small and will fit on an ATmega8, and by the looks of the component list it's a fairly easy build.
He's even integrated a switch mode (hold B and Y during boot), which avoids trying to figure out which controller will be player one! After all, don't you remember untangling the controller cords, trying to figure out which one is which?
We know you had a favorite controller and would give the other "crappy" one to your guest.
Example video is after the break.
[Thanks Hadez]

subset: commoncrawl


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By David Crane defrev (at) gmail (dot) com November 29, 2009 Updated on 12/04/09 Fourteen months ago, DefenseReview broke the story on the SRSS BullDog762 bullpup M14/M1A battle rifle (7.62x51mm NATO/.308 Win.). Well, the BullDog 762 just went operational, and Defense Review is going to keep an eye on it to see how it performs in the U.S. military Special …Read More »
Tag Archives: m14 enhanced battle rifle
Sage International, Ltd./NSWC Crane M14 Enhanced Battle Rifle (EBR) at AFJ Shoot-Out
by David Crane [email protected] Sage International, Ltd. has teamed up with Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane, Indiana (NSWC Crane) to create a Special Operations-focused M14/M1A rifle package called the M14 EBR/M1A EBR, or M14/M1A "Enhanced Battle Rifle". Apparently, the M14 EBR/M1A EBR was developed to win a five-year Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division (Crane NSWC) contract to …Read More »


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eTable 1. Levels of Evidence: Breast Cancer Screening
eFigure 1. Literature Search for Meta-analyses of RCTs
eFigure 2. Literature Search for Reviews and Meta-analyses of Mammography Harms Published Before December 2008
eFigure 3. Literature Search for Studies of Mammography Harms Published After December 2008
eFigure 4. Literature Search for Articles About Risk Communication and Decision Support
eBox. Search Terms Employed in MEDLINE Searches
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Pace LE, Keating NL. A Systematic Assessment of Benefits and Risks to Guide Breast Cancer Screening Decisions. JAMA. 2014;311(13):1327–1335. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.1398
© 2023
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among US women. Mammography screening may be associated with reduced breast cancer mortality but can also cause harm. Guidelines recommend individualizing screening decisions, particularly for younger women.
We reviewed the evidence on the mortality benefit and chief harms of mammography screening and what is known about how to individualize mammography screening decisions, including communicating risks and benefits to patients.
Evidence Acquisition
We searched MEDLINE from 1960-2014 to describe (1) benefits of mammography, (2) harms of mammography, and (3) individualizing screening decisions and promoting informed decision making. We also manually searched reference lists of key articles retrieved, selected reviews, meta-analyses, and practice recommendations. We rated the level of evidence using the American Heart Association guidelines.
Mammography screening is associated with a 19% overall reduction of breast cancer mortality (approximately 15% for women in their 40s and 32% for women in their 60s). For a 40- or 50-year-old woman undergoing 10 years of annual mammograms, the cumulative risk of a false-positive result is about 61%. About 19% of the cancers diagnosed during that 10-year period would not have become clinically apparent without screening (overdiagnosis), although there is uncertainty about this estimate. The net benefit of screening depends greatly on baseline breast cancer risk, which should be incorporated into screening decisions. Decision aids have the potential to help patients integrate information about risks and benefits with their own values and priorities, although they are not yet widely available for use in clinical practice.
Conclusions and Relevance
To maximize the benefit of mammography screening, decisions should be individualized based on patients' risk profiles and preferences. Risk models and decision aids are useful tools, but more research is needed to optimize these and to further quantify overdiagnosis. Research should also explore other breast cancer screening strategies.
Breast cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. About 40 000 women die of breast cancer in the United States each year.1 For decades, there has been strong interest in screening strategies that will detect early cancers before they progress, thereby reducing mortality. Some trials have demonstrated that mammography is associated with decreased breast cancer mortality, but these data and increasing evidence about the harms of mammography screening have generated controversy. In 2009, in light of evidence that the benefit-risk ratio is higher among women older than 50 years and with less frequent screening, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) reversed its previous recommendation of mammography every 1 to 2 years beginning at age 40 years and recommended routine screening every 2 years starting at age 50.2 This was consistent with recommendations in many European countries3,4 but contrasted with several other US organizations,5,6 revitalizing the recurring debate in both the medical community and mainstream media about mammography policy and practice. Recent evidence suggests that use of mammography in the United States has not changed following the USPSTF 2009 recommendations.7
The USPSTF stated that "the decision to start regular, biennial screening mammography before the age of 50 years should be an individual one and take into account patient context, including the patient's values regarding specific benefits and harms."2Quiz Ref IDThe central issue for clinicians, which is infrequently addressed in the medical literature, is how to individualize mammography recommendations and foster informed decisions by patients. To accomplish this, clinicians must assess a patient's individual risk for breast cancer, effectively communicate the risks and benefits of screening, identify how a patient's characteristics might modify those risks and benefits, and elicit patients' personal preferences and values. This review will address the following key clinical questions: (1) What is the benefit of mammography screening, and how does that vary by age and patient risk? (2) What are the harms of mammography screening? (3) What is known about how to incorporate individual characteristics into breast cancer screening recommendations? (4) How can patients be supported in making informed decisions about mammography screening?
We searched MEDLINE for relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and observational studies from 1960 to January 19, 2014 (search terms are reported in the eBox in Supplement). We also manually searched the references of key articles, reviews, meta-analyses, and practice recommendations. For describing the breast cancer mortality benefit of mammography we included meta-analyses of RCTs of mammography screening examining breast cancer mortality. From 525 articles identified, 20 meta-analyses met these criteria. We focused on the 5 meta-analyses published after 2006, when the most recent RCT, the Age Trial,8 was published (eFigure 1 in Supplement).
To describe mammography's harms we focused on false-positive results, unnecessary biopsies, and overdiagnosis, conducting 2 separate searches. The first included systematic reviews and meta-analyses through December 2008, the period for the review informing the 2009 USPSTF decision.9 The second included primary studies and reviews published since December 2008. We identified 374 articles, including 14 systematic reviews or meta-analyses published before 2008 and 72 studies or reviews published after 2008 (eFigures 2 and 3 in Supplement).
For studies on (1) individualizing information about risks and benefits and (2) communicating the benefits and risks to patients considering mammography screening, we searched for interventions (including decision aids) providing probabilistic information to women on the benefits and risks of screening, their own individual breast cancer risk, or both. We did not include interventions designed to increase screening rates without considering screening risks or a woman's baseline breast cancer risk. From 907 citations, we identified 23 studies (eFigure 4 in Supplement). From MEDLINE searches and reviews of citations, we additionally identified 25 articles on breast cancer risk models and using risk profiles to guide mammography decisions.
In Table 1, we provide summary risk ratios and number needed to invite (NNI) to screening from Nelson et al's meta-analysis conducted for the USPSTF.9 We also report absolute risk ratios calculated by inverting the NNI.9 In Table 2, we report estimated benefits and harms of breast cancer screening for 10 000 women undergoing annual mammography during a 10-year period. To estimate the number of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (column 1), we used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) estimates from a recent review by Welch and Passow.16,17 The numbers of breast cancer deaths over 15 years (column 2) use Welch and Passow's estimates of the 15-year risks of dying of breast cancer in a screened population. The lower number reflects a minimal breast cancer mortality reduction of 5% based on RCTs reporting no benefit,10,15 and the upper number reflects a reduction of 36% based on the trial reporting the highest benefit.11 Column 3 provides Welch and Passow's upper and lower estimates of the number of deaths averted through screening, based on the same range of RCT results. To estimate the number of invasive breast cancers or DCIS diagnosed that would never become clinically important (overdiagnosis, column 4), we report absolute numbers calculated by Welch and Passow based on the Malmö trial and an epidemiologic study.17,20,21 To estimate the number of women with at least 1 false-positive mammogram or unnecessary biopsy (columns 5 and 6), we report the cumulative incidence (with 95% CIs) from 2 studies using Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium data22,23 multiplied by 10 000.
Between the 1960s and the 1990s, 8 large RCTs assessed breast cancer mortality associated with screening. Meta-analyses of these trials generally demonstrate a 15% to 20% decrease in the relative risk of breast cancer–specific mortality. The variation in estimates is largely attributable to differences in trial quality and inclusion criteria. The Edinburgh trial has been most consistently excluded because of concerns about its cluster randomization strategy.24 However in other trials, concerns have been raised about randomization, contamination, and assignment of breast cancer mortality.25
In addition, some argue that the RCTs are unlikely to be applicable to women undergoing screening today, because they preceded treatment advances that have powerfully influenced breast cancer mortality and used older mammography techniques.17 However, the RCTs nevertheless provide the best data available.
Two recent meta-analyses examined breast cancer mortality across all age groups.25,26 The summary risk ratio (RR) for breast cancer mortality reduction with mammography screening at median 11.4 years follow-up was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.74-0.88) in the meta-analysis for the Canadian Task Force that included all RCTs except the Edinburgh trial.26 The Cochrane reviewers reported a summary RR of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.79-1.02) when including only the 3 trials they considered of adequate quality.25 When the Cochrane reviewers included all the trials except Edinburgh, with 13 years of follow-up, their results were consistent with the Canadian review (RR, 0.81 [0.74-0.87]).25 In February 2014, 25-year follow-up results from 2 Canadian trials were published,27 showing no mortality benefit from mammography screening (hazard ratio, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.88-1.12]). These results are consistent with earlier reports from these trials (at 13 years' follow-up, the mortality rate ratio for women aged 50-59 years was 1.02 [95% CI, 0.78-1.33]15 and at 11-16 years' follow-up among women aged 40-49 years, it was 0.97 [95% CI, 0.74-1.27]10) and would be unlikely to substantially change meta-analysis results.
Three meta-analyses assessed mortality reduction within multiple age groups,9,25,26 and 2 focused on women aged 40 to 49 years only.28,29 For women aged 40 to 49 years, these 5 meta-analyses provided summary RRs ranging from 0.81 to 0.85. Variation in the estimated RRs again resulted from differing decisions about trial quality and inclusion. In 3 analyses excluding the Edinburgh trial alone, summary RRs for women aged 40 to 49 years were 0.84 (95% CI, 0.75-0.96)9,26 and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.73-0.96).25Table 1 shows estimates from the meta-analysis conducted for the USPSTF.9
Despite similar relative benefits across age groups, because baseline breast cancer risk varies, the absolute benefit and NNI to screening to prevent 1 breast cancer death vary by age (Table 1). Based on the meta-analysis by Nelson et al,9 about 1904 women aged 39 to 49 would need to be invited to prevent 1 breast cancer death, vs 377 women aged 60 to 69. To address the "psychological magnification" of relative risks and most patients' limited numeracy, experts recommend using natural frequencies (eg, the number of cancers diagnosed among a certain number screened) to aid comprehension of such findings.30,31Table 2 provides published estimates from Welch and Passow of mammography's benefits using natural frequencies. Welch and Passow provide a range for number of breast cancer deaths in a screened population using results from RCTs with markedly contrasting results—the Canadian trials, which showed no significant breast cancer mortality benefit (Welch and Passow use a more conservative estimate of 5%)10,15 and the Swedish 2-County trial, which showed about a 36% risk reduction among those attending screening.11 Welch and Passow calculated these numbers based on SEER 15-year breast cancer mortality rates18 (assuming that the benefit of mammography would extend beyond the screening period) and adjusted for self-reported mammography rates in the United States,19 providing a range to reflect the uncertainty about the benefit. Based on these estimates, among 10 000 women aged 50 years undergoing annual screening for 10 years, approximately 302 would be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer or DCIS, between 56 and 64 women would die of breast cancer despite screening, and between 3 and 32 breast cancer deaths would be averted through screening depending on the true effect of mammography. Some might argue that the ranges overemphasize extreme RCT results (concerns have been raised about suboptimal randomization in the Swedish trial25) and may be difficult to communicate to patients, and that meta-analyses can at least provide a "best estimate." If Welch and Passow's methodology is used but Nelson et al's9 meta-analysis results are applied to the adjusted SEER breast cancer death rates, among 10 000 women aged 40 years undergoing annual mammography for 10 years, 31 deaths would occur despite screening and 5 deaths would be averted; among 50-year-olds, 62 deaths would occur despite screening and 10 would be averted; and among 60-year-olds, 88 deaths would occur despite screening and 42 would be averted.
False-positive results raise suspicion for breast cancer and lead to further testing, such as additional imaging or biopsy, but do not result in a cancer diagnosis.32 Recent evidence from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium suggests that the 10-year cumulative risk of at least 1 false-positive result is 61.3% for women starting screening at ages 40 or 50 years and 49.7% for women aged 66 to 74 years undergoing annual screening.22,23Table 2 shows that among 10 000 women aged 50 years undergoing annual mammography for 10 years, approximately 6130 (95% CI, 5800-6470) will have at least 1 false-positive result.
The risk of false-positive results increases when screening starts at younger ages or occurs annually, leading to more mammograms32,33; this was a key consideration influencing the USPSTF recommendation to pursue biennial screening starting at age 50.2 The significance of a false-positive result for an individual woman, however, is debated, and likely varies substantially by patient. A review of 23 observational studies concluded that false-positive mammography results increase anxiety and distress related to mammography and breast cancer but do not increase clinically diagnosed anxiety and depression.34 There are conflicting data regarding the persistence of anxiety or depressive symptoms over time,35-38 and whether women are more or less likely to return for subsequent mammograms after a false-positive finding.34,39-42 About 7.0% to 9.8% of women experience unnecessary biopsies after 10 years of annual screening22,23—approximately 940 (95% CI, 740-1150) of the 10 000 women aged 50 years undergoing annual mammography reported in Table 2.
Quiz Ref IDOverdiagnosis is the detection of a tumor through screening that would not have become clinically evident in the absence of screening. Overdiagnosis can occur either because of a tumor's indolent pathological features or because of competing mortality risks attributable to older age or comorbidities.43 Previously overdiagnosis was considered primarily explained by DCIS, but it is now thought that some invasive cancer diagnoses also represent overdiagnosis; both types of cases are generally included in analyses, since both are treated. Treatment of an overdiagnosed cancer subjects a patient to the harms of treatment without benefits, since the tumor would not have caused problems if undetected.43
There has been a sharp recent increase in studies examining overdiagnosis, and many authors now describe overdiagnosis as the most concerning potential harm of mammography screening.44 However, substantial uncertainty exists around its magnitude. To measure overdiagnosis, ideally one would compare the number of cancers diagnosed in screened vs unscreened women with the same underlying risk factors and representing the same historical period and region, from the onset of screening until death.43 Adequate follow-up time is needed to account for the lead time gained by screening and to avoid counting cancers detected early through screening as "excess," or overdiagnosed, cancers.43 Long-term follow up of RCTs comparing screened with unscreened women minimizes these concerns, providing the best estimates of overdiagnosis.45 Three RCTs, the Malmö trial and the 2 Canadian trials, never invited their control groups to screening,10,15,20 allowing assessment of excess cancer incidence in the screened group 6 to 15 years after screening ended. A meta-analysis of overdiagnosis estimates from these 3 trials estimated that among women invited to screen, 19% of all cancers diagnosed during the screening period (and 11% during the entire observation period) were overdiagnosed.44,46 This proportion represents the excess incidence of cancers detected in the screened group over long-term follow-up, as a fraction of all cancers diagnosed in the screened group during the screening period (or the entire observation period).
The RCT findings have limitations, including possible underestimation of overdiagnosis because some screening occurred in the control groups (in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study 1, 26.3% of the control group had at least 1 mammogram outside the study).10,47 Overestimation is also possible since women were not followed up until all had died, although in the recent update of the Canadian trials, excess cases still represented 22% of screening-detected cancers.27,45 The applicability of the RCTs to women undergoing mammography screening today in the United States is also uncertain.17 Because the Malmö trial screened women only every 18 to 24 months and used older, less sensitive mammography techniques, Welch and Passow used the Malmö estimate as a "lower bound" estimate of overdiagnosis risk.17
Published estimates of overdiagnosis from observational studies vary from less than 5% to more than 50%43,48-50 because of differing populations, assumptions, and measurement methods.43 To identify incidence rates in the absence of screening, observational studies often use historical incidence rates or incidence in an unscreened geographical region. A recent study based on SEER incidence and survival trends using historical incidence rates as a comparison reported that 31% of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States represented overdiagnosis.21 Welch and Passow used these data as their "upper bound" estimate of overdiagnosis risk.17 In Table 2, we include Welch and Passow's lower and upper bound estimates to convey the uncertainty and methodological limitations around measuring overdiagnosis17; the estimate from the meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (19%)44 lies between these extremes. It is thus likely that among 10 000 women aged 50 years undergoing annual mammography for 10 years, of 302 cases of cancer or DCIS, between 30 and 137 would reflect overdiagnosis, with a best guess being 57 based on the meta-analysis estimate of 19%.
For a woman in the United States, the average lifetime risk of breast cancer is about 12.3%; the 10-year risks of invasive breast cancer at ages 40, 50, and 60 years are 1.5%, 2.3%, and 3.5% respectively.1 Numerous risk factors have been identified for breast cancer, although up to 60% of breast cancers occur in the absence of known risk factors.51 Each individual risk factor confers only a modest relative risk increase, and most are common in the general population; therefore, combinations of risk factors are most frequently used in efforts to estimate breast cancer risk.52 Several risk models attempt to use these risk factors to predict both breast cancer incidence in populations and individuals' absolute risk. The Gail model, developed in a population of women undergoing annual screening and including age at menarche, age at first birth, number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer, number of previous breast biopsies, and presence of atypical hyperplasia as risk factors, was one of the first.53,54 Several limitations of the Gail model have been described, including its omission of breast density and its limited applicability in certain racial/ethnic groups and high-risk populations.51,55,56 Revisions of the model include more diverse populations57 and breast density,56,58,59 which is associated with a 1.5- to 2-fold increased risk of breast cancer among women aged 40 to 50 years60 but raises the challenging question of whether a baseline mammogram should be obtained in all women. Although these models help refine understanding of a woman's absolute risk for breast cancer and can help communicate risk to women, they are more accurate in predicting incidence in population subgroups and far less useful in identifying which individual women will or will not get cancer.52,55 Despite its limitations, the Gail model has been validated in 3 large populations and, as the basis for the National Cancer Institute's online Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (http://www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool), is commonly used in clinical practice.
Several decision analysis models have attempted to estimate how individual risk profiles influence the benefits and harms of screening.61-63 Older age and other factors that increase breast cancer risk also increase the absolute breast cancer mortality benefit with mammography. The risk of false-positive results also generally increases with certain individual characteristics such as breast density.22,64 Older age and more comorbidity increase the risk of overdiagnosis because of decreasing life expectancy,33 as do characteristics of the cancer itself (aggressive tumors are less likely overdiagnosed than indolent tumors because of shorter lead time). A comparative study of 4 microsimulation models found that for women aged 40 to 49 years with a Gail-model breast cancer risk twice average, biennial mammography screening yielded the same ratio of benefits and harms as biennial screening for women 50 years or older at average risk.63 Similarly, a cost-utility model found that biennial screening among women aged 40 to 49 years with high breast density and either a first-degree relative with breast cancer or a history of a breast biopsy had similar ratios of benefits to harms as biennial screening of women in their 50s without those risk factors.61 Of note, however, none of these models considered overdiagnosis in their main analysis.61,63
If a healthy 40-year-old woman had twice the average risk of breast cancer because of dense breasts, she would be expected to have twice the absolute benefit of annual screening (eg, 10 lives saved per 10 000 instead of 5) (Table 2). She would, however, also have a higher risk of false-positive findings.22
Decisions about mammography should involve discussion of risks, benefits, uncertainties, alternatives, and patient preferences.65,66 Although numerous interventions have aimed to increase mammography uptake, including interventions tailored to individuals' psychological readiness to adopt screening or to individuals' own risk profiles,67-75 fewer studies examine measures of an informed decision as an outcome. A Cochrane review of RCTs examined the effects of personalized risk communication on informed decision making about screening for a range of diseases.76 Eighteen studies focused on mammography screening; those assessing outcomes related to informed decisions generally showed an increase in knowledge, quality of life, and accuracy of risk perception with personalized risk communication. Notably, meta-analysis of 4 studies of interventions providing women with numerical information about their risk showed that among women 40 years or older, there was no association between provision of numerical information and uptake of mammography (odds ratio, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.68-1.03]).76
Informed decisions require reconciling information about the risks and benefits of screening with a patient's values. Decision aids using pamphlets, videos, or Internet tools can provide information, elicit preferences, and help patients make decisions. A Cochrane review77 defined decision aids as "interventions designed to help people make specific and deliberative choices… by providing (at the minimum) information on the options and outcomes relevant to a person's health status," and helping patients "to clarify… the value they place on the benefits, harms, and scientific uncertainties." Overall, decision aids increased knowledge, decreased decisional conflict and anxiety, and had variable effect on uptake of the test or treatment in question. The review's only mammography study recruited 70-year-old Australian women nearing the upper age cutoff for screening.78 Exposure to the decision aid led to less indecision about continuing mammography, although there was no difference in screening participation the next month. A more recent study among US women 75 years or older administered a paper decision aid just before a primary care encounter. Women who received the decision aid reported knowing more about benefits and risks and screening, decreased intentions to be screened, and were less likely to undergo mammography in the following 2 years.79 One RCT since the Cochrane review examined an online decision aid among women aged 38 to 45 years.80 The decision aid summarized the risks and benefits of mammography and provided a values clarification worksheet. Compared with controls, women who used the decision aid were more knowledgeable and were less likely to report that they would initiate screening now.80
Evidence suggests that mammography screening is associated with reduced breast cancer mortality, but the benefit is modest. Although better data are needed to estimate the magnitude of overdiagnosis, the risks of mammography screening are significant, decreasing the net benefit of screening. Quiz Ref IDThe net benefit is less for younger women, who have a lower absolute risk of breast cancer and greater risk of false-positive findings, and with annual screening, which increases false-positive findings and would also be expected to increase overdiagnosis.33
Table 3 includes current guidelines from the United States, Canada, and Europe. Quiz Ref IDDespite offering clinicians and patients a general framework for evidence-based decisions, because of their limited incorporation of individual risk profiles other than age, variation across guidelines, and inherent population-based approaches, they have limited utility for guiding patient counseling and decisions. Because risk factors other than age influence the net benefit of screening,33,63,64 guidelines ideally should incorporate such risk factors; for example, clinicians and patients who would normally consider starting screening at age 50 years for an average-risk woman should consider starting at age 40 for a woman with risk factors placing her at twice average risk.63 However, a better understanding of overdiagnosis is needed to inform how individual characteristics influence the harms of mammography, and breast cancer risk models with better discriminatory accuracy are needed to more accurately individualize information about the benefits and harms of screening. In the meantime, the online Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool from the National Cancer Institute can assist physicians and patients in estimating risk.
The significance of the harms of mammography also depends on individuals' values and preferences, and eliciting these requires provision of accurate and balanced information and values clarification. In light of the harms and modest benefit of screening, as well as the substantial uncertainty surrounding their relative weight for individual patients, clinicians' efforts must focus on promoting informed screening decisions. The Box offers some suggestions for such discussions.
Some cancers will be missed, and some women will die of breast cancer regardless of whether they are screened.
Many cancers will be found, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer will be cured regardless of whether the cancer was found by a mammogram.
Some cancers that are found would have never caused problems. This is called "overdiagnosis."
Often, women are called back for further testing because of an abnormality that is not cancer; this is called a "false-positive" result.
Studies of the benefits and harms of mammography have limitations and inconsistent results. The numbers reported below are estimates based on what most experts consider the best available evidence, but uncertainty about these estimates remains.
Mammography decreases the number of women who will die from breast cancer. This benefit is greater for women who are at higher risk for breast cancer based on older age or other risk factors such as family history.
The number of women whose lives are saved because of mammography varies by age. For every 10 000 women who get regular mammograms for the next 10 years, the number whose lives will be saved because of the mammogram by age group is approximately
5 of 10 000 women aged 40 to 49 years
10 of 10 000 women aged 50 to 59 years
42 of 10 000 women aged 60 to 69 years
If your breast cancer risk is higher than average, you may benefit more from a mammogram than someone with average risk.
About half or more of women who have a mammogram yearly for 10 years will have a false-positive mammogram, and up to 20% of these women will need a biopsy. If you do decide to have a mammogram, you can anticipate that you will have at least 1 false-positive finding for which you are called back for additional images and perhaps a biopsy. Most of these findings are false alarms.
For some women undergoing regular screening, the mammogram may find an invasive cancer or noninvasive condition (ie, ductal carcinoma in situ) that would never have caused problems ("overdiagnosis"). We cannot tell which these are, so they will be treated just like all other cancers. Experts are uncertain of how frequently this happens, but estimates suggest that if a woman undergoing a screening mammogram is diagnosed with cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ, there is about a 19% chance that the cancer is being overdiagnosed, and she will receive unnecessary treatment.
Experts recommend that women aged 50 to 74 years undergo a screening mammogram every 2 years.
Whether you are likely to benefit from starting mammograms earlier or having them more frequently depends on your risks for breast cancer and your values and preferences.
Each woman may feel differently about the possibility of having a false-positive result or being diagnosed with and treated for cancer that might not have caused problems. It is important for you to consider what these experiences might mean for you. It is also important to consider how you might feel if you decide not to undergo screening mammography and you are later diagnosed with breast cancer, even if the likelihood that mammography would have made a difference is small.
Given time constraints in primary care, decision aids may complement the points in the Box, laying the groundwork for discussions between clinicians and patients. Decision aids can facilitate informed decision-making and improve quality of care when there is no clear superior treatment or screening option.82 Limited evidence suggests that decision aids can improve and standardize informed decision-making in breast cancer screening,78,80 but more research is needed to optimize their use and guide integration into practice. One challenge is how best to communicate the evidence.30 Although natural frequencies are preferred, they are derived from absolute risks and require estimating individuals' baseline risk.76 Research is needed on communicating scientific uncertainty, including regarding overdiagnosis. A recent qualitative study found that the influence of learning about overdiagnosis on screening intentions depended greatly on the magnitude of overdiagnosis presented.83 Expert consensus on overdiagnosis, combined with improved understanding of how to describe this complex issue, may strengthen mammography decision aids. Research will also be needed to explore the long-term effects of decision aids for screening decisions, especially since women with more information may actually be less likely to engage in screening.76,77 Provisions in the Affordable Care Act establishing shared medical decision making as a marker of quality of care could help speed development, dissemination, and evaluation of decision aids.84
This review has provided a broad overview of key considerations in mammography screening decisions and the related areas of uncertainty. It has several limitations. We have relied on evidence of screening benefits from RCTs conducted decades ago in Europe and Canada, which may not generalize to US women today.17,85 Furthermore, reports about overdiagnosis are methodologically heterogeneous and controversial. The review does not address several other important facets of breast cancer screening, including the use of magnetic resonance imaging and newer mammography technologies. It also does not address the complex issue of DCIS.
Quiz Ref IDAlthough some of the challenges of mammography can be resolved with further research to guide individualized decisions and thoughtful development and dissemination of decision aids, better breast cancer screening tests are needed. More sophisticated tools, for example, could distinguish aggressive vs indolent tumors, reducing the burden of overtreatment.86 Mammography screening appears to be associated with reduced breast cancer mortality, but for some patients, the harms may outweigh the benefits. Until better screening methods are available, improved understanding of these harms, enhanced strategies to identify the highest-risk patients, and tools to help patients and clinicians incorporate these in their decisions should be research priorities.
Corresponding Author: Nancy L. Keating, MD, MPH, Department of Health Care Policy, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02115 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Author Contributions: Drs Pace and Keating had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Pace, Keating.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Pace, Keating.
Drafting of the manuscript: Pace, Keating.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Pace, Keating.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Pace.
Study supervision: Keating.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Dr Keating reported receiving research funding from the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the Komen for the Cure Foundation. Dr Pace reported no disclosures.
Funding/Support: Dr Pace's work on this review was funded by the Global Women's Health Fellowship at Brigham and Women's Hospital.
Role of the Sponsor: The funder played no role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Correction: This article was corrected online April 23, 2014, for an incorrectly reported date.


text:
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giveaway ends on : JULY 15, 2011 at 11:59 pm Philippine time.


text:
Earlier today, Google started blocking searches to the Digg.com domain — searches for "Digg" or "Digg.com" and site search on the domain brought up no results from the site itself. While some feared that Google made an intentional move to block the social news site, it turns out this is just a result of user error on Google's part. A company spokesperson told us that while removing a "spammy" link on Digg.com, Google accidentally applied the spam filter to the entire domain. Google is already aware of the mistake and is working on a fix — things should be back to normal soon.
Google's full statement:
We're sorry about the inconvenience this morning to people trying to search for Digg. In the process of removing a spammy link on Digg.com, we inadvertently applied the webspam action to the whole site. We're correcting this, and the fix should be deployed shortly.


text:
Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron [1][2] Presley, popularly known by his first name Elvis, (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American musician, actor and performer. Presley became an essential figure of rock and roll and sang rock music, rockabilly, country, blues, and gospel. He has become an American cultural icon and a major figure in American popular culture. Presley is often known as "The King of Rock n' Roll" or simply "The King" (Presley preferred the latter epithet not be used as he stated that only Jesus Christ is King[3]). Since his death, Presley has been referenced in many songs, books, movies, television shows and other forms of media, and his legacy has generated tremendous revenue from sales of his works to tours of Graceland, which confirms his continuing cultural relevance. Much of Las Vegas culture today is inspired by Presley.
Presley was a conservative and long-life Republican and Republican supporter who opposed the liberal culture around him.[4][5] Elvis Presley also opposed an initial thought for his wife Priscilla to have an abortion of her unexpected pregnancy who became their daughter Lisa Marie.[6]
On December 21, 1970, Presley met with President Richard Nixon at the White House as initiated by Presley's six-page letter offering to help oppose "the drug culture, the hippie elements, the SDS, Black Panthers etc."[7] During their meeting Presley "stressed his love of his country and told Nixon he was 'on your side.' He also said he had been studying 'communist brainwashing' and that the Beatles had been 'a real force for anti-American spirit.'"[8] The picture of this meeting is requested more from the National Archives than even the U.S. Constitution.[8]
Presley died on August 16, 1977 of complications due to prescription drug abuse and poor eating and health habits; he died in his home, Graceland, from cardiac arrest, a day before he was scheduled to go back on tour. By then Elvis had starred in many movies, with his finest between 1956 and 1972.[9] Movies about Elvis continued to be popular through 2022, 45 years after he died, although most of these biopics are liberal revisionism that mislead their audiences by concealing that Elvis was conservative.[10]
Presley has been inducted into four music halls of fame, received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1971, and was nominated for fourteen Grammy Awards, winning three, all for gospel songs (ironically, though considered "The King of Rock and Roll", he never won a Grammy Award in a competitive rock category). He has also earned more than thirty number one hits, including the posthumous remix of "A Little Less Conversation". He also had ten #1 albums, tying him with Bruce Springsteen for number of #1 albums; only the Beatles (19) and Jay-Z (12) have more.
Presley is one of the most important popular culture icons of the twentieth century, and the best-selling solo artist in the history of popular music. He was one of the originators of rockabilly, an uptempo fusion of country music and rhythm and blues.[11]
- 1 Early life
- 2 Career
- 3 Personal life
- 4 Legacy
- 5 Factoids
- 6 Quotes
- 7 Discography
- 8 Filmography[45]
- 9 Awards and honors
- 10 References
- 11 See also
- 12 External links
Early life
Vernon Elvis Presley (April 10, 1916- June 26, 1979) was the father of Elvis Presley. He was born in Fulton, Mississippi. He was born to Jesse D. McClowell Presley and Minnie Mae Hood. He married Gladys Presley (born Gladys Love Smith; April 25, 1912- August 14, 1958) on June 17, 1933 in Verona, Mississippi. Presley was born in a two-room house without running water or electricity in East Tupelo, Mississippi to Gladys Love and Vernon Presley. Presley's identical twin brother, Jesse Garon Presley, was stillborn 35 minutes before him. Presley's mother Gladys almost died from the birth and both were taken to the hospital. The Presley family lived in near-poverty during the early years of Presley's life. They were on welfare and got help from their neighbors. Vernon supported the family by working different odd jobs. Despite living in poverty, Presley benefited from a closely knit family. On May 25, 1938 Vernon was sentenced for three years in the Mississippi State Penitentiary for check forgery. During the brief time Vernon spent in prison, Gladys and Presley had to temporarily live with Gladys' in-laws next door. Vernon was released on February 6, 1939 on account of good behavior.
Presley received a guitar for his eleventh birthday. The store owner said he wanted a rifle. Some other variants of the story claim he wanted a bicycle, though accounts from those who knew Presley during his earlier life say that what he wanted was most likely the rifle. However, Gladys did not want her son to have one and he eventually settled on the guitar. He would often sing in school for his classes, and they were pleased with him.[12][13]
The Presley family moved to Memphis, Tennessee on November 6, 1948, where a thirteen-year-old Presley was influenced by the gospel music of an Assembly of God Pentecostal church. He was also influenced by country, pop and the African American music he heard on the streets of Memphis. On September 20, 1949, the Presley family moved to a building complex in Memphis. He was exposed to a great deal of music and was in a band with four other boys. Vernon, Gladys, and the teenage Presley worked various jobs to support the family. However, the family stayed closely knit. After graduating from L.C. Humes High School in Memphis in 1953, Presley worked at Crown Electric as a truck driver to pay for recording sessions at Sun Records.[12] Sun Records, under the control of Sam Phillips, asked Presley who he sounds like and when he said "I don't sound like nobody," he was allowed to record music for his mother.
Presley's professional career carried him from his first single in 1954 to his death in 1977, spanning twenty-three years. He influenced the musical world immensely during this time creating basically what modern pop music is today. He also delved into acting during his career though his records and concerts were the most influential most prominent and longest part of his career. From a poor boy in a small town to international icon to one of the most legendary and influential persons to ever live, Presley had a huge impact in the relatively short career he had breaking barriers in music and culture from youth rebellion to becoming one of the standards in Las Vegas and beyond. Many people have heard more than one song by Presley, and he remains one of the most admired and celebrated musicians of all time with numerous prominent musicians citing him as an influence.
Early career
After graduating from high school, Presley paid to record two songs meant to be a birthday gift to his mother. The songs "My Happiness" and "That's When Your Heartaches Begin" would be his first steps toward becoming what many say was the greatest entertainer of the century and "the King of Rock n' Roll."
In 1954 Sun Records released "That's All Right," a 45 rpm record with the B-side "Blue Moon of Kentucky." Within a few days it was a hit when Memphis radio station WHBQ began programming the record and Presley began a regular touring schedule outside of the Memphis area. His second single, "Good Rockin' Tonight," with "I Don't Care if the Sun Don't Shine" was released in September, 1954 and a month later Elvis Presley made his first appearance on the "Louisiana Hayride", a country music radio show, in Shreveport to the delight of a large audience. He was signed to a one-year contract with the Hayride for a weekly performance.
Elvis Presley moved from Sun Records to RCA by suggestion of his manager Colonel Tom Parker, who officially became Presley's manager after his contract with former manager Bob Neal expired on March 26, 1956. RCA paid $35,000 to Sun and $5,000 to Presley, a sum unheard of at that time. A few months later in 1956 his first single on the RCA label "Heartbreak Hotel," topped the charts at #1.
Elvis Presley had a physical style in his concerts that was considered by many to be suggestive and scandalous. He gyrated his body with the music, in a way that would be considered tame by contemporary standards, but was unheard-of at the time. He was sometimes given the name "Elvis the Pelvis" for this, and was sometimes shown in television concerts only from the waist up.
Ed Sullivan Shows
Presley first appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show on September 9, 1956, despite Sullivan personally vowing he would never have Presley on the show. Sullivan entered Presley after rival Steve Allen received a jump in ratings due to Presley's appearance on his show. His second appearance on the Sullivan show was on October 28, 1956. That appearance included Elvis performed "Don't Be Cruel", and "Love Me Tender", as well as a four-minute version of "Hound Dog". As Sullivan stood behind Presley during the show, addressing the audience, Presley began shaking his legs, eliciting an uproar from the audience. As Sullivan stood his head, Presley became motionless. After Presley was leaving the stage, Sullivan said "I can't figure this darn thing out. You know. He just does this [Sullivan shakes his legs] and everybody yells." The third and final show was on January 6, 1957. This show sparked controversy, as Presley was shot only from the waist up. It was seen as censoring his hip gyrations. Presley responded by wiggling his finger and causing an uproar in the audience.
A multiple Grammy award winner, in his first dozen years Presley had 100 hits on the Billboard charts and was the most famous entertainer in the world. Presley's first released single was "That's All Right" under the Sun label. It was after Colonel Parker transferred Presley to RCA that he would record his first number-one hit, "Heartbreak Hotel". The song was Presley's first #1 hit, released in 1956. It was the first single Presley recorded for RCA. it was a multiplatinum single for Presley. Stan Freberg parodied the song, making fun of the use of the echo chamber in the original song as well as Presley's hip gyrations, with the singer ripping his jeans for the third time that day and drowning in background music.
His early music was mainly rock, such as his hit singles "Blue Suede Shoes," "Hound Dog", "Don't Be Cruel", and "All Shook Up". He also recorded gospel songs, such as "Peace in the Valley", which Presley said was one of his mother's favorite songs. During his Hollywood career, the main music Presley produced were movie soundtracks. After his career in film, Presley recorded a slew of new material at various studios. Included in these sessions were several gospel albums including His Hand in Mine (1960). He later had a studio built in his home that was called the Jungle Room.
Presley was in second place as a top-earning, deceased celebrity (after Michael Jackson), earning approximately $55 million per year. Most of this income is derived from admissions to Graceland, licensing and merchandising. A Cirque du Soleil show in Las Vegas that is based on his music also contributes. Sales of music and movies also contributed significantly.[14]
- See also: filmography at the end of the article, separate articles on films
Presley starred in thirty-three enormously profitable films,[15] most of which were lighthearted comedic musicals. His first film, Love Me Tender, a western, was released in 1957, in which Presley plays Clint Reno, the youngest of the four Reno brothers. He takes care of the house while his older brothers go to fight for the Confederates in the American Civil War.[16] His film Loving You was released soon after. In the movie, Presley plays Deke Rivers, a delivery man. The film originally had three working titles; Lonesome Cowboy, Something for the Girls, and Running Wild, but it was titled Loving You to match the title song.[17]
He then starred in Jailhouse Rock, playing an anti-hero character. Jailhouse Rock was Elvis Presley's third movie and arguably his most controversial. In this film, Presley played a convict named Vince Everett.[18] It peaked at number 3 on Variety box office chart. The film was number 14 in the Box Office charts for that year, grossing over $4 million. ($36.3 million adjusted for inflation) For a while, Presley was one of Hollywood's highest-paid actors. He starred in King Creole, for which he deferred his Army service to star in. After his service, he starred in G.I. Blues He was cast in light, clean-cut roles during the 1960s, and Presley was not happy about it, since he aspired to be a serious actor.[19] These feature films were generally poorly received by critics, often for "them all being the same", but still sold extremely well, and were popular with fans. Charro! was an exception, as it did not feature music other than a title song.[20] After his final feature film in 1969, the only Presley films released were concert documentaries, such as Elvis:That's the Way it Is.
While Presley's films were poorly received by critics at the time the movies were released, they are generally positively received with modern critics.
Presley started work on two karate films, The New Gladiator (1974) and Billy Easter (1977). The former starred Presley and other fighters training and then competing in tournaments around the world. The latter involves an ex-CIA agent who then owns a karate school getting revenge on drug dealers for the murder of his best friend. Neither of these karate films were finished in their entirety or released.[21]
Concert Performances
During his career, Presley performed many concerts. Many of these concerts were sold out and fans waited for days in line just to buy tickets. His first concerts were performed in the late 1950s, and these were the most provocative of Presley's concerts. His other major concert era came after his career in film which was from the late 1960s to Presley's death in 1977. He performed in Las Vegas and did a road tour for those who could not make it out to Vegas unlike many performers at the time who would have been content in their shows and dressing room in Las Vegas.
Early Concerts
Presley started touring in the 1950s and he caused controversy over his hip gyrations and music. The older generation thought his style was vulgar. As a result, Presley's performances on television were often shot from the waist up so it would not offend anyone. Many of Presley's fans were young women, and they would often scream incessantly at his concerts, a practice which has since become commonplace during concerts of male heartthrobs. His style of dancing came from nervousness of dancing in front of women.[22] Presley was panned by critics at his first performance in Las Vegas in the 1950s for his "vulgar" performance, but was well received later on and is now culturally associated with Las Vegas.
In 1956, Presley made his network television debut with the first of his six appearances on Stage Show, a weekly variety program hosted by Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey. On The Milton Berle Show, he performed "Hound Dog" and the performance was considered very provocative for the time.
1968 Comeback Special
Presley stopped touring while he was in Hollywood until 1968, when his special Elvis or also called the '68 Comeback on NBC. The network originally wanted it to be a soft Christmas special with Presley in a tuxedo, but Presley did a rock performance in leather. He saw this as his comeback from his films to live performing. He performed many of his previous hits, and had a gospel section of the performance which included the famous song "If I Can Dream". The concert was later sold on VHS and DVD by Elvis Presley Enterprises.
Colonel Parker originally wanted the show to be a Christmas performance with little more than Presley performing Christmas carols. He believed that this could be a television version of the Christmas show Presley performed the year before. However, producer Steve Binder felt that this would not be best for the singer since they wanted to reestablish his reputation with this concert after he made many films and recordings of varying quality.
The concert consisted of an informal jam session with Presley performing in front of a small audience consisting of friends and family members. He performed hits such as "Heartbreak Hotel", "Jailhouse Rock", and "Don't Be Cruel".
The band that performed was:
- Elvis Presley: vocals, guitars
- D. J. Fontana: drumming, using a guitar case
- Alan Fortas: guitar back-slapping, occasional vocals
- Charlie Hodge: acoustic guitar, occasional vocals
- Lance LeGault: guitar back-slapping, tambourine
- Scotty Moore: guitars
1970s Live Concerts
After two more feature films, The Trouble With Girls and Change of Habit, the only other films Presley starred in were concert documentaries. In 1969, he performed a series of concerts at the International Hotel in Las Vegas. Between 1969 and 1976, Presley performed in Vegas at locations such as the Hilton Hotel, as well as a road tour. Despite deteriorating health, Presley performed over a thousand sold-out concerts during the 1970s. He performed some of his early hits, as well as new hits and cover versions of songs by artists such as The Beatles, the Righteous Brothers, and Chuck Berry. He was accompanied by gospel quartets, an orchestra, and other band members. He was notorious for wearing various extravagant jumpsuits during these concerts and for passing out scarves that typically contained his perspiration from dancing on stage to (usually) female fans. He occasionally gave extravagant rings to audience members.
These concerts contained backing by several gospel bands including the Jordanaires, the Imperials and the all female group the Sweet Inspirations as well as a full orchestra and members of Presley's original band. During this time he balanced between breaks, recording for albums, and touring.
Aloha from Hawaii
Aloha from Hawaii was a concert performed by Presley that was originally broadcasted live via satellite on January 14, 1973. The amount of people who viewed the concert is debatable. Several sources, including Elvis Presley Enterprises, say that over a billion people watched the concert worldwide, and it is the most watched broadcast starring an individual entertainer. Some other sources claim that this figure was created by Colonel Tom Parker, and that only several hundred million viewed the concert. The concert was shot at the Honolulu International Center (HIC) in Honolulu, Hawaii. The concert did not air in the United States until April 4, 1973 (the same day as the Super Bowl). This was the most expensive entertainment show at that time, costing over $2.5 million.
The concert featured an array of Presley's early and recent hits, including "Hound Dog", "Steamroller Blues", "See See Rider", "Early Morning Rain", "Burning Love", "Blue Suede Shoes", "A Big Hunk o' Love", "Can't Help Falling in Love", "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry", "It's Over", "Welcome to my World", "I'll Remember You" and "What Now My Love", and "Suspicious Minds", as well as covers of songs including Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode" and The Beatles' "Something".
Presley was accompanied by:
- James Burton (lead guitar)
- Charlie Hodge (acoustic guitar/vocals)
- Glen Hardin (piano/keyboards)
- Ronnie Tutt (drums)
- John Wilkinson (rhythm guitar)
- Jerry Scheff (bass)
- J.D. Sumner & the Stamps Quartet (vocals)
- Kathy Westmoreland (vocals)
- The Sweet Inspirations (vocals)
- Joe Guercio & his Orchestra
Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, decided that he was going to air a live concert via satellite since it was impossible for Presley to tour in every major city. It was inspired by a visit to China on July 8, 1972 made by then-President Richard Nixon. Parker initially wanted the concert to take place in late 1972, but was changed to 1973 since MGM was releasing its Elvis on Tour concert documentary. On September 4, 1972, Parker held a conference announcing the Presley concert would air on January 14 the next year. The show aided the Kui Lee Cancer Fund.
Presley arrived in Hawaii on January 9, 1973, having lost twenty-five pounds for the show, to begin rehearsing.
The concert was performed on January 14, 1973. Presley was wearing an eagle jumpsuit designed by Bill Belew. The show was directed by Marty Pasetta. He performed hits such as "See See Rider", "Steamroller Blues", "Hound Dog", I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry", and "Can't Help Falling in Love". After the concert ended, Presley performed five songs including "Hawaiian Wedding Song" and "Early Morning Rain" that would be included in the American broadcast.
Elvis Lives Concerts
After Presley's death, concerts were put together using past live performances of Presley's, and his original band played live on stage with Presley's concert footage on a large screen via computer technology. Everything from the performances but Presley's voice is edited out, and gives the simulation of a real concert. Many sold-out concerts were performed across the world. Presley could not perform in many different countries due to his manager, Colonel Tom Parker's immigration status.
The tours started in 1997, and has been extremely popular throughout the world. A concert was conceived on August 16, 1997 (twenty years after Presley's death) after EPE was experimenting with Presley recordings and discovered through multitracking how to remove virtually all background music except Presley's voice, and it featured Presley's original 1970s back-up band (TCB Band), his back-up singers (The Stamps Quartet, The Imperials, The Sweet Inspirations and Millie Kirkham) and was performed at the Mid-South Coliseum in Memphis.
In 2007, a DVD of the twenty-fifth anniversary concert was sold.
Personal life
Army service
At the age of eighteen, like all young American men, on January 19, 1953, Presley registered for the Selective Service system. At the time, there was a draft and all young men in good health were to be able to serve two years in the military, and then spend four years in the reserves. Presley, after signing up, became the sensation he was. Then Presley received a draft notice, No. 40-86-35-16 on December 20, 1957, but sought deferment to finish his film King Creole.[23] Presley went to the Memphis Draft Board on March 24, 1958 to be processed into the Army.[24] Presley was offered a chance to be in the Special Services of the Army where he would entertain the troops, but Presley decided to be drafted as a regular soldier to have a more positive rapport with his fellow troops.[25] He then spent 10 weeks in advanced tank training in Fort Hood, Texas. Presley returned soon after to see his mother, Gladys, who was gravely ill. She died on August 14, 1958.[26] Presley served for two years and was assigned as an M48 Patton tank crewman to Company A, 1st Medium Tank Battalion, 32nd Armor Regiment of the 3rd Armored Division. He was stationed at Ray Barracks in Friedberg, Germany. Presley was promoted to the rank of Sergeant.[27]
While Presley was processed at Fort Chaffee near Fort Smith, Arkansas, John Mawn, the public information officer, was assigned to reply to the media when Presley's draft notice became public. Presley received his "G.I. haircut" at Fort Chaffee on March 25, 1958, a day after his induction by the draft board in Memphis, Tennessee. Earlier, Mawn told an Associated Press reporter that the already legendary entertainer would look like a "peeled onion", a retort which garnered national headlines. Presley himself said simply, "Hair today, gone tomorrow." Mawn went on to be technical adviser for Presley's 1960 film, G.I. Blues.
Presley's conscription inspired the musical Bye Bye Birdie.[28]
Martial Arts
It was while stationed in Germany that Presley first developed his lifelong interest in martial arts. He was a student of Hank Slemansky, a German Chito Ryu master, and became a black belt upon returning to the United States in 1960. His gospel album "His Hand in Mine," released in 1961, features Presley on the cover, sitting at the piano wearing a black belt pin. He earned black belts from several famous instructors.[29]
He later came under the tutelage of Kendo master Ed Parker, who said that Presley was an excellent martial artist and actually knew the contents of the IKKA manual for Kendo better than he did. Presley was able to achieve a 6th degree black belt in Kendo by 1973.
Elvis Presley is credited with popularizing martial arts in the United States through the use of exciting fight sequences in his movies, for which he did not use a stuntman. In 1960, while filming the film G.I. Blues, he accidentally injured his hand with enough force to cause it to swell up noticeably. He finished the filming regardless, and was known among other martial artists for his high tolerance for physical punishment.[30]
Some of Presley's jumpsuits in the 1970s were based on karate outfits, and allowed him to perform karate-style moves on stage.
Known for having ephebophilic preferences, Presley married Priscilla Beaulieu, who was fourteen years old when they met in 1959, ten years younger than Presley, on May 1, 1967. Presley met her while he was in the Army, stationed in Germany. Both of them wanted children. Lisa Marie Presley, Elvis' only and Priscilla's first child, was born on February 1, 1968, precisely nine months after Elvis's wedding day. During the marriage, Elvis had many affairs. Priscilla tried to repair the marriage, but she was largely unsuccessful. The marriage ended on October 9, 1973 and affected Presley for the rest of his life; this was evidenced by the fact that many of Presley's recordings later in his career were about lost love.[31] An entire album, From Elvis Presley Boulevard Memphis, Tennessee released in 1976, was virtually made up entirely of lost love songs.
Gun Collection
Presley was a lifelong collector of firearms, including a silver-plated Colt 45 which he presented to President Nixon. At the time of his death, he had a collection of 37 handguns, an unknown number of rifles and at least one machine gun. One of his handguns, a Walter PPK he gave to actor Jack Lord, fetched $28,800 at auction.[32]
In 2007, an unidentified thief stole a 9mm Smith and Wesson from a Graceland display case during an event celebrating the 30th anniversary of his death. The thief apparently abandoned the gun in a toilet, where it was found by a janitor and soon after returned to police.[33]
Presley was known to shoot guns at televisions if they displayed something he did not like.
Presley came from a Christian background; he had a superficially religious family and they attended First Assembly of God Church in East Tupelo, Mississippi, and then First Assembly of God in Memphis after the family moved.[34] During his career, he was accompanied by several different gospel groups including The Jordanaires, The Stamps, and The Imperials. He recorded several gospel albums beginning with His Hand in Mine. After concerts, Presley would often perform gospel music all night with some of his band members and friends. It is unknown whether Presley was a devout Christian.[35][36] However, Presley would often reference his faith in Jesus Christ on stage.[34]
After becoming famous, Presley spoke to a pastor and said (according to the pastor) "Pastor, I'm the most miserable young man you've ever seen. I've got all the money I'll ever need to spend. I've got millions of fans. I've got friends. But I'm doing what you taught me not to do, and I'm not doing the things you taught me to do." It was also noted that Presley had indeed concocted a personal religion consisting of " "a personalized religion out of what he'd read of Hinduism, Judaism, numerology, theosophy, mind control, positive thinking and Christianity." There is much ambiguity about the nature of the religion of Presley.[37]
Rev. Sun Myung Moon considered making a movie of Presley's life, also considering the life of Jesus as a topic but made "Incheon!" instead.[38] After his death, a copy of Moon's Divine Principle was found on a Graceland bookshelf.
Political Views
Presley was often seen as apolitical, though he supported Democrats like John F. Kennedy and challenger to Eisenhower in 1956 Adlai Stevenson. However, Presley had a positive view of Republican Richard Nixon, and even met Nixon in person. Presley was less of a liberal, as he had a particular disdain of hippie culture and called for Nixon to prevent The Beatles from entering the United States.[37]
Elvis Presley died at the age of 42 in his home in Memphis on August 16, 1977. The cause of death was believed to be cardiac arrest related to overuse and overdoses of prescription drugs such as codeine, Valium, morphine, and Demorol, combined with poor eating habits.
He was scheduled to fly to Portland, Maine that night, do a show the next day, and finish his tour. During the early morning of the 16th, Presley was taking care of last minute details. He went to his suite at 7 AM and died of heart failure. Within hours, the news was being announced on the radio, and grief struck the nation. Callers would even ask jockeys to tell their stories about Presley.[39]
- Main Article: Legacy of Elvis Presley
- See also: Elvis Presley phenomenon
Presley has had a great effect on music; this includes a satellite radio station dedicated to playing his songs, his home is a historic landmark which attracts many visitors from across the world, and many entertainers make a living impersonating him. Presley also makes the most money of any deceased performer aside from Michael Jackson. The Ronnie McDowell song "The King is Gone" released after Presley's death showcased McDowell's great ability as an Elvis impersonator while recollecting his childhood memories of listening to Presley's songs as a kid and mourning over Presley's death.
Presley brought the soul music of African Americans performing on the streets of Memphis to a new, much larger audience through his early recordings, such as his cover of Arthur Crudup's "That's All Right."
Elvis Presley Enterprises
Elvis Presley Enterprises (EPE) originally founded by former manager Neal in 1954, created Graceland as a tourist attraction, secured copyrights for Presley's image and intellectual property. They have become the official organization to sell Presley merchandise. Lisa Marie and Priscilla Presley are involved with and solely owned the company, until CKX Inc. acquired an 85% stake with Lisa Marie with a 15% stake.
EPE is responsible for all legally produced Presley merchandise such as music, movies, costumes, action figures, hot sauces, and any other piece of Presley memorabilia.[40]
For a more detailed treatment, see Graceland.
Graceland is the former residence of Presley and is where he is buried, after being moved from Forest Hill Cemetery at 1661 Elvis Presley Blvd due to an unsuccessful break-in by graverobbers. It is a large white-columned mansion located on 3764 Elvis Presley Boulevard in Memphis about nine miles away from Downtown Memphis and less than four miles north of the Mississippi border. The Elvis Presley estate earns over $40 million and draws over 600,000 tourists yearly, a record for a deceased entertainer. Graceland Mansion, his home while alive, and his burial place, is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Graceland garners many tourists, and is second only to the White House in number of tourists visiting a private residence. Tourists are invited to see much of the house and the meditation garden where the family is buried, but the upstairs is reserved for Presley's family.[40]
After Presley died, his father Vernon was responsible for the house. When he died in 1979, Priscilla took over. A CEO, Jack Soden, was responsible for making Graceland a moneymaker, since Priscilla could not afford the upkeep of the house, which was over $500,000 a year.
Simon Vega, a singer and an Army friend of Presley's, turned Vega's home in Los Fresnos, Texas, into the "Little Graceland" Museum, which remains operational.
Elvis Impersonators
Presley's legacy is such that many entertainers have made careers emulating him in voice, looks, or both. They are called Elvis Tribute Artists, or informally as Elvis impersonators. Professional Elvis impersonators highlight in Las Vegas and other areas across the United States and around the world.
Elvis impersonators are in great demand due to the iconic status of Presley, and many of these tribute acts exist. The first recorded Elvis impersonator was Jim Smith in 1956, shortly after Presley began to rise in popularity. Smith looked like and imitated Presley, but was just pretending since he could neither sing nor play the guitar. The first influential Elvis impersonator was Phil Ochs in 1970. Andy Kaufman was a significant Elvis impersonator in the mid 1970s and Presley himself said Kaufman was his favorite. While Presley was alive, impersonators largely competed in talent shows. It was after Presley's death the art grew into the industry it is today. Elvis impersonators range from professional performers to people who do it as a hobby to people who do it as part of a comedy act. There is also an Elvis Tribute Artist contest sponsored by Elvis Presley Enterprises.
In addition to Las Vegas, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee is a popular spot for Elvis impersonators.
Doug Church is considered to be the Elvis impersonator with the closest voice to Presley's. He recorded an album of cover songs that caused some to believe Presley was still alive since those songs were recorded originally after Presley's death.
An Elvis impersonator (Joseph Hall) did well on America's Got Talent in 2008.
Jimmy "Orion" Ellis' natural voice sounded almost exactly like Presley's which was a double edged sword for him, which resulted in his rise to fame, and ridicule as if he were imitating Presley, hence his song "I'm Not Trying To Be Like Elvis". He also covered several songs of Presley's in addition to his original music.
Sirius-XM Elvis Radio
With the launch of satellite radio, a channel dedicated entirely to the works of Elvis Presley was created. The 24 hour station plays his studio recordings, live performances (nights are often dedicated to playing a Presley concert in its entirety), lost and rare studio sessions and interviews with many of Presley's former friends, acquaintances and bandmates. The station is located in Memphis across the Graceland estate. The Elvis Quiz Show is periodically hosted on the network, where fans can answer questions about Presley and his work to earn prizes. The station dedicates Sunday mornings to Presley's gospel recordings.
Conspiracies about Presley faking his death
Immediately after his death, people have speculated that Presley faked his death.[41][42] National Enquirer published an article claiming the photo of Presley in his casket was actually taken of a double of his body.[43] A claim to justify this belief is that Presley faked his death being tired of fame. There have also been claims of people seeing Presley, but these were most likely Elvis impersonators. While these claims are pure speculation and do not have validity, they are prominent in American popular culture.
However, a considerable amount of people believe that Presley did not die in 1977. They believe that he went into hiding and is still alive today. People have even made claims that they have seen Presley after his death.
Even though there is almost no probability of Presley being alive, it would not be an impossibility; Presley would be 88 years old if he had not passed away.
Some people who believe these conspiracies believe them because Presley had his middle name changed from Aron to Aaron.
- Presley's favorite sandwich was peanut butter and banana. He often deep fried the sandwiches and sometimes added bacon to them. He also enjoyed hamburgers and jelly donuts.
- He would buy cars for family, friends, and even complete strangers.
- He would rent out amusement parks and other establishments, or at least go after hours, because he did not want to run into a huge swarm of fans.
- Presley recorded a song called "Miracle of the Rosary, despite having no known Roman Catholic background; the song thanks God for the Rosary and then proceeds into a Hail Mary. (Ave Maria)
- Presley has sold over a billion records globally.
- Presley only performed in three cities outside the U.S., which are Ottawa, Vancouver and Toronto, Canada. This is because of the influence of Col. Parker, despite overwhelming fan demand Presley to perform internationally.
- Presley purchased Graceland for $102,500 (equivalent to about $891,000 in 2017) in 1957 at age 22.
- Presley's natural hair color was a sandy blonde; he dyed it black.
- Presley was six foot even in height and wore a size eleven shoe
- Presley in live performances of "Are Tou Lonesome Tonight?" sang a changed lyric of "Do you look at your bald head and wish you had hair?" instead of the original "you gaze at your doorstep and picture me there?" presumably for comedic effect.
- Despite getting a few songwriting credits, Presley never wrote one of the many songs he recorded.
"Ambition is a dream with a V8 engine."
"A live concert to me is exciting because of all the electricity that is generated in the crowd and on stage. It's my favorite part of the business, live concerts."
"Adversity is sometimes hard upon a man; but for one man who can stand prosperity, there are a hundred that will stand adversity."
"I don't do any vulgar movements."
"I don't know anything about music. In my line you don't have to."
"I don't think I'm bad for people. If I did think I was bad for people, I would go back to driving a truck, and I really mean this."
"I hope I didn't bore you too much with my life story."
"I never expected to be anybody important."
"I sure lost my musical direction in Hollywood. My songs were the same conveyer belt mass production, just like most of my movies were."
"I think I have something tonight that's not quite correct for evening wear. Blue suede shoes."
"I was training to be an electrician. I suppose I got wired the wrong way round somewhere along the line."
"I've never written a song in my life. It's all a big hoax."
"I'm no hillbilly singer"
"Man, that record came out and was real big in Memphis. They started playing it, and it got real big. Don't know why-the lyrics had no meaning"
"Rock and roll music, if you like it, if you feel it, you can't help but move to it. That's what happens to me. I can't help it."
"Rhythm is something you either have or don't have, but when you have it, you have it all over"
"The Army teaches boys to think like men."
"The Lord can give, and the Lord can take away. I might be herding sheep next year."
"Until we meet again, may God bless you as he has blessed me."
"When I got outta High School I was driving a truck. I was just a poor boy from Memphis."
"When I was a boy, I always saw myself as a hero in comic books and in movies. I grew up believing this dream."
- Elvis Presley (1956)
- Elvis (1956)
- Loving You (1957)
- Elvis' Christmas Album (1957)
- Elvis' Golden Records (1958)
- King Creole (1958)
- For LP Fans Only (1959)
- A Date with Elvis (1959)
- 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong (1959)
- Elvis Is Back! (1960)
- G.I. Blues (1960)
- His Hand in Mine (1960)
- Something for Everybody (1961)
- Blue Hawaii (1961)
- Pot Luck (1962)
- Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962)
- It Happened at the World's Fair (1963)
- Elvis' Golden Records, Volume 3 (1963)
- Fun in Acapulco (1963)
- Kissin' Cousins (1964)
- Roustabout (1964)
- Girl Happy (1965)
- Elvis for Everyone! (1965)
- Harum Scarum (1965)
- Frankie and Johnny (1966)
- Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966)
- |Spinout (1966)
- How Great Thou Art (1967)
- Double Trouble (1967)
- Clambake (1967)
- Elvis' Gold Records, Volume 4 (1968)
- Speedway (1968)
- Elvis Sings Flaming Star (1968)
- Elvis (1968)
- From Elvis in Memphis (1969)
- From Memphis to Vegas - From Vegas to Memphis (1969)
- Let's Be Friends (1970)
- On Stage (1970)
- Almost in Love (1970)
- That's the Way It Is (1970)
- Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old) (1971)
- You'll Never Walk Alone (1971)
- Love Letters from Elvis (1971)
- C'mon Everybody (1971)
- The Other Sides: Worldwide Gold Award Hits, Vol. 2 (1971)
- I Got Lucky (1971)
- Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas (1971)
- Elvis Now (1972)
- He Touched Me (1972)
- Elvis Sings Hits from His Movies, Volume 1 (1972)
- Elvis as Recorded at Madison Square Garden (1972)
- Burning Love and Hits from His Movies, Volume 2 (1972)
- Separate Ways (1973)
- Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite (1973)
- Elvis (1973)
- Raised on Rock (1973)
- Elvis: A Legendary Performer, Volume 1 (1974)
- Good Times (1974)
- Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis (1974)
- Promised Land (1975)
- Today (1975)
- Elvis: A Legendary Performer, Volume 2 (1976)
- The Sun Sessions (1976)
- From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee (1976)
- Welcome to My World (1977)
- Moody Blue (1977)
- Elvis in Concert (1977)
Top 40 Hits[44]
|"Heartbreak Hotel"
|"Kissin' Cousins"
|"I Was the One"
|"It Hurts Me"
|"Blue Suede Shoes"
|"Kiss Me Quick"
|"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You"
|"What'd I Say"
|"My Baby Left Me"
|"Viva Las Vegas"
|"Don't Be Cruel"
|"Such a Night"
|"Hound Dog"
|"Ask Me"
|"Love Me Tender"
|"Ain't That Loving You Baby"
|"Anyway You Want Me (That's How I Will Be)"
|"Do the Clam"
|"Love Me"
|"Crying in the Chapel"
|"When My Blue Moon Turns to Gold Again"
|"(Such an) Easy Question"
|"Poor Boy"
|"I'm Yours"
|"Too Much"
|"Puppet on a String"
|"Playing for Keeps"
|"Tell Me Why"
|"All Shook Up"
|"Frankie and Johnny"
|"(There'll be) Peace in the Valley (for Me)"
|"Love Letters"
|"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear"
|"Loving You"
|"Indescribably Blue"
|"Jailhouse Rock"
|"Big Boss Man"
|"Treat Me Nice"
|"U.S. Male"
|"If I Can Dream"
|"I Beg of You"
|"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck"
|"In the Ghetto"
|"Doncha' Think It's Time"
|"Clean Up Your Own Backyard"
|"Hard Headed Woman"
|"Suspicious Minds"
|"Don't Ask Me Why"
|"Don't Cry Daddy"
|"One Night"
|"Rubberneckin' "
|"I Got Stung"
|"Kentucky Rain"
|"(Now and Then There's) a Fool Such as I"
|"The Wonder of You"
|"I Need Your Love Tonight"
|"Mama Liked the Roses"
|"A Big Hunk o' Love"
|"I've Lost You"
|"My Wish Came True"
|"The Next Step Is Love"
|"Stuck on You"
|"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me"
|"Fame and Fortune"
|"Patch It Up"
|"It's Now or Never"
|"I Really Don't Want to Know"
|"A Mess of Blues"
|"There Goes My Everything"
|"Are You Lonesome Tonight?"
|"Where Did They Go, Lord"
|"I Gotta Know"
|"Rags to Riches"
|"I'm Leavin'"
|"Lonely Man"
|"Until It's Time for You to Go"
|"Flaming Star"
|"Burning Love"
|"I Feel So Bad"
|"Separate Ways"
|"Wild in the Country"
|"Steamroller Blues"
|"Little Sister"
|"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame"
|"I've Got a Thing About You Baby"
|"Can't Help Falling in Love"
|"Take Good Care of Her"
|"Rock-a-Hula Baby"
|"If You Talk in Your Sleep"
|"Good Luck Charm"
|"Promised Land"
|"Anything That's Part of You"
|"My Boy"
|"Follow That Dream"
|"She's Not You"
|"King of the Whole Wide World"
|"For the Heart"
|"Return to Sender"
|"Moody Blue"
|"One Broken Heart for Sale"
|"She Thinks I Still Care"
|"(You're the) Devil in Disguise"
|"Way Down"
|"Bossa Nova Baby"
|"My Way"
|"Guitar Man"
|Movie title
|Year released
|Movie title
|Year released
|Love Me Tender
|Girl Happy
|Loving You
|Tickle Me
|Jailhouse Rock
|Harum Scarum
|King Creole
|Frankie and Johnny
|G.I. Blues
|Paradise Hawaiian Style
|Flaming Star
|Wild in the Country
|Easy Come, Easy Go
|Blue Hawaii
|Double Trouble
|Follow That Dream
|Kid Galahad
|Stay Away, Joe
|Girls! Girls! Girls!
|It Happened at the World's Fair
|Live a Little, Love a Little
|Fun in Acapulco
|Kissin' Cousins
|The Trouble with Girls
|Viva Las Vegas
|Change of Habit
|Elvis – That's the Way It Is
Awards and honors
Presley had over thirty number one hits; he has more number one hits than any solo artist other than George Strait.[46]
Presley was nominated for fourteen Grammys and won three.[47]
- 1967: Best Sacred Performance for "How Great Thou Art"
- 1972: Best Inspirational Performance for He Touched Me
- 1974: Best Inspirational Performance for "How Great Thou Art" (from Elvis: As Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis)
- 1959: Record of the Year for "A Fool Such As I"
- 1959: Best Performance by a "Top 40" artist for "A Big Hunk O'Love"
- 1959: Best Rhythm and Blues Performance for "A Big Hunk O'Love"
- 1960: Record of the Year for "Are You Lonesome Tonight?"
- 1960: Best Male Vocal Performance for "Are You Lonesome Tonight?"
- 1960: Best Performance by a Pop Singles Artist for "Are You Lonesome Tonight?"
- 1960: Best Soundtrack Album for G.I. Blues
- 1960: Best Male Vocal Performance for "G.I. Blues"
- 1967: Best Soundtrack Anthem for Blue Hawaii
- 1968: Best Sacred Performance for "You'll Never Walk Alone" (from How Great Thou Art)
- 1978: Best Country Vocal Performance for "Softly As I Leave You"
Hall of fame inductions
Presley has been inducted into different music halls of fame:
- 1986: The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
- 1998: The Country Music Hall of Fame
- 2001: The Gospel Music Hall of Fame
- 2007: The Hit Parade Hall of Fame
- ↑ Presley's middle name is also spelled "Aron", as this spelling was intended to be parallel to the spelling of Presley's stillborn brother Jesse Garon. However, the State of Mississippi spelled it as "Aaron" on Presley's birth certificate, which was revealed to Presley and he chose to adopt the spelling of "Aaron"; this is also the spelling that appears on Presley's tombstone. [1]
- ↑ Presley had it changed to Aaron to match the Biblical spelling of the name.
- ↑ https://youtu.be/JEZpSFnDxRg
- ↑ https://pjmedia.com/eddriscoll/2002/08/16/elvis-presley-conservative-thats-what-n208106
- ↑ https://www.benvaughn.com/elvis-presley-a-republican-icon/
- ↑ https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/elvis-presley-reacted-priscilla-presley-considered-abortion.html/
- ↑ https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/nixon-met-elvis/main.php?page=0
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/oct/14/popandrock2
- ↑ https://variety.com/lists/elvis-presley-best-films-ranked/
- ↑ See, e.g., Elvis (film).
- ↑ http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19754/m1/
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Elvis biography
- ↑ Biography of Presley's Early Life
- ↑ The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities Pomerantz, Dorothy, forbes.com, October 25, 2011, retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ [4]
- ↑ [5]
- ↑ [6]
- ↑ [7]
- ↑ [8]
- ↑ The Life of Elvis Presley
- ↑ [9]
- ↑ [10]
- ↑ [11]
- ↑ [12]
- ↑ [13]
- ↑ http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19756/m1/
- ↑ http://www.tracyskarate.com/Stories/was_elvis_really_a_black_belt.htm
- ↑ http://members.tripod.com/beyondthereef__1/tigerman.html
- ↑ Elvis and Marriage
- ↑ http://www.elvispresleynews.com/ElvisGuns.html
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6956224.stm
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 [14]
- ↑ Elvis religion
- ↑ [15]
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 [16]
- ↑ http://movies.tvguide.com/inchon/review/102041
- ↑ Elvis death
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 https://www.graceland.com/about/
- ↑ https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/34149020/is-the-king-back-conspiracy-theorists-claim-elvis-is-alive-visiting-graceland/#page1
- ↑ https://www.msn.com/en-au/entertainment/celebrity/long-live-the-king-conspiracy-theorists-say-theyve-proof-elvis-still-alive-and-visited-graceland-on-82nd-birthday/ar-AAlVJ1K?li=AA59yp
- ↑ http://wafflesatnoon.com/is-the-elvis-dead-body-photo-a-hoax
- ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/elvis/epchart.htm
- ↑ Filmography
- ↑ http://www.tampabay.com/things-to-do/music/george-strait-leads-group-with-most-no-1-hits/2122276
- ↑ Elvis' Grammys
See also
External links
- Elvis.com-Official Website of Elvis Presley
- Biography
- Comprehensive history of Elvis Presley's dynamic life
- ShopElvis
- Elvis Presley lyrics
- Elvis.com biography
- Complete discography
- Elvis Wiki


text:
Igor Dronov was born in Moscow. In 1992 finished the department of choral conducting (professor Boris tevlin's class) and the department of the operatic- symphonic conducting (class of professor Dmitriy kitayenko) of the Moscow state conservatory im. P. i.Chaykovskiy, 94- m - there graduate study in Dmitriy kitayenko. It participated in the master- classes of Georg sholti and Pierre bulez.
Since 1991 on 96-1 was the conductor of the Bolshoi theater, where into his repertoire entered operas "Yevgeny Onegin" P. Tschaikovsky, "Faust" Of sh. Gounod, "troubadour" and "traviata" G. Verdi, "aleko" and the "meager knight" Of s. Rakhmaninoff. In 2003 it participated in the preparation the premiers in Bol'shom theater of the authentic version of opera "Ruslan and Ludmila" Of m. glinkya. In 2004 he became the musical leader of setting the evening of one-act ballets ("chamber № 6" to the music Of a.Pyarta, "magrittomaniya" Of yu.Krasavina and "lea" to the music Of l.Bernstayna), while in 2005. - by the musical leader of setting ballet "sleep on the summer night" to the music Of f. mendel'sona-Bartol'di, D'erdya of Ligeti and the traditional mechanical music. Also it comes out with the orchestra of the Bolshoi theater with the concert programs.
He is the invited conductor of many well-known musical associations, among which Russian national orchestra, symphonic orchestra "Russian philharmonic society", the "ensemble of modern" ("Ensemble Modern", Germany), etc.
Since 1992 it teaches in the Moscow conservatory in the department of operatic- symphonic conducting (since 2002. - professor). He is the chief conductor of the ensemble of soloists "studio of new music", with which carried out more than 150 Russian and world the premier of the compositions of the composers KHKH of century. From the moment of the base of the festival of contemporary music "Moscow forum" is his chief conductor. Since 1994. - chief conductor and the artistic leader of the youth ensemble of the soloists of "premier".
It wrote down a series of the CDS of contemporary Russian and foreign music. It performs on tour in the countries of Europe, in THE USA and Japan.


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Claiborne & Churchill Winery, San Luis Obispo
Open Daily 12pm - 5pm
Reservations Highly Recommended
Required if you have a seating preference or would like to request a firepit.
Call us at (805) 544-4066 or book your reservation HERE
Claiborne & Churchill is a small, family owned and operated winery, founded in 1983 and located in the heart of the Edna Valley, just outside San Luis Obispo, California. Inspired by the wines of Alsace, we specialize in premium dry wines made from Riesling, Gewürztraminer, and Pinot Gris grapes, as well as handcrafted Pinot Noirs and Syrahs from several vineyards here in the Edna Valley. We also produce small lots of other wines, including a Pinot Blanc, Chardonnay, Dry Rosé, and a Port-style wine.


text:
Russia will allow gambling in Sochi in a bid to make continued use of the facilities that were built in the Black Sea resort for the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Russia spent $51 billion on the Games, leaving many companies that invested in the city wondering how they were going to recoup their money.
Russia closed down casinos across the country in 2009 and restricted gambling to several designated zones, all far away from major cities or tourist attractions. The parliament voted last week to put Sochi on the list of the areas where gambling is allowed.
Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, who oversaw the preparations for the Games, told Russian news agencies on Tuesday that the government will decide within the next 10 days on the exact location of casinos.
He said that the gambling zone could be set up at the site previously used for the Games, but any location in Sochi should support local businesses.
"We should do everything to make these projects bring returns on the investment, so that they do not go bankrupt," Kozak said.
Russia built 14 venues for the Games with a total capacity of 145,000 people. Plans for how to use the venues are changing all the time. Some were converted into malls, others given away to athletic federations.
Dozens of private companies, anticipating the Kremlin's gratitude for shouldering economically unviable projects, flocked to Sochi to build hotels and infrastructure. Observers noted, however, that Sochi as a resort was unlikely to attract enough tourists for the new hotels and other facilities to be fully used.