text:
Chapter 13:
- The Chickamauga campaign -- Rosecrans' advance in Northwest Georgia -- Bragg Evacuates Chattanooga -- the maneuvers in the mountains -- the two Days battle on Chickamauga Creek -- Rosecrans defeated and Penned in at Chattanooga.
The operations in Tennessee in the summer of 1863 resulted in the pushing back of Bragg's army to the line of the Tennessee river, or practically the north line of Georgia. Before this was brought about there was sharp fighting in the hills of Tennessee, notably at Hoover's gap, June 24th, where the Thirty-seventh (then known as the First) Georgia regiment, Col. A. F. Rudler, and Maj. T. D. Caswell's battalion of sharpshooters (Fourth Georgia battalion) participated. The Georgians fought all day, forming with the Twentieth Tennessee that part of General Bate's brigade, less than 700 men, who 'successfully fought and held at bay until nightfall the battalions of the advancing foe.' Among those severely wounded were Capt. W. M. Carter and Adjt. John R. Yourie of Caswell's battalion, and Capt. W. A. Quinn and Lieuts. William Hutchison and John W. Murphey of the Thirty-seventh. The loss of the Thirty-seventh was 48, and of the sharpshooters 43 killed and wounded. The battle of Chickamauga, as well as the incidents immediately preceding it, will here be described more fully than other engagements for the reason that it was the greatest conflict of hostile forces on the soil of Georgia, as well as one of the great battles of the war. On August 20th, Gen. Braxton Bragg, with headquarters [242] at Chattanooga, had to defend the line of the Tennessee river with an effective force of about 35,000 men, infantry and artillery, embraced in the corps commanded by Lieut.-Gen. Leonidas Polk, and the corps lately under Hardee, but to which Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill had just been assigned by President Davis. About 10,000 cavalry were under command of Gens. Joseph Wheeler and N. B. Forrest. The divisions of Polk's corps were commanded by Maj.-Gens. Benjamin F. Cheatham and Thomas C. Hindman; the divisions of Hill's corps by Maj.-Gens. Patrick R. Cleburne and Alexander P. Stewart. Brig.-Gen. John K. Jackson, of Georgia, commanded a brigade of Cheatham's division, including besides two Mississippi regiments the second battalion of the First Confederate, Maj. James Clark Gordon; Fifth regiment, Col. Charles P. Daniel, and the Second battalion sharpshooters, Maj. Richard H. Whitely. Another brigade in which there were Georgia commands at that time was Bate's of Stewart's division, which included the Thirty-seventh regiment and Fourth sharpshooters. The division of Maj.-Gen. John C. Breckinridge soon came up from Mississippi, bringing with it one Georgia regiment, the Forty-seventh, Capt. W. S. Phillips, in the brigade of Gen. Marcellus A. Stovall. Another reinforcement from the same region was the division of Maj.-Gen. William H. T. Walker, in which the brigade of S. R. Gist was half Georgian, and that of Col. C. C. Wilson was almost entirely so. These two divisions added 12,000 men to Bragg's army. The division of Brig.-Gen. William Preston, also being ordered up, brought 4,500 men, including the Sixty-fifth Georgia, Col. R. H. Moore, in the brigade of Col. John H. Kelly. In Major-General Wheeler's cavalry corps was a brigade commanded by Col. C. C. Crews, Second Georgia, including his regiment under Lieut.-Col. F. M. Ison, the Third under Col. R. Thompson, and the Fourth, Col. I. W. Avery. Brigadier-General Forrest's cavalry corps [243] contained the First Georgia, Col. J. J. Morrison, and Sixth, Col. John R. Hart, in H. B. Davidson's brigade of Pegram's division. Company G, Second cavalry, Capt. Thomas M. Merritt, had the post of escort for General Cheatham. Scogin's Georgia battery was attached to Melanethon Smith's battalion; Capt. Evan P. Howell's battery to Walker's division; Dawson's battery, Lieut. R W. Anderson, and Company E, Ninth battalion, Lieut. W. S. Everett, to Stewart's division. The batteries of Capts. Tyler M. Peeples and Andrew M. Wolihin came with Leyden's battalion from east Tennessee, and in the reserve artillery under Maj. F. H. Robertson, were the Georgia batteries of Capts. M. W. Havis and T. L. Massenburg. The Federal army which appeared before Bragg at Chattanooga was commanded by Maj.-Gen. W. S. Rosecrans, who had gained fame by spirited fighting in West Virginia, by his desperate defense of Corinth against Van Dom, and the stubbornness with which he had refused to consider himself beaten at Murfreesboro. In his army were the Fourteenth army corps, 20,000 strong, commanded by Maj.-Gen. George H. Thomas; the Twentieth corps, 11,000 strong, under Maj.-Gen. A. D. McCook; the Twenty-first corps, 12,000 strong, Maj.-Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden; the reserve corps, Maj.-Gen. Gordon Granger, with 4,000 men, and the cavalry corps commanded by Brig.-Gen. Robert B. Mitchell, 11,000 strong. In round numbers the force was estimated at 57,000 men, mainly from Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The Northern army was encouraged by the progress it had made, had confidence in its general commanding, and was well supplied with provisions, arms, ammunition and clothing. The army of Tennessee, on the contrary, was pervaded by discouragement on account of the retreats it had made, and the bloody battles it had fought without apparent results. Though in its own country, it [244] must depend on the railroad to Atlanta as a base, for northern Georgia was nearly destitute, as has been pointed out in another connection. On the 16th of August, Rosecrans put his army in motion to pass the Cumberland mountains and marched southward. Having crossed the Tennessee river in the vicinity of Stevenson and Bridgeport, Ala., the Federals found themselves confronted by Sand mountain, the northern extremity of which is known as Raccoon mountain. At the eastern base of this ridge runs Lookout creek, separating from Sand mountain the parallel ridge known as Lookout mountain, whose abrupt termination, where Lookout creek empties into the Tennessee, looms up in the sky just southwest of Chattanooga. Beyond Lookout mountain a valley runs in the same general direction, drained by Chattanooga creek, east of which is another parallel ridge, more passable, called Missionary ridge, the northward termination of which is east of Chattanooga and is pierced by the tunnel of the Georgia State railroad. East of Missionary ridge lies the most important of these valleys, McLemore's cove, which is traversed by the west branch of Chickamauga creek, and ends 25 miles below Chattanooga in a junction of the mountain ridges. Pigeon mountain is the next running a parallel course of 40 miles, and still further east are the ranges of Chickamauga hills and Taylor's ridge. These must all be traversed by Rosecrans, six ridges separated by valleys and creeks, before he could reach the railroad communications of Bragg. On September 8th, Rosecrans, having determined to flank his opponent out of Chattanooga, ordered an advance on the right and center of his 45-mile line, up to this time hid behind the Lookout range. General Bragg perceiving these movements evacuated Chattanooga after he had telegraphed the president, 'Rosecrans' main force attained my left and rear. I followed and endeavored to bring him to action and secure my [245] communications. This may compel the loss of Chattanooga, but is unavoidable.' Crittenden marched his advance guard around the northern verge of Lookout mountain, occupied the city of Chattanooga, and on the next day placed his main body at Rossville. Thomas' corps was consuming four days in crossing Lookout mountain at the passes 25 miles southward, while Bragg was transferring his army to a new line, northward and southward along the east side of Pigeon mountain. D. H. Hill's corps reached Lafayette, the left flank of the new Confederate position, and Cleburne's division was posted at the three passes of Pigeon mountain near Lafayette, Catlett's gap, Dug gap, and Blue Bird gap, from which the Confederates could see Thomas' men marching into the valley on the west. Rosecrans believed at first that Bragg was retreating to Rome, and instructed Crittenden to leave one brigade at Chattanooga and 'follow the enemy's retreat vigorously' by way of Ringgold and Dalton. This brought Crittenden's advance to Ringgold on the 10th, on the Confederate right flank. Near there Pegram's cavalry brigade encountered his mounted pickets and captured 59 prisoners. On the 11th, Crittenden, having found Bragg, began moving west from Ringgold, and on the 12th he was at Gordon's mill on Chickamauga creek with his corps. Wilder's mounted brigade, covering the movement, had a severe skirmish at Leet's tanyard with the Sixth Georgia cavalry, Col. John R. Hart, and Rucker's legion, in which the Federals lost about 30 and the Confederates 50 men. 'It would be impossible,' said General Pegram, 'to pay too high a tribute to the daring gallantry of my small force in this unequal conflict with the picked brigade of General Crittenden's corps.' The orders of General Bragg indicate that he was planning attacks in detail upon the enemy, scattered along a 40-mile line in the mountains, and the period when this was not done and the enemy escaped destruction might [246] be called the first epoch of the campaign. In pursuance of this plan, General Bragg first sought to strike the portions of Thomas' corps at the gaps of the Lookout range and that movement failing, he directed his attention to Crittenden, who was supposed to have one division at Gordon's mill and one at Ringgold; but this further attempt to destroy the Federal forces in detail also proved impracticable. In both cases the enemy slipped away from attack. Rosecrans now more clearly saw Bragg's position and McCook was ordered to hurry back from Alpine. Thomas pushed all his corps over the mountain and down into the cove and along Chickamauga creek northward, and Crittenden was ordered to post Wood at Gordon's mill, and with the rest of his corps take position on Missionary ridge so as to command the roads to Chattanooga on either side of the ridge, while Wilder established connection with Thomas. On the 17th, after a forced march of 67 miles by way of Valley Head, Ala., McCook had most of his corps in the cove and connecting with Thomas near Pond spring. Thus on the evening of the 17th the army of Rosecrans was in a degree concentrated in a long line along the Chickamauga from Stevens' gap to Lee & Gordon's mill. In the meantime Bragg had made no attack, but having failed to cut off detachments of the enemy, he now resolved to isolate the whole Federal army by moving his army by the right flank sheltered by Pigeon mountain so as to intercept Rosecrans' communications with Chattanooga. In this design he was encouraged by the near approach of veteran reinforcements, a portion of Longstreet's corps, army of Northern Virginia, the removal of which by railroad from the Rappahannock to the Tennessee was the most notable feat of military transportation on the Southern side in the war. On the 17th, when Rosecrans' army stretched along the west side of the Chickamauga, Bragg had so disposed his [247] forces that while Polk confronted Wood's division at Lee & Gordon's mill, the extreme Federal left on Chickamauga creek, his own right extended further northward, threatening the roads to Chattanooga. Buckner was next north of Polk; then Walker's corps; and the extreme north of the Confederate line was Bushrod Johnson's division near Ringgold. Rosecrans was made aware of these dispositions to some extent by cavalry skirmishing near Reed's bridge, and observing that his left was about to be enveloped, he ordered Crittenden to form on the Rossville road to the north of Lee & Gordon's mill. Thomas was ordered from the center to the left, leaving one division at Crawfish spring, and with the others moving past Widow Glenn's to Kelly's, on the Rossville road, at the eastern foot of Snodgrass hill. McCook was to close up on Crawfish spring, forming the Federal right. This concentration toward the left Rosecrans ordered to be made secretly, beginning on the morning of the 18th. Bragg also had his plans for that morning, and they were all designed to bring on a battle. He had issued orders the previous night for a movement to begin on the right at 6 a. m., at Reed's bridge, where Johnson was to cross and sweep to the south while Walker crossed at Alexander's bridge, and Buckner at Thedford's ford, and all together were to flank, surround and push the enemy up the valley while Polk attacked in front at Lee & Gordon's mill, and Hill covered the left flank. This was all entirely practicable so far as the position of Rosecrans' infantry would affect it. It was not until Thomas had marched all night of the 18th that he was in the position assigned him by Rosecrans. But again the fatality which had attended the orders of General Bragg intervened, and the defeat of the Federal army was prevented. Bragg said: 'The resistance of the enemy's cavalry and the difficulties arising from the bad and narrow country roads caused unexpected delays in the execution of these movements. Though [248] the commander of the right column (Polk) was several times urged to press forward, his crossing was not effected until late in the afternoon.' Johnson reported that he left the vicinity of Ringgold at 5 a. m. with the brigades of Johnson, McNair, Gregg and Robertson, leaving Law's and Benning's brigades, which had just arrived, to cook rations before following. After marching three miles he was ordered back to take another road, which brought him to Peeler's mill about 11 a. m. Forrest's cavalry, assisted by infantry, then pushed back the Federal cavalry of Minty across the bridge, but it was not until 3 p. m. that the command began crossing the Chickamauga at Reed's bridge. At this moment Gen. John B. Hood arrived and a little later took command of the column. These four brigades, the only Confederate commands to cross that day, marched down within two miles of Lee & Gordon's mill, confronting the north flank of the Federal army, and slept there that night on their arms, while Thomas was marching past to Kelly's farm. General Walker's passage at Alexander's bridge was contested by Federal cavalry, who destroyed the bridge before they were driven away, compelling Walker to cross that night at Byram's ford. He then reported to General Hood. On the morning of the 19th, a line of battle was formed with Buckner's left resting on the creek about a mile below Lee & Gordon's mill, next Hood with his own and Johnson's divisions, and Walker on the extreme north. To reserve Cheatham's division of Polk's corps was formed as it crossed. Soon after getting into position at Kelly's with two divisions, about 9 a. m. of the 19th, Thomas was told that there was but one brigade of Confederates across the river, and he ordered Brannan to seek the lone brigade and capture it. Croxton's brigade of Brannan's moving toward Reed's bridge, drove back Forrest's cavalry upon Ector's and Wilson's small brigades, and these charged [249] and pushed back Croxton. Brannan reported that Croxton encountered two divisions of the enemy, who made a furious attack. Other brigades of Brannan's advancing toward Daffron's ford, drove back the Confederates in their front; Baird's division came up to the support of Brannan, and Walker was being hard pressed when Liddell's division swooped down on two of Baird's brigades, Scribner's and King's, and sent them flying to the rear, with their batteries left behind them. As Liddell pursued he was met by part of Brannan's division, supported by R. W. Johnson's division of McCook's corps, and was forced back, losing heavily and parting with his freshly captured guns. Then Cheatham came into the fight with his division, and was advancing brilliantly until he was checked by Federal reinforcements, and Wright's brigade lost its battery. A. P. Stewart's division dashed in and rescued the battery and pushed back the enemy. All of Hood's line was engaged, and in the evening Cleburne's division took part in the battle. In a brilliant and successful assault after dusk Brig.-Gen. Preston Smith was killed. To sustain Thomas' corps in this combat, Palmer's division, then VanCleve's and finally Wood's, were sent up by Crittenden, and the divisions of Davis and Sheridan of McCook's corps were also in the fight, being hurried up from Crawfish spring and beyond. Rosecrans on that evening learned that Longstreet's corps had made a junction with Bragg, and contemplating the events of the day, it is evident that he began to fear his campaign had failed and it was no longer possible for him to defeat the Confederate army. The arrival of Longstreet had not yet equalized the strength of the two contending armies, but this reinforcement, together with the progress of the battle, encouraged the Confederates to make those aggressive movements of the next day by which they gained the victory. All the Federal commands except two brigades had been engaged in the fight [250] of the 19th, while Bragg yet had Breckinridge, Hindman and Preston to put in, and Kershaw and Humphreys of McLaws' division were expected next day. It is estimated that the Federal strength was 45,855, and Confederate 33,897, actually engaged on the 19th. That night Longstreet arrived, and he was assigned to command the left wing of the army, consisting of the commands of Buckner, Hood, Bushrod Johnson and Hindman. Polk retained charge of the right wing, including the commands of D. H. Hill, Walker and Cheatham. Hill, who had been but slightly engaged on the 19th, was ordered up to the right. Lee & Gordon's mill, two days before an important point, was now left to the south of the battlefield. Notwithstanding the changes in position, General Bragg's orders give the impression that he was still determined to drive Rosecrans up the valley. Longstreet relates that he was informed Saturday night that the action would be brought on at daylight Sunday upon the right or north, and be taken up successively to the left, the general movement to be a wheel upon Longstreet's extreme left as a pivot. Polk did not attack at early dawn as expected. A miscarriage of orders caused a provoking delay. Finally during the early morning Polk sent officers directly to Breckinridge and Cleburne, directing them to attack immediately. Bragg came up at 8 a. m. to D. H. Hill's line, and presently the attack was begun by Breckinridge, soon followed by Cleburne. The Federal army was well posted during the night of the 19th. Thomas arranged the divisions of Baird, Johnson, Palmer, Reynolds and Brannan on a ridge east of the Rossville road, with his flanks drawn back. From his right, the Federal right wing, the divisions of Negley, Davis and Sheridan, with Wood and VanCleve in reserve, extended southward behind the Rossville road. In general course the line followed the foot of the spur [251] of Missionary ridge. The Snodgrass house, Rosecrans' headquarters, was near the southern end of the line. The northern end should have been, according to Thomas' intention, the cross road to Reed's mill, but Baird could not stretch out that far, and advised Thomas to that effect. This was the weak place in the Federal front. Thomas asked for Negley's division, to be put in at his left, early in the morning, before the Confederate attack. It appears that Negley was ordered up and Wood was to take his place, but neither of these two movements was made promptly or effectively, and before such part of Negley's division as did arrive was at hand, part of Walker's division had swept round the Federal left to Thomas' rear, and part of Breckinridge's division had similar success. But these were forced back by the Federal reinforcements. At the same time, Sunday morning, September 20th, the remainder of Polk's wing attacked Thomas' line for two hours with great gallantry but without success, largely on account of the breastworks of felled trees which had been built during the previous night to protect the Federal line. In this part of the battle the gallant young brigadier, James Deshler was killed while leading his Arkansas brigade. The fighting of the Confederate left wing is described by its commander, Lieut.-Gen. James Longstreet. He states that as soon as he was ready to attack he notified the general commanding, and asked permission to go in without waiting, as contemplated in the original plan. Before an answer could be received, orders were sent from General Bragg to some of his division commanders to attack. On learning this, Longstreet ordered forward the left wing, holding Preston in reserve, and on account of the practically unchanged position of the right wing, he abandoned Bragg's plan of movement, and arranged that Stewart should halt at the Rossville road, as the pivot of the wing, while it made a right wheel to the northward. A. P. Stewart's division did not, in fact, [252] assume this inactive function until it had at 11 o'clock made a most gallant and bloody assault upon the Federal center, which was found in considerable disorder on account of the moving of brigades and divisions to support Thomas. Brown's brigade, supported by Clayton and Bate, pushed to the west of the Rossville road, driving the enemy into their log works, but were compelled to retire from this advanced position. Gen. Bushrod Johnson's line was supported by Gregg's brigade, and by Hood's division under Law, in a third line. The unusual depth of this column of attack and the force and power with which it was thrown upon the enemy's line, completely broke the Federal center, and cast the shattered fragments to the right and left. As Johnson emerged from the woods into the open fields between the two roads to Chattanooga, near the Dyer house, he says 'the scene presented was unspeakably grand. The resolute and impetuous charge, the rush of our heavy columns sweeping out from the shadow and gloom of the forest into the open fields flooded with sunlight, the glitter of arms, the onward dash of artillery and mounted men, the retreat of the foe, the shouts of our army, the dust, the smoke, the noise of firearms, of whistling balls and grapeshot and of bursting shell, made up a battle scene of unsurpassed grandeur.' Here General Hood gave his last order: 'Go ahead, and keep ahead of everything.'
Hood's column broke the enemy's line near the Brotherton house and made it wheel to the right [says Longstreet's report]. In making this movement Major-General Hood fell severely, and it was feared mortally, wounded by a minie ball breaking his thigh. He had broken the enemy's line, however, and his own troops and those to his right and left continued to press the enemy with such spirit and force that he could not resist us. Brigadier-General Law succeeded to the command of Hood's division, and Brigadier-General Kershaw to the command of the two brigades of McLaws' division. General Kershaw, having received no definite orders [253] himself, being under the command of General Hood, was not advised of the wheel to the right, and gained more ground to the front than was intended in the movement of his two brigades. Johnson's division followed the movement made by Hood and gained the Crawfish spring road, having a full share in the conflict. Major-General Hindman, in command of my left division, first met the enemy near the Viniard house, and drove him back upon his strong position near the Glenn house. By a well-directed front and flank attack, he gained the position after a severe struggle. The enemy's dead at this point mark well his line of battle. Hindman was then ordered to move by his right flank and reinforce Johnson near the Vidito house, who was pressing forward against great odds. . . . The heights extending from the Vidito house across to the Snodgrass house gave the enemy strong ground upon which to rally. Here he gathered most of his broken forces [right wing] and reinforced them. After a long and bloody struggle, Johnson and Hindman gained the heights near the Crawfish spring road. Kershaw made a most handsome attack upon the heights at the Snodgrass house simultaneously with Johnson and Hindman, but was not strong enough for the work.At this point it is of interest to quote General Rosecrans' report:
Thus Davis' two brigades, one of VanCleve's, and Sheridan's entire division were driven from the field, and the remainder, consisting of the divisions of Baird, Johnson, Palmer, Reynolds, Brannan and Wood, two of Negley's brigades, and one of VanCleve's, were left to sustain the conflict against the whole power of the rebel army, which, desisting from pursuit on the right, concentrated their whole efforts to destroy them. At the moment of the repulse of Davis' division I was standing in rear of his right, waiting the completion of the closing of McCook's corps to the left. Seeing confusion among VanCleve's troops and the distance Davis' men were falling back, and the tide of battle surging toward us, the urgency for Sheridan's troops to intervene became imminent, and I hastened in person to the extreme right, to direct Sheridan's movement on the flank of the advancing rebels. It was too late. The crowd of returning troops rolled [254] back and the enemy advanced. Giving the troops directions to rally behind the ridge west of the Dry Valley road, I passed down it, accompanied by General Garfield, Major McMichael, Major Bond and Captain Young of my staff and a few of the escort, under a shower of grape, canister and musketry, for 200 or 300 yards, and attempted to rejoin General Thomas and the troops sent to his support, by passing to the rear of the broken portion of our lines, but found the routed troops far toward the left, and hearing the enemy's advancing musketry and cheers, I became doubtful whether the left had held its ground, and started for Rossville. On consultation and further reflection, however, I determined to send General Garfield there, while I went to Chattanooga to give orders for the security of the pontoon bridges.By 2 o'clock Longstreet had broken Rosecrans' right wing into fragments, part of which hastened to Chattanooga with their general commanding, over the road which was protected by Thomas' position, and part rallied upon Thomas and were posted as described above. Longstreet continues:
It was evident that with this position gained I should be complete master of the field. I therefore ordered General Buckner to move Preston forward. Before this, however, General Buckner had established a battery of twelve guns, raking down the enemy's line which opposed our right wing, and at the same time having fine play upon any force that might attempt to reinforce the hill that he was about to attack. General Stewart, of his corps, was also ordered to move against any such force in flank. The combination was well-timed and arranged. Preston dashed gallantly at the hill. Stewart flanked a reinforcing column and captured a large portion of it. At the same time the fire of the battery struck such terror into a heavy force close under it, that we took there also a large number of prisoners. Preston's assault, though not a complete success at the time of onset, taken in connection with the other operations, crippled the enemy so badly that his ranks were badly broken, and by a flank movement and another advance the heights were gained. These reinforcements were the enemy's last, or reserve corps, and a part also of the [255] line that had been opposing our right wing during the morning.As General Rosecrans described it, this was the small reserve corps under Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger, who without orders had hurried to the gap near Snodgrass hill where Longstreet's men were pouring around Brannan's right, and taking possession of the road in the rear of Thomas. 'General Steedman, taking a regimental color, led the column. Swift was the charge and terrible the conflict, but the enemy was broken. A thousand of our brave men, killed and wounded, paid for its possession, but we held the gap.' Thomas reported:
This opportune arrival of fresh troops revived the flagging spirits of our men on the right, and inspired them with new ardor for the contest. Every assault of the enemy from that time until nightfall was repulsed in the most gallant style by the whole line. By this time the ammunition in the boxes of the men was reduced on an average to two or three rounds per man, and my ammunition trains having been unfortunately ordered to the rear by some unauthorized person, we should have been entirely without ammunition in a very short time had not a small supply come up with General Steedman's command. This being distributed among the troops gave them about ten rounds per man.About 4 o'clock the Confederate right wing was ordered forward again, and the part near the center swept victoriously over the Federal works and met Longstreet's wing advancing with equal success. Gen. William Preston's division gained the heights, driving the enemy back to a second ridge, and firing the last shots of the battle by moonlight. In the shade of evening a tremendous shout went up along the Confederate lines telling the story of victory and thrilling the entire Confederate army. No one who heard that inspiring shout that arose as the Confederates swept forward and occupied the whole field has ever doubted the completeness of the victory. During the night Thomas, who had bravely held his [256] main position, withdrew to Rossville and awaited attack in a strong position on Missionary ridge. Great quantities of arms and ammunition were abandoned on the field. Monday morning was devoted by the Confederate army to burying its dead, caring for its wounded, and gathering up the spoils of victory. General Bragg has been criticised for not following up his victory instantly and fighting his men on the 21st. Bragg's defenders say that it should be considered whether that were within the limits of human endurance. Part of his soldiers had just been brought from Virginia; the others were wearied by maneuvers in the mountains. They had fought a great battle and had driven back the enemy only by the most desperate exertions and with heavy losses. On the other hand, leading officers of the army of Tennessee urged that nothing was needed but to advance on the 21st and reap the full fruits of victory. General Forrest, who was early in the saddle, reported the rout complete—disorganized masses of men hurrying to the rear, batteries inextricably mixed with trains of wagons, disorder and confusion everywhere. Observing this condition of the army of Rosecrans, this readyfight-ing cavalry general sent word to Bragg that 'every hour is worth a thousand men.' Yet Bragg did not think it proper to pursue. Rosecrans spent the day and night of the 21st in hurrying his trains out of Chattanooga. Then, finding that he was not pressed, he remained in and near the city with his army. Chickamauga was more a Confederate victory than Gettysburg was a Federal victory, and the weight of proof bears out the view that the full fruits could have been reaped by immediate pursuit on the 21st. Both armies had suffered terribly. The Federal report of losses was 1,644 killed, 9,262 wounded, 4,945 missing, which with a cavalry loss of 500 made a grand total of 16,351. The Federal ordnance officer, Capt. Horace Porter, reported a loss of 36 pieces of artillery, 8,000 [257] rifles and over 700 smaller arms, nearly 6,000 sets of infantry accouterments and 150,000 rounds of infantry ammunition. This report was evidently hurried, as the more detailed list prepared by Ordnance Officer O. T. Gibbes shows that 51 pieces of Northern artillery fell into the hands of the Confederate army, and 23,000 small-arms. The Confederate loss has been stated in detail at 2,389 killed, 13,412 wounded, 2,003 captured or missing, total 17,804. General Bragg's field return a week later showed an effective strength in round numbers of 11,000 in each of Polk's and Hill's corps, and 17,000 in Longstreet's, a total of 38,989 infantry and 2,983 artillery. Brig.-Gens. Preston Smith, B. H. Helm and James Deshler were killed; Major-General Hood and Brigadier-Generals Gregg, McNair and Adams wounded. The general outlines of the battle having been traced it remains to notice more particularly the part of Georgians in it, leaving to others the proud duty of detailing the heroic deeds of the sons of their respective States. John K. Jackson's brigade had its first fighting about noon on the 19th, driving back the Federal line which was pursuing Walker and taking three pieces of artillery. Supported by the remainder of Cheatham's division and the artillery, including Scogin's Georgia battery, Jackson held his ground, and at 6 p. m. was one of the two brigades in that attack in which General Smith was killed. On Sunday his was the only brigade of Cheatham's in action before evening, being ordered to a position on Cleburne's right. The brigade made a gallant charge and drove the enemy from his breastworks. The Georgia battalion of sharpshooters lost 30 out of 108 engaged, Scogin's battery 13 out of 89, the First Georgia 83 out of 194, and the Fifth regiment 194 out of 353. The Forty-seventh Georgia, Captain Cone commanding, after W. S. Phillips was wounded, shared the service of Breckinridge's division Saturday morning and evening, [258] and in the final taking of the Federal breastworks. The regiment went into battle 193 strong and lost 75. But the main strength of Georgia in the right wing was in Gist's and Wilson's brigades of Walker's division. This division, which also included Ector's brigade, was commanded by Gist, and the latter's brigade by Col. Peyton H. Colquitt. Joined to Liddell's division— Govan's Arkansas brigade and Walthall's Mississippians —the reserve corps was formed, which was commanded by Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker, one of Georgia's most valorous sons. As before noted, Walker and his corps were on the Federal side of Chickamauga creek Friday night. Early next morning the battle was opened by the attack on Forrest and Wilson's Georgians and Ector's brigade, who were supporting him. Wilson's brigade was immediately under a destructive fire, to which it replied with such vigor as to break the enemy's first line. Pressing forward after a bloody struggle, the second line was forced, and finally the Georgians stood facing the breastworks under a galling fire. Then being flanked by Federal reinforcements, the brigade was forced back, but the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-ninth regiments soon afterward joined in the advance of Ector's brigade. About noon on Sunday the brigade was ordered forward again, but only to suffer heavy loss. On the evening of Sunday it bivouacked on the Federal position. The brigade carried into the fight 1,200 men and lost 99 killed, 426 wounded and 80 missing, or over half its number. Lieut.-Col. A. J. Williams, Twenty-fifth regiment, a brave and gallant officer, received wounds from which he died. Capts. A. W. and A. H. Smith, Twenty-fifth; Captain Spencer, Twenty-ninth, and Lieuts. Alfred Bryan and N. B. Sadler, First battalion sharpshooters; and A. H. Harrell, Twenty-ninth, though wounded, fought the battle to the end. Lieuts. Robert Wayne and R. E. Lester, of Colonel Wilson's staff, were conspicuous in the combat, riding fearlessly wherever called by duty, [259] and both were seriously wounded, Lester also having two horses killed under him. Adjt. G. R. MacRae, Twenty-ninth, gained honorable mention by the brave and energetic way in which he led the remnant of his regiment, when left in command as senior officer. Gist's brigade was called for by D. H. Hill to support Breckinridge when it came upon the field Sunday morning after an all-night's march from Ringgold. Under command of Col. P. H. Colquitt, Forty-sixth Georgia, it marched forward until confronted by the log breastworks of the enemy, and met with a destructive fire that shattered its ranks. For nearly half an hour the brigade stood its ground, until the lamented Colquitt had fallen mortally wounded, and in quick succession Colonel Stevens and Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, of the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, had been seriously wounded. When a third of the command had been killed or wounded, it fell back. At 4 o'clock, reinforced by seven companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, under Maj. A. M. Speer, the brigade, under Lieut.-Col. Leroy Napier, of the Eighth battalion, supported the advance of General Liddell. 'The gallant Forty-sixth Georgia, occupying the right of the brigade, eager to avenge their beloved regiment, with a loud cheer charged through the wood before them, driving the enemy and capturing some forty prisoners.' Nothing is more creditable in the two days fight at Chickamauga than the fight made by Walker's little corps of about 5,000 men. As General Walker said, the unequal contest they waged against overwhelming odds was 'unparalleled in this revolution, and the troops deserve immortal honor for the part borne in the action. Only soldiers fighting for all that is dear to freemen could attack, be driven, rally, and attack again such superior forces.' In Bate's brigade of A. P. Stewart's division, Maj. T. D. Caswell's sharpshooters began the fighting on the 18th at Thedford's ford. The sharpshooters and the [260] Thirty-seventh regiment fought on the right of the brigade on the afternoon of the 19th, and under a heavy artillery fire lost both Major Caswell and Col. A. F. Rudler, and a fourth of their numbers killed and wounded. Capt. Benjamin M. Turner was also dangerously wounded, leaving Lieut. Joel Towers in command of the sharpshooters, while the command of the Thirty-seventh devolved upon Lieut.-Col. Joseph T. Smith. On Sunday morning General Deshler was killed on their right while waiting orders to advance. After lying under fire until about 1 o'clock, the Thirty-seventh Georgia and Twentieth Tennessee charged forward through the dense smoke and attempted to capture the enemy's battery in front, but were not supported and failed, with severe loss. In the evening they went into the Federal works. Maj. M. Kendrick was distinguished in command of the left wing of the Thirty-seventh. This regiment took into battle 425 men and lost 19 killed, 168 wounded and 7 missing. The sharpshooters had 92 engaged and lost 35, mainly wounded. The Sixty-fifth Georgia, Col. R. H. Moore, was mainly engaged as a support to Maj. A. Leyden's artillery battalion, also a Georgia command. Of Longstreet's corps, Anderson's, Wofford's and Bryan's Georgia brigades did not arrive in time to participate in the battle. The brigade of Gen. Henry L. Benning, however, took a prominent part in the fight of both days. On Saturday, fighting on the Rossville road against Rosecrans' right, they pushed back the enemy and held their ground with dogged resolution, unsupported by artillery, but under fire both of artillery and infantry. On Sunday, in the victorious advance of Longstreet, they were conspicuous for gallantry, capturing and holding eight pieces of artillery. The Second Georgia was commanded by Lieut.-Col. William S. Shepherd, the Fifteenth by Col. Dudley M. DuBose, the Seventeenth by Lieut.-Col. Charles W. Matthews, and [261] the Twentieth by Col. J. D. Waddell. On the first day Lieut.-Col. E. M. Seago of the Twentieth was killed, DuBose and Shepherd were seriously wounded, as also was Capt. A. McC. Lewis, acting major of the Second; and on Sunday, Colonel Matthews was mortally wounded while on heroic duty. Colonel Benning's staff were all wounded or lost their horses, and in fact, hardly a man or officer of the brigade escaped without a touch of his person or clothes, while many were killed or seriously wounded. The only field officers left were Colonel Waddell, Twentieth; Major Shannon, Fifteenth, and Major Charlton, Second. The Georgia cavalry, with Crews and Davidson, Forrest and Wheeler, shared the important service of their commands. 'Among the badly wounded,' says Brig.-Gen. John Pegram, 'was the gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Fain, of the Sixth Georgia cavalry.' Capt. T. M. Merritt and his command, Company G of the Second Georgia cavalry, were Cheatham's escort, and were complimented by that officer for the efficient service rendered. The various Georgia artillery commands were prominent in such operations as this battle in the woods permitted. Capt. John Scogin's battery, Griffin light artillery, did good service. Dawson's battery had 1 man killed and 6 wounded. Capt. W. W. Havis' battery lost 1 killed and 1 wounded. In Capt. Evan P. Howell's battery 3 men were killed and 4 wounded. Capt. T. L. Massenburg lost in his battery 1 officer and 3 men wounded. Capt. T. M. Peeples, of Company D, Leyden's Ninth battalion, was engaged on Saturday, and he reported First Lieut. Thomas H. Lovelace seriously wounded in the thigh by a piece of shell, and Privates John Edmonson and W. H. Suddarth slightly wounded. Company E, of the Ninth artillery (Leyden's) battalion, commanded by Lieut. William L. Everett, was slightly engaged on Saturday the 19th, losing one horse. On the next day it was actively engaged. It fired upon the enemy's train [262] of wagons, checking their movement through the gap, dismounting one cannon, and compelling the Federals to abandon 30 wagons and several pieces of artillery; also repulsing three successive charges. The loss of the battery was 3 men slightly wounded and 5 horses disabled. Forrest led the pursuit on Monday morning, capturing many prisoners and arms; attacked Thomas' line at Rossville gap, and continued the demonstration for several hours, aided by artillery. That night Thomas withdrew to Chattanooga, and on the 23d Forrest gained the point of Lookout mountain. The operations following the battle are thus described by General Bragg:
The whole cavalry force having been dispatched to press the enemy and cut off detachments, orders were given for the army to move to a point near the railroad and convenient to water, still interposing between the enemy and our large number of wounded, our trophies and our wounded prisoners, whose removal from the field occupied many days. Our supplies of all kinds were greatly reduced, the railroad having been constantly occupied in transporting troops, prisoners and our wounded, and the bridges having been destroyed to a point two miles south of Ringgold. These supplies were replenished, and as soon as it was seen that we could be subsisted, the army was moved forward to seize and hold the only communication the enemy had with his supplies in the rear. His most important road, and the shortest by half to his depot at Bridgeport, lay along the south bank of the Tennessee. The holding of this allimpor-tant route was confided to Lieutenant-General Longstreet's command, and its possession forced the enemy to a road double the length, over two ranges of mountains, by wagon transportation. At the same time our cavalry, in large force, was thrown across the river to operate on this long and difficult route. These dispositions faithfully sustained insured the enemy's speedy evacuation of Chattanooga for want of food and forage. Possessed of the shortest road to his depot, and the one by which reinforcements must reach him, we held him at our mercy and his destruction was only a question of time.[263] This statement by Bragg of the result to be anticipated from the siege of Chattanooga appears reasonable, and it was verified so far as the reduction of the army with Rosecrans to the verge of starvation. But the position assigned to or taken by Longstreet did not keep the Bridgeport route closed. Maj.-Gen. U. S. Grant, who had been given general control of Federal operations in the West, replaced Rosecrans with Thomas, arrived at Chattanooga over the mountains on the 20th of October, and about a week later, two corps from the Federal army in Virginia, Howard's and Slocum's, under Hooker, took possession of Bridgeport and the river almost up to Lookout mountain. Supplies immediately began pouring into Chattanooga. Generals Bragg and Longstreet examined the Federal operations from the summit of Lookout on the 28th, and Geary's division being seen approaching, the divisions of Jenkins and Law, four brigades, were sent against it to make a night attack. This was a failure, and the Federals remained in control up to within range of the guns on Lookout mountain. About the last of October, Longstreet, Hardee and Breckinridge were ordered to examine the situation on Lookout creek with a view to a general battle, but they decided that the difficulty of crossing the mountain prevented all hope of success. 'Our position was so faulty that we could not accomplish that which was hoped for. We were trying to starve the enemy out by investing him on the only side from which he could not have gathered supplies,' was Longstreet's expression of the situation after Hooker occupied Lookout valley. [264]


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SSR 67-12: SECTION 218(s). -- STATE AND LOCAL COVERAGE -- COMMISSIONER'S RULING ON STATE'S REQUEST FOR REVIEW -- INDIANA SCHOOL BUS DRIVERS
- Pursuant to the State's request for review under section 218(s) of the Social Security Act, the Commissioner affirmed assessments made on the basis that services performed by drivers in township-owned school buses engaged under standard written contracts pursuant to the Indiana School Bus Act to transport children to and from school, were performed as employees of the townships and not as independent contractors, and thus were covered under section 218 of the Social Security Act and the Indiana agreement for coverage of State and local employees.
Section 218(s) of the Social Security Act, as amended, provides that where an assessment of an amount due by a State under a Federal-State agreement has been made pursuant to section 218 or a State's claim for a credit or refund of an overpayment under such agreement has been disallowed or a State has been allowed a credit or refund of an overpayment under such agreement, the Secretary shall, upon written request filed by the State within a stipulated time, review such assessment, disallowance or allowance stating the basis therefor. The Secretary has delegated to the Commissioner of Social Security authority to make reviews and findings and to give notice of his findings as required by section 218(s).
The State of Indiana timely requested a review pursuant to section 218(s) of the assessments made pursuant to determinations that services performed by drivers in township-owned school buses were performed as employees of the townships and covered under the Federal-State agreement made pursuant to section 218.
The facts in the matter are that the drivers were engaged under standard written contracts pursuant to the Indiana School Bus Act to transport children to and from school; the drivers were required to perform the services personally; the hours of service and the routes followed were established by the townships, which also had the right to make changes in such matters; the townships had first call on the drivers' time and efforts; compensation for the services was in the form of a daily wage; the drivers had no investment in the business or opportunity for profit and loss, as the townships owned the buses and paid all the maintenance costs; the drivers were required to comply with rules and regulations issued by the townships; and the townships had the right to change the drivers' methods and to direct them otherwise on how to do the work.
The Administration's assessments were made on the basis of its finding that the school bus drivers were employees under the usual common-law rules. (Regulations No. 4, sec. 404.1104(c) sets out the rules.)
The Commissioner found, on review pursuant to the State's request, that under these circumstances the school bus drivers were subject to control by the townships to the extent necessary to constitute an employer-employee relationship under the usual common-law rules. On the basis of this finding, the Commissioner affirmed the assessments made.

subset: commoncrawl


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The new iOS 6 is the most exciting rendition in a loo-oong time. The ol' girl was starting to feel stale—no longer! We've got our sweaty hands on an iOS 6 iPhone for a quick tour. Join us.
Note: we've only given the iPhone version of iOS 6 a run through so far, which is missing some of the goodies of the iPad cousin.
Facetime over 3G
It took a couple years, but now FaceTime is as fantastic as it could have been all along: make video calls from anywhere you have a cell signal. It'll kick your capped data plan in the shins if you have one, but we can report the video was solid over AT&T—the difference between cell data and Wi-Fi was slight. This is killer. Now you can pause during a hike, call your uncle, and show him the majesty of nature while he sits in his basement.
Better Siri
Siri: now with 400% less suck. Your iPhone GF now provides sports scores, movie times, restaurant ratings courtesy of Yelp—and will even help you book a table reservation. Now that's service worthy of Zooey's adoration. However, it still trips up on some words, (Siri often thinks I'm asking about Syria) and requires you to speak more clearly than you would to any adult human.
Sweet rejection
Screening your calls and generally avoiding mankind is streamlined in iOS 6. Want to ignore someone? You can reject their call with a reminder to hit them back later, or send a pre-programmed "hey sorry man I'm busy what's up" excuse text while simultaneously rejecting the call. All it takes is a quick swipe up while the call is incoming, choose your method of avoidance, and with a couple taps you've managed to dodge another call. If you want, you can customize your reply messages with all sorts of zany excuses. It's brilliant.
Maybe the best and most overdue addition. (Almost) everyone uses Facebook, so the deeper it's stuffed into the soul of iOS, the better. Now, just like Twitter, you can directly link your Facebook account with your iOS, allowing your phone to talk directly to Mark Zuckerberg's big beautiful brain. You can directly post photos from your photo album to Facebook, update your status from the notification center, and sync your contact list with each person's corresponding Facebook account. It's terrific stuff, and takes a big step into the turf of Windows Phone—the current lord of social media integration. We want to see more of this.
New Maps
Apple kicked Google out of its mapping party, and made its own. How is it? Mixed. As we told you earlier,
Vector based vs bitmap graphics
The new maps are not bitmap-based anymore. Say goodbye to the horrible and slow tile loading. Now they are vector based, which means faster loading-it still loads sectors, but very fast based in our hands on experience-and smoother, much better graphics.
Turn-by-turn navigation
At last, Apple's Maps will provide with turn-by-turn navigation, just like any other car GPS app. It looks quite good. We have tried and it seems quite neat, with Siri driving directions and 3D view, with clear signs.
Business information card
Now every location in Maps includes a card that gives you all you need to know about it. If it's a restaurant, it will show you reviews and ratings, along with photographs.
Siri integration
Siri is completely integrated with Maps. You can ask for directions with your voice, it will guide you while driving and, if you ask her something like "Are we there yet?", she will answer you with the estimated time of arrival. And tell you to shut up.
This is great stuff! It's definitely faster than Google's go at it. But the pants-wetting 3D stuff? We couldn't get 3D buildings to show up anywhere in New York. Bummer. Street View is also very sorely missed, as is native public transit directions.
Redesigned Music App
The music app has also been given a design overhaul, making a departure from that old iPod (touch) look to something that more closely resembles the OS X aesthetic. That said, the only changes here seem to be cosmetic, as the performance is the exact same.
And the rest...
The email VIP list works as advertised, the Safari Reading List requires only a couple of taps to queue up offline reading, and turn-by-turn navigation was smooth and terrifically graphical.
iOS 6 feels smooth and sturdy all across—and this is just a beta. There were a few inexplicable crashes, but almost every feature works as we expected it to, and, we can say with confidence, instantly makes your phone more useful to live with. And isn't that what it's for? Yes, that is what it's for. We're excited to see what devs (and Apple) do with the rest of it.


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For Immediate Release
Thursday, June 13, 2013
Contact: Ted O'Neil
Media Relations Manager
MIDLAND — As state policymakers debate an expansion of Medicaid under the federal Affordable Care Act, the Mackinac Center for Public Policy and the Dallas-based National Center for Policy Analysis today released a study discussing the proposed expansion's high and uncertain costs, Medicaid's substandard health outcomes and medical access problems, and the unintended consequences of encouraging low-income residents to seek Medicaid rather than other affordable alternatives.
"Congress has placed large financial incentives in the ACA to encourage states to expand their Medicaid populations," noted study co-author Devon Herrick, Ph.D., a senior fellow at the NCPA. "But the cost to Michigan taxpayers will rise in coming years — the Heritage Foundation has estimated it at a total of $1.3 billion through 2022.
"There are also costs that are hard to predict," Herrick added. "Costs to state taxpayers will rise if Congress reduces its 90 percent to 100 percent subsidies below its initial promises, and costs could exceed estimates simply because of the challenges of determining Medicaid eligibility under the ACA."
Herrick and co-author Linda Gorman, Ph.D., director of the Health Policy Center at the Independence Institute in Golden, Colo., illustrate how Medicaid expansion could be an inefficient way to reduce the uninsured population. Focusing on just one key target group for the Medicaid expansion, they estimate a $475 million cost to Michigan taxpayers over the next decade for enrolling new, nonelderly, previously uninsured individuals with incomes between 100 percent and 138 percent of the federal poverty level. They also estimate, however, that it would be $144 million cheaper for state taxpayers to buy these roughly 124,000 enrollees basic private insurance on the federally subsidized state health exchange.
They further observe that because of federal limits on the out-of-pocket cost of basic exchange insurance, the insurance is already affordable for this income group. Legally, out-of-pocket costs for these individuals cannot exceed 3 percent — in most cases, 2 percent — of income.
Herrick and Gorman also record that in 2010-2011, the most recent period for which statistics are available, some 512,000 Michiganders who would be eligible for the Medicaid expansion had private insurance. The expansion could lead many of them to switch to Medicaid; studies have shown that as many as 60 percent of new enrollees following previous Medicaid expansions had dropped their private insurance. Herrick and Gorman estimate the figure in Michigan will be 29 percent.
"Medicaid's 'crowding-out' of private insurance is significant for several reasons," Herrick said. "First, it takes costs being borne by the private sector and shifts them to taxpayers. Second, it switches individuals from plans with higher health care provider reimbursements to plans with lower provider reimbursements — one reason Medicaid expansion is unlikely to produce the economic benefits proponents expect. Third, studies have shown that Medicaid patients have worse surgical outcomes and cancer outcomes than the privately insured — and often worse than the uninsured."
Medicaid patients frequently have a more difficult time gaining access to medical care. A 2008-2009 survey of metro Detroit specialists showed that large percentages — including 50 percent of obstetrics-gynecology specialists — did not accept Medicaid patients.
Herrick and Gorman have done similar studies on Medicaid expansion in other states, including Florida, and this study is based on that earlier work. The Mackinac Center-NCPA study, "An Analysis of the Proposed Medicaid Expansion in Michigan," is posted at https://www.mackinac.org/archives/2013/s2013-03FINAL.pdf.
The Mackinac Center for Public Policy is a research and educational institute headquartered in Midland, Mich. The largest state-based free-market think tank in the country celebrates its 25th anniversary this year.
# # # # #
The Mackinac Center for Public Policy is a nonprofit research and educational institute that advances the principles of free markets and limited government. Through our research and education programs, we challenge government overreach and advocate for a free-market approach to public policy that frees people to realize their potential and dreams.
Please consider contributing to our work to advance a freer and more prosperous state.


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- 22
- Sep
- 2016
Albion Staffing Solutions
We come from many backgrounds and work with different industries, yet we all strive to deliver on the same promise: creating a world of thriving companies filled with people who love what they do.
This is the common goal that unites and guides us at Albion Staffing Solutions. Uncompromising dedication to the companies and people who depend on our services is a passion we all share.
As a job seeker working with Albion Staffing Solutions, you'll find rewarding opportunities, diverse experiences and an unwavering commitment to ethics and integrity. When you work with our team, you'll collaborate with talented and dedicated colleagues whose sense of purpose complements your own.
Whatever your career path – Albion Staffing Solutions offers opportunities to develop and expand your career while making a true difference in the companies we serve. Explore, discover, and engage with Albion Staffing Solutions.
Albion Staffing Solutions
100 Miracle Mile Ste 202
Coral Gables, FL 33134
(305) 779-5609


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"Make like Tarzan. Face your fear of heights and soar 300 feet above the forest floor" —
"Crazy? Maybe. Liberating and totally worth it? Absolutely" —
It's the closest you'll get to experiencing what it's like to be an Ewok in "Return of the Jedi." —
Ziplines at Pacific Crest
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In consideration of the hardships our worldwide partners and clients are experiencing, we have announced special offers and free services. These offers are available immediately for Hotels, Hostels, and all accommodations.
Around the globe, we're supporting our countries, and staying home to fight the virus. But, our love for travel will not disappear. While many cannot travel for now, the crisis will end soon. And when it does, we will all enjoy seeing the world again. So, on our website, our social media, and other forms of communication, we will continue to share the many wonderful destinations our partners have to offer. And, we will announce future deals as soon as they become available. And sometimes, just the beauty of one of our incredible travel destinations will inspire you with amazement and desire for our future of traveling the world together.
As we all share in this crisis, we also share the desire and motivation to travel again and explore the world as soon as it's over. Together, we'll keep dreaming and planning for that day. In the meantime, we can remain positive, and perhaps constructively prepare for the future.
Here are some tips:
In the meantime, please stay safe and take care of yourself and your loved ones.
Here at Cuba Instant Booking, we are working overtime to ensure our partners around the globe receive the service they need. We deeply care about your safety, health, and well-being. And, our thoughts and prayers are with you all. We also want you to know that we are concerned about the well-being of your travel business. Our company remains strong, and our services and operations continue without interruption. Our high level of support, and ensuring your travel or accommodation business is supported at all times, is of the utmost importance to us.
As you monitor the situation and consider your own continuity plans, we are prepared to help in any capacity needed. While difficult days are here to stay for awhile, wellness and prosperity will soon again appear on the horizon. Our plans for growth and development in the coming months, particularly for the next generation of Instant World Booking services, are progressing rapidly. When you are ready to consider new solutions for your travel or accommodation business, to jump-start your own business growth, we will be ready to offer you low cost options and alternatives.


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Apple supplier Foxconn plans to set up headquarters in China, as part of the company's growing expansion in manufacturing and commercial operations.
The building in Shanghai, which will be completed in early 2015, will house research and development and sales, and also act as a center for Foxconn's e-commerce business in China. The company is scheduled to hold a groundbreaking ceremony for the new headquarters on Thursday, according to a company invite sent to journalists.
Foxconn, based in Taiwan, already employs about 1.2 million workers in China in various factories across the country. Besides making products for Apple, the company also manufactures products for HP, Microsoft, Sony and others.
It has recently come under criticism for poor working conditions at its Chinese factories. Earlier this year Foxconn raised wages for its assembly line workers, and later said it would restrict workers' overtime, according to an audit released by the Fair Labor Association.
As the company establishes its new headquarters in China, Foxconn has been adopting new manufacturing technologies including robotics and automation, according to the invite. Last year, the company reportedly said it would deploy 1 million robots over the next three years for manufacturing purposes, a move that will help Foxconn reduce labor costs, according to analysts.
Foxconn also said it was investing in retail operations, with new physical and online stores. The company already has a sales channel business, which includes a joint venture with Media Markt electronic stores in Shanghai. Foxconn has previously said it has been working to expand electronic gadget sales in China's smaller cities.


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In the wake of Typhoon Haiyan, which left thousands dead and many more displaced and survivors battling for survival amid devastation and chaos, the Philippines has declared a state of national calamity to help restore order to the reeling nation.
In a primetime television speech delivered Monday, President Benigno Aquino said: "We declare a state of national calamity to hasten the action of the government to rescue, provide help and rehabilitate the provinces affected by [Haiyan]."
The declaration will also help the government control the prices of staple goods, with many in the country reduced to begging for food and water. Aquino called for patience as the scope of the damage frustrated efforts to coordinate relief operations.
"The extent of the devastation brought us back to a situation where information was passed on from one person to another. There was no television, radio and internet," he said.
Noting how the devastation reduced people to word-of-mouth communication, Aquino vowed help would arrive in the coming days.
"My message: Staying calm, prayer, and helping each other are what will lift us from this challenge," he said.
Counting the dead, accounting for the missing
Three days after the typhoon made landfall, authorities are struggling to come to grips with the aftermath of one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded.
Forty-one of the country's 80 provinces were affected, with Secretary to the Cabinet Rene Almendras saying that in the worst affected areas, the destruction had been "total."
An estimated 10,000 people are believed to have been killed in Tacloban – a city of over 200,000 southeast of the capital, Manila – which bore the brunt of the storm. Flattened by massive waves and battered by winds reaching speeds up to 235 miles an hour, Tacloban remains littered by the dead, some covered with tarps, others left lying out in the open with looks of horror reportedly etched on their faces. The United Nations said officials in Tacloban had seen one mass grave of 300 to 500 bodies, Reuters reported. Relief workers fear that ground water may be contaminated by decaying bodies, and fears are growing of a massive public health crisis.
The city has also been gripped by looting, with authorities dispatching police and military reinforcements to restore order. A Philippine Red Cross truck carrying medical supplies was reportedly attacked while heading to the city. Manila has said it will not hesitate in deploying more police officers if necessary. Locals have already reportedly formed local militias and have promised to shoot looters to protect their property.
So far, Tacloban is relying almost entirely for supplies and evacuation on just three military transport planes flying from nearby Cebu. Aquino said 24,000 family food packs had been distributed in Tacloban on Sunday, while 18.7 billion pesos ($430 million) had been set aside from calamity funds, contingency funds, and savings for places hit by Haiyan. He said 22 foreign countries had provided aid.
Around 2,000 people, meanwhile, remain missing in the seaside town of Basely alone, which is located about 10 kilometers across a bay from Tacloban. Other coastal areas caught on Haiyan's path are likely to have suffered similar levels of destruction, though efforts to survey the damage or make a full account of the dead have been severely dampened.
The country's government has so far confirmed 1,744 deaths.
Both the official and unofficial death tolls are likely climb once officials reach more remote areas. Guiuan, a town of 40,000 in eastern Samar province, was largely decimated, although it does not figure into the casualty tabulations.
"The only reason why we have no reports of casualties up to now is that communications systems … are down," Colonel John Sanchez posted on the Philippines Armed Forces' Facebook page, Reuters reported.
Farther west on the on the islands of Cebu and Panay, which also suffered direct hits from the typhoon, authorities have been hampered in their ability to assess the devastation.
Overall, more than 600,000 people were displaced by the storm across the country, with some lacking access to basic amenities such as food, water or medicine, the UN says.
Massively disrupted transportation and communications links have equally affected the ability for authorities to recover the dead and deliver relief to affected areas. Thirty provinces remain without electricity, and around half that number are having problems with phone and Internet connections. Although telecommunication firms believe service should be restored within days, restoring the national power grid in its entirety could take up to two months.
The US is sending an aircraft carrier in order to bolster the relief efforts, the Pentagon confirmed Monday. The nuclear-powered USS George Washington carries 5,000 sailors and more than 80 aircraft.
Meanwhile, Russia is dispatching a mobile hospital and rescue workers to the Philippines.
President Aquino said 21 other countries had provided aid, including Indonesia, the UK, Japan, Singapore, New Zealand and Hungary.


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Anonymous Just Another Historic Mishmash
- Christian Hamaker Contributing Film and Culture Writer
- 2011 31 Oct
DVD Release Date: February 7, 2012
Theatrical Release Date: October 28, 2011 (limited)
Rating: PG-13 (for some violence and sexual content)
Genre: Drama
Run Time: 130 min.
Director: Roland Emmerich
Actors: Rhys Ifans, Jamie Campbell Bower, Vanessa Redgrave, Joely Richardson, Sebastian Armesto, Rafe Spall, David Thewliss, Edward Hogg, Xavier Samuel, Sam Reid, Derek Jacobi
Do you know your British royal history? Do you know your Shakespeare? If not, give up hope here and now of understanding Anonymous, the new Roland Emmerich-directed (Independence Day, 2012) film written by John Orloff (Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'hoole) positing that Shakespeare didn't write all those plays we attribute to him.
Then again, even Anglophiles might get lost in this convoluted historical drama that thinks it's clever but is mainly just overheated and a bit of a trial to sit through. It's also full of cheap shots against Puritans and Catholics, leaving viewers with little edification and much to find distasteful, if not preposterous.
Shakespearean actor Derek Jacobi (The King's Speech), gets one of the film's classiest roles, book-ending the tale with a present-day introduction and a few closing remarks delivered with more Shakespearean passion than most of the rest of the cast combined. The two notable exceptions are Rhys Ifans (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1) as Edward de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, and the always-worth-watching Vanessa Redgrave (Cars 2) as the aging Queen Elizabeth I.
The film shifts to its Elizabethan setting with a scene of playwright Ben Johnson (Sebastian Armesto, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides) hiding from authorities intent on smoking him out and finding out what he knows about the plays of Will Shakespeare. In this story, Shakespeare is an illiterate actor (Rafe Spall, One Day) who, after a successful performance of a play actually written by de Vere but without any attribution, basks in the audience's warm glow by taking a bow and claiming to be the playwright. From that point on, he works with Johnson and de Vere to preserve the ruse, despite suspicions that the doltish actor could never have authored the witty and, as time goes on, increasingly political plays attributed to him.
Raised in a Puritan home that frowned upon theater, de Vere has had no choice but to pursue his passion for play writing over the years. "The voices come to me. . . . Only when I put them to parchment . . . am I at peace," de Vere, now as a grown man and an earl, explains. He writes plays that he passes along to Johnson, who sees to it that the plays find an audience, albeit with no author's name to them.
The young de Vere (Jamie Campbell Bower, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2) was also the youthful lover of Elizabeth (played as a young woman by Joely Richardson), a queen who loves theater and who, despite her reputation as a virgin, loved lots of men. Her relationship with de Vere and others leads to controversy over who's in line to take the throne next. The palace intrigue ensnares the earl of Southampton (Xavier Samuel, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse), the earl of Essex (Sam Reid), and William and Robert Cecil (David Thewlis and Edward Hogg), among others.
The characters keep piling up in Anonymous, so much so that we never get to know the protagonists as well as we'd like. An early sign of problems: The movie has barely begun before we get a "Five Years Earlier" flashback, to be followed shortly thereafter by a "Forty Years Earlier" stretch! De Vere looks quite different across the ages, while Richardson and Redgrave have the advantage of being real-life mother and daughter, making it easier for the audience to recognize Elizabeth in the film's younger and older depictions of the queen. Figuring out who de Vere is across time, or who the myriad other players in this drama might be, is nigh on impossible. One wishes the players had all worn nametags.
Nicely filmed by Anna Foerster (10,000 B.C.), Anonymous is a pleasure to look at but a pain to keep up with. Perhaps those who enjoy speculation about the historical Shakespeare or who relish royal scandals will have fun piecing together this puzzling plot. Everyone else will be happy when this inconsequential story fades to a footnote in cinematic history. It's more likely than not that viewers will end up feeling more certain about the conventional wisdom that Shakespeare wrote his plays than they will be persuaded by this film to embrace an alternative history.
Anonymous leaves us wondering, once again, why Hollywood has invested so much money and talent in a product at once so trifling yet hostile toward faith and tradition. If this is the best challenge they can muster, maybe the answer for future screenwriters and creative talent is to let the power of historical storytelling speak for itself. As fact-based films such as Of Gods and Men have shown this year, historical events sometimes can be the basis for stories more powerful than any fictional narrative.
- Language/Profanity: "As-", "bastard."
- Alcohol/Smoking/Drugs: Shakespeare drinks; other scenes of drinking in group settings.
- Sex/Nudity: De Vere sleeps with Elizabeth; they're shown by the fire, they rise, but no nudity is shown beyond a bare male chest and the top of backside, which is otherwise covered; lovers shown having sex under the sheets; a man's backside seen while having sex with a prostitute; accusation of incest.
- Violence/Crime: A theater is burned to the ground; man is struck in the face; a man is stabbed; a dead body shown, with some blood coming from his mouth; men are shot; torture scene.
- Religion: Puritan head of household tells offspring that theater is a form of idolatry and that there's no place for art in his home; a character says that if plays are unholy, she hopes she doesn't find salvation until later in life; Catholic revolt in Ireland; a man's soul is said to hang in the balance; a reference to God's gifts of "cunning and ruthlessness"; a man says God requires his help; a funeral scene.
Marriage: A wedding scene; marital unfaithfulness depicted; talk of Elizabeth's many "bastard" children.
Questions? Comments? Contact the writer at email@example.com.


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Just arrived in our warehouse and ready to ship:
Newave! The Underground Mini Comix of the 1980s
By various artists; edited by Michael Dowers
892-page b&w/color 5" x 6.25" hardcover • $24.99
Add to Cart • More Info & Previews
Newave! is a gigantic collection of the best small press cartoonists to emerge in the 1970s after the first generation of underground cartoonists (such as R. Crumb, Gilbert Shelton, and Art Spiegelman) paved the way. These cartoonists, inspired by the freewheeling creative energy of the underground comix movement, began drawing and printing their own comix. The most popular format was an 8 1/2" x 11" sheet, folded twice, and printed at local, pre-Kinkos print shops on letter-size paper; because of the small size, they were dubbed "mini comix." As they evolved many different artists, one by one, became interested in this do-it-yourself phenomenon. By the 1980's they became known as Newave Comix, a term taken from England's Newave rock 'n' roll movement. An explosion of do-it-yourself artists emerged. Many talented artists went onto bigger and better things, others have disappeared into the fog never to be heard from again. Inspired by the creative freedom of their underground predecessors and unrestrained by commercial boundaries or editorial edicts, their work was particularly innovative and experimental. Here you will find a group of artists who could not get any attention from the mainstream, who were driven by the inner need to express themselves. This group was a pioneering force that still leaves a wake and an imprint on the alternative comix scene today.
Newave! features over 800 pages of comics (click here to read the full Table of Contents), as well as a historical introduction by editor Michael Dowers (click here to read), and interviews with several of the more prominent artists featured, such as Brad Foster, Artie Romero, Steve Willis, Dennis Worden, Bob X, J.R. Williams, Roger May, Tom Hosier, George Erling, and Bob Vojtko.
"Newave is not about artsploitation. Newave is about ideas. Nothing is taboo. Nothing is censored. No one is told what or what not to draw… Newave is social, political, rebellious, humorous, irreverent, libelous, inane, argumentative, blasé, blatant, belligerent, blasphemous, insane, kinky, ridiculous, absurd, loving, sleazy, and topical. Newave is back talk… Newave is the child of instant printing. Anyone can learn it. Anyone can participate. There are no aristocrats of newave, no comix stars. Newave is communication returned to people. It is out of the control of the mind manipulators…" – Excerpts from Clay Geerdes' Newave Manifesto, 1983
Download an EXCLUSIVE 36-page PDF excerpt (2 MB) with samples from throughout the book.


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*FULL* Family Design Day: Gingerbread Design
$14 ($12 for BSA members, $2 MA EBT Card holders)
Design Enthusiasts
Join in a holiday tradition while learning design skills. Tour the gingerbread houses designed by local design firms for the BSA Foundation's annual Gingerbread Design Competition and then create the house of your candy-filled dreams!
This family program is designed for caregivers and children aged five to 13 years old. A maximum ratio of one adult per three children will be required. Please register both children and adults.
Family Design Day programs encourage children and adults to observe, explore, and design together. In these two-hour hands-on workshops, families are introduced to architecture and design through exhibition tours, walking tours, or slide shows and then complete a hands-on design activity. Architects and design educators lead the activities focused on the built environment of Boston and the world.
BSA Space is one block from South Station. Enter through the BSA Space entrance and go up the green staircase. The program begins promptly at start time.
Your registration includes acceptance of our image release and consent policy.
Registrants to this event will be added to the BSA Space mailing list for updates on future public programs and exhibitions. Registrants may unsubscribe at any time. Email addresses will not be shared or sold to third parties.
Lead supporters of youth design education through Provoking Change Legacy Circle membership: