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Use of Capnography in Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Critical Care
Samuel M. Galvagno Jr., D.O.
Bhavani shankar Kodali MD
Samuel M. Galvagno Jr., D.O. Chief Resident, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA The measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) in expired air directly indicates changes in the elimination of C02 from the lungs. Indirectly, it indicates changes in the production of C02 at the tissue level and in the delivery of C02 to the lungs by the circulatory system. Capnography is a non-invasive monitoring technique that allows fast and reliable insight into ventilation, circulation, and metabolism (1). In the prehospital environment, it is used primarily for confirmation of successful endotracheal intubation, but it may also be a useful indicator of efficient ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In patients with hemorrhage, capnography provides information regarding tissue perfusion and may help guide fluid resuscitation (1).
Numerous national organizations, including the American Heart Association, now endorse capnography and capnographic methods for confirming endotracheal tube placement (2). Despite these recommendations, capnography is not always widely available nor consistently applied (3).
Application of Capnography in the Prehospital Arena
When CO2 is absent as measured by end-tidal capnography, it means either the endotracheal tube is in the wrong position (esophageal) or there is an absent or decreased presentation of CO2 to the lungs.
The most catastrophic complication of endotracheal intubation is inadvertent esophageal intubation. Correct placement of the endotracheal tube is suggested by, but not confirmed by the following methods:
• Bilateral, equal breath sounds
• Bilateral chest wall movements
• Absence of breath sounds / gurgling over the stomach / epigastrium
• Fogging of the endotracheal tube
• Tube / cuff palpation in the neck or suprasternal notch
• Disappearance of cyanosis
Capnography can be used to confirm successful endotracheal intubation. A normal-appearing waveform and a digital numeric display will confirm that the endotracheal tube is in trachea. In low cardiac output states such as shock, cardiac arrest, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with inadequate chest compressions, end-tidal CO2 may not be detected.
As explained in the physiology section, the CO2 concentration reaches a maximal level at the end of exhalation. This maximum concentration is called end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration or tension depending on whether it is expressed in fractional concentration or mm Hg. End-tidal carbon dioxide reflects CO2 concentration of alveoli emptying last. The normal values of end-tidal CO2 is around 5% or 35-37 mm Hg. The gradient between the blood CO2 (PaCO2) and exhaled CO2 (end-tidal CO2 or PetCO2) is usually 5-6 mm Hg. PetCO2 can be used to estimate PaCO2 in patients with essentially normal lungs.
The end-tidal CO2 is detected and measured by colorimetry, capnometry, and capnography. When CO2 is absent as measured by devices used to detect these parameters, either the endotracheal tube is not correctly placed (i.e. esophageal intubation) or there is an absent or decreased presentation of CO2 to the lungs (i.e. cardiac arrest). When cardiac output increases, end-tidal CO2 provides information about adequacy of ventilation and circulation.
Colorimetric Devices
Colorimetric devices provide continuous, semiquantitative end-tidal CO2 monitoring. A typical device has 3 color ranges:
• Purple — EtCO2 < 0.5%
• Tan — EtCO2 0.5-2%
• Yellow – EtCO2 >2%
Normal end-tidal CO2 is >4%; hence, the device should turn yellow when the endotracheal tube is inserted in patients with intact circulation.
Limitations of colorimetric devices include:
• Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement in non-cardiac arrest patients is not always reliable
• The membrane can turn 'yellow' (implies end-tidal CO2 > 2%) when the device is contaminated with acidic substances such as gastric acid, lidocaine, or epinephrine
• The device will not provide a reading if it is clogged with secretions or broken
Capnographs provide both a waveform and digital reading of end-tidal CO2. The digital reading for end-tidal CO2 is often displayed as mm Hg (partial pressure of CO2 in exhaled gas) or as % in exhaled gas. Most of the commonly used devices use infrared absorption of CO2 as principle of operation.
For an understanding of the physics behind capnography, click here to open a new window. Close the window to return to this section.
Capnographs can be main stream or side stream (as described in the physiology section).
Use of Capnography to Optimize Prehospital Ventilation
Capnography is an efficient means of maximizing a patient's ventilatory status during prehospital care and transport (14). Several studies by Davis, et al. have shown that inadvertent hyperventilation of head-injured patients by paramedics has been linked to poor outcomes (15-17). In one of these studies, despite use of capnography, hyperventilation was still common (15). Nevertheless, future ventilation strategies aimed at avoiding hyperventilation (i.e. targeted ventilation strategies) will likely incorporate capnography since analysis of capnographic waveforms may be an important technique for avoidance of potential therapeutic errors (18). The role of prehospital capnography as a means of guiding manual or mechanical ventilatory therapy in unstable or critically ill patients continues to evolve.
Use of Capnography in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
In the 2005 emergency cardiac care (ECC) guidelines released by the American Heart Association, providers in both the Prehospital and hospital arenas are encouraged to utilize end-tidal CO2 detectors to confirm endotracheal tube placement (2). These devices are not intended to take the place of clinical assessment, and when used within the proper context, provide confirmatory data. No study to date has shown a single device to be 100% sensitive and specific for determining proper endotracheal tube placement, and all devices such as end-tidal CO2 detectors should be considered as one of many adjuncts used to confirm successful intubation (2).
Given the simplicity of use, the American Heart Association states that it is reasonable to use end-tidal CO2 detectors in CPR, even for victims of cardiac arrest (2). In several recent studies, including one metaanalysis, one prospective controlled cohort study, and several case reports, end-tidal CO2 detectors have been shown to be useful for endotracheal tube placement (4-11). The sensitivity in these studies has been described as ranging from 20-100%, but the specificity (percentage of incorrect esophageal placement detected when no CO2 is detected) has ranged from 97-100% (2, 4-11). Therefore, the positive predictive value (probability of correct endotracheal tube placement if CO2 is detected) is nearly 100% while the negative predictive value (probability of esophageal tube placement if no CO2 is detected) has a broader range of 20-100% (2, 4-11). CO2 can occasionally be detected when the tube is placed in the esophagus; false positive CO2 determinations have been found in animals that have ingested large amounts of carbonated liquids in a cardiac arrest model (12).
False negative readings, defined as a failure to detect CO2 despite confirmed endotracheal tube placement in the trachea, may still occur during cardiac arrest. In the low-flow hypodynamic state of cardiac arrest, delivery of CO2 to the lungs is decreased. Instances associated with false negative end-tidal CO2 readings after successful endotracheal intubation also include:
• Massive pulmonary embolism
• Contamination of CO2 detector with gastric contents or acidic drugs (including epinephrine administered via the endotracheal tube)
• Severe airway obstruction (status asthmaticus)
• Severe pulmonary edema
Detection of CO2 may be reduced following an intravenous bolus of epinephrine (13). Studies in animals and humans have demonstrated that end-tidal CO2 decreases when a large dose of epinephrine is used during CPR (29). Epinephrine administration may decrease end-tidal CO2 tensions in cardiac arrest, but it does so unpredictably (29). End-tidal CO2 decreases an average 0.3 Torr after epinephrine administration (29). This decrease in end-tidal CO2 has been attributed to an increase in shunt fraction and also due to a drop in cardiac output secondary to increased afterload by epinephrine (30). The duration of decrease in end-tidal CO2 has not been quantified, but this phenomenon may be clinically useful for timing subsequent epinephrine dosing (31). Hence, in cases where CO2 is not detected following what appears to be a successful endotracheal intubation, secondary confirmatory methods should be used such as direct visualization or esophageal detector devices (2).
End-tidal CO2, as measured continuously with capnography, can be used to provide feedback to optimize chest compressions during CPR (32). Monitoring end-tidal CO2 during cardiac arrest may detect unrecognized CPR provider fatigue.
Use of Capnography in Trauma Resuscitation
End-tidal CO2 is a marker of pathophysiological states encountered in trauma since it reflects cardiac output. Deakin et al. showed that end-tidal CO2 may be of value in predicting outcome from major trauma (19). In a study of 191 blunt trauma patients, only 5% of patients with an end-tidal CO2 determination of 3.25 kPa survived to discharge (19).
Despite the findings from Davis et al., other studies have shown capnography to be of value for tight control of ventilation in prehospital major trauma victims (15-17, 20). Helm et al. showed that the incidence of normoventilation was significantly higher (63.2% vs. 20%, p<0.0001) in a group of patients who were monitored with capnography in the field (20).
Use of Capnography in Pediatric Emergencies
Correct tracheal tube placement is essential in the care of all ventilated patients and the use of capnography in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) may be even more important than in the adult intensive care unit. A survey conducted by PICU physicians in the United Kingdom revealed up to 89% of consultants had less than 1 year of training in anesthesiology (21). While not universally available, capnography may help avoid serious morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients who require confirmation of proper endotracheal tube placement.
End-tidal CO2 monitoring for pediatric patients in the prehospital setting has been shown to be safe, effective, and potentially life-saving (22). Use of devices such as the Capno-Flo © resuscitator during transport of critically ill children has been shown to be 100% sensitive an specific for initial confirmation of correct endotracheal tube position (23). While such devices might be useful for initial confirmation, they may not be as useful as capnography for continuous evaluation of endotracheal tube position during transport.
Capnography as a Prognostic Indicator
The relationship between cardiac output and end-tidal CO2 is logarithmic (24). Decreased presentation of CO2 to the lungs is the major rate-limiting determinant of the end-tidal CO2 during periods of low blood flow. White et al. studied the utility of end-tidal CO2 measurements in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (25). They concluded that capnography can detect the presence of pulmonary blood flow even in the absence of major pulses (pseudo-electromechanical dissociation) and also can rapidly indicate changes in pulmonary blood flow (cardiac output) caused by alterations in cardiac rhythm (25).
Data suggests that the end-tidal CO2 correlates well with coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) (26). It is also known to correlate with cerebral perfusion pressure and blood flow during CPR, but not with neurologic outcome (27). This correlation between perfusion pressure and end-tidal CO2 is likely to be secondary to the relationship of end-tidal CO2 and cardiac output.
Callaham et al. used initial end-tidal CO2 readings to predict return of spontaneous pulse during CPR (28). Patients who developed a pulse had a mean end-tidal CO2 of 19 +/- 14 Torr at the start of resuscitation as opposed to those who did not have a mean PetCO2 of 5 +/- 4 Torr (28). Using an initial end-tidal CO2 value of 15 torr, the authors were able to identify 71% of the patients who were subsequently resuscitated with a specificity of 98% (28). However, the end-tidal CO2 value was not found to be a sufficient criterion by itself for terminating resuscitation efforts.
Capnographic measurements have been evaluated as a prognostic indicator of outcome in cardiac arrest. Ahrens et al. recommended using capnography for its prognostic value (33). In a study of 127 patients, all but 1 patient with an end-tidal CO2 value less than 10 mm Hg died before discharge (33). The results of this study were confirmed with another prospective investigation involving 139 adult victims of out-of-hospital, non-traumatic cardiac arrest. None of the patients with an average, initial, and final end-tidal CO2 level of less than 10 mm Hg were successfully resuscitated (34). The authors concluded that end-tidal CO2 monitoring can be correlated with resuscitation outcome in CPR. In another study by Salen et al., end-tidal values greater than 35 torr, as measured by a mainstream capnography, were associated with improved chances of survival as compared to the median end-tidal CO2 level of 13.7 torr for nonsurvivors (35). In the same study, capnography was shown to be superior to cardiac sonography (35).
1. Kupnik D, Skok P. Capnometry in the prehospital setting: are we using its potential? J Emerg Med 2007; 24(9): 614-617.
2. 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 7.1: Adjuncts for Airway Control and Ventilation. Circulation 2005;112:IV-51 – IV-57.
3. Deiorio NM. Continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring for confirmation of endotracheal tube placement is neither widely available nor consistently applied by emergency physicians. J Emerg Med 2005; 22(7): 490-493.
4. Li J. Capnography alone is imperfect for endotracheal tube placement confirmation during emergency intubation. J Emerg Med. 2001; 20: 223–229
5. Grmec S. Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2002; 28: 701–704.
6. Anton WR, Gordon RW, Jordan TM, Posner KL, Cheney FW. A disposable end-tidal CO2 detector to verify endotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 1991; 20: 271–275.
7. Bhende MS, Thompson AE, Cook DR, Saville AL. Validity of a disposable end-tidal CO2 detector in verifying endotracheal tube placement in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med. 1992; 21: 142–145.
8. MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, Yealy DM, Menegazzi JJ. Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection. Ann Emerg Med. 1991; 20: 267–270.
9. Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM, Slovis CM, Wrenn KD, Pepe PE, Almeida SL, Ginger VF, Fotre TV. Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med. 1992; 21: 518–523.
10. Takeda T, Tanigawa K, Tanaka H, Hayashi Y, Goto E, Tanaka K. The assessment of three methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the emergency setting. Resuscitation. 2003; 56: 153–157.
11. Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K. The efficacy of esophageal detector devices in verifying tracheal tube placement: a randomized cross-over study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesth Analg. 2001; 92: 375–378.
12. Sum Ping ST, Mehta MP, Symreng T. Accuracy of the FEF CO2 detector in the assessment of endotracheal tube placement. Anesth Analg. 1992; 74: 415–419.
13. Cantineau JP, Merckx P, Lambert Y, Sorkine M, Bertrand C, Duvaldestin P. Effect of epinephrine on end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med. 1994; 12: 267–270.
14. Deakin CD, Sado DM, Coats TJ, Davies G. Capnography. Air Med J 2001; 20 (5): 27-29.
15. Davis DP. Dunford JV. Ochs M, et al. " The use of quantitative end-tidal capnometry to avoid inadvertent severe hyperventilation in patients with head injury after paramedic rapid sequence intubation." J Trauma 2004 56(4):808-14.
16. Davis DP. Hoyt DB. Ochs M, et al. "The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury." J Trauma 2003 Mar;54(3):444-53.
17. Davis DP. Dunford JV. Post JC. Ochs M, et al. " The impact of hypoxia and hyperventilation on outcome after paramedic rapid sequence intubation of severely head-injured patients." J Trauma 2004;57(1):1-8; discussion 8-10.
18. Rhoades C, Thomas F. Capnography: beyond the numbers. Air Med J 2002; 21(2): 43-48.
19. Deakin CD, Sado DM, Coats TJ, Davies G. Prehospital end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration and outcome in major trauma. J Trauma 2004; 57(1): 65-68.
20. Helm M, Schuster R, Hauke J, Lampl L. Tight control of prehospital ventilation by capnography in major trauma victims. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90(3): 327-332.
21. Cumming C, McFadzean J. A survey of the use of capnography for the confirmation of correct placement of tracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care units in the UK. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15(7): 591-596.
22. Bhende MS, LaCovey DC. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in the prehospital setting. Prehospital Emergency Care 2001; 5(2): 208-213.
23. Bhende MS, Allen WD. Evaluation of a Capno-Flo resuscitator during transport of critically ill children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2002; 18(6): 414-416.
24. Ornato JP, Garnett AR, Glauser FL, Virginia R. Relationship between cardiac output and the end-tidal carbondioxide tension. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19: 1104-1106.
25. White RD, Asplin BR. Out of hospital quantitative monitoring of end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during CPR. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23: 25-30.
26. Sanders AB, Atlas M, Ewy GA, et al. Expired PCO2 as an index of coronary perfusion pressure. Am J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 147-149.
27. Lewis L M, Sthothert J, Standeven J et al . Correlation of end-tidal carbondioxide to cerebral perfusion during CPR. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:1131-4.
28. Callaham M, Barton C. Prediction of outcome of CPR from end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 358-362.
29. Callaham M, Barton C, Mathay M. Effect of epinephrine on the ability of end-tidal carbon dioxide readings to predict initial resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:337-343.
30. Chase PB, Kern KB, Sanders AB, et al. Effects of graded doses of epinephrine on both non invasive and invasive measures of myocardial perfusion and blood flow during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:413-9.
31. Ward KR, Yealy DM. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in emergency medicine. Part 2: Clinical applications. Acad Emerg Med 1998; 5: 637-646.
32. Kalenda Z. Capnogram as a guide to the efficacy of cardiac massage. Resuscitation 1978; 6:259-63.
33. Ahrens, T, Schallom L, Bettorf K, Ellner S, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide measurements as a prognostic indicator of outcome in cardiac arrest. Am J Crit Care 2001; 10(6): 391-399.
34. Grmec S, Klemen P. Does the end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) concentration have prognostic value during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest? Eur J Emerg Med 2001; 8(4): 263-269.
35. Salen P, O'Connor R, Sierzenski P, Passarello B, et al. Can cardiac sonography and capnography be used independently and in combination to predict resuscitation outcomes? Acad Emerg Med 2001; 8(6): 610-


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So you decided to run with the best of the best, and join the Elite Heat or just run competitively to push yourself in the competitive division:
We're excited to see you stepping up your Spartan game, however there are some things you need to know:
- You MUST arrive on time for your heat. If you show up late you will be disqualified from the heat.
- You also agree to get no outside help on obstacles, providing aid such as food or drink, or medical help outside of getting medical advice.
- You will be filmed at multiple obstacles for review for proper burpee completion.
- You have until the end of the race day to review the film (only in case of disputed situations).
- If you do not complete 30 proper burpees (as described at the start of the heat) you will be penalized 30 seconds per missed/incorrect burpee, up to 10, for a total of a 5 minute penalty.
- If you have more than 10 missed/incorrect burpees you will be disqualified.
- All timing concerns for the podium must be disputed no more than 1 hour prior to the award ceremony.
- It is up to you to count the burpees, it is not the job of the course monitors, volunteers etc.
Please Note: If you are disqualified, for any reason, you will not get a finish time and will not be able to be moved to the open heat. No refunds or credits to a future event will be given. Disqualified races will not count toward your trifecta, or point series ranking.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Deward Berdell Bentley\n\n"Bert"\n\nFERRON - Deward Berdell Bentley, "Bert", age 78, passed away April 18, 2013 at his home in Ferron, Utah. Bert was born August 3, 1934 in Cedar City, Utah to Deward and Maxine Stevens Bentley. He married Mary Lue Madsen July 31, 1952 in Logan, Utah.\n\nBert graduated from Parowan High School in 1952. He was a member of the IBEW Local 354 and the Southeast Utah OHV Club. His hobbies included rebuilding old truck and cars, hunting and camping in the mountains, 4-wheeling, wildlife photography, and boating at Lake Powell. But what he enjoyed most was spending time with family, especially his grandchildren. Bert looked forward to family reunions and family campouts. He will be remembered as a loving husband, father, grandfather, and great-grandfather who loved his family, someone who could fix anything, and someone who loved to help others.\n\nBert is survived by his wife, Mary; children, Debra (Richard) Burr of Ferron, and Troy (Tammy) Bentley of Huntington; siblings: Rodney (Jerrlyn) Bentley of Cedar City, Utah, Beverly Gillins of Tremonton, Utah, Brenda Lamoreaux of Butte, Montana, and Randy Bentley of Perry, Utah; brother-in-law, Harold (LaRee) Madsen of Salt Lake City, Utah; 10 grandchildren; and 19 3/4 great-grandchildren.\n\nHe was preceded in death by his parents, Deward and Maxine Bentely; two sons, Danny and Tommy Bentley; in-laws, Arvel and Vay Madsen; brothers-in-law, Ray Gillins and Michael Lamoreaux; sisters-in-law, Joy Lynn Bentley, Wanana Hendersen, and Roberta Raiser Madsen; son-in-law, John Royle; two nephews; one niece; and several close friends.\n\nFuneral services will be held Tuesday, April 23, 2013 at 11:00 a.m. at the Ferron LDS Stake Center (555 South 400 West, Ferron). There will be a viewing Monday, April 22 from 6:00 - 7:00 p.m. at Fausett Mortuary (720 North Center St., Castle Dale) and on Tuesday at the church from 9:30 - 10:30 a.m. prior to the services. Interment will be in the Ferron City Cemetery. Services are in the care of Fausett Mortuary. Family and friends may sign the guest book and share memories of Bert at www.fausettmortuary.com.


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In an effort to slow the spread of the fungus-borne disease, state and federal officials initially closed all caves on public lands. Caves owned by conservancies and caving organizations in states where WNS had been found followed suit.
"A number of caving events were called off, and the communities that hosted them suffered financially," said Peter Youngbaer, WNS liaison for the National Speleological Society. The closures also took their toll on campgrounds and cafes in caving areas, he said.
Since then, as decontamination protocols were established for cavers and their gear, and as scientists learned more about the nature of the disease, a number of caves once closed have reopened, or are barring access only during winter hibernation months.
"It's now a patchwork of closures that can make it a challenge for cavers to know where to go," said Youngbaer. But National Speleological Society members are committed to continue working with state and federal scientists to learn more about WNS and limit its effect on cave dwelling bats, while promoting public awareness about the disease and cave conservation, Youngbaer said.
More than 1,100 cavers from across the world have gathered this week in Lewisburg to take part in the National Speleological Society's 2012 convention, nicknamed MayaCon 2012, in humorous homage to the Mayan calendar's supposed end-of-the-world forecast for the year in progress.
"Back in 2004, when we started planning for this convention, there was no white-nose syndrome," said John Pearson of Renick, co-chairman of MayaCon 2012. But for the past several NSS national conventions, the disease has been a major topic of discussion, he said.
At this year's convention, those making presentations on WNS included Jeremy Coleman, head of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's WNS program, and Craig Stihler of the West Virginia DNR, who coordinates the state's effort to combat the disease.
Coleman said one research topic now occupying scientists is trying to determine why European bat populations infected with the fungus associated with WNS aren't prone to the same massive die-offs as their American cousins. While bat mortality has approached 100 percent at some Eastern U.S. hibernation caves where WNS is present, and the national death toll from the disease has been estimated as high as 6.7 million bats, the disease has claimed very few European bats.
Many bats that fall victim to WNS die from exposure, after they are awakened from hibernation and leave the shelter of their caves in mid-winter, apparently in search of food.
"We need to know exactly what it is that drives them out of their caves," Coleman said. "We also need to understand why some bat species don't seem to be affected while others are being decimated."
Stihler said the Virginia big-eared bat, a federally listed endangered species, hibernates in relatively large numbers in West Virginia caves where WNS has been detected, but shows no sign of being affected by the disease.
"In fact, we now have the highest number of Virginia big-eared bats on record hibernating here," he said. "Since WNS showed up in the state, it's the only species that doesn't seem to be affected by it."
"We've come a long way in the past four or five years," Coleman said, "and the caving community has a lot to do with it."
In addition to helping Department of Natural Resources and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel conduct bat surveys inside and outside hibernation caves, cavers have been invaluable in detecting new outbreaks of WNS and educating the public about the disease.
"The first confirmed report of white-nose syndrome in West Virginia came from a caver exploring a cave in Pendleton County," Stihler said. "So did the first reports of white-nose in Monongalia and Preston counties."
Pearson said that although only a small percentage of the 1,300 caves in Greenbrier County accommodate bat hibernation, cavers visiting any cave should decontaminate their gear and garb after each trip underground.
|Eight-year-old Texan Zach Schwartz suits up for a crawl through a sensor-equipped simulated cave, in which he will be scored for avoiding contact with delicate cave features and refraining from touching a simulated bat.
At the convention, decontamination kits containing plastic bags, duct tape, disinfectant wipes and spray, are made available to cavers taking part in the 40 organized caving trips, and countless other self-guided trips, that take place daily during the weeklong convention. The bags and duct tape are used to quarantine clothing and gear, removed immediately after leaving a cave, for transport to a decontamination station set up near the convention's campground, located on a grassy expanse of State Fair land.
The decontamination facility includes several power washers, a series of screen tables on which clothes and gear are placed while power washing takes places, and tubs filled with disinfectants and detergents.
Among those using the setup Tuesday afternoon was Avra Cohen of New York City, a member of the National Speleological Society's New York City Grotto, just back from a visit to 16.4-mile McClung's Cave.
"It's my first convention and my first time down here," said Cohen, as he arranged his cave-soiled coveralls on a screen table in preparation for power washing. "It's great that someone put all these caves so close together. I've been having all kinds of fun getting into big rooms and going through tight passages."
"The caves down here are big and beautiful, and there are a lot of them," added Tim Burlingame, who was decontaminating his gear following a crawl through Scotts Hollow Cave.
Headquarters for convention activities is Greenbrier East High School, where conventioneers tour exhibits, listen to speakers and sign up for activities ranging from cave photography to cave conservation and management.
In the school's gymnasium, climbers take part in workshops to hone climbing skills, such as re-belaying, and take part in competitions involving ascending gear and wooden squeezeboxes, used to determine who can wriggle through the narrowest passage.
Source: WV Gazette


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Living in the End Times (According to Slavoj Zizek)
Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek, akaThe Elvis of cultural theory, is given the floor to show of his polemic style and whirlwind-like performance.
The Giant of Ljubljana is bombarded with clips of popular media images and quotes by modern-day thinkers revolving around four major issues: the economical crisis, environment, Afghanistan and the end of democracy.
Zizek grabs the opportunity to ruthlessly criticize modern capitalism and to give his view on our common future. We communists are back! is the closing remark of Slavoj Zizeks provocative performance.
Our current capitalist system, that everyone believed would be smoothly spread around the globe, is untenable. We find ourselves on the brink of big problems that call for big solutions.
Whatever is left of the left, has been hedged in by western liberal democracy and seems to lack the energy to come up with radical solutions. Not Zizek.


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| Article Summary:
5 Alternative Actions To Manage Herniated Disc Pain!
Many patients who hear a diagnosis of a herniated disc immediately question whether spinal surgery is in their future. Whether or not surgery is the right option should be discussed with one's doctor. However, most patients can find back pain relief using more conservative treatments.
The most common school of thought on treating herniated discs focuses on treating pain. Anti-inflammatory drugs, cortisone injections, hot packs, ultrasound, and therapeutic exercises fall in this category.
While pain relief is important, the weakness of this approach is it fails to address the underlying cause of the herniated disc: why did it herniate in the first place? Ignoring the cause leads to repeated doctor visits for pain treatment. As pain worsens over time, surgery becomes a presented option.
A better approach is to understand the reason for the herniation and correct the problem. Not just mask the symptoms with pain killers.
Click To Enlarge.
Patients With A Herniated Disc Have To Wonder
Whether Spinal Surgery Is In Their Future.
Why A Disc Herniates
- Outside of trauma, herniated discs do not happen overnight. They occur from long term uneven pressure on the disc due to postural dysfunctions caused by muscle imbalances.
Think of a jelly donut. If someone places a lot of pressure on one side and less on the other, the jelly is likely to bulge out the opposite side from the pressure. With enough pressure, the jelly will break through the donut. On the other hand, if the same amount of pressure was placed evenly across the entire donut the jelly might compress but would likely stay intact inside the donut.
Similarly, when muscle imbalances create improper hip and spine posture, the spinal discs between the vertebrae are unnaturally forced to sustain more weight and stress on one side than the other. Eventually, the disc wears down leading to a bulging, herniated or even a ruptured disc.
Click To Enlarge.
Uneven Weight On Spinal Discs Can Lead
To Bulging, Herniated Or Even A Ruptured Disc.
Non-Surgical Alternative Treatments For Herniated Discs
- There are at least five significant actions one can take right at home to help treat and reduce back pain from a herniated disc. Each is a superior alternative treatment to spinal surgery in most cases.
- Reduce inflammation by increasing fluid intake (preferably by drinking clean water), improving eating habits, and reducing excess fibrin with proteolytic enzymes when possible.
- Stop pain spasms, improve blood flow and increase range of motion with heat and cold therapy. The most effective and safe form of heat therapy is Far Infrared Heat (FIR).
- Decompress the disc using inversion therapy. Excellent inversion tables can be purchased for this purpose for just a few hundred dollars.
- Eliminate referred pain caused by trigger points which are a form of tiny muscular contraction knots.
- Correct postural dysfunctions through stretching and exercise targeting specific muscle imbalances to eliminate the underlying root cause of your disc herniation.


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Father's Day "Taste Before You Buy!" (past)
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Stop in today to learn more, or give us a call at 585-377-1860. You can also write to us via email through our website's contact page. Thanks for making Lisa's Liquor Barn the best place to shop for wine and spirits in Rochester!


text: = Welcome to !VirtualBox.org! = {{{ #!html News Flash New Jan 30, 2007VirtualBox at CeBIT 2007 InnoTek will exhibit at CeBIT 2007 in Hannover, Germany (Mar 15-21) in the Linux Park (Hall 5, Booth G57/3). Don't miss this event! New Jan 16, 2007User FAQ. We now have a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for end users available. New Jan 15, 2007VirtualBox goes open source! InnoTek today has released its leading virtualization product as open source and launched virtualbox.org as the online community to further develop the product. More information... }}} !InnoTek !VirtualBox is a family of powerful x86 [wiki:"Virtualization" virtualization] products for enterprise as well as home use. Not only is !VirtualBox an extremely feature rich, high performance product for enterprise customers, it is also the only professional solution that is freely available as Open Source Software under the terms of the GNU Public License (GPL). See "[wiki:"VirtualBox" About VirtualBox]" for an introduction; see "InnoTek" for more about our company. Presently, !VirtualBox runs on Windows and Linux 32-bit hosts and supports a large number of [wiki:"Status: Guest OSes" guest operating systems] including but not limited to Windows (NT 4.0, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista), DOS/Windows 3.x, Linux (2.4 and 2.6), and OpenBSD. !VirtualBox is being actively developed with frequent releases and has an ever growing list of features, supported guest operating systems and platforms it runs on. !VirtualBox is a community effort backed by a dedicated company: everyone is encouraged to contribute while !InnoTek ensures the product always meets professional quality criteria. On this site, you can find sources, binaries, documentation and other resources for !VirtualBox. If you are interested in !VirtualBox (both as a user, or possibly as a contributor), this website is for you.


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Global radiation
Global (short wave) radiation includes that radiation energy reaching the ground directly from the sun and that received indirectly from the sky, scattered downwards by clouds, dust particles, etc.
A high correlation exists between daily global radiation and daily hours of sunshine. On the north-west coast around Port Hedland, where average daily global radiation is the highest for Australia (640 milliwatt hours), average daily sunshine is also highest, being approximately 10 hours. Sunshine is more dependent on variations in cloud coverage than is global radiation, since the latter includes diffuse radiation from the sky as well as direct radiation from the sun. An example is Darwin where, in the dry month of July, sunshine approaches twice that of the wet (cloudy) month of January, but global radiation amounts for the two months are comparable.
Sunshine here refers to bright or direct sunshine. Australia receives relatively large amounts of sunshine although seasonal cloud formations have a notable effect on its spatial and temporal distribution. Cloud cover reduces both incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, and thus affects sunshine, air temperature and other climatic elements on the Earth's surface.
Most of the continent receives more than 3,000 hours of sunshine a year, or nearly 70% of the total possible. In central Australia and the mid-west coast of Western Australia, totals slightly in excess of 3,500 hours occur. Totals of less than 1,750 hours occur on the west coast and highlands of Tasmania; this amount is only 40% of the total possible per year (about 4,380 hours).
In southern Australia, the duration of sunshine is greatest about December when the sun is at its highest elevation, and lowest in June when the sun is lowest. In northern Australia, sunshine is generally greatest over the period August to October prior to the wet season, and least over the period January to March during the wet season.
Seasonal changes in cloudiness vary with the distribution of rainfall. In the southern parts of the continent, particularly in the coastal and low-lying areas, the winter months are generally more cloudy than the summer months. This is due to the formation of extensive areas of stratiform cloud and fog during the colder months, when the structure of the lower layers of the atmosphere favours the physical processes resulting in this type of cloud. Particularly strong seasonal variability of cloud cover exists in northern Australia where skies are clouded during the summer wet season and mainly cloudless during the winter dry season. Cloud coverage is greater near coasts and on the windward slopes of the eastern uplands of Australia and less over the dry interior.
The formation of fog depends on the occurrence of favourable meteorological elements - mainly temperature, humidity, wind and cloud cover. The nature of the local terrain is important for the development of fog and there is a tendency for this phenomenon to persist in valleys and hollows. The incidence of fog may vary significantly over distances as short as one kilometre.
Fog in Australia tends to be more common in the south than the north, although parts of the east coastal areas are relatively fog-prone even in the tropics. Incidence is much greater in the colder months, particularly in the eastern uplands. Fog may persist during the day, but rarely until the afternoon over the interior. The highest fog incidence at a capital city is at Canberra which has an average of 47 days per year on which fog occurs, 29 of which are in the period May to August. Brisbane averages 20 days of fog per year. Darwin averages only two days per year, in the months of July and August.
The mid-latitude anticyclones are the chief determinants of Australia's two main prevailing wind streams. In relation to the west-east axes of the anticyclones these streams are easterly to the north and westerly to the south. The cycles of development, motion and decay of low-pressure systems to the north and south of the anticyclones result in diversity of wind-flow patterns. Wind variations are greatest around the coasts where diurnal land and sea-breeze effects are important.
Orography affects the prevailing wind pattern in various ways, such as the channelling of winds through valleys, deflection by mountains and cold air drainage from highland areas. An example of this channelling is the high frequency of north-west winds at Hobart caused by the north-west to south-east orientation of the Derwent River Valley.
Perth is the windiest capital with an average wind speed of 15.6 km/h; Canberra is the least windy with an average wind speed of 5.4 km/h.
The highest wind speeds and wind gusts recorded in Australia have been associated with tropical cyclones. The highest recorded gust was 267 km/h at Learmonth, Western Australia on 22 March 1999 (occurring with Tropical Cyclone Vance); gusts reaching 200 km/h have been recorded on several occasions in northern Australia with cyclone visitations. The highest gusts recorded at Australian capitals were 217 km/h at Darwin and 156 km/h at Perth.
Drought, in general terms, refers to an acute deficit of water supply to meet a specified demand. The best single measure of water availability in Australia is rainfall, although parameters such as evaporation and soil moisture are significant, even dominant in some situations. Demands for water are very diverse, hence the actual declaration of drought conditions for an area will generally also depend on the effects of a naturally occurring water deficit on the principal local industries.
Since the 1860s there have been 10 major Australian droughts. Some of these major droughts could be described as periods consisting of a series of dry spells of various lengths, overlapping in time and space, and totalling up to about a decade. The drought periods of 1895-1903 (the so-called 'Federation drought'), 1958-68, 1982-83 and 1991-95 were the most devastating in terms of their extent and effects on primary production. The latter drought resulted in a possible $5b cost to Australia's economy, and $590m in drought relief by the Commonwealth Government. The remaining major droughts occurred in 1864-66 (and 1868), 1880-86, 1888, 1911-16, 1918-20 and 1939-45.
In this same period, several droughts of lesser severity caused significant losses over large areas of some states. They occurred in 1922-23 and 1926-29, 1933-38, 1946-49, 1951-52, 1970-72, 1976 and 1997-2000.
South-eastern Australia (New South Wales, southern Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania and the settled parts of South Australia) contains about 75% of the nation's population, and droughts affecting this region have a markedly adverse impact on the economy. There have been nine severe droughts in south-eastern Australia since 1888, and these were encompassed within the major Australian droughts specified above, except for the severe drought in 1972. Drought definitions, and the area of coverage and length of droughts, together with related information, may be obtained from the article Drought in Australia in Year Book Australia 1988.
Widespread flood rainfall may occur anywhere in Australia, but it has a higher incidence in the north and in the eastern coastal areas. It is most economically damaging along the shorter streams flowing from the eastern uplands eastward to the seaboard of Queensland and New South Wales. These flood rains are notably destructive in the more densely populated coastal river valleys of New South Wales - the Tweed, Richmond, Clarence, Macleay, Hunter and Nepean-Hawkesbury - all of which experience relatively frequent flooding. Although chiefly caused by summer rains, they may occur in any season.
The great Fitzroy and Burdekin river basins of Queensland receive flood rains during the summer wet seasons. Much of the run-off due to heavy rain in north Queensland west of the eastern uplands flows southward through the normally dry channels of the network of rivers draining the interior lowlands into Lake Eyre. This widespread rain may cause floods over an extensive area, but it soon seeps away or evaporates, occasionally reaching the lake in quantity. The Condamine and other northern tributaries of the Darling also carry large volumes of water from flood rains south through western New South Wales to the Murray, and flooding occurs along their courses at times.
Flood rains occur at irregular intervals in the Murray-Murrumbidgee system of New South Wales and Victoria, the coastal streams of southern Victoria and the north coast streams of Tasmania.


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The iofoto collection comes from a wonderful team of photographers and digital artists. We love exploring new visual territory!
Every image is meticulously color-corrected and retouched to the highest industry standards. With a never-ending investment in technology and 100% digital workflow, we deliver fresh and highly marketable images.
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Related Content
The Palestinian refugee issue originated in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, when five Arab armies invaded the State of Israel just hours after it was established. During the ensuing war, as many as 750,000 Palestinian Arabs fled their homes in the newly created state as a result of many factors. Some of the Palestinian Arabs who fled did so to avoid the ongoing war or at the urging of Arab leaders, and expected to return after a quick and certain Arab victory over the new Jewish state. Other Palestinians were forced to flee by individuals or groups fighting for Israel.
Of the Palestinians who left, one-third went to the West Bank (which was under Jordanian control), one-third went to the Gaza Strip (under Egypt's control), and the remainder to Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
The Arab nations refused to absorb these Palestinians into their societies and they were instead settled into refugee camps, insisting that citizen and integration would undermine the refugees' right to return to their homes in Palestine. Only Jordan's King Abdullah conferred citizenship on the 200,000 Palestinian living in Jordan and the Jordanian-controlled West Bank and East Jerusalem. In 1949, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was created to oversee the economic integration of the refugees into these Arab countries. UNRWA continues to operate, providing relief, health care, education and vocational training to the refugee populations in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
During the 1967 Six Day War, another estimated 250,000 Palestinians fled the West Bank and Gaza Strip with the arrival of Israeli forces. Some of these were people who had left their homes in Israel in 1948. These individuals are considered by the international community to be displaced persons, not refugees.
A Jewish refugee problem was also created with the establishment of the State of Israel. From 1948-1951 as many as 800,000 Jews were expelled from their native Arab and Muslim nations or forced to flee as a result of state-sponsored anti-Zionist violence. They left behind their property and the lives they had built in these lands over hundreds of years. As many as 500,000 of these refugees fled from Iraq, Tunisia, Syria, Egypt, Yemen, Algeria, Libya and Morocco and were absorbed into the new State of Israel. Others fled to Europe and North and South America.
Tallying the number of individuals considered Palestinian refugees today is a matter of intense debate. UNRWA, classifies Palestinian refugees as those who left Israel in 1948; those who left the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967; those who were abroad but were subsequently not allowed to return to Israel; and all of their descendants. According to UNWRA, this totals five million Palestinian refugees. UNRWA's statistics include those residing in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. (Note: UNRWA's policy of including the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of those who left in 1948 and 1967 into the refugee population for demographic and aid purposes is unique among refugee populations, and is not a done for any other refugee group.)
Israel believes the UNRWA statistics are exaggerated and further distinguishes "refugees" from "displaced persons" and from "expired permit Palestinians" who were abroad at the time the conflicts ensued and were not allowed to return.
Palestinian insistence that refugees must have a "right of return" to their former homes inside Israel, and that this "right" is founded in international law, is rejected by Israel. Israel denies that there is any foundation in international law for a Palestinian "right of return," and that the non-binding international resolutions on the issue call not for a "return" to Israel, but for a just resolution of the refugee problem. Since the start of the Oslo process, refugees are considered one of the "final status" issues, along with borders, security, settlements and Jerusalem, that are to be negotiated as part of a final Israeli-Palestinian agreement.
Israel also argues that a "return" is not viable for such a small state, given that the influx of millions of Palestinians into Israel would pose a threat to its national security and upset the country's demographic makeup. In the decades that the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) did not recognize Israel's right to exist and actively sought to bring about Israel's downfall and replace it with a Palestinian state, the "right of return" of Palestinian refugees was a rallying cry. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist and committed to a negotiating process to establish an independent Palestinian state alongside the State of Israel. Given this reality, American Presidents including President Bill Clinton, President George W. Bush and President Barack Obama have publicly stated that Palestinian refugees should rightly be resettled in a future Palestinian state and not inside Israel.
Israel maintains that it is not responsible for the Palestinian refugee problem since it is the result of a war forced on Israel by invading Arab armies. However, Israel has stated that on humanitarian grounds it would participate in an international effort to resolve the situation. Such an effort would be a result of a mutually negotiated peace agreement and likely involve Palestinian refugees settling in newly established state of Palestine, an international compensation fund, and individual cases of family reunification.
Any international effort would also need to consider the situation of the 800,000 Jews who were expelled from their native Arab and Muslim nations or forced to flee as a result of state-sponsored anti-Jewish violence following the founding of the State of Israel.


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Arby's is living up to its "we have the meats" slogan with the nationwide debut of its venison sandwich.
The sandwich will be available on Oct. 21 in 3,300 restaurants, according to USA Today. In addition, the fast-food chain will begin selling limited-edition elk sandwiches in three restaurants in Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming.
The venison sandwich features a thick-cut venison steak and crispy onions with a berry sauce on a toasted roll. It will only be available while supplies last.
"If people are interested in trying the sandwich, the only way to guarantee they can get one is to get there when we open or a little before and make sure they are in line, just like the folks last year," said Arby's Chief Marketing Officer Jim Taylor.


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BREAKING: Sens Collins (R-ME) and Lieberman (I-CT) To Introduce Stand Alone DADT Repeal Bill
Below the fold, the newly issued statement from President Obama regarding today's Senate vote on the NDAA/ DADT repeal bill.
From this Tweet came the news:
RT @JoeLieberman: @SenatorCollins and I and others are introducing a free standing bill to repeal #DADT today.
And now this press release from HRC, confirming:
On the free-standing bill:
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: December 9, 2010
Last Best Chance Option Surfaces for DADT Legislative Repeal This Year
Senators Lieberman & Collins Propose Stand-Alone Repeal Measure
WASHINGTON – Today the Human Rights Campaign, the nation's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender civil rights organization, praised the bipartisan proposal under the leadership of Sens. Lieberman and Collins that emerged this evening to pass repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" as a stand-alone piece of legislation. The news comes from a bipartisan group of Senators after today's failed vote to proceed to debate on the National Defense Authorization Act. Human Rights Campaign President Joe Solmonese issued the following statement:
"There has always been strong support in the Senate for repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' and in recent days it's become clear that support reaches far beyond 60 votes. The issue has been the procedure by which the defense bill would be considered and given that no agreement was in place before today's vote on the motion to proceed, that effort was doomed to failure.
"Thankfully a bipartisan group of Senators has committed to finding an alternative method of achieving repeal. We encourage all Senators to expeditiously take up this bill and pass it quickly so that the military has the power to implement a repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell.'
"The fight for open service has had many twists and turns but until 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' is left in the dustbin of history we will never give up the fight."
The Human Rights Campaign is America's largest civil rights organization working to achieve lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender equality. By inspiring and engaging all Americans, HRC strives to end discrimination against LGBT citizens and realize a nation that achieves fundamental fairness and equality for all.
# # #
This is a breaking news story and will be updated as info, links and video becomes available. ~LouiseFrom the White House:
Office of the Press Secretary
December 9, 2010
Statement by the President on the Senate Vote on the National Defense Authorization Act
I am extremely disappointed that yet another filibuster has prevented the Senate from moving forward with the National Defense Authorization Act. Despite having the bipartisan support of a clear majority of Senators, a minority of Senators are standing in the way of the funding upon which our troops, veterans and military families depend. This annual bill has been enacted each of the past 48 years, and our armed forces deserve nothing less this year.
A minority of Senators were willing to block this important legislation largely because they oppose the repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell.' As Commander in Chief, I have pledged to repeal this discriminatory law, a step supported by the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and informed by a comprehensive study that shows overwhelming majorities of our armed forces are prepared to serve with Americans who are openly gay or lesbian. A great majority of the American people agree. This law weakens our national security, diminishes our military readiness, and violates fundamental American principles of fairness, integrity and equality.
I want to thank Majority Leader Reid, Armed Services Committee Chairman Levin, and Senators Lieberman and Collins for all the work they have done on this bill. While today's vote was disappointing, it must not be the end of our efforts. I urge the Senate to revisit these important issues during the lame duck session.


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Missy Franklin pranked California women's swimming coach Teri McKeever when it came time for the five-time Olympic medalist to announce her choice of college.
The 17-year-old led McKeever into thinking she had lost out on arguably the most decorated recruit to enter college swimming.
"My heart sank for about 30 seconds until she cleared it up," McKeever said by phone.
Franklin made it official Wednesday, signing a national letter of intent to swim for the Golden Bears starting next September. The Centennial, Colo., resident plans to swim collegiately for two years and then turn pro before the 2016 Rio Olympics.
McKeever said the plan is for Franklin to earn her college degree and continue training with the Bears as part of their post-graduate ranks, which have included Olympic champions Natalie Coughlin and Dana Vollmer.
Franklin joins a Cal team that is the two-time defending NCAA champion. She was part of a recruiting class that included five other swimmers and a diver.
Franklin's signing capped a busy week for the teenager who won four gold medals and a bronze at the London Olympics under McKeever, who was the U.S. women's coach. Franklin swept the backstroke events in London, with her other three medals coming on relays.
She won five events at last weekend's Minneapolis Grand Prix, her first meet since the Games, and then was in New York on Tuesday night to be honored at Glamour magazine's Women of the Year awards.
"She's very talented, she's done some amazing things," McKeever said. "I'm impressed with her character, drive, and perspective of the sport."
Franklin knows she's giving up big bucks to go to college for two years instead of immediately cashing in on her Olympic glory. But that hasn't stopped her from having some fun. She's made the TV talk show rounds and taped an appearance on ABC Family's "Pretty Little Liars" to air later this season.
McKeever argues that Franklin could be worth even more in the future.
"Does Missy Franklin have the ability to make millions? Yes, I think she does," the coach said. "If she earns a degree and broadens her 17-year-old person, she's going to be more marketable and make a bigger difference in the world.
"It's going to be awesome that she's going to have two years to have some space to figure out what is important to her and how does she want to make a difference."


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Iran (pronounced ee-RAHN), formerly known as Persia, is situated at the crossroads of Central Asia, South Asia, and the Arab states of the Middle East.
Iran (pronounced ee-RAHN), formerly known as Persia, is situated at the crossroads of Central Asia, South Asia, and the Arab states of the Middle East. This strategic position—and its access to the Persian Gulf in the south—have made Iran an important country throughout its history.
Much of Iran is cut off from the outside world by a beautiful but often lonely landscape. High, rugged mountains create a barrier with Iran's neighbors in the west, and the eastern region is covered by a barren, salty desert.
In Iran's north, a narrow, fertile strip borders the Caspian Sea, and in the south, lowlands rim the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Most people in Iran live along the edges of a high plateau that runs through the middle of the country.
Map created by National Geographic Maps
Strong religious beliefs have been part of Iranians' lives for thousands of years. Almost all Iranians are Muslim, or followers of Islam. The religion is central to daily life.
Iran has a long history of scholarship that has created a rich culture of art, literature, poetry, music, cuisine, and architecture. Ancient Iranian thinkers wrote influential texts on philosophy and medicine, and it was an Iranian mathematician who invented algebra. Iran's universities are among the most respected in the Middle East.
Not long ago, Iran was home to many lions, tigers, and other big cats. Unfortunately these sleek hunters are now very rare, and some species have gone extinct. Only a handful of Asiatic cheetahs and Persian leopards remain.
Iran has several reserves and parks where wildlife thrives. One, called Kavir National Park, is located in the north-central region and is known as "Little Africa" because its plants and animals resemble those of Africa. This park is home to Iran's only cheetahs.
Iran's mountains in the north and west have dense forests that offer habitat for brown bears, wild goats, wolves, and leopards. The country's central plateau is home to deer, gazelles, hyenas, and jackals, among other animals.
Iran's government is controlled by a religious figure called the supreme leader, who is appointed by a group of Islamic clerics called the Assembly of Experts. A president, elected by the people, is second in command.
Iran has extensive oil reserves, but its economy has been hit hard by a trade ban imposed by the United States since the shah was ousted in 1979. Allegations that Iran supports terrorism and a belief that it is developing nuclear weapons has led to further isolation in recent years.
Iran is one of the oldest nations in the world, with a history dating back tens of thousands of years. The country's first great city, Susa, was built on the central plateau around 3200 B.C.
In 559 B.C., the Persian Empire arose in southwestern Iran and conquered the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. The empire eventually extended from the Mediterranean Sea to what is now Pakistan, but it was conquered by the Greeks in 330 B.C.
Around 260 B.C., nomads called Parni ousted the Greeks and ruled for some 500 years. The Sassanids came into power in A.D. 224, and in A.D. 642, Persia became part of the Islamic Empire. In 1501, the kings, or shahs, of the Safavid Empire began their reign.
In the late 18th century, foreign powers, including Russia and Britain, took control of parts of Persia. In 1921, a Persian army officer named Reza Khan took control and sought to end outside influence. In 1935, he renamed the country Iran. His son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, became shah in 1941.
In 1979, many Iranians who felt Pahlavi was corrupt forced him to flee, ending the reign of the shahs in Iran. Since then, religious leaders have ruled the country. The first was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, whose ten years in power were marked by a long war with Iraq and tensions with the United States and many other nations. Khomeini died in 1989, but much of those tensions still exist today.


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The t1 internet access has been around for over 40 years but never have there been so many "flavors" available. The number of providers has jumped since deregulation in 1996 from a few dozen to several thousand. As the telecom shakedown that began in 2001 continues many of these comapnies are trying to stay afloat by capturing as many customers as possible with inexpensive products they claim to be T1. Don't be fooled!
Many of the desperate companies are putting together inferior products they claim are T1 products. Be leary of products with the funny titles like "burstable" and "reach". These products are oversubscribed much like a DSL product. This means the provider put's a singled T1 connnection in a CO (Central Office) and sells T1 connections to 3 or 4 customers hoping they don't all use the service at the same time. True T1 access means dedicated access to the internet and you always have access to 1.54Mbps.
Make sure your T1 product is a "clearchannel" product and is not shared with other users. Also be sure you have an SLA or Service Level Agreement from your provider. A SLA will specify the access you will receive and the penaly the service provider will pay if they do not provide such service. If you need help establishing the proper SLA seek the help of a professional if you don't have one in house. It's much better to pay a small fee up front than to enter a long term contract with an inferior carrier. You can also get professional assistance free of charge by simply contacting one fo the many T1 brokers on the internet.


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8 Signs Your Dog Might Be Turning Into A Zombie
Will the End of the World come in the form of an A"pup"calypse? I'm not sure. But let's all be safe, shall we? Here are 8 Signs your Dog might be turning into a Zombie. Oh, and keep the brains locked safely away just in case…
1. An Undead Obsession
At first, you think it's all about you. How cute is it that your pup just LOVES being right next to you when you watch your favorite TV shows! Snuggles all around! But then you start to realize, the attention seems to be focused not on you, but on the actual show. And it's a show with Zombies. If you try to watch something else, a slow moving paw grabs the remote to deter the channel change. You still think nothing of it, until one day you come home to this.
When did he learn to turn on the TV? And access zombie-themed shows recorded on your DVR? And wait, is he taking notes?
2. Sporting Zombie Swag
Your pooch has never been a fan of wearing any type of clothing. In fact, she thinks it's incredibly ridiculous and demeaning. (Do we need to rehash the striped sweater incident of 2011? I think not. ) But last week your furry friend came home from the dog park sporting some zombie swag. And if you try to take it away? Let's just say you'd rather keep all of your fingers.
3. Rigid Rover
Watching your pup sleeping peacefully has always been a zen moment for you. He always looks so sweet and loved. You can't help but wonder what he is dreaming about and snap a few pics for your Instagram. #thesweetestpuppy #dreamingoftreats But lately, your dog's sleeping position is a little less sweet and a little more scary.
#shouldibeconcerned #dreamingofbrains #help?
4. The Undead Hair Day
It's a pretty well known fact that zombies don't have the best personal hygiene. With all the moaning, drooling, and craving of brain, doing their hair seems to be last on a long list of "to dos." So if your pup's usually coiffed hairdo starts to go a little sideways (literally) you might have cause to be suspicious.
5. The Dead Walk
You go to take your Pup for your usual nightly walk. He gets excited when he hears the sound of the leash. He circle the door, tail a-wagging, ready to GO! But as soon as you get outside, it's like an undead switch flips. Rather than romping around the neighborhood, your dog starts walking like this.
You start wondering if this can possibly be normal. You google "Dog walking creepily on hind legs." You also start having flashbacks to the Thriller music video…
6. The Dead WalkERS
What can we say. From what Zombie-Lore, hit TV shows like "The Walking Dead," and 80s music videos tell us, Zombies seem to be fairly social creatures. Where you find one flesh-crunching monster, you seem to find several of their brain-craving buddies. So if your usually socially awkward pup suddenly has a few new creepy friends at the dog park, you might want to check your clock.
Is it close to midnight? Is something evil lurking/barking in the dark?
7. Crazy Eyes
"Orange is the New Black" is NOT the only TV show to alert us to the danger of characters with crazy eyes. Zombies have crazy eyes. It's, like, a fact. Sometimes the eyes are white and vacant. Sometimes they are glowing and blue. But they are definitely not normal. So if your pooch suddenly sports some crazy eyes, it might be time to prepare for the end.
8. Craving some Brain
Let's face it, Zombies crave brain more than a pregnant woman craves pickle-bacon flavored ice cream. (Yum!)
So if you find your furry friend suddenly spurning their delicious doggie din-din in favor of more cerebral snacks, your own A"pup"calypse might be on hand.
But don't worry, even if the end of the world comes in the form of a Dog-Zombie invasion there will always be a hero on hand, ready to fight for the freedom and safety of Hoomanity!


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CUIABA, Brazil — Blundering Russia goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev was bailed out by teammate Alexander Kerzhakov in a 1-1 draw with South Korea in the World Cup on Tuesday that exposed both teams' deficiencies.
Akinfeev had already looked suspect in dealing with long-range shots before spilling Lee Keun-ho's speculative effort into his own net in the 68th minute, gifting South Korea the lead at the Arena Pantanal.
Kerzhakov, though, came to Akinfeev's rescue by turning in a shot from close range six minutes later — just three minutes after coming on as a substitute — to earn Russia a point from a poor-quality Group H match.
Akinfeev stayed on the ground inside his own net, head in his hands, after making his error, clearly embarrassed after dropping what was a routine save from a shot from about 30 yards. He was consoled by a couple of teammates, who patted him on the back.
"It was a kid's mistake," Afinkeev said. "The goalkeeper of the national team shouldn't make mistakes like this one."
Russia coach Fabio Capello has remained loyal to Akinfeev this season despite some patchy form, and stood by him again.
"He is a great goalkeeper," Capello said. "There can be mistakes, of course — some can get a penalty wrong … and it's logical for a goalkeeper to make a mistake as well.
"We were able to make up for that and we can accept a mistake by a great keeper like Akinfeev."
The explosive six-minute spell that featured both goals was not in keeping with the rest of a fairly mundane game characterized by slow build-up play, poor passing and wayward finishing.
A point leaves both teams behind Belgium, which beat Algeria 2-1 earlier Tuesday, but the group appears wide open based on the opening two fixtures.
Having lost four of its last five games heading to Brazil, the South Koreans came into their eighth straight World Cup with concerns over their flimsy defense and a lack of goal threat. A 4-0 thrashing by Ghana in a warm-up in Miami last week highlighted those worrying deficiencies perfectly.
There was no hiding their toothless attack here, either, with the experienced Park Chu-young starting as the lone striker but justifying fears that he has lost his way after three ineffective years with Arsenal in the English Premier League. He was substituted in the 56th and his replacement, Lee, scored South Korea's goal.
Russia, led by former England coach Fabio Capello, was just as lifeless in attack — at least until Kerzhakov and Alan Dzagoev came off the bench — and too functional in midfield. A dire first half was marked by the large contingent of Brazilian fans in the crowd doing slow hand clapping but South Korea coach Hong Myung-bo was satisfied by what he saw.
"In such a tournament, the first match is the most difficult," Hong, who captained the nation to the semifinals of the 2002 World Cup, said through a translator. "There is a lot of pressure on it so I thought the players played very well."
Save for a shot by Son Heung-min that flew over the bar in the 39th when the forward was free at the edge of the area, there was barely a chance created in the first half. Capello stood with his hands on his hips in the technical area throughout the first 45 minutes, looking distinctly unimpressed.
There was a major improvement after the break, although it required the mistake by Akinfeev to really get the game going.
However, South Korea couldn't hold on and when Dzagoev's cross-shot was spilled out by goalkeeper Jung Sung-ryong and defender Hwang Seok-ho's clearance went straight at Andrei Yeshchenko, Kerzhakov was on hand to bundle home from inside the six-yard box.
"I thanked them for their reaction," said Capello, who turns 68 on Wednesday. "It was the greatest birthday present I could receive."
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Golf Genius TMS Club Premium is cloud-based and provides features that unlock solutions for managing contactless golf.
Easily create dedicated websites for each event or league. Manage registrations and share tee times, club policies, social distancing guidelines, results, and more.
Provide players their live scoring GGID or important details with personalized text messages and emails. Improve your efficiency and enhance their experience.


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Thursday, March 1, 2012
Download MP3 (right click to save)
I really like football. I just don't have a lot of time to watch it. But you know, I watched a whole game that wasn't even my team! It was the Denver Broncos when they won that astonishing victory over the heavily favored Pittsburgh Steelers in a wild-card playoff game. But I was watching more than a football game; I was watching Tim Tebow and the drama that unfolds every time he takes the field. That game was no exception.
I'm Ron Hutchcraft and I want to have A Word With You today about "The Tim Tebow in All of Us."
Now, Tim Tebow went from being America's top college football player to a much-critiqued rookie quarterback for the Broncos. When he replaced Denver's starter after a string of Denver losses, he led his team to seven wins, including six in a row. Several of those wins were "come from behind," last-second (well, they said) "miracle" victories, and then three consecutive losses in which Tebow performed pretty poorly.
And then that playoff game where the Broncos were basically written off as having no chance. Somebody forgot to tell Tim Tebow. He exploded for 316 yards passing, 50 yards on the ground; he led his team to a stunning overtime victory.
But the drama swirls around this unconventionally impressive quarterback has less to do with football than with faith. He's often in the news for his unashamed praise of Jesus Christ; especially his trademark response to good things that happen on the field. He kneels on one knee, his head bowed, a hand to his forehead. And after completing a game-winning 80-plus yard pass on the first play of that playoff game, he (well, you guessed it) took a knee.
His God-praising, bent-knee posture has now become part of our national vocabulary, "Tebowing." There's even a website dedicated to showing pictures of people "tebowing" all over the world; an expression of respect from most and mockery from others.
In a sports world known for scandalous headlines about its heroes, it seems no one quite knows what to do with a strong, consistent Jesus-guy like Tim Tebow. He's still a virgin. He's known for constantly encouraging and building up his teammates. He serves the poor and the lost on missions trips. He genuinely cares about others. And yet, he's a fierce competitor, a physical powerhouse and a passionate player.
But since I've never been, or never will be, mistaken for an NFL hunk, is there any example here I should be following? You bet there is. Because this indomitable quarterback is, in many ways, a living, breathing model of what it means to be "Christ's ambassador" no matter what field we play on, and that's our word for today from the Word of God, 2 Corinthians 5:20 - "We are Christ's ambassadors."
First, Tim Tebow understands the responsibility of divine positioning. We work where we work, we live where we live, we go to school where we go to school, we recreate where we recreate for a life-saving purpose, to, as the Bible says, "shine like stars in the universe as you hold out the word of life" (Philippians 2:15-16).
This "star" in the football universe says, "I'm going to take the platform that football has given me and try to give back with it and make a difference." Every person who belongs to Jesus has been given a "platform" to point people to their Jesus; your job, your medical or financial battles, your successes, your losses, your community activities, your children's activities. Your situation is your assignment; your divinely conceived position to show the difference that Jesus makes.
And Tim Tebow also models for us what it means to have a radar for open doors. His eyes are wide open for circumstances that open a door to talk about his Jesus. He sees many in his football successes. Paul had prayed, "That God may open a door (or a natural opportunity) for our message...that I may proclaim it clearly" (Colossians 4:3-4).
And then, our gridiron brother also shows us the power of show and tell. His life backs it up; he's known for his encouragement. He's known for his purity. This is a Jesus-follower who understands that you win the right to be heard by showing the difference Jesus makes, by being the best employee, employer, son or daughter, mom or dad, a friend or neighbor that you can possibly be.
I guess what Tim Tebow's brand of faith shows more than anything is the magnet of having an identity that is anchored to Jesus Christ. No one can look at Tim Tebow, even those who despise his faith, and not think of Jesus.
How about me? How about you?


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Bring The Pain
Mindless Self Indulgence
Lemme tell you now
I came to bring the pain hardcore from the brain
Let's go inside my astral plane
Find out my mental based on instrumental
Records hey so I can make monumental
Methods I'm not the king but niggaz is decaf
I stick 'em for the cream check it
Just how deep can shit get, get deeper than your fists
And brothers is mad pissed accept it
In your cross colors clothes you crossed over
And now ya totally crossed out and kriss kross
Who da boss niggaz get tossed to da side
And I'm the dark side of the force of course
It's the method man from the wu-tang clan
I be hectic and comin' for that headpiece protect it
Fuck it, two tears in a bucket
Niggaz want the ruckas? So bust it at me, son, now bust it
Stylez I get buckwild method man on some shit
Fuck'n niggaz foul, son I'm sick
Insane crazy drivin' miss daisy
How the fuck am I? Now I got mine I'm swayze
Is it real son lemme know it's real son if its really real sonlemme know it's real
Load it up and kill one
Load it up and kill one
Load it up and kill one
If it's really real
When I was a little stereo I used to be the champion
I always wonder when I would be the number one, hey, hey, hey
And now you listen to me, darcon darcon
And all you niggaz come and test me test me
I'm gonna lick out your brains
Mothers wanna hang with the meth bring the rope
'Cause the only way you hang is by the neck
Nigga pump off a set comin' through all your projects
Take it as a threat or better yet it is a promise
Comin' like a vet on some old Vietnam shit
You can bet your bottom dollar that I'm on it
And it'll get even worse word to God it's the wu
Comin' through takin' niggaz 'fore they're
Gone, gone, gone, gone, gone, gone
Movin' to your left
I came to represent and carve my name within your chest
You can come test realize it's no contest son
I'm the gun who won that old wild west
Quick on the draw with my hands on the floor
Lovin' all those goddamn funky rhymes galore
Check it 'cause I think not when it's hip hop like propa
Rhymes be the proof when I'm drinkin' ninety proof vodka
No OJ no no straw
When you give it to me, yeah, give it to me raw I burn
Give it to me raw, I burn
Chest hair
I don't need no chemical blow to pull no ho - no
All I need is chemical bank to pay her up
Is it real son lemme know it's real son if its really real, son
Lemme know it's
1, 2, 3, 4
Lemme know it's real


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My girlfriend and I decided we want a print of my recent artistic creation from the post Bezier Curves and Picasso.
I set up an account at Society6, which does professional art printing (framed or unframed). I can't imagine anyone beside me would be interested in including this in their art collection, but just in case it's available for sale here. I plan to put it below my print of Picasso's "Dog." Donning my pretentious art-snob hat, the juxtaposition of two abstract representations of the same idea adds a profound depth to the work as a whole.
Warning: I have not yet ordered this print, so I cannot attest to the quality (perhaps it's pixelated and I need to produce a higher quality version). I will be travelling to conferences and doing last-minute preparations for a preliminary exam over the next three weeks, so I won't be ordering the print until June. If people are interested, leave a comment and I will send a notification via Twitter/Google+/Facebook with my thoughts once I get it.
Disclosure: I receive a $5.00 commission on any purchase. If you want a more direct way to support this blog, consider donating via Paypal.
Here's a screenshot from Society6's automatically generated preview of one framing option. Looks pretty cool 🙂


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The DJ advantage
I'm like you: I love music, and I love a good band.
In fact, Queen City DJs is friends with many top notch bands in the greater Cincinnati area. Having said that, the Knot conducted a nationwide survey of some 18,000 brides and learned that 2 out 3 hired a professional DJ instead of a band.
One DJ advantage really stands out with brides here in our area: flexibility. We can play about any song you want by the artist of your choice.
DJ flexibility matters to brides
Take the timeless classic song for a wedding first dance, "The Way You Look Tonight." It was written way back in 1936 for a movie called "Swing Time" with lyrics by Dorothy Fields and music by Jerome Kerns.
Many local bands don't know the song. And for those that do, can they compete with the polished, professional arrangements and vocals that a Michael Bublé provides? Just listen to the video above. It's hard to beat those seductive Latin rhythms that caress your ears, isn't it? And Bublé is simply one of the best contemporary vocal stylists around!
On the other hand, perhaps you'd rather hear the great jazz artist, Harry Connick Jr., singing your first dance song as only he can do it: with jazz!
Or maybe you love the super smooth voice of Adam Levine:
Looking for romance on steroids? How about the legendary Tony Bennet singing a duet with the lovely Faith Hill?
How about a retro interpretation of the song by Chad & Jeremy?
You'll never go wrong with this definitive interpretation by the Chairman of the Board himself, Frank Sinatra, and a simply swinging arrangement by the great Nelson Riddle.
Great artists make a great song like "The Way You Look Tonight" their own. Which version do you like best?
Here's the thing: a DJ can play whatever version fits your style and personality. Queen City DJs has these versions and more. We can get whatever you want if we don't.
This flexibility is a significant DJ advantage, one that contributes to the popularity of Queen City DJs with Cincinnati wedding couples.
What songs do you want to hear at your wedding reception? And who do you want singing them? Check out our musical database and start planning the wedding of your dreams!


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Beef and forage producers from across Tennessee will gather at the White County Fairgrounds on Thursday, April 11 for Cumberland Beef Day, an educational event hosted by University of Tennessee Extension and the White/Van Buren Cattlemen's Association. This will be the 15th edition of Cumberland Beef Day and will once again give farmers an opportunity to learn better management practices, talk with agriculture product vendors, and see hands on demonstrations.
The theme for Cumberland Beef Day this year will be "Improving the Health of the TN Beef Herd." Battling diseases is an ongoing fight for cattle producers. Knowing the signs to look for, precautions to take, and steps for treatment is critical to maintaining profitability. Some of the top animal health experts in the state will be on hand to help producers become more knowledgeable about cattle health and learn to develop their own health management plan.
During our educational sessions, we will follow cow-calf production from before the calf is conceived, until the time comes for it to be marketed. Since it is impossible to produce healthy calves without first maintaining healthy cows, Justin Rhinehart, UT Extension Beef Specialist, will present "Managing the Health of Your Calf Herd".
We will then look at how to treat calves once they are born as Dr. Brian Whitlock, UT Assistant Professor in the College of Veterinary Medicine discusses "Live Calf to Weaned Calf." His presentation will include information on vaccination protocols and diseases in TN to look out for.
In the afternoon, there will be a hands-on demonstration on diagnosing diseases by Dr. David Anderson, UT Professor & Dept. Head in the College of Veterinary Medicine. His discussion will not only help producers learn to catch diseases early, but will also focus on what feedlots are looking for in cattle coming from TN.
In addition to the discussion of beef cattle health, Cumberland Beef Day will feature an update on the new Beef and Forage Center Initiative from the University of Tennessee by its director, Dr. Gary Bates. Dr. Andrew Griffith, UT Assistant Professor of Ag Economics will also be on hand to present "The Beef Cattle Market Outlook."
As well as the speakers and demonstrations, Cumberland Beef Day will also feature an extensive trade show, lots of door prizes, a silent auction to benefit the 4-H livestock project, and bulls for sale at private treaty. This event is free to anyone interested in beef and forage production, and lunch will be provided. The 2013 Cumberland Beef Day kicks off with the trade show at 8:00 a.m. and will conclude at approximately 2:00 p.m. Please call the Cannon County UT Extension office if you would like more information on Cumberland Beef Day.
Bruce Steelman
614 Lehman Street
Phone: 615-563-2554
E:mail- email@example.com


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Barrels Out of Bond
|Barrels Out of Bond
|Chapter of The Hobbit
|Bilbo helps Thorin and Company escape the Elvenking's dungeons.
|Late August—22 September T.A. 2941
|Elvenking's Halls, Forest River
|J.R.R. Tolkien - Map - Barrels out of bond.png
|< Flies and Spiders
|A Warm Welcome >
Barrels Out of Bond is the 9th chapter of The Hobbit.
Summary[edit | edit source]
Following their capture by the Wood-elves, Thorin and the Dwarves are imprisoned on the orders of the Elvenking (Thranduil, father of Legolas), with Thorin in the deepest, darkest dungeon. Bilbo - who uses his magic ring to escape capture - once again proves his usefulness by conveying secret messages between the dwarves. The gates to the caves are sealed by magic; sometimes he is able to slip out with hunting parties but he spends a miserable life in the deepest, darkest corners of the palace.
One day, while wandering about, Bilbo discovers that the gates are not the only way out of the caves: a stream flowed through the lowest regions of the palace although the exit was blocked with a portcullis. As there were no vines in Mirkwood, the Elves drank wines that "were brought from far away, from their kinsfolk in the South, or from the vineyards of Men in distant lands"; the empty wine barrels were floated back down the stream to Lake-town, from where the wine came.
One night, Galion, the butler and the chief guard sneak downstairs to the wine cellars to drink of the wine; they get drunk, and fall asleep. Bilbo, still invisible, spots his opportunity: he steals the keys and sets the Dwarves free.
Bilbo stuffs them into the empty wine barrels, padding them with straw and drilling air holes in the barrels. The elves float the barrels down the river; the plan came close to ruin when the elves almost open the barrels due to their weight, however, the dwarves successfully escape to Lake-town.


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Video News Release 2: The high-dispersion UVES spectrograph
ESO Video News Reel 2 is published on November 18, 1998. It mainly contains video material related to current work on the high-dispersion UVES spectrograph that will be installed at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) on Paranal in mid-1999. It includes informative interviews with two of the scientists involved as well as various sequences from the work in the laboratory at the ESO Headquarters. A second theme concerns new observations of Trans-Neptunian Object "1996 TO" with the New Technology Telescope (NTT) at La Silla. In addition to sequences from the observatory and the telescope, there is a comprehensive statement by one of the participating ESO scientists.
This Video News Release is targeted especially at broadcasters for further editing. In order to keep the audio tracks editable, different sound information has been recorded on two separate tracks at optimal volumes as is common standard in professional post production. This video is not meant for on screen viewing — on ESOcasts are better suited for that.Credit:
About the Video
|Release date:
|4 December 2009, 00:17
|07 m 54 s
|Frame rate:
|30 fps
About the Object
|Video News Releases


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Capital City Showcase at the Capital Fringe Festival July 27, 2014
The Capital City Showcase is part of the 9th Annual Capital Fringe Festival (www.capitalfringe.org) on July 10 - 27, 2014. The Capital City Showcase is the variety show with the best comedians, musicians, and performing artists in The DMV.
For four years, the show has featured some of the DC area's best stand-up comedians, improv comedians, storytellers, bands, singer-songwriters, and hip-hop artists. The Showcase comes to Fringe with an amazing line-up of acts, sponsored by some of DC's finest local companies! These fantastic shows will be at The Baldacchino Tent, located at 607 New York Ave NW, Washington DC 20001.
This show was held on Sunday, July 27th was sponsored by Jia Imagery and featured comedian Elahe Izadi, musician Don Kim, band The Mercy Alliance, storyteller S.M. Shrake, comedian Haywood Turnipseed, Jr., and comedian David Tveite.
Click on the image below to view fullscreen.


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Visa Teams Up with the NFL to Launch New Video Game
Highlights from Visa's Financial Football event with NYC students
Visa and the National Football League have teamed up to create Financial Football, a fast-paced, interactive game that engages students while teaching them personal finance skills. The latest release features 3D graphics and game-changing opportunities with audibles, blitzes and long yardage plays. The game is available to play for free through iOS and Android apps and online.Play Now
Highlights from Visa's Financial Football event with NYC students
Each module begins with a narrative overview of the concepts to be taught. This short synopsis will give the educator and students a quick idea of the material to follow.
Goals and objectives briefly describe the expected learning outcomes of the module.
The Teaching Notes feature the primary material on which module concepts are based. Educators may use the teaching notes as-is or adapt them to their own teaching style.
In this section, students and educators practice applying learned concepts through the discussion of concrete examples.
The Activity section can be used as a group exercise or as an assessment of student learning. In this section, students answer several questions to test their knowledge of learned concepts.
Join Alex and Jess in the immersive The Payoff game, playing the role two up-and-coming video bloggers.
New educational game helps young kids learn to count coins and save.
Put the pieces of the puzzle back together to complete the image of a dollar bill. Choose between puzzles and learn fun facts about money.


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UPDATE: 5 more bodies found in cruise ship wreck
GIGLIO, Italy (AP) — Search crews in Italy have found five more bodies in the wreck of the Costa Concordia cruise ship, which struck a reef off an Italian island in January.
The development on Thursday raises to 30 the number of bodies found. Two people remain missing and are presumed dead.
The Italian Civil Protection agency coordinating search operations said the bodies were all found in spaces between the hull and the seabed off the Tuscan island of Giglio. Since the Jan. 13 capsizing, the Concordia has been lying on its side, half submerged in water near Giglio's port. It was not clear when the bodies would be removed.


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Pity the poor Python 3 programmers who chose the latest version of the language and found that many of their favorite libraries are only compatible with Python 2.
Fortunately for them, more Python 2-only libraries have become cross-compatible with both versions. And according to Microsoft's Python Engineering team, the sun may set on the "sorry, no Python 3 spoken here" world sooner than we thought.
Microsoft harvested data about Python compatibility for libraries currently registered with PyPI (Python Package Index), the default repository for third-party Python libraries. After crunching the numbers, the group came up with two takeaways.
First: Not only was support picking up for Python 3 -- that is, more existing Python 2 libraries were becoming Python 3 compatible -- but Python 2-only support was on a steep decline. From February 2011 through February 2016, Python 2-only support for PyPI packages dropped from a high of 80 percent of all packages to a low of about 20 percent.
The other discovery was that Python 3 support will overtake Python 2 in short order. Based on the rate of uptake for Python 3 libraries and the rate of decline for Python 2-only libraries, the Microsoft team predicted that 3 will overtake 2 by "around May of this year."
Over the last couple of years, the pace of Python 3 adoption has accelerated notably. In the Linux world, Fedora, Debian, and Ubuntu have opted to make Python 3 their default version of the language. OpenStack, written mainly in Python, has an ongoing initiative to port to Python 3.
Aside from Microsoft's work, there have been other efforts to track Python 3 progress. Py3readiness.org, a site that tracks the Python 3 status of the most popular Python packages, reports that 321 of the top 360 Python packages can be used with Python 3. A few high-profile stragglers remain, like MySQL-python, ansible, and Fabric, but the vast majority of the top projects are Python 3-ready.
Python 2 will stop receiving updates and maintenance after 2020. The deadline was extended from 2015 after it became clear the pace of conversion to Python 3 wasn't what language creator Guido van Rossum hoped for.


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May 7, 2009
Contact: Jim Bradshaw
John McGrath
(202) 401-1576
EDITOR'S NOTE: Updates to correct total budget proposal ($46.7 billion), FY 2009 appropriation for Teacher Incentive Fund ($97 million) and maximum Pell grant award ($5,550).
The U.S. Department of Education's FY 2010 $46.7 billion budget proposal will advance President Obama's agenda to reform the nation's schools while making fiscally responsible decisions to cut ineffective programs and unnecessary personnel, U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said in releasing the budget today.
"This budget makes tough decisions, investing in the programs that will deliver results in student learning while ending ones that aren't working," Duncan said. "It will give educators the resources they need to turn around the schools in the most trouble, and it will build a foundation for success in school for our youngest citizens."
The Secretary added that the proposed budget will abolish funding for 12 programs that research has found to be ineffective, saving $550 million. It also will cut 10 positions in the U.S. Department of Education's regional offices so that resources can be redirected to the Obama administration's agenda to reform schools.
The Department's FY 2010 proposed budget will build on the investments already made in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) to improve teacher effectiveness, turn around struggling schools, and give preschoolers the skills they need to prepare for kindergarten. Specifically, the budget will:
Provide $1.5 billion for Title I School Improvement Grants to give states and school districts resources to create and implement comprehensive, research-based plans for the growing numbers of schools identified for improvement, corrective action, or restructuring. The money in the FY 2010 budget proposal will be in addition to the $3 billion available for the program in FY 2009 and FY 2010 through the ARRA.
Allocate $517 million to the Teacher Incentive Fund, which stimulates state and local work to improve the education workforce, with an emphasis on rewarding principals, teachers, and other school personnel who raise student achievement, close achievement gaps, and work in hard-to-staff schools. The program received $200 million in the ARRA and $97 million in FY 2009.
Create new programs that ensure students are prepared to enter school, including $500 million for Title I Early Childhood Grants, which will encourage districts to spend money under the ARRA to start or expand preschool programs, and the $300 million for the Early Learning Challenge Fund, which will help states create or refine systems for rating and improving the quality of preschool education.
The Secretary noted that the FY 2010 proposed budget will dramatically increase the federal government's commitment to making college affordable and accessible to all students. In February, the Department announced that it would increase the maximum award under the federal Pell Grant program to $5,550 for FY 2010 and would guarantee that the grant would increase by the rate of inflation plus one percent in future years.
The Department also is committed to improving the reliability, stability, and efficiency of college loans by providing those loans directly from the federal government through the same electronic system that colleges use for Pell Grants. The changes would produce $4 billion in savings by reducing entitlement subsidies currently paid to banks and private companies.
Information on the U.S. Department of Education FY 2010 proposed budget is available at http://www.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget10/.
|Back to May 2009


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Epoch Films Withdraws JCPenney 'Speed Dressing' From Cannes
About as surprising as a traffic meeting on a Monday morning, Epoch Films, after talks with Cannes organizers, JCPenney and Saatchi & Saatchi, has decided to withdraw its Speed Dressing Cannes entry which was awarded a Bronze Lion. The ad, one of the best ever created for the clothing retailer since Saatchi & Saatchi won the account, was shot by Epoch films without, as all parties claim, the knowledge of JCPenney or Saatchi & Saatchi. It's not the first time a faux ad has been submitted, duped everyone and won but it has turned into one of the more high profile offenses.
Topic: Creative Commentary, Industry Events, Opinion