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In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a macrobiomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.[3] Non-polar solvents are typically hydrocarbons used to dissolve other naturally occurring hydrocarbon lipid molecules that do not (or do not easily) dissolve in water, including fatty acids, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.[4][5] Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and food industries as well as in nanotechnology.[6]
Scientists sometimes define lipids as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules; the amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles, multilamellar/unilamellar liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment. Biological lipids originate entirely or in part from two distinct types of biochemical subunits or "building-blocks": ketoacyl and isoprene groups.[4] Using this approach, lipids may be divided into eight categories: fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides (derived from condensation of ketoacyl subunits); and sterol lipids and prenol lipids (derived from condensation of isoprene subunits).[4]
Although the term "lipid" is sometimes used as a synonym for fats, fats are a subgroup of lipids called triglycerides. Lipids also encompass molecules such as fatty acids and their derivatives (including tri-, di-, monoglycerides, and phospholipids), as well as other sterol-containing metabolites such as cholesterol.[7] Although humans and other mammals use various biosynthetic pathways both to break down and to synthesize lipids, some essential lipids can't be made this way and must be obtained from the diet.
Lipid may be regarded as organic substances relatively insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents(alcohol, ether etc.) actually or potentially related to fatty acid and utilized by the living cells.
In 1815, Henri Braconnot classified lipids (graisses) in two categories, suifs (solid greases or tallow) and huiles (fluid oils).[8] In 1823, Michel Eugène Chevreul developed a more detailed classification, including oils, greases, tallow, waxes, resins, balsams and volatile oils (or essential oils).[9][10][11]
The first successful synthesis of a triglyceride molecule was by Théophile-Jules Pelouze in 1844, when he produced tributyrin by reacting butyric acid with glycerin in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid.[12] Several years later, Marcellin Berthelot, one of Pelouze's students, synthesized tristearin and tripalmitin by reaction of the analogous fatty acids with glycerin in the presence of gaseous hydrogen chloride at high temperature.[13]
In 1827, William Prout recognized fat ("oily" alimentary matters), along with protein ("albuminous") and carbohydrate ("saccharine"), as an important nutrient for humans and animals.[14][15]
For a century, chemists regarded "fats" as only simple lipids made of fatty acids and glycerol (glycerides), but new forms were described later. Theodore Gobley (1847) discovered phospholipids in mammalian brain and hen egg, called by him as "lecithins". Thudichum discovered in human brain some phospholipids (cephalin), glycolipids (cerebroside) and sphingolipids (sphingomyelin).[10]
The terms lipoid, lipin, lipide and lipid have been used with varied meanings from author to author.[16] In 1912, Rosenbloom and Gies proposed the substitution of "lipoid" by "lipin".[17] In 1920, Bloor introduced a new classification for "lipoids": simple lipoids (greases and waxes), compound lipoids (phospholipoids and glycolipoids), and the derived lipoids (fatty acids, alcohols, sterols).[18][19]
The word "lipid", which stems etymologically from the Greek lipos (fat), was introduced in 1923 by Gabriel Bertrand.[20] Bertrands included in the concept not only the traditional fats (glycerides), but also the "lipoids", with a complex constitution.[10]
In 1947, T. P. Hilditch divided lipids into "simple lipids", with greases and waxes (true waxes, sterols, alcohols).
Lipids have been classified into eight categories by the Lipid MAPS consortium[4] as follows:
Fatty acids
Fatty acids, or fatty acid residues when they are part of a lipid, are a diverse group of molecules synthesized by chain-elongation of an acetyl-CoA primer with malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA groups in a process called fatty acid synthesis.[21][22] They are made of a hydrocarbon chain that terminates with a carboxylic acid group; this arrangement confers the molecule with a polar, hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar, hydrophobic end that is insoluble in water. The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of biological lipids and is commonly used as a building-block of more structurally complex lipids. The carbon chain, typically between four and 24 carbons long,[23] may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be attached to functional groups containing oxygen, halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur. If a fatty acid contains a double bond, there is the possibility of either a cis or trans geometric isomerism, which significantly affects the molecule's configuration. Cis-double bonds cause the fatty acid chain to bend, an effect that is compounded with more double bonds in the chain. Three double bonds in 18-carbon linolenic acid, the most abundant fatty-acyl chains of plant thylakoid membranes, render these membranes highly fluid despite environmental low-temperatures,[24] and also makes linolenic acid give dominating sharp peaks in high resolution 13-C NMR spectra of chloroplasts. This in turn plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes.[25] Most naturally occurring fatty acids are of the cis configuration, although the trans form does exist in some natural and partially hydrogenated fats and oils.[26]
Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the eicosanoids, derived primarily from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, that include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Docosahexaenoic acid is also important in biological systems, particularly with respect to sight.[27][28] Other major lipid classes in the fatty acid category are the fatty esters and fatty amides. Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as wax esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A derivatives, fatty acid thioester ACP derivatives and fatty acid carnitines. The fatty amides include N-acyl ethanolamines, such as the cannabinoid neurotransmitter anandamide.[29]
Glycerolipids are composed of mono-, di-, and tri-substituted glycerols,[30] the best-known being the fatty acid triesters of glycerol, called triglycerides. The word "triacylglycerol" is sometimes used synonymously with "triglyceride". In these compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified, typically by different fatty acids. Because they function as an energy store, these lipids comprise the bulk of storage fat in animal tissues. The hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose tissue are the initial steps in metabolizing fat.[31]
Additional subclasses of glycerolipids are represented by glycosylglycerols, which are characterized by the presence of one or more sugar residues attached to glycerol via a glycosidic linkage. Examples of structures in this category are the digalactosyldiacylglycerols found in plant membranes[32] and seminolipid from mammalian sperm cells.[33]
Glycerophospholipids, usually referred to as phospholipids (though sphingomyelins are also classified as phospholipids), are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells,[34] as well as being involved in metabolism and cell signaling.[35] Neural tissue (including the brain) contains relatively high amounts of glycerophospholipids, and alterations in their composition has been implicated in various neurological disorders.[36] Glycerophospholipids may be subdivided into distinct classes, based on the nature of the polar headgroup at the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone in eukaryotes and eubacteria, or the sn-1 position in the case of archaebacteria.[37]
Examples of glycerophospholipids found in biological membranes are phosphatidylcholine (also known as PC, GPCho or lecithin), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn) and phosphatidylserine (PS or GPSer). In addition to serving as a primary component of cellular membranes and binding sites for intra- and intercellular proteins, some glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic cells, such as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidic acids are either precursors of or, themselves, membrane-derived second messengers.[38] Typically, one or both of these hydroxyl groups are acylated with long-chain fatty acids, but there are also alkyl-linked and 1Z-alkenyl-linked (plasmalogen) glycerophospholipids, as well as dialkylether variants in archaebacteria.[39]
Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds[40] that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone that is synthesized de novo from the amino acid serine and a long-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into ceramides, phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds. The major sphingoid base of mammals is commonly referred to as sphingosine. Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or mono-unsaturated with chain lengths from 16 to 26 carbon atoms.[41]
The major phosphosphingolipids of mammals are sphingomyelins (ceramide phosphocholines),[42] whereas insects contain mainly ceramide phosphoethanolamines[43] and fungi have phytoceramide phosphoinositols and mannose-containing headgroups.[44] The glycosphingolipids are a diverse family of molecules composed of one or more sugar residues linked via a glycosidic bond to the sphingoid base. Examples of these are the simple and complex glycosphingolipids such as cerebrosides and gangliosides.
Sterols, such as cholesterol and its derivatives, are an important component of membrane lipids,[45] along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins. Other examples of sterols are the bile acids and their conjugates,[46] which in mammals are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver. The plant equivalents are the phytosterols, such as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol; the latter compound is also used as a biomarker for algal growth.[47] The predominant sterol in fungal cell membranes is ergosterol.[48]
Sterols are steroids in which one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a hydroxyl group, at position 3 in the carbon chain. They have in common with steroids the same fused four-ring core structure. Steroids have different biological roles as hormones and signaling molecules. The eighteen-carbon (C18) steroids include the estrogen family whereas the C19 steroids comprise the androgens such as testosterone and androsterone. The C21 subclass includes the progestogens as well as the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.[49] The secosteroids, comprising various forms of vitamin D, are characterized by cleavage of the B ring of the core structure.[50]
Prenol lipids are synthesized from the five-carbon-unit precursors isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate that are produced mainly via the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway.[51] The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.) are formed by the successive addition of C5 units, and are classified according to number of these terpene units. Structures containing greater than 40 carbons are known as polyterpenes. Carotenoids are important simple isoprenoids that function as antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin A.[52] Another biologically important class of molecules is exemplified by the quinones and hydroquinones, which contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a quinonoid core of non-isoprenoid origin.[53] Vitamin E and vitamin K, as well as the ubiquinones, are examples of this class. Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (called bactoprenols) in which the terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated, whereas in animal polyprenols (dolichols) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced.[54]
Saccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked directly to a sugar backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids, a monosaccharide substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylated glucosamine precursors of the Lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria. Typical lipid A molecules are disaccharides of glucosamine, which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty-acyl chains. The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in E. coli is Kdo2-Lipid A, a hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues.[55]
Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization of acetyl and propionyl subunits by classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the fatty acid synthases. They comprise many secondary metabolites and natural products from animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources, and have great structural diversity.[56][57] Many polyketides are cyclic molecules whose backbones are often further modified by glycosylation, methylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, or other processes. Many commonly used anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such as erythromycins, tetracyclines, avermectins, and antitumor epothilones.[58]
Biological functions
Eukaryotic cells feature the compartmentalized membrane-bound organelles that carry out different biological functions. The glycerophospholipids are the main structural component of biological membranes, as the cellular plasma membrane and the intracellular membranes of organelles; in animal cells, the plasma membrane physically separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment. The glycerophospholipids are amphipathic molecules (containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions) that contain a glycerol core linked to two fatty acid-derived "tails" by ester linkages and to one "head" group by a phosphate ester linkage. While glycerophospholipids are the major component of biological membranes, other non-glyceride lipid components such as sphingomyelin and sterols (mainly cholesterol in animal cell membranes) are also found in biological membranes.[59] In plants and algae, the galactosyldiacylglycerols,[60] and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol,[32] which lack a phosphate group, are important components of membranes of chloroplasts and related organelles and are the most abundant lipids in photosynthetic tissues, including those of higher plants, algae and certain bacteria.
Plant thylakoid membranes have the largest lipid component of a non-bilayer forming monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG), and little phospholipids; despite this unique lipid composition, chloroplast thylakoid membranes have been shown to contain a dynamic lipid-bilayer matrix as revealed by magnetic resonance and electron microscope studies.[61]
A biological membrane is a form of lamellar phase lipid bilayer. The formation of lipid bilayers is an energetically preferred process when the glycerophospholipids described above are in an aqueous environment.[62] This is known as the hydrophobic effect. In an aqueous system, the polar heads of lipids align towards the polar, aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic tails minimize their contact with water and tend to cluster together, forming a vesicle; depending on the concentration of the lipid, this biophysical interaction may result in the formation of micelles, liposomes, or lipid bilayers. Other aggregations are also observed and form part of the polymorphism of amphiphile (lipid) behavior. Phase behavior is an area of study within biophysics and is the subject of current academic research.[63][64] Micelles and bilayers form in the polar medium by a process known as the hydrophobic effect.[65] When dissolving a lipophilic or amphiphilic substance in a polar environment, the polar molecules (i.e., water in an aqueous solution) become more ordered around the dissolved lipophilic substance, since the polar molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds to the lipophilic areas of the amphiphile. So in an aqueous environment, the water molecules form an ordered "clathrate" cage around the dissolved lipophilic molecule.[66]
The formation of lipids into protocell membranes represents a key step in models of abiogenesis, the origin of life.[67]
Energy storage
Triglycerides, stored in adipose tissue, are a major form of energy storage both in animals and plants. They are a major source of energy because carbohydrates are fully reduced structures. In comparison to glycogen which would contribute only half of the energy per its pure mass, triglyceride carbons are all bonded to hydrogens, unlike in carbohydrates.[68] The adipocyte, or fat cell, is designed for continuous synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides in animals, with breakdown controlled mainly by the activation of hormone-sensitive enzyme lipase.[69] The complete oxidation of fatty acids provides high caloric content, about 38 kJ/g (9 kcal/g), compared with 17 kJ/g (4 kcal/g) for the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins. Migratory birds that must fly long distances without eating use stored energy of triglycerides to fuel their flights.[70]
In recent years, evidence has emerged showing that lipid signaling is a vital part of the cell signaling.[71][72][73][74] Lipid signaling may occur via activation of G protein-coupled or nuclear receptors, and members of several different lipid categories have been identified as signaling molecules and cellular messengers.[75] These include sphingosine-1-phosphate, a sphingolipid derived from ceramide that is a potent messenger molecule involved in regulating calcium mobilization,[76] cell growth, and apoptosis;[77] diacylglycerol (DAG) and the phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs), involved in calcium-mediated activation of protein kinase C;[78] the prostaglandins, which are one type of fatty-acid derived eicosanoid involved in inflammation and immunity;[79] the steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone and cortisol, which modulate a host of functions such as reproduction, metabolism and blood pressure; and the oxysterols such as 25-hydroxy-cholesterol that are liver X receptor agonists.[80] Phosphatidylserine lipids are known to be involved in signaling for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or pieces of cells. They accomplish this by being exposed to the extracellular face of the cell membrane after the inactivation of flippases which place them exclusively on the cytosolic side and the activation of scramblases, which scramble the orientation of the phospholipids. After this occurs, other cells recognize the phosphatidylserines and phagocytosize the cells or cell fragments exposing them.[81]
Other functions
The "fat-soluble" vitamins (A, D, E and K) – which are isoprene-based lipids – are essential nutrients stored in the liver and fatty tissues, with a diverse range of functions. Acyl-carnitines are involved in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids in and out of mitochondria, where they undergo beta oxidation.[82] Polyprenols and their phosphorylated derivatives also play important transport roles, in this case the transport of oligosaccharides across membranes. Polyprenol phosphate sugars and polyprenol diphosphate sugars function in extra-cytoplasmic glycosylation reactions, in extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis (for instance, peptidoglycan polymerization in bacteria), and in eukaryotic protein N-glycosylation.[83][84] Cardiolipins are a subclass of glycerophospholipids containing four acyl chains and three glycerol groups that are particularly abundant in the inner mitochondrial membrane.[85][86] They are believed to activate enzymes involved with oxidative phosphorylation.[87] Lipids also form the basis of steroid hormones.[88]
The major dietary lipids for humans and other animals are animal and plant triglycerides, sterols, and membrane phospholipids. The process of lipid metabolism synthesizes and degrades the lipid stores and produces the structural and functional lipids characteristic of individual tissues.
In animals, when there is an oversupply of dietary carbohydrate, the excess carbohydrate is converted to triglycerides. This involves the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and the esterification of fatty acids in the production of triglycerides, a process called lipogenesis.[89] Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acetyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it again to an alkane group. The enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two groups, in animals and fungi all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional protein,[90] while in plant plastids and bacteria separate enzymes perform each step in the pathway.[91][92] The fatty acids may be subsequently converted to triglycerides that are packaged in lipoproteins and secreted from the liver.
The synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids involves a desaturation reaction, whereby a double bond is introduced into the fatty acyl chain. For example, in humans, the desaturation of stearic acid by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 produces oleic acid. The doubly unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid as well as the triply unsaturated α-linolenic acid cannot be synthesized in mammalian tissues, and are therefore essential fatty acids and must be obtained from the diet.[93]
Triglyceride synthesis takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum by metabolic pathways in which acyl groups in fatty acyl-CoAs are transferred to the hydroxyl groups of glycerol-3-phosphate and diacylglycerol.[94]
Terpenes and isoprenoids, including the carotenoids, are made by the assembly and modification of isoprene units donated from the reactive precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.[51] These precursors can be made in different ways. In animals and archaea, the mevalonate pathway produces these compounds from acetyl-CoA,[95] while in plants and bacteria the non-mevalonate pathway uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as substrates.[51][96] One important reaction that uses these activated isoprene donors is steroid biosynthesis. Here, the isoprene units are joined together to make squalene and then folded up and formed into a set of rings to make lanosterol.[97] Lanosterol can then be converted into other steroids such as cholesterol and ergosterol.[97][98]
Beta oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria or in peroxisomes to generate acetyl-CoA. For the most part, fatty acids are oxidized by a mechanism that is similar to, but not identical with, a reversal of the process of fatty acid synthesis. That is, two-carbon fragments are removed sequentially from the carboxyl end of the acid after steps of dehydrogenation, hydration, and oxidation to form a beta-keto acid, which is split by thiolysis. The acetyl-CoA is then ultimately converted into ATP, CO2, and H2O using the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Hence the citric acid cycle can start at acetyl-CoA when fat is being broken down for energy if there is little or no glucose available. The energy yield of the complete oxidation of the fatty acid palmitate is 106 ATP.[99] Unsaturated and odd-chain fatty acids require additional enzymatic steps for degradation.
Nutrition and health
Most of the fat found in food is in the form of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Some dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and carotenoids.[100] Humans and other mammals have a dietary requirement for certain essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) because they cannot be synthesized from simple precursors in the diet.[93] Both of these fatty acids are 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids differing in the number and position of the double bonds. Most vegetable oils are rich in linoleic acid (safflower, sunflower, and corn oils). Alpha-linolenic acid is found in the green leaves of plants, and in selected seeds, nuts, and legumes (in particular flax, rapeseed, walnut, and soy).[101] Fish oils are particularly rich in the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).[102] Many studies have shown positive health benefits associated with consumption of omega-3 fatty acids on infant development, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and various mental illnesses, such as depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and dementia.[103][104] In contrast, it is now well-established that consumption of trans fats, such as those present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Fats that are good for you can be turned into trans fats by overcooking.[105][106][107]
A few studies have suggested that total dietary fat intake is linked to an increased risk of obesity[108][109] and diabetes.[110] However, a number of very large studies, including the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, an eight-year study of 49,000 women, the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, revealed no such links.[111][112] None of these studies suggested any connection between percentage of calories from fat and risk of cancer, heart disease, or weight gain. The Nutrition Source, a website maintained by the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health, summarizes the current evidence on the impact of dietary fat: "Detailed research—much of it done at Harvard—shows that the total amount of fat in the diet isn't really linked with weight or disease."[113]
See also
- Solid lipid nanoparticle
- Simple Lipid
- Emulsion test
- Lipid microdomain
- Membrane lipid
- Fat – Esters of three fatty acid chains and the alcohol glycerol, one of the three main macronutrients, also known as triglycerides
- Lipid signaling
- Lipidomics
- Protein–lipid interaction
- Phenolic lipid, a class of natural products composed of long aliphatic chains and phenolic rings that occur in plants, fungi and bacteria
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External links
|Look up lipid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lipids.
- List of lipid-related web sites
- Nature Lipidomics Gateway – Round-up and summaries of recent lipid research
- Lipid Library – General reference on lipid chemistry and biochemistry
- Cyberlipid.org – Resources and history for lipids.
- Molecular Computer Simulations – Modeling of Lipid Membranes
- Lipids, Membranes and Vesicle Trafficking – The Virtual Library of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology
- LIPID MAPS – Comprehensive lipid and lipid-associated gene/protein databases.
- LipidBank – Japanese database of lipids and related properties, spectral data and references.
- ApolloLipids – Provides dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment information as well as continuing medical education programs
- National Lipid Association – Professional medical education organization for health care professionals who seek to prevent morbidity and mortality stemming from dyslipidemias and other cholesterol-related disorders.


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Congratulations! How exciting that you're taking the steps to buy a home in the San Francisco / Bay Area. You can consider yourself extremely lucky, as this is one of the best and most expensive markets in the country, and you're clearly doing alright, so you should be rewarded by capturing some prime California real estate.
Let us make the home buying process a little more simple by sharing some important steps we've learned over the past decade (plus) helping buyers find property.
Step 1 – Get Pre-Approved / Provide Proof Of Funds
Getting a loan? Don't even start looking (fantasizing) for property until you know without a shadow of a doubt what you will be able to afford, what the banks will lend you, what interest rate you think you'll get and how any fluctuation in that rate will influence your buying power. What's the point of looking at property you aren't confident you can afford, or come to find out you can get more than you thought!? Focus, focus, focus. You'll need it in our competitive market.
Who would we contact for pre-approval?
Tim Wood- Terra Mortgage Banking ([email protected], 415-464-1374)
Sergei Andruha- Guarantee Mortgage ([email protected], 415-309-0157)
Gannon Tidwell- GT Financial ([email protected], 415-272-7373, Specializing in TIC/Fractional loans)
Pre-approval is ideal, but a pre-qualification (quick over the phone conversation and verification of funds, credit, income, etc.) is good enough, and any of the blokes above can certainly get it done quickly. Once they do, get it in writing, and keep it handy.
Cash purchase? Be prepared to provide Proof Of Funds with any offer you submit, and (depending on the price range) before you are shown property. If you're oozing money and it's obvious, or you're famous and we know it, you might still be asked to provide proof of funds. Don't take it personally.
As Jerry Maguire so eloquently says, "Show me (and everybody that will be involved in your purchase) the money" and you'll be amazed at how much more focused your search can be.
Check back tomorrow for Step 2…

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome Address: AAS President Christine Jones
National Harbor, MD - AAS 2018 - AAS President Christine Jones speaks during the Opening Plenary session at the American Astronomical Society's (AAS) 231st annual meeting at the Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center, Tuesday, 9 January 2018. The American Astronomical Society (AAS), established in 1899 and based in Washington, DC, is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. The annual meeting is the premier astronomical event with more than 2,300 astronomers, educators, industry representatives, and journalists in attendance and at least 1,600 oral and poster presentations scheduled. Photo by © CorporateEventImages/Todd Buchanan 2018
AAS President Christine Jones speaks Opening Plenary session A


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Architects: NH Architecture
- Area: 47000 m²
- Year: 2010
Photographs:John Gollings, Dianna Snape
The Myer city store has long held a position as a civic elder to the public life of Melbourne. Centrally located in the Bourke Street Mall and adjacent to Melbourne's historic GPO, the store has witnessed a century of the city's evolution and has played host to many of its most memorable rituals and festivals, becoming an iconic symbol of Melbourne. However after years of retail service the city store could no longer compete as an internationally recognized department store in the rapidly evolving and sophisticated consumer market. In 2007 NH Architecture, with its client Colonial First State Global Asset Management, won the commission to rejuvenate the storeand return Myer to its place as an admired city landmark and sit alongside internationally renowned stores.
The most striking emblem of Myer's new face to the city, visible from many surrounding buildings, is its faceted gold roof. The pavilion roof has been architecturally sculpted with gold metal and glass to choreograph certain city views from within and to bring the cityscape of Melbourne into the heart of the store.
The new upper level event space is the culmination of the store's new retail experience and is accessed via a dramatic eight level atrium. The shopper is first greeted by the inclined and tapering atrium at the centre point of the busy ground floor of the store. From here, the eye is led upward through a visually and spatially dynamic volume to a large diamond skylight bringing daylight into the depths of the store. Meanwhile a busy flow of customers on the vertically stacked escalators play their part in this kinetic connection.
The project also offered the opportunity to carefully restore the significant heritage features of the original store, including the 1930's Art Deco façade on the Bourke Street Mall and the famous Mural Hall complete with its major paintings by the artist Napier Waller. The Bourke Street façade had undergone many alterations over the last century most noticeably with the painting-over of the upper level windows and the addition of a dark and sombre street canopy. The heritage restoration of the façade has reopened all the upper level windows to allow the inner life of the store to be revealed to the city while a new transparent street canopy ensures an uninterrupted view of the façade from the Bourke Street Mall.
The Little Bourke Street façade has been completely rebuilt as a contemporary counterpoint to its 1920's Bourke Street companion. The distinctive harlequin pattern across the façade is a geometric interpretation of the Art Deco motifs found throughout the old store. The façade pattern is further extended into a series of three dimensional display windows designed to allow views into the upper levels of the store from the narrow street below. The redevelopment of Myer's city store represents a vision of a contemporary department store for a new generation of Melbournians and ensures it will continue to be a contributor to the life and times of the city.


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gas vs. electric oven usage cost
I know most people have a preference for using either gas or electric ovens. For those of you shopping for a new or used one to purchase, I thought I'd point out the basic costs of running them so you can weigh out the pros and cons using your local electricity or gas costs. I'll base this example on the two ovens I use; one is electric and one is gas (LP).
Electric ovens are rated in watts used per hour or KWH (thousands of watts per hour). So an oven that is rated at 11,000 watts uses 11 Kilowatts per hour or 11 KWH.
The electric company bases their charges on KWH, mine is $.057/KWH.
That means my electric oven costs 11 x $.057 = $.63 per hour to run.
Propane and Natural Gas ovens are rated in BTU/hour (here anyway). My LP oven uses 60,000 BTU per hour. It takes approximately 1 gallon of propane to burn 90,000 BTU. So my oven uses (60,000/90,000) .67 of a gallon of propane to run for 1 hour. Since propane cost me $2.19 per gallon, my running cost per hour is .67 x $2.19 = $1.46 per hour.
Of course these are approximates based on the manufacturer's specs, plus different ovens take longer to heat up than others and retain their heat more or less.
There you go.


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6 Dives Package in 3 Days (equip. included)
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@The heart of Busan Downtown@
☆New Renovation Duplex lately
☆4 adults use spacious bedroom enough
☆By walk, Metro 1 min, Bus 5 mins, Airport Limousine 3 mins, KTX 5 mins from Busan Stn.
> 지하 유료 주차장 (하루 5000원, 한달 5만원)
>> 레지던스식 최신시스템으로 리모델링한 오피스텔, 내집같이 편안하고 쾌적한 단독 독립공간 사용
>> 널직한 복층 침실,취사 및 세탁 건조가능, Free Wifi, Cable IPTV
• Kitchen with New Appliance
• New Drum Washer & Dryer
※ Modern Bathroom &Toilet
※생활에 필요한 세면 욕실도구, 침구 일체, 부엌용품(식기, 컵,후라이팬, 냄비) 완비
※ 김해공항~부산역1. Airport limou 45mins, 6000원(every 40mins)
2. Metro 30mins, transfer at 사상
3. Taxi 30mins, ₩18,000
☆2-Latex Queenbeds
☆New bedding include bath towels.
☆Comfortable beds &Table
☆차이나 타운, 부산역 주변 모든 종류의 음식점과 레스토랑이 많습니다☆All kind of food, China town, Gagalchi Fish Market, Kukje Market, Nampo, Busan Tower, Yongdusan Park, Taejongdae
※ 김해공항~부산역1. Airport limou 45mins, 6000원(every 40mins)2. Metro 30mins, transfer at 사상3. Taxi 30mins, ₩18,000
☆자갈치, 국제시장, 부평야시장, 남포, 부산 타워, 용두산공원 - Metro 2 stops
감천 Village - 15mins by taxi
☆태종대 - 30mins by bus
☆해운대 - 50mins by Metro
용궁사 - 1hr by metro &bus
♡♡Welcome to my sweet house, hope you to enjoy staying in my duplex. I'd always like to take your asking for touring tips &things guest needs.That is all my pleasure with experience all over the world♡♡
我和朋友每次到釜山玩都住julie家,主人很nice,這次因為颱風攪局調整了到釜山遊玩的時間,Julie 還是幫我們安排好住宿,而且還有小驚喜,小孩也玩得很開心~~推薦julie的房子給大家!!
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我們跟房東就像朋友一樣,房東很熱心。這一次還請他幫忙看E-land retail卡的訊息。可惜外國人不能辦😂
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民宿位置靠近地鐵一號出口,樓下有24小時的超市,可以隨時買食材上去煮,在3跟5號間出口有電梯,到機場的機場巴士在對面 , 4跟6號車口有電梯,不用扛行李走樓梯很方便. 離釜山車站很近,釜山車站的對面巷子裡有橋村炸雞,也有忠武飯捲.也有31冰淇淋跟24小時營業的飯捲天國,再往前走一點有春夏秋冬冷麵.附近有草樑故事路景點.
房東julie回覆速度很快,也很親切.房間是密碼鎖, 不用擔心不會講英文或韓文喔.因為都是透過mail聯繫.
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Julie's place is absolutely convenient. Closed to shops, Busan station & clean
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Stayed at Julie apartments for 4 days. She is very detailed and her apartment is clean and have everything you need. Its near to restaurants and the beach. The host even help us order fried chicken, she is always contactable and helpful. I will be back to stay again.
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We had a lovely stay at this property. Julie was extremely prompt in responding, friendly and very helpful. She spent time to help us find things in the area to do, as well as to get our bearings so to speak.
The apartment was bright, clean, new and in a fantastic location. It was fully equipped with everything you will need for your stay. I wouldn't hesitate to stay here again.
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very Comfortable and warm house👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
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We reached Busan late at night and lost our way. Thankfully, Julie was very helpful and picked us from the Busan Station. Along the way, she showed us the methods to get to the apartment. When we reached the apartment, she showed us around, teaching us how to use the washer/dryer, also guided us to the places which we planned to visit the next few days. She also keep in touch with us via messenger app during our stay. Julie speaks good English and therefore, we do not have problem in communicating with each other. Her apartment was well kept, neat, clean and tidy. We love the cozy feel of the house and made us feel home. The location of the apartment is superb too! There is a supermarket just beside the apartment building where we get our cheap, fresh strawberries, snacks and stuff from there, not forgetting it is just 2-3 mins walk to the subway underground (exit 1) via stairs and about 3-4 mins to the elevator (exit 3 & 5) to the subway underground if you are carrying your luggages. I strongly recommend anyone visiting Busan to consider this apartment if you want it to be near Busan Station. Kudos to Julie and will definitely return to this warm, cozy house if I revisit Busan next time! :)
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Really had a pleasant stay in Busan thanks to Julie! She was really pleasant and took the initiative to check if I am doing alright from time to time and I really do feel at home because of that.
As for the accommodation, in short, you would think why in the world would anyone pay to stay in 5-star hotels in Korea when you could stay there. Entering and seeing the room itself was a pleasant surprise for me and that definitely marked the start of a wonderful experience in Busan. Also, it has got all the amenities a normal household would have, such as cooking utensils, washing machine(that actually comes with an inbuilt dryer), stationery, etc. And as many other reviews have stated, it is really close to the metro and the haeundae beach. There is also a Daiso nearby that sells almost anything from pots to bubble wraps.
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Julie's loft studio apartment is next to many other hotels & motels, very near Haeunde beach & walking distance to Haeunde Traditional Market & many restaurants option. There are also Thai Massage shops nearby. We didn't get to meet Julie but she emailed me often to ask if everything is fine & whether I need anything or any help & she replied my emails very fast. Her place is clean & cozy with many power sockets so it was convenient for 3 of us to charge our electronic gadgets. The rain shower & handheld shower were wonderful. The staircase to the loft is a bit narrow & the ceiling at the loft is low so have to be careful if you're big size or tall when going up & down the stairs. Overall we enjoyed our stay at Julie's apartment (Ray's House #2) & would highly recommend it.
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Julie's House is conveniently located in Haeundae. Just 8-minute walk from the metro station and 5-minute walk to Haeundae Beach. Exiting from the metro station, it is the popular Haeundae shopping and dining area. Besides restaurants, there are lots of KTV joints and convenient stores (such as Daiso).
The scenery at Haeundae Beach during sunrise and sunset were really stunning and not to be missed. We went up to Dongbeak Island, which is just a stone-throw away from Haeundae Beach. The island led us to a photo area which overlooks the Gwangan Bridge, APEC centre and Centum City. The night scenery should not be missed.
The apartment is cosy and fully-equipped with kitchen and laundry equipment. The kitchen has a coffee maker, cooking utensils and complete sets of crockery for 4 persons. The washing machine has a dryer function too, which was really handy. The rooms (both upstairs and downstairs) are spacious and cosy. The floor temperature could be adjusted and that's really useful to have especially during the colder seasons.
Julie is a really friendly host and speaks very good English.
The area has several F&B outlets and convenient stores (CU, GS25, 7-eleven etc). Just right at the ground level of the apartment, there is a café which opens at 9am, 24-hr convenient store and a modern Korean restaurant (serving bibimbap, jjigae etc) which opens from 11am to 2am. I must say that the food was really yummy!
Julie's house is highly recommended, if you like a place that offers balanced opportunities of natural scenery and dining. The intercity bus terminal is just 10-minutes walk away from the apartment.
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The Ray house 3 is very close to the Metro and the airport bus stop, it's quite convenience to go any where from the house by metro. It takes only 10 minutes to the beach, convenience stores and supermarket is quite nearby. Julie is very nice in solving any problem during my stay there. Everything is fine except it took a little bit careful when go up/get down the staircase leading to the loft.
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Super statisfy to stay here.
1.5 mins walk from haeundae station,easy to find,and easy to go to the beach.
2. Convenient store just in the same building
3.many choice of food,as much as u can eat!
4.apartment is big ,clean,fully equipped
5. We have 2 big comfortable beds
6. Julie (owner of the house) is super nice,easy to communicate with kaoka talk,fast reply,and she just help us to order deep fried chicken delivery,highly recommend ^_^
7. Washing cloths machine is so good,no need to bring too many cloths here
8. No housekeeping here,have to clean yr own and take rubbish to down
9. More chair will be great
10. Strongly recommend this house to all!
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Had a requirement for a short term stay while in Busan, Julies place ticked all the boxes, and did not disappoint.
Apartment absolutely spotlessly clean, modern, and in a gr8 location for shopping, restaurants etc, plus the beach of course for summertime visitors.
All in all, highly recommended.
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We really enjoyed our stay at Julie's House. The apartment is modern, clean and has most things that you need for your stay. Julie was very accommodating with any requests that we had and always tried her hardest to sort us out. Very close to Haeundae beach, the subway/bus terminal and all the shops and restaurants. Very good value for money.
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I stayed two nights with friends in this guesthouse by end of May. The apartment is nice and tidy. The location is just few minutes walk to the metro station and close to the downtown, beach. The host is friendly and quick response for queries. Highly recommand !
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We had a very pleasant stay at Julie's Ray's1 house. My parents were very impressed that I could find such a nice apartment in Busan! Everything is so nice and new in the flat and sufficient. The location is superb, 3 minutes walk from Haeundae Beach, 5 minutes walk from Haeundae tube station. Julie is a good host, she responded to my request almost immediately and constantly checked on us to see if we are doing okay! We feel like being pampered staying at her place. I will strongly recommend all my friends to stay at her place when they visit Busan!
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The apartment "Ray's house 1 --★☆ Ocean view☆★" was a fantastic place for my small travelling group of 3 females during our stay in Busan over 2 nights. It is indeed behind the Grand Hotel (reachable directly from Airport Bus No 1 from Gimhae Airport. It stops right at the lobby of Grand Hotel and apparently has a shorter travelling time compared to riding in Airport Bus No 2. But Airport Bus No 2 stops at the bus stop across Grand Hotel, so you will still get to where you need to be.
The location is also great as it is near to the Haeundae Beach and is a short 7 minute walk away from Haeundae Station Exit 7. There's a convenience store on the first level of the building as well.
Amenities-wise, although not exactly the same as shown in the pictures, but it falls nothing short of great and comfortable. Everything is new, clean and in tip-top condition! There were 2 mattress on the upper floor, while there was a sofa & an additional sofa bed on the lower floor. A couple of additional mattresses and quilts etc were stowed away in a cabinet if you have more than 3 people.
The host was really friendly and humorous, although we only saw her once and only communicated with her via this platform. It was really a smooth and enjoyable experience staying here.
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The apartment "Ray's house 2" is a great room for staying. I have stayed there for 2 nights. The location is close to metro station, just a few minutes walk from Haeundae station exit 7. Go straight on until you find Lotteria, turn left and then you should see the only tall building. Convenient store is just at ground level and there are many restaurants around.
The apartment is also close to the beach, you can enjoy the sunshine there.
The apartment has all you need, the cooking utilities, cable tv, wifi, towel, shampoo, bath gel, hair dryer... etc
The host is very nice, you can contact her for any needs.
Highly recommended.
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Dream 3 is very comfort and convenience apartment. The facilities such as Micro-wave cooker/toast maker /cooker/washing machine/shower-gel/shampoo
/cleaning detergent/ hair dryer …….……you just bring own toothpaste and towel. You can enjoy your excellent vocation. Go to Metro and beach only 5 minutes. If you are first time go to Busan, you will little difficult to the find the building. Take the Metro to Haeundae Metro No.7 exit, follow the main road after the cross. See the Lotteria burger shop turn Left. Behind the recycle field you will see a grey color 22 floor building (Sujain I marine I). Or take the Air-port bus No.2 arrive the Grand Hotel, you will see the building behind the right side of Grand Hotel after second cross. If I visit Busan again, I also visit Julie Dream house again. Highly recommend
Have a nice trip.
Dream3 是一間非常舒適地方,有齊各樣設備及用品,只須帶牙刷及毛巾就可享受如家般住宅。由机場到海雲台大酒店(面向正) 右面兩個街口22層灰色大廈。或乘地鐵7號出品沿大街兩個路口(見樂天漢堡飽站 Lotteria) 左轉見回收站後的大廈( Sujain I marine I ) 乘電梯到4樓(有大型行李可到2,4號出口中間有升降机) 過馬路左轉7號出口). 如再去釜山,Julie 的Dream House 是我的首選。高度推介。
Remark: If you want hot water for shower, You MUST Switch on Air-condition control . 如須用熱水沖涼,你必須開冷氣控掣器為運作。
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A very nice place to stay along with a fantastic location , close to every thing. The apartment was very comfortable very clean and very well appointed.
The rate is very good and I would recommend any one travelling to Busan to stay here.
The host is a very nice person and very easy to deal with and does everything to ensure a great stay.
We will be back for sure.
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친구들이랑 함께 2박3일 여행을 가게되어서 이틀동안 묵은 곳이에요 첫날에 미리오셔서 기다리고 계셨어요 키사용법이랑 근처에 있는 맛집이랑 놀만한 곳도 추천해주시고 세세하게 챙겨주셨어요 인원수에 맞게 수건이랑 부족한것 없냐고 물어봐주시고 숙소도 진짜 깨끗하고 바닥도 미리 따뜻하게 해놓으셨어요. 담날에도 열두시쯤 오셔서 부족한 거 없는지 다시 챙겨주시고 달맞이 고개 갈 예정이면 태워주신다고도 하셨어요 저희는 늦장부린다고 못갔지만 ㅠㅠ 주인아주머니 진짜 친철하세요 ㅎㅎ감사합니다 ㅠㅠ
여태까지 여행 자주 갔었는데 제일 맘에 들고 이쁜 집이었어요 밤에는 큰 창이 있어서 야경도 좋고 복층구조라서 계단올라가서 애들이랑 놀고 재밌는 시간 보냈답니다~
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준공 난 지 얼마 안되어서 그런지 너무 깨끗하고 단독으로 사용하다보니 편하게 움직일 수 있었습니다. 자그미한 소품까지도 주인의 세심한 배려가 돋보여서 불편함없이 지낸것은 사실입니다. 하지만 한 번 정도는 주인께서 직접 잠을 자면서 하루를 보내보시길 당부드립니다.
첫번째는 웃풍이 너무 세서 잠을 자기가 너무 힘들었습니다. 큰창과 복층형 구조에서 나오는 차가운 바람이 잠을 청하는데 굉장히 불편하게 하였고, 또한 이불이 많이 부족해 좋은 이미지를 많이 저해하였습니다.
두번째는 바닥은 너무 철철 끓어 발바닥을 델 정도로 뜨거웠습니다. 아직 입주를 위, 아랫층이 안되어 온기를 다 보존하기 어렵더라도 바닥이 철철 끊는데는 한번쯤 점검을 해보아야 할듯합니다.
세번째는 변기를 끝까지 누르고 변기 내용물을 확인해야 하는 번거로움이 있었습니다. 한번 눌러 변기물이 다 나갔을것이라고 판단하고 다음에 보면 아직도 변기안에 내용물이 남아 있어 불편했습니다.
방안이 추워서 난로, 전기장판, 온풍기 등등 보온 제품들을 즐비하게 놓았는데 이런것들은 되려 복잡하다는 느낌만 들었습니다.
저야 한 번 자고 나면 그만이지만 많은 자금을 투자하여 마련한 오피스텔이니 직접 주인께서 체험해보시고 부족한 부분을 체크하심이 바람직하리라 판단됩니다. 그럼 줄입니다.
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To begin with, Julie is a very nice host. Communications are easy even before booking.
Her home, my family is the first to stay in. All things are brand new. And Julie was sensitive to our needs. She even prepared a welcome gift basket. Although there were works going on outside the apartment, it doesn't affect our stay in anyway. There is even security below.
Thank you Julie for accommodating me and my kids. :)
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Video - Rare 1964 Shelby 289 Cobra To Be Auctioned
Provided by Auctions America.
The notion of producing a hybrid sports car in the 1960s was, at its core, quite simple. While British manufacturers retained the edge in styling, road holding and superb braking, American firms held a distinct horsepower advantage. This "best of both worlds" concept was, of course, nothing new. Post-war Allards, Cunninghams, and Nash-Healeys used the same basic premise. Carroll Shelby, however, considered chassis' from Austin-Healey, Jensen and Bristol before settling on AC, after hearing that the builders of the stylish and sturdy Ace had lost their engine supplier when Bristol ceased production.
Attractive, lightweight and proven, the AC Ace could, by Shelby's thinking, be turned into a successful production racer by replacing its aging six-cylinder engine with a powerful, deep-breathing V-8. In September 1961, Shelby wrote Charles Hurlock, of AC Cars, to propose a hybrid car using the AC sports car body and chassis. "I'm interested," wrote Hurlock, "if a suitable V-8 could be found." Shelby moved quickly when Editor Ray Brock, of Hot Rod magazine, told him of Ford's new, lightweight small-block V-8. Soon after, Shelby had an early 221-cubic inch example installed in a stock AC Ace. In fact, the V-8 weighed just slightly more than the six-cylinder Bristol.
Ford engineer Dave Evans then offered Shelby an even better solution. A high-performance 260-cubic inch small-block V-8 was already in production for Ford's Falcon, and two engines would be on the way to him soon. They were immediately sent by airfreight overseas, and on February 1, 1962, Carroll Shelby flew to England to test drive the new Shelby "Cobra." The rest, as they say, is history.
According to the World Registry of Cobras & GT40s; the 1964 Shelby Cobra 289, CSX2561, was originally billed to Shelby American on August 25, 1964 and was shipped to Los Angeles aboard the SS Alblasserdyk. It was initially used as a demonstrator at Shelby American and was then invoiced to Hayward Ford Motors, of Hayward, California on January 27, 1965. At the time it was originally painted white with a red interior, just as it is currently presented here today. The Registry also states that CSX2561 came with an uncommon C-4 automatic transmission and was sold at a "Factory Demonstrator" price of $5,250.
The first owner of 2561 was Edwin Ovilice, of Oakland, California. By the early 1970s, the car was owned by Jim McCarthy, also from Oakland. The Cobra was later offered by Norm Sinai of Hayward in late 1980. A gentleman named Mr. Cole from California bought the car and then sold it circa 1982 to Donald Mansker of Houston, Texas. Jim Yancey of Paris, Texas next bought 2561in 1983. By this time the car had been fit with a chrome rollbar and had blue interior (both have since been removed and returned to original specifications). The Cobra was next seen being advertised for sale in spring of 1990, then later in 1992 was offered by an auction house. In 1993, the car reappeared in the classifieds and was sold later in the year to Guy C. Eavers from Staunton, Virginia. It is last mentioned in the aforementioned Shelby Registry as being for sale in the December 1996 duPont Registry as completely and immaculately restored with an unwrecked aluminum body, 38,950 miles and the rollbar removed and the interior color returned to its proper red leather.
This example is a standout among its peers. The factory C-4 automatic transmission is quite rare, records indicate that less than 20 examples were sold in this configuration. Ford Mustang floor-shift mechanisms were utilized, as seen in this car. Finished in white with red leather upholstery and red carpet, CSX2561 rides on chromed wire wheels and is shod with Goodyear Integrity tires. It is also equipped with factory accessories that include a soft-top, a spare wire wheel, front grille guard and rear bumper, chrome air cleaner, aluminum Cobra valve covers, adjustable wind-wings, tinted sun visors, competition seat belts, chrome exhaust pipe tips and an outside rearview mirror. Most impressively, this Cobra leaves you with many favorable driving impressions. It is quick, comfortable, tight, and drives very well - all one wants in such a high-performance machine.
The overall fit and finish of the body, paint, upholstery and engine bay is outstanding, with nothing overlooked. There are no blemishes of note on the paint, and the interior is stunning with its black dash and Stewart Warner gauges. Outstandingly presented, CSX2561 is certainly worthy of serious inclusion in the collection of discerning aficionados of post-war American muscle.
Published Dec 7th, 2015
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Previous Lesson
Complete and Continue
START HERE: What kind of life do you want to craft?
Beginning! (2:47)
Course Overview (2:20)
Your goal-setting style
Find your personal goal-setting style (1:44)
Fire-style goal setters, watch this! (3:10)
Are you a water-style goal setter? Keep these things in mind! (1:45)
Wind-style goal setter, blow your way over to this video! (3:47)
Earth goal-setting style? Get grounded and watch this video for tips on your goals! (1:48)
Let's set some goals!
What are goals? What's the point? How can writing down goals be so much better than just getting a sense of what you want? (1:25)
Let's get started with this quick vision-finding worksheet (3:12)
5 years! Let's talk about the context of that great vision of yours! What's going on in your life in these 7 areas of your life? (8:44)
3 years in the future, what has to be true for the 5 year vision to be true? Let's write that down! (2:32)
In just one year in the future, what has to be true to achieve those 3 year goals? (2:40)
WHOA! 6 months in the future, you'll be checkin' these goals off (3:19)
3 months?! That's practically tomorrow! Let's write down some goals! (3:20)
This week!? What are we doing THIS WEEK? (2:57)
Conclusion: Let's wrap this up! (1:21)
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Thursday, February 24, 2011
Verona's Cunego Back on the Podium After 17 Months
Pedaling brilliantly and with an irresistible desire to win were the ingredients that allowed Damiano Cunego to reach the finish line first in the second stage of the Giro di Sardgena. It had been 17 months since the Lampre-ISD rider had savored the taste of victory, his last being in La Pandera at the Vuelta a Espana in September, 2009.
The defining part of the stage occurred in the final Kms of the 197.5 stage. With an uphill finish on Monte Ortobene the top riders battled when first Scarponi, Capecchi, Kiserlov, Serpa Perez and Sella attacked, then were joined at 1000 meters to go by Cunego, Hermans, Stortoni, Brutt, Santambrogio and Sagan. Cunego was great in controlling his opponents and winning the sprint.
Cunego now leads in the overall standing by 2 seconds with the previous days winner, Sagan, in second.
"My shout at the arrival was full of satisaction", Cunego explained. "It's fantastic to win when you know that you're in good form, and of course it's even more beautiful to obtain success when you could not win for a long time."
Photo: by Bettini
Related story: A Visit with Damiano Cunego
Follow on Twitter: ITALIANCYCJOURN
Stories for the Italian Cycling Journal about rides, granfondos, having a good time cycling in Italy, Italian cycling history, etc. are always welcome. Contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com. There are more than 1,700 stories in this blog. The search feature to the right works best for finding subjects in the blog. There is also an Italian weather widget along the right side and a translate button at the bottom so you can translate each page. What I'm riding.
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Many thanks for the tips on buying fresh fish. It really is difficult these days to find good fish. Off the the market for me...
For many people there may be nothing more intimidating at the supermarket than the fresh fish counter. All those whole fish on ice lying alongside all those fillets and steaks — who knows where to start? How can you even tell if it's fresh? (See also: Sustainable Seafood Choices)
This is very unfortunate, because fish is a great source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, and fresh fish, if done well, is so delicious. But the truth is, identifying fresh, good quality fish is actually pretty easy, once you know what to look for. And proper storage and preparation is easy, too.
So, first things first. How do you tell if your fish is really fresh?
I am a fan of fish markets. At a fish market, this is what they do. I like to talk to someone who knows the about the fish, how to prepare it, and whether I am really getting a good deal. I think if you build a rapport with a good fishmonger, they will steer you in the right direction in order to get your repeat business. (See also: Produce Worker's Guide to Choosing Fruits and Veggies)
This is not to say that if you do not have a separate fish market in your town, you are out of luck. Many grocery stores now have specialized fish counters, and the employees there are trained in how to handle fish.
I would never try to buy fish while I had a cold! You need to be able to smell it — or, rather, NOT smell it. Just pick that package up, and give it a sniff. Do you smell the fish? If it is an ocean fish, it should smell like the ocean. Freshwater fish shouldn't really smell like much of anything. If it smells really "fishy," odds are, it's not very fresh.
Boing! Through the plastic, or using a food handler's glove, see if that flesh springs back if you push on it. It should.
If you are buying a whole fish, check the eyes. They should be clear. Cloudy eyes mean old fish.
Two more places to check, if you are buying a whole fish: The gills and the scales. Scales should not be loose, and the gills should be clear red.
Where did the fish come from? If it isn't on the package, I'd ask. You want to be certain your fish was caught, or farmed, using safe practices. Seafood Watch provides handy recommendations about safe and sustainable seafood, and even has an "app" so you can check while shopping.
How do you store fresh fish? Hopefully, you won't have to store it for more than two days. If you must store it, make sure you keep it in the coldest part of your refrigerator.
Wise Bread readers, I know, look for the most economical ways to obtain the best product. Sometimes, whole fish are much less expensive per pound (and you may be able, in some locations, to obtain them right off the dock for even less). Are you intimidated by the thought of cutting up a whole fish? Don't be; it's easy. (See also: One Chicken, One Week of Dinners)
Now that you have your fish, what do you do with it? Here are some of my favorites. (See also: How to Prepare Affordable White Fish)
This is my husband's method. Clean fish, rinse, and drain slightly on paper towels. Beat one egg in a bowl. Put about a cup of cornmeal on a plate and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Dip trout in beaten egg and then in cornmeal. Flip fish so that both sides are coated in cornmeal. Heat skillet and add oil. When oil is hot, but not smoking, place the trout in pan. When golden brown, turn and fry other side. Serve with bacon, hash browns, and coffee.
Fresh salmon, on the grill, is fantastic.
When I was growing up, my mother did the fish-on-Fridays thing. She favored fresh sole, very simply prepared.
Sole baked in a salt crust is not as simple as my mother's, but the results are wonderful, and the presentation is dramatic. You can try this with other kinds of fish, too.
That just means fish steamed in paper, with just a few herbs and some kind of acid like wine or lemon juice to make the steam and add flavor. Simple, and so pretty on the plate.
This is another dramatic and delicious presentation — a whole fish on the plate! Celebrity chef Anita Lo's recipe is based on the classic from Chinese cuisine, but with just a few ingredients, all of which you'll find at your supermarket.
Ahi Poke is my favorite food, and this recipe couldn't be easier. Needless to say, your tuna had better be fresh for this preparation!
I know it can be a little intimidating. If you have any questions, I'll do my best to answer them in the comments, below. Happy fishing!
Disclaimer: The links and mentions on this site may be affiliate links. But they do not affect the actual opinions and recommendations of the authors.
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Many thanks for the tips on buying fresh fish. It really is difficult these days to find good fish. Off the the market for me...
I just go to Chinatown and have it gutted and cleaned right there. Fish/shellfish is always fresh and cheaper than places like Whole(paycheck) Foods.
My husband is a chef ....so his tips are:
NEVER order fish out in a restaurant on a Monday! (And we live in California and he still keeps me to that rule (unless you see it coming out of the ocean) :)
Know your fishmonger!
Use your nose. Fish should have NO smell.
This is some particularly good advice, especially if you shop for "fresh" fresh fish. Like, the stuff not at your big box retailers.
You can save tons on fish bought from framer's markets, but you need to know what you're looking for
I've stopped buying fresh fish for a while now! Thanks for this post, hopefully I'll stop by my local farmer's market and pick up something fresh (And get out of the canned tuna trap!) :)


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Take your crochet up a stitch with beautiful ribbing, cables and beads as you make a richly textured 12-square afghan. Enjoy instruction from expert Drew Emborsky, aka The Crochet Dude, as you learn to work a chainless foundation, create complex cable combinations with ease, add gorgeous beadwork without pre-stringing and more! Complete your sensational lap afghan with join-as-you-go edging for a finished result you'll be proud to show off. Throughout your class, Drew will share expert tips and helpful information, such as how to measure the gauge of a post-stitch swatch and how to follow charts for twisted cables or beautifully beaded designs. Elevate your crochet with stunning texture!
Bonus materials available after purchase
Download this PDF for a supply list and instructions to make the Crochet Texture Afghan.


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From its headquarters in Washington, D.C., the U.S. Bureau of Land Management oversees some of the nation's most prized natural resources: vast expanses of public lands rich in oil, gas, coal, …
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From its headquarters in Washington, D.C., the U.S. Bureau of Land Management oversees some of the nation's most prized natural resources: vast expanses of public lands rich in oil, gas, coal, grazing for livestock, habitat for wildlife, hunting ranges, fishing streams and hiking trails.
But more than 99 percent of that land is in 12 Western states, hundreds of miles from the nation's capital. Some Western politicians — both Republicans and Democrats — are asking why the bureau's headquarters isn't in the West as well.
"You're dealing with an agency that basically has no business in Washington, D.C.," said Colorado Republican Sen. Cory Gardner, who introduced a bill to move the headquarters to any of those dozen states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington or Wyoming. The Bureau of Land Management manages a combined 385,000 square miles (997,000 square kilometers) in those states.
Colorado Republican Rep. Scott Tipton introduced a similar measure in the House, and three Democrats signed up as co-sponsors: Reps. Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, Jared Polis of Colorado and Ed Perlmutter of Colorado.
Some Westerners have long argued federal land managers should be closer to the land they oversee, saying Washington doesn't understand the region. Now they have a powerful ally in Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke, a Montanan who is leading President Donald Trump's charge to roll back environmental regulations and encourage energy development on public land.
Zinke said in September he wants to move much of the Interior Department's decision-making to the West, including the Bureau of Land Management, which is part of the agency.
The Washington Post reported last month Zinke's plan includes dividing his department's regions along river systems and other natural features instead of state borders, and using them to restructure oversight.
A big part of the bureau's job is to lease drilling, mining and grazing rights on public land to private companies and individuals. That puts it at the center of a heated national debate over how those lands should be managed, and by whom.
Some recent disputes:
● Much of Bears Ears National Monument in Utah, created by President Barack Obama and greatly reduced by Trump, is on Bureau of Land Management land.
● Rancher Cliven Bundy's long battle against federal control of public land, which culminated in a 2014 armed standoff in Nevada, began on bureau acreage.
● More than 50,000 square miles (123,000 square kilometers) of Bureau of Land Management land in the West is at the heart of a debate among conservationists, ranchers and energy companies over how much protection to give the shrinking population of the greater sage grouse, a ground-dwelling bird.
Bureau manages huge areas
The bureau manages more public land than any other federal agency, ranging from about 1 square mile (3 square kilometers) in Virginia to nearly 113,000 square miles (293,000 square kilometers) in Alaska. That doesn't include national parks or national forests, which are managed by other agencies.
It has about 9,000 employees, with fewer than 400 in Washington. The rest are scattered among 140 state, district or field offices.
"The larger issue is that states and counties that are predominated by public lands are deeply affected by decisions made by BLM," said Kathleen Sgamma, president of the Western Energy Alliance in Denver, which represents the oil and gas industry. "So it makes sense (for the headquarters) to be in a state where there are a high percentage of public lands."
In Nevada, where the Bureau of Land Management manages 66 percent of the land — a bigger share than any other state — Republican U.S. Rep. Mark Amodei called the idea intriguing but stopped short of endorsing it.
"I'm excited about the fact that they're looking at it," he said.
Amodei said he has spoken with bureau officials in Washington who know so little about Nevada they thought the land under a highway interchange was wildlife habitat.
Few say moving the bureau's headquarters would tilt its decision-making toward commercial use or preservation and recreation.
But some environmental groups question whether it would produce real benefits.
Aaron Weiss, media director for the Center for Western Priorities, said Zinke has been limiting opportunities for local comment on national monuments and BLM planning, and moving the headquarters to the West wouldn't reverse that.
Weiss also suggested Zinke could use a headquarters move as a cover to get rid of employees he considers disloyal.
"We absolutely question his motives," Weiss said.
Zinke's spokeswoman, Heather Swift, said Weiss's claims are false. More than 2 million people submitted comments during the Interior Department review of Bears Ears and other national monuments, and Zinke held more than 60 meetings with local people, she said.
Zinke doesn't believe his proposed reorganization will result in job cuts, Swift said.
Athan Manuel, director of the Sierra Club's public lands program, said the Bureau of Land Management is already decentralized, and moving the headquarters would waste money.
"It's a solution in search of a problem," he said.
Some Bureau of Land Management retirees also are skeptical of the move.
The bureau needs a strong presence in Washington for budget and policy talks, said Steve Ellis, who was the agency's deputy director when he retired in 2016 after 38 years in civil service, both in Washington and the West.
"The relationships in the West are so important, but the relationships in Washington are also important," Ellis said. "You need the both for the agency to be successful and thrive."
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Main Bearing Clearance - Cranky Dispositon
Checking main bearing clearances & crank endplay
Related Video
At the heart of your powerplant is the crankshaft, and this baby not only has to endure the entire rotating mass, but it is subjected to countless spin cycles at varying rpm. It's a tough life, which makes proper installation that much more critical. It's nothing tricky, but taking the time to check tolerances can be the difference between a long -running powerhouse and a short-lived paperweight.
But what is it about bearing clearances that's so important? Simply put, if the main bearings are too tight, they'll burn up, and, conversely, if the clearances are excessively loose, you'll end up with a big drop in oil pressure at operating temperature. Let's not forget about the thrust tolerances. If you don't have enough crank endplay, you could burn the thrust up, which will eventually wear out the thrust on the crankshaft. If this should happen, you can expect to pony up some serious green for major reconstructive surgery, by having to reweld or even replace the crankshaft. All said and done, take the time to measure every journal on the crankshaft and each main bearing, and make sure to have your crank endplay in check.
The better it's matched the more you're freeing up available power. It's cheap insurance to know everything is working in unison and that the rotating assembly isn't fighting itself. We all know engines aren't cheap, so do it once, do it right the first time, and you won't have to worry about your mill giving up the ghost to a major catastrophe.


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by C. Desir : Other Broken Things
ISBN : #1481437402 | Date : 2017-04-25
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