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SearchMash, Google's experimental search interface, has improved. Now when you type a query, an appropriate section from the right sidebar will expand. For example, instead of showing an image OneBox for [autumn], SearchMash expands the image search section.
Another interesting change is that SearchMash recognizes some classes of proper nouns and displays refinements for them. For "Britney Spears", you'll see these refinements: "songs", "albums", "lyrics", "history" and "influences". Unlike the related searches, these refinements are the same for a category, much like Google Co-op refinements. But Google only adds "songs" or "albums" to the initial query, so it doesn't use tagging like in Google Co-op. Another class of proper nouns is companies.
If you make a spelling mistake, SearchMash replaces: "Did you mean [this]" with "Did you mean [this]? Yes / No", so the suggestion becomes a real question. Also "See results for: [suggestion query]", followed by three top results for that query, becomes "Are you looking for [suggestion query]? Yes / No".
Another new thing is that SearchMash is down most of the time, so you'll have a hard time actually using Google's experiment. But if you'll be patient, you might see the future Google growing in front of your eyes.
SearchMash has a minimalistic interface that removes a lot of artificial elements and wants to integrate all the different kinds of search results into a single comprehensive page.
February 11, 2007
SearchMash Gets Smarter
Posted by Alex Chitu at 2/11/2007 11:16:00 AM
Labels: SearchMash
5 comments:
I was using SearchMash exclusively for awhile and really liked the features presented, but as of a few weeks ago, I switched back to Google only because of my CustomizeGoogle Greasemonkey script and the McAfee Siteadvisor checkmarks (they are not available for SearchMash).ReplyDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 12, 2007 at 4:46 AM
nice blogReplyDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 12, 2007 at 10:28 AM
Really nice site searchmash. Is it intended to take over Google interface later on or what?ReplyDelete
Thanks for the review.
I don't think it's intended to take over from Google's interface, I quite like Searchmash's UI so I wouldnt be upset if they changed their mindReplyDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 19, 2007 at 2:40 AM
I love the UI it's better than Google's! SearchMash is now my default search engine :)ReplyDelete
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By Steven Bancarz| Reincarnation is the spiritual belief that souls leave the body at the death of the physical body and the re-enter another physical body after spending a brief time in the spirit world. Some people come back to alleviate Karma, some come back for the purpose of further developing their souls, and some come back for the purpose of service and helping others evolve. There is an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence for the existence for reincarnation, some of which is summarized in an article I wrote here.
How can you tell if you have lived before in the past? There are different ways you can tell if you have lived on earth before. You can visit a hypnotherapist and receive a past-life regression, you can meditate and feel that you have lived before intuitively, or you can reflect on some of the characteristics you have as a person and see if they imply you may have lived before.
It's certainly the case that you may have lived before and do not possess these characteristics, but here are 5 that I think are pretty universal and indicative of an old soul. Here are 4 signs this isn't your first life on earth:
1) You Get A Good Read On People
From a young age, you have been able to get a really good read on people. From watching someone interact for just a few minutes, you are able to identify the characteristics that person would have and the lifestyle they live. It's almost like you have this software that allows you to look around and download the information on other souls. This is because you have seen the archetype of that person before in a past life and are familiar with the general behaviour and psychology of that archetype. You have interacted with thousands of people throughout the course of your souls history, so there is really no archetype you haven't interacted with yet.
This doesn't mean you are judgmental, it just means you are observational. You may find yourself at parties or social gatherings looking around every once in a while checking things out. Watching people interact, observing the exchanges of energy that are occurring during conversation. You may even feel more comfortable as a distant observer than as a participant. It feels natural to you.
Having the ability to get a good read on people has also given you a really good bullsh*t detector. When someone is lying to you, you know it. You notice the disassociation in their eyes, the shift in their energy field, the change in the way they pronounce words. You've been through this place many times before, so you aren't socially naive, even though you may have not had much social interaction in this life. You've always been hard to manipulate because you can see into the real intentions and desires of other people. You are just good at feeling people out intuitively.
2) You Enjoy Isolation
You enjoy time to yourself. Not because you like being lonely, but because you like being alone. You are content with just being by yourself. You would rather been on a dock by yourself all night under the stars than at a party somewhere, and you would rather be in a forest alone all day than at a shopping mall. This is not because you are a hermit, but because you don't need society in order to validate your sense of self. Your own worth comes from your relationship with yourself and your spirituality, not from peer-approval and social acceptance.
When you are thrown into this world for the first time, your inclination is to learn how to play the game and make a comfortable life for yourself. When you have been here many times before, you already know it's a game, so you don't even bother trying to play it anymore.
You may still like to go out and be social, but it doesn't serve you in the same way it does for others. You are used to being around other people, and have been for centuries. You know what to expect. At the end of the day, the most satisfying thing for you is feeling peace within yourself, generated from within yourself. This leads into our next point.
3) You Don't Fit In…You REALLY Don't Fit In.
You stick out like a sore thumb wherever you go. School, work, family gatherings. You're whole life, you have always felt a little out of place. Being human is still something you're getting used to, and may never get used to. Behaving "properly" in public seems forced for you, and trying to maintain a meaningless conversation is painful for you. You don't quite understand why humans operate the way they do.
It's kind of like being a lion who thinks he is a sheep his whole life. He behaves like a sheep and thinks like a sheep. After living a few lives pretending to be a sheep, he realizes he is something much more than that. He discovers himself and transcends his sheep-hood. When he goes back in to life again pretending to be a sheep, it feels unnatural for him because now he is just role playing.
You're the one who will start a discussion about things like lucid dreams, animal rights, and spirituality while everyone else wants to talk weather and sports. They'll sometimes initiate the conversations because they are interested or intrigued with you, but most of the time it's you who will break the film of social convention. But it's not only a difference in interests that makes you stick out.
It's most importantly the fact that you don't really know how to fit in. Maybe you have tried before, and it felt awkward and failed. And that's OK. You don't understand how some people are happy as carbon copies, and it's unnatural to you to be conventional. You may do things that other people will call "weird" such as meditate on a bench in public somewhere, or maybe you'll stop yourself in the parking lot to soak up the sun rays. You have more "quirks" than the average person, not because you are trying to be different, but because you don't know how to be "normal".
4) You Have An Evolved Soul
People may come to you to seek advice, even though you may be younger than them by decades. They value your inputs because you have a good deal of insight and wisdom for your age. Without getting egoic about it, you seem to have more understanding and a more universal outlook to life's challenges than the average person. Perhaps this is why you are here: to help others reach that same place.
You've lived a few lives here, so you understand the importance of things like patience, self-honesty, and introspection. What takes some people 10 years to learn it may only take you 1 year to learn because your soul has already went through this before and is used to recognizing the signs. Having "heart to hearts" with someone who is struggling seems natural to you, because you are almost always able to assist them with what they are going through. You will still encounter your own adversity in life, but you approach it with maturity and level-headedness. You are a quick learner when it comes to the lessons of life, and you are very good at listening to what life is trying to show you about yourself.
And quite frankly, it's acquiring more wisdom and experience that you value the most in life. You aren't really concerned with social status, fame, or making a nice cozy nest for yourself. You desire to grow spiritually, to evolve into a better person, and to help other people do the same. This feels most natural and rewarding to you.
There are of course many more characteristics of people who have lived on earth before, but I think these are some of the most prevalent ones. If there are any I missed, let me know in the comments!
Here is a video of a 9 year old who is way beyond his years. This is a perfect example of someone who has lived here at least once before:
About the author: My name is Steven Bancarz, and I am the creator of 'Spirit Science and Metaphysics'. Thanks for taking the time to read this article! I recently came out with an Egyptian inspired consciousness-shifting t-shirt. It's made out of 100% organic bamboo, and a tree will be planted with the sale of each shirt as well! If you would like to check this shirt out and help plant forests, click here or on the photo below!

subset: commoncrawl


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Full Size Hard Cover For Cold Pans (134P)Cold Food Pan Cover, Full Size
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I originally set up this web page to upload my fathers book onto the internet so that I could add more details and clarify some points. I then thought that perhaps I could just keep uploading a variety of information, links etc that are relevant to the entire Mammon family. We can trace our roots back as far as 1750, and the stories in between are very interesting, especially the period from the Russian Revolution until my father, grandparents and uncle arrive in London, after World War II.. So read on, and feel free to contact me if you have more to add, interesting anecdotes, links or just family photo's.
You can email me, email@example.com, anything you want to add, or facts that need correcting and as long as I can figure out how to add it, why not.
Thanks, click on the link below, and read on.
Joseph Mammon My Story


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Is Breastfeeding Right for You and Your Baby?
If you're an expectant mother, you already have a lot on your mind. One concern may be whether or not to breastfeed your baby.
Good for Baby
Breast milk has the nutritional elements (such as fat, sugar, water and protein) that babies need for development, as well as antibodies, which help protect them from infections. Plus, breast milk is often easier than formula for babies to digest.
Good for You
Breastfeeding uses up extra calories, which makes it easier for moms to lose postpartum weight and for the uterus to return to its original size. It also can reduce postpartum bleeding. Studies have shown that women who breastfeed may lower their risk for breast and ovarian cancer as well as type 2 diabetes. Research also has linked breastfeeding with lower incidences of anxiety and postpartum depression.
Eating Right for Breastfeeding
You may have heard that omega‐3 fatty acids like docosahexaenoic acid (also called DHA) and alpha linolenic acid (also called ALA) can have positive effects on a baby's brain and eye development. Women who breastfeed are encouraged to eat natural sources of omega‐3 fatty acids, which can be found in:
- Cold water/oily fish, such as salmon, tuna or anchovies and fish oils. Avoid fish with high mercury levels.
- Green leafy vegetables.
- Some seeds and nuts, such as flax seeds, walnuts and pumpkin seeds.
- Some legumes, such as soy beans, kidney beans and navy beans.
However, you should always discuss any diet changes with your doctor.
Do what's right for you. There may be health reasons that prompt your doctor to advise against breastfeeding, so it's important to discuss with your doctor the best way for your baby to get the nutrients he or she needs.
This information has been created and supplied to you courtesy of Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of New Jersey. The information is general in nature and is intended to provide you with increased understanding of the topics discussed to help you and your family get and stay healthy. It is not intended as a substitute for the professional advice and care of your doctor. If you have any questions or concerns about your health or the health of any of your family members, contact your doctor.


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THAT IS ALL, John Hodgman's Final Book of Complete World Knowledge
Photo by Brantley Gutierrez.
John Hodgman's third and final book of complete world knowledge, That is All, hits bookstore shelves today, 11/1/11. I hope you'll buy a copy, because you'll need it when Ragnarok occurs.
Oh, You Haven't Heard of Ragnarok?
That is All is predicated on the premise (ahem, CERTAIN KNOWLEDGE) that, starting quite soon, we will enter a pre-apocalyptic period leading up to the end of the world, or to be more specific, Hodgman's "COMING TOTAL ULTRACOLLAPSE OF CIVILIZATION AND END OF HUMAN HISTORY," but which may conveniently be referred to using the Norse term Ragnarok. You may think this is a joke, but it is deadly serious -- this really is the end, because indeed, Hodgman has finally decided to write about topics including WINE and SPORTS, which were dismissed in his previous volumes. The end is nigh, and it has a bouquet with hints of fruit, albuterol, and jokes. Here's a sample from early in the book (page 642) that precedes a section entitled HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN WINE IN A TOILET, EVEN IF YOU ARE NOT IN PRISON:
Were You Aware of It? "Legalize It" Though people have been making their own wine at home and in prison for millennia, the practice was outlawed in the United States as part of PROHIBITION--that brief, unfortunate period in American history when Steve Buscemi was a powerful sex symbol. In 1978, however, Jimmy Carter knew the country needed to get drunk and so signed HR 1337 ("House Resolution LEET") legalizing the making of wine for personal use, as well as beer, hard cider, and HOME FOUR LOKO. But many are not aware that Carter additionally passed HR U83R 1337, legalizing the home manufacture of RAW MILK CHEESES, CUBAN CIGARS, ABSINTHE, FUGU PUFFER FISH, MARIJUANA CIGARETTES, PEYOTE PATCHES, and PRUNO aka "PRISON TOILET WINE." The result was an INTENSE MELLOWING of the U.S. population, with most football teams being replaced by wine bars,255 increased funding of pottery classes and pan flute in schools, and a wide swath of New Mexico being transformed into a NATIONAL CONVERSATION PIT. This in turn led to a counterintuitive economic boom, especially once the famous inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil invented the HEMP ENGINE, making American-grown marijuana the most important energy source on the planet. WERE YOU NOT AWARE OF THIS? I AM NOT SURPRISED, FOR IN 1980 RONALD REAGAN SEIZED CONTROL OF THE TIME-STREAM AND CORRECTED IT SUCH THAT NONE OF THIS EVER HAPPENED. However, while it remains illegal in this time sphere to make Pruno, that does not mean it is NOT INCREDIBLY EASY. 255. Baseball remained, but under the regime of new commissioner Dock Ellis, it was largely played by freelance magazine writers.
From this brief snippet, you get a taste of what there is for you in That is All, which is basically tons of jokes, some of which are already somewhat dated (by 2015, how many people will know what Four Loko was?) and many of which will lead to some heavy Googling (for example, to learn more about George Plimpton or leetspeak or The Singularity). The writing is refreshingly bite-sized, such that you can literally open the book to any page, read something, have a chuckle, and move on. Also, like the previous volume, each page includes a page-a-day calendar at the top -- except this one predicts the future, through the end of the world (it's called TODAY IN RAGNAROK). You have roughly a year left; you might as well enjoy it, one page at a time.
Here are two samples of the page-a-day calendar, from very early in the book:
December 26, 2011 Penguin Audio releases the Book of Revelation as narrated by Nick Nolte. It becomes an enormous bestseller. December 27, 2011 Nick Nolte appears on The View to promote the Book of Revelation. When Joy Behar asks him what he thinks of all the 2012 end-time theories, Nick Nolte pulls back his beard and reveals his writhing second beard of feathered snakes. "These weren't here last year," he says. "What does THAT tell you?"
On Writing as Someone Other Than Yourself, But Using Your Own Name
Over the course of his three books of complete world knowledge, we've seen Hodgman develop an eponymous character, a faux-Hodgman who is the narrator of these books. In the first book of fake trivia (I'm sorry, "complete world knowledge"), The Areas of My Expertise, Hodgman refers to himself as a "former professional literary agent" (which is true) and the joke is that he's writing from a position of virtually no authority, but in an authoritative voice. (My apologies for explaining the joke, but sometimes you have to be explicit about these things.) You have to remember that at the time, Hodgman was a reasonably successful freelance writer (he wrote the "Ask a Former Professional Literary Agent" column for McSweeney's), host of the Little Gray Book lectures, and contributor to This American Life...but he wasn't exactly famous. So his position-of-no-real-authority character no longer made sense when it was time to write his second book, More Information Than You Require -- by that time, Hodgman was an "author and famous minor television personality" who was moderately well-known for his acting work in the "I'm a Mac" ads (he played the PC), as "Resident Expert" on The Daily Show, and lots of other gigs (including roles in Baby Momma, Flight of the Conchords, and most recently Bored to Death), and his first book had become a bestseller, largely due to a major sales boost after his killer first appearance on The Daily Show. So in the second book, Hodgman wrote from the perspective of a writer and actor whose fame was moderate, fleeting, possibly obtained by accident, but nevertheless had afforded him some form of status. In this final book of world knowledge, That is All, Hodgman enters his third act as "the deranged millionaire," a character who has experienced sincere wealth and status (the guy even met the president), but is now considering the possible end of it all -- the end of his status, the end of his acting career, the end of his relevance, and indeed THE END OF THE WORLD.
To make things even more complicated, Hodgman has actually been performing (with They Might Be Giants) as "The Deranged Millionaire" since 2005, long before he actually became either a millionaire or deranged.
As a "surprisingly successful freelance writer," I can personally identify with only the first persona Hodgman evokes, as I routinely have the opportunity (even here, now, in these words that I am currently writing) to reach an audience of "a lot of people" and feel that I must demonstrate some kind of expert status in my field. Like Hodgman, I fully expect to parlay this into some kind of mad bestselling romp ending in Ragnarok. Just you wait.
On Books of Lists
Hodgman's trilogy of complete world knowledge owes a lot to The Book of Lists (as Hodgman has discussed in interviews). As part of my job here at mental_floss, I routinely write lists, and indeed we're coming out with our own book of lists quite soon now. Hodgman has spent so much time perfecting the art of list-writing that I have to hand it to him -- this is top-notch listology. An example (from page 808):
CONDITIONS FOR THE RETURN OF THE ANCIENT AND UNSPEAKABLE ONES • Jormungandr, the World Serpent, rises from the deep. • Death of the Norse god Balder. • The ravenous moveable forest awakens and feasts on blood. • Nick Nolte reads the Book of Revelations. • The Ten-Day Night falls. • The lost Gumstone is found. • Temperatures between 75 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. • Humidity of about 60 percent. • Winds out of the south, southeast.
This list is followed by a list of 700 "Ancient and Unlistable Ones." Yes, seven hundred. Due to clever layout, this only takes 20 pages and contains something like a thousand jokes (each name is itself a joke and there are countless meta-jokes inserted into the list by virtue of putting the joke-names in order).
Complete World Knowledge is Not Available in Ebook Format
The formatting of Hodgman's three books, with their tables, charts, images, and page-a-day calendar, makes them nearly impossible to translate into ebook format. Hodgman's website says: "An ELECTRONIC edition is something we are working on. As soon as we know how to make a PAGE-A-DAY CALENDAR on a PAGELESS DEVICE, we will get back to you." None of Hodgman's books are currently available as ebooks, which I actually find kind of satisfying. It's nice to know that these books are written to be books: physical, designed objects with a structure to them that means something (part of that structure being that you can flip easily to a random page -- something that's not super easy on most e-readers). Those of us who relish our print books and rage against the dying of the paper book format may take some satisfaction in knowing that these books currently cannot be digital. Perhaps someday someone will make an ebook of complete world knowledge -- but not now.
Interestingly, in his first book of complete world knowledge (way back in the stone ages of 2005), Hodgman suggested that the book itself contained a camera that would watch you as you read the book. This is now technically feasible on, for example, an iPad: it has a camera facing the reader. Oh boy. Good thing they're still working out the kinks on that ebook business.
The Audiobooks of Complete World Knowledge
The glory of the audiobooks of Hodgman's work is nearly impossible to describe. Frankly, the audiobooks of The Areas of My Expertise and More Information Than You Require are actually more fun than the physical books. They're packed with music, guest stars, and weirdly entertaining ways of cramming the books' unusual elements into audio form (this generally involves converting charts into conversations, reading tables using a mixture of female and male narration, along with a bell's chime to indicate the end of a row). Because Hodgman is such an excellent reader and performer, he makes the audiobooks so indelible that it becomes impossible to read the print books without hearing his narration. There is not yet an audiobook for That is All, but you can get the first two books on CD (or via Audible, or iTunes, or whatever) and enjoy a heck of a romp: The Areas of My Expertise (Amazon/CD) and More Information Than You Require (Amazon/CD). These are my favorite audiobooks ever, and that's saying something -- they're even better than the Jim Dale narration of Harry Potter. Yes, they're THAT GOOD.
Hodgman's website notes: "An AUDIOBOOK edition will be recorded SOMETIME IN THE FUTURE, but not before January of 2012."
Where to See & Buy Hodgman
He's on book tour, many dates featuring guest stars. If you can get to one with David Rees, he'll professionally sharpen a pencil for you! (Sorry, I had to get that in there. I blurbed the man's book, how else am I supposed to buzz-market my favorite pencil-sharpener?) You may also devote yourself to Hodgman's Tumblr, Twitter, or his excellent podcast. To buy his latest book, try Amazon, Barnes & Noble, IndieBound, Powell's (also available signed!), or your local book retailer.
You may also enjoy this book trailer:
The End
It's fitting that That is All ends with a quote by Carl Sagan. Although the book is primarily jokes, there is a quality to Hodgman's writing that seems truly grateful for the opportunity to write a trilogy of complete world knowledge and become a deranged millionaire, famous minor television personality, and even former professional literary agent. In the greater scheme of things, Hodgman is aware that everything is fleeting -- youth, and fame, and success in writing books of fake trivia -- and thus, at its core, this is a book about the end of everything. With jokes. That is all.
Blogger disclosure: I wasn't specially compensated to write this review. I do have a proprietary interest in surviving Ragnarok, though, so I felt it prudent to review early galleys with great attention.


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This is a melodic and lively rock track. Powerful drums and bass lay the foundations for two electric guitars to rock! One plays powerful chords, the other plays a high lead guitar melody. This track is very uplifting, energetic and positive.
If you are interested in using this track in your Videohive project please include a link to my track and email your project link to email@example.com so I can include it on my profile page.


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South African Journal of Science
On-line version ISSN 1996-7489
Print version ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.106 n.1-2 Pretoria Jan./Feb. 2010
Southern African science in the year 1910 -100n
Cornelis Plug
A century ago, four British colonies in southern Africa amalgamated to form the Union of South Africa - an event that changed the lives and work of many scientists employed by the four colonial governments
Commander Govert Cnoll, who stayed at the Cape of Good Hope for some time on his way from the Dutch East Indies to the Netherlands, suffered from severe asthma and hoarseness for many years. He was told of the healing effects of hot mineral springs at the southern edge of the Swartberg (where the town of Caledon was later established), and consequently set out, with a guide and several others, to visit the site. After fifteen days of long daily baths, Cnoll's condition was much improved. Other members, who suffered from ailments such as headaches, rheumy eyes, ulcers and sciatica, also found relief. Cnoll's description appears to be the first published account of the medicinal use of the springs. The seven springs, which became increasingly well-known for their medicinal benefits, were later found to be chalybeate (containing iron salts in solution) and radioactive. Recognition of their therapeutic value has continued to this day.
On 1 November 1810, Dr Johann H.F.C.L. Wehr (1764-1854), licensed physician, surgeon and accoucheur (male midwife) in the Cape Colony, was appointed as the first colonial instructor in midwifery. Dismayed at the lack of training in midwifery, he requested the governor's permission to establish a training school for midwives in July 1808. The matter was referred to the Supreme Medical Committee, which supported the proposal. As a result Wehr was appointed and a pamphlet, Instructions for Dr Wehr, colonial instructor for midwifery, dated 1 November 1810, was issued by the colonial secretary's office. First, Wehr proceeded to examine all the midwives of Cape Town in an attempt to identify those who could be allowed to practice provisionally. Then he went on to select his first students, for whom he conducted a three month course. Training was conducted at his home in Castle Street, while the practical instruction was done in rented quarters, where slave women were brought to give birth. Ethical issues and rules of conduct were included in the training. In August 1813, the first group of students were licensed to practice. As far as is known, this school was the first professional training institution in southern Africa. Wehr held his appointment until 1828. William J. Burchell (1781-1863), an English naturalist and collector, arrived in Cape Town in November 1810, after spending five years on the island of St Helena. During his stay in southern Africa he travelled extensively, northwards, beyond the Orange River and eastwards, to the mouth of the Fish River, covering some 7 000 km. Burchell, known for his painstaking and accurate work, gathered what was probably the largest natural history collection ever to have been made by one person in Africa. It contained over 60,000 specimens, mostly plants, as well as hundreds of detailed, accurate notes and sketches. After he returned to England in 1815 he wrote Travels in the interior of southern Africa (1822-1824), which consisted of two volumes.
The birth of South Africa
Between October 1908 and May 1909, delegates from the Cape Colony, Natal, the Orange River Colony and the Transvaal Colony attended a national convention at which a draft constitution for the Union of South Africa was formulated. The document was submitted to the British parliament for approval and resulted in the promulgation of the South Africa Act of 1909, which came into effect on 31 May 1910. During the next two years the civil services of the four colonies were amalgamated, which meant increased responsibilities for some government scientific and professional staff, while others became smaller fish in the bigger pond.
R.T.A. Innes, Director of the Transvaal Observatory, was appointed as the first Union Astronomer and the observatory was renamed the Union Observatory, without undergoing any change of staff. From this time the observatory's work was purely astronomical. Its meteorological work, together with the weather services of the other colonies, was taken over by the new Union Weather Service. The Union's Department of Mines and Industries was staffed almost entirely with engineers and mining inspectors from the former Mining Department of the Transvaal Colony. Within this department, a Geological Survey of South Africa was created, directed by H. Kynaston (Transvaal) and staffed by the geologists of the Geological Survey of the Transvaal. Their responsibilities were initially extended to include the geology of the Free State and Natal. The Geological Commission of the Cape Colony, directed by A.W. Rogers, continued to function until 1 August 1912, when it became a branch office of the Geological Survey. The unified Department of Agriculture was placed under the direction of F.B. Smith (Transvaal), no doubt owing to the excellent work he had done in creating and directing the Department of Agriculture of the Transvaal Colony after the Anglo-Boer War. Within the new department the Division of Veterinary Research was headed by Sir Arnold Theiler (Transvaal), director of the Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratories at Onderstepoort. The responsibilities of this institution were increased to include veterinary research for the Union as a whole. The department's Principal Veterinary Surgeon was C.E. Gray (Transvaal), while his assistant, J.D. Borthwick, was the former Principal Veterinary Surgeon of the Cape Colony. The Principal Veterinary Surgeons of the other colonies became Senior Veterinary Surgeons in the new department. The Division of Entomology came under the direction of the veteran entomologist C.P. Lounsbury (Cape), with scientific staff from all four former colonies. The Division of Plant Pathology and Botany was headed by I.B. Pole-Evans (Transvaal), and included his assistant, the mycologist, Miss E.M. Doidge (Transvaal).
New societies and institutions
The first meeting of the council of the newly created University College of Natal, later the University of Natal, took place in January. Classes started in a temporary building at Maritzburg College (a high school) the following month, under the tuition of the masters of the school. The first two professors arrived from England in April 1910. One of them was Robert B. Denison (1879-1951), Professor of Chemistry, who remained until 1939. More academics arrived in August 1910, including John W. Bews (1884-1938), Professor of Botany, who became an eminent ecologist and, eventually, principal of the college, and W.N. Roseveare, Professor of Pure and Applied Mathematics. Like the other local colleges at this time, the University College of Natal provided tuition, but did not examine. The University of the Cape of Good Hope did all the examining, but did not teach.
By 1909, considerable friction had arisen between the two branches of the Transvaal University College in Johannesburg and Pretoria. In April 1910, largely at the instigation of J.C. Smuts, the Transvaal Parliament decided to incorporate the college at Pretoria and to establish the South African School of Mines and Technology at Johannesburg. This decision dealt a serious blow to ambitions to establish a university in Johannesburg. However, during the next decade the School of Mines extended its tuition to include subjects in the arts and sciences, and in 1922 became the University of the Witwatersrand. The Geological Survey of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) was established in September 1910 under the direction of Herbert B. Maufe (1879-1946), formerly of the Geological Survey of Scotland. Maufe headed the institution until his retirement in 1935. Two additional geologists joined the survey in 1911.
The Natal Scientific Society was founded in Durban in August 1910. Its stated objectives were the study of natural science in all its branches;
the arrangement of field excursions, the formation of a library and collection of objects... and the publication of a magazine or journal.
The society's first president was Alfred D. Millar (1858-1911), advocate and naturalist, who died of blood poisoning the following year. The society's Transactions and Proceedings for 1910-1912 were published, but it ceased to exist soon afterwards.
Halley's Comet
After an absence of 75 years, Halley's Comet became visible again in southern Africa in April 1910. Public interest in the event had been heightened by the unexpected and spectacular appearance of another comet in January. Public anxiety relating to Halley's Comet as a supposed harbinger of disaster was enhanced by the unexpected death of King Edward VII on 6 May, when the comet was at its most prominent. Despite assurances from both professional and amateur astronomers, the anxiety was focussed mainly on the night of 18-19 May, when the earth passed through the comet's tail. As it turned out, the night passed without incident. Probably the best photographs of Halley's Comet obtained anywhere during its 1910 return were taken by H.E. Wood, Chief Assistant at the Transvaal Observatory, with the newly installed Franklin-Adams telescope. Wood and Professor W.A. Rudge read papers about the comet at the annual congress of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science that year. The enthusiasm for astronomy resulting from the comet's return contributed much to the movement to found the Cape Astronomical Association in 1912.
Some research highlights
A.L. Hall of the Transvaal Geological Survey completed a substantial memoir (the last to be published by this institution) on The geology of the Pilgrim's Rest gold mining district. The geologist J.P. Johnson published two books on South African prehistory during 1910: Geological and archaeological notes on Orangia and The prehistoric period in South Africa. Meanwhile, the taxidermist at the South African Museum, James Drury, started excavating a cave at the mouth of the Lottering River. He found a remarkable painted gravestone depicting three human figures, with human skeletal remains and stone artefacts.
George A. Boulenger of the British Museum (Natural History), the leading herpetologist of his time, published A revised list of South African reptiles and batrachians, with synoptic tables, special reference to the specimens in the South African Museum, and descriptions of new species (1910) in the Annals of the South African Museum. In the same journal, Reverend Thomas R.R. Stebbing published his extensive General catalogue of South African Crustacea (1910).
Arrivals and departures
Austin Roberts (1883-1948), who became a well-known mammalogist and ornithologist, was appointed as zoological assistant at the Transvaal Museum. He remained at the museum until his death in 1948. At about the same time, John Hewitt (1880-1961), the museum's assistant for invertebrates, left to take up an appointment as Director of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, where he succeeded Professor Selmar Schönland. Hewitt remained Director of the museum for 48 years. Robert Broom, Professor of Geology and Zoology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch, resigned to return to medical practice and the life of a free-lance scientist, settling in Springs. The zoologist, Ernest C. Chubb (1884-1972), acting Curator of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, was appointed Curator of the Durban Natural History Museum. His post was later upgraded to Director of the Durban Museum and Art Gallery, a position he held until his retirement in 1951.
New arrivals at the Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratory at Onderstepoort included Dr Richard Gonder, a protozoologist from the School of Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany, who was seconded to Onderstepoort to study the life cycle of Theileria parva, the causal organism of East Coast Fever. His first report on the development of the organism was included in the Report of the Government Veterinary Bacteriologist for 1910. Several related papers were submitted for publication before his return to Hamburg in 1911. Another arrival was William H. Andrews (1887-1953). During his thirteen years as a veterinary researcher in South Africa he was awarded a DSc degree by the University of London for his research on staggers (pushing disease) in Natal cattle, a condition caused by plant poisoning. Dr Karl F. Meyer (1884-1974), a Swiss veterinary pathologist who arrived at Onderstepoort in 1908, left in May to take up a post at the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr Walter Frei, who was in charge of the physical chemistry laboratory at Onderstepoort, also left in 1910. He was replaced by Hans Sieber, an accomplished bacteriologist who, like Gonder, came from the School of Tropical Medicine in Hamburg. During his brief stay he worked and published on Anaplasma marginale infection (tick-borne gall sickness) in cattle.
Alfred E. Snape (1881-1946), a graduate of Victoria University in Manchester, was appointed Professor of Civil Engineering at the South African College, Cape Town, succeeding Professor Henry Payne. Snape published Practical notes on tunnelling in the Proceedings of the South African Society of Civil Engineers. He became a pioneer of town planning in South Africa and remained at the college, and its successor, the University of Cape Town, until his death.
The first powered flight
On 1 January 1910, the French pilot Albert Kimmerling (1882-1912) undertook the first publicly witnessed powered flight in southern Africa at the Nahoon racetrack in East London. After arriving by ship on 18 December 1909, he displayed his Voisin biplane to the public for a fee and undertook some test flights. During his first public flight on 1 January, he was unable to clear some telephone lines and, upon landing, damaged the propeller blades. After disassembling and packing his aircraft in crates, he left East London on 15 January for Johannesburg. There, with a locally made new propeller, he flew his plane during February and March. He continued his demonstrations in Durban during April and May.
Postal address:
P.O. Box 21022
Valhalla 0137, South Africa
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
This article is available at: http://www.sajs.co.za


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OCEAN CITY – The Maryland Coastal Bays Program, in partnership with the Chesapeake Bay Trust, awarded $25,000 to 10 local organizations and community groups to conduct projects to educate the community and help protect wildlife and water quality in the Coastal Bays watershed.
Through the Community Stewardship Mini-Grants Program, the Coastal Bays Program has funded over 70 projects totaling more than $190,000 over the past eight years. Total requests have reached over $330,000.
Applicants who received funding this year include:
Aloha Garden-Vegetated Wetland Buffer (OC Surfrider Foundation-$3,000): Project will enhance the Aloha Garden at Northside Park.
Nature and Heritage of Maryland's Coastal Bays (Delmarva Low-Impact Tourism Experiences-$4,000): Project will develop interpretive training for regional park, museum and environmental organization interpreters; residents interested in volunteering at parks, museums and environmental organizations; and professional guides and outfitters in Maryland's Coastal Bays.
Land-use Planning and Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Maryland's Coastal Bays (Audubon Society of Maryland-DC-$3,000): Project will incorporate important bird areas into the local land-use planning process and educate the public, elected officials and planning professionals about the bird conservation value of IBAs.
Rain Barrels for Ocean Pines ($1,500) & Environmental Messaging for the Ocean Pines Community (Ocean Pines Environment & Natural Assets Advisory Committee-$1,750): Projects include a rain barrel workshop for Ocean Pines residents and public education including placement of signs throughout the community to raise awareness about local wildlife and habitat.
Maryland Coast Day (Assateague Coastal Trust-$1,840): Funding supports the annual event.
Landowner Training Course: The Woods in Your Backyard (Worcester County Dept. of Comprehensive Planning-$1,060): Worcester County will hold a wildlife habitat management workshop focusing on forest and tree care and wildlife management practices for landowners owning up to 10 acres of forest.
Coast Kids (Assateague Coastal Trust/Coast Kids-$4,000): Funds will help to print monthly Coast Cards about local conservation issues and pay for two additional projects.
Rain Garden "How To" Manual for Homeowners (Town of Ocean City-$4,000): Funds will help to print step-by-step instruction manuals for sizing, building and planting a rain garden.
Development of Educational Tools Teaching Youth about Shrinking Habitats in the MD Coastal Bays (Worcester County 4-H-$920): School programs focus on loss of habitat and point and non-point source pollution.


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'Safety, Not Religion' Cause of Shops' Refusal to Deliver Flowers to Atheist Jessica Ahlquist
Florists in Cranston, R.I., are being accused of religious discrimination for reportedly denying delivery of their flowers to outspoken atheist Jessica Ahlquist, who recently won a lawsuit to remove a prayer mural from her high school's auditorium.
Some supporters of the floral shops, however, maintained that religion was not the cause of their refusal, but concerns over safety and possible negative repercussions to their businesses due to the widespread controversy of the case.
A Facebook support page called "I Stand WithThe Cranston Florists," not directly affiliated with any florist business, expressed on their wall, "It appears someone may have decided to further their agenda and subsequently generate revenue from sympathetic donors by reporting to the press that the reason the florists would not deliver is because the girl is an atheist."
"The florists made a judgment call not to deliver the flowers due to safety concerns and the possibility of negative impact to their businesses...[they] should not be subjected to arbitrary punitive actions for simply not wanting to deal with the hassle surrounding this issue in our community."
Many, however, remained unconvinced and continued to attack the florists for their "shameful," "un-American," and "discriminatory" practices.
The dispute began when Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-president of the Freedom From Religion Foundation, attempted to send a note of congratulations and a bouquet of flowers to Ahlquist for her recent victory in the suit.
FFRF, one of the nation's largest associations of freethinkers, had been actively supporting the 16-year-old's efforts to take down the prayer banner in her school since the beginning of her complaint.
On Jan. 17, Gaylor contacted a Madison-based flower shop to assist in the delivery of her congratulatory bouquet for the young atheist.
According to official documents, the FFRF stated that the flower shop contacted at least three different florists in Cranston trying to find one that would deliver a bouquet, but all three refused.
The Floral Express, notified via an electronic order service messaging system, stated that they were unable to fill the order and that they would be "closed on the requested delivery day."
Twins Florist similarly denied the order saying through the messaging system, "I will not deliver to this person."
Another flower shop, Flowers by Santilli, was contacted by phone, but also refused to get involved in the order upon hearing the name of the recipient.
Lastly, Greenwood Flower and Garden accepted the order, but later called and said it could not process the order because it was receiving many calls and e-mails from people refusing to give the shop business if it delivered the flowers to Ahlquist.
The FFRF noted that ultimately they were forced to do business out of state and placed the order with Glimpse of Gaia in Connecticut.
Saying that they were "harmed" by the refusal, FFRF filed a formal complaint with the Commission for Human Rights in Rhode Island, accusing one of the shops, Twins Florist, of violating Rhode Island General Law 11-24-2.
The law reads: "No person, being the owner, lessee, proprietor, manager, superintendent, agent or employee of any place of public accommodation, resort, or amusement shall directly or indirectly refuse, withhold from, or deny to any person on account of race or color, religion, country of ancestral origin, disability, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, any of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, or privileges of that public space."
"We believe Twins Florist...engaged in illegal discrimination based on religion to fill an order by FFRF," Rebecca S. Markert, the attorney representing FFRF, wrote in the complaint. "We believe this order was refused because of the customers' nonbelief."
"We ask that the Commission...commence an immediate investigation into this matter."
Matthew Staver, founder and chairman of Liberty Counsel, told The Christian Post in an email that the florists had the right to refuse delivery however.
"Any vendor has the right to protect its employees from potential violence... the florist may properly decide to not inject itself or its employees into a situation where it becomes the target of violence or controversy."
Ahlquist's recent victory has made her the recipient of many threats, with members of the community fighting back and pursuing an appeal to the ruling by U.S. District Judge Ronald Lagueux as well.
Cranston Mayor Allan Fung recently told ABCNews.com "I think it's gone too far. Our country was built upon civil discourse, not hate for one person exercising their constitutional rights."
Calls and emails made by The Christian Post to the Twins Florist and Floral Express seeking comment on the incident were not answered.


text:
Deep Drawable Steels: Part One
Thermo-Mechanical Treatment (TMT) of Non-Ferrous Alloys: Part One
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A designation is the specific identification of each grade, type, or class of steel by a number, letter, symbol, name, or suitable combination. Unique to a particular steel grade, type and class are terms used to classify steel products. Within the steel industry, they have very specific uses: grade is used to denote chemical composition; type is used to indicate deoxidation practice; and class is used to describe some other attribute, such as strength level or surface smoothness. This article describes basics of SAE, AISI, UNS, AMS, European and Japanese designation systems.
A designation is the specific identification of each grade, type,
or class of steel by a number, letter, symbol, name, or suitable
combination. Unique to a particular steel grade, type and class
are terms used to classify steel products. Within the steel
industry, they have very specific uses: grade is used to denote
chemical composition; type is used to indicate deoxidation practice;
and class is used to describe some other attribute, such as strength
level or surface smoothness.
In ASTM specifications, however, these terms are used somewhat
interchangeably. In ASTM A 533, for example, type denotes chemical
composition, while class indicates strength level. In ASTM A 515,
grade identifies strength level; the maximum carbon content permitted
by this specification depends on both plate thickness and strength
level. In ASTM A 302 grade denotes requirements for both chemical
composition and mechanical properties. ASTM A 514 and A 5117 are
specifications for high-strength quenched and tempered plate for
structural and pressure vessel applications, respectively, each
contains several compositions that can provide the required
mechanical properties. However, A 514 type A has the identical
composition limits as A 517 grade.
Chemical composition is by far the most widely used basis for
classification and/or designation of steels. The most commonly
used system of designation in the United States is that of the
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the American
Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). The Unified Numbering System (UNS)
is also being used with increasing frequency.
The SAE-AISI system is applied to semi-finished forgings, hot-rolled
and cold-finished bars, wire rod and seamless tubular goods, structural
shapes, plates, sheet, strip, and welded tubing.
Carbon steels contain less than 1.65% Mn, 0.60% Si, and 0.60%
Cu; they comprise the lxxx groups in the SAE-AISI system and are
subdivided into four distinct series as a result of the difference
in certain fundamental properties among them.
Designations for merchant quality steels include the prefix M. A
carbon steel designation with the letter B inserted between the
second and third digits indicates the steel contains 0.0005 to
0.003% B. Likewise, the letter L inserted between the second and
third digits indicates that the steel contains 0.15 to 0.35% Pb for
enhanced machinability. Resulfurized carbon steels of the 11xx group
and resulfurized and rephosphorized carbon steels of the 12xx group
are produced for applications requiring good machinability. Steels
that having nominal manganese contents of between 0.9 and 1.5% but
no other alloying additions now have 15xx designations in place of
the 10xx designations formerly used.
Alloy steels contain manganese, silicon, or copper in quantities
greater than those listed for the carbon steels, or they have
specified ranges or minimums for one or more of the other alloying
elements. In the AISI-SAE system of designations, the major alloying
elements are indicated by the first two digits of the designation.
The amount of carbon, in hundredths of a percent, is indicated by
the last two (or three) digits.
For alloy steels that have specific hardenability requirements,
the suffix H is used to distinguish these steels from corresponding
grades that have no hardenability requirement. As with carbon steels,
the letter B inserted between the second and third digits indicates
that the steel contains boron. The prefix E signifies that the steel
was produced by the electric furnace process.
HSLA Steels. Several grades of HSLA steel are described in
SAE Recommended Practice J410. These steels have been developed as
a compromise between the convenient fabrication characteristics and
low cost of plain carbon steels and the high strength of heat-treated
alloy steels. These steels have excellent strength and ductility
UNS Designations
The Unified Numbering System (UNS) has been developed by ASTM and
SAE and several other technical societies, trade associations, and
United States government agencies.
A UNS number, which is a designation of chemical composition and
not a specification, is assigned to each chemical composition of
a metallic alloy. The UNS designation of an alloy consists of a
letter and five numerals. The letters indicate the broad class of
alloys; the numerals define specific alloys within that class.
Existing designation system, such as the AISI-SAE system for steels,
have been incorporated into UNS designations. UNS is described in
greater detail in SAE J1086 and ASTM E 527.
ASTM (ASME) Specifications
The most widely used standard specifications for steel products in
the United States are those published by ASTM. These are complete
specifications, generally adequate for procurement purposes. Many
ASTM specifications apply to specific products, such as A 574 for
alloy steel socket head cap screws. These specifications are
generally oriented toward performance of the fabricated end
product, with considerable latitude in chemical composition
of the steel used to make the end product.
ASTM specifications represent a consensus among producers,
specifiers, fabricators, and users of steel mill products. In many
cases, the dimensions, tolerances, limits, and restrictions in the
ASTM specifications are similar to or the same as the corresponding
items of the standard practices in the AISI Steel Products Manuals.
Many of the ASTM specifications have been adopted by the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) with little or no
modification; ASME uses the prefix S and the ASTM designation for
these specifications. For example, ASME-SA213 and ASTM A 213 are
Steel products can be identified by the number of the ASTM specification
to which they are made. The number consists of the letter
A (for ferrous materials) and an arbitrary, serially assigned number.
Citing the specification number, however, is not always adequate to
completely describe a steel product. For example, A 434 is the
specification for heat-treated (hardened and tempered) alloy steel
bars. To completely describe steel bars indicated by this
specification, the grade (SAE-AISI designation in this case)
and class (required strength level) must also be indicated.
The ASTM specification A 434 also incorporates, by reference,
two standards for test methods (A 370 for mechanical testing
and E 112 for grain size determination) and A 29, which specifies
the general requirements for bar products.
SAE-AISI designations for the compositions of carbon and alloy steels
are sometimes incorporated into the ASTM specifications for bars,
wires, and billets for forging. Some ASTM specifications for sheet
products include SAE-AISI designations for composition. The ASTM
specifications for plates and structural shapes generally specify
the limits and ranges of chemical composition directly, without
the SAE.AISI designations.
General Specifications. Several ASTM specifications, such as A 20
covering steel plate used for pressure vessels, contain the general
requirements common to each member of a broad family of steel
products. These general specifications are often supplemented by
additional specifications describing a different mill form or
intermediate fabricated product.
DIN standards are developed by Deutsches Institut fur Normung in the
Federal Republic of Germany. All West German steel specifications
are preceded by the uppercase letters DIN followed an alphanumeric or
numeric code. The latter method, known as the Werkstoff number,
uses numbers only with a decimal point after the first digit.
JIS standards are developed by the Japanese Industrial Standards
Committee, which is part of the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry in Tokyo. The JIS steel specifications begin with the
uppercase letters JIS and are followed by an uppercase letter
(G in the case of carbon and low-alloy steels) designating the
division (product form) of the standard. This letter is followed by
a series of numbers and letters that indicate the specific steel.
British standards (BS) are developed by the British Standards
Institute in London, England. Similar to the JIS standards, each
British designation includes a product form and an alloy code.
AFNOR standards are developed by the Association Francaise de
Normalisation in Paris, France. The correct format for reporting
AFNOR standards is as follows. An uppercase NF is placed to the
left of the alphanumeric code. This code consists of an uppercase
letter followed by a series of digits, which are subsequently
followed by an alphanumeric sequence.
UNI standards are developed by the Ente Nazionale Italiano di
Unificazione in Milan, Italy. Italian standards are preceded by
the uppercase letter UNI followed by a four-digit product form
code subsequently followed by an alphanumeric alloy identification.
Swedish standards (SS) are prepared by the Swedish Standards
Institution in Stockholm. Designations begin with the letters SS
followed by the number 14 (all Swedish carbon and low-alloy steels
are covered by SS14). What subsequently follows is a four digit
numerical sequence similar to the German Werkstoff number.
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(partial listing)
- Masty, J, W Hamilton. "Equine Veterinary Anatomy" to be published by Williams and Wilkins in 2004
Peer Reviewed Articles
(partial listing)
- Takehana, K, J Masty, M Yamaguchi, H Miyata, O Yamada, M Abe. Fine structural and histochemical study of equine Paneth cells. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 27:125-129, 1998.
- Hardy, J, AL Bertone, SE Weisbrode, WW Muir, TM O'Dorisio, J Masty. Cell trafficking, mediator release, and articular metabolism in acute inflammation of innervated and denervated isolated equine joints. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 59:88-100, 1998.
- Moore, RM, AC Charalambous, J Masty. Alterations in colonic arterial and venous plasma neuropeptide concentrations in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57:1200-1205, 1996.
- Yamaguchi, M, P Tangkawattana, A Karkoura, K Takehana, T Nakayama, T Nakade, M Muto, T Sako J Masty, Y Wakao. Proximal paraconal interventricular myocardial bridge in dog: Ultrastructural characterization. Acta Anatomica 153:226-235, 1995
- Karkoura, A, P Tangkawattana, S Yamano, K Takehana, Y Izumisawa, J Masty, M Yamaguchi. Hypertrophic Z-line observed in aged one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Acta Anatomica 153:220-225, 1995
- Miyata, H, M Abe, K Takehana, K Iwasa, T Hiraga, O Yamada, T Hiratsuka, J Masty, M Yamaguchi. Fine structure of podocytes in the bovine renal corpuscle. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 57:359-361, 1995.
- Takehana, K, M Abe, M Yamaguchi, K Iwasa, T Hiraga, J Masty, H Miyata, O Yamada. Ultracytochemistry of glycoconjugates in pig duodenal gland. Annals of Anatomy 176:565-570, 1994.


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Mel Gibson Moves to Strip Oksana of Custody
TMZ has learned Mel Gibson's lawyers will appear in court on Monday and ask the judge in his custody war to award him sole custody of baby Lucia ... this according to court documents.
According to the documents, in addition to attempting to take custody away from Oksana Grigorieva, Mel's lawyers will ask Judge Scott Gordon to award her visitation, but only with a monitor. And Mel's lawyers want the judge to deny Oksana any overnight visits with the baby.
Mel's lawyers argue in the documents that Oksana's false and derogatory statements to the media about Mel and the attempt to sully his character show she is not acting in the best interests of Lucia. Oksana trashed Mel last night on "Larry King Live."


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Heineccius argues that no man should be deprived of anything which he has received by nature, or has justly acquired (1738)
Found in A Methodical System of Universal Law: Or, the Laws of Nature and Nations
The 18th century German jurist Johann Gottlieb Heineccius (1681–1741) argues that because all "men" are by nature equal we should treat others as equally human and refrain from causing them any injury to the things they have have by nature or have acquired justly:
SECTION CLXXVII. First of all, it ought to be laid down as a maxim, that men are by nature equal, being composed of the same essential parts; and because tho' one man may share perfections, as it were by his good lot, above others, yet different degrees of perfection do not alter the essence of man, but all men are equally men: whence it follows, that every one ought to treat every other as equally a man with himself, and not to arrogate to himself any privilege in things belonging to many by perfect right, without a just cause; and therefore not to do to any other what he would not have done to himself.
SECTION CLXXVIII. Since therefore we ought not to do to any one what we would not have done to ourselves; but none of us would like to be deprived by any other of our perfection and happiness which we have by nature, or have justly acquired; i.e. to be injured or hurt…
Heineccius was an important transitional figure between the 17th century natural law theorists like Grotius and those of the late Enlightenment like Immanuel Kant. What is striking in this passage is the Kantian notion that we must treat others as an end in themselves and not as some means (or tool) which we can use to further our own selfish ends. Although "men" were obviously not equal in some physical sense they were all equally "men" in that they had rights which should respected by others, the most important of which was the right to life. Heineccius is most particular that since "the perfection and happiness of man consists in life" and is the foundation upon which all other rights are based, anything which tends to injure this right, such as theft, violence, or death, must be avoided. To do otherwise would be to deprive us of "our perfection and happiness which we have by nature, or have justly acquired." His conclusion is that "it is self-evident, that it is our duty not to kill any person; not to do the least detriment to his health; not to give any occasion to his sickness, pain, or death, or not to expose him to any danger, without having a right to do it." And the right to do THIS is very strictly limited in Heineccius' view.


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INDIANAPOLIS – Bethany Doolittle scored a career-high 26 points, hitting 10 of 14 shots, as fifth-seeded and 23rd-ranked Iowa defeat Illinois 81-62 in the first round of the Big 10 tournament on Thursday.
Melissa Dixon added 15 points and Ally Disterhoft 14 with 12 rebounds for the Hawkeyes (24-7), who face No. 17 Purdue (21-7), the fourth seed, in the quarterfinals Friday.
Amber Moore had 26 points for the Illini (9-21), who have lost 11 straight). Ivory Crawford had 15 points and 11 rebounds.
Iowa opened the game with an 11-2 run and after Illinois regrouped to take a 27-26 lead, the Hawkeyes closed the half with a 15-2 surge for a 41-29 lead.
Iowa shot 54 percent from the field, made 21 of 26 free throw and had a 45-31 rebounding edge to offset 24 turnovers. The Illini shot just 32 percent and got to the line 14 times, making 10.


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As I mentioned last week, I recently tried limiting myself to just one carry-on bag when flying. I couldn't do it–and frankly, I don't recommend the practice. However, the exercise prompted me to re-evaluate all the gear and related accessories I normally pack. Here are two items that will continue to make the cut. Next week: three more, plus one just-for-fun accessory.
1. Belkin's Mini Surge Protector With USB Charger
Hotel-room power outlets can be difficult to reach. The outlets you want to use may already be spoken for by the TV, lamp, or bedside alarm clock. Finding an available power outlet in an airport departure gate can also be a challenge.
For these and other reasons, I pack Belkin's Mini Surge Protector With USB Charger ($16 and up online) on every trip. The power strip offers three, three-pronged AC outlets for recharging laptops or other devices, plus two powered USB ports for iPods and such. It's also, as its name implies, a surge protector. I love the ability to rotate the power strip's plug by 360 degrees: If you're trying to connect the Mini Surge Protector to an already crowded wall outlet, you can position the power strip sideways.
A few downsides are worth mentioning. The Mini Surge Protector is thick and weighs 6.6 ounces, a bit more than other portable power strips. Given its bulk, you may not be able to squeeze it behind a hotel room bed or into other tight confines, regardless of the rotating plug. But attaching the power strip to a 1-foot extension cord, like one from Cables To Go will save the day in those circumstances
Note: Kensington just announced the Portable Power Outlet (list price: $25). Like the Belkin product, it offers three AC outlets and two powered USB ports and offers surge protection. Unlike the Mini Surge Protector, the Kensington product has its own cord. I haven't tested this product, however.
2. StarTech WiFi Detective
StarTech's Wi-Fi Detective (about $54 and up online) helps you quickly discover Wi-Fi networks in the vicinity without having to start your laptop. (You can accomplish the same thing with an Apple iPhone or iPod Touch, or another Wi-Fi enabled handheld.) The device, about the size of a package of stick chewing gum, lets you view information about nearby networks on its small LCD, including each network's signal strength and security protocol (such as WPA, WPA2, and WEP). A handy Seek button, refreshes its list of wireless networks.
Windows users can plug the Wi-Fi detective into a USB port and use it as a wireless network adapter. Just about every laptop in the past few years has built-in Wi-Fi, so this feature is mainly useful for those with older laptops.
You recharge the device via USB connection. In fact, you can repower the Wi-Fi Detective by plugging it into one of the Belkin Mini Surge Protector's powered USB ports. My only complaints: The Wi-Fi Detective doesn't attach to a keychain, like some of its competitors; the Targus WiFi Scanner (starting at $53 online) comes to mind. Also, its USB connector is covered by a cap that could be easy to lose. But these are minor complaints.
Your Essentials
If there's a gadget or accessory you always travel with, I'd like to hear about it. Please send me e-mail.
Keep on Clicking
- The Laptop Gear You Must Have
- Essential Mobile Gear
- Travel Accessories for the iPod and iPhone
- Summer Travel Tips
- Tips From a World Traveler
- More Tech Tips From Travelers
Mobile Computing News, Reviews, & Tips
Where Does Your Old Cell Phone Go? The answer, according to a recent survey conducted by Nokia, is most likely "in a drawer." Most cell phones no longer in use–about 44 percent–are stored in a drawer, according to the survey. Only 3 percent of the 6500 people interviewed said they recycle their phones. About half of the respondents didn't know recycling was an option. But consider this: If every cell phone owner recycled an old phone, 240,000 tons of raw materials could be reused–the equivalent of taking 4 million cars off the road, according to Nokia.
New MacBook Air Bags: Marware's Sportfolio Deluxe ($80) bag accommodates Apple's MacBook Air plus its accessories. Another new MacBook Air bag from Marware, the Sportfolio ($50), can be used as a slim, briefcase-style bag with a shoulder strap, or you can remove the strap and use it as a protective slipcase inside a bigger bag.
Meanwhile, I recently tested Speck's See-Thru hard-shell case for MacBook Airs. The case consists of two pieces; each one attaches to a side of the MacBook Air. Together they give the Air a protective coating. The clear plastic model (about $35 online) enabled me to send my MacBook Air through airport X-ray screeners with an extra layer of protection. The case adds noticeable weight, however, and can be difficult to remove.
Seeing the World Without Packing a Bag: "Staycation"–a vacation spent at home–is the buzz word of the summer, given rising gas prices and air fares. Our Casual Friday columnist Darren Gladstone reviews inexpensive options for getting a virtual travel fix, including Test Drive Unlimited, a simulated driving game featuring about 1000 miles of Hawaiian roads.
Contributing Editor James A. Martin offers tools, tips, and product recommendations to help you make the most of computing on the go. Martin is also author of the Traveler 2.0 blog. Sign up to have the Mobile Computing Newsletter e-mailed to you each week.
Suggestion Box
Is there a particularly cool mobile computing product or service I've missed? Got a spare story idea in your back pocket? Tell me about it. However, I regret that I'm unable to respond to tech-support questions, due to the volume of e-mail I receive.


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Check this out, from Mark Rucker's amazing baseball blog at The Rucker Archive. It's a photograph of an African American ballplayer, probably from the 1890s, taken at a photo studio in Mobile, Alabama. His shirt seems to say "Oklahoma," which seems odd.
"It does not make sense that a uniform reading Oklahoma should be worn in the 1890s in coastal Alabama, but what could be the possible connections? Maybe there are none, but I would remember that Oklahoma was a legendary spot in the early 1890s. The Great Oklahoma Land Rush occurred in 1893, which was news nationwide. Though not yet a state, Oklahoma was well known everywhere. But, I still don't know why the name would turn up in Mobile, and we may never know."
I don't have answers to all the questions posed by this photograph, but there was in fact a baseball team called the Oklahomas in Mobile, Alabama, in 1897. In late May they were in New Orleans, playing a team called the Allens, and on May 31 and June 7 they were scheduled to play the Biloxis of Biloxi, Mississippi:
This raises still more questions, though, especially this: in the 1890s, you'd expect a black team to be identified as such, in both news items and ads—yet the Oklahomas are not. (Neither are the Biloxis, for that matter.) On the other hand, if they were a particularly well-known team it might not have been necessary to label them racially. But if they were a white team, you have to wonder why a black man would be photographed wearing a jersey with their name on it—especially in the Deep South. I'll keep looking.
UPDATE 1/31/2013 Courtesy of Bill Mullins, here are several more items showing that the Oklahomas of Mobile were indeed a "colored" nine, and naming some of the players. If the player in the photograph was a pitcher, as Mark speculates, then perhaps we are looking at a photo of Fobbs, "Prof. Beasley," or Lacy:
(New Orleans Item, April 19, 1897 1904, p. 6)
(New Orleans Item, April 20, 1897 1904, p. 6)
(New Orleans Item, May 11, 1897 1901, p. 2)
UPDATE 2/1/2013 The New Orleans Item pieces are actually from 1901 and 1904 (my mistake, not Bill's), so the Oklahomas were active as late as 1904.


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Thank you for re-inforcing why I'm happy being a contractor. I currently work at Capital One (don't swat me, since I think you're the one who wrote the break-up letter to them on here not so long ago!), but I'm there as a contractor and everything you listed here applies to my situation. Yes, there are times I wish I could be in on some of the meetings, and I don't get overtime, but everything else is what I preach about being good as a contractor. It's not so easy to explain to full-time employees why I think my position is a good one, but now I can show them this. Thanks!
P.S. - I laughed like crazy at your "Dear Capital One" blog, and shared it with some co-workers, who also found it terrific!


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Glaucoma surgery in the blink of an eye
Prof. Ehud Assia, of Tel Aviv University's Sackler School of Medicine is, quite simply, a rock star in the field of eye surgery.
One of a small number of surgeons in the world who currently perform a complicated form of glaucoma surgery, Prof. Assia has developed a novel laser device that promises to revolutionize treatment of the disease. The laser, called the OTS134 for now, is expected to give most practicing eye surgeons the ability to master complex glaucoma surgery very quickly.
Glaucoma, nicknamed the silent sight thief, is the second leading cause of blindness in the West. "Glaucoma is a serious problem that starts to cause nerve damage to people without them realizing that anything is happening to their eyesight, often before it is too late, " says Prof. Assia, who is also the director of Ophthalmology at Meir Hospital in Israel, which treats thousands of glaucoma patients each year.
The most common surgical treatment in use today perforates the wall of the eye, often resulting in collapse of the eyeball, infection, cataract formation and other complications. A more effective and elegant approach, a specialty of Prof. Assia's, involves penetration of the eye wall to a depth of only about 95 percent, leaving a razor-thin layer intact. The difference between success and failure may amount to just a few microns.
This highly-specialized non-penetrating surgery, requiring years of rigorous training and great skill, is performed by only a small number of surgeons at leading international ophthalmology centers. But a small observation led Prof. Assia to think about a method that could make the procedure accessible to eye surgeons without the long and involved training.
"Several years ago I served as a consultant for a company that produces CO2 lasers, which are used for different kinds of cosmetic and skin surgery. Because it is a relatively strong type of laser, it was not a likely candidate for use on something as delicate as the eye. However, one of the CO2 laser's unique characteristics is that it does not function when it comes in contact with liquid. It occurred to me that this would be a perfect fit for non-penetrating surgery, because the moment the CO2 laser came in contact with the intra-ocular liquid, it would automatically shut off," he recalls.
Working in partnership with the Israeli-based company IOPtima, Prof. Assia has already carried out a series of successful human trials. A larger worldwide study will take place this year before the company launches the OTS134 — as it plans to do in the United States — by the middle of 2008.
Glaucoma affects 3 million Americans every year, with onset around the age of 40. It is a disease that is brought on by a seemingly harmless increase of pressure in the eyeball. When this pressure builds up over time, the aging body cannot seem to correct the pressure effectively. Glaucoma eventually damages the optical nerve in the eye, with extreme tunnel vision and complete blindness ensuing.
"There are drug treatments that can reduce the intra-ocular pressure, but that means life-long treatment involving two or three kinds of eye drops three times a day," says Prof. Assia. "We find that a large number of patients don't comply with this treatment, especially because the harmful effects of not taking the medicine properly are not immediately felt."
Although he counsels that surgical approaches to glaucoma also carry risks, the OTS134 is a promising tool for more widespread treatment with fewer complications.
American Friends of Tel Aviv University supports Israel's leading center of higher learning, the largest Jewish university anywhere. It is ranked among the world's top 100 universities in science, biomedical studies, and social science, and rated one of the world's top 200 universities overall. Internationally recognized for the scope and groundbreaking nature of its research programs, Tel Aviv University consistently produces work with profound implications for the future
Contact: Barbara Schreibman
American Friends of Tel Aviv University
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Dorene Wiese isn't afraid of going against tradition — even though tradition means everything to her.
She was one of seven American Indians in the state of Minnesota to ever graduate high school in 1967. She went on to get her bachelor's degree and even her doctorate so she could convince other American Indians that it's important to get an education. After all, she said, it's the only way her people can thrive in the United States.
Now living in Chicago, Wiese, a member of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is the president of the American Indian Association of Illinois. She created a small liberal arts college program affiliated with Eastern Illinois University that focuses on general education and language classes for American Indians.
She also sponsors preservation, culture and native language growth projects throughout Chicago so that urban American Indians can remember their heritage while living in the city.
"American Indians have been ignored," Wiese said. She's hoping to change that.
Q: Why do American Indians have such a high education dropout rate in America?
A: American education was forced upon us. Also, there's very little in textbooks and in classrooms that teaches about our people. There aren't any teachers in the Chicago Public Schools who are role models for our children. So we have the lowest college completion rate and the highest high school dropout rate in America. More than half don't even have a GED or a high school diploma, and there are no programs to help young American Indians get back in school if they do drop out.
Q: How did you manage to become an exception to those statistics?
A: I had a lot of help from American Indian people in our community. I relied on elders and other people who mentored me.
Q: What about the rest of your family?
A: I have two sisters and one brother. They were all high school dropouts. They all had to go back and get their GED, and they took some courses in community college. I left Minneapolis and came to Chicago when I was 18, and it was easier for me because I got out. There was a lot of racism against American Indians in Minneapolis at that time.
Q: Did you live on a reservation?
A: My reservation is in Minnesota, and it's called White Earth. It's around 3,000 people. Most people don't know that most cities have more Indians than reservations. In Chicago, we have more than 30,000 American Indian people. That's one of the things we stress — that urban communities have needs, and all the funding has been directed toward reservation communities where the smallest number of American Indians live.
Q: What did you want to be when you were 13?
A: I wanted to be a photographer and filmmaker. I wanted to change the role model and images of American Indians. The images were all negative — that all American Indians were poor and dirty and stupid and alcoholics. I wanted to change that. I wanted to show that there are good American Indians, that we have good families, we have music and dance and art. It would help our children so they would see a different view of who we were as a people.
Q: Do you have any children?
A: Yes, I have one child, Katherine, who is 25. She graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana, and she was an honors student. She is working in an international shipping company as an assistant manager.
Q: I assume she felt a lot of pressure to complete her education?
A: She always knew she'd go to college. That was always a given. When I was younger, I saved money toward her college education. I worked with her constantly to make sure she was doing well in school.
Q: What's your favorite restaurant in Chicago?
A: We don't have any American Indian restaurants, so I'd have to say our college program breakfast.
Q: What do you like to do when you're not working?
A: I practice singing and dancing. I perform with a group, and I practice singing American Indian songs.
Q: Where do you live?
A: I live in Portage Park. I love that it's a diverse community, and it has a lot of community services — grocery stores, dry cleaners and parks. It's a real Chicago community. It's also the third largest American Indian community now in Chicago.
Q: What's the future of American Indians in Chicago?
A: I think it's very positive. If we get people to embrace how important education is for our students and all the parents and all the children — it's important in terms of people being able to find work and find housing and support themselves. I am very hopeful.
Dorene Wiese isn't afraid of going against tradition — even though tradition means everything to her.


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This page provides access to course notes for a series of talks on the UNIX-Gnu/Linux computing environment given by David M. Harrison, Department of Physics, University of Toronto.
UNIX-Gnu/Linux is an extremely powerful computing environment. The notes concentrate on using the tools provided by the environment as a user. They do not discuss using the environment as a desktop substitute for Windoze or Macintosh. They also do not discuss issues of installation or system administration, except for some brief materials in the fifth module.
The data are fairly overwhelming that reading the sorts of material contained in the Modules is much more effective in hardcopy than on a screen for almost all people. Thus, below we provide access to both html and pdf versions of each document.
The modules, and their approximate sizes, are:
Each Module in the series corresponds to a two-hour discussion. The first 4 modules are fairly generic treatments of UNIX/Linux for a typical user with some computing background in Windoze, Mac, or other non UNIX/Linux environment. Module 1 begins with some material aimed at relative computing novices, and further Modules become increasingly sophisticated. In Module 5 we "lift the hood" to discuss some internals and system administration . The modules were written in April/May 2002.
You will see references to the computer Faraday in the notes. This is the server used by many of the people to whom these talks were originally directed. Except for Module 5, we have attempted to make the use of the name fairly generic; Module 5, Internals and System Administration, contains some generic information but also some matters that are likely to be different for different computers.
This very rich UNIX/Linux computing environment has been worked on by many many smart people for over 30 years. Thus any set of notes such as these only "scratches the surface." These notes contain the material that the author believes is most important to learn first. Other authors will necessarily choose differently.
As you will learn, your interactions with UNIX/Linux are via a program called a shell. There are different "flavors" of shells, of which the two most popular are named bash and tcsh. In the Modules we concentrate on bash, and discussion of tcsh is fairly minimal. This is due to the preferences and biases of the author.
The modules end with some Exercises:
In the notes, you will see up to three arrows at the top and bottom of the document:
|Takes you to the html version of the previous Module in the series.
|Returns you to this page.
|Takes you to the html version of the next Module in the series.
At the end of each Section of a Module there is another arrow:
Takes you to the top of the page.
An index of user commands discussed in the Modules is available here. This is probably most useful for reference after all the materials in all the Modules have been read and/or discussed.
These notes have also been used in courses for people with considerable background in Perl but little or no background in UNIX-GNU/Linux. A small companion document cross-references some UNIX-GNU/Linux commands to the corresponding Perl version. Links to appropriate part of the Perl document appear in the Modules via the button that is shown to the right. When accessed from the html version of the Module, the Perl document will appear in a separate window. The document makes no attempt to offer instruction in Perl, since it is intended for Perl programmers. See the Other Resources section below for information on learning Perl.
Note that if you click on the camel to see a Perl reference from the html version of a Module, and then return to the Module window while leaving the Perl document's window in place, clicking on another camel will scroll to the appropriate part of the Perl document, but that window will not receive focus. This is a browser issue which I can not control without ungainly html programming.
Although perhaps not of great use, the Perl cross-reference document provides "back-links" to the Section in the Modules that link to that section of the cross-reference document. These are accessed by the button shown to the right. The back-link will open in the current window: use the Back button of the browser to return to the Perl document.
Incidentally, the camel has become the unofficial logo of Perl. The Canonical Camel is named "Amelia." The use of the camel image in association with the Perl language is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. We use that image by permission.
The penguin, whose name is "Tux", is the mascot of GNU/Linux. A biography of Tux may be found at http://www.sjbaker.org/tux/.
Most educators believe that at the beginning of a session a review of the previous one is a good idea. The reviews used by the author, containing what I believe are the "high points," are available below in pdf. The fonts are chosen to be large enough to project to a group.
Besides the Linux Training Materials Project discussed in the next section, here we list a few other resources.
Many of the materials in Module 1 and some from Module 2 were written by the Linux Training Materials Project, which is owned by GBDirect (http://www.gbdirect.co.uk/). The source of those materials may be found at http://www.linuxtraining.co.uk/download/new_linux_course_modules.pdf, whose content is Copyright © by the authors and subject to the license found at http://www.linuxtraining.co.uk/download/licence.html. We use those materials by permission.
The content not from the above site is Copyright © 2002 David M. Harrison.
The material Copyrighted by David M. Harrison may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Content License, v1.0 or later (the latest version is presently available at http://opencontent.org/opl.shtml).
David Harrison is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Physics, the University of Toronto. I have over 20 years of experience with various flavors of UNIX and GNU/Linux, both as a user and an administrator. I welcome your comments, corrections and suggestions. You may email me at email@example.com.


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There are few foods that elicit the same passionate response as bacon. Crumbled over a wedge salad, fried up in thick strips and piled on a BLT, or whipped up into a frothy milkshake, fans of this porky product will eat it in almost anything. And when it comes to an ingredient this inspiring, it's no wonder chefs across the country are dreaming up dishes that showcase bacon in unique and outrageous ways.
These days bacon has moved light years beyond its classic post alongside scrambled eggs – it's intoxicating scent is being featured in a fragrance, it's essence is being used in lip balm (perfect for those trying to attract fellow bacon lovers), and some particularly devoted fans are even tattooing strips of the stuff on their bodies. For those who are not fully satisfied simply ordering a bacon cheeseburger or spritzing themselves with bacon-scented perfume, the folks behind Bacolicious.us have created an online toolbar that allows users to adorn any web page with a slab of bacon.
The dishes on this list range from the excessive (like the Bacon Bomb from Paddy Long's in Chicago, a pork sausage meatloaf wrapped in a woven blanket of brown sugar bacon and slow cooked in a pig roaster) to the downright surprising (like the Melba pancakes from Shopsin's in New York City, featuring lime, raspberry, and peach preserves, with bacon and cream cheese.)
Bacon-Wrapped Deep-Fried Hot Dogs – Crif Dogs, New York City
This New York hot dog joint is known for serving up intriguing hot dogs in a very low-key setting, one of their most famous techniques includes wrapping a dog in bacon and deep-frying it. You can get it as part of their Chihuahua and BLT dogs.
Bacon and Eggs Ice Cream – The Fat Duck, Bray, Berkshire, UK
This collection of mind-blowing bacon dishes would not be complete without mentioning chef Heston Blumenthal's bacon and eggs ice cream, a signature dish at his restaurant The Fat Duck. The item is made even more special because its prepared tableside using dry ice to create instant ice cream. The combination of creamy custard and back bacon is served in an egg cup with soldiers made from sugar-coated brioche bread.
The Breakfast Cone – The Cozy Cone Motel at Disney's California Adventure, Anaheim, Calif.
The Cars portion of Disney's California Adventure features a restaurant called The Cozy Cone Motel that serves up innovative cone-shaped treats. The breakfast cone features a cone made of crispy bacon that is filled with scrambled eggs.
Bacon Bomb – Patty Long's, Chicago
This self-described beer and bacon bar serves up a bevy of menu items featuring the porky treat, and none more impressive than the Bacon Bomb. This gluttonous monstrosity starts with a meatloaf made of ground sausage, pork, and beef then wrapped in a woven blanket of brown sugar bacon strips then slow cooked in a pig roaster. Invite some friends along to help you finish this dish, or if you're feeling extra hungry, take on the Bacon Bomb Challenge in which you'll have 45 minutes to devour the 5-pound bomb and a massive side of fries.
Bacon Confections – The Sticky Pig, Costa Mesa, Calif.
This sweets company is dedicated to one thing only – bacon confections. There are a variety of flavors of chocolate-covered bacon candies available; try the Rogue with spicy peanut butter and caramelized banana or the Lakshmi with sweet curry, coconut, kaffir lime, and white chocolate.
'Merica Burger – Slater's 50/50, Anaheim, Calif.
At Slater's 50/50 in Anaheim this specialty burger includes a patty made from 100% ground bacon topped with crispy strips of thick-cut bacon, a sunny side egg, Bacon Island dressing (a take on Thousand Island dressing) and melted bacon Cheddar cheese.
The Triple B Taco – The Bacon Bacon Food Truck, San Francisco
With a name like The Bacon Bacon Food Truck there's no disguising what they're serving up. While the entire menu features bacon-laden dishes, the Triple B Taco is especially noteworthy. This taco combines pork butt, pork belly, bacon, Momma Lil's peppers, and goat cheese. If you're more of a purist go for the bacon bouquet instead, a paper cone filled with perfectly fried strips of bacon.
Melba Pancakes – Shopsin, New York City
The menu at this restaurant has more options than you can possibly imagine, so to save the time and effort of sifting through the lengthy affair, just go ahead and order the Melba pancakes. These pancakes are topped with a combination of lime, raspberry, and peach preserves as well as crispy crumbled bacon and cream cheese.
See even more mind-blowing bacon dishes here
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