text:
To compare three interventions to reduce diabetes distress (DD) and improve self-management among non–clinically depressed adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
In REDEEM, 392 adults with T2DM and DD were randomized to computer-assisted self-management (CASM), CASM plus DD-specific problem solving (CAPS), or a computer-administered minimal supportive intervention. Primary outcomes were Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) total, the Emotional Burden (EB) and Regimen Distress (RD) DDS subscales, and diet, exercise, and medication adherence.
Significant and clinically meaningful reductions in DD (DDS, EB, and RD) and self-management behaviors occurred in all three conditions (P < 0.001), with no significant between-group differences. There was, however, a significant group × baseline distress interaction (P < 0.02), in which patients with high baseline RD in the CAPS condition displayed significantly larger RD reductions than those in the other two conditions. RD generated the most distress and displayed the greatest distress reduction as a result of intervention. The pace of DD reduction varied by patient age: older patients demonstrated significant reductions in DD early in the intervention, whereas younger adults displayed similar reductions later. Reductions in DD were accompanied by significant improvements in healthy eating, physical activity, and medication adherence, although not by change in HbA1c.
DD is malleable and highly responsive to intervention. Interventions that enhance self-management also reduce DD significantly, but DD-specific interventions may be necessary for patients with high initial levels of DD. Future research should identify the minimal, most cost-effective interventions to reduce DD and improve self-management.
Diabetes distress (DD) refers to the often hidden emotional burdens, stresses, and worries that are part of managing a demanding, progressive, chronic disease like diabetes (1). The point prevalence of moderate and high DD is as high as 45.4% of type 2 diabetic (T2DM) adults in community settings (2), and DD has displayed significant linkages with poor glycemic control, self-management, and self-efficacy, independent of clinical depression (3–6). Approximately 70% of high-DD type 2 patients do not reach criteria for clinical depression (4).
DD is a critical, yet often neglected, area of comprehensive care for patients with diabetes. Because at least 70% of these patients are not clinically depressed (3), i.e., do not meet criteria for major depression or dysthymia, traditional behavioral and pharmacological interventions for depression may not be warranted. Interventions to reduce DD directly, based primarily on cognitive-behavioral approaches, have yielded mixed results (7,8). Several meta-analyses of this literature indicate that, even though some studies report reduced DD, the overall effect size on glycemic control is variable across studies and quite modest (9). Thus, few practical interventions directed specifically at adults with type 2 diabetes and DD without clinical depression have been developed and evaluated.
Our overview of the literature indicates that two strategies of DD intervention have been considered. One strategy suggests that, if effective, interventions to improve self-management behavior will also reduce DD, since the worries and concerns regarding poor disease management will be reduced as well. Programs to improve self-management have been shown to be effective, can be inexpensive, and are easily available for large patient populations (10), but their direct effects on reducing DD have not been demonstrated. A second strategy targets remediation of the very diabetes worries and concerns that underlie DD (7,11). Conceptually, this strategy suggests that as the distress that results from unsuccessful diabetes management increases over time (12), attention narrows, behavioral options become reduced, and alternative approaches and creative solutions become limited (13). An increasing spiral of poorer management and increased distress occurs that leads to even poorer coping (14,15). This pattern hampers the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, accelerates the development of unrealistic goals and expectations, and fosters inaccurate personal beliefs and perceptions that become self-defeating—all common reactions of distressed individuals facing a demanding and progressive chronic disease like diabetes (14). Thus, this perspective suggests that addressing the underlying emotional themes directly tied to DD may be crucial. It remains unclear, however, whether an intervention that targets DD directly will add significantly to the effects that result from improvements in disease-management programs alone (16).
Reducing Distress and Enhancing Effective Management (REDEEM) was a 12-month, three-arm comparative, pragmatic randomized clinical trial for distressed, non–clinically depressed adults with type 2 diabetes who reported difficulties with diet, physical activity, or medication taking. We compared the effectiveness of a general, Web-based, behavioral self-management support program, computer-assisted self-management (CASM), with or without problem-solving therapy (PST), a program to reduce DD directly by improving diabetes-specific problem-solving skills (17), relative to a minimum, largely automated (18) general diabetes support and education condition (Leap Ahead). This additive approach was used to determine whether a combined behavioral and targeted DD intervention program, CASM plus PST (CAPS), was necessary to reduce DD or whether improved disease management alone was sufficient. We address the following research questions in this report: 1) Does an intervention that addresses improvements in disease management also reduce DD, relative to a general, minimal intervention diabetes support and education program? 2) Does an intervention that targets DD directly add significantly to a self-management program in reducing DD? 3) Are programs to improve self-management (e.g., healthy eating, exercise) effective for distressed patients with type 2 diabetes?
Patients with type 2 diabetes and DD were recruited from the patient registries of several community medical groups and diabetes education centers. Inclusion criteria were a registry-recorded diagnosis of type 2 diabetes ≥12 months, a mean score of ≥1.5 on the two-item Diabetes Distress Screener (19) (confirmed later by the full scale) to indicate at least moderate DD (2,20), age ≥21 years, ability to read and speak English, at least moderate computer use facility, easy availability of a computer with internet access, comfort with internet use, and self-reported problems with diabetes management (healthy eating or exercise plan not followed in 3 of 4 days during the previous week or medications not taken 2 or more days during the previous week, based on the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities [21]). Exclusion criteria included clinical depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 8 score ≥15 [22]) and severe diabetes complications or functional deficits (e.g., dialysis, blindness).Patients received a letter from their health care facility, signed by a facility clinician and project representative, informing them of the project. They were told that a REDEEM representative would telephone them to explain the project further unless they opted out by calling an 800 number or by returning an enclosed postcard. During a follow-up call, the project was explained, patients were screened, and eligible patients were invited to a meeting at our project office or at another convenient location (e.g., library, patient's home). At the meeting, eligibility requirements were confirmed, informed consent was obtained, and a 1.5-h baseline assessment was completed (A0) that included height and weight, questionnaires, brief interview, and visit to a community laboratory for collection of biological data. Patients were then randomized individually to one of the three study arms using a computer-generated algorithm, and an intervention visit was scheduled within 2 weeks. In keeping with a pragmatic design and comparative effectiveness research (23), no usual care condition was included because of concerns about maintaining highly distressed patients in a noninterventional study arm. Assessments were repeated at 4 (A4) and 12 (A12) months postintervention. Three nonprofessional college graduate interventionists were trained and closely supervised by the investigators to deliver each of the three interventions and the telephone calls. A separate team of assistants undertook A0, A4, and A12 assessments.
Patients randomized to CASM were introduced to "My Path To A Healthy Life," a 40-min, previously validated, Web-based diabetes self-management improvement program (16,24). Patients selected achievable goals for medication adherence, diet, or exercise and were shown how to monitor their daily progress on the site. They received immediate feedback on their success over the past 7 days. The predominately Web-based intervention also provided an ask-the-expert forum to enhance engagement (25). After 6 weeks, patients completed an "action plan" for each previously prioritized management problem. Also included was a list of personalized barriers and strategies to overcome barriers. Patients received four live phone calls from their interventionist at weeks 2, 4, 7, and 12 to check progress and problems regarding their use of CASM and to provide encouragement to continue their efforts. At month 5, patients received an automated "behavior chain" booster program to reduce negative behavioral practices. This interactive component involved illustrative scenarios of prototypic patients experiencing "chains of events," e.g., negative thinking that triggered overeating, followed by an exercise to help "break" the sequence (7,10). Finally, patients received four more live 15-min phone calls at weeks 24, 28, 34, and 48.
Patients randomized to CAPS received a 60-min in-person intervention that included CASM plus PST. PST is an eight-step process to identify and define DD, establish realistic goals, generate ways to meet these goals, weigh the pros and cons of each, choose and evaluate solutions, create a DD action plan, evaluate outcome, and engage in pleasant activities (see pstnetwork.ucsf.edu) (26,27). As in CASM, CAPS patients received four live phone calls between A0 and A4 and between A4 and A12 to check progress on CASM and PST, respond to problems, and provide encouragement and a live supplemental booster session at month 5 (a review of the PST steps).
Leap Ahead
Patients randomized to Leap Ahead, a minimal intervention in comparison with the other two conditions, received a 20-min, computer-delivered health risk appraisal (e.g., seat belt and sunscreen use) along with diabetes information regarding healthy living, diet, and physical activity (28) preceding each of the eight calls between A0 and A12. The materials delivered diabetes information only, and patients were not directed to use the information to engage in a specific or structured program of self-management or DD change. Patients received a repeat of the risk appraisal at month 5, the same number and sequence of subsequent live phone calls to answer questions about provided diabetes management information, and assessments similar to those of CASM and CAPS.
The University of California, San Francisco, Institutional Review Board and the committees of collaborating institutions approved this study. Data were collected between 2008 and 2011 and analyzed in 2012.
Patient demographic variables included age (continuous variable), sex, race (white vs. nonwhite), and education (years); diabetes status included use of insulin (yes vs. no), years since diagnosis, and number of comorbidities and complications derived from a list of 22 common diabetes-related health problems.
The primary dependent variable was DD, which was assessed by the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) (20) (α = 0.87), the five-item Regimen Distress (RD) DDS subscale (α = 0.90), and the five-item Emotional Burden (EB) DDS subscale (α = 0.88). RD and EB were selected because they were directly targeted by the interventions. Items that reflect areas of distress are rated on a 6-point Likert scale from "not a problem" to a "very serious problem." RD items include feeling that I am often failing with my diabetes regimen and feeling that I am not sticking closely enough to a good meal plan; EB items include feeling overwhelmed by the demands of living with diabetes and feeling that diabetes controls my life. Mean item scores from 2.0 to 2.9 reflect moderate distress, and scores ≥3 are considered high distress (2). Physical activity was assessed by the Community Health Activities Model Program For Seniors (29). It measures weekly caloric expenditure of light, moderate, and heavy physical activity. Only the light physical activity variable was used in the present analyses because it most frequently reflected levels reported by patients. Healthy eating was assessed by the NCI Percent Energy From Fat Screener (30), which estimates percent energy (calories) from fat based on consumption of 14 foods. Medication adherence was assessed by the eight-item Hill-Bone Compliance Scale (α = 0.80) (31) that assesses how often and why respondents miss taking medications, rated on a 4-point scale from "none of the time" to "all of the time." Glycemic control was assessed by HbA1c, which was analyzed in a central laboratory for all participants and natural log transformed to reduce skew and kurtosis.
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics were computed to review score distributions. Missing data were imputed with multiple imputation procedures using NORM, version 2, software (32). NORM imputes data via an expectation-maximization algorithm, which provides efficient estimation of mean, variances, and covariances and uses a data-augmentation procedure that generates multiple imputations of missing values. Variables within a limited range were logit transformed to ensure that imputed values also fell within that range. The same imputed dataset was used for all analyses to ensure continuity of results.
One-way ANOVA and χ2 tests, as appropriate, were conducted to test for baseline differences across the three treatment conditions and to examine differences in outcomes between dropouts and continuing participants. Repeated-measures ANOVA models were used to test for change across time in the outcome variables (DDS, RD, EB, light physical activity, fat intake, medication adherence, and log-transformed HbA1c). Difference scores were calculated for outcomes, with earlier scores subtracted from later scores: A0–A4, A0–A12, and A4–A12. For each difference-score outcome, a series of ANOVA models was specified to test for main treatment effects both in the absence of and with covariates, main effects of treatment and predictors, and interactions between intervention group and baseline demographic variables, disease status variables, and baseline value of outcome. Given the large number of interactions tested, only variables for which a consistent pattern of significant interaction terms emerged were retained in the final models. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL).
Of 2,606 patients identified from registries whom we could contact, 658 were eligible and 436 agreed to participate (66.6%) (Fig. 1). Problems with time and conflicting life demands were the most frequent reasons for nonparticipation. Of these, 392 completed baseline assessment and intervention (89.5%), with 150 randomized to CASM, 146 to CAPS, and 96 to Leap Ahead. The smaller Leap Ahead sample was built into the randomization allocation algorithm to provide more power to compare the two active arms. Based on telephone screening data, there were no significant differences between those contacted who participated and those who refused.
Attrition was 13.8% from A0 to A4, 5.7% from A4 to A12, and 18.7% from A0 to A12. Only 8.4% of patients missed both A4 and A12 follow-up assessments. There were no significant between-group differences in attrition across any time period on any key study variable. There were also no significant baseline differences among the three study groups on any key demographic or diabetes status variable (Table 1). The diverse sample had a mean age of 56 ± 9.6 years (range 21–75), 53.8% of the sample was female, 8.7% of patients had ≤12 years of education, and mean (SD) baseline HbA1c was 7.4% (1.61) (57.0 mm/mol [17.6]).
Changes in DD
Significant and clinically meaningful reductions in DDS, RD, and EB occurred across the three study groups from A0 to A4 and A0 to A12 (Table 2). Also, significant reductions in DD scores between A4 and A12 occurred for all groups both after adjusting and not adjusting for changes between A0 and A4, indicating continued improvement over time. There were no significant between-group differences in these reductions at any time point for DDS, RD, or EB. Patients with higher DDS, RD, and EB baseline scores consistently displayed the largest reductions in distress from A0 to A4 and A0 to A12. Older patients showed larger reductions in RD and EB than younger patients from A0 to A4, but younger patients showed larger RD and EB score reductions than older patients from A4 to A12.
There was a significant group × baseline distress interaction for RD from A0 to A4 such that CAPS patients with high baseline RD displayed significantly larger RD reductions than high-baseline RD patients in Leap Ahead (P = 0.005) and marginally larger reductions than those in CASM (P = 0.08). Of patients classified as high DD on the DDS at baseline (n = 95), by 12 months 27.4% fell into the moderate range and another 34.7% displayed little or no DD. Thus, categorical changes in DDS occurred for 62.1% of initially high DD patients, with no between-group differences (P = 0.92). Among those who displayed moderate DD at baseline (n = 147), 60.5% reported little or no DD at 12 months. Similar reductions occurred for both RD and EB.
Changes in self-management behavior
Healthy eating.
Significant reductions in percent of total calories from fat occurred across the entire sample from A0 to A4 and from A0 to A12 but not from A4 to A12 (Table 3). This suggests that gains that occurred primarily during the initial period of the intervention were maintained over time. There were no significant between-group differences. Older participants and those with higher baseline fat consumption showed the greatest improvements. There was a significant group × baseline percent fat interaction from A0 to A4 and A4 to A12. CAPS and Leap Ahead patients with higher percent fat at baseline demonstrated greater decreases from A0 to A4 than CASM patients. The converse was found from A4 to A12, during which stronger associations were found for CASM than Leap Ahead or CAPS (P = 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively).
Physical activity.
Physical activity increased significantly across the entire sample between A0 and A4 and between A0 and A12 but not between A4 and A12. This suggests that the gains that occurred during the initial part of the intervention were maintained between A4 and A12. Significant treatment group effects were found at A4–A12 and A0–A12, indicating that CASM and CAPS patients maintained their A0–A4 gains through 12 months, whereas Leap Ahead patients reverted back toward baseline levels during this period. Patients with lower baseline physical activity had the largest increases in physical activity from A0 to A4 and A0 to A12. From A4 to A12, there was a significant group × baseline physical activity interaction: among patients with relatively higher baseline physical activity, there were greater reductions in physical activity for patients in Leap Ahead than in CASM (P = 0.005) or CAPS (P = 0.05).
Medication adherence.
Across the full sample, significant improvements in medication adherence occurred between A4 and A12 and A0 and A12 but not A0 and A4. These findings suggest that improvements in medication adherence occurred primarily in the later segments of the study. There was a significant A0–A12 treatment group effect, indicating that patients in CAPS had more improvement in medication adherence than those in CASM (P = 0.02) and Leap Ahead (P = 0.006). Patients who were female and who were nonwhite and those with poor baseline medication adherence showed the largest improvements.
No significant time or group main effects were found for log-transformed HbA1c. However, patients who were older (from A0–A4 and A0–A12), who had fewer comorbidities/complications (from A4–A12 and A0–A12), and who had higher baseline HbA1c (across all time points) showed the greatest HbA1c improvements over time.
Regarding our first two research questions, we found that DD and the distress specifically associated with diabetes regimen and emotion management are malleable and highly responsive to intervention. The reductions in DD are most apparent when viewing the categorical data. Approximately 33% of patients who reported high DD at baseline and 60% of patients who reported moderate DD at baseline reported little or no DD at 12 months. More specifically, we find that interventions that target enhanced self-management (CASM) reduce DD significantly but that DD-specific interventions (CAPS) may be necessary for patients with initially high levels of RD. RD generates the most distress and displays the greatest distress reduction as a result of intervention. Thus, for those with initially high RD (mean score ≥3), which is a significant portion of the type 2 diabetes population (31.2%) (33), programs that focus on improving disease management alone may be insufficient; a specific focus on RD may be required.
We also find in general that interventions decrease DD, especially RD, the most for patients with initially high DD. Because high DD is significantly correlated with poor disease management, HbA1c, and functional deficits (1), patients displaying these characteristics are at greatest risk for high DD.
Interestingly, the effects are not moderated by other patient demographic or diabetes-related variables, suggesting that the findings may generalize to most patients with diabetes. Furthermore, the pace of reduction in RD as a result of intervention appears different for older and younger patients: older patients show significant reductions in the early phases of the intervention, whereas younger patients respond later. This suggests that younger patients, who may be managing more non–disease-related stresses and life problems (34), may require greater exposure to distress-reduction programs over time than older patients. Last, we find that reductions in DD are maintained over time. Unlike many behavioral programs, in which return to baseline levels over time is common (35), reductions in DD can be sustained even with limited patient contact.
Where between-group differences emerged, those in CAPS displayed the greatest gains. Although several studies show that improved disease management is accompanied by reduced DD (10,36,37), younger patients, those with many comorbidities and complications, those with poorer initial functioning, and those having less education may require direct DD assistance. The cumulative effects of multiple stressors, life demands, and functional deficits may place substantive ongoing burdens on patients that reduce internal resources and require more distress-focused attention in clinical care (1).
Reductions in DD were accompanied by significant improvements in healthy eating, physical activity, and medication adherence, although not by change in HbA1c, a more distal and nontargeted outcome. Thus, even highly distressed, nondepressed patients with type 2 diabetes respond to disease-management interventions. Interestingly, consistent with other studies (38), improvements in healthy eating and physical activity occur early in the intervention for CASM and CAPS patients and are maintained subsequently without returning to baseline levels, whereas gains in medication adherence occur later in the intervention. Although these findings bear replication, among DD patients it may take longer for the behavioral contingencies that support medication taking to emerge than for diet and exercise. Furthermore, those in CAPS displayed significantly greater improvements in medication adherence than those in the other two groups, underscoring the important contribution of distress-focused interventions for highly distressed patients.
A somewhat surprising finding is that significant reductions in DDS, RD, and EB occur without a significant overall treatment group main effect, suggesting that the pattern of change in DD over time for all three groups is similar. This finding provides evidence that Leap Ahead, a minimal general health and diabetes education intervention (18), is for many patients as effective in reducing distress as CASM and CAPS. Taking about the same time as CASM and CAPS, Leap Ahead did not require, suggest, or encourage patients to change behavior; its goal was only to provide attention and modest health-related information delivery. Excluding initially highly distressed patients, for whom more distressed–focused interventions may be necessary, these findings suggest that most distressed patients are highly responsive to clinical staff attention, concern, and support both with and without the structure of formal programs to change behavior or enhance DD-related problem solving. Reducing distress, therefore, may have less to do with providing patients with programs of action and behavioral change and more to do with health care professionals listening to, understanding, acknowledging, and normalizing DD so that patients' internal resources can become freer of internal distress–related constraints (1,14,15,39). Thus, programs to reduce DD may be relatively easy to implement and disseminate and require less skilled staff to administer, thus lowering potential costs.
This study had several strengths: a randomized comparative design; a validated, pragmatic, and low-cost Web-based intervention; delivery by nonprofessional staff; high program representativeness and reach (40); and use of a large community sample. Attrition from baseline to 12 months in a highly distressed sample was moderate (18%), was not differential among groups, and did not affect outcomes. Several issues, however, may reduce the impact of the results. First, the study design was additive, comparing CASM to CASM plus PST. We did not test the impact of PST alone (7). It may be that focused interventions to reduce DD may be most efficacious for many patients. We also did not include a usual care arm. Thus, we could not test the effect of attention alone. Finally, inclusion criteria did not include an HbA1C cut point. Mean baseline HbA1c was low (7.4%), making improvement as a result of intervention relatively difficult to demonstrate.
In conclusion, DD is highly prevalent among patients with type 2 diabetes and is linked with poor disease management and glycemic control, independent of clinical depression. This investigation showed that DD is highly responsive to intervention and that although interventions that improve self-management can also reduce distress, distress-specific interventions need to be delivered for patients with initially high levels of DD. Greater attention to DD within the context of self-management improvement programs and general clinical care is warranted.
Clinical trial reg. no. NCT00714441, clinicaltrials.gov.
The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, or the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
This research was funded by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Grant DK061937.
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
L.F., D.H., and R.E.G. reviewed the research data and wrote the manuscript. P.A.A., U.M., and D.N. reviewed and edited the manuscript. L.A.S. reviewed and edited the manuscript, ran the data analyses, and wrote the data analysis section. L.F. is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Parts of this study were presented in abstract form at the 72nd Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 8–12 June 2012.
Appreciation is expressed to the following for their collaboration: Alta Bates Diabetes Education Center, Brown and Toland Medical Group, California Pacific Medical Center Diabetes Education Center, Hill Physicians Medical Group, and University of California, San Francisco, Lakeshore Medical Group.


text:
|Input Voltage:
|Electrical Safety:
|CE Equivalent
|>97% On Full Load
|High Light:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mezzanine floor plan, elevation and ceiling
Atlantic Bank and Trust Co. Building (Burlington, N.C.)
Please note that some historical materials may contain harmful content and/or descriptions. Learn how we're addressing it.
Item information
- Title:
- Mezzanine floor plan, elevation and ceiling
- Topics:
- Subjects:
- Original Format:
- Extent:
- 1/4 in. = 1 ft.;737mm x 565mm
- Item identifier:
- mc00382-001-ff0001-000-001_0011
- Genre:
Architectural drawings
Floor plans (architectural drawings)
Interior elevations
- Digital Project:
Beaux Arts to Modernism
Source information
- Repository:
- Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries
- Collection:
- Charles Hartmann Drawings, 1928-1929, 1950 (MC00382) held by Special Collections Research Center at NC State University Libraries
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- Not all materials from the physical collection may have been scanned. Images may have been enhanced for web access.
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- Should an heir or copyright holder present a verifiable claim to ownership of the intellectual property, the Libraries will work with said heir to determine the best course of action to balance copyright holder's rights with public accessibility.
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- Digitization of this image was partially supported with federal Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) funds made possible through a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and administered by the State Library of North Carolina, a division of the Department of Cultural Resources.
Building: Atlantic Bank and Trust Company Building (Burlington, Alamance County, North Carolina)
- Built:
- Street:
- 358 South Main Street
- Community:
- Burlington
- State:
- North Carolina
- Zip:
- 27215
- Provenance note:
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- The building is nine stories tall with an Art Deco influence in the classical base, shaft, and capital composition.
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- Location:
Burlington (N.C.)
- Subjects:
Historic buildings
Multistory buildings
National Register of Historic Places
Office buildings
- Latitude, Longitude:
- 36.093199, -79.437355


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text:
Cron (한국어)
출처 Wikipedia:
cron은 유닉스 계열 운영 체제의 시간 기반 작업 스케줄러이다. cron을 사용하면 사용자는 명령어나 쉘 스크립트와 같은 작업을 특정 시간이나 날짜에 주기적으로 실행할 수 있도록 일정을 짤 수 있다. 시스템 관리나 작업을 자동화하기 위해 보통 사용된다.[...]
cronie는 base 그룹에 의하여 기본적으로 설치된다. 다른 cron의 구현체도 존재하며, 이에 대해서는 Gentoo의 Cron Guide를 참조. 예를 들어, fcron, bcronAUR[broken link: package not found] 혹은 vixie-cronAUR와 같은 대체재가 존재한다. dcronAUR은 2011년 5월까지 Arch Linux의 기본 cron 구현체로 사용되었다.
사용자와 자동 시작
cron should be working upon login on a new system to run root scripts. This can be check by looking at the log in
/var/log/. In order to use crontab application (editor for job entries), users must be members of a designated group
users or
root, of which all users should already be members. To ensure cron starts on boot, enable
cronie.service or
dcron.service with
systemctl enable <service_name> depending on which cron implementation you use.
Handling errors of jobs
cron registers the output from stdout and stderr and attempts to send it as email to the user's spools via the
sendmail command. Cronie disables mail output if
/usr/bin/sendmail is not found. To log these messages use the
-m option and write a script or install a rudimentary SMTP subsystem.
Example with msmtp
Here are two ways to obtain emails from cronie with msmtp:
- Install the msmtp-mta package which effectively creates a symbolic link from
/usr/bin/msmtp. You must then provide a way for msmtp to convert your username into an email address.
- Either add a
MAILTOline to your crontab, like so:
email@example.com— OR —
- add this line to
aliases /etc/aliasesand create
your_username: email@example.com
# Optional:
default: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Either add a
Edit the
cronie.serviceunit. For example, create
[Service] ExecStart= ExecStart=/usr/bin/crond -n -m '/usr/bin/msmtp -t'Note: the empty
ExecStart=cancels any previous
Example with esmtp
# pacman -S esmtp procmail
After installation configure the routing:
identity firstname.lastname@example.com hostname mail.myisp.com:25 username "myself" password "secret" starttls enabled default mda "/usr/bin/procmail -d %T"
Procmail needs root privileges to work in delivery mode but it is not an issue if you are running the cronjobs as root anyway.
To test that everything works correctly, create a file
message.txt with
"test message" in it.
From the same directory run:
$ sendmail user_name < message.txt
$ cat /var/spool/mail/user_name
You should now see the test message and the time and date it was sent.
The error output of all jobs will now be redirected to
Due to the privileged issue, it is hard to create and send emails to root (e.g.
su -c ""). You can ask
esmtp to forward all root's email to an ordinary user with:
~/.esmtprc with the same content.
Run the following command to make sure it has the correct permission:
$ chmod 710 ~/.esmtprcThen repeat the test with
message.txt exactly as before.
Example with opensmtpd
# pacman -S opensmtpd
/etc/smtpd/smtpd.conf. The following configuration allows for local delivery:
listen on localhost accept for local deliver to mbox
You can proceed to test it:
# systemctl start smtpd $ echo test | sendmail user
user can check his/her mail in with any reader able to handle mbox format, or just have a look at the file
/var/spool/mail/user. If everything goes as expected, you can enable opensmtpd for future boots:
# systemctl enable smtpd
This approach has the advantage of not sending local cron notifications to a remote server. Not even network connection is needed. On the downside, you need a new daemon running.
/var/spool/smtpd, but the daemon will warn about that specifying the required ownerships and permissions. Just create them as suggested.
Long cron job
Suppose this program is invoked by cron :
#!/bin/sh echo "I had a recoverable error!" sleep 1h
What happens is this:
- cron runs the script
- as soon as cron sees some output, it runs your MTA, and provides it with the headers. It leaves the pipe open, because the job has not finished and there might be more output.
- the MTA opens the connection to postfix and leaves that connection open while it waits for the rest of the body.
- postfix closes the idle connection after less than an hour and you get an error like this :
smtpmsg='421 … Error: timeout exceeded' errormsg='the server did not accept the mail'
To solve this problem you can use the command chronic or sponge from moreutils. From their respective man page:
- chronic
- chronic runs a command, and arranges for its standard out and standard error to only be displayed if the command fails (exits nonzero or crashes). If the command succeeds, any extraneous output will be hidden.
- sponge
- sponge reads standard input and writes it out to the specified file. Unlike a shell redirect, sponge soaks up all its input before opening the output file… If no output file is specified, sponge outputs to stdout.
Even if it's not said chronic buffer the command output before opening its standard output (like sponge does).
Crontab format
The basic format for a crontab is:
<minute> <hour> <day_of_month> <month> <day_of_week> <command>
- minute values can be from 0 to 59.
- hour values can be from 0 to 23.
- day_of_month values can be from 1 to 31.
- month values can be from 1 to 12.
- day_of_week values can be from 0 to 6, with 0 denoting Sunday.
Multiple times may be specified with a comma, a range can be given with a hyphen, and the asterisk symbol is a wildcard character. Spaces are used to separate fields. For example, the line:
*0,*5 9-16 * 1-5,9-12 1-5 ~/bin/i_love_cron.sh
Will execute the script
i_love_cron.sh at five minute intervals from 9 AM to 4:55 PM on weekdays except during the summer months (June, July, and August). More examples and advanced configuration techniques can be found below.
Basic commands
Crontabs should never be edited directly; instead, users should use the
crontab program to work with their crontabs. To be granted access to this command, user must be a member of the users group (see the
gpasswd command).
To view their crontabs, users should issue the command:
$ crontab -l
To edit their crontabs, they may use:
$ crontab -e
To remove their crontabs, they should use:
$ crontab -r
If a user has a saved crontab and would like to completely overwrite their old crontab, they should use:
$ crontab saved_crontab_filename
To overwrite a crontab from the command line (Wikipedia:stdin), use
$ crontab -
To edit somebody else's crontab, issue the following command as root:
# crontab -u username -e
This same format (appending
-u username to a command) works for listing and deleting crontabs as well.
The entry:
01 * * * * /bin/echo Hello, world!
runs the command
/bin/echo Hello, world! on the first minute of every hour of every day of every month (i.e. at 12:01, 1:01, 2:01, etc.)
*/5 * * jan mon-fri /bin/echo Hello, world!
runs the same job every five minutes on weekdays during the month of January (i.e. at 12:00, 12:05, 12:10, etc.)
As noted in the Crontab Format section, the line:
*0,*5 9-16 * 1-5,9-12 1-5 /home/user/bin/i_love_cron.sh
Will execute the script
i_love_cron.sh at five minute intervals from 9 AM to 5 PM (excluding 5 PM itself) every weekday (Mon-Fri) of every month except during the summer (June, July, and August).
Default editor
To use an alternate default editor, define the EDITOR envar it in a shell initialization script (vim-default-editorAUR[broken link: package not found] is available in the AUR for vim users). For example:
#!/bin/sh export EDITOR=/usr/bin/nano
As a regular user,
su will need to be used instead of
sudo for the envar to be pulled correctly:
su -c "crontab -e"
To have an alias to this
printf is required to carry the arbitrary string because
su launches in a new shell:
alias scron="su -c $(printf "%q " "crontab -e")"
More information
The cron daemon parses a configuration file known as
crontab. Each user on the system can maintain a separate crontab file to schedule commands individually. The root user's crontab is used to schedule system-wide tasks (though users may opt to use
/etc/crontab or the
/etc/cron.d directory, depending on which cron implementation they choose).
There are slight differences between the crontab formats of the different cron daemons. The default root crontab for dcron looks like this:
# Run command at a scheduled time # Edit this 'crontab -e' for error checking, man 1 crontab for acceptable format # <@freq> <tags and command> @hourly ID=sys-hourly /usr/sbin/run-cron /etc/cron.hourly @daily ID=sys-daily /usr/sbin/run-cron /etc/cron.daily @weekly ID=sys-weekly /usr/sbin/run-cron /etc/cron.weekly @monthly ID=sys-monthly /usr/sbin/run-cron /etc/cron.monthly # mm hh DD MM W /path/command (or tags) # W = week: 0-6, Sun=0 21 01 * * * /usr/bin/systemctl suspend
These lines exemplify one of the formats that crontab entries can have, namely whitespace-separated fields specifying:
- @period
- ID=jobname (this tag is specific to dcron)
- command
The other standard format for crontab entries is:
- minute
- hour
- day
- month
- day of week
- command
The crontab files themselves are usually stored as
/var/spool/cron/username. For example, root's crontab is found at
See the crontab man page for further information and configuration examples.
run-parts issue
cronie uses
run-parts to carry out script in
cron.monthly. Be careful that the script name in these will not include a dot (.), e.g.
backup.sh, since
run-parts without options will ignore them (see: run-parts(8)).
Running Xorg server based applications
If you find that you cannot run X apps from cron jobs then use this prefix:
export DISPLAY=:0.0 ;
This sets the
DISPLAY variable to the first display, which is usually right
unless you run multiple X servers on your machine.
If it still does not work, then you need to use
xhost to give your user control
over X:
# xhost +si:localuser:$(whoami)
Asynchronous job processing
If you regularly turn off your computer but do not want to miss jobs, there are some solutions available (easiest to hardest):
Vanilla dcron supports asynchronous job processing. Just put it with @hourly, @daily, @weekly or @monthly with a jobname, like this:
@hourly ID=greatest_ever_job echo This job is very useful.
(cronwhipAUR, forum thread): Script to automatically run missed cron jobs; works with the former default cron implementation, dcron.
(AUR): Full replacement for dcron, processes jobs asynchronously.
(fcron, forum thread): Like anacron, fcron assumes the computer is not always running and, unlike anacron, it can schedule events at intervals shorter than a single day. Like cronwhip, it can run jobs that should have been run during the computer's downtime.
Ensuring exclusivity
If you run potentially long-running jobs (e.g., a backup might all of a sudden run for a long time, because of many changes or a particular slow network connection), then lockrunAUR can ensure that the cron job will not start a second time.
5,35 * * * * /usr/bin/lockrun -n /tmp/lock.backup /root/make-backup.sh
See Also
- 젠투 리눅스 Cron 설명서
- CronTab Usage Tutorial[dead link 2021-11-07 ⓘ]


text:
33 S.Ct. 167
57 L.Ed. 297
PITTSBURG STEEL COMPANY, Plff. in Err.,
No. 103.
Argued December 18 and 19, 1912.
Decided January 6, 1913.
Messrs. Edgar Allan Poe, J. Kemp Bartlett, L. B. Keene Claggett, and R. Howard Bland for plaintiff in error.
[Argument of Counsel from page 456 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Wilton Snowden, Jr., and Vernon Cook for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an action brought by the plaintiff in error as a creditor of the South Baltimore Steel Car & Foundry Company to recover its claim from the defendant, a holder of stock in that company, the subscription for which had not been fully paid. The action was begun on February 26, 1908, and at that date it could be maintained. But in April a statute was enacted (act of 1908, chap. 305) making the stockholder's liability assets of the corporation, saving the rights of creditors at the date of the act, but providing that the exclusive remedy for such rights, as against Maryland stockholders, should be by bill in equity on behalf of such creditors as might come in. This provision was made operative as of July 1, 1907, and was to cause all actions at law of this kind brought since then to abate, saving the right to become party to a bill. On this statute the defendant moved to dismiss the suit. The motion was granted and the judgment was affirmed by the court of appeals, which sustained the constitutionality of the act as so applied. 113 Md. 77, 77 Atl. 255.
Of course the objection is that the law impairs the obligation of the plaintiff's contract. If the stockholder's liability were purely local, and no more than matter of remedy for the collection of the principal debt, still this objection would have to be considered. See Hawthorne v. Calef, 2 Wall. 10, 17 L. ed. 776; Brown v. Eastern Slate Co. 134 Mass. 590, 592. But the case was argued on the footing of a contract between the creditor and the stockholder; and as the statute seems to assume that the stockholder's liability may follow him into other jurisdictions, and the court of appeals affirmed that a contract between the parties is presumed, we in turn assume that view to be correct. Bernheimer v. Converse, 206 U. S. 516, 529, 51 L. ed. 1163, 1174, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 755. In either view the question put in the form most favorable for the plaintiff is the same; whether the remedy against the defendant is impaired so materially as to affect the plaintiff's rights. McGahey v. Virginia, 135 U. S. 662, 693, 34 L. ed. 304, 314, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 972.
The plaintiff's supposed contract was subject to peculiar infirmities. His right was shared equally by all other creditors of the corporation, and not only might some other creditor by diligence have got in ahead of the plaintiff and have exhausted the fund for which the defendant could be held, but the right depended on the stockholder's will. As was observed by Judge Rose, following the Maryland cases, in Republic Iron & Steel Co. v. Carlton, 189 Fed. 126, 137, the statute does no more than the stockholder was free to do before. He could have paid the corporation or a receiver or other creditors. The question whether the remedy on this contract was impaired materially is affected not only by the precarious character of the plaintiff's right, but by consideration of fact, of what the remedy amounted to in practice. It is admitted that bringing the action gave the plaintiff no lien, as it seems mistakenly to have been assumed to do in Myers v. Knickerbocker Trust Co. 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1171, 71 C. C. A. 199, 139 Fed. 111, 116. The court of appeals states that the remedy has been found in practice an uncertain one, less efficacious than that which is substituted. There is nothing to contradict their statement as to what experience has taught. With that fact before us and also the absolute dependence of the creditor upon the will of the stockholder, we cannot go into nice speculation as to the probable result of this particular case, or say that the decision was wrong. The power of the state to make similar changes of remedy is asserted in more general terms than we have employed, in Fourth Nat. Bank v. Francklyn, 120 U. S. 747, 755, 30 L. ed. 825, 828, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 757. See also Henley v. Myers, 215 U. S. 373, 385, 54 L. ed. 240, 246, 30 Sup. Ct. Rep. 148.
A further objection is based upon the period of limitation established by the act. But as it does not appear that the plaintiff was hurt by it, this objection is not open. Darnell v. Indiana, Dec. 23, 1912 [226 U. S. 390, 57 L. ed. ——, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 120].
Judgment affirmed.


text:
BME 695N: Engineering Nanomedical Systems (Fall 2007)
Published on
Fall 2007
An updates version of this course is being offered during Fall 2011.
This course will cover the basic concepts of design of integrated nanomedical systems for diagnostics and therapeutics. Topics to be covered include: why nanomedical approaches are needed, cell targeting strategies, choice of core nanomaterials, technologies for testing composition and structure of multilayered nanomedical systems, optimizing zeta potentials, design and testing of cell and intracellular targeting systems, in-vivo issues, drug delivery and proper dosing, assessing efficacy of drug/gene delivery, nanotoxicity, animal testing, and regulatory issues. In addition to attending lectures and participating in classroom discussions, students will write and present an original research nanomedical system design project.
This course will serve as an interdisciplinary training for doctoral students in Biomedical Engineering and other fields for a basic understanding of the principles and challenges of nanomedicine.
Course Information and Syllabus
Course Information and Syllabus REVISED
Original Research Project Report
Paper Review Guidelines
3rd Paper Review Instructions
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:


text:
Jun 25, 2010 (CIDRAP News) – Pandemic flu activity remained low in most parts of the world, though some areas such as Caribbean countries continued to see active transmission, with increased activity reported in a few areas, including Colombia and parts of India, the World Health Organization (WHO) said today.
After rising throughout winter and spring, levels of influenza B transmission throughout the world are decreasing, while influenza A (H3N2) viruses are increasing in some areas such as East Africa and South America, according to the WHO.
In a virological update that accompanied its weekly influenza report today, the WHO said overall, in the Northern Hemisphere, influenza B detections exceed that of influenza A. In the Southern Hemisphere, the proportion of influenza A (H3N2) is increasing, even exceeding that of pandemic H1N1.
Some states in India, such as Karala, have reported spikes in pandemic flu illnesses and deaths in the wake of monsoon rains. The WHO said today that severe illnesses and deaths in India are particularly occurring in pregnant women. Over the past few weeks Indian news outlets have reported that Karala, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh states have been among the hardest hit. Today The Hindu, India's largest newspaper, reported that three deaths have recently been recorded in Andhra Pradesh.
In Colombia, pandemic flu levels have slightly increased after persistent but low-level circulation since late May, the WHO said. Other South American countries such as Venezuela and Bolivia are reporting recent circulation of seasonal influenza A and B viruses.
In Ghana, the proportion of respiratory samples testing positive for pandemic H1N1 increased from 16% to 23% during the first 2 weeks of June, according to the WHO report.
Other areas experiencing active pandemic virus transmission are Bangladesh, Singapore, and Malaysia.
Small numbers of seasonal H3N2 viruses are being detected across Africa, particularly in the east, the WHO said. "The most recent detections have been reported in Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa during the second week of June 2010. The persistence of H3N2 in this area over time very likely represents sustained community transmission of the virus."
Southern Hemisphere countries, which are in the early part of their flu season, are seeing only sporadic detections of the pandemic H1N1 virus, with generally low levels of other respiratory diseases. Australia and New Zealand both reported flu activity levels that are below national baselines.
Yesterday New Zealand's health ministry in its weekly flu update said flu activity remained low, but the pandemic H1N1 virus is still circulating alongside other respiratory viruses. It said the country's health advice phone line has seen a slight increase in the number of people experiencing flu-like illnesses and that general medical practices are noting that more young children are being seen for illnesses.
North American countries continue to report only sporadic detections of pandemic and seasonal flu.
Anthony Fiore, MD, a medical epidemiologist for the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said yesterday in an update to CDC's vaccine advisory committee that US health officials are keeping a close eye on global reports of influenza B and H3N2. He said most recent global detections of influenza B have involved the Victoria lineage covered by both hemispheres' seasonal flu vaccines, though he added that some Yamagata lineage samples have been detected.
The WHO said today that most pandemic H1N1 viruses that it has analyzed so far are closely related to the pandemic H1N1 strain recommended for flu vaccines. It added that it has received no new reports of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) resistance.
See also:
Jun 25 WHO statement
Jun 23 WHO virological update
Jun 24 New Zealand health ministry flu update


text:
Conference play is here and while there are many legitimate basketball related things to watch for – like games and such – here are some under-the-radar stories to keep an eye on. Enjoy.
Is Utah going to be biblically bad?
Sure, the eyeball test tells us that the Utes are bad. As do the RPI rankings, scoreboards, statistics, and probably Krystkowiak himself. But isn't that the fun of it? While we all root of eternal greatness, why can't we eagerly anticipate a defeated season – in fact the second since 2008 (Oregon State). The Utes could be biblically bad but unfortunately so too is the conference, lessening the odds of an oh-for-eighteener. But hey, like that little kid in Angels in the Outfield kept saying, "It could happen!"
Will Kevin O'Neill try to fight another booster?
With all eyes on Matt Barkley, Lane Kiffin, and the now uninhibited Trojan football program, will KO go buck wild and fight anyone he wants? Odds are against it but again, we're talking about this guy. A good quote and a coach who can get a lot out of his players, he does tend to leave a trail of destruction in his path. I recommend not getting in his way but then again, he probably stands to lose a lot more than you.
Joe Burton – Josh Smith: The Big-off
Read the following in your best Michael Buffer voice: in the Los Angeles corner, standing six-feet, ten-inches tall, and a soft three hundred and ten pounds…JOSH SMITH. From the Corvalis corner, a six-feet, seven-inch two-hundred and eighty pound baby face, Joeeeeeeee Burton! These two, hefty as they may be, manage to toss around the weight for good. Smith is still looking to find some semblance of conditioning and when he does he's capable of big things. Burton has been a serviceable center, capable of putting up formidable numbers while also playing a facilitators role in Craig Robinson's Princeton offense (3.8 apg). These two will rumble off just once this season, January 19 in Corvalis.
Will Sean Miller clear whatever is in his throat?
If you've ever watched Miller patrol the sidelines, you know he's a pretty fiery dude. That said, he also is constantly hacking and coughing away, an assumed attempt to clear his throat. With another edge-of-your-seat-this-ain't-gonna-be-easy type season in Tucson, Miller no doubt needs all of his voice to convey his message to the youthful Wildcats. Perhaps try some lozenges, Coach?
Will Ken Bone finally be caught by the headless horseman?
Ichabod. Ken. Ken. Ichabod. Discuss.
Who will be the first to posterize someone?
The hoppy Nick Johnson?
The powerful Jared Cunningham?
The stretchy Andre Roberson?
The acrobatic Terrence Ross?
Or someone else?


text:
The Registered Apprenticeship system provides opportunity for workers seeking high-skilled, high-paying jobs and for employers seeking to build a qualified workforce. Registered Apprenticeship is an employer-driven model, combining on-the-job learning with related classroom instruction and allows the Registered Apprentice to earn a paycheck from day one. Registered Apprenticeship Programs are a proven solution for recruiting, training and retaining world-class talent in Iowa. Since Iowa is experiencing a talent gap with an aging workforce of highly-skilled and experienced workers, this program has the ability to attract a new and more diverse talent pool, close the gap in workers' skills, and awards an industry credential issued by the Department of Labor upon completion of the program.
New industries are offering opportunities including: information technology, financial services, healthcare, transportation, energy, advanced manufacturing, and hospitality. A Registered Apprenticeship is an appropriate option for all job seekers including women, minorities, youth, people with disabilities, and veterans.
Visit earnandlearniowa.gov to further explore Registered Apprenticeship opportunities in Iowa.


text:
Teacup Cats
Teacup cats are fascinatingly delicate creatures. Humans like the appearance of "jewel like" animals and these sweet, very small cats are certainly that.
The primary source of information for this page comes courtesy Sarah Hartwell, general research and the PocketKittys cattery (http://www.pocketkittys.com/). A link is not in place at 31-1-10, as this site has be classified as dangerous by Google. I have had a link for over 2 years until now. The situation might well change. Update 31-10-10: The site is working, please click here (new window).
The photographs (except for Pete) also come courtesy the PocketKittys cattery, who have kindly agreed to allow me to publish their copyrighted photographs on this page.
So down to business.
|Click here to see visitors' submissions
What are teacup cats?
Teacup cats are simply very small, miniature cats (meaning a size smaller than the category of "miniature cats"). Miniature cats are usually about one third to one half the size of normal size cats of the same breed. As a guideline teacup Persian females weigh 2-4 lbs while the males are 3-6 lbs. The smallest cat breed is the Singapura which weighs about 6+ lbs as a comparison –see cat breed size. Teacup cats are traditional Persians.
At least one cattery sub-classifies by referring to "Palm Sized Pocket Persians" as well. Female palm sized weigh 3.5lbs or less and males 4lbs or less.
They are normally less than 9 inches tall or less when mature. Miniature kittens are more vulnerable than normal sized kittens. Being miniature poses health problems to pregnant cats so the breeding females must be 4-8 lbs in weight and breeding males are 4-10 lbs. It seems that they are friendly cats (to humans and dogs!).
There is a nice story on the Internet about a person called John Antrobus, who used to breed teacup cats (he may still do it but a search proved fruitless).
He first discovered miniature cats in Argentina. He says that he found them surviving in a refuse dump, in a back alley. He decided to bring 7 home to Canada and 6 survived the trip (one died due to the sedative needed
for the journey).
He bred them successfully. He says that a "trade off" for the small size is that they are short lived (although this probably only applied to the breed he was dealing with).
Note: The above story about John Antrobus is I am told a joke.This is a message left by a visitor who wishes to remain anonymous – thanks
for the contribution. Can anyone confirm?:
You do realize the John Antrobus story was an April Fool joke?
Update: Dec 2009 — Sarah Hartwell tells us about the John Antrobus story.
Due to their small size it seems that it is impractical to home them before 5 months old. Otherwise they are normal healthy kittens. Sarah Hartwell, an expert on cats and particularly cat genetics, says that you should take care when acquiring very small cats.
Teacup cat Calvin – photo © PocketKittys
This is because not all teacup cats are in fact miniature cats or dwarf cats (although a dwarf cat is readily distinguished by his/her short legs). A cat's normal size is around 7-12+ pounds. So, some normal cats at the bottom end of this scale may have the appearance of a miniature cat but will not be because the cat's genetic make up is not that of a miniature cat but a normal sized cat. Although, this raises a philosophical point.
It seems that some unscrupulous breeders (and remember breeders are in this for commercial gain ultimately) pass off normal/small cats as miniature cats as miniature cats being rare can fetch higher prices.
A genuine teacup cat has been bred small by the selective cat breeding of those cats with the miniature trait (i.e. very small cats).
This fixes the genetic make up. Or the genetic make up is already fixed through genetic mutation and this cat is then bred
for profit.
A good breeder (and I have no reason to know that PocketKittys cattery is not a good breeder) limit the number of litters to ensure that the queen stays healthy and makes sure the gene pool is wide to avoid inbreeding (damaging the immune system) resulting in health problems and defects in offspring.
Teacup cats are great pets but ensure that you get the following when you buy:
- Health Certificate stating that the kitten is free of diseases, that they have had their "shots" (FVRCP), that they have been de-wormed and de-fleaed, that they have been spayed or neutered.
Micro chipping so that you can identify them if and when they get lost.
- a signed contract which ideally includes a health guarantee that your kitten is free from congenital defects (no genetic problems).
- get your kitten checked by a vet within 72 hours of purchase.
- after one year ensure that you get booster shots to those given by the cattery. After that no more shots
for 3 years particularly if the cat is an indoor cat. Shots can apparently contribute to the occurrence of cancer, it seems.
Bear in mind that there are some unscrupulous breeders of small cats and also please note that if a cat is selectively bred too much and/or is unnaturally small there may be health implications. The health of your cat is very important to you for obvious reasons.
Update Dec. 2009: Here are some pictures and a commentary on a very small, indeed Miniature Blue Point Himalayan.
Update 29th May 2009: There is a little Teacup Himalayan Kitten called Melvin (I think he is also called Mouchois) who is becoming a bit of a star on the Internet mainly because his human companion has started a blog about him and posted a video to YouTube about him. He also kindly shared some of his thoughts about the health issues that can accompany such small cats. Here are the links and the video:
The Blogger Blog about this cat can be seen here: Mouchois (new window)
And the post submitted by Melvin's human companion can be seen here…….: Melvin My Teacup Himalayan Kitten. Thanks for sharing, we appreciate it.
***Scroll down to see what people have said***
What Other Visitors Have Said
Click below to see contributions from other visitors to this page…
- Teacup cat required for houseboat life
My husband and I are planning to retire to a liveaboard houseboat in a year and are considering the teacup cat as a pet. I would be interested in information …
- I'll introduce this very short posting by a visitor. I feel I have to but I have reservations about doing this. I just feel that it shows us a slice of …
- I Need A Cat Companion Again
My name is Heidi and I was enjoying your website. I recently lost my best friend a few months ago and didn't think I would be able to get another cat. But …
- I'd love a teacup cat!! 😀 .
For the past 8 years i would have loved a small cat. when i was 10 my family went on a vacation to Philippines. me and my cousins found a small kitten …
- I may have been scammed but I love my Teacup cat
We bought a "teacup kitten" in January 2010. He was almost 5 months old and weighing 2 and a half pounds, so I figured he would not grow very much after …
- Please help me find a small domestic cat!
Well my story is pretty simple. I am an animal LOVER!!! My partner, well, not so much. It's really not her fault, she was never raised or exposed to …
- Minnie Miniature Cat
I've had the same blood line of cats for as long as I can remember, and currently have three generations of cats under one roof. They have been consistently …
- Teacup Cat Health
I just wanted to update you on how Melvin was doing! Melvin is now fully grown at 6 pounds (and overweight). As soon as the soft spot on his head closes,…
- A Cat for a Small Apartment
I would like to adopt a teacup cat. I am a grandma, living alone in an apartment building for elderly. I would like to have a teacup cat to keep me company….
- Breeding Cats for Function is the Only Ethical Standard.
Why oh why oh why oh why oh why? The dwarfism gene in ANY animal is just a disaster waiting to happen. Health problems abound. Read up on Melvin, he …
- Searching For A Teacup Cat
My partner and I are desperately searching for a genuine teacup kittie. We are young professionals who both work part time, so at least one of us is always …
A friend at church said do you want a cat, I said sure. I got to his house and they begged me to take two, I did and yes my arm was broken
for a while….
- John Antrobus Story
I can confirm the John Antrobus story was an annual April Fool and also set to catch people who copied wholesale from my websites without asking and without …
- Mittens Mama
My son rescued a part Himalayan kitten as he was returning home from staying in another state. He rescued her from a Himalayan breeder who's female had …
- Check the Breeder Out
Always check out the breeder, including seeing the cats and kittens in person! If you are new to cats, take someone who knows something about cats and …
- Hello, I am an 8 year old girl who would like a teacup cat for $20 or less
Hello, I am an 8 year old girl who would like a teacup cat for $20 or less. I would like one that looked kind of like this. Maya Hi Maya… thanks …
- I'd love a cat but my mom thinks animals are smelly and disgusting
My mom thinks animals are smelly and disgusting. I love animals and I really want a cat.
- My mom said I can get a really small one only if it stays …
- I'm trying to find my mom a teacup cat for Christmas
Hi…I'm trying to find my mom a teacup cat. Her cat and dog died this past summer, and would like to find a cat of similar size to her previous one….
- I Would Love To Adopt a Teacup Kitty
I would LOVE to adopt a teacup kitty, or pocket kitty! Preferably short hair, are those available? I see the picture of "Pete" how would I go about adopting …