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The term imperialism was a new word in the mid-19th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), it was first recorded in 1858, to describe Pax Britannica. At this time, imperialism was regarded as a new phenomenon deserving of a new word to describe it. Moreover, according to the OED, in 19th Century England, imperialism, was generally used only to describe English policies. However, soon after the invention of the term, imperialism was used in reference to policies of the Roman Empire. In the 20th century, the term has been used to describe the policies of both the Soviet Union and the United States although analytically these differed greatly from each other and from 19th-century imperialism. Furthermore, the term has been expanded to apply, in general, to any historical instance of the aggrandizement of a greater power at the expense of a lesser power. Consequently, historians today refer to European imperialism following the Franco-Prussian War as the new imperialism.
Between 1871 and 1914, there was a renewed drive for economic and physical expansion amongst the world's more powerful nation-states, Japan, and the United States. During this period, Europe added 20% of the Earth's land area (nearly 23,000,000 km²) to its collection of overseas colonial possessions. As it was not already formally or informally occupied by the Western powers, Africa became the primary target, although expansion did take place in other areas, notably the east Asian seaboard, where the United States and Japan laid claim to territory. Contemporary English writers variously described the New Imperialism as "The Era of Empire for Empire's Sake", "The Great Adventure", and "The Scramble for Africa".
The expansions of the New Imperialism took place against a background of increasing competition over resources, income and prestige among newly industrialized nations, who were no longer content to leave Pax Britannica unchallenged. Scholars continue to debate the causes and ramifications of this period of imperial colonialism, most notably, the relationship this period might have with the First World War.
The origins of New Imperialism are inextricably linked to the breakdown of the Pax Britannica, which itself had its origins in an earlier form of colonialism, mercantilism. The following two sections will discuss the breakdown of mercantilism and the rise of Pax Britannica, and the subsequent breakdown of Pax Britannica, in order to help explain the rise of New Imperialism, and to illustrate how New Imperialism was different from previous forms of imperialism.
For a detailed discussion of other forms of imperialism and colonialism, both before and after, see: imperialism, mercantilism and free-trade colonialism[?]
Background: the breakdown of mercantilism and the rise of Pax Britannica
The American Revolution and the collapse of the Spanish empire in the New World following the revolutions in the viceroyalties of New Spain (to become Mexico) and Peru (to become Gran Colombia) ended the first era of European Imperialism. These revolutions helped show the errors of mercantilism, especially in Britain.
This contributed to the appeal of the classical liberalism of Adam Smith. Richard Cobden[?], and other economists who were heir to Smith's legacy, contended that the costs of occupation often exceeded the financial return to the taxpayer. In other words, formal empire afforded no reciprocal economic benefit when trade would continue whether the overseas political entities were nominally sovereign or not. Military and bureaucratic costs, according to adherents to Adam Smith's laissez-faire, exceed the financial return of colonialism.
The defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo led to a continental order quite favorable to Britain's interests, known as the Concert of Europe Austria was a barrier to the expansion of unified Italian and German nation-states until after the Crimean War, forcing other potential imperial powers to concentrate on continental concerns rather than overseas trade. Britain, an island nation with a long standing tradition of naval and maritime superiority, however, could afford the luxury of encouraging commercial ties with overseas markets.
Meanwhile, roughly between the Congress of Vienna (after the defeat of Napoleon) and the Franco-Prussian War, Britain reaped the benefits of being the world's sole modern, industrial nation. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Britain was the "workshop of the world", meaning that its finished goods were produced so efficiently and cheaply that they could usually undersell comparable, locally manufactured goods in other markets. If political conditions in a particular overseas markets were stable enough, Britain could control its market for industrial goods through free trade alone without having to resort to formal rule or mercantilism. Britain was even supplying half the needs in manufactured goods of such nations as Germany, France, Belgium, and the United States.
In this sense, the movement toward aggressive national rivalry, the movement toward formal empire and imperial competition, had its roots in the breakdown of Pax Britannica.
Causes of the rise of New Imperialism and the breakdown of the informal colonialism of Pax Britanica
The decline of Pax Britannica after the Franco-Prussian War, was made possible by recent changes in the European and world economies and in the continental balance of power, such as the breakdown of the Concert of Europe[?] and the consequent establishment of nation-states in Germany and Italy. These developments rendered this imperial competition feasible, in spite of Britain's centuries of long-established naval and maritime superiority. As unification of Germany by the Prussian Garrison State went forward, contending capitalist powers were thus ready to compete with Britain over stakes in overseas markets. The aggressive nationalism of Napoleon III and the relative political stability of France under the liberal Third Republic also rendered France more capable of challenging Britain's global preeminence. Germany, Italy, and France were simply no longer as embroiled in continental concerns and domestic disputes as they were before the Franco-Prussian War.
Some argue that this push for free trade during the mid nineteenth century was merely because of Britain's economic position during the age of Pax Britannica and was unconnected with any true philosophical dedication to free trade.
However, as the other powers such as Germany and the United States, began to industrialize, Britain's comparative advantage in trade of any finished good diminished. While it previously had a near monopoly over industrially-produced goods it began to face far stiffer competition in overseas markets from the other powers. Britain's share of world trade fell from one-fourth in 1880, one-sixth in 1913, and one-eighth in 1948 (though this last date is atypical). Britain was no longer supplying half the needs in manufactured goods of such nations as Germany, France, Belgium, and the United States. Britain was even growing incapable of dominating markets such as India. The nation had lost much of its comparative advantage in the manufacturing sector.
To make matters worse, British manufactures in the staple industries of the Industrial Revolution were beginning to experience real competition abroad. The German textiles and metal industries, for example, had by the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War surpassed those of Britain in organization and technical efficiency and usurped British manufactures in the domestic market. A number of changes had made this possible, such as the discovery of a method to remove phosphorous from the massive iron deposits of Alsace, which left France and Germany with cheap and plentiful sources of iron. Both continental powers had also begun large government supported railway programs, and had passed Britain in total mileage of track by the 1880s. The development of steam shipping had also firmly brought the United States and Japan into the European market and greatly lowered transport costs. By the turn of the century, the German metals and engineering industries would be producing heavily for the free trade market as well. More modern technologies such as electricity were often more advanced and widely used in Germany than in Britain. Like the Dutch a century and a half earlier the British coped with relative commercial and industrial decline by becoming the world's preeminent bankers, and invisible financial exports managed to kept Britain "out of the red." In this newly precarious economic and strategic situation Britain lost its dislike for colonization and began to aggressively pursue new markets and sources of raw materials abroad.
Pro-imperialist industrialists, however, like the ex-liberal Joseph Chamberlain, never represented a majority in Britain's Parliament, not even in the House of Commons. Joseph Chamberlain, thus, to no avail, in staunchly free-trade Great Britain argued on behalf of a grand imperial Zollverein[?], or customs union. This campaign failed in the 1890s and for another forty years afterwards until the premiership of his nephew, Neville. But the fact that imperial jingoism and formal empire caught on given the limited political influence of bourgeois industrialists like Chamberlain indicates the role of surplus capital accumulated by finance in encouraging New Imperialism in a highly industrialized country like Britain.
Long-term economic trends led Britain, and to a lesser extent other industrializing nations following a similar course of development, such as the United States and Germany, to be more receptive to the desires of prospective overseas investment. This is the case even in Britain with an industrial sector arguably declining due to the rise of finance.
Amalgamation of industry and banks, through their connection with industry, enabled finance to exert a great deal of control over the British economy and politics. During the period of "cut-throat" competition of the mid-Victorian era, produces became aware of the advantages of consolidation, in the forms of larger corporations, but also of mergers and alliances of separate firms, such as mass-production, lobbying power, and efficient union busting. To create and operate such industrial cartels required larger sums than the manufacturer could ordinarily provide, resulting in a new capitalist stage of development.
Just as industrial capitalism had replaced mercantilism and commercial capitalism in the eighteenth century, finance capitalism supplanted industrial capitalism in the late nineteenth century.
By the 1870s, London financial houses thus achieved an unprecedented control of industry, contributing to an increasing concerns among elite policy makers regarding British "protection" of overseas investments—particularly those in the securities of foreign governments and in foreign-government-backed development activities such as railroads. Although it had been official British policy for years to support such investments, with the large expansion of these investments after about 1860 and with the economic and political instability of many areas of high investment (such as Egypt), calls upon the government for methodical protection became increasingly pronounced in the years leading up to the Crystal Palace Speech. After the more gentlemanly service sector of the economy (banking, insurance, shipping) became more prominent—possibly at the expense of manufacturing—the influence of London's financial interest began rising precipitously. The supposedly cleaner financial sector probably had an effect the decisions taken by Britain's disproportionately aristocratic bureaucrats and parliamentarians. Late-Victorian political leaders, most of whom were stockholders, "shared a common culture with the financial class," according to contemporary imperial historian Bernard Porter.
This prompted imperial critic J.A. Hobson to conclude that finance was manipulating events to its own profit. Contemporary historians, such as Bernard Porter, P.J. Cain, A.G Hopkins do not downplay the influence of the City's financial interests either, but contest Hobson's conspiratorial overtones and "reductionisms". Nevertheless, they often acted as repositories of the surplus capital accumulated by a monopolistic system and they were therefore the prime movers in the drive for imperial expansion, their problem being to find fields for the investment of capital.
The era between 1873 and 1896 has been referred to as the Long Depression[?], and is often considered to be even worse than the Great Depression of 1929-1939. It had a number of causes and was itself an important cause of New Imperialism.
Amalgamation of industry, in the forms of larger corporations and mergers and alliances of separate firms created inefficiencies and made the British economy more unstable. The technological advancement during the Second Industrial Revolution[?], particularly the increased utilization of electric power and internal combustion engines fueled by coal and petroleum, were mixed blessings for British business during the late Victorian era. The prior development of more intricate and efficient machines along with monopolistic mass-production greatly expanded output and lowered production costs. As a result, production often exceeded domestic demand. Practically every industry suffered from lengthy periods of low, and falling, profit rates and price deflation. Among the new conditions were the short-term effects of the severe economic depression of 1873, which had followed fifteen years of great economic instability.
Some powerful industrial lobbies and government leaders in Britain, such as Joseph Chamberlain, concluded that that profits were falling because too many manufactures and too much capital were chasing too few markets. In such overseas markets, whether in colonial areas or in nominally sovereign, pre-industrial states outside Western Europe, with their cheap labor, limited competition, and abundant raw materials, a greater premium was often possible for investments of such surplus capital. These leaders also demanded an end to free trade and a return to mercantilist style protectionism.
While the calls for ending free trade were ignored the government was forced to adopt new policies. The manufacturers had become very powerful forces in the more democratic Britain, controlling the purse strings of both major parties. The manufacturers were eager for new destinations for exports and pushed for the government to secure captive markets in Africa.
Among the new conditions, more markedly evident in Britain, the forerunner of Europe's industrial states, were the long-term effects of the severe 'Long Depression' of 1873-96, which had followed fifteen years of great economic instability. Business after 1873 in practically every industry suffered from lengthy periods of low—and falling—profit rates and price deflation. Some powerful industrial lobbies and government leaders in Britain, such as Joseph Chamberlain, concluded that that profits were falling because too many manufactures and too much capital were chasing too few markets. In such overseas markets, whether in colonial areas or in nominally sovereign, pre-industrial states outside Western Europe, with their cheep labor, limited competition, and abundant raw materials, a greater premium was often possible for investments of such surplus capital.
This forced an adoption of new policies. The manufacturers had become very powerful forces in the more democratic Britain, controlling the purse strings of the major parties. The manufacturers were eager for new destinations for exports and pushed for the government to secure captive markets in Africa.
At a time when the continental powers' abandonment of free trade limited the European market, some business and government leaders, such as King Leopold II of Belgium and Jules Ferry, concluded that sheltered overseas markets would solve the problems of low prices and over-accumulation of surplus capital caused by shrinking continental markets. Among the new conditions were the short-term effects of the severe economic depression of 1873, which had followed fifteen years of great economic instability. Business after 1873 in practically every industry suffered from lengthy periods of low profit rates and deflation; profits were falling because too much capital were chasing too few markets, especially after the rise of newly industrializing states in export trade with its traditional markets in continental Europe, China, and Latin America.
The economy of France was as well devastated during the Long Depression. In losing the Franco-Prussian War the France had been forced to pay substantial reparation payments to the Germans. The nation was also wracked by civil war between socialists and republicans. The victorious republicans remained very unstable after taking back Paris in 1871. The French government ended free trade and began to pursue colonization as a way to increase their power and aid their economy.
Unfortunately for Britain, as the Long Depression had bred long-standing fears regarding economic decline and the emergent strength of trade unionism and socialism, Europe descended into an era of aggressive national rivalry with newly industrializing nation-states that were merely securing colonies before they strictly professed to needing them. German imperialists, for instance, argued that Britain's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets, thus limiting Germany's economic growth and threatening its security.
Many European statesmen and industrialists wanted to accelerate the process of colonialism, securing colonies before they strictly needed them. Their reasoning was that markets might soon become glutted, and a nation's economic survival depend on its being able to offload its surplus products elsewhere. British reactionaries, such as Joseph Chamberlain, hence concluded that formal that formal imperialism was necessary for Britain because of the relative decline of the British share of the world's export trade and the rise of German, American, and French economic competition. Continental political developments in the late nineteenth century also rendered such an imperial competition feasible.
By the end of the Franco-Prussian War, Britain was no longer the world's sole industrialised nation. During the period of the Long Depression Europe descended into an era of aggressive national rivalry with newly industrializing nation-states that were merely securing colonies before they strictly professed to needing them. German imperialists, for instance, argued that Britain's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets, thus limiting Germany's economic growth and threatening its security.
Like the other states of continental Europe Russia was working hard to industrialize as rapidly as possible. While the Russo-Japanese Was[?] of 1905 was a stunning defeat this embarrassment only cause the Russian leaders to push harder on their industrialization drive. British Conservatives in particular feared that Russia would continue to expand southwards into Ottoman Empire territory and acquire a port on the Mediterranean or even Constantinople—a long touted goal of Russian foreign policy and Orthodoxy[?]. These fears became especially pronounced following the 1869 completion of the nearby Suez Canal, prompting the official rationale behind Benjamin Disraeli's purchase of the waterway. The close proximity of the Czar's (territorially) expanding empire in Central Asia to India also terrified Lord Curzon, thus triggering the British wars of expansion in Afghanistan. Cecil Rhodes and Alfred Milner[?] also advocated the prospect of a "Cape to Cairo" empire, which would link by rail the extrinsically important canal to the intrinsically mineral and diamond rich South, from a strategic standpoint. Though hampered by German conquest of Tanganyika until the end of World War I, Rhodes lobbied on behalf of such a sprawling East African empire. Until the Entente Cordial[?] the British leadership was long very concerned that Britain was extremely vulnerable to a land attack on her colonies combined with a naval assault by Russia's ally France.
New social views of colonialism also arose. Rudyard Kipling, for instance, advocated the 'White Man's Burden' of bringing civilization to the other races of the world, whether they wanted civilization or not. Social Darwinism also became current throughout western Europe and the United States. The paternalistic (but republican and progressive) French-style "mission of civilization", was attractive to many European statesmen.
Observing the rise of trade unionism, socialism, and other protest movements during an era of mass society in both Europe and later North America, the elite in particular was able to use imperial jingoism to co-opt the support of the impoverished industrial working class. Riding the sentiments of the late nineteenth century Romantic Age, imperialism either inculcated the masses with, or realised their own tendencies towards, "glorious" neo-aristocratic virtues and helped instill broad, nationalist sentiments. In an age of mass-media every citizen became deeply patriotic during even minor wars. A good example of this is the Spanish-American War of 1898 fought for control of Cuba and the Philippines.
Many of Europe's major elites also found some advantages in formal, overseas expansion: mammoth monopolies wanted imperial support to secure overseas investments against competition and domestic political tensions abroad; bureaucrats wanted more occupations, military officers desired promotion, and the traditional but waning landed gentry wanted formal titles.
Many of the common people clamoured for colonies. This was especially true in Germany where the leader, Otto von Bismarck, firmly disliked colonies and saw them as burdensome and useless. The people of Germany thought differently and demanded colonial expansion to match that of the other European states. By the end of Bismarck's time in office he was forced to concede somewhat to the people and annexed some small islands in the South Pacific. He was fired, however, by the new Kaiser Wilhelm II, who responded to the people's demands risking German security in attempts to gain colonies in Africa.
This theory, conceived largely by Hobson and later Lenin, centers on the accumulation of surplus capital during the Second Industrial Revolution.
J.A. Hobson and later Lenin linked the problem of shrinking continental markets driving European capital overseas to an inequitable distribution of wealth in industrial Europe. Lenin and that bourgeois economist to his liking contended that the wages of workers did not represent enough purchasing power to absorb the vast amount of capital accumulated during the Second Industrial Revolution. This charge was not baseless, and some have argued that its logic is even evident in the causes of the interwar Great Depression beginning in the US, which had garnered the coveted center of the world's capitalist economy following the Great War, not just the Long Depression of 1873-96. For instance, a fundamental misdistribution of purchasing power during the great industrial expansion of the post-World War I era might have been the Second Great Depression's main contributing factor.
J.A. Hobson, a British liberal writing at the time of the fierce debate on imperialism during the Boer War, observed the spectacle of the "Scramble for Africa" (as it is always called) and emphasized changes in European social structures and attitudes as well as capital flow, though his emphasis on the latter seems to have been the most influential and provocative. His so-called accumulation theory suggested that that capitalism suffered from under-consumption due the rise of monopoly capitalism and the resultant concentration of wealth in fewer hands, which apparently gave rise to a misdistribution of purchasing power. Logically, this argument is sound, given the huge impoverished industrial working class then often far too poor to consume the goods produced by an industrialised economy. His analysis of capital flight and the rise of mammoth cartels later influenced Lenin in his Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, which has become a basis for the modern neo-Marxist analysis of imperialism. Thus some have argued that the New Imperialism was caused essentially a flight of foreign capital.
New Imperialism was one way of capturing new overseas markets. By the eve of World War I, Europe, for instance, represented the largest share (27 percent) of the global zones of investment, followed by North America (24 percent), Latin America (19 percent), Asia (16 percent), Africa (9 percent), and Oceania (5 percent) for all industrial powers. Britain, the forerunner of Europe's capitalist powers, however, was clearly the chief world investor, though the direction of its investments underwent a striking change, becoming oriented less toward Europe, the United States, and India, and more toward the rest of the Commonwealth and Latin America.
During the post-1870 period the amount of foreign trade increased. For western European nations in 1840, 7.7 million pounds of its export and 9.2 million pounds of its import trade was done outside Europe; in 1880 the figures were 38.4 million and 73 million. Europe's economic contacts with the wider world were multiplying, much as Britain's had been doing for years. In these non-industrial regions (such as the Russian and Ottoman empires), which were the principal sources of surplus French capital, and other overseas territories that lacked both the knowledge and the power to direct the capital flow, served to colonize rather than develop them, destroying native industries and creating dangerous political and economic pressures which would, in time, produce the so-called north/south divide. The contemporary Dependency Theory[?], devised largely by Latin American academics, draws on this inference.
Some have criticised J.A. Hobson's analysis of over-accumulation and under-consumption, arguing it does not explain why less developed nations with little surplus capital, such as Italy, participated in colonial expansion. Nor does it fully explain the expansionism of the great powers of the next century—the United States and Russia, which were in fact, net borrowers of foreign capital. Opponents of his accumulation theory also point to many instances in which foreign rulers needed and requested Western capital, such as the hapless moderniser Khedive Ismail Pasha[?].
Since the "Scramble for Africa" was the predominant feature of New Imperialism and formal empire, opponents of Hobson[?]'s accumulation theory often point to frequent cases when military and bureaucratic costs of occupation exceeded financial returns. In Africa (exclusive of South Africa) the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small before and after the 1885 Congress of Berlin, and the companies involved in tropical African commerce were small and politically insignificant, exerting only a tiny influence on domestic politics. First, this observation might detract from the pro-imperialist arguments of Leopold II, Francesco Crispi[?], and Jules Ferry, but Hobson argued against imperialism from a slightly different standpoint. He concluded that finance was manipulating events to its own profit, but often against broader national interests. Second, any such statistics only obscure the fact that African formal control of tropical Africa had strategic implications in an era of feasible inter-capitalist competition, particularly for Britain, which was under intense economic and thus political pressure to secure lucrative markets such as India, China, and Latin America.
Contemporary World-Systems theorist Immanuel Wallerstein[?] addresses these counterarguments without degrading Hobson's underlying inferences.
Hobson's theory is thus useful in explaining the role of over-accumulation in overseas economic and colonial expansionism while Wallerstein perhaps better explains the dynamic of inter-capitalist geopolitical competition.
Wallerstein's conception of imperialism as a part of a general, gradual extension of capital investment from the "centre" of the industrial countries to an overseas "periphery" coincides with Hobson's. According to Wallerstein, "Mercantilism became the major tool of (newly industrialising, increasingly competitive) semi-peripheral countries (i.e, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, etc.) seeking to become core countries. Wallerstein hence perceives formal empire as performing a function "analogous to that of the mercantilist drives of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in England and France." Protectionism and formal empire were characteristics of this era of neo-mercantilism, the major tools of "semi-peripheral", newly industrialized states, such as Germany, seeking to usurp Britain's position at the "core" of the global capitalist system.
The expansion of the Industrial Revolution thus contributed to the emergence of an era of aggressive national rivalry, leading to the late nineteenth century scramble for Africa and formal empire. Hobson's theory is thus useful in explaining the role of over-accumulation in overseas economic and colonial expansionism while Wallerstein perhaps better explains the dynamic of inter-capitalist geopolitical competition.
In this sense, contemporary imperial historian Bernard Porter[?] argues that formal imperialism for Britain was a symptom and an effect of its relative decline in the world, and not of strength. Symbolic overtures, in fact, such as Queen Victoria's grandiose title "Empress of India", celebrated during the second premiership of Benjamin Disraeli in the 1870s, helped to obscure this fact. Joseph Chamberlain thus argued that formal imperialism was necessary for Britain because of the relative decline of the British share of the world's export trade and the rise of German, American, and French economic competition.
Porter, however, notes that Britain, "Struck with outmoded physical plants and outmoded forms of business organization... now felt the less favorable effects of being the first to modernize." He contends that "a kind of vicious circle had been set up, with domestic industry lagging because capital was going elsewhere because industry was lagging." Unlike J.A. Hobson, however, who links under-consumption to a misdistribution of purchasing power, Porter argues that "the best thing that Britain could have done to correct [its balance of payments] would have been to make her export industry more competitive—improve her methods of manufacturing and marketing in order to sell more abroad."
As mentioned, contemporary historians, such as Bernard Porter, P.J. Cain, and A.G. Hopkins, do not downplay the influence of financial interests of "the city" either, but contest Hobson's conspiratorial overtones and "reductionisms". Nevertheless, they often acted as repositories of the surplus capital accumulated by a monopolistic system and they were therefore the prime movers in the drive for imperial expansion, their problem being to find fields for the investment of capital.
The Entente Cordiale was a gentleman's agreement between Britain and France designed to curtail further German expansion. The Entente Cordiale, along with the Franco-Russian alliance, served a common geopolitical interest. The absolutist Central Powers, led by a newly unified, dynamically industrializing Germany, with its expanding navy, doubling in size between the Franco-Prussian War and the Great War, were strategic threats to the markets and security more established Allied powers and Russia.
France and Britain were thus forced to end their centuries of long-standing hostility. British policy makers feared the prospect of another German military victory over France like the Franco-Prussian War, which could have reasonably resulted in a German take-over of France's formal colonies, a sort of reversal of the actual outcome of the Great War, after which Britain occupied the vast majority of German and Ottoman colonies as "protectorates". This prospect was especially frightening considering that French colonies tended to be closely situated to Britain's; Nigeria, for instance, was surrounded by French territory, India was near French Indochina, and so forth.
Strategic competition between Britain and Germany following the retirement of Bismarck, the era's great diplomat, would intensify the drive to consolidate existing spheres of influence and grab new colonies. Examples of these conflicts include the Moroccan Crisis[?] of 1905 and the Tangier Crisis. These conflicts began when Kaiser Wilhelm's recognized Moroccan independence from France, Britain's new strategic partner. During the Second Moroccan Crisis, Germany sent its navy to Morocco, testing the precarious Anglo-French Entente once again.
Those who disagree with the Marxist view that imperialism was sort of a symptom of a gradual movement of surplus capital from a center to an overseas periphery, who contend that export of capital seems to have little direct connection with territorial expansion, point to the United States. Historian and imperial critic William L. Langer, for instance, who emphasized the roles of nationalism and mass psychology in the rise of empire for empire's sake notes, "At that time [of American expansionism] the United States was still a debtor nation, importing rather than exporting capital." They also point to the expansionism of Crispi's Italy and Meiji Japan, which were, in many respects, following Britain"s lead although their economies had not yet grown so dependent on overseas financial returns. The liberal nationalism Italian figures such as Mazzini and Garibaldi, which was conservative modernizers like Cavour and Crispi[?] sought to co-opt, strongly favored modernization, which was associated with the British.
Historians usually agree though that Italian, and to a lesser extent French, imperialist designs were motivated to a great extent by the desire to catch up with Britain economically and culturally.
American expansionism had roots in domestic concerns and economics, as in other newly industrializing nations. Therefore, Hobson's conclusions, which were drawn predominantly from analysis of the British economy, might not automatically pertain to the unique circumstances of the US. The United States was a newly industrializing nation, like Germany, where investments overall assisted and accelerated economic progress, aiding the creation of costly infrastructure, such as railways and other public works. The findings of the 1890 Census, however, popularized by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in his paper entitled The Significance of the Frontier in American History, contributed to fears of dwindling natural resources. The Panic of 1893 and the ensuing depression also led some businessmen and politicians to come to the same conclusion as Leopold II, Ferry, Disraeli, Chamberlain, and Crispi had formulated nearly a generation earlier—that industry had apparently over-expanded, producing more goods than domestic consumers could buy.
Like the Long Depression in Europe, which bred doubts regarding growing strength of political resistance of world capitalism, the main features of this depression included deflation, rural decline, and unemployment (indicative of under-consumption), which aggravated the bitter social protests of the Gilded Age—the Populist movement, the free-silver crusade, and violent labor disputes such as the Pullman Strike. Similarly, the post-1873 period in Europe period saw a reemergence of far more militant working-class organization and cycles of large strikes. In fact, the rapid turn to imperialism in the late nineteenth century can be correlated with cyclically spaced economic depressions that adversely affected many elite groups. Like the Long Depression, an era of increasing unemployment and deflated prices for manufactured goods, the Panic of 1893 contributed to fierce competition over markets in the growing spheres of influence of the United States, which tended to overlap with those of Britain, especially in the Pacific and South America.
While Germany, the United States, Italy, and other more recently industrialized empires were under relatively less pressure to offload surplus capital than Britain, these nations would resort to protectionism and formal empire, once attacked by adherents to laissez-faire, to usurp Britain's unfair advantages on international markets. Some politicians, such as Henry Cabot Lodge, William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt, advocated a more aggressive foreign policy to pull the United States out of the depression of the second Cleveland Administration, known for a laissez-faire domestic policy and free trade. By World War I, the rise of US imperialism and militarism, however, would, in effect, save the Allies, the older, more established, and more liberal empires, albeit at a huge cost (literally), from the emergent threat of the German Reich.
Just as the German Reich reacted to depression with the adoption of tariff protection in 1879, so would the United States with the landslide election victory of William McKinley, who had risen to national prominence six years earlier with the passage of the McKinley Tariff of 1890. Britain's economic threat from the United States, hence, was (at the time at least) intensified by the rise of the United States as a great military and political power after the Civil War, its adoption of such protective tariff protection, its acquisition of a colonial empire in 1898, and its building of a powerful navy—the Great White Fleet—under the slain McKinley's more "big stick", racist, and militarist successor, Theodore Roosevelt. This course of events, ushered in by the Second Industrial Revolution, paralleled a similar trend in Germany, which emerged as a potential military power after its own unification, its adoption of a tariff in 1879, its acquisition of a colonial empire in 1884-85, and its building of a powerful navy after 1898. On the Pacific, since the Meiji Restoration, Japan's development followed a similar pattern, following the Western lead in industrialization and militarism, enabling it to gain a foothold or sphere of influence in Qing China.
Although US capital investments within the Philippines and Puerto Rico were relatively small (figures that would seemingly detract from the broader economic implications on first glance), these colonies were strategic outposts for expanding trade with Asia, particularly China and Latin America, enabling the United States to reap the benefit of China's Open Door and "Dollar Diplomacy" in Latin America. Such developments, whether in Germany, Japan or in the United States, thus pushed Britain toward formal imperialism. Imperialism for the United States, however, marked by the reaffirmation of the Monroe Doctrine (formalized by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904[?]), would also herald the trend of the United States replacing Britain as the predominant "investor" in Latin America—a process largely completed by the end of the Great War.
Until the dismissal of the aging Chancellor Bismarck by the headstrong Kaiser Wilhelm II, the expropriation of vast, unexplored areas of Asia and Africa by emerging imperial powers such as Italy and Germany and more-established empires such as Britain and France was relatively orderly. The 1885 Congress of Berlin, initiated by Bismarck to establish international guidelines for the acquisition of African territory, formalized this new phase in the history of Western imperialism. Between the Franco-Prussian War and the Great War (the age of New Imperialism), Europe added almost 9 million square miles—one-fifth of the land area of the globe—to its overseas colonial possessions.
The late 19th century saw the transition from an "informal" empire of control through economic dominance to direct control, marked by the scramble for further territory in Africa from the late 1870s in areas previously regarded as open to British trade and influence. The Berlin Conference (1884-85) regulated the imperial competition between Britain, France and Germany, defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of colonial claims, codifying the imposition of direct rule, accomplished usually through armed force.
While some British colonies were already a century old, Egypt was occupied by British forces in 1882 (although not formally declared a protectorate until 1914, and never a colony proper); Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda were subjugated in the 1890s and early 1900s; and in the south, the Cape Colony (first acquired in 1795) provided a base for the subjugation of neighbouring African states and the Dutch Afrikaner settlers who had left the Cape to avoid the British and then founded their own republics (see Boer War).
Formal empire in Sub-Saharan Africa, the last vast region of the world largely untouched by "informal imperialism" and "civilization", was also attractive to Europe's ruling elites for other potential reasons. First, insofar as the "Dark Continent" was agricultural or extractive, and no longer stagnant since its integration with the world's interdependent capitalist economy, it required more capital for development that it could provide itself. Second, during a time when in nearly every year since the 1813 liberalization of trade onward Britain's balance of trade showed a deficit, and a time of shrinking and increasingly protectionist continental markets, Africa offered Britain an open market that would garner it a trade surplus—a market that bought more from the metropole than it sold overall. Britain, like most other industrial countries, had long since begun to run an unfavorable balance of trade (which was increasingly offset, however, by the income from overseas investments). As perhaps the world's first post-industrial nation, financial services became an increasingly more important sector of its economy. Invisible financial exports, as mentioned, kept Britain out of the red, especially capital investments outside Europe, particularly to the developing and open markets in Africa, predominantly white settler colonies, the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific.
Control of tropical Africa had strategic implications in an era of feasible inter-capitalist competition, particularly for Britain, which was under intense economic and thus political pressure to secure lucrative markets such as India, China, and Latin America. In Britain's case this process of capitalist diffusion had in many regions led it to acquire colonies in the interests of commercial security; France and Germany would later follow suit. For example the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal, prompted the strengthening of control of Egypt. Battles over control of the Nile headwaters caused Britain to expand in the Sudan, and the close proximity of the Russia's expanding empire in Central Asia to India also terrified Lord Curzon, thus triggering Afghan wars of conquest. Rhodes[?] and Lord Milner (the British colonial minister in South Africa) also advocated the prospect of a "Cape to Cairo" empire, which would link by rail the extrinsically important canal to the intrinsically mineral and diamond rich South, from a strategic standpoint. Though hampered by German conquest of Tanganyika until the end of World War I, Rhodes successfully lobbied on behalf of such a sprawling East African empire. Formal colonies were often, in hindsight, strategic outposts to protect large zones of "investment", such as India, Latin America, and China.
In Britain's case this process of capitalist diffusion had in many regions led it to acquire colonies in the interests of commercial security; France and Germany would later follow suit.
Formal colonies were often, in hindsight, strategic outposts to protect large zones of 'investment', such as India, Latin America, and China. Britain, in as sense, continued to adhere to the Cobdenite notion that informal colonialism was preferable—the established consensus among industrial capitalists during the age of Pax Britannica between the downfall of Napoleon and the Franco-Prussian War. What changed since the Disraeli's Crystal Palace Speech was not necessarily a preference for colonialism over informal empire, but the attitude toward formal rule in largely tropical areas once considered too 'backward' for trade. Sovereign areas already hospitable to informal empire largely avoided formal rule during the shift to New Imperialism. China, for instance, was not a backward country unable to secure the prerequisite stability and security for western-style commerce, but a highly advanced empire unwilling to admit western (often drug-pushing) commerce, which may explain the West's content with informal "Spheres of Influences". China, unlike tropical Africa, was a securable market without formal control. Following the First Opium War, British commerce, and later capital invested by other newly industrializing powers, was securable with a smaller degree of formal control than in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and the Pacific. But in many respects, China was a colony and a large-scale receptacle of Western capital investments. Western powers did intervene military there to quell domestic chaos, such as the horrific Taiping Rebellion and the anti-imperialist Boxer Rebellion. For example, General Gordon, later the imperialist 'martyr' in the Sudan, is often accredited as having saved the Manchu Dynasty from the Taiping insurrection.
Changes in African and Asian society
Capitalism, an economic system in which capital, or wealth, is put to work to produce more capital, revolutionised traditional economies, inducing social changes and political consequences that revolutionised African and Asian societies. Maximising production and minimizing cost did not necessarily coincide with traditional, seasonal patterns of agricultural production. The ethic wage productivity was thus, in many respects, a new concept to supposedly idle natives merely accustomed to older patterns of production. Balanced, subsistence-based economies shifted to specialization and accumulation of surpluses. Tribal states or empires organised along precarious, unwritten cultural traditions also shifted to a division of labour based on legal protection of land and labour—once inalienable, but now commodities to be bought, sold, or traded.
As an aside, it must be noted that the integration of traditional economies in Africa within the framework of the modern, capitalist economy was also particularly exploitative. Leopold's fortunes, for instance, and the fortunes of the multinational concessionary companies under his auspices were made mainly on the proceeds of Congolese rubber, which had never been mass-produced in surplus quantities.
Exploitation of the Dutch East Indies, French Indochina, German Southwest Africa, Rhodesia, and South Africa paled in comparison to that of the Congo basin. The most infamous example of this is the Congo Free State, not to be confused with the Belgian Congo that replaced it - it was connected to the King of the Belgians but not to the state of Belgium as such. The fortunes of King Leopold II, for instance, the famed philanthropist, abolitionist, and self-anointed sovereign of Congo Free State (1885)—76 times larger geographically than Belgium itself—and those of the multinational concessionary companies under his auspices, were mainly made on the proceeds of Congolese rubber, which had historically never been mass-produced in surplus quantities. Between 1880 and 1920 the population of Congo thus halved; over 10 million "indolent natives" unaccustomed to the bourgeois ethos of labor productivity, were the victims of murder, starvation, exhaustion induced by over-work, and disease.
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January 18, 2011
Abandoned Knol
Knol has been last updated in December 2009 and it's obvious that the service has been abandoned. Somebody needs to close Knol before it's too late.
If you want to find a list of abandoned Google products, check the copyright notice at the bottom of their homepage and see if it's been updated. Friend Connect, Google Desktop and Knol still show an old message: "©2009 Google".
Update (one day later): Knol is up and running again, but for how long?
24 comments:
Somebody needs to close Knol before it's too late for what?ReplyDelete
And yet Google Wave and Google Notebook were killed. Go figure.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 18, 2011 at 4:08 PM
So were did all the Google people go who created Knol? Same applies for many other Google products who dont seem to receive updates. My guess, the are working over time on something new that rule them all.ReplyDelete
*that rules them all.ReplyDelete
I can't believe it's still listed on their Tools & Services page:ReplyDelete
Does anyone even monitor their active listings for signs of life?
It's very strange that most of the content seems to have been removed. Where did it go? Maybe it will be available in a new service?
They should try and get the authors to allow them to be licensed for Wikipedia so that the data doesn't get forgotten about. There is some really good Knol articles that don't deserve to be lost.ReplyDelete
I'm starting to really detest Google. I still use Google Notebook everyday for my homework but since they dropped it they don't update the firefox plugin. I'm now always scared to try one of their services.ReplyDelete
- Andrew B.January 18, 2011 at 5:04 PM
Bob - Do *any* companies guarantee that they'll continue a particular product forever? As far as companies go, I'd say Google can be considered one of the more stable ones...ReplyDelete
- SolamenteJanuary 18, 2011 at 5:22 PM
Andrew B: See Bell/AT&T and the dial tone. Until "cloud" software companies get to that level of service, users will rightly be nervous about depending on this kind of software. (Yes, I know the dial tone is kind of going away, but there's a clear upgrade path and the tone's still there today.) As far as stability, Google is building a questionable record. This kind of abandonment of an online service is what I would expect from a couple of college kids who suddenly discovered the opposite sex, not from a multi-billion-dollar company.ReplyDelete
Wasn't Knol like Squidoo? I never used it.ReplyDelete
What are u ppl tlking abt, google is too busy with more important things than get rid of some old site. Maybe they plan to restore it? Maybe to delete, but whenever they want. They first need to finally finish thier current os apps, such as docs, youtube, etc, to finally organize and see wt they r gonna do with those junkies. Anyway it seems this blog is been written by a spoiled 16 year old who doesnt know a thing abt google, or is in his period cuz recent post have been nothing but weining .ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 18, 2011 at 8:18 PM
Well this is nice oneReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 18, 2011 at 11:55 PM
I think every trouble in the functioning of Knol is being interpreted in a negative way. According to my guess, there is a problem in the search functioning which made all lists blank. This sort of problems do occur in various websites. As somebody commented Google is the most reliable product provider. Knol is doing well despite lot of negative talk both in outside media as well as inside knol.ReplyDelete
As a wikibased open academic site that individuals can manage, Knol is a unique facility.
So is this its' "Death Knol" ... sorry, someone had to say it.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 19, 2011 at 2:34 AM
I really did find any use of knol. What did Google make this. any reason ?ReplyDelete
System Administrator Resume
However, Last Update of GDS (Desktop Search) has internal record "Copyright (c) 2003-10 Google. All Rights Reserved.". I don't remember, I think it has been released in second quarter. This may give a hope.ReplyDelete
Google Sets (c)2007.ReplyDelete
Any raises on 2007?
All the feature boxes are empty for me - 'this week' or 'all time'. Looks abandoned and broken. Pity to see, you wouldn't have thought it would take much to keep that ticking over.ReplyDelete
Then how to get a verified E-Mail address on Google Profile if it's closed?ReplyDelete
Maybe it's not a general rule, but it could be a hint that the project is no longer maintained. For example, Google Sets database is no longer updated.
That feature has been removed.
And Google Notebook - (C) 2008 :)ReplyDelete
Yes, why did they rush to kill the excellent Google Notebook instead of culling non-starters like Knol that are dying in dark corners?ReplyDelete
Knol may not be dead but it appears that Google is no longer including knols in it's search results. I've gone from 30 visits a day to my knol down to 1 or 2. Lack of traffic is either related to the bug or Google has indeed decided to abandon this product.ReplyDelete
So Google is back with the Chromebook...so it will be interesting to see what the next 2 years bring.ReplyDelete

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fusion Newsletter Template is a set of Metro style email templates, It can be use for any product or any type of your campaign like E-commerce, Affiliate, Promotional, News and much more. It work well with any kind of email service provider (e.g. Aweber, iContact, Benchmark Email, MailChimp, Campaign Monitor, or Constant Contact), already tested on various browser and majors email clients (e.g. Outlook, Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail and browser IE, Firefox, Opera, Safari, Chrome and more…)
Newsletter Template Features:
- Clean & Modern Design
- All Layer PSD Files Included
- 54 HTML Files
- 6 Premium Templates
- 9 Color Scheme
- Valid HTML Code
- Commented Code
- Well Documented
- Majors Client Mail Support
- MailChimp Ready
- People and product photos used for demo preview only and not included in the main file.
If you need any help, please feel free to contact me through my profile page. Thank you
Latest Update
20 March 2015
- Improved horizontal center elements on Yahoo.
12 March 2014
- Improved document file.
23 November 2013
- Fix HTML code for iPhone display.
6 August 2013
- Already fix inline-CSS to support Gmail render.
13 June 2013
- Already updated to responsive version.
9 April 2013
- fix HTML code for outlook display
20 March 2013
- Update Document (included how to import Mailchimp)
3 March 2013
- Update for MailChimp Template Editor
- Update css fonts


text:
Extend a Web application (SharePoint Server 2010)
Applies to: SharePoint Server 2010
If you want to expose the same content in a Web application to different types of users by using additional URLs or authentication methods, you can extend an existing Web application into a new zone. When you extend the Web application into a new zone, you create a separate Internet Information Services (IIS) Web site to serve the same content, but with a unique URL and authentication type.
An extended Web application can use up to five network zones (Default, Intranet, Internet, Custom, and Extranet). For example, if you want to extend a Web application so that customers can access content from the Internet, you select the Internet zone and choose to allow anonymous access and grant anonymous users read-only permissions. Customers can then access the same Web application as internal users, but through different URLs and authentication settings. For more information, see Logical architecture components (SharePoint Server 2010), Configure anonymous access for a claims-based Web application (SharePoint Server 2010), and Plan authentication methods (SharePoint Server 2010).
In this section:


text:
*"How To Start Profiting Online, Even If You Are Starting From Scratch, Starting Today!" (no existing experience required)
*Individual results will vary. Please read our full Disclaimer at the bottom of this page.
Stuart Ross and Jay Kubassek, have helped their students and private community members earn in excess of 40 million dollars in commissions by following their proven steps to profiting online...
(When you click the button above, you will be redirected to The Six Figure Mentors Application checkout page to finalize your application.)
From the Laptops of Stuart & Jay
Dear Friend,
This is Stuart Ross and Jay Kubassek, founders of The Six Figure Mentors.
As two of the world's most successful digital marketers, we decided to partner for one reason: to share our combined knowledge with millions of individuals and businesses struggling in the traditional economy by launching the world's first turn-key DIGITAL BUSINESS SYSTEM.
Read carefully, this is exciting stuff!
Since 2004 (Jay) and 2008 (Stuart) we have been in the fortunate position to work online, set our own schedule, answer to no one, and frankly, enjoy the finer things life has to offer...
Anything from unlimited time with our families and 5-star first class vacations - to BMW's, Range Rover's, Lamborghini's and Porsche's... quite honestly that's just the tip of the ice berg...
However, this isn't about us, our "fancy pants" holidays and fast cars. It's about YOU... And here's why:
If you're seeking a legitimate, affordable, high-income potential online business that can be run from your laptop from anywhere in the world featuring...
- Classy products you can be fiercely proud of
- Quality people you will want to be friends with
- World-class live coaching, training and support at your fingertips
- The most powerful 7-figure marketing platform in the world
And without...
- The embarrassing hype and ridiculous claims
- Overhead and headaches of traditional business
- Need for bank loans or investors
- Having to deal with employees
- The need for personal selling, telling or explaining
...then this could be the most important letter you ever read...
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
That said, before we begin, we want to make something perfectly clear...
What is being offered here is NOTHING like any of the hyped up junk being punted on the Internet every single day...
This is something much deeper, much more ambitious, and much more effective.
What is being offered is a genuine Business System designed to help you start making money online in record time!
What's being offered here is the product of
15 years experience between the two of us
Over $100 million in online revenue already generated
Over $1 million in research, development, and testing
As part of the process, you will be required to submit an application in order to be considered for this unique opportunity...
Let us explain exactly why...
Let us explain exactly why...
Succeeding with this system requires our team and community working very closely with you. It includes one-on-one and LIVE coaching with our top partners and business coaches; and as you can imagine, this will take a lot of time and effort on our part.
...This is NOT a DVD set
...This is NOT another online training course...
...This in NOT MLM or selling lotions and potions.
Like mentioned above, this is the world's most powerful online business system ever created. Period.
If your application makes the cut, we promise you this...
If accepted and you follow the program, you could legitimately begin to transform your life (and your income) in as little as 6 - 12 weeks. No joke.
But first, because spots are limited, we need to make absolutely sure you're the right person to work with us and to take FULL advantage of this opportunity.
Therefore, at the end of this letter, if you want to be considered for one of the places, we're going to ask you to complete a simple application.
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
If You Qualify, You'll Have the Opportunity to Personally Work With Our Team and Community, Who Will Show You Exactly How to Start Your New Digital Business...
The type of business that will allow you to be your own boss, and write your own pay-check working completely on your terms, from anywhere in the world!
And if you're sceptical about this, I understand. You have every right to be...
We've seen all the rubbish that's being sold out there on the Internet...
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
This is different. This is REAL.
We honestly don't want most people who read this to partner with us. Most people don't have what it takes...
Regardless, we are only looking for a limited number quality, motivated and highly coachable individuals.
Unfortunately most people won't put it in the time to go through the 5 getting started modules and set themselves up. Maybe because they are just flat out lazy, or because they don't believe that something like this will work for them... Or maybe it just sounds too good to be true...
And even though most steps can be completed in less than 30 minutes or so, you DO need to put in the time in order to "get set-up" and understand the system.
Sometimes the steps are as simple as getting on the phone with one of our business coaches.
Other days, you'll just have to watch a quick video and follow some simple processes like setting up affiliate accounts.
But we know (from experience) that some people won't even bother to do that.
If you can't allocate the time to learn some new things for a better financial future and lifestyle, then we cannot accept your application. And if you're not willing to put in at least 30 - 60 minutes a day at the start, then we quite honestly can't help you.
We simply don't have capacity to support people who aren't serious about making REAL money in this business.
It's a waste of their time, and (frankly) our time as well.
If you know deep down in your gut that you want this...
- If you want to change your life for the BETTER
- If you can see yourself living the Internet lifestyle (total freedom)
- You want to live life on YOUR terms
- You want to work with the best
- You don't have time to waste
- You have a reputation to uphold (you aren't looking for a lottery ticket or scammy money game...)
Then we want you to apply TODAY.
The 'Digital Business System' Behind Two of the Smartest and Most Successful Digital Marketers on the Internet Today
An Exclusive Digital Marketing System and Community By Digital Experts Academy
Imagine joining the world's most exclusive, private community of digital marketers: The "SFM." Imagine getting access to the same turnkey marketing systems that we personally designed, developed, and use to sell DEA (and many other products online.)
Imagine this:
- Joining our exclusive, private, community of affiliate marketers and licensed resellers who have collectively
generated in excess of $100 million
- Learning how to become a professional affiliate and licensed reseller with full-time income potential
- Working from anywhere with little more than a laptop and Internet connection...
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
"If the SFM Business System is so great... why do you need me?"
Without risking like sounding like douche bags, the fact is: WE DON'T. (You read it right, we don't.)
- We are already established and financially independent
- We've both retired from online marketing once already
- Our system is already setup and making money without you being involved
- Our system doesn't rely on new members getting started for existing members to be successful (those types of opportunities aren't legal.)
In fact, once we have built our core team we will be closed to new members.
That said though, if you meet our criteria, we DO WANT you for another reason...
Our parent company, Digital Experts Academy (aka DEA) is continuously launching exceptional in-demand products and services designed to help individuals and businesses around the world transition to the new, digital economy.
Let's face it, things have changed in the last 10 years and millions of people are still stuck in the "Titanic", traditional economy. They are in need of our help, seriously.
In fact, starting in 2015, DEA has an ambitious plan help 10,000+ individuals a year transition to the Digital Economy so that they can flourish again.
For this we need a massive army of highly trained digital marketing partners...
Are you following us here?
Not only do we have the digital marketing solutions that millions of businesses are literally dying for (DEA), we are leveraging our vast direct marketing experience to build an army of digital marketing partners to help us promote this cutting edge solution.
So naturally, the more success stories and case studies we have, the bigger and better we get, and the more lives are changed.
As you will soon find out for yourself, our TOP resellers are 'raving fans' of our products and we have a very tight-knit community. All because they are the right FIT for our company, culture, and business model.
So you see... We want our members to succeed, and case studies to continue the snowball of momentum we have; because frankly as a community of marketers, the more momentum we have, the better we all do...
In order for us to reach our mission of helping 10,000 people transition to the digital economy we need to have TWO things in place.
A team of highly motivated and trained resellers to partner with us
A simple, proven marketing system for our resellers (affiliates) to use
We're well underway with #1...
And, #2 is our forte...
A little history. How we got here...
The truth is it's taken us years of blood, sweat and tears to get to where we are today...
Jay got his start back in 2004 with the world's first internet business system called CarbonCopyPRO. Predominantly in the US and Canada, PRO members around the world learned how to make money online in the early days of the Internet. From 2004 to 2012 over 30,000 people around the world used "PRO" to make money online with countless success stories created. In fact, many of todays Internet marketing leaders got their start with Jay.
Stuart started his first business system back in 2010 after earning multiple 7-figures as a professional affiliate marketer as well. With members predominately based in the UK and Australia, Stuart successfully built one of the largest and most successful groups of affiliate marketers online.
Both of us had pioneered the concept of building digital business systems to do all the heavy lifting (selling and telling) not only for ourselves, but also for our sub-affiliates.
For years, we led the way in the direct sales industry, winning countless awards for being the top dogs in multiple direct sales companies.
However, we both knew that we were still playing small.
Simply making tons of money online was no longer enough. It was no longer a challenge and both of us realized that the next big challenge was going to be to invent a "business system" for our respective communities unlike anything ever created.
So, to cut a long story short, in 2012 we merged our mult-million dollar independent companies and began creating a revolutionary product line designed to help businesses still stuck in the traditional economy.
We then combined our expertise and proprietary business systems. We combined our resources, technology, and corporate teams.
In short, (without sounding like we are tooting our own horns too much) we can confidently say that we don't really have much competition.
Finally, after 12 months of tweaking and testing, tuning and dialling and expanding our team, millions of dollars have already been earned. Together, we've built the most reliable Digital Business System and private community for turning opportunity seekers into successful digital entrepreneurs who are trained and equiped to...
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
"Cash In" on the Digital Gold Rush
In order to give you a visual of the incredible opportunity to make money in the digital economy, take a look at the info-graphic below. You will notice the traditional economy along the bottom with traditional businesses continuing to struggle since the recent recession.
You can then see the orange line, the Digital Economy, and how it has been exploding over the last 5-10 years.
The opportunity that exists in helping individuals and small business owners stuck in the traditional (offline) economy transition to the new digital (online) economy is huge. This is exactly where YOU come in. The Six Figure Mentors and Digital Experts Academy provides the education platform that millions of these individuals and business owners desperately need. By partnering with us, you will get the opportunity to earn lucrative commissions (including $1000+ per sale commissions) as you help these struggling individuals and business owners make the transition.
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
We call ourselves "The Six Figure Mentors"(SFM) for a reason...
Unlike virtually every other industry guru out there, what makes us unique is that we actually eat our own cooking. We have created our own success first. In fact, we use the exact same business system to promote our own products and services as our resellers.
The act of "leading by example" is what gives us the authority to call ourselves mentors. We are results first entrepreneurs who teach people how to duplicate our success as we create it.
Compare this to most gurus, authors, and "leaders" who make all their money by "teaching" and being "gurus" vs. actually DOING themselves what it is that they teach. A subtle yet huge difference.
Over the last few years we've helped thousands of people start their first successful online business through our seminars, workshops, and products. Our combined communities have generated over $100 million in revenue, and we're just getting warmed up.
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
However, just as rewarding as the money (and even more important), is the success of you - our future partners.
If you can appreciate what you just read above as being unique, powerful, and game-changing, read on. You could be a good fit...
Do You Have What We Are Looking For?
We're offering YOU a special opportunity to work closely with our team and our community to create YOUR digital life.
But this time, it's WAY more than just another product, marketing system or seminar teaching you how to grow or start your business.
It's access to our actual personal business system, highly qualified team, private community and the both of us, holding your hand, each and every day. It's about us helping you overcome all the obstacles and frustrations you'll face when trying to start or grow your business in this guarded and secretive industry.
Once you've read this letter, we want you to tell us why YOU are the right person to be given one of the highly sought after places in this program...
... A program that, if followed, we've PROVEN has the potential to make you a substantial income from your business within the next 6 - 12 months, just as it has for many of our existing partners.
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
The Kind of People Who Are Already Making Money and Finally Finding Freedom With This System?
The Newbie
You know the Internet is the way to make money, but you have no clue where to start or what to do. This program works for beginners and also works for those who have been trying to succeed online for awhile. Our step-by-step system makes it easy for anyone to succeed that have a good work ethic. You will instantly know what strategies to implement to get real results as fast as humanly possible!
The Entrepreneur
You've recently started your own business, or you've been at it for awhile, and are looking to increase your income, leads and sales. You want to finally generate more income with less effort so you can finally enjoy the freedom of being a successful entrepreneur!
The Marketer
You already make money online. Now you are ready to take your game to the next level. You appreciate that in order to scale your income FAST you need a system; something that you can sink your teeth into and get explosive results.
The Offline Business Owner
You own a business, but you are sick and tired of high overheads, increasing pressure from the competition, staff and geographical ties. You are ready to use your business knowledge in a new venture, and recognize the Internet is the way to go!
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
So far we've have helped...
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
Bottom line?
We have successful students from almost every background, occupation and income level that are using our business model to quit their jobs and build a secure lifestyle and legacy for themselves and their families. Collectively, our students have already made MULTI-MILLIONS of dollars over the last few years alone, and that number is always going up.
And it's all because of our almost ridiculously simple business system!
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
The SFM Business System
Specially designed to help the average person get up and running (and making money) fast as humanly possible.
By now, you must be wondering how this business system works. Well, that's the truly remarkable part...
It's not about cold-calling. Or door-to-door selling. Or any of the other unpleasant sales approaches. Its not about coming up with new ideas for a product launch or offering consulting like so many other so called-gurus rely on.
It's not another affiliate marketing training course that tells you to go out and find some tiny untapped niche and promote affiliate products. Or one of those stupid rags-to-riches schemes that are quite frankly... just embarssing.
After your initial start-up with us, you'll be truly blown away by this unique business model!
In a nutshell, it's a step-by-step system for making your first sale (or next) online... and even the chance to make $1,000... $2,000... $4,000 or even $8,000 PER SALE high ticket commissions!
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
Even if you have no experience with digital marketing, it will put you in a position to potentially make thousands of dollars per sale in a matter of weeks by showing you exactly what you need to do to make REAL money by having systems and processes that attract quality customers looking for quality high-ticket products.
The SFM Business System will give you all the tools, training, and coaching you need to make your first $1,000... $2,000...$4,000 or $8,000 commissions...
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
... AND set you up to start making these commissions over and over again like clockwork... and when this gets rolling, you'll see how simple we have made it to make those high ticket commissions we've been talking about.
Check out this video here with our student Claire Smith - She has already had her first $8,000 day within 16 weeks of starting!
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
Benefits of a "Business System"
Think of this like a digital franchise...
- Real estate agents
- Mortgage brokers
- Salesmen
- Men & Women with disabilities
- Single parents
- People who have lost their jobs
- Professionals (doctors, lawyers, accountants, dentists, insurance agents, etc)
- Government employees
- Retirees
- Frustrated MLM distributors
- Internet marketers
- Brick & mortar business owners
- People who hate their current job or are afraid they'll lose their job
- General contractors
- Machine operators
- Fast food employees
- Technicians
- High school & college dropouts
- Police officers
- Nurses
- Teachers
- Property investors and developers
- Stock brokers and traders
- Musicians
- Artists
- People looking for a career change
- Corporate executives & CEO's
- Military soldiers
- Waiters & bartenders
- Mechanics
- Landscapers
- And more...
Instead of teaching you how to build your own business... You will get an exact model of the business system that we personally use. The key ingredient here is we have systematized our business allowing you to essentially become a "franchisee."
We have invested millions of dollars developing and refining this system.
You get to use it for a small monthly fee. Compare "done-for-you" to doing it on your own...
- Building your own race car vs. being able to get into one that's already engineered, built, tested and ready to race
- Engineering and building an airplane vs. being able to lease one form a leading manufacturer
- Building a restaurant from scratch with no prior experience vs. buying a franchise backed by a powerful brand with everything prepared for you
Most entrepreneurs get stuck on the "building the business" part and never actually turn a profit because by the time they get everything setup properly they usually run out of time and/or money. No wonder the vast majority fail.
There is NO REASON for you to have to do all of the groundwork and build your own business when, for pennies on the dollar, you can use ours.
The SFM DIGITAL BUSINESS SYSTEM provides you access to the three key elements every successful entrepreneur requires:
- Professional Marketing Systems (Websites, shopping carts, auto-responders, etc)
- Coaching and Mentorship (Guidance, less time/money wasted)
- Community to provide a Powerful Circle of Influence (Keep you focused, on track and motivated/inspired.)
Premium "High Ticket" Products with Massive Commissions (optional)
The secret to making BIG commissions with this system comes down to one simple idea... high ticket direct selling.
High Ticket basically means "high price point."
High Ticket products have a higher value because quite simply they offer more quality and have better branding than lower cost products.
Much like comparing, say a Rolex watch to a Casio watch. Even though they are two similar products that effectively do the same thing (tell the time), they have two completely different target audiences.
Well our Business System is designed to attract an audience who are looking and willing to pay for more quality and better branding.
This means that as a reseller of our product line you make A LOT more money with a lot less sales.
For example...
Let's say you wanted to make $250,000 a year.
If you tried to make $250,000 by selling low quality products that for example, pay you $25 a sale, you would need to sell 10,000 units!!
On the other hand, if you sold a quality products that for example paid you $2,500 a sale, you would only need to make 100 sales.
100 is lot less than 10,000...
Pretty much a no-brainer.
The catch is... it is harder to make that high ticket sale.
Until now...
You see, the SFM Business System takes care of ALL the hard work of making high-ticket sales for you.
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
Our team will...
Everyone knows that getting started online is really hard. Lead generation can also be a challenge. You will discover, with the support from us and our community, it becomes surprisingly simple...
And that's not all...
Here's why so many people are raving about our system and what you'll be able to enjoy should your application be accepted...
On top of that...
Our sales team will pick up the phone and sell your leads the best products we have for them, automatically.
You never need to pick up the phone and make a sale...
We want to stress how important this is... so we'll say that again.
Our professional business coaches - many of whom are 6-figure earners themselves - will get on the phone and close high-priced (high ticket) products FOR YOU.
They get a percentage of the sale... and you get a FAT commission for generating the lead. Your commission can range from $20 to $15,000 per sale depending on the product sold and the business model you choose to work.
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
This is the secret behind the success of our Business System.
By far the most effective way to sell high-priced programs is 1-on-1 over the phone.
And most people NEVER figure out how to do it themselves - let alone find or create these high ticket products to sell in the first place.
We've also found that most people don't like talking on the phone, they're scared of selling, or they just flat-out don't know what to say.
And that's understandable... it takes a certain personality type and unique set of skills to sell high priced quality products over the phone.
If that's not you... that's fine. Both of us aren't particularly big fans of selling either!
You have other skills that will allow you make money online. Focus on those skills and let the professionals (our team) make the calls for you as you sit back and watch your commissions grow.
And as if that's not enough...
When you become a part of our private community, we don't just throw you in the deep end and leave you to sink or swim on your own, so it doesn't matter if you have NO previous online business experience or special skills!
You're immediately matched up with our mentors, who work directly with you to make sure everything goes smoothly.
Your mentors will make sure you have everything you need to get started, answer all your questions, give you any necessary training, and just generally keep an eye on you, and help you out if you get stuck. And ALL of our mentors are people who are in the trenches ACTUALLY using this business system themselves!
Its complete motivation, guidance, and support, to ensure your success!
And that's not all...
You'll get mentorship from us.
What Makes the SFM Business System Unique...
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
What Makes the SFM Business System Unique...
Well, for one thing, some people don't have the "mindset" to be an entrepreneur. It is not a matter of intelligence either. We have very smart friends who we've really wanted to join, but because they did not have an entrepreneur mindset, they never went anywhere.
They never really cared about doing business, and, as a result, never made any money. If you're someone who thinks you can join this on Monday and be rich by Thursday then we want nothing to do with you. You're trouble to you, me and everyone else.
The only way to "get rich quick" like that is to rob a bank and we want NOTHING to do with that, either. So if you're the kind of person who just wants to "play" business, or who is not emotionally stable enough to be an entrepreneur, then...
...You're Out!
You simply don't qualify. You'll just be wasting your time and money, and would probably be better off staying at your current job or collecting unemployment until the "right job" comes along. (And by the way, there is no shame in not being an entrepreneur).
Not everyone can be a business owner (the "producers" that drive the global economic engine). Society will always need the "worker bees."
On the other hand...
If you have the right amount of courage, persistence and desire to change your life, pumping through your veins... if you are someone who dreams of being an entrepreneur and living life on YOUR terms with freedom, adventure and true wealth (which means true financial security) for yourself and your family... then The Six Figure Mentors might be for you.
There's really only one way to find out.
And that is...
Time is of the Essence
Today you have an opportunity to prepare yourself against the Digital Revolution... to gain skills that will ensure you will laugh off, any worldwide debt implosion. Any new technology that wipes out your job. Any job cuts or redundancies, it won't matter for you.
Ask yourself, knowing what you know now, about the state of the world at the moment, and what's likely to happen in the future.. i.e. more world debt... more new technology ... more unemployment:
- Could I face losing my job at this stage of my life? (How likely is it that my job could be outsourced to workers out in the India or the Philippines at 1/8th (or less) of what they are paying me?)
- Am I happy to continue to earning the money I am now ... knowing I walked away from the chance of earning so much more?
- Could I forgive myself if I did nothing to learn the skills I needed to be among the most successful people who will rise from this digital revolution armed with skills that allowed me to make huge fortunes whilst working from home, or for any company I was employed by?
The 10 Qualifications You Must Meet
As a private community, we have found that the people who get the most out of our products and services have a few things in common. They understand that we each have a fiduciary responsibility to the community: to respect it, protect it, and contribute to it.
Thus, we ask that before you consider applying read this list of 10 qualifications and ask yourself: "Is this me?"
- You must have strong morals: You must believe in doing the right thing, even when that is not the route to the quickest result. You must value integrity over easy return and reputation over financial gain.
- You must be committed to excellence: You must be someone that does their best in everything they do.
- You must be accepting of others: You are someone who does not pass judgement. You live, and let live.
- You follow through and finish what you start: You are fully committed to the process you have set out to perform. You follow a plan that makes your performance predictable.
- You are goal oriented: You are someone who takes consistent action to achieve their goals and finish what they start.
- You are an open minded and eager student: You are someone who is willing to put aside everything they believe to be true and embrace new technologies and new mindsets in order to rise above the level of mediocrity.
- You are persistent beyond exception: You know success is rooted in persistence, regardless of the circumstances.
- You are willing to earn your success: You are NOT entitled, expecting something for nothing. You are willing to do the work required to get the end result you desire.
- You are an optimist: You tend to be a "glass half-full" type of person. You see the best side of everyone and every situation.
- Your ego is in check: You are a team player. You know that success' only enemy is ego.
Does this sound like you? If so, not only do we encourage you to apply, we INSIST that you apply. If this resonates with you, we WANT you to be part of our community. Apply with confidence!
Bonus 1: Internet Laptop Lifestyle Workshop Footage (Value $497):
On top of the training module that comes with your application. You'll get instant access to 6 hours of video footage taken from a sold out seminar Stuart ran which is valued at $497... This alone will blow you away and it's just one of the bonuses waiting for you!
Here's just a sneak peak of what's waiting for you...
*Individual results will vary from person to person. We cannot guarantee any results – Read our Disclaimer at bottom of this page.
Bonus 2: Private Conference Call Invites:
Each week Stuart and Jay hold private conference calls that are listened in on all over the world. After submitting your application you will be notified by email when these calls are taking place. On these calls, you will learn some of the most powerful and effective online business concepts when it comes to cashing-in on the digital gold rush!
Bonus 3: Behind The Scenes Business System Tour:
Application Instructions
There are three reasons all new members are required to apply for membership
- Our application and interview process prevents the wrong type of person from joining: This helps protect the integrity of our community, brand, and corporate vision & mission.
- Eliminates your risk: It gives you a risk free, no obligation way to thoroughly review our program before making any commitments.
- Allows you to reflect: You get the chance to review everything we have here for you (without any pressure) and then make an informed decision.
Your Application Kit Includes:
Student Account:
You'll get instant access to a Student account where you can spend as much time as you like learning about this exclusive opportunity.
Consult with a Digital Business Coach:
They will be able to answer any questions you have, without pressure or hassle.
Instant online application:
You will get a list of simple questions that will only take you a few minutes to answer (and that will help us determine if you're going to be a good fit with us or not).
Step #1 - Submit Your Application
Click the "Apply For Membership" button and you'll be taken to our secure processing page.
Risk Free
Don't worry you wont risk a single penny as the SFM Application is 100% refundable within 30 days if you decide this is not for you (or if we determine you're simply not the right person for us) then just let us know and your application fee will be refunded immediately.
Step #2 - Consultation with Business Coach
We'll process your application and get back to you within the next 24 hours - to let you know if you're a good fit to work with us. (If we determine you're simply not our community calibre your application will be refunded immediately)
Step #3 - Get Started
Welcome aboard!
Once you have had a chance to thoroughly review everything and get all of your questions answered, you will be invited to join the SFM.
Wishing you success,
P.S. One more thing...
We do all the dirty, hard work (like talking to your prospects and closing your sales), and this system is genuinely working for thousands of people around the world. Don't let the simplicity fool you. Act now! Select your RISK FREE application option today and we'll see you on the other side!
Ready To Start Living The Internet Lifestyle?
Submit Your Application and Join Our Exclusive, Private, Digital Marketing Community... Let's Do This Together!
(When you click the button above, you will be redirected to The Six Figure Mentors Application checkout page to finalize your application.)
(Now accepting a limited number of Basic and ELITE Members. Submit your application today!)
No Marketing Experience Required
NOTICE: All applications are strictly processed on a first come, first served basis.
We reserve the right to refuse any application solely at our discretion.
*DISCLAIMER - What sets us apart from other online business opportunities is our world class system and methods, as well as our integrity - so we want you to know exactly where you stand. Note that individual results will vary. No results are guaranteed with the help of our training and business systems. All the products and services we provide are for educational and information purposes only. While our member testimonials of success are verifiable, this does not mean you will get the same results. There are those who will not earn any money at all with our program, because individual results will depend on your determination, hard work, and ability to follow directions.


text:
ETAP 623 FALL 2015 - BYRNE section 5874
From KNILT
The ID Processes
- The design project expects you to exercise the processes of instructional design as we study/read about each component/step of it in this course; the processes need to be documented in your portfolio, such as these two:
Project Agenda
- The design processes are scheduled as ETAP 623 FALL 2015 Design Project Agenda
My Topic/Purpose
Needs Assessment
Analysis of the Learner and Context
Performance Objectives
Course-level objectives
Task Analysis
End Product
As your end product, you will produce
- A mini-course for teacher learning, such as Integrating_Metacognitive_Development_in_Mathematics_Instruction, with teachers as your target learner/audience;
Evaluation Criteria
- This end product will be evaluated based on the following Evaluation_criteria
General Suggestions and Feedback from the Instructor
- Please see General Suggestions and Feedback
- IMPORTANT! Name your wikipages and attached files using unique titles/filenames: This Wiki system will overwrite pages/files with the same name. So IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE NAME OUR WIKIPAGES USING UNIQUE TITLES. For example, instead of "unit 1" or "lesson 1" you should use "Unit 1: Specific Title..." Similarly, for your curriculum maps and other attached files, please also use unique filenames such as "ICM_your name.doc"
- If you are trying to find useful videos (e.g., classroom episodes, educational videos) that can be embedded in your mini-course, you may find this site helpful:http://www.watchknow.org/
Video Tutorials
Three-part wiki tutorial created by Deb:
A few additional tutorials created by a former instructor:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iABA7bFjIF0 (adding and uploading images)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssTwH6km8S4 (creating new linked pages)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QN4ucHQMc6U (copying code from someone else's page, creating headings and table of contents )
Also, make sure to use the FAQ link here in the wiki for more tips and instructions.
- SOMETIMES WHEN SAVING YOUR PAGE THE SYSTEM WILL ASK YOU TO SOLVE A SIMPLE MATH, TO PREVENT POSSIBLE spam changes. You have to solve the math problem before your text can be saved.
- It is alway a good idea to first draft your text in a word processor and save it on your disk.
Class Members
Please add your name below and link your name to your personal user page.
This is an example from a previous semester - please add a link to your own page with your name:
Alyssa Lotmore: Media Savvy Social Work: Podcasting as a Tool for Advocacy