text:
3 Managing Network Address Information
Identify how the network address information for Oracle Net Services can be stored
in local files or in a centralized directory server. Using localized
management, network address information is stored in
tnsnames.ora files
on each computer in the network. Using centralized management, network address
information is stored in centralized directory server.
Parent topic: Understanding Oracle Net Services
3.1 Using Localized Management
When localized management is used, network computers are configured with the files described in Table 3-1. The files are stored locally on the computers.
Table 3-1 Oracle Net Configuration Files Used with Localized Management
|Configuration File
Located primarily on the clients, this file contains network service names mapped to connect descriptors. This file is used for the local naming method.
Located on client and database server computers, this file may include the following:
Located on the database server, this configuration file for the listener may include the following:
Located on the computer where Oracle Connection Manager runs, this configuration file includes the following components:
Each Oracle Connection Manager configuration is encapsulated within a single name-value (NV) string, which consists of the preceding components.
Configuration files are typically created in the
ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory and in the
ORACLE_BASE_HOME/network/admin directory for a read-only Oracle home. However, configuration files can be created in other directories. Oracle Net checks the other directories for the configuration files. For example, the order for checking the
tnsnames.ora file is:
- The directory specified by the
TNS_ADMINenvironment variable.
- If the
TNS_ADMINenvironment variable is not set or the file is not found in the
TNS_ADMINdirectory, then Oracle Net checks for the file in the
ORACLE_HOME/network/admindirectory. For a read-only Oracle home, Oracle Net checks the
- For a read-only Oracle home, if the file is not found in the
ORACLE_BASE_HOME/network/admindirectory, Oracle Net checks the
Note:On Microsoft Windows, the
TNS_ADMIN environment variable is used if it is set in the
environment of the process. If the
TNS_ADMIN environment variable is
not defined in the environment, or the process is a service which does not have an
environment, then Microsoft Windows scans the registry for a
See Also:
- Oracle Database Global Data Services Concepts and
Administration Guide for information about the
- Operating system-specific documentation
3.2 Using a Directory Server for Centralized Management
When an Oracle network uses a directory server, the directory server manages global database links as network service names for the Oracle databases in the network. Users and programs can use a global link to access objects in the corresponding database.
Oracle Net Services uses a centralized directory server as one of the primary methods for storing connect identifiers. Clients use the connect identifiers in their connect string, and the directory server resolves the connect identifier to a connect descriptor that is passed back to the client. This feature is called directory naming. This type of infrastructure reduces the cost of managing and configuring resources in a network.
Oracle Internet Directory provides a centralized mechanism for managing and
configuring a distributed Oracle network. The directory server can replace client-side
and server-side localized
tnsnames.ora files.
The following figure shows a client resolving a connect identifier through a directory server.
The client contacts the directory server to resolve a connect identifier to a connect descriptor.
The directory server resolves the connect identifier and retrieves the connect descriptor for the client.
The client sends the connection request to the listener, using the connect descriptor.
Figure 3-1 Client Using a Directory Server to Resolve a Connect Identifier
Description of "Figure 3-1 Client Using a Directory Server to Resolve a Connect Identifier"
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Drivers support directory naming. See Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for additional information.
This section contains the following topics:
- Understanding the Directory Information Tree
- Understanding Oracle Context
- Understanding Net Service Alias Entries
- Who Can Add or Modify Entries in the Directory Server
- Client Connections Using Directory Naming
- Considerations When Using Directory Servers
- Limitations of Directory Naming Support with Microsoft Active Directory
3.2.1 Understanding the Directory Information Tree
Directory servers store information in a hierarchical namespace structure called a directory information tree (DIT). Each node in the tree is called an entry. Oracle Net Services uses both the tree structure and specific entries in the tree. DITs are commonly aligned with an existing domain structure such as a Domain Name System (DNS) structure or a geographic and organization structure.
The following figure shows a DIT structured according to DNS domain components.
Figure 3-2 DNS Domain Component DIT
Description of "Figure 3-2 DNS Domain Component DIT"
The following figure shows a DIT structured according to country, organization, and organizational units. This structure is commonly referred to as an X.500 DIT.
Figure 3-3 X.500 DIT
Description of "Figure 3-3 X.500 DIT"
For example, consider Figure 3-4. The
cn=sales and
cn=db1 entries represent a network service name and a database service, respectively. Additional entries under
cn=sales and
cn=db1 contain the connect descriptor information. These entries are not represented in the graphic. The
cn=sales and
cn=db1 entries enable clients to connect to the database using connect strings
@sales and
Figure 3-4 Database Service and Net Service Entries in a DIT
Description of "Figure 3-4 Database Service and Net Service Entries in a DIT"
Each entry is uniquely identified by a distinguished name
(DN). The DN indicates exactly where the entry resides in the directory server
hierarchy. The DN for db1 is
dn:cn=db1,cn=OracleContext,dc=jp,dc=example,dc=com. The DN for
sales is
dn:cn=sales,cn=OracleContext,dc=jp,dc=example,dc=com. The
format of a DN places the lowest component of the DIT to the left, then moves
progressively up the DIT.
Each DN is made up of a sequence of relative
distinguished names (RDNs). The RDN consists of an attribute, such as
cn, and a
value, such as
db1 or
sales. The RDN for db1 is
cn=db1, and the RDN for sales is
cn=sales. The
attribute and its value uniquely identify the entry.
220.127.116.11 Fully-Qualified Names for Domain Component Namespaces
For domain component namespaces, the default directory entry defined for the client must be in one of the following formats:
dc[,dc][...] ou,dc[,dc][...]
In the preceding syntax, [dc] represents an optional domain component, [...] represents additional domain component entries and ou represents the organizational unit entry.
The fully-qualified name used in the connect identifier by the client must be in one of the following formats:
cn.dc[.dc][...] cn[.ou]@dc[.dc][...]
In the preceding syntax, [cn] represents the Oracle Net entry.
Example 3-1 Using a Fully-Qualified Name with an Organizational Unit
Consider a directory server that contains an entry for database object sales with a DN of
cn=sales,cn=OracleContext,dc=jp,dc=example,dc=com. In this example, the client requires a connect identifier of
Consider a similar entry that contains database object sales with a DN of
Because domain components must be separated from organization units, the client must use the format
firstname.lastname@example.com. The client requires the connect identifier to be
Figure 3-5 illustrates the preceding example.
Figure 3-5 Fully-Qualified Name for Domain Component Namespaces
Description of "Figure 3-5 Fully-Qualified Name for Domain Component Namespaces"
188.8.131.52 Fully-Qualified Names for X.500 Namespaces
For X.500 namespaces, the default directory entry defined for the client must be in one of the following formats:
[ou],o [ou],o,c
In the preceding formats, [ou] represents an optional organizational unit name, o represents the organization, and c represents the country.
The fully-qualified name the client uses as the connect identifier must be in one of the following formats:
cn[.ou].o cn[.ou].o.c
In the preceding formats, cn represents the Oracle Net entry.
For example, if the directory contains database object
sales with a DN of
cn=sales,cn=OracleContext,ou=mktg,o=example,c=jp, then the client requires a connect identifier of
sales.mktg.example.jp. Figure 3-6 illustrates this example.
Figure 3-6 Fully-Qualified Name for X.500 Namespaces
Description of "Figure 3-6 Fully-Qualified Name for X.500 Namespaces"
18.104.22.168 Using the Relative Name of an Entry
If a client is configured with a default realm Oracle Context, then an entry can be identified by its relative name, and the service can be referred to by its common name. A relative name can be used if the entry is in the same Oracle Context that was configured to be the default Oracle Context for the client's Oracle home.
Consider a directory server that contains an entry for a database called sales with a DN of
dn:cn=sales,cn=OracleContext,o=example,c=us, as shown in Figure 3-7. If the client is configured with a default realm Oracle Context of
cn=OracleContext,o=example,c=us, then the connect identifier can simply be
Figure 3-7 Relative Naming
Description of "Figure 3-7 Relative Naming"
See Also:
Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide for Oracle Internet Directory for additional information about how clients locate a directory
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for additional information about JDBC drivers
22.214.171.124 Using the Fully-Qualified Name of an Entry
Consider the same directory structure as shown in Figure 3-7, but with the client's Oracle home configured with a default realm Oracle Context of
Because the client is configured with a default Oracle Context that does not match the location of sales in the directory server, a connect string that uses sales does not work. Instead, the client must specifically identify the location of sales, which can be done using one of the following ways:
The entry's complete DN can be used in the connect string, for example:
username@"cn=sales,cn=OracleContext,o=example,c=us" Enter password:
JDBC Thin drivers support fully-qualified naming only when the complete DN is used. However, many applications do not support the use of a DN.
The entry can be referred to by a fully-qualified DNS-style name which is mapped by the Directory Naming adapter to the full x.500 DN of the database object in the LDAP directory, for example:
firstname.lastname@example.com Enter password:
JDBC OCI Drivers support fully-qualified naming. JDBC Thin Drivers support fully-qualified naming only when the complete DN is used. See the Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide for additional information.
3.2.2 Understanding Oracle Context
In Figure 3-8, the entries
db1 and
sales reside
cn=OracleContext. This entry is a special RDN called an
Oracle Context. The entries under Oracle Context support
various directory-enabled features, including directory naming.
Figure 3-8 Oracle Context in the DIT
Description of "Figure 3-8 Oracle Context in the DIT"
During directory configuration, you set the default Oracle Context. Clients use this
Oracle Context as the default location to look up connect identifiers in the directory
server. With Oracle Internet Directory, an Oracle Context located at the root of the
DIT, with DN of
dn:cn=OracleContext, points to a default Oracle Context
in an identity management realm. An identity management realm is a collection of
identities governed by the same administrative policies. This Oracle Context is referred
to as a realm Oracle Context. Unless configured to use another Oracle Context, clients
use this realm-specific Oracle Context.
The default Oracle Context affects the connect string. For example, if a client must access the
db1 and
sales entry frequently, then a reasonable default Oracle Context would be
dc=jp,dc=example,dc=com. If a client directory entry does not match the directory entry where a service is located, then the client must specify the fully-qualified name of an entry in the connect string, as described in "Client Connections Using Directory Naming".
The RDN
cn=OracleContext does not have to be explicitly specified in the connect string.
See Also:
Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide for Oracle Internet Directory for additional information about an identity management realm
3.2.3 Understanding Net Service Alias Entries
Directory naming enables you to create
network service alias entries in addition to database service and network service name
entries. A network service alias is an alternative name for a network service name or
database service. A network service alias entry does not have connect descriptor
information. Instead, it references the location of the entry for which it is an alias.
When a client requests a directory lookup of a network service alias, the directory
determines that the entry is a network service alias and completes the lookup as if it
is the referenced entry. For example, in the following figure, a network service alias
of db1alias is created for a database service of db1. When db1alias is used to connect
to a database service, as in
@db1alias, it will
actually resolve to and use the connect descriptor information for db1.
Figure 3-9 Net Service Alias db1alias in a Directory Server
Description of "Figure 3-9 Net Service Alias db1alias in a Directory Server"
There are several uses for network service aliases. As shown in Figure 3-9, a network service alias can be useful as a way for clients to refer to a network service name by another name. Another use is to have a network service alias in one Oracle Context for a database service or network service name in a different Oracle Context. This enables a database service or network service name to be defined once in the directory server, but referred to by clients that use other Oracle Contexts.
In Figure 3-10, database service db1 resides in
dc=jp,dc=example,dc=com. A network service alias named db1 is created in
dc=us,dc=example,dc=com. This enables clients in both Japan and the United States to use the connect string
@db1 as opposed to clients in the Unites States needing to specify
Figure 3-10 Net Service Alias db1 in a Directory Server
Description of "Figure 3-10 Net Service Alias db1 in a Directory Server"
3.2.4 Who Can Add or Modify Entries in the Directory Server
The database service entries are configured during or after installation. You can then use Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control or Oracle Net Manager to modify the Oracle Net attributes of the database service entries. You can also use these tools to create network service name and network service alias entries.
To use these configuration tools, a DIT structure containing a root Oracle Context, and identity management realm must exist. The directory administrator creates this structure with Oracle Internet Directory Configuration Assistant. For some deployments, the directory administrator may need to create additional Oracle Contexts. Additional Oracle Contexts are usually used to subdivide large sites, or separate a production environment from a test environment.
Certain tools are used by certain groups, and you must be a member of the group to use the tools, as described in the following:
To create a database service entry with Database Configuration Assistant:
To create network service names or network service aliases with Oracle Net Manager:
OracleNetAdmins group is owned by itself. Members of the
OracleNetAdmins group have create, modify, and read access to Oracle Net objects and attributes. They can also add or delete members in the group, and add or delete groups to be owners of the
OracleNetAdmins group.
Any member of the
OracleNetAdmins group can add or delete other members from the
OracleNetAdmins group. If you prefer another group to add or delete
OracleNetAdmins members, then you can change the owner attribute of the
OracleNetAdmins group to another group. The owner cannot be an individual user entry but must be a group entry, and the group entry is one comprised of the LDAP schema object classes
GroupOfUniqueNames and
OracleContextAdmins group is a super-user group for Oracle Context. Members of the
OracleContextAdmins group can add all supported types of entries to Oracle Context.
The directory user that created Oracle Context is automatically added to these groups. Other users can be added to these groups by the directory administrator.
See Also:
"Configuring the Directory Naming Method" for additional information about using Oracle Net Manager
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for additional information about registering a database service with Database Configuration Assistant
3.2.5 Client Connections Using Directory Naming
Most clients needing to perform name lookups in the directory server access the directory server using anonymous authentication. To perform a lookup, the directory server must allow anonymous authentication. Directory servers usually allow anonymous authentication by default, however, some directory servers, such as earlier releases of Oracle Internet Directory, require directory configuration to allow anonymous access.
To look up entries, a client must be able to find the directory server in which that entry resides. Clients locate a directory server in one of two ways:
Dynamically using DNS. In this case, the directory server location information is stored and managed in a central domain name server. The client, at request processing time, retrieves this information from DNS.
Statically in the directory server usage file,
ldap.ora, created by Oracle Internet Directory Configuration Assistant and stored on the client host.
After a directory is found, clients are directed to the realm Oracle Context from the root Oracle Context.
Clients make connections to a database using connect identifiers in the same way they might use other naming methods. A connect identifier can be a database service, network service name, or network service alias. These can be referred to by their common names (relative name) if the default Oracle Context is where the entity resides. If not, then the connect identifier needs a fully-qualified name or distinguished name.
See Also:
Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide for Oracle Internet Directory
Microsoft Active Directory documentation
3.2.6 Considerations When Using Directory Servers
The following considerations should be reviewed when using directory servers:
188.8.131.52 Performance Considerations
Connect identifiers are stored in a directory server for all clients to access. Depending on the number of clients, there can be a significant load on a directory server.
During a connect identifier lookup, a name is searched under a specific Oracle Context. Users expect relatively quick performance so the database connect time is not affected. Because of the scope of the lookup, users may begin to notice slow connect times if lookups take more than one second.
You can resolve performance problems by changing the network topology or implementing replication.
See Also:
Directory server vendor documentation for details on resolving performance issues
188.8.131.52 Security Considerations
Administrative clients can create and modify entries in the directory server, so security is essential. This section contains the following security-related topics:
- Authentication Methods
Clients use different methods of authentication depending upon the task to be performed, such as resolving connect string names and managing directory entries.
- Access Control Lists
184.108.40.206.1 Authentication Methods
Clients use different methods of authentication depending upon the task to be performed, such as resolving connect string names and managing directory entries.
Clients that perform lookups for information in the directory server typically use anonymous authentication.
You can configure the client LDAP naming adapter to authenticate the LDAP bind during name lookup. Sites that need to protect their network service data or disable anonymous binds to the directory must configure their clients to use wallets for authentication during name lookup.
This configuration involves mapping the DN in the client certificate to the user's DN in the directory server. You must set the following parameters in the
sqlnet.orafile for these clients:
The Oracle wallet trust store must contain root certificates issued by the certificate authority of the LDAP server.
Starting with Oracle Database 21c, you can configure the client LDAP naming adapter to authenticate the LDAPS bind using simple authentication. This method uses LDAP over TLS connection (LDAPS) by accessing the user name and password stored in the wallet.
Clients that administer the directory server entries authenticate with the directory server. Database Configuration Assistant or Oracle Net Manager can be used to add or modify the entries. Only authenticated users with proper privileges can modify entries. Use one of the following authentication methods:
The client identifies itself to the directory server using a DN and password. The server verifies that the DN and password sent by the client matches the DN and password stored in the directory server.
The client identifies itself to the directory server using a public-key encryption available with Transport Layer Security (TLS). In public-key encryption, the sender of a message encrypts the message with the public key of the recipient. Upon delivery, the recipient decrypts the message using the recipient's private key.
If you have configured the directory server with mutual TLS authentication and have mapped the DN in the client certificate to the directory user entry, then the directory server uses the client certificate for authentication.
184.108.40.206.2 Access Control Lists
Authentication is used with access control lists (ACLs) to determine whether clients can read, modify, or add information in the directory server. ACLs specify the following:
The entries that the user can access.
The authentication method used to access the entry.
The access rights, or what the user can do with the object, such as read or write.
ACLs are established for a group of users. During Oracle Context creation, the
OracleNetAdmins, and
OracleContextAdmins groups are created.
The user who creates Oracle Context using Oracle Net Configuration Assistant is automatically added as the first member of these groups.
Table 3-2 describes ACL requirements for these groups, anonymous users, and their relation to Oracle Net entries in the directory server.
Table 3-2 ACL Requirements for User Groups
|ACL Requirements
Anonymous users
All Oracle Net attributes and objects in the directory server have read access for the anonymous user. Read access of these objects for anonymous is also applied to Oracle Context. This enables anonymous users to browse directory naming entries contained within the
Oracle Net Configuration Assistant sets up this access during client installation.
Members of
In addition to the Oracle Context creator, other users can be added to this group by the directory administrator using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control.
Members of
In addition to the Oracle Context creator, other users can be added to this group by the directory administrator with Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control.
Members of
In addition to the Oracle Context creator, other users can be added to this group by the directory administrator.
Situations in which a high degree of security is desired for lookup or read-access to Oracle Net Services name and related data, administrators can define additional read-access control for some or all of the data. Such ACL definitions can prevent anonymous users from reading the Oracle Net Services data. If read-access to Oracle Net Services data is restricted, then clients must use authenticated binds to do name lookups.
There are no predefined groups or procedures for the Oracle configuration tools for defining read-access restrictions on this data, so administrators must use standard object management tools from their directory system to manually create any necessary groups and ACLs.
ACLs can be added to Oracle Net Services objects using
ldapmodify and an LDIF-format file. Example 3-2 shows how to restrict all access for user,
Example 3-2 Restricting User Access with an Access Control List
dn: cn=sales,cn=oraclecontext,dc=example,dc=com replace: orclentrylevelaci orclentrylevelaci: access to attr=(*) by dn="cn=user1" (noread,nosearch,nowrite,nocompare)
The preceding example illustrates the basic form of an ACL for a single object. This approach is not necessarily the best way to define access because access definitions for objects are complex and may involve security properties which are inherited from parent nodes in the DIT. Oracle recommends that administrators refer to the documentation for their directory systems, and integrate access management for Oracle Net Services objects into a directory-wide policy and security implementation.
For Oracle Internet Directory directories,
oidadmin has functionality to create users, groups, and also define ACLs for objects and general directory security.
See Also:
Documentation from your directory server vendor for information about how to set ACLs on directory entry
"Authentication Methods" for information about configuring clients to use authenticated binds for name lookup
"About the OracleNetAdmins Group" for information about adding users to the
Oracle Fusion Middleware Administrator's Guide for Oracle Internet Directory
18.104.22.168 Object Classes
Directories must be populated with the correct version of the Oracle schema before Oracle Context, a database service or network service name entry can be created. The Oracle schema defines the type of objects, called object classes, that can be stored in the directory server and their attributes. The following table lists the object classes for database service, network service name, and network service alias entries.
Table 3-3 Oracle Net Services LDAP Main Object Classes
|Object Class
Defines the attributes for database service entries.
Defines the attributes for network service name entries.
Defines the attributes for network service alias entries.
The following table lists the object classes used by
orclNetService, and
Table 3-4 Oracle Net Services LDAP Derived Object Classes
|Object Class
Defines a listener protocol address.
Defines a list of addresses.
Specifies a connect descriptor containing the protocol address of the database and the connect information to the service.
Defines a list of connect descriptors.
These object classes use attributes that specify the contents of connect descriptors.
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Reference for additional information about these object classes and their attributes
3.2.7 Limitations of Directory Naming Support with Microsoft Active Directory
In addition to Oracle Internet Directory, directory naming support is also provided with Microsoft Active Directory with the following limitations:
Oracle provides support for Microsoft Active Directory only on Microsoft Windows operating systems. Therefore, client computers and the database server must run on Microsoft Windows operating systems to access or create entries in Microsoft Active Directory.
The following features are not supported by Microsoft Active Directory:
Multiple Oracle Contexts
Microsoft Active Directory can support only one Oracle Context.
Net service aliases
You cannot create network service aliases in Microsoft Active Directory. However, you can create network service names.
See Also:
Microsoft Active Directory documentation for Microsoft-specific information


text:
A SEAGULL having bolted down too large a fish, burst its deep gullet-bag and lay down on the shore to die. A Kite saw him and exclaimed: "You richly deserve your fate; for a bird of the air has no business to seek its food from the sea."
Every man should be content to mind his own business.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Shutdown hits military academies
The government shutdown disrupted the daily rhythms of the nation's most orderly college campuses: the five federal military service academies.
Campus commissaries rushed to sell milk, eggs and other perishable groceries before turning out the lights. The U.S. Naval Academy canceled language classes in Chinese and Arabic. And the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy ceased its normal operations altogether.
It's in sharp contrast from the rest of American higher education. The shuttered federal government has caused headaches for faculty members who need access to federal archives and data for research, and colleges have warned that a prolonged closure could lead to backlogs in the Education Department. But the office in charge of Pell Grants and student loans stayed open, federal money kept flowing and the effect on most campuses overall was muted.
( POLITICO's full government shutdown coverage)
At the academies, which rely on a mix of civilian and military faculty, staff and administrators, the disruption was immediate.
At the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md., where the 287 civilians on faculty slightly outnumber military faculty members, some lab courses in chemistry, physics and engineering will be canceled, as well as Arabic and some Chinese classes. Civilian faculty in other subjects prepared a few days' worth of lesson plans so that military faculty in their departments could cover for them while they are furloughed.
The academy's more than 4,500 midshipmen can't check out library books until the shutdown ends. While the library is open and staffed with military employees, no reference assistance is available.
( PHOTOS: 18 times the government has shut down)
The academic situation is worse at the Air Force Academy, where 4,400 cadets now have no library, media lab or tutoring centers. The academy, in Colorado Springs, Colo., furloughed more than 1,000 civilian employees. One-fifth of all classes were canceled, and the academy warned that its prep school is also "experiencing degradation in its ability to conduct classes."
"We will continue to conduct our mission to educate and train cadets, but that will be much more challenging without our civilian and contractor teammates who will be furloughed," the Air Force Academy said in a statement.
But the shutdown hit hardest at the Merchant Marine Academy, in Kings Point, N.Y. (The U.S. Coast Guard Academy, the smallest of the five military academies, didn't return phone calls from POLITICO seeking comment, but its offices were open Tuesday.)
( Also on POLITICO: D.C. wakes to shutdown)
The Merchant Marine Academy, part of the Transportation Department, celebrated its 70th anniversary Monday. On Tuesday, it closed for the shutdown. If the government doesn't reopen within a week, it will send its more than 1,000 midshipmen home.
The Defense Department also suspended intercollegiate athletics at the academies, canceling a men's soccer game at the Naval Academy on Tuesday night and threatening Saturday's sold-out football game against the Air Force Falcons in Annapolis. The Army Black Knights had been slated to travel to Boston College for a Saturday game.
At the U.S. Military Academy, 70 percent of the faculty are members of the military. Teaching loads for those faculty are expected to increase to cover their civilian colleagues who are furloughed. Without the civilian faculty and staff, "the ability to accomplish our mission is substantially hindered," Lt. Gen. Robert Caslen, West Point's superintendent, said at a meeting with employees Tuesday morning, according to a statement.
( Also on POLITICO: Poll: Lowest ever for GOP in Congress)
With help from the West Point Band — a cadre of professional soldier-musicians employed by the academy — the library will remain open, but cadets won't be able to check out books.
"The primary focus remains in minimizing impact to all classroom instruction and military training while preserving sustainment and safety of the Corps of Cadets," West Point said in a statement.
In a description that could have applied to much of the federal government Tuesday, West Point described its shutdown situation as "fluid and unresolved."


text:
Prima Orient linen v.2 Woven Wrap by Didymos
Prima Orient linen v.2 Woven Wrap by Didymos
Prima Orient linen v.2 Woven Wrap by Didymos
Didymos Orient linen! All that shimmers - this re-release is stunning and supportive. Thin enough for a squish in summer, strong enough to wrap a toddler over a winter coat.
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Dark Blue, Wine Red
Released: January 12, 2015
Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Returns
Shipping Information
In-stock orders are processed within 72 business hours after you receive your order confirmation email. We ship from Buffalo, New York in the USA, and Mississauga, Ontario in Canada.
If an item is on back-order, you will be notified by email.
Once your order is shipped from our warehouse, you will receive an email notifying you your order has been shipped.
Please note, we see delays in the initial scan of packages at USPS and Canada Post, and this is outside of our control. We appreciate your patience!
International Shipping
Do we ship to APO? Yes, we do.
Do we ship Outside of North America? Yes! Shipping charges for your order will be calculated and displayed at checkout.
Internationally, we offer Carrier Calculated Shipping and $15 Flat rate Partially Tracked Shipping
Your order may be subject to import duties and taxes, which may be incurred once a shipment reaches your destination country.
Little Zen One is not responsible for these charges if they are applied, they are your responsibility as the customer.
How do I check the status of my order?
When your order has shipped, you will receive an email notification from us which will include a tracking number you can use to check its status. Please allow 48-72 hours for the tracking information to update as there are delays at Canada Post and USPS with the initial scan.
In North America, If you haven't received your order within 10 days of receiving your shipping confirmation email, please contact us at hello @ littlezenone.com with your name and order number, and we will look into it for you.
If you are outside of North America, please allow 21 days before contacting us.
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We accept returns up to 30 days after delivery if the items are unused and in their original condition (not tried on).
If your order is eligible for a return, we will refund your order amount minus the shipping costs and a 10% restocking fee. Please view our full return policy here.
If you have any further questions, please don't hesitate to contact us at hello @ littlezenone.com.
Size Guide
Size Guide
Welcome to Little Zen One Baby Carriers and Babywearing Accessories.
First, please check out our interactive woven wrap size chooser here.
When choosing the size for a woven wrap there are a few things to consider:
- The size of whomever is using the wrap.
- The carries you would like to do.
- The size of your child(ren) being wrapped.
Typically, the first wrap people get is their base. The base size is the size you can do the most carries with!
First wrap? Get your Base Size!
A "base size" can be determined by the shortest length of wrap you need to do a Front Wrap Cross Carry (FWCC). This size will allow you to do many full length carries. Every body is different, but most will find their base in the 5 - 7 range. Your child's size won't make a noticeable difference in your base size.
Women's Base Size:
US shirt size 4 - 8 -> Size 5 wrap
US shirt size 8 -12 -> Size 6 wrap
US shirt size 14 - 20 -> Size 7 wrap
US shirt size 22 - 26 -> Size 8 wrap
|Wrap Size
Once you've determined your base size, you can find your "shorty" size wrap by subtracting 2 sizes. If your base size is a 6, you will usually find a size 4 will work well for a Ruck carry tied in front.
Sizes are based on Didymos measurements, but they can vary due to the unique nature of woven material.
Size 2 = 2.7m, Size 3 = 3.2m, Size 4 = 3.7m, Size 5 = 4.2m, Size 6 = 4.7m, Size 7 = 5.2m, Size 8 = 5.7m.
The width of Didymos wovens will range between wraps. While most widths will work for everyone, wide wraps would be better for toddlers, and a more narrow wrap would be better for infants. However, I use narrow wraps with my toddler. Again, this comes down to preference.
If you have a wrap you'd like to measure, use a soft tape and measure along one rail. Follow this video for detailed instructions.
Woven wraps are measured along one rail. A rail refers to the long edge of the wrap (like train tracks).
The majority of machine wovens, like Didymos, are finished with tapered ends allowing for a trimmer knot and easier tie-off. You will discover your preferences with practice. You may find long tails get in your way. Alternatively, you may find you love the look of long tails, or want to explore different "finishes" those long tails can be used for.
Prima Orient linen v.2 Woven Wrap by Didymos
- Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh.


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Man has been caring for wounds since the very first skin break occurred. From the early hunters who treated wounds with herbs and honey to the advent of microbiology and cellular pathology and the later discoveries of fibrous synthetics, grafting and tissue engineering, wound care has been part of healthcare.
Since wound, ostomy and continence nursing became a specialty in the 1950s, its members have continually honed their skills, advanced their knowledge in wound/ostomy care management and increased their WOCN-certified numbers. They've moved into diverse settings, including hospitals, long-term care facilities, outpatient clinics and patient homes. They've treated patients with various wound types, from simple lacerations and abrasions to contusions and crush wounds; from ulcers, burns and punctures to trauma wounds made up of several wound types and all types of ostomies.
Wound care has a long history filled with familiar names and advances, from Lister and Dakin to Robert Wood Johnson; from phenol and surgical gauze to Alginate wound dressings and wound vacs. As nurses, we're proud of the strides the specialty has made and how our ability to care for patients suffering from this common but complex problem has increased.
And we need to keep those strides going by continuing to learn! Read an interesting wound care Q&A from the president of the WOCN Society and updates on the techniques these specialized nurses are using on pressure ulcers in the OR. Read another one of our stories on the care of patients with wounds in the rehab setting.
Still want to learn more about wounds? Take our CE modules at Nurse.com.
Prepare for the CWCN exam with the Wound Care Nursing Certification Review Course.
Nurse.com offers a fully online self-paced prep course.


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Explode Your Engagement on Social Media
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85% of businesses now have internal staff to produce videos in-house.
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Recently, Jay Michaelson wrote a piece for The Daily Beast titled "The 'Religious Liberty' Bullies and Their Fight Against LGBT Equality." In it, he suggests that those who oppose same-sex marriage for religious reasons are the same as the racists who opposed desegregation laws. He calls those who protect religious liberty, and who therefore are willing to stick up for the rights of religious people who oppose same-sex marriage, insincere and "racist," as well. "Today is a different age—but the players, and the rhetoric, are the same," he states. Later on, he says that defenders of religious liberty are "simply repurposing an old, racist rhetoric to fight the same social battles as always."
There are three points to be made here. One, there can be no comparison between the fight for racial equality and the movement for same-sex marriage. Two, supporting the traditional definition of marriage is not the same (or even akin) to supporting institutionalized racism. Three, concerns about religious liberty are both sincere and valid, especially regarding the social trends Michaelson discusses in both his article and a related report he recently released.
My first point is that there can be no comparison between the fight for racial equality and the movement supporting same-sex marriage. To begin with, race occupies a singular place in our country's history and laws. Our country fought a bloody Civil War and passed three separate Constitutional Amendments to rid our society of the injustice that was slavery. The segregation laws that followed were ugly remnants of a culture of racial slavery, and they were immoral and unjust. They defied the American promise "that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." Black Americans were enslaved, literally deprived of their liberty, often robbed of life, and denied the opportunity to pursue happiness. Segregation laws were a legal statement of inequality. No other law in American history spells indignity and injustice like they did, and no other law so explicitly rings false to our country's founding principles.
Now, for the second point. Applying the racism of segregation-era America to today's "social battles" does not make for a compelling comparison. To state what should be obvious, not all racists oppose same-sex marriage, and not all who oppose same-sex marriage are racists. To say otherwise is disrespectful and frankly ludicrous. No reasonable person is advocating "segregation" between the opposite-sex attracted population and the same-sex attracted population. I don't need to go into detail on this point. It should be enough for readers to simply think of their own family, friends, and acquaintances—some of whom, no doubt, are uncertain about or against same-sex marriage—and realize that pairing "racist" with "opposed to same-sex marriage" means labeling many reasonable people as outright bigots. That kind of accusation has heavy consequences and is dangerous to healthy discourse.
Marriage, as it stands and has stood for centuries, is not an institution that was driven into existence by bigotry, or constructed to deny some right to same-sex partners. People who oppose same-sex marriage do so for a variety of reasons. There are many who oppose same-sex marriage for religious reasons, and others for reasons grounded in history, philosophy, and our country's Constitution. What traditional marriage supporters generally want is to uphold a centuries-old definition of marriage as between one man and one woman. It is a fixed definition. They see marriage as unique and unchanging, valuable because of (and contingent on) its singular male-female union, and meaningless without it.
My third point refers to the idea that those who are concerned about religious liberty rights in and around same-sex marriage are covertly advancing some right-wing agenda. This is misleading, false, and insulting. Religious liberty is a real, fundamental right, first in our Constitutional Amendments. It's what allows a man to be a conscientious objector, or a church to choose its own minister. In general, it's what protects religious people who hold views that are out of political favor. Michaelson admits that intellectuals and politicians on both ends of the political spectrum support religious liberty. He simply thinks that religious liberty is much more limited than it is or ever has been.
As the recent (large) batch of cases against the Health and Human Services contraceptive mandate demonstrates, America has a diverse and principled religious population of citizens willing to fight for the right to express their faith in all aspects of life. That some, like Michaelson, don't agree that buying contraception for others violates a person's faith, does not suddenly appease the troubled consciences. Those who advocate strong conscience protections—whether from a contraceptive mandate or from federal recognition of same-sex marriage—do so sincerely.
We can all agree that the topic of same-sex marriage draws intense emotions from both sides. But those emotions do not justify branding people who disagree with us as liars or bigots. That's a cheap way to silence dissenters, when there is real and substantive debate to be had. It's also a grave insult to honest, truth-seeking individuals, and a violation of the principles of American society. All people should be free to explore and define their beliefs. And all should be free to speak, act, vote and advocate according to their beliefs.


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Treating Hemorrhoids: Removal
Treating Hemorrhoids: Removal
If your symptoms persist, your healthcare provider may recommend removing the hemorrhoid. This can be done in your healthcare provider's office or at a surgical center. In most cases, no special preparation is needed. Keep in mind that your treatment may differ depending on your symptoms and the location of the hemorrhoid.
Internal hemorrhoids
You'll be asked to lie or kneel on a table. Your healthcare provider then inserts an anoscope to view the anal canal. To treat the hemorrhoid, your healthcare provider will use one of the methods listed below. Because internal hemorrhoids do not have nerves that sense pain, you won't have too much discomfort. You can often return to your normal routine the same day. If you have many hemorrhoids, you may need repeated treatments.
The banding method is done by placing tight elastic bands around the base of the hemorrhoid. This cuts off blood supply to the hemorrhoid, causing it to fall off. This usually takes about a week. The area then heals within a few days.
Infrared coagulation
This procedure is done using a small probe that exposes the hemorrhoid to short bursts of infrared light. This seals off the blood vessel, causing it to shrink. Slight bleeding may happen for a few days. The area usually heals within a week or two.
Sclerotherapy is done by injecting a chemical into the tissue around the hemorrhoid. The chemical causes the hemorrhoid to shrink within a few days. Bleeding usually stops in about 24 hours.
Thrombosed external hemorrhoids
Thrombosed external hemorrhoids are often very painful. That's because the swollen hemorrhoid stretches the sensitive skin around it. To relieve the pain, your healthcare provider may remove the blood clot. This takes just a few minutes. You may need to rest for a few days before returning to work.
Numbing the hemorrhoid. You'll be asked to lie or kneel on a table. The hemorrhoid is then injected with a local anesthetic. This may cause some discomfort for a moment. But within a short time your healthcare provider will be able to remove the hemorrhoid without causing pain.
Removing the hemorrhoid. A small incision is made to remove the blood clot. The hemorrhoid may also be removed. The skin is then either closed with sutures or left open to heal on its own. The area around the incision will likely be sore for a few days. But your pain should improve soon after the procedure.
Risks and complications
The possible risks and complications include:
Trouble urinating (Doesn't happen with thrombosed external hemorrhoids)
Narrowing of the anal canal (very rare, doesn't happen with thrombosed external hemorrhoids)
When to call your healthcare provider
After your procedure, call your healthcare provider if you have:
Increasing pain
Fever or chills
Persistent bleeding
Trouble urinating
March 21, 2017
Treatment of Hemorrhoids. UpToDate
Reviewed By:
Adler, Liora C., MD,Image reviewed by StayWell medical illustration team.,Sather, Rita, RN


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MOSCOW (AFP) - Standing in a warehouse in a Moscow suburb, Mr Dmitry Marinichev tries to speak over the deafening hum of hundreds of computers stacked on shelves hard at work mining for crypto money.
"The form of currency we are used to is about to disappear," predicts the 42-year-old entrepreneur, who also works as President Vladimir Putin's adviser on Internet matters.
Mr Marinichev is one of Russia's leading crypto-businessmen, at the helm of operations in this facility larger than a football pitch located in a former Soviet-era car factory, which collects virtual money on the accounts of its clients.
Individuals, or firms like Mr Marinichev's, provide the computing power to run the so-called blockchain which records the world's virtual-money transactions. In return for providing that service they receive virtual money, of which bitcoin is the most popular, as payment - a process bitcoiners call "mining".
Mining farms like these represent a growing craze in Russia for bitcoin and other virtual currencies not backed by governments or central banks that are increasingly used for goods and services on the Internet.
The hunt for virtual currencies is accessible "to anyone who may be hardly familiar with computer science", Mr Marinichev said. "It's no more complicated than buying a cellphone and connecting to a mobile network." The practice has become so popular in Russia that computer stores in the country have run out of graphic and video cards developed for gamers but are used by bitcoin miners to boost the processing power of their home computers.
Mr Marinichev this week unveiled a more sophisticated setup, inviting investors to pitch in US$100 million to join a mining club and develop a Russian mining chip called Multiclet through his start-up.
"The explosion of virtual currency value has made mining profitable enough to make it a professional activity," said Mr Sergei, a 29-year-old computer scientist who runs half a dozen graphics cards plugged into the electrical grid of the company where he works.
He launched his mining operation in March, when the value of bitcoin and its main competitor ethereum, created by Russian-Canadian Vitalik Buterin, reached record heights on the currency's exchange.
Since the beginning of 2017, bitcoin has quadrupled in value, surpassing US$4,000 at the weekend, while ethereum experienced a rise of 4,500 per cent to hit a record of US$374 in June, later falling to US$268 in August.
While the assembly of a mining operation is easy enough, it consumes a large amount of electricity, which can reach the equivalent of several households' needs.
"All my friends who were interested in bitcoin or ethereum built their devices and plugged them into their corporate networks, and I did the same," Mr Sergei said. "Others cut into the municipal electrical cables."
Russia has a competitive advantage as an environment for mining, as Mr Marinichev points out in a brochure for prospective investors: Electricity here costs just 1.3 US cents per kilowatt hour, while long winters save money on cooling systems.
The authorities in Russia were long suspicious of virtual money, but have now come to recognise it as a force. A new Bill is set to be debated this autumn which aims to regulate the possession and creation of crypto currency in the country.
The legal foundation for virtual money has so far been non-existent in Russia and it is associated with illicit activities like hacking and purchasing drugs on the dark Web.
"There is now an understanding at the highest level in the country that virtual currencies are not an absolute evil but a possible good, especially for the economy," said Mr Marinichev.
Mr Putin in early June even held a meeting at an economic forum with Mr Buterin, the 23-year-old creator of ethereum, who lobbied the Russian President to expand the currency's use in Russia.
Last year, Russia's largest banks tested the platform for some of their transactions. The country's central bank even pondered the development of a "national virtual currency".
Though at an all-time high in August at US$116 billion, the global crypto-currency market is still quite young, volatile and prone to speculation.
Bitcoin, for example, lost almost a third of its value between mid-June and mid-July, before gaining it back over the course of a week. Since then, it has been regularly breaking records.
"The rush to virtual money is not a fad or a fleeting phenomenon. The virtualisation of our lives is a market process that has gone on and will continue," Mr Marinichev said.
In a sign of the times, several cafes and restaurants in Moscow this summer began to accept payments in virtual currencies.


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GASB Issues an Exposure Draft seeking input on proposed changes to Concepts Statement No. 2, Service Efforts and Accomplishments Reporting
Norwalk, CT, February 29, 2008—The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) today issued an Exposure Draft of a proposed GASB Statement, Fund Balance Reporting and Governmental Fund Type Definitions. The proposed Statement is intended to improve the usefulness of information provided about fund balance by providing clearer, more structured fund balance classifications, and by clarifying the definitions of existing governmental fund types.
Diversity of practice in how fund balance is currently reported by state and local governments has caused confusion among preparers and users of financial statements. The proposed Statement seeks to address these differences by establishing a hierarchy of fund balance classifications primarily based on the extent to which a government is bound to observe spending constraints imposed upon the use of resources reported in governmental fund balances.
The GASB proposes to distinguish fund balance between amounts that are considered "nonspendable," such as fund balance associated with inventories, and "spendable," such as fund balance associated with cash. The spendable category would be further broken down based on the relative strength of the constraints that control how specific amounts can be spent. From greatest to least constraint, the classifications of spendable fund balance would be restricted, limited, assigned, and unassigned.
The proposed Statement also would clarify the definitions of individual governmental fund types. It includes interpretations of certain terms within the definition of special revenue fund types, while modifying the debt service and capital projects fund types for clarity and consistency. The proposal also specifies how economic stabilization or "rainy-day" amounts would be reported.
"Our research indicates that fund balance is one of the most widely-used pieces of information in state and local government financial statements. It is important to the analysis of those statements in the financial community, the legislative community, and by other financial statement users," states Robert H. Attmore, chairman of the GASB. "Our proposal sets forth clear criteria for the reporting of fund balance so that users of governmental financial statements will receive consistent and easier to understand information that is useful for decision making."
The proposed GASB Statement would be effective for financial statements for periods beginning after June 15, 2010. Governments that wish to implement earlier than that date are encouraged to do so. Copies of the Exposure Draft may be downloaded free of charge fromwww.gasb.org. A single photocopy of the Exposure Draft may also be obtained by calling the GASB Order Department at (800) 749-0659.
About the Governmental Accounting Standards Board
The GASB is the independent, not-for-profit organization formed in 1984 that establishes and improves financial accounting and reporting standards for state and local governments. Its seven members are drawn from the Board's diverse constituency, including preparers and auditors of government financial statements, users of those statements, and members of the academic community. More information about the GASB can be found at its website.


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Egypt: Hard-line Islamic backers of draft constitution clash with opposition ahead of referendum
A supporter of Egypt's President Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood holds a copy of the Koran, Islam's holy book, as he shouts slogans during a demonstration in Cairo's Nasr City on December 14, 2012. / MARCO LONGARI/AFP/GETTY IMAGES
Waving swords and clubs, Islamist supporters of Egypt's draft constitution clashed with opponents in the Mediterranean port city of Alexandria on Friday as tempers flared on the eve of the referendum on the disputed charter — the country's worst political crisis since the ouster of Hosni Mubarak.
Both sides stepped up their campaigns after weeks of violence and harsh divisions that have turned Saturday's vote into a fight over Egypt's post-revolutionary identity. Highlighting the tension that may lie ahead, nearly 120,000 army soldiers will deploy to protect polling stations. A radical Islamist group also said it will send its own members to defend the stations alongside the army and police.
The referendum pits Egypt's newly empowered Islamists against liberals, many apolitical Christians and secular-leaning Muslims. President Mohammed Morsi's supporters say the constitution will help end the political instability that has gripped Egypt since February 2011, when the autocratic Mubarak was overthrown in a popular uprising. Clerics, using mosque pulpits, defend the constitution as championing Islam.
Morsi's opponents say minority concerns have been ignored and the charter is full of obscurely worded clauses that could allow Islamists to restrict civil liberties, ignore women's rights and undermine labor unions. They charge the constitution will enslave Egyptians.
Critics have raised concern over the legitimacy of the document after most judges said they would not supervise the vote. Rights groups warned of opportunities for widespread fraud, and the opposition said a decision to stretch the vote two rounds to make up for the shortage of judges left the door open for initial results to sway voter opinions.
Both sides of the Egyptian political divide had planned major rallies for Friday, reports CBS News correspondent Allen Pizzey. Eight people died and more than 700 were injured in violent clashes over the past two weeks, and some commentators are already warning that the country is teetering in the brink of what amounts to civil war.
The opposition coalition, the National Salvation Front, again called on Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, to postpone the referendum and form a new assembly to draft a new constitution.
"History will remember that this regime forced a referendum on the people of Egypt in these harsh circumstances," said Ahmed Said, leader of the liberal Free Egyptians Party. "They can't find judges to monitor, (there is a) rift among Egyptians and blood on the streets."
Islamist members of the panel that drafted the constitution held a last-minute conference to defend it, accusing their rivals of spreading "lies" and causing strife.
"This is political blackmail," said Amr Darrag, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood's political arm, the Freedom and Justice party, as well as of the panel that drafted the constitution.
More than 26 million voters are scheduled to cast their ballots Saturday, in a vote that has been staggered over two weeks. Another 25 million will vote next week.
TV stations ran rival ad campaigns — one supporting a "yes" vote for the sake of stability, another advocating a "no" vote to avoid a constitution that would divide Egypt.
"We ask people to make up their minds and decide ... and go vote," Darrag told state TV.
Gaber Nassar, a liberal member of the panel who withdrew just before it approved the draft, said the document is flawed and charts a path for repression.
"This is a document that enslaves the Egyptian people, a document of repression," Nassar, a constitutional law expert, told a news conference.
Religious authorities had issued orders that mosques should not be used to manipulate the vote, but several clerics took to the pulpit to tell their congregations that voting in favor of the constitution is a way to seek victory for Islam.
In Alexandria, witness Mustafa Saqa said Sheik Ahmed el-Mahalawi, a well-known cleric in the ultraconservative Islamic sect known as Salafis, urged worshippers to vote "yes" and described the opposition as "followers of infidels." His comments sparked arguments that quickly turned into fist fights and spread into the streets and residential areas around the mosque.
At least 19 people were reported injured in the violence and police fired tear gas to break up a standoff. State TV showed footage of Islamists brandishing swords as protesters hurled rocks at each other, with el-Mahalawi remained barricaded in the mosque for hours following his sermon.
Clashes erupted again just before midnight, when el-Mahalawi told protesters outside the mosque that if they don't disperse, his supporters will come free him. Minutes later, rocks were thrown at the protesters, and gunfire crackled in the distance. An Associated Press reporter on the scene saw at least four people injured from rock-throwing.
Clashes also broke out in the town of Nagaa Hammadi, 460 kilometers (290 miles) south of Cairo.
Sheik Osama el-Hawi, also a Salafi, told worshippers that approval of the constitution was the only way to restore stability after nearly two years of turmoil following the revolution that ousted Mubarak.
"Saturday will be the day of victory for Shariah (Islamic law)," he said. His followers then briefly fought with protesters marching outside the mosque.
For many, the message in support of the constitution was a simple one: A "Yes" to the constitution is a yes to Islam.
Sheik Mohammed Sayyed, affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, put it bluntly during prayers at the el-Helali mosque elsewhere in Assiut. "Tomorrow is the day we will seek the victory of Islam," he said.
"The first phase of implementing Shariah (Islamic law) is the election of a Muslim president. The second phase is to hold a referendum on the constitution," he said, urging voters to go to the polls in groups. "Those calling themselves liberals and the salvation of Egypt are saboteurs who sabotage Egypt."
In the southern city of Assuit, Sheik Abdel-Akher Hamad also urged worshippers to vote "yes."
"Voting yes is like jihad for the sake of God," he said during his sermon. "It preserves Egypt from evils and from those who want to sabotage Islam and Muslims."
Most of Egypt's judges are refusing to monitor the vote, according to the powerful judges' union, although authorities said they would be able to meet the legal obligation to have a judge at each polling station. There are more than 6,000 polling stations in 10 provinces, including Cairo and Alexandria, in the first round on Saturday.
"Polling stations can't open their doors unless there is a judge there," Zaghloul el-Blashi, the head of the referendum committee, told the pan-Arab TV station Al-Jazeera.
The Carter Center, the international group founded by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter that has been monitoring Egyptian voting since last year's uprising, said it would not deploy monitors for the referendum because of the government's late release of monitoring regulations.
The crisis began when Morsi issued a decree on Nov. 22 giving himself and the assembly writing the draft immunity from judicial oversight so the document could be finalized before an expected court ruling dissolving the panel.
On Nov.30, the densely written document was then passed by an 85-member assembly mostly composed of Islamists in a marathon session despite a walkout by secular activists and Christians. Morsi then rushed it to a nationwide vote scheduled for the next two Saturdays.
If the constitution is approved by a simple majority of voters, the Islamists would gain even more power. The current upper house of parliament, dominated by Islamists, would be given the authority to legislate until a new parliament is elected.
If the constitution is defeated, elections would be held within three months for a new panel to write a new constitution. In the meantime, legislative powers would remain with Morsi.
Morsi, who took office in June after a narrow victory in the country's first free elections, joined Friday prayers at the el-Farouk mosque near his house in eastern Cairo and left without giving a speech.
At least publicly, the cleric at his mosque remained neutral.
"Those who think that rejecting or approving the constitution is the path to heaven or hell is mistaken," he said, referring to a slogan used by some supporters of the draft constitution. "No one rules whether someone goes to heaven or hell but God almighty."


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Outdated egg!
This is an egg for CHICKEN 3, the unsupported old release. You're almost certainly looking for the CHICKEN 4 version of this egg, if it exists.
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The icalendar library contains routines for parsing iCalendar data (RFC2445).
Currently, components of type VTIMEZONE are not suppported.
Library procedures
icalendar:parse:: PORT-OR-STRING -> S-EXP
Parses the iCalendar data from the given port or string and returns an s-expression representation.
Ivan Raikov
- 1.1
- Fixes to the meta file
- 1.0
- Initial version
Copyright 2008 Ivan Raikov.
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
A full copy of the GPL license can be found at <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.


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Ten years ago, Travelocity was a trailblazer, making it first to market to sell airline and other travel reservations over the Web. By 2002, however, it was eclipsed by competitors such as Expedia, which at the time pulled in nearly five times as much revenue$1.5 billion, compared with $308 million for Travelocity.
Today, Travelocity is regaining market share. In the first quarter of 2006, its revenue of $234 million, while still less than half of Expedia's $494 million, represents year-over-year growth of 59%. In contrast, Expedia grew revenue by just 2%. Some of Travelocity's growth was driven by the recent acquisition of Lastminute.com, which sells travel and event tickets and other products at a discount. But even excluding Lastminute.com, Travelocity grew sales by 24%.
Travelocity attributes the gains to improvements in its Web site performance and customer serviceboth enabled by technologythat are fueling a change in its business model. For example, executing searches for flight possibilities faster and sending out e-mail alerts in response to airfare price reductions have improved sales.
Guided by a rigorous study of customer buying patterns, the company focused its development efforts on incrementally testing and improving Web site performance to more efficiently search databases and data warehouses to find customers the best price.
The Travelocity Web site runs on Linux and other open-source technologies, such as the Apache Software Foundation's Tomcat Java application server and Struts Web application framework, with Oracle as its primary database back end. Although Travelocity migrated to this platform from an earlier one that revolved around Unix and C++, chief technology officer Barry Vandevier says the more significant Web site improvements were the result of methodical refinementsrewriting software routines and database queries, testing, and rewriting again until the system could deliver better travel search results and do it more quickly.
How far as Travelocity come? Consider this: When the company launched, it collected commissions from airlines and hotels and sold advertisements on its Web sitesessentially a passive business model. After the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacksand the chill on air travelmany airlines were driven into bankruptcy or to the verge of it.
In rapid succession, airlines slashed commissions paid to travel agencies such as Travelocity. Airlines, as well as other travel suppliers such as hotels and cruise operators, shifted away from fixed commissions to incentivestypically payments that are all or nothing, depending on whether Travelocity succeeds in meeting a sales goal set by the supplier.
"We recognized that we were going to have to become a more active travel retailer," says John Elieson, Travelocity vice president of revenue management.
Lower commissions or negotiated incentives meant that boosting the volume of sales was more important than ever, and Travelocity had to better understand customers' buying patterns and cater to their needs, Elieson says.
Travelocity's earlier passivity had a lot to do with why it fell behind in the first place, says Henry Harteveldt, an analyst at Forrester Research. "Expedia was more focused and more aggressive, and they realized they could make a lot of money selling hotel rooms and packages, whereas Travelocity kept focusing on airline tickets," he explains.
Expedia had started building more of its business around "merchant" products, where it would buy blocks of hotel rooms or airline tickets wholesale and sell them at a profit, rather than depend on commissions. But it wasn't until after commissions evaporated that Travelocity began focusing on developing its own merchant travel packages.
To build back market share, Travelocity focused on speeding up its Web site and doing a better job of finding the lowest prices for its customers. The performance targets and understanding of customer behavior that drove these changes came largely from an operations research group within Travelocity's parent company, Sabre Holdings, which helped Travelocity with a formal analysis of its business.
For example, the group found a "potential gold mine" of information about customer behavior in Web site logs that Travelocity had been using mostly for technical troubleshooting, according to Ross Darrow, a senior principal with the Sabre operations research group. He was one of several members of the Sabre team who spoke about the project at a recent Miami conference of Informs (Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences), where Travelocity was a finalist for an award for excellence in operations research.
By examining Web server log data on customer searches for flights and comparing it with bookings, the researchers could draw a connection between how quickly the Web site delivered a list of potential flights and how frequently customers purchased. Although it seemed logical that performance was a big factor, "No one had proved that reducing response time would increase bookings," Darrow points out. But when they ran the numbers, he adds, "It was much larger than anyone had anticipated."
The data showed that customers would be more likely to buy if Travelocity put more effort into getting them an answer quickly, rather than returning a more comprehensive list of search results but taking longer to do so. Partly as a result of that guidance, Travelocity's development team delivered a new version of the Web site that performed 30% faster, which translated into a 55% conversion rate improvement (meaning that shoppers were that much more likely to become buyers). Travelocity did not provide the underlying numbers behind these percentages.
NEXT PAGE: Emphasis On Performance


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A blinding headache with that horrible alcoholic taste in the mouth is enough to make most people threaten to touch another drink ever again. The hangover remedies mentioned as follows are all natural and super effective. Vinegar: Take a small vinegar cup (20l25ml) and drink slowly. Or else, mix vinegar …Read More »
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Copper Triangle Writers Group
Address: Blanche Tce Moonta
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
The Copper Triangle Writer's Group meets at 10 am on the first Tuesday of each month in the Meeting Room in the Moonta Community Library. We encourage new members no matter what type or level of writing.
For more details please contact Phil Ahier.


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OMG where do I even begin with this week's episode — which was directed by John Slattery, btw?!?! As anyone who watched knows, Mad Men went freaking HAM last night. Let's just get right to it…
-I've had a theory about the ultimate fate of Pete Campbell since watching the season premiere twice a few weeks ago. I'd like to finally share it with you, as I'm now feeling way more confident about it: remember in episode one when Pete was whining incessantly about his office not having a window? It was emphasized so much in that episode that it led me to think that Matt Weiner was setting us up for something — and, taking into consideration that there's an animated falling man in the opening credits (largely presumed to be Don Draper), I began to think that Pete would ultimately meet with an untimely demise via the windows he so desperately coveted (I've since noticed that a handful of others on the web have had similar thoughts). Initially, I thought that this would involve some sort of tragic accident — like when a man has his foot chopped to shreds by a John Deere mower in an office — but then as the tension between Pete and Roger started to escalate I began to think that a drunk Roger would somehow manage to push Pete out of a window late at night when no one else was around. But after watching last night's episode — in which we see Pete begin to slowly circle some sort of mental health toilet bowl — I'm convinced that Pete Campbell will commit suicide by leaping from his office window, and probably soon.
Additionally, there have been a couple of references to suicide in scenes with Pete this season that I recall — I believe a rider on the train with Pete in episode one said something about suicide, and Don said something last night about life in the suburbs being enough to drive a man to suicide. It just seems to me that some clues have been dropped and Pete's sudden emotional spiral — exacerbated by cheating on his wife with a hooker, getting cock-blocked by a teenager named "Handsome" in a driver's ed class, being unintentionally emasculated by Don in his home in front of his wife, and getting his ass kicked by Lane at work in front of his co-workers — has me believing this will happen and happen soon. ("I have nothing, Don.")
But then again, this could all be an elaborate misdirection on Weiner's part. (UPDATE: Someone else thinks it'll be Roger.)
-I'm not sure where the ballsy, aggressive Trudie Campbell of last night came from, but I like her.
-Don's dinner jacket from last night belongs in some sort of MOD style museum. And to think that it's one that Megan made him change in to because one of his solid-colored work jackets was too conservative, presumably.
-Most. Awkward. Dinner. Party. Ever. (And sorry Pete…Don's place is much nicer.)
-"I'm not gonna bore you with compliments." — Roger Sterling handing me my new favorite opening line on a silver platter. Sterling was on f*cking fire last night.
-Oh, and of course Roger knows where there's a high-end whorehouse in the neighborhood. Of course he does.
-I can't be the only one who thought Pete was going to violently beat the crap out of that hooker, right?
-Don Draper is now the epitome of morality and virtue — the moral compass of SCDP. Oh how things have changed.
-"Because he was caught with chewing gum on his pubis." — Lane Pryce. I almost coughed up a lung on that line. (Last night's episode was written by Weiner and Frank Pierson, the Oscar-winning screenwriter of Dog Day Afternoon, btw.)
-"You're a grimy little pimp." — Lane Pryce
-When Lane proposed fighting Pete I was struck by how none of the other men in the office did anything to stop it. Don just closed the curtains and they stood back and let it all happen. It's as if they'd all been dying to see Pete get his ass whipped or something.
-To the victors go the spoils, as they say. In such, Lane got to make out with Joan. Maybe a threesome with the flirty girlfriend of that guy who lost his wallet is coming?
-I was taken aback when Roger told Ken that he's "a fellow unappreciated author." I wondered if this meant that Roger has an unpublished novel under his bed or something, but then I remembered that Roger wrote a book back in season three (I think) that you can actually buy.
-Once again: "I have nothing, Don." PETE CAMPBELL IS GOING TO COMMIT SUICIDE BY JUMPING OUT OF A TIME-LIFE BUILDING WINDOW, PEOPLE!
-No Betty Draper! AGAIN!!!
-Finally, the GIF would below sums up this past weekend on the internet pretty well, but would do so even better if it somehow included Pete crying to Don in the elevator or getting punched in the face by Lane. Just tossing that out there.
Thoughts? Best Pete Campbell-got-his-ass-kicked-so-bad joke gets a Mad Men season one or four DVD set.
(GIFs via Gifulmination and Best Roof Talk Ever)


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Product Description
CAMRY 19 Electronic Control Module; (engine control), 2.5L, A25AFKS engine, ID 89661-0X582
Ident: 896610X582
This listing is for the UNIT AS TITLED AND PICTURED.
Please check the PART # of the item you need prior to purchase! The part number on the purchased item must match the part number on the original part in order to work with the vehicle.
Most of our parts are used so they may have some light scratches and marks on the surface. Any major damage is always noted.
Most electronics need programmed to the vehicle by a certified mechanic or the dealership. Please verify this prior to purchase. We can not be held responsible for the costs incurred from programming these units.
The part number pictured is the part number that will be received. Other part numbers listed will be considered interchangeable; once again, these units may need programmed to the VIN by a certified mechanic or dealership.
You will get the ITEM in the picture so please make sure it meets your expectations before purchasing. (Any items with more than 1 in quantity will be similar in condition to and have the same part number as the pictured item).
If you find a problem with anything we sell, please contact us. Our top priority is customer service! Please ask all questions prior to purchase.


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Successful "investing" requires some uncommon questions. (Photo: Me at Burning Man '08)
"If the market felt fidgety, if people were scared or desperate, he [senior Salomon Brothers bond trader] herded them like sheep into a corner, then made them pay for their uncertainty."
–Liar's Poker, Chapter: A Brotherhood of Hoods
Connecticut, 2003
There were 4-6 screens per person, and chairs were lined up at a single 30-foot desk in hierarchical pecking order. Commands would come down the line and trades were made.
"Who the f*ck are you?" asked one of seniors, swiveling back to his glowing screens before I could answer.
It was my first time inside one of the largest investment banks on the planet, and I was just observing a friend in the hopes of learning something. Before I knew it, lunch had arrived and a 20-minute break was announced in a poetic slew of 4-letter words.
"Name a company." It was a voice I didn't recognize, but it was clearly directed at me.
"Uh… sorry. Excuse me?" I asked to the room and no one in particular.
"Name a company."
"Any company — doesn't matter."
"OK. Ah… Genentech." It was a shot in the dark with no rhyme nor reason.
"F*ck Genentech!!!" came the chorus.
"OK, we just sold 100,000 shares of Genentech. F*ck those guys. Lost a ton on them last week."
100,000 shares of Genentech sold because a no-nothing guest had pulled the name out of thin air.
That was my introduction to how truly rigged the stock market is…
Information Advantage
"One trader remembers that Lewie [head of Salomon Brothers' mortgage department] would say he thought the market was going up, and buy a hundred million [dollars' worth of] bonds. The market would start to go down. So Lewie would buy two billion more bonds, and of course, the market would then go up. After he had driven the market up, Lewie would turn to me and say, 'See, I told you it was going to go up.'"
–Liar's Poker, Chapter: The Fat Men and Their Marvelous Money Machine
I currently have less than 10% of my net-worth in stocks. Why? I don't have an "information advantage". If other words, I've seen the sharks in this ocean, and I want no part of it. They'll eat my Barron's-reading ass alive. I'd rather put my capital in angel investing and the few industries I understand, two areas where I have insider knowledge and connections that others don't.
To quote billionaire Mark Cuban (great blog here) in his short interview with Young Money (YM) magazine:
YM: Do you have any general saving and investing advice for young people?
CUBAN: Put it in the bank. The idiots that tell you to put your money in the market because eventually it will go up need to tell you that because they are trying to sell you something. The stock market is probably the worst investment vehicle out there. If you won't put your money in the bank, NEVER put your money in something where you don't have an information advantage. Why invest your money in something because a broker told you to? If the broker had a clue, he/she wouldn't be a broker, they would be on a beach somewhere.
Here's the deal — to beat the market consistently, you have to: 1) have better information than most people, 2) have superior analysis of the same information, or 3) have better luck than a Leprechaun.
Discarding luck as a strategem, and personally discarding better analysis because I don't want to spend my life poring over annual reports or evaluating algorithms, there is a simple conclusion: don't invest in anything that you don't know inside and out better than most of the world.
From David Swensen, who ended 2007 up 28% as the investment manager of the Yale University endowment:
"You have to diversify against the collective ignorance… I think nobody is in a position to react to these big macro-issues. Where is the dollar going to be or what is G.D.P. growth going to be in China? For every smart person on one side of the question, there is another smart person on the other side."
Having come out of Princeton and the land of Burton Malkiel, I agree with efficient market theory insomuch as "information advantage" is a prerequisite to consistently getting better returns than average.
If you don't know something the rest don't, don't gamble.
The Weasel Word: "Investing"
In part 1 of this series, I promise my favorite picks for investing books. Though I've read several dozen based on recommendations from self-made millionaires (I try not to take advice from speculators), here are the few I've found most useful:
The Essays of Warren Buffett: Lessons for Corporate America (Buffett)
The Smartest Investment Book You'll Ever Read (Solin)
Liar's Poker (Lewis)
Seeking Wisdom: From Darwin to Munger (Bevelinl; Parts 2-4)
Less is More: An Anthology of Ancient and Modern Voices Raised in Praise of Simplicity (VandenBroeck)
What?! It seems like philosophical books have been mistakenly put on this list, no? Here's the rub: after all the research and mind-numbing number crunching, I've decided that the philosophical decisions take precedent over the tactical ones. For me and those whose lives I most admire, at least.
One qualified commenter on the last investing post said:
"I don't think you're going to figure out investing in a matter of weeks or months."
Well, this brings up an interesting question, doesn't it. What the hell is "investing", exactly?
If you have the potential to make 30% per annum in a given stock, but it keeps you up with sweaty palms at night, is that a good "investment"?
Is a stock with a projected 25% annual growth rate over 10 years a good "investment", even though it will lose value every year except for one undetermined year with a 259% increase?
I sat in on another friend's job once. He was a day trader, and his boss made more than $50,000 per day in most cases. But, this boss also carried divorce papers in his briefcase 24/7 "just in case he'd had it with the bitch." Do you want his life? Is he a successful "investor"? Be careful with that term.
In the 100+ comments on the aforementioned post (some of the commenters manage 9-digit funds–hundreds of millions of dollars), definitions of "investing" range from "gambling" to "asset allocation." In other words — "investing" as a term is so overused as to have become meaningless.
I propose that we define investment as a broad concept and then separate it out. First, the broad definition:
Investing = "Allocating resources to improve quality of life."
This applies to financial investment as much as it does time management and all other resources. How much would your behavior and results change is you just replaced the concept of "time management" with "time investment" in your head?
Using this definition of investment, I would not chase the moving target of pure ROI (after all, there is always a more speculative vehicle with potential higher gains), but choose the vehicles that offers the greatest ROI with the least insomnia. More cash with constant sweat in the palms is hereby defined as a poor "investment."
Moving from conceptual to tactical, we can also separate "investment" into three categories of actions, which I've found useful:
Investment =
-Asset/wealth creation
-Asset/wealth allocation
-Asset/wealth preservation
[To be continued…]
Did you miss Part 1 of the "rethinking investing" series? Read it here.
I get really, really pissed when smart people don't speak out. (Photo: Me at Burning Man '08)
The Tim Ferriss Show is one of the most popular podcasts in the world with more than 900 million downloads. It has been selected for "Best of Apple Podcasts" three times, it is often the #1 interview podcast across all of Apple Podcasts, and it's been ranked #1 out of 400,000+ podcasts on many occasions. To listen to any of the past episodes for free, check out this page.


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Cuming County Clerk Offices maintain public records for a county or local government, including information on local taxes in Nebraska. As part of this responsibility, they maintain tax rate information on property taxes, business taxes, and other local Cuming County taxes. They may also provide online tax records, online payment for taxes, and tax bill due date information. Clerk Offices can provide information on setting up a tax payment plan, appealing a tax assessment, or applying for tax relief. They also keep records on changes to Cuming County tax rates. The Clerk Office website provides tax rate information and services.
Beemer Village Clerk Beemer NE 317 N Main St 68716 402-528-3253
Cuming County Clerk West Point NE 200 South Lincoln Street 68788 402-372-6003
Cuming County Assessor Offices calculate the value of all property in their jurisdiction in order to assess property taxes in Nebraska. The property tax rate is typically applied to the Assessor's property appraisal report, often with a formula. Assessors may provide tax rate information, including how to calculate Cuming County property taxes, property tax bills, and property assessment reports. They may also provide information on Cuming County property tax appeals, including the process for appealing a property assessment. Assessors also provide tax bill due dates, information about tax payment plans, and records on unpaid property taxes, which may be available online.
Cuming County Assessor's Office West Point NE 200 South Lincoln Street 68788 402-372-6000
Cuming County Treasurer and Tax Collector Offices collect taxes for a county or local government, often in the form of property taxes in Nebraska. They also provide tax rate information, including tax rates for Cuming County property taxes, business taxes, sales tax, and other local taxes. Treasurer and Tax Collector Offices may also provide information on tax deductions, tax incentives, and property tax rate appeals. Their Cuming County tax rate resources include tax bill due date information, tax payment plans, and tax refund forms. Treasurer and Tax Collector Offices often provide tax rate resources on their website.
Cuming County Treasurer's Office West Point NE 200 South Lincoln Street 68788 402-372-6011