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Why Virginia's Open Shop Referendum Should Matter to the Entire American Labor Movement in 2016
Douglas Williams
The latest issue of In These Times is a special, extra-length issue devoted entirely to the subject of socialism in America today. This special issue is available now. Order your copy today.
The most important election in Virginia this year has no candidates on the ballot.
On February 2nd, the Republican-dominated General Assembly passed the two-session threshold needed to put the open shop before the Commonwealth's voters in November. You might be asking yourself, "Wait. I thought that Virginia was already an open-shop state?" Your inclinations would be correct: legislation barring union membership as a condition of employment was signed into law by Gov. William Tuck (a later adherent to Massive Resistance in response to Brown v. Board of Educationas a member of Congress) in 1947. As a result, Section 40.1−58 of the Code of Virginia reads:
It is hereby declared to be the public policy of Virginia that the right of persons to work shall not be denied or abridged on account of membership or nonmembership in any labor union or labor organization.
So why do this? The easy answer is that Virginia Republicans are fearful that, should the open shop meet a legal challenge in state court, Democratic Attorney General Mark Herring would not seek to defend it. The sponsor of the bill and defeated 2013 nominee for Attorney General, State Sen. Mark Obenshain (R-Harrisonburg), stated as much in the deliberations on the bill. In addition, should the Assembly find itself in pro-labor hands in the future, they could overturn the open shop with a simple majority vote. Never mind that the extreme amounts of gerrymandering in the Assembly (particularly in the House of Delegates) makes a unified Democratic state government unlikely for decades to come.
The vote this November will be the first popular referendum on the open shop since 54 percent of Oklahoma voters approved State Question 695 on September 25, 2001. In this, an opportunity presents itself to the labor movement in this country, and it is one that labor unions must take.
In the fifteen years since the Oklahoma referendum, every open-shop law has been passed through state legislatures. This, of course, advantages corporations and anti-worker conservatives as they can flood state capitols with their donations and their lobbyists at a relative distance from public scrutiny. Combined with the gerrymandering described above which ensures that an anti-worker vote will not result in the loss of an election, the deck is often stacked far too high for labor advocates to overcome. The only hope for those who live in the thirty states with a Republican legislature is the presence of a pro-labor governor and legislative procedures that require a higher threshold than a simple majority to override a veto.
West Virginia workers just found out what happens when you have the former, but not the latter.
There are demographic reasons to feel good about this campaign: 18-34-year olds are the generation most supportive of labor unions, and Black workers have both been more supportive and more eager joiners of labor unions than their white counterparts. Virginia has been a prime destination for young people over the last couple of decades due to the economic boom occurring in Northern Virginia, and the state has always had a large number of Black residents.
But the campaign against the open shop this fall cannot rely on demographics to save it. Given the opportunity that labor unions have with this referendum, the goal should not simply be to win: it should be a realignment of the conversation surrounding the role in labor unions in Virginia's — and America's — political economy.
There have been many issues stemming from the precipitous decline in union density in this country. The stagnation of working people's wages, widening inequality, and a sense of alienation and disillusionment amongst the working class can all be tied back to the decline of organized labor in the United States.
But there's another thing that declining union membership has produced, and it is, perhaps, the greatest victory of all for capitalism: the sense that, rather than being a representative of America's working class, unions are no different from any other interest group. Former Vermont Gov. Howard Dean sought to mobilize this sentiment recently in support of Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign when he stated that "[Democrats] don't go after" political donations from labor unions because "labor unions are Super-PACs that Democrats like".
(It should be noted, of course, that the only union that has spent any significant money on Bernie Sanders's behalf is National Nurses United. It appears that only Hillary Clinton will protect us from Big Nursing and the Caregiver-Industrial Complex.)
Part of this has been on the labor movement: too much money, time, and energy has been devoted to electing Democrats at all costs to federal office, even when they are absolutely terrible. But most of it has been a concerted effort by neoliberals in both parties to erode unions' once formidable approval ratings by associating them with the most unsavory parts of the legislative process. How unsavory? In 2013, Gallup polled Americans on the honesty of several professions. Those who engage in lobbying, a key part of the legislative and policymaking work that any interest group engages in, were at the bottom with a six percent approval rating. By comparison, an August 2015 Gallup poll saw 58 percent of Americans approving of labor unions, with 37 percent believing that they should have more influence.
By making labor unions a creature of politics, working-class Americans begin to process the information that they receive about unions the same way that they receive other forms of political information: in a partisan manner. In his 2013 book The Partisan Sort, University of Pennsylvania political science professor Matthew Levendusky states that:
[W]hen a respondent moves from unsorted to sorted, he is much more likely to move his ideological beliefs into alignment with his partisanship than the reverse, strongly suggesting that party is the key causal variable.
Therefore, when working-class Republicans think about labor unions, they are less likely to consider the fact that union members make 21 percent more than non-union members or that 29 percent more civilian workers have access to retirement plans if they are a member of a labor union. No, they are more likely to think about Democrats receiving 89 percent of the donations given out by unions in 2014. The fact that the last two Democratic presidents have supported trade deals that acted as accelerants on the continued deindustrialization of America certainly does not help matters at all.
But the labor movement has been given a golden opportunity in 2016, and it is one that should not be passed up: the opportunity to engage in the largest labor education program that this country has ever seen.
Over the next eight-and-a-half months, unions should be running ads that focus on the specifics that so many American labor ads skirt around.
- We can tell people that it is illegal for union dues to go towards political action at the federal level. While dues money can go towards political spending at the local and state levels, their dues mostly pay for representation, access to the industry-specific research needed to make negotiations more fruitful, and strike funds to support workers when their meeting their demands requires direct action.
- We can tell people about the union difference in wages, benefits, and retirement.
- But even more important than that, we can talk about the ways that labor unions benefit the communities in which they exist. Not just through increased spending in local businesses, but also through programs that benefit a community's most vulnerable.
That last point is important, because it is how we will begin to develop the culture of unionism that we so desperately need in the South. It is important to ensure that the positive feeling that today's youth have towards labor unions does not turn into anti-labor sentiment through a lifetime of one-way conversation dominated by capitalists and their PR lap dogs like Rick Berman.
But for this to be successful, all hands must be on deck. Virginia is one of a couple of states where such a measure could be defeated at the ballot box (the other, for my money anyways, being Kentucky), and it must be. Defeating this referendum must become the labor movement's number one priority in 2016, even more so than the presidential election. In the piece I wrote about labor's engagement in party politics, I stated:
If the labor movement must invest in politics, it would be wisest to do so at the community/local/state level. It is there, our 'laboratories of public policy', where the labor movement can have the most positive impact on the lives of working people.
There is no time like the present for the labor movement to take this advice to heart.
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This wall painting, or fresco, is from a monastery near Athens and shows the creation of the stars and heavenly lights by God on the Fourth Day of Creation. Since no man has ever seen God the Father, it is Christ "by Whom all things were made," Who is blessing and bringing forth this creation. An angel kneels in wonder with upraised hands and the other bodiless powers look on above the vault of the heavens of this creation. The sun and moon are present also, praising the Lord of all.
The idea of a simply material creation without reference to a Creator is a relatively new idea in the world, and has never been supported by any great or historic civilization in all of history. It is the tradition of the Church that the angelic creation, which includes all of the bodiless hosts, is far larger than ours of materiality, and that both parts of creation are held together by the will and love of God, including every atom, light, and molecule. Because God is humble and hidden from proud eyes and minds, does not mean that He is not present. Those who go deep within find the door to know more fully the Mysteries, "That no eye hath seen…."

subset: commoncrawl


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PERFECT SOUND FOREVER presents
by Holger Czukay (May 1997)
ED NOTE: Holger Czukay died in September 2017. Please see this tribute to him in The Wire magazine, which includes some details about wild, prank-filled stories that happened throughout his life.
CAN's first recording ever was made in June 1968 during our first concert for a modern art exhibition at Schloss Nvrvenich near Cologne. It is called PREHISTORIC FUTURE and was released 1984 on the Tago Mago label in Paris as a limited number of mono-cassettes (2000 pressings). For the first time we recorded samples of the students' rebellion of 1968 in Paris and these became an important part of the concert. From there on we were lucky in obtaining the permission for building up our own studio in Schloss Nvrvenich. This studio consisted of 2 stereo tape-deck machines and about 4 microphones. A musician's amplifier was used as our 'recording mixer'. We immediately started recording film music for a young German film director and through this experience we decided to become a rhythmically orientated 'heavy weight' group in combination with ethnological influences- sometimes at least. And as we were trying to imitate 'primitive sounds' CAN ended up with its Ethnological Forgery Serie and did not even stop at imitating a Japanese No spectacle. Of course we regarded these attempts more from the humorous than from a perfect performance side.
The first regular CAN album was MONSTER MOVIE and the first piece we recorded was 'Father Cannot Yell.' We thought more of a collapsing building in slow motion pictures than becoming heroes on our instruments. Everything was spontaneously recorded by 'instant composition'. 'Yoo Doo Right' was an unusual long piece of music at that time with a rhythm which did not belong to the world of Rock 'n Roll. It seemed more to be played by an electric tribe band with adequate instruments of that time.
The album SOUNDTRACKS became more an in-between project,because it took CAN much more time in finishing the double album TAGO MAGO than we thought. Of course we could not live by our income from live gigs or record sales and so CAN was lucky in doing several film musics. The title tracks of the pictures were released as soundtracks on the SOUNDTRACK album. 'Don't Turn the Light on, Leave Me Alone' was Damo's first recording with CAN ever. This piece expresses Damo's mood at that time I think, after I found him singing or 'praying' loud in the streets of Munich. Jaki and me were sitting outside in a cafe when Damo came near. I said to Jaki: 'This will be our new singer.' Jaki: 'how can you say that, you don't even know him.' I got up from my seat, went to Damo and asked him if he is free for the evening. We were an experimental rock group and we were going to play a concert the night- sold out. Damo said he had nothing special to do, so why shouldn't he sing. The venue was packed that evening and Damo started murmuring like a meditating monk. All of a sudden he turned into a fighting samurai, the audience was shocked and almost everybody left the hall. About 30 Americans were left and got totally excited about what they heard. Among them was Hollywood actor David Niven who probably thought he was attending to some sort of nightmare happening.
TAGO MAGO was CAN's official second album and was an attempt in achieving a mystery musical world from light to darkness and return. The album consisted not only out of regularly recorded music, but for the first time we combined 'in-between-recordings', that means the musicians were secretly recorded in the pauses when a new microphone and recording set up was being established. In that time the rest of the group just played in order to make the time pass by instead of waiting till the technical problems were solved. And there was always one microphone and one recorder on standby position for such cases. Altogether certainly a psychedelic experience, and the studio itself even turned into something new e.g. by changing dramatically the whole illumination.
At the end of 1971 CAN moved into another village with their studio equipment where we rented an old cinema which wasn't any longer used as such.The walls were covered by new walls out of 1500 military matresses and the studio looked like an elephant from inside. We could achieve an excellent dry and ambient sound in there and the interior submitted a cozy landscape feeling with all possibilities of spontaneous recordings. EGE BAMYASI was the first album made in this new environment and reflects the group being in a lighter mood than it was in Schloss Nvrvenich. 'Vitamin C' became the title track of the Hollywood movie 'Dead Pigeon' by Samuel Fuller and 'Spoon' was another title track of a TV-gangster series. Everytime about 30 million people switched their TV on, they heard this and so it didn't surprise when 'Spoon' became a top ten hit in Germany. And 'Spoon' was one of the first pieces banded on tape in combination of an electric drum machine and a drummer who was himself an i n h u m a n machine.
As 'Spoon' was so successful CAN could afford having some summer holidays for the first time in its short history. And when everyone returned back to the Inner Space Studio, the music had this summer feeling too. A lot of editings and cuttings were involved during the production and for the first time I could concentrate myself only on bass playing and didn't function as CAN's recording engeneer at the same time. This became the job for our roadies now. Especially 'Bel Air' showed CAN in a state of being an electric symphony group performing a peaceful though sometimes dramatic landscape painting.
And it was the calm weather before the storm too. Damo got married to a German girl from the Jehovas' Witness religion and left CAN. For the rest of the group it was the feeling of a powerful fist strike into one's stomach. We tried out many other singers,but nobody suited to us anymore. So guitarist Michael Karoli and space organist Irmin Schmidt and sometimes me filled the gap. SOON OVER BABALUMA was the last album which was recorded straight onto stereo without a multi-tracking machine. An era came to an end. But it was also the birth of something new. 'Quantum Physics' became one of the first ambient music pieces with a sort of techno character thanks to Jaki's fabulous machine drumming and Irmin's prehistoric synthesizer 'alpha 77'.
In all these years from 1968 to 1974 a lot of unofficial in between recordings came to existence. This was somehow the other face of CAN. These recordings were first released as a LIMITED EDITION album and later got expanded to UNLIMITED EDITION. This double album witnesses the extraordinary mood of the Inner Space Studio and only in such a place these recordings had been possible. We have tested out other professional studios but none could equal our private home studio which put the musicians in such a special state of creativity.
In 1975, CAN obtained their first 16 track recorder and that gave a lot of change to the groups musical output. LANDED became the first CAN album which got a real mix- a professional mix so to speak. The ambient aspect had its successor in 'Unfinished' and for the first time a guest musician appeared on an CAN album: Olaf Kubler from Amon Duul played saxophone on 'Red Hot Indians'.
FLOW MOTION showed how CAN got influenced by reggae music, though no song of this album is actually reggae music. But I remember attending for the first time Bob Marley in concert and I was really impressed by the drums and bass and the reggae-designed guitar work. The very sinister 'Smoke' reminded me of CAN getting back into the sixties again and 'I Want More' took CAN into the U.K. charts, giving an impression of CAN's danceable power. One of my favourite pieces became 'Flow Motion' itself and this time it didn't matter that nobody was singing. It was the nucleus of the group performing this music as it had been from the very beginning since its existence.
The times were changing. During a TV-recording in England we met the musicians of TRAFFIC and two of them soon visited us at Inner Space. Rebop and Rosko Gee liked the way we were approaching music and so they got involved as the new temporary CAN members leading especially the rhythms into a fluent bombardment. It was the time when I invented a new instrumental scenario for myself which switched CAN to different medias like radio tuning, prepared samples of other ethno worlds, electronic treatments and a different instrumental line up as such. 'Animal Waves' of SAW DELIGHT became a journey into other countries and their musical cultures. All of this was synchronized by an activated morse key. Without our new members from TRAFFIC, this intensive musical flow would have never been established.
And as everything comes once to an end, the CAN album showed a last time the glance of a vanishing star. 'All Gates Open' is synonymous for it. And we could take that title straight. All gates really came open for each member of the band going their own musical way which everyone had dreamed of - until 1987, when our first singer Malcolm Mooney wrote us a letter from the United States asking if we couldn't come together again. Since his departure from the group he got named as an artist without having made an attempt as a singer again. He wanted to know how it feels again standing with the band behind a microphone, which had made him so sick when he had left. We all came together in the beautiful landscape of South France and a new spirit came up with the first recordings. In the meantime the group became slowly matured still remaining the original CAN of the old days with an uptodate musical output. RITE TIME was born and especially 'In the Distance lies the Future' became one of my favourite CAN pieces of all time.
With such an amount of musical material recorded in around 10 years it became obvious that new combinations and shorted versions were finding its way into CANIBALISM I to III. The listener who gets in contact with CAN's music for the first time will get a concentrated impression on certain essential aspects. 'Animal Waves' on CANIBALISM II was never cutted so effectively to the point as it is on this album. And this is only one example.
One thing shouldn't been forgotten: when our first album entitled PREPARED TO MEET THY PNOOM was finished no record company wanted to get hold of that kind of music. So we decided to go on recording and try it again. This was leading to MONSTER MOVIE and we made a private pressing out of it, before a record company wanted to sign us. These very first recordings were later released as DELAY 1968. When I did the mastering in the beginning of the eighties the enigmatic German producer Conny Planck listened to it and got excited saying: 'As long as CAN playes 'Soul' they are unbeatable.' 'Little Star of Bethlehem' is one of the first recordings with inserted overdub parts of the whole group.
1997 becomes the year where other musicians show the timeless aspect of CAN's music in the new remix album SACRILEGE. And this is the Sound of CAN in the nineties.
Go the Holger interview
and this Can tribute and look at Can's Tago Mago
Check out the rest of PERFECT SOUND FOREVER


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text:
Wednesday, February 29, 2012
The Bots are Back in Town
Gem prices are going down, but the price of inferno rubies ensures that I will make a profit off of inferno rubies alone even if I did not receive any other gems.
I am hoping that once I am very well stocked, they catch another bad wave and I can reset the markets to higher prices.
I have about two guild banks full of gems at this point. I need to start making more jewelry to disenchant. It is becoming ridiculous.
That is all.
6 comments:
- SirFWALGMan said...
my server had a 1-2 day drastic lowering of ore prices.. so I bought a ton.. and crafted up everything.. but inferno's are running at least 50-60g lower than normal.. so I guess I profit on that, but now ore is back to 120/stack and the infernos have not gone higher again.. ug..
- February 29, 2012 at 11:18 AM
- Darraxus said...
I have around 300 inferno rubies at the moment without even prospecting the last 700 stacks or trasmuting from the previous 800 stacks. Sitting pretty me thinks.
- February 29, 2012 at 11:28 AM
Make sure you aren't buying ore directly from someone who post in chat for low prices, I hear that Blizzard can ban you just from buying stuff from a bot/hacker.
- February 29, 2012 at 1:10 PM
- Darraxus said...
I always buy from the AH. I dont have time to trade for all of that ore.
- February 29, 2012 at 2:15 PM
- Grimmtooth said...
Man, I wish those bots would gather herbs. Herb prices are just silly on Alleria.
- February 29, 2012 at 2:17 PM
- Darraxus said...
I have been thinking about grabbing some herbs for Glyphs recently. A made a small batch and they sold well. The prices on glyphs are now at a decent price on my server. Unfortunately, I dont really have time with all of the other stuff lol/
- February 29, 2012 at 3:12 PM


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Novell Inc. recently announced an upgrade to its Mono software that should make it easier for developers to port .Net desktop applications to Linux. Mono is an open-source implementation of Microsoft Corp.'s .Net development soft-ware. It aims to let developers take advantage of Microsoft's .Net programming tools to create applications that will run on Linux and other non-Microsoft OSes.
The software was conceived as a way to bring .Net applications to the Linux desktop, but initial versions supported primarily server applications because that side of the development work turned out to be faster and simpler, said Miguel de Icaza, leader of the Mono project and a vice-president at Novell, which acquired Mono in 2003 through its purchase of Ximian Inc.
The new version of Mono released late last year, version 1.2, adds support for Windows Forms, the graphical user interface APIs (application programming interfaces) in .Net. That will make it easier for developers to port client applications written in .Net to Linux and other OSes, de Icaza said. Version 1.2 also adds support for applications written in C# 2.0, the current version of the .Net programming language. Other enhancements include significant improvements in Mono's performance and memory management, de Icaza said.
The update is available now and is compatible with prior versions. "Any program that worked in Mono 1.1 will work in Mono 1.2," de Icaza said. Like the prior version, it will also allow .Net applications to run on Mac OS X, Solaris and other flavours of Unix.
Its release comes after Microsoft and Novell announced a broad agreement intended to make life easier for customers running Windows and Novell's SuSE Linux operating system. There's nothing in that agreement about Mono — de Icaza said he learned of the deal only a week before the release of Mono 1.2 — but he hopes it will produce some positive knock-on effects for Mono.
Mono is a tricky proposition for Microsoft. It can benefit its customers by making it easier for developers familiar with Microsoft's tools to create applications for Linux. But Microsoft would also be reluctant to wholeheartedly support a technology that makes it easier for customers to switch to Linux. Novell made its announcement at Microsoft's Tech Ed Developers' Conference & Expo in Barcelona, where it had a booth on the show floor. But de Icaza said he gave his presentations to developers in hotels away from the event. "I don't think Microsoft would really want me to be a speaker at their show," he said.
Still, the Mono team has a good relationship with Microsoft developers and plans further products based around the company's software. De Icaza has contacted Microsoft about doing an implementation of its WPF/E (Windows Presentation Foundation Everywhere) technology, which allows graphics created for Windows Vista applications to run on other OSes and on the Web. He also wants to do a version of CardSpace (formerly InfoCard), a new authentication technology planned for Vista.
Mono's development lags behind that of .Net. While it has yet to fully support .Net 2.0, Microsoft has already released .Net 3.0 to developers. And the version of Windows Forms supported today is version 1.1, which is already about a year old. De Icaza expects to release a technical preview of Mono 2.0, which should offer full compatibility with .Net 2.0, in March, with the final software likely to ship before the end of 2007. That would put Mono about 15 months behind Microsoft's development of .Net, de Icaza said. "I'd like to narrow [the gap], but it's not too bad because it still takes a long time before people actually adopt new technologies after they are released," he said.
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Network Location Awareness
Updated: December 7, 2009
Applies To: Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista
Windows Vista® and later versions of Windows support network location awareness, which enables network-interacting programs to change their behavior based on how the computer is connected to the network. In the case of Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, you can create rules that apply only when the profile associated with a specific network location type is active on your computer.
How Network Location Awareness works
The following diagram shows the network location types that can be detected by Windows.
Computers that are running Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7, and Windows Server 2008 R2 detect the following network location types:
Public. By default, the public network location type is assigned to any new networks when they are first connected. A public network is considered to be shared with the world, with no protection between the local computer and any other computer. Therefore, the firewall rules associated with the public profile are the most restrictive.
Private. The private network location type can be manually selected by a local administrator for a connection to a network that is not directly accessible by the public. This connection can be to a home or office network that is isolated from publicly accessible networks by using a firewall device or a device that performs network address translation (NAT). Wireless networks assigned the private network location type should be protected by using an encryption protocol such as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) or WPAv2. A network is never automatically assigned the private network location type; it must be assigned by the administrator. Windows remembers the network, and the next time that you connect to it, Windows automatically assigns the network the private network location type again. Because of the higher level of protection and isolation from the Internet, private profile firewall rules typically allow more network activity than the public profile rule set.
Domain. The domain network location type is detected when the local computer is a member of an Active Directory domain, and the local computer can authenticate to a domain controller for that domain through one of its network connections. An administrator cannot manually assign this network location type. Because of the higher level of security and isolation from the Internet, domain profile firewall rules typically permit more network activity than either the private or public profile rule sets. On a computer that is running Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2, if a domain controller is detected on any network adapter, then the Domain network location type is assigned to that network adapter. On computers that are running Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008, then the Domain network location type is applied only when a domain controller can be detected on the networks attached to every network adapter.
Windows Firewall with Advanced Security stores its setting and rules in profiles, and supports one profile for each network location type. The profiles associated with the currently detected network location types are the ones that are applied to the computer. If the network location type assigned to a network changes then the rules in the profile associated with the new network location type automatically apply.
When you have multiple network adapters attached to your computer, you can be attached to networks of different types. Computers that are running Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 support different network location types, and therefore profiles, for each network adapter at the same time. Each network adapter is assigned the network location appropriate for the network to which it is connected. Windows Firewall then enforces only those rules that apply to that network type's profile. So certain types of traffic are blocked when coming from a network adapter connected to a public network, but those same types might be permitted when coming from a private or domain network.
Computers that are running Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 support only one active network location type at a time. Windows automatically selects the network location type for the least secure network so that it can apply the profile that provides the maximum amount of protection. For example, if a computer has two active connections, one to a public network and one to a private network, Windows selects the public network type and applies it to all network adapters on the computer to enable the more rigorous security rules in its profile to protect the computer.
If the computer is also a DirectAccess client, then the computer also verifies whether it can connect to a DirectAccess network location server as part of the detection process for the domain profile. DirectAccess provides transparent access to an organization intranet from the Internet. A network location server is a Web server that is only available to DirectAccess clients that are directly attached to the organization's internal network. Because internal domain controllers are always available to Internet-connected DirectAccess clients over the DirectAccess connection, an additional check for the network location server is needed to distinguish external Internet-connected DirectAccess clients from internally-connected DirectAccess clients. This means that for a DirectAccess client, the domain profile is assigned only when a domain controller is reachable and the network location server URL is also reachable. Both conditions are true only when the client is connected to the internal network. DirectAccess runs on computers that are running Windows 7 Enterprise Edition or Ultimate Edition, or Windows Server 2008 R2 only.
The Windows Firewall that is available in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 support a domain profile that is identical in concept to the one described previously. However, instead of supporting both a private and public profile, these earlier versions of Windows support only a 'standard' profile. So if you create rules by using the Windows Firewall node in the Administrative Templates section of the Group Policy editor then you can only specify that they apply to the domain and standard profiles. If you specify the standard profile and then apply these rules to a computer that is running Windows Vista or later version of Windows, then the rules apply when the computer's network location profile is set to either private or public. The rules in the domain profile still apply only when the computer's network location profile is set to domain.
For more information about network location awareness and its use in Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, see the section "Network location-aware host firewall" in Getting Started with Windows Firewall with Advanced Security at https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=64343.
Next topic: Host Firewall


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- The Republic of Panama
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Panama has a popularly elected, representative system of government with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Universal suffrage was instituted in 1907, and Panamanians 18 years of age and older are eligible to vote.
After a coup by the National Guard in 1968, the national legislature was suspended, and Panama was administered by a provisional government led by Gen. Omar Torrijos. A new constitution in 1972, the fourth in Panama's history, gave Torrijos virtually complete control over the government but also established an elected body, the National Assembly of Municipal Representatives. The constitution was amended in 1978 to provide for a gradual return to democratic government within six years. Further constitutional amendments were approved in 1983, but democracy did not return to Panama until 1990, following the removal of Torrijos's successor, Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega Morena.
Under the constitutional revision of 1983, executive power is exercised by the president, who is popularly elected for a nonrenewable five-year term. The president was assisted by two vice presidents—also popularly elected for nonrenewable five-year terms—until 2009, when the second vice presidential position was eliminated. The president appoints a cabinet. A unicameral National Assembly consists of 71 members, who are elected for five-year terms and are eligible for reelection. The assembly initiates legislation, rules on international treaties, approves the budget, and establishes political divisions. After the 2014 election nearly one-fifth of the seats were held by women.
Local government
The country is divided into 10 provincias and three comarcas (indigenous sectors)—Kuna Yala (San Blas), Emberá (Emberá-Wounaan), and Ngöbe Buglé (Guaymí). The provincias are divided into distritos municipales (municipal districts), which are subdivided into corregimientos (magistracies). The head of each provincia is the governor, appointed by the president. The comarcas are semiautonomous reserves governed by tribal leaders (caciques), but their status under the law has been disputed. In the late 1990s indigenous protestors in some comarcas clashed with the national police while opposing the expansion of industrial sites and roads on the reserves. In addition, some Kuna have attempted to control tourism in the San Blas islands.
Judicial power rests with a Supreme Court, the nine members of which are appointed for 10-year terms by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. The Supreme Court is composed of separate divisions for civil, penal, and administrative cases. The justice system also includes several types of lower courts.
Political process
Politics in Panama has tended to follow a practice called personalismo, where the primary loyalty is to a strong leader, in some cases extended through allegiance to a spouse or second generation. When elections were resumed in Panama in the 1990s, the traditional liberal and conservative parties gave way to a more varied group, frequently requiring the formation of coalition governments. As the 21st century unfolded, the dominant parties were the Democratic Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Democrático), Democratic Change (Cambio Democrático), and the Panameñista Party.
Military and police forces in Panama have often been synonymous. For several periods during the 20th century, the Panamanian police (or military) took control of the government and oversaw internal security. In addition, prior to 1999 U.S. soldiers intervened occasionally to quell Panamanian civil disturbances. Panama in the 1950s created a paramilitary organization (the National Guard) as the de facto police force, but the guard gradually took on more military roles, and in 1983 it was renamed the Panama Defense Force (PDF). Under the rule of Noriega in the 1980s, various subordinate police agencies and paramilitary organizations operated. The government first created a secret (undercover) police force in 1909, expanded its responsibilities in 1941, and reorganized it in 1960 as the National Department of Investigations (Departamento Nacional de Investigaciones; DENI). In 1989 U.S. troops defeated the PDF (see Invasion of Panama), and afterward both the PDF and DENI were disbanded.
The national police organizations are now under civilian control and include the Public Force (PF) and the Technical Judicial Police, a special investigative unit. National defense is also entrusted to the PF, which has limited combat capabilities but some military components, including air and naval units. In the late 1990s concern was raised that Panama needed greater resources to secure its border with Colombia (the Darién region), which had become notorious for incursions by Colombian rebels, paramilitary groups, and narcotics smugglers. Panama also lacks resources to control other land, air, and sea frontiers. These issues remain unresolved.
Health and welfare
State-funded hospitals and hospital clinics are supplemented by regional health centres and by mobile medical units. Most permanent employees are eligible for benefits from the social security administration, which maintains hospitals and clinics in Panama City, Colón, and elsewhere. There are some private hospitals.
A social security system, financed by employers' and workers' contributions, was established in 1941. It provides old-age, disability, and survivors' pensions and maternity and medical benefits for workers and their dependents. Its funding is a growing source of political debate.
The vast majority of the working population is protected by a minimum wage law, but salaries and wages may fluctuate widely. By law all workers receive an annual bonus in the form of an extra month's salary called the décimo tercer mes ("13th month").
Panamanians live in housing types that vary greatly according to socioeconomic status. Housing in Panama City ranges from fashionable high-rise condominiums to slum and squatter settlements ringing the city and filling in some of the central districts, where two-story frame houses and low-rise apartment buildings have become tenements. However, conditions in many squatter settlements have gradually improved, as public utilities have been provided and higher-quality building materials employed in individual homes. Wood is increasingly being replaced by concrete in construction in urban areas.
Panama's Ministry of Housing provides grants and building materials to low-income families, including indigenous groups. The ministry also works with commercial banks to encourage the use of mortgages among middle-class families. In the early 21st century the government promoted residential developments in some of the formerly U.S.-controlled areas near the Panama Canal.
Elementary education is compulsory and free for children between ages 6 and 15. One-third of Panamanians age 25 and older have not completed primary school, yet it is estimated that more than nine-tenths of the adult population (age 15 and older) is literate. The institutions of higher education include the state-run University of Panamá (founded 1935), the privately operated Santa María la Antigua Catholic University (1965), the Technological University of Panamá (1981), and the Latina University of Panamá (1989), all in Panama City. The University of Panamá also has branches in several provinces. In addition, some U.S. and other foreign universities offer branch programs in Panama.


text:
Services on Demand
Related links
- Cited by Google
- Similars in Google
South African Journal of Chemistry
On-line version ISSN 1996-840X
Print version ISSN 0379-4350
GEORGE, Mosotho J.. Monitoring of Herbicides in Aquatic Environments using the Bubble-in-Drop Single Drop Micro-Extraction (BID-SDME) Method. S.Afr.j.chem. (Online) [online]. 2014, vol.67. ISSN 1996-840X.
Environmental monitoring can be a costly exercise for the legislative bodies to enforce regulatory mechanisms since most herbicides are hazardous in the environment. This study reports on the potential application of a cheaper sample preparation method termed 'bubble-in-drop' single drop micro-extraction (BID-SDME) method for monitoring metolachlor and atrazine herbicides used in maize farming in South Africa. The method demonstrated excellent applicability for aqueous samples obtained from streams impacted by farming activities where concentrations ranging from 25 to 50 ng mL-1 were determined. The detection limits of the method were in the range of 0.047 to 0.061 ng mL-1, which are considerably lower than those prescribed by the EPA Method 507. Recovery studies using 10 ng mL-1 solutions demonstrate excellent recoveries ranging from 94 to 108 % for respective herbicides. However, the challenge remains the detection of the breakdown products since only the parent herbicides were detected in this study.
Keywords : Bubble-in-drop micro-extraction; herbicides monitoring; farming areas; water streams.


text:
Street Safety
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It's bad out there. How bad? Here is a citywide roundup from our staff ... and our friends on social media.


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Madrid Must-Dos
Our experts recommend the top attractions in and around Madrid—with advice on how to get the most out of your visit.
La Latina
Also called Los Austrias for the 16th- and 17th-century Hapsburg nobility who lived here; medieval streets jammed with upscale tapas and wine bars, especially along Calle Cava Baja; in warmer weather, the party spills into the plazas with impromptu picnics, drumming circles, and the occasional goat dancing to a gypsy accordionist.
Medina Mayrit Arabic Baths
"Utterly romantic and relaxing!"—Genevieve McCarthy, director, Cellar Tours, Madrid-based luxury wine tour company. Underground warren of luxury: flickering candles, a gentle rush of waterfalls, and three pools for soaking; massages optional. Calle Atocha, 14; tel. 34 902 333 334; fee. www.medinamayrit.com/en/
Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales
Built in the 16th century as a home for King Charles I, this lavish home of the "barefoot nuns" houses an extraordinary collection of art by European masters. Tip: Don't miss the tapestries by Rubens. Plaza Descalzas; tel. 34 914 548 800; fee. www.patrimonionacional.es
Museo del Prado
"Finest collection of Spanish art in the world in one of the finest museums in the world."—Alun John, www.MadAboutMadrid.com. Don't miss Velázquez's "Las Meninas," Bosch's "The Garden of Earthly Delights," and Goya's disturbing "dark paintings." Closed Mondays. Paseo del Prado, s/n; tel. 34 913 302 800; fee. www.museodelprado.es/en/
Palacio Real
"Worth the visit if only for the sheer ostentatiousness of the wealth on display—tons of gold, acres of priceless paintings, hundreds of crystal chandeliers, gilded thrones, porcelain walls, Flemish tapestries."—Stephen Drake-Jones, Madrid-based historian. Imposing armory features armaments dating back to the 13th century. Calle Bailén; tel. 34 914 548 800; fee. www.patrimonionacional.es
Plaza Mayor
Madrid's main square since the 16th century; red arcade facades and worn cobblestones witnessed autos-da-fé under the Inquisition, bullfights, and royal events; draws thousands of tourists, buskers, and street vendors daily.
- Nat Geo Expeditions
Reina Sofía
"A wildly diverse selection of shows with immense space given to contemporary artists from the insanely conceptual to the shockingly upfront."— Andy Johnson, assistant editor, TBS: The Broadsheet. Reformed 18th-century hospital; home to Picasso's "Guernica". Closed Tuesdays. Calle Santa Isabel, 52; tel. 34 917 741 000; fee. www.museoreinasofia.es/index_en.html
La Rotonda at the Palace Hotel
"You absolutely must have a cocktail or, better, a glass of cava under the gorgeous stained glass Rotunda."—Genevieve McCarthy. Built in 1912 for King Alfonso XIII's wedding; testament to Madrid's glorious belle epoque; Hemingway used to drink here. Plaza Cortes, 7; tel. 34 913 608 000. www.westinpalacemadrid.com/en/
Sunset at Las Vistillas
"After the sun sets, the Almudena cathedral is floodlit, providing a spectacular backdrop to a night of tapas at El Ventorrillo"—Kirsty Tuxford. Great views down to the sprawling Casa de Campo park and out to the Sierra Guadarrama mountains. Calle Bailén at Calle Morería. El Ventorrillo Calle Bailén, 14; tel. 34 913 663 578.


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Hello everyone!! This week we have another fabulous challenge at Simon Says Stamp Monday Challenge Blog, Paste Mediums (embossing paste, gel medium, gesso and more). I am very fond of adding texture to my pages and different kinds of paste is one of my favourite supplies.
I wanted a terracotta window and painted the bricks with Rusty Hinge, leaving the area in between them, the grout, Pumice Stone. Leave to dry.
Dry-brush Walnut Stain on the window to distress it and to add more texture and character.
I wanted to add a sentiment too and love this stamp by Wendy Vecchi, but it was too large to fit a single window pane. Instead, I stamped it on tissue paper and tore into strips. I glued the strips down with gel medium, which makes the tissue paper disappear. Check out this tutorial of mine for more inspiration on tissue paper stamping.
I wanted a branch in front of the window and reached for my trusted Branch Tree die. It was die cut from grungeboard and coated with Embossing Paste. I love using paste to add textures to die cut embellishments. Leave to dry.
When the paste is dry, paint the branch with Walnut Stain and Forest Moss Distress Paint, using a paint brush.
Bazzill Antique papers with the Tattered Flower Garland die, inked and layered.
I used a resin embellishment to add a bit of life to my scene. (Sorry, I just saw that it got out of stock right after I got it). You could also make a clay bird using a Martha Stewart mold.
Simon Says Stamp.
Thank you for looking!!
Happy Crafting!!
Surfaces: Tim Holtz Idea-ology Grungeboard; Bazzill Antique 6 x 6 pad; 4 x 4 deep edged canvas
Dies: Sizzix: Branch Tree, Tattered Flower Garland
Stamps: Stampers Anonymous Wendy Vecchi: Art Comforts
Ink: Archival Ink: Jet Black; Distress Ink: Gathered Twigs
Paint: Distress Paint: Antique Linen, Pumice Stone, Frayed Burlap, Gathered Twigs, Rusty Hinge, Walnut Stain, Forest Moss
Medium: Wendy Vecchi Stampers Anonymous: White Embossing Paste
Embellishments: Webster's Pages: Resin Nesting Birds; Kaisercraft Pearls


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Apr 12
Tips on Coding an HTML5 Template
Markup is a beautiful thing, and it certainly has changed over the years. What was effectively HTML1, has certainly progressed to an amazing semantic markup language, to which we can largely thank the W3C. And, what do ya know, the next thing to thank them for has come about – HTML5.
Unlike previous version of HTML, where the code was mostly a limited structure that was determined by how you made use of the class and ID elements, html5 really attempts to provide much more structure.
All of the layout can be created with semantic tags and elements that determine how you should structure, and, arguably more important, that help you structure each page. This produces code that is much more clean and readable than in previous versions of HTML, and really is something quite amazing. The new tags really require that you think about how you are structuring your page, which let's be honest – in the end that is a great thing for us web designers and developers alike.
Before understanding the structure of HTML5, and how to create and code an example template to use for your projects you should be aware of how it came about. Be aware though that the current version of HTML5 has not reached a version that the W3C could call final as of yet, but their is quite a lot to learn about and start using in your code right now. Here is what the W3C has to say on this issue:
"Implementors should be aware that this specification is not stable. Implementors who are not taking part in the discussions are likely to find the specification changing out from under them in incompatible ways. Vendors interested in implementing this specification before it eventually reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage should join the aforementioned mailing lists and take part in the discussions."
But, don't let that scare you. There are always people out there constantly making sure that it doesn't get changed out from underneath of all of us. So you will certainly be aware if such a drastic change does indeed happen. Back on topic, one of the main questions people have about HTML5 is ", , , these tags seem understandable enough but where in the world did the W3C come up with these?" Well, that question is easy enough to answer. It came from you!
It actually came from all of us. In 2005 Google conducted a study of over 3 billion websites and found that the most common classes used in common markup were actually what you see there on that page. Footer, menu, title, small, text, content, header, and nav are all among the top of the popularity chart. And essentially that is how the W3C decided on what to use for the new semantic tags for HTML5. Now that we know about that, let's dive right into what those tags are and the basic fundamental changes in HTML5.
The doctype
A doctype isn't particularly an element of the HTML, but it is a deceleration, and one that has become more and more important as time goes on. Using one appropriately can help your browser understand what sort of HTML it is trying to parse so we always want to use the appropriate doctypes. In all honesty, at this current time, you can pretty much just use the HTML5 doctype for everything though – but let's cover some past ones as well. Here is where we have come as far as simplicity:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 2//EN">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html>
Pretty great right? You don't need to keep a document for copying and pasting in some ridiculously long doctype, or even worse yet, try to remember the ridiculously long doctypes of versions past. For HTML5 you simply have to type <!DOCTYPE html>. Ah, what a relief.
Other simplifications in HTML5
Before leaving this section, let's go through some of the other elements that have gotten simpler. The root element has been simplified, to which instead of having to write something like:

We can just write:

The things we need to copy and paste getting smaller and smaller by the minute. For instance, also, In the head element, our character encoding went from things like:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;>
to the newer version in HTML5:
<meta charset="UTF-8">
And lastly, our links have dropped their type attribute. So for instance, this:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" type="text/css">
Becomes this:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
So what's with these new tags?
The "section" tag
The section element is basically any generic section of an HTML document. Most typically though, it is a thematic grouping of content – which can have a heading but doesn't require one.
A general rule of thumb for using the section heading is only use it if it would be explicitly referenced in the document's outline. If, in the outline, there was a 'section' that you referenced or feel that all the content in one area is a 'section' of sorts – then do indeed include the section tag. If you want to use it mainly for styling purposes though, just don't. Instead, use a
 tag as you normally would.
The "nav" tag
The "nav" element represents any section of a page that links to other parts of that page or other pages within the sitemap. Anytime you think of navigation links, you should think "nav tag".
The nav element is particularly intended for larger navigation blocks. Any large element that links to other sections of the site's page or other pages of the site. Keep in mind though, a navigation section doesn't have to be in the form of a list, albeit that is pretty standard. It can be in prose, paragraph tags, or pretty much anything – as long as it was originally suited to be in such tags in the first place.
The article tag
The article element represents a self-contained composition in a document, page, or any site. The really important thing to keep in mind with article tags is that it is, typically, independently distributable or reusable content is what is usually placed within the tags. It could be a forum post, a magazine or newspaper article, or a blog entry, even comments – as long as it is any independent item of content.
Articles can hold "section"s inside them, "header"s inside them, even "hgroup"s inside them. But do keep in mind when and how you are using this element, as it isn't quite as commonly used as a
 tag. So in summation, it isn't a one-in-all answer for everything, but it does indeed have a lot of uses.
Let's hop into an example. For instance, let's say you have a blog post with some comments. You can do that like this in HTML5:

The Blog Entry Title

12/25/2045

Blog entry

...

Comments

Posted by: Name of person

Time: 15 minutes ago

Comment text here /p>

Posted by: Name of person

Time: 25 minutes ago

Another comment here

The "aside" tag
The aside element represents any section of a page that consists of content that is tangentially related to the content around the aside element. The most important thing to remember with this tag is that although it is content tangentially related to the content around the aside tag, it is typically information or content that is separated in characteristic. You will most often use it in sidebars, as most sidebars are perfect to be entirely wrapped in aside tags. Other uses can include pull quotes, bits of advertising, groups of nav links, or even addresses near the address of a location in question.
To get into more detail though, it is for anytime you feel the need to quite literally take an aside and explain, reference, mention, state, or question something. You can even use an aside element for a larger section of a site, such as a side-bar for Twitter, or Facebook, or random links. You could have it be an aside, then use a header and nav section within it even to help understand what is going on there. You can use it in the footer section of blog posts to reference things about them, or pretty much anywhere it can be perfectly implemented.
The "hgroup" tag
The hgroup element represents the heading of a section. This element is best used to group a set of h1-h6 elements when the heading has multiple levels, or subheadings – such as exactly the article you are reading. This would be perfect for an hgroup. You can also use it for alternative titles, or tag-lines.
The W3C reminds us:
"For the purposes of document summaries, outlines, and the like, the text of hgroup elements is defined to be the text of the highest ranked h1–h6 element descendant of the hgroup element, if there are any such elements, and the first such element if there are multiple elements with that rank. If there are no such elements, then the text of the hgroup element is the empty string.
Other uses, for instance, include areas of a blog where you are listing the header and subtitle for your blog post. You can also use it for book titles and descriptions, for listing doctors in your area and their areas of expertise, or even use it to help replicate the functionality of a table. Let's take a look at such an example now. On a table we'd have:
<hgroup>
Doctor Name:

Randy McDocterson

Doctor Specialty

Slapping People
 </hgroup>
So there you can clearly see, in the markup, that we have a doctor named Randy McDoctoerson who's specialty is slapping people. Now, that is a little odd, but hey – it gets the point across.
The "header" tag
The header tag represents any group of introductory or navigational aids within a site, or sections of a site. So now that the formal definition has been stated, let's break it down a bit. We all know what a header is, but to be specific it includes various things on the top of most site. These header areas usually include branding sections, call to action items, and perhaps some navigation. Really it can be used any place that you used to write:
 you can now write , and get the same semantic markup structure. It is important to note, that the W3C especially remarks that a header element should contain either a set of H1's, a sections heading individually (h1-h6), or an hgroup element. Header elements can also be used to wrap a section's table of contents, a search form, or any relevant logos – such as what we mentioned above. Keep in mind though that the header is not sectioning, as in it isn't a replacement for an all-in-one div either. Rather, it is just a great semantic element to use for specific situations.
To note: It can be used in any section's beginning area, as it doesn't have to be in the top or beginning of your HTML document. But, that is where it is most typically implemented.
The "footer" tag
The footer element represents a footer for its nearest nested parent section, and typically contains information about its parents section. The footer tag is very similar to the header tag, but for the opposite section of a page. Often times you will see a footer of a page that contains links again that were in the navigation, and perhaps a logo, or other such things – well all of these can now be housed in a  tag. Though a footer is typically used at the end of a website, this tag can represent the end of any section of content (and it doesn't even have to be at the end of said section to represent it). For instance let's take a look at this example:
 Back to index... <hgroup>
Lorem

Ipsum
 </hgroup>
Some text here.
 Back to index...
The "address" tag
The address element represents the contact information for its nearest article or body element. I think the example best describes this tag so let's dive right in.
<address> Dave Raggett, Arnaud Le Hors, contact persons for the W3C HTML Activity </address>
I think that very aptly describes the address tag, but the W3C would also like to note that typically the address element would be included along with other information in a footer element. So, this would work specifically for the email or about.me link at bottoms of websites (near the copyright information particularly). You can house that in an address element like so:
 <address> For more details, contact John Smith. </address>
© copyright 2038 Example Corp.

And that just about wraps up all the important elements and new tags for HTML5. Keep in mind though, that wasn't ALL the tags available, but it was some of the more important ones and particularly the ones we will be working with today.
HTML5 Template
So now that we have learned about HTML5, let's get into coding our own template. Let's start with an average document.
<!doctype html>   <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>HTML5 Template</title>
Now let's add the stylesheet link, just for good practice, even though we may not use it.
<!doctype html>   <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>HTML5 Template</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
Now I think it'd be a good time to start setting up our body element with some structure for us to use on other projects. So with that in mind let's do:
<!doctype html>   <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>HTML5 Template</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
  <hgroup></hgroup>

  <hgroup> </hgroup> <address></address>
Now, as you can see, we have a bit of a place for our content to go. We have a few designated sections. We have a designated header, footer, and section element within the document – but now let's add a navigation element as well.
<!doctype html>   <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>HTML5 Template</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
  <hgroup>
HTML5 Template

Pretty standard template
 </hgroup>

Home

About HTML5

  <hgroup></hgroup> <address></address>
And there we go, we have added some navigation with a nice unordered list there in the header section. But, wait a minute. What if you have a nice big footer and want those same navigator elements in the footer as well. Well, let's add it there also. Except, this time we aren't going to use the  tag and instead are going to use a div with the class "footer_navigation". And while we're at it, let's go ahead and fill out our footer section with some content.
<!doctype html>   <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>HTML5 Template</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
  <hgroup>
HTML5 Template

Pretty standard template
 </hgroup>

Home

About HTML5

Home

About HTML5

 <hgroup>
By Dain Miller

from Madison, WI
 </hgroup> <address> Email Me </address>
Now let's add in some bits for IE, and other such technicalities.
<!doctype html>   <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>HTML5 Template</title> <meta name="description" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css">
  <hgroup>
HTML5 Template

Pretty standard template
 </hgroup>

Home

About HTML5

Home

About HTML5

 <hgroup>
By Dain Miller

from Madison, WI
 </hgroup> <address> Email Me </address>
And there we have it: a basic but complete HTML5 template!
From: http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2012/03/back-to-basics-how-to-code-an-html5-template/


text:
cookbook 'ruby_rbenv', '= 2.3.1'
(48) Versions
Manages rbenv and installs Rbenv based Rubies
cookbook 'ruby_rbenv', '= 2.3.1', :supermarket
knife supermarket install ruby_rbenv
knife supermarket download ruby_rbenv
Chef ruby_rbenv Cookbook
Manages [rbenv][rbenv_site] and its installed Rubies.
This cookbook is maintained by the Sous Chefs. The Sous Chefs are a community of Chef cookbook maintainers working together to maintain important cookbooks. If you'd like to know more please visit sous-chefs.org or come chat with us on the Chef Community Slack in #sous-chefs.
This cookbook requires Chef 13.0+.
- Debian derivatives
- Fedora
- macOS (not currently tested)
- RHEL derivatives (RHEL, CentOS, Amazon Linux, Oracle, Scientific Linux)
- openSUSE and openSUSE leap
Example installations are provided in
rbenv_system_install or
rbenv_user_install is required to be set so that rbenv knows which version you want to use, and is installed on the system.
System wide installations of rbenv are supported by this cookbook, but discouraged by the rbenv maintainer, see [these][rbenv_issue_38] [two][rbenv_issue_306] issues in the rbenv repository.
Used to install a gem into the selected rbenv environment.
rbenv_gem 'gem_name' do options # Optional: Options to pass to the gem command e.g. '--no-rdoc --no-ri' source # Optional: source URL/location for gem. timeout # Optional: Gem install timeout version # Optional: Gem version to install response_file # Optional: response file to reconfigure a gem rbenv_version # Required: Which rbenv version to install the gem to. user # Which user to install gem to. REQUIRED if you're using rbenv_user_install end
Sets the global ruby version. The name of the resource is the version to set.
rbenv_global '2.5.1' do user # Optional: if passed sets the users global version. Leave unset, to set the system global version end
If a user is passed in to this resource it sets the global version for the user, under the users
root_path (usually
~/.rbenv/version), otherwise it sets the system global version.
Installs a rbenv plugin.
rbenv_plugin 'ruby-build' do git_url # Git URL of the plugin git_ref # Git reference of the plugin user # Optional: if passed installs to the users rbenv. Do not set, to set installs to the system rbenv. end
If user is passed in, the plugin is installed to the users install of rbenv.
rbenv_rehash 'rehash' do user 'vagrant' # Optional: if passed rehashes the user Ruby otherwise rehashes the system rbenv end
If user is passed in, the user Ruby is rehashed rather than the system Ruby.
Installs a given Ruby version to the system or user location.
rbenv_ruby '2.5.1' do user # Optional, but recommended: If passed, the user to install rbenv to rbenv_action # Optional: the action to perform, 'install' (default), 'uninstall' etc end
Shorter example
rbenv_ruby '2.5.1'
Runs a rbenv aware script.
rbenv_script 'foo' do rbenv_version #rbenv version to run the script against environment # Optional: A Hash of environment variables in the form of ({"ENV_VARIABLE" => "VALUE"}). user # Optional: User to run as group # Optional: Group to run as returns # Optional: Expected return code code # Script code to run end
Note that environment overwrites the entire variable.
For example. setting the
$PATH variable can be done like this:
rbenv_script 'bundle package' do cwd node["bundle_dir"] environment ({"PATH" => "/usr/local/rbenv/shims:/usr/local/rbenv/bin:#{ENV["PATH"]}"}) code "bundle package --all" end
#{ENV["PATH"]} appends the existing PATH to the end of the newly set PATH.
Installs rbenv to the system location, by default
rbenv_system_install 'foo' do git_url # URL of the plugin repo you want to checkout git_ref # Optional: Git reference to checkout update_rbenv # Optional: Keeps the git repo up to date end
Installs rbenv to the user path, making rbenv available to that user only.
rbenv_user_install 'vagrant' do git_url # Optional: Git URL to checkout rbenv from. git_ref # Optional: Git reference to checkout e.g. 'master' user # Which user to install rbenv to (also specified in the resources name above) end
System-Wide macOS Installation Note
This cookbook takes advantage of managing profile fragments in an
/etc/profile.d directory, common on most Unix-flavored platforms. Unfortunately, macOS does not support this idiom out of the box, so you may need to [modify][mac_profile_d] your user profile.
- Source hosted at [GitHub][repo]
- Report issues/Questions/Feature requests on [GitHub Issues][issues]
Pull requests are very welcome! Make sure your patches are well tested.
This project exists thanks to all the people who contribute.
Thank you to all our backers!
Dependent cookbooks
This cookbook has no specified dependencies.
Contingent cookbooks
All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
The format is based on Keep a Changelog,
and this project adheres to Semantic Versioning.
[2.3.1] - 2019-12-17
- Remove the unnecessary long_metadata value in metadata.rb
- Fix Debian 10 dependency: libgdm6
- Use TrueClass and FalseClass in resources
[2.3.0] - 2019-09-30
- Allow to specify the root_path so global rbenv install can run rbenv_scripts as non root (#247)
[2.2.0] - 2019-08-08
- Use CircleCI 2.0 Orb
[2.1.3] - 2019-07-17
- Update CircleCI testing orb
- Update platforms, remove Debian 8 testing support
[2.1.2] - 2018-11-09
- Fix
TypeError: no implicit conversion of nil into Stringfor
[2.1.1] - 2018-10-08
- Fixed
rbenv_actionto support actions like
[2.1.0] - 2018-08-28
- Drop support for Chef 12
[2.0.9] - 2018-06-12
- Fix verbose option (#220)
[2.0.8] - 2018-06-09
- Install the git package rather than the git-core package (#217)
[2.0.7] - 2018-03-11
- Adding Ubuntu 18.04 support
- Move all helpers into the helper file
- Remove rubinius support, that never worked anyway.
[2.0.6] - 2018-01-08
- Fix rubinius install
- Add tests for rubinius
[2.0.5] - 2017-10-17
- Add missing jruby deps #191
- Update README for general usage
[2.0.4] - 2017-08-17
- Group support on user install #183
[2.0.3] - 2017-08-04
- Fix rehash resource #179
[2.0.2] - 2017-08-02
- Fix gem_install resource so it can install gems to a non-global ruby gem.
[2.0.1] - 2017-08-02
- Fix user_install resource bug where the script wasn't being called with the correct environment. Fixes #175
[2.0.0] - 2017-07-24
- Switch libraries to custom resources
- Use gem install from core Chef
- Add rbenv_system_install resource
- Remove system_install recipe. Please see the system_install test recipe for usage.
- Remove user_install recipe. Please see the user_install test recipe for usage.
- Removed all other recipes for consistent usage.
- Remove FreeBSD "support" (the platform isn't currently tested)
- Remove Arch Linux support in README. We never really supported this, and it isn't tested
- Update required chef-version to the one we test with (Chef 12.19+)
Known Current Bugs
- Installing Ruby 2.3.1 on Fedora requires a patched version of 2.3.1. As patching is currently unavailable please pin to a prior version if you need this installing.
[1.2.1] - 2017-06-23
- Fixed resource failures on Chef 13
- Updated the Apache license string to a SPDX compliant string
- Added Travis testing for Chef 12 and 13
- Switched testing from Rake to local delivery
[1.2.0] - 2017-04-11
- Migrated maintenance of this cookbook to Sous Chefs
- Remove the check to see if the homebrew provider exists since this always exists in Chef 12 and the code failed on Chef 13
- Added checks to user install recipes to avoid breaking if the rbenv_home does not exist
- Removed test deps from the Gemfile as we should be testing with ChefDK
- Removed the "suggests 'java'" metadata as suggests was never implemented in Chef and has been removed from Chef 13
- Bumped the required Chef release from 12.0 to 12.1
[1.1.0] - 2016-06-17
- Restored compatibility for platforms that don't yet support multipackage installs in Chef (BSD and OS X in particular)
- Updated to Grab rbenv from the new repo URL and use https vs. git for compatibility
- Added missing Chefspec matchers
- Enabled use_inline_resources in all providers
- Added chef_version metadata to metadata.rb
- Added source_url and issues_url metadata to metadata.rb
- Added bash a depedency for FreeBSD
- Switched Travis testing to Kitchen Dokken
- Added a chefignore file to limit the files uploaded to the chef server
- Switched linting from Rubocop to Cookstyle (rubocop wrapper by Chef)
[1.0.1] - 2015-10-24
- Fixed failure with rehashing after the cookbook was renamed
[1.0.0] - 2015-10-12
WARNING: Cookbook has been renamed
- Renamed to ruby_rbenv and uploaded to Supermarket (all attributes rename in the rbenv cookbook). If you wrap this cookbook you're going to need to update the recipes you include. All providers have been updated to keep their existing rbenv_xyz names for backwards compatibility and attributes still maintain the rbenv namespace.
- Updated Travis config to run integration tests in Travis using kitchen-docker
[0.9.0] - 2015-10-12
- Fixed base platform case statement in the cookbook that set install_pkgs and user_home_root attributes. This has been converted to a platform_family statement to better support derivitive operating systems and the attributes are set at default levels so they can be overwritten in wrapper cookbooks
- Updated Travis to test using Chef DK vs. Gem installs
- Fixed Chefspecs and Test Kitchen bats tests to all pass
- Added the Apache 2.0 license file
- Updated and added new development dependencies to the Gemfile
- Use Chef 12.1+ multi-package installs for the dependency packages to speed up installs
- Removed the empty Vagrant recipe
- Actually depend on ruby_version vs. suggests since suggests isn't implemented in Chef
[0.8.1] - 2015-08-28
- Add rbenv_action attribute to rbenv_ruby LWRP so to allow using rvm-download rbenv plugin to download ruby vs. installing ruby
- Fix the ability to install gems to a specific version of ruby
- Remove Chef version checks around use_inline_resources since we require Chef 12
- Use default_action method in the LWRPs
- Fix various rubocop warnings
[0.8.0] - 2015-07-27
- Drop support for Chef versions prior to 12
- Add Arch linux support
- Add Linux mint support
[0.7.3] - (2015-07-8)
- Issue #91 #79 #92: Add matchers for rbenv_gem and rbenv_ruby. (@tduffield and many others)
- Issue #107: "Option name must be a kind of String!" when installing gems.
- Issue #101: Use full class name for rbenv_rehash resource
- Fix undefined method `timeout' for LWRP resource rbenv_gem. (@nathantsoi and others)
- Issue #110: Chef 12.3.0 - undefined method `clear_sources' for Chef::Resource::RbenvGem. (@tatat and others)
- Fork from https://github.com/fnichol/chef-rbenv
[0.7.2] - 2012-12-31
- Pull request #26: Don't call libexec commands directly. (@mhoran)
- Add integration tests for a system Ruby version. (@fnichol)
- Pull request #36: Use the ruby name as the definition to install (@gsandie)
- Pull request #55: Fix some CHEF-3694 warnings when using with ruby_build (@trinitronx)
New features
- Pull request #26: Allow setting environment vars per ruby install (@jasherai)
- Pull request #37: Allows use
include_recipe("ruby_build")instead of having to put it in the
- Pull request #42: Load rbenv environment after install (@msaffitz)
- Pull request #62: Add Gentoo as supported platform (@gentooboontoo)
- Pull request #46: Add a
definition_fileattribute to the
rbenv_rubyresource to prevent continually trying to build a custom ruby when passed a build file name instead of a built-in definition (@jf647)
- Pull request #60: Support
definition_filein rubies definition (@cyu)
- Pull request #75: Update testing support and add unit tests for existing resources (@fnichol)
- Pull request #70: Support ruby 2.1.0 (@WhyEee)
[0.7.0] - 2012-11-21
- Issue #14: Create /etc/profile.d on system-wide and add note for Mac. (@fnichol)
- Pull request #20: Set an attribute to create profile.d for user install. (@jtimberman)
- Pull request #12: Add name attribute to metadata. (@jtimberman)
- Update foodcritic configuration and update .travis.yml. (@fnichol)
- Update Installation section of README (welcome Berkshelf). (@fnichol)
[0.6.10] - 2012-05-18
- Pull request #11: Add FreeBSD support. (@jssjr)
- Add other platform supports in metadata.rb and README. (@fnichol)
[0.6.8] - 2012-05-06
- Add official hook resource
log[rbenv-post-init-*]for inter-cookbook integration. (@fnichol)
[0.6.6] - 2012-05-04
- Fix FC022: Resource condition within loop may not behave as expected. (@fnichol)
- Add plaform equivalents in default attrs (FC024). (@fnichol)
- Ensure update-java-alternatives is called before JRuby is built. (@fnichol)
- Pull request #8: Add /etc/profile.d/rbenv.sh support for user installs. (@thoughtless)
- Add TravisCI to run Foodcritic linter. (@fnichol)
- Pull request #10: README proofreading. (@jdsiegel)
- README updates. (@fnichol)
- Confirm debian platform support. (@fnichol)
[0.6.4] - 2012-02-23
- Set
root_pathon rbenv_rehash in rbenv_gem provider. (@fnichol)
- Foodcritic lint-driven code updates. (@fnichol)
- Update Git URL in README. (@hedgehog)
[0.6.2] - 2012-02-22
- Issues #1, #2: Stub mixins in RbenvRubygems to avoid libraries load ordering issues. (@fnichol)
- Pull request #5: Include user setting in rehash calls. (@magnetised)
- Issue #4: Fix rbenv/gems hash parsing. (@fnichol)
- Large formatting updates to README. (@fnichol)
- Add gh-pages branch for sectioned README at https://fnichol.github.com/chef-rbenv
[0.6.0] - 2011-12-21
The initial release.
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text:
These images are copyright protected. I ask that you credit Lindsay Muciy Photography and Videography each time you post images online. I don't watermark images and word of mouth is my primary form of advertisement. General instructions are below:
For Facebook: This works if you have liked my business page :) and are posting from a computer (it doesn't work when posting from a mobile or tablet). When you add a photo or album and start typing in the description box (not as an added comment after you have posted) - you can type: @lindsaymuciyphotography and you will see a drop-down menu appear. Click on lindsaymuciyphotography and it will create a link to my Facebook page. If you could also add a link to my website www.lindsaymuciyphotography.com that would be fantastic.
Other Places on the web: Please credit my business name Lindsay Muciy Photography and Videography and leave a link to my website.
Thanks for your co-operation!!


text:
I recently received an email from a great cheerleader for art: "My four-year-old granddaughter is very proud of her colorful, free-spirited artwork. As a result she was devastated when her five-year-old friend told her that her work is just a bunch of scribbles and brush strokes. I would greatly appreciate your recommendation for two to three specific modern art paintings I can show her that will demonstrate the appeal of modern art. She will be visiting us and I want our visit to the Milwaukee Art Museum to be one she will really enjoy."
My response: "I am so glad you would like to encourage your granddaughter's love of art! I would love to help! We have an artwork in our permanent collection that sounds just right for her. It is East is the Place by Milton Resnick. It truly expresses the joy of colors living together on canvas and resonates with high energy. It is a very large painting, and I think she'll love it.
Also, the Bradley Collection has many examples of abstract expressionist artwork, alive with color. Work by Hans Hofmann, Ernst Wilhelm Nay, and Willi Baumeister are delightful.
I hope that while you are here, you can visit during our Kohl's Art Generation Open Studio hours. Throughout the year we host Open Studio every Sunday from 10am to 4pm. Family members of all ages can come create, and it's free with admission. Also, during the holidays, we often extend open studio hours to weekdays.
A couple of books that you may like to read with her are The Dot and Ish by Peter H. Reynolds. The characters in the books are young artists that find happiness in their love of drawing and painting (despite what anyone else says!) and they're very cute.
I hope she knows that many artists became very famous and historically important for their ability to express themselves as purely and openly as she can with paper and paint. Picasso and Paul Klee (both in our collection) both strove to imitate that skill which children innately possess, and she has!"


text:
Despite it being an amateurish cliché, blaming your mother and all, I have to insist because it's completely her fault that that anything less than Julia Child's coq au vin with brown-braised baby onions and sautéed mushrooms on Tuesday night would be inedible, cruel beyond comparison. You see, she is the one who after reading the post about my unending obsession with Paris and French food, bought me My Life in France, which is akin to putting a loaded, I don't know — egg beater? in my infatuated hands. I am but 75 pages into the book and I'm ready (and not for the first time) to book my one-way ticket. If nothing else, I plan to hold my breath or at least cut off bacon-and-meat kitchen dallies until my husband sends me to the Cordon Bleu.
The book speaks to me, though. Julia, like myself, was newly-married when she went to Paris and not entirely sure what she wanted to do when she grew up. She fell in love with the French approach to food — making chicken taste more "chickeny," I believe she said — and had the time to experiment. In case the volume on this site doesn't clue you in, so do I, and more importantly, I did on Tuesday, bestowed on me by my wonderful corporate overlords in the form of an additional day off.
Of course, being a bit more lazy and recalcitrant that our heroine, I lollygagged in front of the television eating a soggy bowl of Shredded Wheat until nearly 3 p.m. before finally getting up the energy to walk four blocks to the store, thus beginning a dish at nearly 5 p.m. that took many hours to make. But my oh my; it's not that I should be surprised that a dish of chicken cooked in a sauce of bacon, red wine, beef stock and butter would be outstanding, but I didn't think my husband would declare it the best chicken dish he'd ever eaten, because that boy, he eats a lot of chicken. (He later abridged this to say that my chicken marsala is his favorite, but I think he's wrong.)
I liked it even better the second day (last night) when all the flavors had snuggled more cozily into each other, but sadly, we'd greedily picked out all the onions on the first serving. I know that steeping more than a dozen baby onions in boiling then freezing water, peeling them, browning them in butter and then braising them for 40 minutes in beef stock sounds like a miserable process, but I promise you it's worth your time.
All of this is; her recipes are always ridden with steps that make you question her sanity, as well as yours for following them — for example, this one requests that you boil bacon, which some might remember caused Julie/Julia some hilarious righteous indignation:
Julia has suggested boiling the bacon for the quiche for five minutes. This sounds to me suspiciously like an activity that would prevent bacon from tasting like bacon. But who am I to question. I'll boil the frickin bacon.
But myself and millions of others follow them because every single time we do, the end-product blows our tastebuds and beliefs about food — chicken, boring chicken! — out of their repetition-induced comas. If this isn't an honorable exchange of a few more hours of soggy cereal and television bobble-heads, I don't know what is. Oh right: I got to light the dish on fire with a match, my husband standing next to me with his phone on speed-dial to the NYC Fire Department. Now are you convinced?
[Update: Yes, so. There is really no excuse for it taking me one month and two days to finally type up this recipe for you, except that I am hopelessly forgetful and also, it is 850 words. But it's here now and I'll be plenty happy to avoid this procrastination and the ensuing guilt in the future, m'kay?]
Coq Au Vin [Chicken in Red Wine with Onions, Mushrooms and Bacon]
Mastering the Art of French Cooking
Feeds 4 to 6 people
A 3- to 4-ounce chunk of bacon
A heavy, 10-inch, fireproof casserole
2 tablespoons butter
2 1/2 to 3 pounds cut-up frying chicken
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon pepper
1/4 cup cognac
3 cups young, full-bodied red wine such as Burgundy, Beaujolais, Cotes du Rhone or Chianti
1 to 2 cups brown chicken stock, brown stock or canned beef bouillon
1/2 tablespoon tomato paste
2 cloves mashed garlic
1/4 teaspoon thyme
1 bay leaf
12 to 24 brown-braised onions (recipe follows)
1/2 pound sautéed mushrooms (recipe follows)
Salt and pepper
3 tablespoons flour
2 tablespoons softened butter
Sprigs of fresh parsley
1. Remove the rind of and cut the bacon into lardons (rectangles 1/4-inch across and 1 inch long). Simmer for 10 minutes in 2 quarts of water. Rinse in cold water. Dry. [Deb note: As noted, I'd totally skip this step next time.]
2. Sauté the bacon slowly in hot butter until it is very lightly browned. Remove to a side dish.
3. Dry the chicken thoroughly. Brown it in the hot fat in the casserole.
4. Season the chicken. Return the bacon to the casserole with the chicken. Cover and cook slowly for 10 minutes, turning the chicken once.
5. Uncover, and pour in the cognac. Averting your face, ignite the cognac with a lighted match. Shake the casserole back and forth for several seconds until the flames subside.
6. Pour the wine into the casserole. Add just enough stock or bouillon to cover the chicken. Stir in the tomato paste, garlic and herbs. Bring to the simmer. Cover and simmer slowly for 25 to 30 minutes, or until the chicken is tender and its juices run a clear yellow when the meat is pricked with a fork. Remove the chicken to a side dish.
7. While the chicken is cooking, prepare the onions and mushrooms (recipe follows).
8. Simmer the chicken cooking liquid in the casserole for a minute or two, skimming off the fat. Then raise the heat and boil rapidly, reducing the liquid to about 2 1/4 cups. Correct seasoning. Remove from heat and discard bay leaf.
9. Blend the butter and flour together into a smooth paste (buerre manie). Beat the paste into the hot liquid with a wire whip. Bring to the simmer, stirring, and simmer for a minute or two. The sauce should be thick enough to coat a spoon lightly.
10. Arrange the chicken in the casserole, place the mushrooms and onions around it and baste with the sauce. If this dish is not to be served immediately, film the top of the sauce with stock or dot with small pieces of butter. Set aside uncovered. It can now wait indefinitely.
11. Shortly before serving, bring to the simmer, basting the chicken with the sauce. Cover and simmer slowly for 4 to 5 minutes, until the chicken is hot enough.
12. Sever from the casserole, or arrange on a hot platter. Decorate with spring for parsley.
Oignons Glacés a Brun [Brown-braised Onions]
Mastering the Art of French Cooking
For 18 to 24 peeled white onions about 1 inch in diameter:
1 1/2 tablespoons butter
1 1/2 tablespoons oil
A 9- to 10-inch enameled skillet
1/2 cup of brown stock, canned beef bouillon, dry white wine, red wine or water
Salt and pepper to taste
A medium herb bouquet: 3 parsley springs, 1/2 bay leaf, and 1/4 teaspoon thyme tied in cheesecloth
When the butter and oil are bubbling the skillet, add the onions and sauté over moderate heat for about 10 minutes, rolling the onions about so they will brown as evenly as possible. Be careful not to break their skins. You cannot expect to brown them uniformly.
Pour in the liquid, season to taste, and add the herb bouquet. Cover and simmer slowly for 40 to 50 minutes until the onions are perfectly tender but retain their shape, and the liquid has evaporated. Remove the herb bouquet. Serve them as they are.
Champignons Sautés Au Buerre [Sautéed Mushrooms]
Mastering the Art of French Cooking
A 10-inch enameled skillet
2 tablespoons butter
1 tablespoon oil
1/2 pound fresh mushrooms, washed, well dried, left whole if small, sliced or quartered if large
1 to 2 tablespoons minced shallots or green onions (optional)
Salt and pepper
Place the skillet over high heat with the butter and oil. As soon as you see the butter foam has begun to subside, indicating that it is hot enough, add the mushrooms. Toss and shake the pan for 4 to 5 minutes. During their sauté the mushrooms will at first absorb the fat. In 2 to 3 minutes the fat will reappear on their surface, and the mushrooms will begin to brown. As soon as they have browned lightly, remove from heat.
Toss the shallots or green onions with the mushrooms. Sauté over moderate heat for 2 minutes.
Sautéed mushrooms may be cooked in advance, set aside, then reheated when needed. Season to taste just before serving.