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Veerle Pieters: The Experimental Zone
The next speaker at An Event Apart in Boston is Veerle Pieters. I'm going to try liveblogging some of what she's got to say.
Veerle's talk is called The Experimental Zone and it's all about experimentation in web design. People often ask her how she comes up with, say, certain colour combinations but she doesn't really have a straightforward answer—a lot of it is down to experimentation. So it's good to learn how to experiment better. Pablo Picasso said:
Inspiration exists, but it has to find you working.
Spirographs seem complex but they are a perfect example of how experimenting with really simple fundamental rules and shapes can lead to a beautiful result: start with a simple, translucent square and start applying the same transform multiple times e.g. scaling 85% and rotate -10 degrees. Object: transform: transform again.
You can also experiment with colours in spirographs. Start with a translucent triangular shape, copy and rotate it by 18 degrees but before that, change the colour values. Try different blending modes and see what comes out. Combine different layer modes with different scaling values e.g. 115%. Try different rotation angles to see how they turn out. An extreme value like 48 degrees applied to translucent circular shapes of different colours leads to some interesting results.
Transparency. Blending. Scale. Rotation. Colour. Experiment with those combinations.
But why play around with this stuff? Well, Veerle used some of the results in client work for some background images on sites and on physical credit card designs.
Start with some circles in the colours defined by the client's in-house style guide and start experimenting with combinations. It's okay to try out a dozen versions. When you really need to have control, you can get in there and change the overlapping colour combinations manually.
Veerle also does small experiments not related to work; a little every day. She's got a folder full of patterns and experiments that she hasn't used yet but they might come in handy later on. Another example of experimentation was the Duoh Christmas card. She began with a star and started experimenting with repeating patterns. Those experimentations didn't lead anywhere so she went back to the star and tried a different approach. That's often the way things work out: you have a starting point, you experiment from there and if it doesn't work out, return to the starting point and try a different direction. For the Christmas card, scaling the star to different sizes with different colours and opacity lead to the final result.
Logo design works in a similar way. The typeface is the starting point (in this example, Dessau Pro Regular). Veerle tweaked the letter shapes and started experimenting with shapes within the shapes. In this example, Veerle took the bowl of the letter A and starting duplicating and rotating, getting some really nice results. You're playing around and then suddenly you go "Oh, that's it: that's what I was looking for."
Veerle sketches her ideas down. For her own blog, she started sketching variations based around the letter V but she didn't like any of the results so she left the sketchbook and jumped into Illustrator. Sometimes it's a bit of both that works: experiments in a sketchbook and in Illustrator.
If time permits, Veerle likes to leave a design (like a logo) alone for a while. Then come back to it and see if you still like it. For her blog, the initial logo she created didn't stand up to this test. So she went back to the starting point, the letter V, and went in a different direction, keeping the elements she liked from the previous attempt—like the colours—but experimenting with shapes.
Mood boards can be useful for getting started. For the book cover of Aaron's forthcoming book Adaptive Web Design, she began with her scrapbook-like collection of images and started putting some together into a mood board, trying to visualise the concept of progressive enhancement. The first design direction was ruled to be a bit too abstract. So the simple cubes were ditched in favour of something more sophisticated. The end result is the chameleon on the cover—it's built of abstract shapes and many colours, but the result is something recognisable.
"Let's experiment," says Veerle.
As Erik Spiekermann has said, you can be inspired by something but you can't just copy it wholesale. But Veerle likes to begin by reproducing something side-by-side and then, maybe a few days later, try to reproduce it without the original. The result is stamped with your own take on the original. She did this with the book cover for Imaginary Cities.
She started sketching it from memory. Her version turned out different; more cube-based. She imported that sketch into illustrator and started making outlines with the pen tool. Once the tracing is done, she started filling in shapes with translucent colours. She used the colour picker to take colours from some of the overlapping shapes for use in a different layer with a different mode: the resulting colour fill is very different. She didn't know what the end result would be but she just tried things out. Once the colours have been gathered together, she created some gradients with them and applied them to some of the cubes. Then she added some dashed lines that she recalled from original cover. Finally, she upped the contrast.
But let's go a step further. Let's try to do this with CSS.
Alex Walker's article The Cicada Principle is all about introducing pseudo-randomness into tiled multiple background images: the image sizes are all based on different prime numbers. The result looks random. For the curtain example, a ruffle is the base unit: the first image has 1 unit, the second image has 3 units, the third has 7 units.
Veerle takes this idea and applies to her cube-based design. She went with multiples of 3: 300 pixels, 600 pixels, 900 pixels. The result is a great backdrop of overlapping cubes and no matter how wide your browser window, you won't see the repeat. You can see in action at http://www.duoh.com/varia/cicada.
Veerle has some practical tips to finish with.
- Name your layers. Turn off that preference in Photoshop that says "Add 'copy' to copied layers".
- If you rotate a bitmap, you sometimes end up with odd shifting pixels that look blurry. Change the point of origin of the rotation: use one of the corners instead of the centre.
- If you paste from Illustrator to Photoshop the result can be blurry. Before pasting, select exactly the size you want to paste in. Experiment to find the right size to avoid blurring.
- Tychpanel by Reimund Trost is a very handy tool for calculating sizes.
- Another useful tool is a plugin called Guide Guide by Cameron McEfee which is particularly useful for grids.
- Extensible baseline grids by Mike Precious is also really handy technique for creating a baseline grid.
- When tweaking letter shapes and spacing, for a logo, for example, try turning the letters upside down to get a different perspective. It can be clearer what needs to be tweaked.
- Colour management is tricky. Some people turn sRGB off for exporting to the web to avoid colour shifting. Actually you need to set up your environment the right way. Calibrate your screen. Then set up colour management for Adobe Creative Suite. Veerle chose the Adobe RGB environment: she works in print as well as web, so just using sRGB isn't going to work for her. Have your environment set up to have a wide gamut; you can always narrow it down for specific exports like for the web, for example.
- When importing, assign a profile rather than converting to a profile. Converting is a destructive process whereas assigning a colour profile doesn't actually alter the image file.
Veerle likes to start by forgetting about technical constrains and just experimenting in a free-form way. That can lead to more creative, new ideas instead of limiting yourself. Of course you can't go too far, but still, there's a good zone for experimentation.


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Diamond Daisy & Emerald Beaded Anklet
A beautiful string of tiny Emerald beads finished with a delicate diamond daisy charm.
Please note that due to the varying shades of gemstone, each necklace is different and may look different to the photo.
- Bead dimensions: 2mm
- Anklet length: 9 inches
All in stock items, including international deliveries, will be dispatched within 1-2 working days. We offer a 14 day returns policy on all items.
Orders are sent in a beautiful KLM jewellery box including a pouch for safekeeping.
We accept all major payment providers including Klarna.
Store your pieces in a cool, dry place and clean carefully with a soft cloth to maintain shine. Jewellery should not be worn in water, or sprayed directly with perfumes. The KLM Sparkle Service is available if ever your jewellery needs a little TLC.

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Bar Report: New Drinks at Salt Kitchen and Bar
The New and Improved Philz cocktail, on Salt's new bar program
Bar Report: Salt
In Kaimuki, 3605 Waialae Ave.; 744-7567
Pho-Gettaboutit, Two Left Feet, housemade vermouth that tastes like rich dark chocolate? Yes please.
Kaimuki has been one big game of musical chairs lately. Mike Hall has moved into his new, bigger and better bar at 12th Ave Grill—it's so big that Julian Walstrom, formerly of Salt, moved in with him. Jordan Edwards, previously Town's bar manager, has now taken over Salt's program, which offers him much more creative freedom. And he's certainly been taking of advantage of it, debuting a new menu that will excite any cocktail lover.
Left: Two Left Feet; right: Pho-Gettaboutit
The Drinks
Order one of Edwards' original drinks and you'll have the whole bar's attention. Everyone will be eyeing the neon-green Pho-Gettaboutit, which might look like a lemonade, but has the aroma of Vietnamese noodle soup. It's made with gin, house ginger syrup, Chinese five spice agave syrup, house Hawaiian chili pepper bitters and fresh lemon juice.
A new creative emphasis is on house vermouth, turning the pedestrian martini-filler into an exciting platform. "People don't really think about vermouth as a real ingredient," Edwards says, "but it can really round out a drink." His drink Two Left Feet is like a Manhattan-meets-a-Boulevardier, made possible by Edwards' vermouth, which is velvety-smooth, rich like a dark chocolate but with a tinge of bitter.
Edwards isn't afraid to offer up "challenging" drinks. "Most people equate rum to citrus and sweet, but what about no citrus and bitter?" Try his New and Improved Philz, a reference to the beloved coffee shop in San Francisco, where Edwards used to live. It's made with El Dorado 12 Year Rum, mint, Campari, Averna, and housemade coffee bitters. The challenge is welcome, and after tasting, I declared a winner: me.
The Food
Happy hour is a sure-fire deal. The happy hour menu, which also includes $6 special cocktails, runs from 5 to 6:30 p.m. every day and all night on Sunday. Go with the fried pickles ($5) or the "SFC" Jidori fried chicken ($6) for a quick treat—both are super juicy, lightly battered and mouth-watering. The Kulana Burger ($8) is one of Honolulu's best at that price. I also like the kimchee grilled cheese ($5) and spiced nuts ($2).


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German scholar and liturgical poet of the second half of the thirteenth ceutury; flourished in Cologneand in Mayence. He was related to Meïr of Rothenburg, in whose responsa he is several times mentioned; and he was a pupil of R. Jehiel of Paris. His marginal glosses to Abot are still preserved in manuscript. He was, besides, the author of the following liturgical poems: a "yoẓer" for a Sabbath festival; an "ofan"; a "zulat," poem to be sung before the recital of the "Shemoneh 'Esreh"; a "Ḳedushshah," to be sung at the repetition of the "Shemoneh 'Esreh"; a zulat, poem beginning with the words "Ezkerah Elohim" and meant for the Sabbath following the 20th of Tammuz, in memory of the martyrs of Pforzheim, 1267; a Ḳedushshah, poem in eleven lines, with continuous rime; a "Ge'ullah" of three cantos, each consisting of two stanzas of five lines; and an elegy on Zion, in which the author's name is twice mentioned. As Yaḳḳar and his father, Samuel ben Abraham, fell victims in the butchery of 1271, the zulat in memory of the Pforzheim martyrs must have been written shortly before his death.
- Zunz, S. P. p. 32;
- idem, Literaturgesch. pp. 487-488;
- idem, Z. G. pp. 100, 101, 105, 193;
- Landshuth, 'Ammude ha-'Abodah, p. 132;
- Gross, Gallia Judaica, pp. 566-568;
- Kohn, Mordekai ben Hillel, pp. 127-128;
- Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, p. 670.


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Endress+Hauser Level+Pressure
Endress+Hauser Level+Pressure
2340 Endress Place
Greenwood, IN 46143
Hoa Kỳ
The associated product center (APC) is responsible for the decentralized, customer-oriented production and final assembly of complete level and pressure devices. Our decentralized final assembly philosophy serves the variety of functional, mechanical and electrical requirements in the right quality at the right time all over the world. To guarantee the global quality standard the final assembly production lines are identical all over the world.
Jason Baker
112 (June 2020)
Final assembly of all major level and pressure products lead to shorter and more flexible delivery times and a most efficient logistic and minimized carbon foot prints
Local Research and Development department for level, pressure and tank gauging instruments
Certified to ISO 9001, 14001 and OHSAS 18001 standards
Test equipment and references used for all measurements and tests conducted during the production process traceable to national or international standards (PTB, NIST, NIM etc.).
Our buildings are LEED certified. This certification recognizes eco-friendly buildings that reduce pollution and erosion, efficiently use water and energy, recycle construction materials and improve air quality.
Endress+Hauser Level+Pressure
Endress+Hauser Level+Pressure
2340 Endress Place
Greenwood, IN 46143
Hoa Kỳ
Hồ sơ công ty
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text:
Tipping the Super: Renter's Guide to Giving Holiday Gratuities
The holiday season is here. There are gifts to buy and parties to go to, and your cash is getting tight. Then someone asks how much you are planning to tip your super. Forgot all about that, didn't you?
Now that you are living on your own, add holiday tipping to the list of apartment expenses you'll need to budget for. Having roommates once again provides a budgetary silver lining -- you can all chip in for the tips. But whom should you tip and how much to give? Here are some guidelines for showing appreciation in the form of a tip during the holiday season:
If you have an attentive super and a great handyman (and often it's the same person), you know just how valuable this person can be, especially if they've helped you with a major apartment-related headache this past year. Consider giving a tip of $50-$100, on the higher end if there are four of you sharing the apartment. Even if your super is frequently MIA -- and your handyman is, um, less than handy -- don't forgo a holiday tip totally. A small tip may speed things up in the coming year, so still consider giving something.
Doormen serve an important function: They protect your home by screening visitors, they sign for packages, hold mail and keys, help you solve minor emergencies, hail taxis and discreetly guide you to the elevator after a long night with your fraternity brothers. These are people you want on your side. So if you're lucky enough to have a doorman, a holiday tip is not optional. Depending on your area and the quality of your building, expect to give anywhere from $25-$75 per doorman.
This one's another no-brainer. If you can afford a house cleaner to scrub your floors and bathrooms and keep your place sanitary, show this person that you appreciate their hard work. The customary way to do this is to double their pay for their last cleaning session before the holidays.
All this customary tipping adds up to quite a bit of money, especially if you have no roommates to share the expense. So what to do if you absolutely, positively have no money for tips? Maybe you just lost your job or your company did not give any bonuses this year. A heart-felt, handwritten thank-you note, delivered with a smile and a plate of home-baked cookies goes a long way with your super and doorman! People who provide you with valuable services will appreciate your thoughtful gesture, however small, during the holiday season and will remember it throughout the new year.
See more on Zillow:
A Guide to Giving Holiday Gifts to Your Roommates
Tips for Hosting a Party in a Small Apartment
Equip Your First Kitchen for Under $200


text: French foreign minister Laurent Fabius has summoned the U.S. ambassador to explain allegations that the U.S. National Security Agency spied on French telecommunications giant Alcatel-Lucent and gathered data on millions of phone calls.Fabius, intercepted outside a meeting of the European Union Foreign Affairs Council in Luxembourg, told journalists that he immediately summoned the U.S. ambassador to the Foreign Ministry upon reading the news in French newspaper Le Monde.Documents obtained by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden show that in a period of just 30 days, the NSA recorded data relating to 70.3 million phone calls involving French citizens using a process called Dialed Number Recognition on equipment based in France, the newspaper reported. This equipment can be used to trigger the automatic recording of calls to certain numbers, and also to identify SMS messages of interest by keyword, the newspaper said.French carrier networking vendor Alcatel-Lucent and a service operated by Orange, a French carrier, were also the subject of special attention from the NSA, according to other documents obtained by Snowden and seen by the newspaper. In addition to monitoring the communications and websites of companies such as Google and Facebook, the NSA's Prism program also monitored the domains alcatel-lucent.fr and wanadoo.fr, the newspaper said.Some of the allegations had appeared in earlier press reports, but others were new, prompting the stern reaction from French officials."We had already been warned in June, and we reacted strongly -- but visibly we have to go further. This type of behavior between partners, and which breaches privacy, is totally inacceptable and we must take steps rapidly to ensure that such behavior does not continue," Fabius said in a video clip shot outside the meeting.At the meeting with the U.S. ambassador, the director of Fabius' cabinet asked him for assurance that the spying had stopped, and requested a concrete response as soon as possible, according to statement from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs released later in the day."From the first revelations, we proposed to our E.U. partners to include data protection in our negotiations with the U.S.," the statement continued. This resulted in the formation of a joint E.U.-U.S. working group which has met twice since its creation in July, the ministry said. In addition, E.U. heads of state and government will discuss data protection at the European Council meeting on Thursday and Friday. "The digital economy cannot function well without an effective guarantee of the security of personal data," the Ministry concluded.Fabius will also discuss the allegations of NSA actions against France with his U.S. counterpart at a meeting Tuesday, according to the ministry.Peter Sayer covers open source software, European intellectual property legislation and general technology breaking news for IDG News Service. Send comments and news tips to Peter at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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May/June 2013
Volume 20, Number 5/6
Table of Contents
Laurence Lannom
Corporation for National Research Initiatives
Printer-friendly Version
Welcome to the May/June 2013 issue of D-Lib Magazine. We feature four articles, two conference reports, a featured collection, and the usual array of brief pieces and pointers. You will find an emphasis on preservation, with two of the articles and the featured collection focused on that topic but taken as a whole, the issue covers the waterfront of digital library topics, i.e., acquiring information, making it accessible, and preserving it.
The lead article summarizes a late 2011 survey of preservation storage approaches as practiced by members of the National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA). Their membership includes both public and private institutions, 78% of which responded to the wide-ranging survey. The results, as summarized in the article, are extremely interesting and cover topics such as geographic distribution of copies, participation in distributed preservation cooperatives, and attitudes towards using facilities directly controlled by the institution versus third-party cloud services. NSDA plans to repeat the survey periodically and it will be interesting to see what changes over time and technology. The second preservation-focused article provides a detailed look at web archiving, specifically comparing an existing labor-intensive acquisition approach to a more automated approach. The UCLA Online Campaign Literature Archive has been collecting campaign literature from the web since 1998. The article describes evaluating the California Digital Library's Web Archiving Service (WAS) against existing manual methods by creating duplicate captures and comparing the results. I won't give away the ending, but anyone involved in web archiving will want to review the article.
Our third article gives an overview of the IMLS Digital Collections and Content (DCC) Flickr Feasibility Study. This consisted of a pilot project to use DCC aggregator services to provide Web 2.0 services to cultural heritage institutions, specifically engaging users in the curation of image collections, e.g., user-generated metadata. DCC currently aggregates collections from over 1,100 cultural heritage institutions, providing a single access point for over 1M items and it seemed clear that those efficiencies could be carried into the social space. The article documents and summarizes the technical and organizational challenges encountered in the successful pilot as well as the lessons learned thereby.
The last of our four articles also addresses social data, such as tags, comments, ratings, and so on, but in the context of Open Educational Resources (OERs). The dramatic developments underway in distance education contribute to the importance of this topic. The authors use the well-known Learning Resource Exchange (LRE) to explore ways in which registries of OERs can be used to collect and exchange the interaction data that is currently locked into the environments in which the interactions take place. Tools and approaches to gather and aggregate this data are proposed and future challenges are described.
These four articles, combined with conference reports on education for digital curation and development of cyber infrastructure for earth sciences, to say nothing of lurid trial pamphlets, constitute this D-Lib issue's contribution to the science and practice of information asset acquisition, access, and preservation.
Copyright © 2013 Corporation for National Research Initiatives


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David Rockefeller H'58 died on March 20, 2017, in Pocantico Hills, New York.
(The following appeared online at bloomberg.com on March 20, 2017:)
David Rockefeller, the U.S. banker, philanthropist, presidential adviser and heir to one of history's most fabled fortunes, has died. At 101, he was the world's oldest billionaire.
He died Monday at his home in Pocantico Hills, New York, according to an emailed statement from Fraser P. Seitel, a family spokesman. The cause was congestive heart failure.
Rockefeller was the youngest and last-surviving grandson of Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller, the nation's first billionaire. He was the only one of John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s five sons who spent his entire professional career in the corporate world, rising to chief executive officer of Chase Manhattan Bank during his 35 years at the company.
He was also a confidant of world leaders, from Deng Xiaoping in China to Nelson Mandela in South Africa, from the shah of Iran to Henry Kissinger. Rockefeller famously asked President Jimmy Carter to let the deposed shah come to the U.S. for medical treatment, leading to the seizure of American hostages in Tehran from 1979 to 1981.
Rockefeller was equally well known for his philanthropy. In 2006, he bequeathed $225 million to the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, which he and his brothers established in 1940 to promote social change worldwide. The year before, he donated $100 million each to two New York institutions: the Museum of Modern Art, which was co-founded by his mother, and Rockefeller University, a medical-research school started by his grandfather.
"No individual has contributed more to the commercial and civic life of New York City over a longer period of time than David Rockefeller," former New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg said in a statement. "During my time in City Hall, he was always there for the city when we called," said Bloomberg, the founder and majority owner of Bloomberg News parent Bloomberg LP.
In 2008 Rockefeller gave $100 million to his alma mater, Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
"The range of David Rockefeller's business and philanthropic and political connections is perhaps unequaled," said Ron Chernow, the author of "Titan," a 1998 biography of John D. Rockefeller.
David Rockefeller's death closes a chapter in the family's storied history. Known simply as "The Brothers," David, Laurance, John, Nelson and Winthrop traversed the intersecting worlds of business, politics, philanthropy and the arts as no other U.S. family had ever done.
The Brothers
Laurance, who died in 2004, was a venture capitalist, environmentalist and adviser to five U.S. presidents on conservation. Nelson, who died in 1979, was the four-term New York governor and U.S. vice president under President Gerald Ford. John D. Rockefeller III, the oldest brother who was killed in a 1978 automobile accident, led the fundraising effort to develop New York's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Winthrop, who died in 1973, was the former governor of Arkansas.
Once the nation's wealthiest family, the Rockefellers today pale in comparison with 21st century tycoons such as Microsoft Corp. co-founder Bill Gates or investor Warren Buffett.
Rockefeller once joked that he was the only Rockefeller of his generation who had to "work for a living." He was either chairman, president or CEO of Chase from 1957 to 1981, creating a global financial institution, traveling to 103 countries and meeting with dozens of presidents, kings and prime ministers. He accumulated about 150,000 names in an electronic Rolodex.
"Because I started sooner, I think I probably knew more heads of state than anyone else, possibly with the exception of Henry Kissinger, but maybe even including" him, Rockefeller said in a December 2003 interview.
Rockefeller was criticized for meeting with dictators including Cuba's Fidel Castro and Iraq's Saddam Hussein. A member of the Council on Foreign Relations for more than 60 years and its chairman for 15, Rockefeller was also a frequent target of conspiracy theorists because of his membership in secretive international policy groups such as the Trilateral Commission and the Bilderberg Group.
"Maybe in another 20 years I'll outlive all my bad press," Rockefeller said in the interview.
At Chase, he outlasted rivals, scandals, operational problems and board pressure to retire on schedule at age 65. Today, Chase is part of JPMorgan Chase & Co., the biggest U.S. bank by assets, after Chemical Banking Corp. acquired Chase in 1995. The combined company added J.P. Morgan & Co. five years later and Bank One Corp. in 2004.
JPMorgan Merger
Rockefeller said he was shocked by the merger with J.P. Morgan, which united the Rockefellers' bank with the legendary bank of their only true early 20th-century rival for financial power, J. Pierpont Morgan.
Rockefeller, as chairman of the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association, and his brother Nelson, as governor, played key roles in developing the World Trade Center and the Wall Street financial district in the 1960s and 1970s.
They sought to boost the lower Manhattan office market as their father had, at their urging, worked to shore up Midtown during the Great Depression by building the Rockefeller Center complex. During their construction, the Twin Towers were often dubbed "David" and "Nelson" by the press.
Rockefeller, who watched the twin towers burn from his 56th-floor Rockefeller Center office on Sept. 11, 2001, was an honorary member of the panel to design a memorial to the victims of the terrorist attacks.
In 2002, David Rockefeller published "Memoirs," the first autobiography by a member of his family since his grandfather's "Reminiscences of Men and Events" in 1909. Reviewers described the book as a rare candid view of a private family, with discussions of fraternal schisms and his wife's depression, though they said it lacked sensationalism and soul-baring.
Defending Grandfather
Rockefeller wrote of his grandfather with reverence, parrying old depictions of John D. Rockefeller Sr. as a greedy, ruthless robber baron. He defended Standard Oil's industry monopoly.
"That was Grandfather's greatest achievement: building the petroleum industry and, in the process, creating the modern corporation," he wrote. "It was an organizational triumph that transformed the business world."
David was the first Rockefeller to unite the more than 100 descendants of John Sr. He was the organizer of annual family meetings at the Rockefeller estate at Pocantico Hills, which overlooks the Hudson River north of New York City. He encouraged his relatives' philanthropic and educational efforts, such as his son David's role as chairman of the National Parks Foundation.
None of the fourth-generation Rockefellers are likely to replace David as the family's standard-bearer.
"No one can step into his shoes," said Warren T. "Lindy" Lindquist, Rockefeller's World War II buddy and business associate, in a 1995 interview with the New York Times. "Not because they aren't good, smart, talented people but because it's just a different world, and they have different interests."
Lindquist died in 2003.
Early Life
David Rockefeller was born on June 12, 1915, in New York, the youngest child of John D. Rockefeller Jr., who spent most of his time preserving John Sr.'s philanthropy, and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller.
Rockefeller attended the experimental Lincoln School of Columbia University's Teachers College in Manhattan and graduated from Harvard College in 1936.
He studied at the London School of Economics and received a Ph.D. in economics in 1940 from the University of Chicago, which his family had founded. His thesis, "Unused Resources and Economic Waste," argued that capitalists seek not only to make money but also to serve their employees and society.
Also in 1940, he married Margaret "Peggy" McGrath, who died in 1996. They had two sons and four daughters.
In his first job, Rockefeller drafted replies to letters sent to New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia for $1 a year. When World War II broke out, he resisted signing up for service until his mother urged him to do his military duty.
Rockefeller declined to use his father's influence to secure an officer's commission, enlisting as an Army private. He served from 1942 until 1945, rising to captain.
He joined Chase National Bank, where his uncle, Winthrop Aldrich, was chairman, in 1946 at the age of 30. Rockefeller's father — and before that, his grandfather — had long been the bank's biggest individual shareholders, and the family held two board seats.
Though tagged as a spoiled rich kid by Aldrich's successor, John J. McCloy, Rockefeller rode the subway to work for a decade and worked his way up through various departments, including a stint overseeing the Latin America business, to become co-CEO after McCloy retired in 1960.
McCloy, Rockefeller wrote, was indecisive about a successor. Rockefeller threatened to quit when board members discussed having George Champion, who was 11 years older and had been with the bank two decades longer, as sole CEO for a time. Instead, Rockefeller shared power for eight years with Champion before he was named the sole CEO in 1969.
At Chase
During the 1960s, Rockefeller used his family name and global contacts to increase foreign branches to 73 from 11. Chase was the first Western bank to open branches in Moscow and Beijing, and it made loans in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Rockefeller also hired management professor Peter Drucker as a consultant and created human resources, marketing and planning departments.
Critics said Rockefeller's international focus led to the neglect of Chase's everyday operations. By the early 1970s, the bank had suffered shaky real estate investments, bond losses that forced it to restate earnings, bad loans and technological problems.
Citibank, which would become Citigroup Inc., was closing in on Chase's market share. Rockefeller was forced to focus simultaneously on the bank's internal deficiencies and global expansion.
In "Memoirs," he said he had to fight to keep his job in 1975, with director and family adviser J. Richardson Dilworth telling him during a helicopter flight up the Hudson River that he had limited time to turn the bank around. A week later, the board gave him another year, and after restructuring management and the way the bank made loans, he was able to continue until his retirement in 1981, just before he turned 66.
Foremost a financier, Rockefeller was often a conduit for high-level diplomacy on his Chase trips, flying more than 5 million miles and meeting 200 heads of state in 35 years. He developed a close relationship with then-Secretary of State Kissinger, a longtime adviser to his brother Nelson, and argued for President Richard Nixon's overtures to Communist China in the early 1970s.
Vietnam War
In the 1960s and early 1970s, protesters targeted him as a power behind U.S. foreign policy, including the Vietnam War. Some of his own children then in college opposed his politics, and he wrote about heated dinner table arguments with his daughter Abby, a draft-resistance counselor drawn to Marxism.
Rockefeller focused on managing family affairs after his Chase retirement. Since the 1940s the brothers held formal meetings, with David serving as secretary, that continued until the late 1970s.
"The five of us had had widely diverging and, in some ways, conflicting interests," he wrote, "but largely because of these regular get-togethers we maintained a basic respect and affection for one another, something that has not always been the case with other wealthy families."
In 1979, David, Laurance, and the widows of John and Nelson organized Rockefeller & Co., an outgrowth of the family office started by their grandfather when he moved to New York from Cleveland a century earlier. The firm has since branched out as a wealth manager for clients not affiliated with the family.
Rockefeller Center
David Rockefeller estimated that his father lost $110 million in 20 years on his stake in Rockefeller Center, which was started in 1932 as a show of faith in the U.S. economy. David later served as chairman of Rockefeller Center Properties Inc., which held the mortgage, and worked to avert a mid-1990s financial collapse after its purchase by Japan's Mitsubishi Estate Corp.
In January 1995, the 79-year-old Rockefeller flew to Japan to try to persuade Mitsubishi not to put the property in bankruptcy. He broke his leg walking into Mitsubishi's offices, then stayed to plead his case before heading to the hospital for treatment. Three months later, the filing occurred anyway.
A year later, Rockefeller bought the center back in partnership with Goldman Sachs Group Inc. In 2001, the group sold it to New York developer Tishman Speyer Properties at a profit, ending seven decades of family control.
Rockefeller upheld the family's philanthropic tradition, giving away more than $900 million during his lifetime. In 1940, he joined the board of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, established in 1901 by his grandfather, and a decade later succeeded his father as board chairman, serving for 25 years. The Institute was renamed Rockefeller University in 1965.
He endowed the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard and was chairman of the school's board of overseers.
Inheriting a love of art from his mother, Rockefeller amassed a collection of modern and impressionist works valued at more than $500 million in the early 1990s. After his mother's death in 1948, he took her seat on the board of the Museum of Modern Art, serving more than 16 years as chairman between 1958 and 1993.
Rockefeller remained sharp and agile into his 90s, going to the office daily at 10 a.m. and leaving at 5 p.m. He exercised before work, and sometimes drank a glass of white wine with lunch.
Leadership of the family now falls upon the generation known as "The Cousins," the great-grandchildren of John D. Rockefeller. David Rockefeller said he was confident his six children and grandchildren would carry on the philanthropic and activist legacy of the family's century-old fortune.
"If they will have learned the important things about life and how to lead it, that could be my greatest contribution," Rockefeller said in a May 2007 interview. "I have reason to think that they will."


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Sports, Recreation, & Lifestyle, Winter, Southwestern British Columbia, Canada, Whistler, British Columbia
1, action, activity, aerial, air, airborne, aloft, alpine, altitude, athlete, BC, Blackcomb, blue sky, British Columbia, Canada, canadian, cold, color, colour, competing, competition, competitor, day, down hill, downhill, enjoying, environment, exercise, fitness, freestyle, fun, image, jumping, landscape, leisure, lifestyle, lone, male, man, North America, one, outdoor, Pacific Northwest, people, person, photo, picture, recreation, resort, scene, ski, skiers, skiing, slope, single, snow, snow covered, snowy, soaring, southern, southwestern, Southwestern BC, sports, sunny, tricks, tower, West Coast, Western Canada, Whistler, Whistler Blackcomb, winter season, young, horizontal


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Basic Plain Square – The Timeless Beauty.
Code – B23/16/MDBLU
|: Square Scarf
|: Signature Square
|: 45 x 45 (inch)
|: High Quality Cotton Voile
|Opacity Level
|: Level 3
Basic Plain Square or well known as Moon Signature Square is the 1st hybrid square scarf in Malaysia which combining rectangular & round edges in 1 scarf. One scarf that can create multiple look to either classic bawal or modern ruffle, you'll definitely love it. Be among the 1st to try it today !! 🙂 .
Let's share with us how you style your Basic Plain Square – tag us at @moonscarves & hashtag us at #MSBeautifulMuslim .
Opacity Level – for rating descriptions please refer FAQ no 14.
Care Instruction:-
- Hand wash only.
- Use mild detergent or fabric softener only.
- Do not soak or bleach the scarves.
- Do not dry it under direct sunlight.
- Use medium heat when ironing or for best is using steamer.


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My Brain Hurts 2
by Lee Baillie Author
Lee Baillie crafts a Degrassi-style teenage soap opera about queer punks in New York City! Our story resumes with Joey in a coma after an incident of queer bashing and Kate and Desi's relationship on the rocks. Desi's really religious, and Kate's really not, and they struggle to find a middle ground. The boys get caught smoking and uh, other things in the boys room, Kate getting in awkward situations with a hate crime perpetrator at her internship job, and much much more! Will queer teenage romance succeed? Will our heroes prevail over high school principals, skinheads, and a homophobic society?
Comments & Reviews
- Optical Sloth 7/30/2010
"No excuse in the world not to check it out…"
- Midnight Fiction 7/30/2010
"My Brain Hurts is a lingering snapshot of a pivotal period in her character's lives. She ends their stories not with definitive answers, but with a reasonable hope that they will move on and find better lives for themselves. In fact, she adds a "where are they now" epilogue that brings a greater sense of closure (and relief) to the saga.
The second bonus feature of the book is an extras section with original character sketches, script pages, and a couple pages worth of false starts that were abandoned."
- Rebellion Pit 7/23/2010
"This two book series is about some gay New York punks that are staying true to themselves. They party, go to shows, drink, create mischief and mayhem, and get into trouble. It's an amazing story that has a heart felt satisfaction. It's a story for the queers, I'ts a story for the punks, It's a story for the outcast, and its a story that every one should cherish. Don't get me wrong this book is not just about being gay. I believe it has a deeper meaning to it. i think it says " Life has it's ups and downs but you got to make you own path to the point ware you're happy."
- Stumptown Trade Review 6/25/2010
I'm glad I took a chance with My Brain Hurts. Despite this is volume two of the story, I found I was able to slip in easily and readily find my way. Even though I was unclear from time to time of the particulars of some relationships, the storytelling was clear enough to pull me through and catch me up to speed. While the art was not polished, it was serviceable. There is an epilogue of sorts in the back of the book, and it is there that Baillie shows that she has some real artistic chops. If she were to apply that kind of time and effort to the rest of the comic, this would be a real gem! As it stands, this comic is a testament to the experience of being young and gay in a world that is not quite ready for you. In addition, despite the fact that the story has ended, and this one volume is a satisfying reading experience, I have gone ahead and ordered the first volume so I can have the complete story. This is a very good comic that tells a story that is, unfortunately, probably all too common and will likely look very familiar to some readers.
- Stumptown Trade Review 6/2/2010
"This is a very good comic that tells a story that is, unfortunately, probably all too common and will likely look very familiar to some readers."
- Poopsheet 2/27/2010
"MY BRAIN HURTS is a fine first major work for a cartoonist, ambitious in its emotional scope and resonant in its themes."
- 410Media 2/20/2010
"What I like about My Brain Hurts is that it doesn't try too hard. Liz Baillie focuses on the small stories of the ordinary lives of these characters. She does not try to thrust them into some larger than life story. It works very well for her."
- Gay Comics List 1/30/2010
"Liz Baillie's art has come a long way since the beginning of the series, which took her six years to complete. It now presents fully-realized characters and backgrounds, with an expressiveness that a lot of more seasoned cartoonists might envy her."
- Inkstuds 1/30/2010
"Liz Baillie is representing comix DIY esthetic. Her collection, My Brain Hurts is a great trip into teen social issues. She creates some fine character filled with realistic issues on relatable terms. I highly recommend checking out her stuff, the collection is so cheap, you can't pass it up."
- NeuFutur Magazine 1/30/2010
"My Brain Hurts is a tremendously interesting comic that largely does not require one having the first volume to enjoy. Liz Baillie, the creator, has created an overwhelming interesting set of individuals that are linked together in a timeless story (despite some hints – such as Midnight Dragon –being placed in the narrative). The artistic style is somewhat similar to Carrie McN's Assassin and the Whiner and Zero Content (by Fly), while the different segments of this volume break the action quite well. Aside from the narrative itself, there are a few bonus features that further flesh out the story. This means that there is a "where are they now" type of closing, where grown-up drawings of each featured member are accompanied by a paragraph on what they are doing, while other pieces (such as the script, draft drawings, and the like) really create a fullness to this volume that will bring readers back for more. While the first volume of My Brain Hurts is not essential to properly understand the narrative at the beginning of this volume, purchasing the former will increase enjoyment of the latter. While some fans of books and zine narratives may shy away from anything in a comic format, I feel that Baillie's work here is a great bridge between the styles."
- NY Daily News 1/30/2010
"Don't think this is your regular teen-angst after-school special. Baillie addresses issues about sexuality, child abuse, drugs, friendship and bigotry all while maintaining realistic storytelling through believable dialogue and characters."
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15 September 2003
Expanding Partnership Enhances U.S. Cybersecurity Efforts
Homeland Security joins longstanding watchdog agency
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Carnegie Mellon University's CERT Coordination Center are forming a partnership to enhance the nation's capabilities to prevent and respond to cyber attacks on the Internet.
CERT is an Internet watchdog agency formed in 1988, working today to alert U.S. industry and private computer users about real and potential threats to online security. The center has been an important player in coordinating responses to all the major virus and worm threats that have plagued the Internet in recent years.
"The recent cyber attacks such as the Blaster worm and the SoBig virus highlight the urgent need for an enhanced computer emergency response program that coordinates national efforts to cyber incidents and attacks," DHS Secretary Tom Ridge said in a press release issued by the Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, the parent agency of CERT.
CERT and the National Cyber Security Division within DHS will form US-CERT, which will expand to include partnerships with private sector security vendors, domestic and international organizations.
Following is the text of the press release:
(begin text)
Software Engineering Institute
Carnegie Mellon University
Sept. 15, 2003,
U.S. Department of Homeland Security Announces Partnership with Carnegie Mellon's CERT Coordination Center
PITTSBURGH -- The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) today announced a partnership with Carnegie Mellon University's CERT® Coordination Center (CERT/CC) to create US-CERT, a coordination point for prevention, protection, and response to cyber attacks across the Internet.
The US-CERT will begin as a partnership between the National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) within DHS and Carnegie Mellon's CERT /CC. The US-CERT will grow to include other partnerships with private-sector security vendors and domestic and international organizations. These groups will work together to coordinate national and international efforts to prevent cyber attacks, protect systems, and respond to the effects of cyber attacks across the Internet.
Carnegie Mellon's CERT/CC was formed in November 1988 within the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) after an Internet worm brought 10 percent of Internet-connected systems to a halt. The SEI is a federally funded research and development center operated by Carnegie Mellon for the U.S. Department of Defense, the Software Engineering Institute's sponsor. CERT/CC also is affiliated with Carnegie Mellon's Cyber Security Laboratory.
Today, Carnegie Mellon's CERT/CC alerts U.S. industry and computer users worldwide to potential threats to the security of their systems and provides information about how to avoid, minimize, or recover from the damage. The center has played a key role in coordinating responses to major security events such as the Code Red worm, Melissa virus, and most recently the MS Blaster worm and the Sobig.F virus.
U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge called US-CERT "a key element to our national strategy to combat terrorism and protect our critical infrastructure."
"The recent cyber attacks such as the Blaster worm and the SoBig virus highlight the urgent need for an enhanced computer emergency response program that coordinates national efforts to cyber incidents and attacks," Ridge said.
Speaking at a briefing in Washington, D.C. today, Carnegie Mellon University President Jared L. Cohon expressed enthusiasm for the partnership between the CERT/CC and the Department of Homeland Security, as well as its potential for future partnerships with industry and other universities.
"Carnegie Mellon is proud and pleased to have this opportunity to work with the Department of Homeland Security. We are committed to maintaining our longstanding leadership in cyber security and to building additional strength in this critical area," Cohon said.
"Our nation's growing use of the Internet for safety critical applications as well as business transactions, coupled with the increased sophistication and speed of cyber-attacks increases the risk that cyber-attacks can cause significant damage in short periods of time" said Richard D. Pethia, director of the CERT/CC. "We are pleased to have the opportunity to work with DHS and other partners to aggressively and continually improve our nation's cyber-security incident response capability.
The Department of Homeland Security said that the creation of a US-CERT was the first in a series of upcoming announcements on new partnerships and initiatives within the National Cyber Security Division.
About Carnegie Mellon:
A top national research university, Carnegie Mellon University has one of the most technologically sophisticated campuses in the world. Carnegie Mellon's research and education program includes an extensive cyber security laboratory initiative. The security initiative amplifies and expands on two of the university's greatest strengths -- a willingness to collaborate across departments and colleges, and a track record of working closely with government, business, and other sectors.
Carnegie Mellon is a leader in the improvement of information security and software quality and home to some of the world's top researchers in engineering, computer science, public policy, and software engineering. Carnegie Mellon is home to the Center for Computer and Communications Security (C3S), a multidisciplinary center established to tackle the challenges related to Internet security, data storage, and privacy issues. C3S is led by Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Pradeep Khosla.
About the SEI and the CERT/CC The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense and operated by Carnegie Mellon University. The SEI's core purpose is to help others make measured improvements in their software engineering capabilities. The CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC) is located at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). Following an Internet worm incident that brought 10 percent of Internet systems to a halt in November 1988, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) charged the SEI with setting up a center to coordinate communication among experts during security emergencies and to help prevent future incidents.
(end text)
(Distributed by the Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. Web site: http://usinfo.state.gov)
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1. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
LISA is in a class of its own. In some sense it does not belong on this list because it literally transcends every other observatory on this list by monitoring the universe through gravitational waves and not electromagnetic waves. If LISA is successful it will be the first direct observation (unless a project like advanced LIGO beats it to the punch) of gravitational waves which are predicted by Einstein's theory of General Relativity. LISA will detect the variation in distance of three spacecraft flying in an equilateral triangle formation. The LISA instruments are classic interferometers sensitive to gravitational waves which distort the space-time between the spacecraft by as little as just tens of pm. Soon the LISA Pathfinder mission will be launched to prove the concept and technology necessary for the complete observatory. LISA is a profound step forward for humankind, like an infant opening its eyes for the first time.
2. Terrestrial Planet Finder
The TPF is visionary space mission which will likely consist of two observatories in space a coronagraph and an interferometer array. The TPF will search for extrasolar terrestrial planets around relatively close stars like the Alpha Centauri system and systems where the probability to find an extra solar planet is high. The coronagraph would be a very large optical telescope, at least three times that of Hubble, that would also have special optics to occult the light of bright stars in order to see the dim planets next to their brilliant host stars. The interferometer, illustrated above, would consist of several small infrared telescopes orbiting in formation; the interferometric technique would allow the telescopes to obtain a resolution of a much larger telescope.
3. James Webb Space Telescope
The JWST is considered the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. It will study galaxy, star and planet formation in the Universe with supreme depth and precision. Just imagine the James Webb Ultra Deep Field. The telescope engineering is impressive. The telescope's primary mirror will consist of a 6.5 m (about 6 times the area of Hubble) gold coated beryllium refelector composed of 18 hexagonal segments which will unfold in space. The mirror is made of such special materials because of the need for specific thermal and reflective properties. For example beryllium is the metal with the greatest heat dissipation characteristics per unit weight and further its relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion imparts stability to the mirror. JWST is designed to observe very distant objects such that much of their light will be in the infrared when it reaches the telescope and therefore JWST will be an infrared telescope, hence the gold coated reflecting surface. JWST is packed with advanced technology like hemispherical resonator gyros which should last longer than the traditional mechanical gyroscopes which were on Hubble and needed servicing during missions. This is necessary because JWST will be far from earth at Lagrange point two, some 1.5 million km from Earth and not close enough for simple repair missions. If all this sounds ambitious and outlandish that is because it is, but the science that the JWST will produce will certainly justify the effort.
4. Overwhelmingly Large Telescope
The OWL is the most unlikely telescope on this list; the project has been eclipsed by the European Extremely Large Telescope, the EELT, on all practical accounts. The OWL would be a unrealistically large 100 m telescope allowing it to observe objects as faint as an apparent magnitude of 38. In order to control costs the OWL would be based on mass production of major cost items like the structural components and segmented mirrors, but a review panel determined the cost would be at least 1.2 billion Euros. This cost is considered unacceptably high.
5. The Square Kilometer Array
The SKA will be a radio telescope with a million kilometers of collecting area. It will be the largest telescope ever created and perhaps the most expensive at 1.5 billion Euro. The SKA will probe the gaseous component of the early Universe with sensitivity 50 times greater than the Very Large Array. This sensitivity and a wide field of view will also allowing the SKA to probe general relativity by monitoring the timing of a network of pulsars. Like the VLA the SKA will be an interferometric array consisting individual antenna stations working together to synthesize an aperture with a diameter up to several thousand kilometers. Many things about the final design for the SKA are uncertain, in fact factions within astronomy have threatened to doom the entire project. The disagreements stem from different opinions on what the primary scientific objectives should be for the project. Currently it is planned that approximately 50% of the collecting area would be contained in a dense central array of 5 km in diameter to provide high brightness sensitivity at arc-second scale resolution for studies of faint spectral lines from structures in the early universe. Another 25% of the collecting area would be located within a diameter of 150 km; the image above shows a possible layout for the array with arms in a spiral pattern with a diamter of 150 km. The remainng 25% of the collecting area would be at baselines of 3000 km or greater. The distribution of antennas directly impacts what kind of science can be accomplished. The video below shows a possible layout for the SKA in dramatic fashion.
6. European Extremely Large Telescope
The EELT is the realistic result of the OWL telescope proposal. The primary mirror will be 42 meters consisting of 984 1.4 meter segments of only 50 mm thickness. The mirrors are thin in order to have excellent thermal properties. The EELT will have an adaptive optics system which will perform active adjustment of a 2.5 meter mirror to compensate for atmospheric affects which distort images. There will be 5000 actuators supporting this mirror which precisely adjust the mirror's shape thousands of times per second in order to correct images. The reality is that the limiting effect on all large ground based telescopes is atmospheric seeing, therefore all the ground based optical telescopes on this list use some kind of adaptive optics.
7. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
The LSST is an 8-meter telescope with a 3 degree field of view (consider that the moon is only half a degree in the sky). This design configuration allows the LSST to implement an observing program that detects near-Earth objects which are small and faint in exposures of 10 or 20 seconds, and it allows images to be stacked for deep and wide imaging for star and galaxy surveys. The science mission drivers of LSST include the nature of dark energy, the solar system, optical transients, and galactic structure. It is the LSST technology and the rate at which it will produce data that makes it so remarkable. The LSST camera is 3200 Megapixels (it is a giant array of 189 CCD chips) and will create 400,000 sixteen Megapixel images per night (resulting in about 30 TB) for a total of 60 PB of raw data over 10 years. The total data volume after processing will be over 100 PB requiring 250 TFlops of computing power for processing. LSST will be wide, fast, and deep. It should be ready for first light by 2014.
8. Thirty Meter Telescope
The TMT is another extremely large ground based telescope. Its design calls for a collecting area that is thirty meters or about 100 feet in diameter. In order to better explore the early universe it will be sensitive to light in the optical near infrared. Relative to the Hubble the TMT will have 144 times more collecting area and a factor of 10 better spatial resolution in the near-infrared. The TMT will have a primary mirror composed of 492 segments with a rotating tertiary mirror (as seen in the above image, a Ritchey-Chretien telescope) in order to direct light onto multiple instruments and it will of course use adaptive optics to correct for turbulence in earth's atmosphere. The TMT will implement a scaled of version of the segmented mirror technology of the Keck telescopes at a size which will produce significant science at a reasonable cost.
9. Giant Magellan Telescope
The GMT differentiates itself from the other giant ground based telescopes on this list in that its primary mirror will not be segmented in the standard manner, but will instead consist of seven monolithic 8.4 m mirrors. Because six of the mirrors are off-axis (they don't focus light to a point directly above them, but rather to a point off to their side; see image above) they present a unique engineering challenge that will synthesize a telescope with a resolving power of a single 24.5 m mirror. Currently the first mirror has been cast at the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab as a proof of concept that an acceptably accurate shape can be achieved.
10. Atacma Large Submillimeter Array
ALMA is probably the most practical observatory on this list and it is almost already completed (located in the Atacama desert), whereas many of the other observatories on this list are only the twinkle in astronomer's eyes. It is currently under construction in the thin (altitude of 5,000 m or 16,000 feet), dry air, of northern Chile. ALMA is not actually a single telescope, but an array of 50 (this number may change and has already been reduced once) antennae working in unison. It merits a place on this list because it will revolutionize astronomy by providing a senstive eye on mm wavelength light where early universe star/planet formation can be viewed best. Each of its 12 m antennas will observe in bands ranging fom 30 Ghz to 1 Thz and the array will have specialized telescope transporters which will enable baselines ranging from 150 m to 16 km. ALMA is only practical in respect to the grandiose telescopes on this list; it the the most ambitious ground-based telescope ever built and costs in excess of one billion US dollars.
The future of great astronomical observatoriesThis list is merely my musings on astronomical observatories. There are more productive observatories that have already built, or will be built, but these are the most exciting in my humble opinion. This list does not include even more speculative projects such as plans for a lunar radio telescope or an extremely sensitive and larger LISA. There are other planned observatories not mentioned, like IXO, that just didn't make the list.
It is of note that there is an over arching principle of segmentation present in all of these observatories; these telescopes use multiple almost identical components working in unison in order to gather signal. LISA, the SKA, TPF, and ALMA use interferometry or correlation to observe. The EELT, TMT, JWST, use segmented primary mirrors. GMT uses several identical mirrors to simulate one primary mirror. LSST uses a massive array of CCD detectors. Modern technology and the economic/complexity benefits of reproducible industrial construction make this possible, but it takes modern computing to gather the data from the individual receiving elements and produce coherent observations and science.


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To place an order, contact our catering office between 9am-5pm. Monday through Friday at 407-823-2494 or email@example.com. Whenever possible, all catering orders should be placed 5 business days prior to your event. While we make every effort to accommodate last minute orders, we cannot guarantee your first choice selection can be fulfilled.
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Drop Off Menu
The Drop Off Menu provides a focused set of high-quality catering selections that are perfect for your more casual drop-off needs. Our Catering team delivers these items with the same dedicated service and culinary excellence you have come to expect. Our drop-off items provide enhanced value, allowing you to enjoy your event and simply dispose of all products once your guests have finished - no clean up needed!
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Mission Responsibility Through Investment
"What does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?" —Micah 6:8
MRTI to recommend divestment from Caterpillar, Motorola Solutions and Hewlett Packard
companies don't comply with ga mandate for 'peaceful pursuits' in israel/palestine, committee says
January 23, 2014
The Committee on Mission Responsibility Through Investment (MRTI) has found three corporations ― Caterpillar, Hewlett Packard and Motorola Solutions ― not in compliance with General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) policy on socially responsible investing and will recommend to the 221st General Assembly this summer in Detroit that these corporations be added to the denomination's divestment list until such a time as their corporate activities are found in accordance with policy. (See full report and recommendations.)
Since 2004, General Assemblies have directed MRTI to use the church's customary corporate engagement process to ensure that church investments are made only in companies engaged in peaceful pursuits in Israel, the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem.
The 2015 General Assembly Divestment List is now available
The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) urges divestment and/or proscription of some corporations due to their involvement in military-related production, tobacco, or human rights violations. Read a comprehensive list of corporations or securities affected by those General Assembly policies.
CF Industries Publishes First Sustainability Report; MRTI Withdraws Shareholder Resolution
CF Industries, in response to MRTI's shareholder proposals, has published its first report on its environmental, safety and health record. The report covers 2012, and provides an initial picture of the company's sustainability efforts.
MRTI submitted a shareholder resolution requesting the report that received 67.02% of the shareholder vote at the 2013 annual meeting. This was the highest proxy vote ever in MRTI's history, and for a sustainability report request in the history of shareholder advocacy. The resolution was resubmitted for the 2014 annual meeting with Friends Fiduciary co-filing.
Subsequently, CF Industries provided the report to MRTI, and requested that the 2014 resolution be withdrawn. Following a dialogue where the company reviewed their first report, and described the on-going process for publishing the next report, the filers decided to withdraw the resolution.
MRTI has provided CF Industries, a large fertilizer company, several suggestions and resources to assist the company in beefing up its disclosure. Sustainability reporting is becoming commonplace for major corporations, and assists stakeholders and investors in evaluating a company's performance on issues such as water stewardship, greenhouse gas and other air emissions and employee safety and health.
Companies have benefitted by greater understanding of their operations, identifying opportunities to reduce costs, and improving regulatory compliance. Companies with good records are also noting a greater ability to attract and retain high quality employees.
MRTI Praises Wells Fargo's Decision to End Direct Deposit Payday Advances
Wells Fargo announced on January 17, 2014, that it was eliminating its direct deposit payday advance program. Direct deposit payday advance is similar to other payday lending except the borrower must have their paycheck deposited directly into a bank account from which the loan plus interest is repaid. Critics of the program have cited high fees and interest rates along with many customers being trapped into more borrowing to repay the original loan.
MRTI has held dialogues with Wells Fargo for many years on all aspects of consumer finance and mortgage lending as well as environmental programs. Recently, the dialogue has included more attention to the bank's direct deposit payday loan product, and reviews of regulatory proposals on the product. This year as well MRTI joined other shareholders in filing a resolution on the issue.
MRTI has worked on ending payday lending abuses for several years, and recently has turned its attention to the growing problem of internet payday lending.


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[Note: To make the text as useful as possible to readers, the Golden Legend is
available at this site in multiple forms: very large files for each of the volumes, and by
chapter. See the Golden Legend Main Page/Index for other
volumes or chapter length files.]
[Note: To make the text as useful as possible to readers, the Golden Legend is
available at this site in multiple forms: very large files for each of the volumes, and by
chapter. See the Golden Legend Main Page/Index for other
volumes or chapter length files.]
Here beginneth the Life of S. James the More, and Apostle, and first of the
interpretation of his name.
This James the apostle is said James the son of Zebedee, brother of S. John the
Evangelist and Boanerges, that is the son of thunder, and James the More. He was said
James, son of Zebedee, not only in flesh but in the exposition of the name, for Zebedee is
interpreted giving or given, and James gave himself to God by martyrdom of death, and he
is given to us of God for a special patron. He is said James, brother of John, not only by
flesh but by semblance of manners. For they both were of one love and of one study and of
one will. They were of one love for to avenge our Lord, for when the Samaritans would not
receive Jesu Christ, James and John said: If it please thee Lord let fire descend from
heaven and destroy them. They were of like study for to learn, for these two were they
that demanded of our Lord of the day of judgment, and of other things to come. And they
asked that one of them might sit at the right side of him and that other on his left side.
He was said the son of thunder, because of the sound of his predication, for he feared the
evil and excited the slothful, and by the highness of his preaching he did marvels in
converting them to the faith; whereof Bede saith of S. John, that he thundered so high,
that if he had thundered a little higher, all the world might not have comprised him. He
is said James the More, like as that other James is said James the Less. First by reason
of his calling, for he was first called of Jesu Christ, secondly by reason of familiarity,
for Jesu Christ was seen to have greater familiarity with him than with the Less James.
Like as it appeareth at the raising of the maid, and at his holy transfiguration. Thirdly,
by reason of his passion. For among all the apostles he was the first that suffered death,
and he may be said More because he was first called to be an apostle, so he was first
called to the glory perdurable.
Of S. James the More, and Apostle.
James the apostle, son of Zebedee, preached after the ascension of our Lord in the
Jewry and Samaria, and after, he was sent into Spain for to sow there the word of Jesu
Christ. But when he was there he profited but little, for he had converted unto Christ's
law but nine disciples, of whom he left two there, for to preach the word of God, and took
the other seven with him and returned again into Judea. Master John Beleth saith that he
converted there but one man only, and when after he preached the word of God in Judea,
there was an enchanter named Hermogenes with the Pharisees, which sent Philetus his
disciple to S. James for to overcome him tofore all men, and to prove his preaching false.
But the apostle overcame him tofore all men reasonably, and did many miracles tofore him.
Philetus then returned to Hermogenes, and approved the doctrine of James to be true, and
recited to him his miracles, and said that he would be his disciple, and desired and
counselled Hermogenes in like wise to be his disciple. Then Hermogenes was wroth, and by
his craft and enchantments he made Philetus in such wise that he might not move, and said:
Now we shall see if thy James may save thee. Then Philetus sent his child to S. James and
let him have knowledge hereof. Then S. James sent to him his sudary or keverchief and
said: Say to him that our Lord redresseth them that be hurt, and unbindeth them that be
empeshed; and as soon as he said so, and touched the sudary, he was unbound and loosed
from all the enchanting of Hermogenes, and arose up and went joyfully to S. James. Then
Hermogenes was angry, and called many devils, and commanded them that they bring to him S.
James bound, and Philetus with him, for to avenge him on them, lest his disciples
afterwards address them against him. Then when the devils came towards S. James, they
cried, howling in the air, saying: James the apostle of God have pity on us, for we burn
tofore our time come. To whom James said: Wherefore come ye to me? And they said:
Hermogenes hath sent us to thee and to Philetus for to bring you to him, and the angel of
God hath bound us with chains of fire and tormenteth us. And James said: The angel of God
shall unbind you and bring him to me bounden, but hurt him not. Then they went and took
Hermogenes and bound his hands, and brought him so bound to S. James, and they said to
Hermogenes: Thou hast sent us thither where we were strongly tormented and grievously
bound. And then said they to S. James: Give to us power against him that we may avenge the
wrongs and our embracements. And James said to them: Lo! here is Philetus tofore you, why
take ye him not? They answered: We may not touch him, ne as much as a flea that is in thy
couch. Then said James to Philetus: To the end that thou do good for evil, like as Christ
bade us, unbind him. And then Hermogenes was all confused. And James said to him: Go thy
way freely where thou wilt, for it appertaineth not to our discipline that any be
converted against his will, and Hermogenes said to him: I know well the ire of the devils,
but if thou give to me somewhat of thine that I may have with me, they shall slay me. Then
S. James gave to him his staff. Then he went and brought to the apostle all his books of
his false craft and enchanting for to be burnt. But S. James, because that the odour of
the burning might do evil or harm to some fools, he made them to be cast into the sea. And
after he had cast his books into the sea he returned, and holding his feet said: O thou
deliverer of souls, receive me penitent, and him that hath sustained till now missaying of
thee. And then began he to be perfect in the dread of God our Lord, so that many virtues
were done by him afterward.
And when the Jews saw Hermogenes converted they were all moved of envy, and went unto
S. James and blamed him because that he preached Christ crucified. And he approved clearly
the coming and passion of our Lord Jesu Christ in such wise that many believed in our
Lord. Abiathar, which was bishop that year, moved the people against him, and then they
put a cord about his neck and brought him to Herod Agrippa. And when he was led to be
beheaded by the commandment of Herod, a man having the palsy cried to him. And he gave him
health and said: In the name of Jesu Christ, for whom I am led to be beheaded, arise thou
and be all whole, and bless our Lord thy Maker. And anon he arose and was all whole. A
scribe named Josias, which put the cord about his neck and drew him, seeing this miracle
fell down to his feet and demanded of him forgiveness and that he might be christened; and
when Abiathar saw that, he made him to be taken, and said to him: But if thou curse the
name of Christ thou shalt be beheaded with him. To whom Josias said: Be thou accursed, and
accursed be all thy Gods, and the name of our Lord Jesu Christ be blessed world without
end. Then Abiathar commanded to smite him on the mouth with fists, and sent a message to
Herod, and gat consent that he should be beheaded with James. And when they should be
beheaded both, S. James desired a potful of water of him that should smite off their
heads, and therewith he baptized Josias, and then anon they were both beheaded and
suffered martyrdom. S. James was beheaded the eighth kalends of April on our Lady's day of
the Annunciation, and the eighth kalends of August he was translated to Compostella. And
the third kalends of January he was buried, for the making of his sepulchre was from
August unto January, and therefore the church hath established that his feast shall be
hallowed in the eighth kalends of August, whereas is most convenable time. And as Master
John Beleth saith, which made this translation diligently: When the blessed S. James was
beheaded, his disciples took the body away by night for fear of the Jews, and brought it
into a ship, and committed unto the will of our Lord the sepulture of it, and went withal
into the ship without sail or rudder. And by the conduct of the angel of our Lord they
arrived in Galicia in the realm of Lupa. There was in Spain a queen that had to name, and
also by deserving of her life, Lupa, which is as much to say in English as a she-wolf. And
then the disciples of S. James took out his body and laid it upon a great stone. And anon
the stone received the body into it as it had been soft wax, and made to the body a stone
as it were a sepulchre. Then the disciples went to Lupa the queen, and said to her: Our
Lord Jesu Christ hath sent to thee the body of his disciple, so that him that thou
wouldest not receive alive thou shalt receive dead, and then they recited to her the
miracle by order; how they were come without any governaile of the ship and required of
her place convenable for his holy sepulture. And when the queen heard this, she sent them
unto a right cruel man, by treachery and by guile, as Master Beleth saith, and some say it
was to the king of Spain, for to have his consent of this matter, and he took them and put
them in prison. And when he was at dinner the angel of our Lord opened the prison and let
them escape away all free. And when he knew it, he sent hastily knights after, for to take
them, and as these knights passed to go over a bridge, the bridge brake and overthrew, and
they fell in the water and were drowned. And when he heard that he repented him and
doubted for himself and for his people, and sent after them, praying them for to return,
and that he would do like as they would themselves. And then they returned and converted
the people of that city unto the faith of God. And when Lupa the queen heard this, she was
much sorrowful, and when they came again to her they told to her the agreement of the
king. She answered: Take the oxen that I have in yonder mountain, and join ye and yoke
them to my cart or chariot, and bring ye then the body of your master, and build ye for
him such a place as ye will, and this she said to them in guile and mockage, for she knew
well that there were no oxen but wild bulls, and supposed that they should never join them
to her chariot, and if they were so joined and yoked to the chariot, they would run hither
and thither, and should break the chariot, and throw down the body and slay them. But
there is no wisdom against God. And then they, that knew nothing the evil courage of the
queen, went up on the mountain, and found there a dragon casting fire at them, and ran on
them. And they made the sign of the cross and he brake it on two pieces. And then they
made the sign of the cross upon the bulls, and anon they were meek as lambs. Then they
took them and yoked them to the chariot, and took the body of S. James with the stone that
they had laid it on, and laid on the chariot, and the wild bulls without governing or
driving of any body drew it forth unto the middle of the palace of the queen Lupa. And
when she saw this she was abashed and believed and was christened, and delivered to them
all that they demanded, and dedicated her palace into a church and endowed it greatly, and
after ended her life in good works.
Bernard, a man of the bishopric of Mutina, as Calixtus the pope saith, was taken and
enchained and put into a deep tower, and called always the blessed S. James, so that S.
James appeared to him and said: Come and follow me into Galicia, and then his bonds brake
and S. James vanished away. And he went up into the high tower, and his bonds in his neck,
and sprang down without hurting, and it was well sixty cubits of height. And as Bede
saith: There was a man that had done a foul sin, of which the bishop doubted to assoil
him, and sent him to S. James with a schedule in which the sin was written; and when he
had laid the schedule upon the altar, on the day of S. James he prayed S. James, that by
his merits his sin might be forgiven and defaced. And after, he opened the schedule and
found the sin effaced and struck out. And then he thanked God and S. James.
Thirty men of Lorraine went together on pilgrimage to S. James about the year of our
Lord a thousand and sixty-three, and all made faith to other that every man should abide
and serve other in all estates that shall happen by the way, except one, that would make
no covenant. It happed that one of them was sick and his fellows abode and awaited on him
fifteen days, and at last they all left him, save he that promised not, which abode by him
and kept him at the foot of the Mount St. Michael. And when it drew to night the sick man
died, and when it was night, the man that was alive was sore afraid for the place which
was solitary, and for the presence of the dead body, and for the cruelty of the strange
people, and for the darkness of the night that came on. But anon S. James appeared to him
in likeness of a man on horseback and comforted him and said; Give me that dead body
tofore me, and leap thou up behind me on my horse. And so they rode all that night fifteen
days journey that they were on the morn to see the sun rising at Montoia, which is but
half a league from S. James. Then S. James left them both, commanding him that was alive,
that he should assemble the canons of S. James to bury this pilgrim, and that he should
say to his fellows, because they had broken their faith their pilgrimage availed them not.
And he did his commandment, and when his fellows came they marvelled how he had so fast
gone, and he told to them all that S. James had said and done.
And as Calixtus the pope rehearseth, there was a man of Almaine, and he went to S.
James about the year one thousand four score and three, and came to Toulouse for to be
lodged, and their host made them drunk. Then the host took a cup of silver and put it in
their malle. And on the morn, when they were gone, he followed them as thieves, and bare
them on hand that they had stolen his cup, and said that they should be punished if the
cup were found on them. And he found it in the malle, and anon they were brought to
judgment. And then the sentence was given, that all that they had should be given to the
host, and that one of them should be hanged. And then the father would have died for his
son and the son for the father. At last the son was hanged, and the father went forth
weeping on his pilgrimage to S. James, and came again thirty-six days after, and then went
for to see his son, and cried and wept, but the son which was hanged, began to comfort and
said to his father: Right sweet father, weep no more, for I was never so well at ease, for
the blessed S. James hath alway sustained me and held me up, and hath fed me with
sweetness of heaven; and when the father heard him speak, he ran anon to the city and did
so much that the people came, and his son was taken down all whole, as though he had never
had harm, and the host was hanged which had put the cup in the malle.
Hugo de S. Victor rehearseth that the devil appeared in likeness of S. James to a
pilgrim, and told to him many things of the unhappiness of the world, and said to him that
he should be well blessed if he slew himself in the honour of him. And anon he took a
knife and slew himself; and then the host in whose house he was lodged was held suspect,
and was sore afraid to be put therefor to death. Then he that was dead revived again, and
said that the devil had caused him to slay himself, and brought him into great torments.
And S. James ran, and brought him tofore the throne of the judge, and when the devils
accused him, he gat that he should be restored to his life.
There was a young man of the country of Lyons, as Hugh the abbot of Cluny witnesseth,
that was accustomed to go oft to S. James, and the night tofore he should go thitherward
he fell in fornication. And the next day he went forth. On a night it happed that the
devil appeared to him in likeness of S. James, and said to him: Knowest thou who I am? And
he answered: Nay. And the devil said to him: I am James the apostle, whom thou hast used
to visit every year, and I am glad for thy devotion. But it is not long sith that thou, in
going out of thy house, fellest in fornication, and hast presumed to come, not confessed
thereof, wherefore thy pilgrimage may neither please God ne me. It appertaineth not to do
so, for who that will come to me in pilgrimage, he must first show his sins by contrition
and by confession, and after, by going on pilgrimage, punish them and make satisfaction.
And this said, the devil vanished away. Then the young man was in great anguish, and
disposed him to return home again to his house and confess him of his sins, and then to
begin again his journey. And then the devil appeared to him again in likeness of the
apostle, and warned him in no wise to do so, but said to him: This sin may in no wise be
forgiven but if he cut off his members generative. But yet he should be more blessed if he
killed himself, and be a martyr for the sake of him. And he, that same night, when his
fellows slept, took a knife and cut off his genitals, and with the same knife smote
himself into the belly. And his fellows awoke, and when they saw this thing they were sore
afraid, and anon fled away lest they should be taken as suspect of the homicide. And
after, as they made ready his pit, to bury him in, he revived again, and then all they
were abashed and fled away. And he called them again, and told all that was befallen to
him, saying: When I at the suggestion of the devil had slain myself, the devils took me
and led me towards Rome, and anon S. James came after us, and blamed strongly the devils
of their fallacy. And when they had long strived together, S. James constrained them to
come into a meadow, where the Blessed Virgin sat speaking with many saints. And the
blessed S. James complained for me, and then she blamed strongly the devils, and commanded
that I should be restored again to my life. And then S. James took me, and rendered to me
my life again, like as you see. And three days after his wounds were whole, and there
appeared nothing but the traces where the wounds were, and then he reprised again his
journey, and found his fellows, and recited to them all this by order.
And as Calixtus the pope rehearseth, there was a Frenchman, about the year of our Lord
eleven hundred, would eschewe the mortality that was in France, and would visit S. James,
and he took his wife and children and went thither. And when they came to Pampelona his
wife died, and his host took from him all his money and his jument, upon which his
children were borne. And this man, that thus went all discomforted, and bare his children
on his shoulders, and led one after him, was in great anguish and sorrow. Then came a man
to him, upon an ass, which had pity on him, and lent to him his ass for to bear his
children. And when he came to S. James, and had done what he would, and prayed, S. James
appeared to him, and demanded if he knew him, and he said nay. And S. James said to him: I
am James the apostle, which have lent to thee mine ass, and yet I shall lend him to thee
for to return. And I let thee wit that thine host is fallen from a soler and is dead. And
thou shalt have again all that he hath taken from thee. And when all this was done, he
returned joyous, with his children to his house. And as soon as his children were taken
off from the ass, it was not known where it became.
A merchant was detained of a tyrant, and all despoiled, was wrongfully put in prison.
And he called much devoutly S. James into his help. And S. James appeared to him tofore
them that kept him, and they awoke, and he brought him into the highest of the tower, and
anon the tower bowed down so low that the top was even with the ground. And he went,
without leaping, and unbound of his irons. Then his keepers followed after, but they had
no power to see him.
Three knights of the diocese of Lyons went to S. James, and that one was required of a
poor woman for the love of S. James to bear her sack upon his horse; and he bare it.
After, he found a man sick, and set him on his horse, and took the burden off the man, and
the sack off the said woman, and followed his horse afoot. But he was broken with the heat
of the sun, and with labour to go afoot, that when he came to S. James in Galicia, he was
strongly sick. And his fellows prayed three days for the health of his soul, which three
days he lay speechless, and his fellows abiding his death. The fourth he sighed greatly,
and said: I thank God and S. James, for I am delivered by his merits when I would have
done that which ye warned and admonished me. But the devils came to me and strained me so
sore that I might not do nothing that appertained to the health of my soul. And I heard
you well but I might not answer. And then the blessed S. James came, and brought in his
left hand the sack of the woman, and in the right hand the bourdon of the poor pilgrim
that I helped by the way, and held the bourdon for a spear, and the sack for a shield, and
so assailed the devils as all angry, and lift up the bourdon, and feared the devils that
they fled away; and thus the blessed S. James hath delivered me by his holy grace, and
hath rendered to me my speech again. Call me the priest, for I may not be long in this
life, it is time to amend our trespasses toward our Lord. And then he turned him to one of
his fellows, and said to him: Friend, ride no more with thy lord, for certainly he is
damned, and shall perish shortly by evil death, and therefore leave his company, and then
he died. And when he was buried, his two fellows, knights, returned, and that other said
to his master this that he had said to him, and he set not thereby, and had despite to
amend him. And anon after he was smitten with a spear in battle and died.
And as Calixtus the pope saith, that there was a man of Viriliac went to S. James, and
his money failed him by the way. And he had shame for to beg and ask alms, and he laid him
under a tree, and dreamed that S. James fed him. And when he awoke he found a loaf, baked
under ashes, at his head, and with that loaf he lived fifteen days till that he came again
to his own place, and ate sufficiently twice a day of the same loaf, and always on the
morn he found it whole in his satchel.
Also the same Calixtus rehearseth that a burgess of the city of Barcelona went to S.
James about the year of our Lord eleven hundred, and required only that he should never be
taken of any enemies, and as he returned by Sicily he was taken in the sea of Saracens,
and led ofttimes to fairs for to be sold, but alway the chains with which he was bounden
loosed. And when he had been sold fourteen times he was bound with double chains. Then he
called S. James to his help, and S. James appeared to him and said: Because thou wert in
my church, and thou settest nothing by the health of thy soul, but demandedst only the
deliverance of thy body, therefor thou hast fallen in this peril. But because that our
Lord is merciful, he hath sent me for to buy thee. And anon his chains brake, and he,
bearing a part of the chains, passed by the countries and castles of the Saracens, and
came home into his own country in the sight of all men, which were abashed of the miracle.
For when any man would have taken him, as soon as they saw the chain they were afeard and
fled. And when the lions and other beasts would have ran on him, in the deserts whereon he
went, when they saw the chain they were afeard that they fled away.
It happed in the year twelve hundred and thirtyeight in a castle named Prato, between
Florence and Pistoia, a young man deceived of simplesse by counsel of an old man, set fire
in the corn of his tutor, which had charge to keep him, because that he would usurp to
himself his heritage. Then he was taken, and confessed his trespass, and was judged to be
drawn and burnt. Then he confessed him, and avowed to S. James. And when he had been long
drawn in his shirt upon a stony way, he was neither hurt in his body ne in his shirt. Then
he was bound to a stake, and fagots and bushes were set about him, and fire put thereto,
which fire burnt atwo his bonds, and he always called on S. James, and there was no hurt
of burning found in his shirt nor in his body, and when they would have cast him again
into the fire, he was taken away from them by S. James, the apostle of God, to whom be
given laud and praising.
The Golden Legend or Lives of the Saints. Compiled by Jacobus de Voragine,
Archbishop of Genoa, 1275. First Edition Published 1470. Englished by William
Caxton, First Edition 1483, Edited by F.S. Ellis, Temple Classics, 1900 (Reprinted 1922,
This chapter is from: Volume 4:
Scanned by Robert Blackmon. [email protected].
The Golden Legend or Lives of the Saints. Compiled by Jacobus de Voragine,
Archbishop of Genoa, 1275. First Edition Published 1470. Englished by William
Caxton, First Edition 1483, Edited by F.S. Ellis, Temple Classics, 1900 (Reprinted 1922,
This chapter is from: Volume 4:
Scanned by Robert Blackmon. [email protected].
This text is part of the Internet
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© Paul Halsall, May 2001
[email protected]
This text is part of the Internet
Medieval Source Book. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and
copy-permitted texts related to medieval and Byzantine history.
Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is copyright.
Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational
purposes and personal use. If you do reduplicate the document, indicate the source. No
permission is granted for commercial use.
© Paul Halsall, May 2001
[email protected]
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