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Auchi Polytechnic HND Admission Form 2023/2024
Auchi Polytechnic HND Admission Form for 2023/2024 has been released for admission into its HND (Higher National Diploma) morning / full-time programmes. See how to obtain Auchi Poly HND Form below.
Auchi Polytechnic HND Admission Form 2023
Applications are hereby invited from suitably qualified candidates for admission into the Higher National Diploma (HND) programmes of the Polytechnic for the 2023/2024 academic session.
Auchi Polytechnic HND Courses.
Higher National Diploma programmes are available in the following disciplines:
- Food Technology
- Hospitality Management
- Science Laboratory Technology
- Biology/Microbiology
- Chemistry
- Chemistry/Biochemistry
- Microbiology
- Physics and Electronics
- Ceramics
- Fashion Design and Clothing Technology
- Graphics
- Painting
- Sculpture
- Textiles
- Accountancy
- Banking and Finance
- Business Administration and Management
- Marketing
- Public Administration
- Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Technology
- Farm Power and Machinery Option
- Soil and Water Option
- Civil Engineering Technology
- Electrical/Electronics Engineering Technology
- Electronics/Telecommunication Option
- Power/Machines Option
- Mechanical Engineering Technology:
- Manufacturing Option
- Power/Plant Option
- Minerals and Petroleum Resources Engineering Technology
- Geological Engineering Technology Option
- Mining Engineering Technology Option
- Polymer Technology
- Architectural Technology
- Building Technology
- Estate Management and Valuation
- Quantity Surveying
- Surveying and Geo-Informatics
- Urban & Regional Planning
- Computer Science
- Mass Communication
- Broadcast Option
- Print Option
- Office Technology & Management
- Statistics
Auchi Polytechnic HND Admission Requirements.
All candidates seeking admission into the Higher National Diploma programmes of the Polytechnic must ensure that they were offered admissions through the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board during their National Diploma programme(s). Any candidate that does not have an Admission letter and registration number from JAMB for the National Diploma programme is ineligible for the Higher National Diploma admission, such persons will not be mobilized for the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) Scheme.
- Candidates for any of the Higher National Diploma (HND) programmes must possess the National Diploma (ND) of the Polytechnic or an equivalent qualification from other similar Institutions whose programmes have earned NBTE Candidates must possess a National Diploma Certificate in the course they intend to pursue at the Higher National Diploma Level.
- In addition to specific departmental requirements, candidates must possess Five (5) Ordinary Level credit passes at one sitting or Six (6) Ordinary Level credit passes at two (2) sittings, which must include Mathematics and English Language, in WAEC, NECO or NABTEB examination.
- A credit pass in Literature in English at O'level is compulsory for candidates seeking admission into the Department of Mass Communication.
- A credit pass in Economics at O'level is compulsory for candidates seeking admission into the Department of Accountancy.
(Departmental requirements are on the Polytechnic website: www.auchipoly.edu.ng)
Also, candidates must have at least one year Post National Diploma (ND) Industrial Experience (IT) or two (2) years Post National Diploma Industrial Experience for candidates with a pass grade at the National Diploma level. Academic transcripts from the candidates' Institutions (except for graduands of Auchi Polytechnic) must be submitted before the application for the Higher National Diploma admission will be processed. Candidates should note that any student found to be deficient after admission will be withdrawn.
How to Apply for Auchi Polytechnic HND Admission Form.
Application forms will be completed online via the Polytechnic website: www.auchipoly.edu.ng (All applicants are required to pay a non-refundable application and screening fee of twenty thousand Naira (N20,000.00) only in favour of Auchi Polytechnic Treasury Single Account (TSA) No.1000075, using Remita Retrieval Reference (RRR) generated from the Polytechnic website.
Read and follow the steps below carefully.
- Open your web browser and type in Auchi Polytechnic URL: www.auchipoly.edu.ng to display the Auchi Polytechnic web page. Select the desired portal (morning, evening or degree).
- Click on the link. Apply for 2023/2024 Auchi Polytechnic HND.
- The application form request will display.
- Carefully complete the application form. Ensure that you provide all required information correctly.
- NOTE: Provide a username, (Preferably your phone number) and a password. Write your username and password in a safe place because you will need them for subsequent logins. Then click Generate Remita Retrieval Reference.
- Take the generated REMITA RETRIEVAL REFERENCE (RRR) to the designated bank and request that your payment be processed on the REMITA platform. You can also make payments on any REMITA approved payment channels. Allow a couple of hours for your payment to be processed before returning to the portal to continue with your application. Login with your username and password.
- Click on Continue with my Application Form.
- Complete the application form carefully. Ensure that you provide required information correctly as false information may invalidate your application. Upload your passport photograph as well as the required scanned copies of your credentials.
- Print a copy of the acknowledgement slip and two copies of the application form.
- Print a copy of application summary sheet.
- Enclose two (2) sets of photocopies of your credentials; e-receipt of remita payment, birth certificate and two (2) recent passport-sized photographs to the forms in an envelope. This will be submitted at a later date in line with COVID-19 guidelines.
Any payment procedure generated and processed on any other platform for the purpose of admissions into Auchi polytechnic, Auchi is invalid. All payment procedures must originate from the auchipoly.edu.ng portal. The portal is already integrated with the remita payment platform.
If you have any difficulty in completing the application form, please call or send text to the GSM number 08182284195 or e-mail email@example.com (between 9a.m and 4p.m week days only)
If you want to stay updated on Auchi Polytechnic HND Admission Form 2023 kindly drop your email address in the subscription box below and we will keep you updated.
NSN Team.


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Finland's knowledge based economy is at the forefront of innovation and drives growth across the services and engineering sectors
As Finland's economy rebuilds itself in the wake of the Eurozone crash, the key to corporate success is accessing and fostering the creativity and excellence of the Finnish workforce.
Whether an international IT service provider, high-tech electronics manufacturer, wood product firms, or commercial ship builder, our advanced and data driven approach to search provides clients with the tools to build leadership teams focused securing growth through stable revenue streams.
Samppa Nylund
+358 10 424 1800 - firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Do Not Sell My Information
DJ Alex Reyes Entertainment offers our customers certain choices about how we use their information. The California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") gives California residents the right to opt- out of the "sale" of their personal information.
The Digital Advertising Alliance ("DAA") provides you with a choice as to whether participating third parties can use your information to provide interest-based advertising. To opt out of sharing your information with such participating third parties for interest-based advertising, please use the following tools:
- For websites: the DAA WebChoices Tool, available at http://optout.aboutads.info/?c=2&lang=EN.
- For mobile applications and connected devices, such as smart TVs or streaming devices, you should review the device's settings and select the option that allows you to disable automatic content recognition or ad tracking. Typically, to opt out, such devices require you to select options like "limit ad tracking" or to disable options such as "interest-based advertising," "interactive TV," or "smart interactivity". These settings vary by device type.
When enabling advertising opt-out tools please understand the following:
- The opt-outs described above are device and browser based. Because the information being shared relates to your device ID and/or browser ID, you will need to opt out on each device and each browser.
- Opt-outs may be stored via cookies. If you clear cookies or if you browser blocks cookies, your opt-out cookie may no longer be available. In this case your opt-out choices can not to be honored.
We do not maintain or control these opt-out mechanisms and are not responsible for their operation. DJ Alex Reyes Entertainment may still use your data to deliver contextual advertising, conduct cross-device tracking to serve you first-party ads directly, or for non-interest based advertising purposes, such as attribution and analytics.
DJ Alex Reyes Entertainment feature interest-based advertising. Advertising, including interested-based advertising, enables our brand to provide you certain content for free and offers that are more relevant to you.
The CCPA broadly defines "sale" of personal information in a way that may include allowing third parties to receive certain information to add to a profile about your device, browser, or you. This profile enables interest-based advertising on applicable DJ Alex Reyes Entertainment and other online services.


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While there may be a lot of crowdfunding campaigns for smartphone cases, few do what PopSlate does: It turns the back of your iPhone into an e-Reader, smartwatch and charger.
PopSlate is a charging case with a 4-in. e-ink screen that when connected to mobile apps on your iPhone, turns the rear of the smartphone into a black-and-white display for information and notifications.
With 21 days left in the Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign, the PopSlate iPhone case has already raised $575,000, seven times its original goal of $75,000.
The screen allows phone owners to use and navigate between multiple apps simultaneously; you can, for instance, configure dashboards for popular news and information feeds for at-a-glance information.
The low-power e-ink display is always on and gives users access by connecting to apps, such as weather, news and sports, social feeds, calendar alerts or e-books.
Along with being a 400-by-240-pixel resolution display, the case can also charge your iPhone with its internal lithium-ion battery. The hard case is compatible with iPhone 6, 6+, 6S, 6S+ models and adds 0.16 of an inch to the phone's thickness.
PopSlate leverages content through a provider's APIs, which then allows it to stream the info into a feed and dashboard on the e-ink screen. The screen can also act as a clock with multiple faces as well as a digital wallet for displaying scannable barcodes and AR-codes for boarding pass and membership card information.
"We have access to the most popular content integrations," the PopSlate site states. "We will continuously roll out new content streams in the coming months."
What PopSlate can't do is read Kindle e-books. Currently, the smartphone case can only access e-reading from Project Gutenberg, which offers 50,000 e-books from a library that's still growing. The company expects to have additional e-book and other content sources after the product launches in July.
The PopSlate is available in black and white and is being offered to early birds for $79 plus shipping costs.


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Wall Bridge 30Wx24H Caspian Shaker
Width: 30" Height: 24" Depth: 12"
Caspian Shaker Wall Bridge 30Wx24H - The Deep Ocean Blue finish makes this style a stand out while the hot and trending shaker lines bring it all together with a truly classic yet modern feel. Get the best of both worlds in your stylish new kitchen!
No Reviews Yet!


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With new hives, and a different style than most, do I just dump the bees in?
I've read that most really want to have some comb in first, but with the different style and measurements that I have, how would I do that?
Would the bees stay in the hive without there being any comb?
Robo, On the tbh hive that you mentioned, that you could put a Lang. frame into. Is that a medium or a deep?
Thanks for the replies, that will help me to get er done, when Spring comes, if it ever does. Yes, I was going to start with a package or a swarm, if I am lucky enough to get them like I did last year. I think that I will enjoy the concept of a tbh. Kick back and watch nature do her thing. Thanks, Marc


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Just a few short years ago, virtual reality was seen as such a complex, advanced technology that a VR headset was viewed as a tool of the distant future, almost like a prop from a science-fiction movie. Fast-forward to today and VR is impacting every industry around the globe, from gaming and entertainment to marketing, hospitality and healthcare and – believe it or not – even professional sports.
Over in England at Premier League Association Football Club Tottenham Hotspur, a new Virtual and Augmented Reality technology is taking fans inside the club's new state of the art stadium before it is even built. The 'SPVRS' App – titled after the club's nickname Spurs – is available for free for users to download on iOS and Android devices and since May of last year has been bringing their new 61,000-seater venue to life.
The app provides access to a printable tracker image which is then brought to life by a user's smartphone or tablet using AR, giving users the impression that they have been transported to the centre of the pitch. From that point, users are absorbed in VR which allows a full 360-degree view of the inside of the new stadium. In terms of fan interaction with the club's brand, it's an ingenious marketing strategy that could be adopted by a number of other sports teams on both sides of the pond, and across the world.
In addition to being host to Tottenham's home games in the Premier League, the new White Hart Lane stadium will also stage other marquee events, such as the NFL's London games that have traditionally been held at Wembley, as well as concerts and world championship fight nights. Tottenham's ambition off the field is matched by their progress on it; they have come a long way in a short time under current manager Mauricio Pochettino and look to mount a title challenge this season.
Spurs are currently 4th in the Premier League and at long odds of around 40/1 with no deposit free bet sites to win the title due to their points deficit to favourites Manchester City. Tottenham are an optimistic 4/5 with bookmakers 888sport to qualify for next season's Champions League which Man city are favourites to win at even money with the same bookie.
VR and sports fanatics are understandably excited at the boundless potential of the technology, which in the near future should give you the ability to wear a headset and feel like you're pitch-side from the comfort of your own home. As demonstrated by Tottenham Hotspur, sport and technology go hand-in-hand in the modern age and that relationship is only going to become more symbiotic.


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Lactose intolerance
How did we end up with a situation that two thirds of adults on our planet can't comfortably drink milk? Dr Karl goes in search of an answer.
Food can bring people together. But sometimes specific foods can cause a great schism. A good example is milk, and the condition known as 'lactose intolerance'.
How did we end up with the situation that about two thirds of the adults on our planet can't comfortably drink milk. The answer is a combination of 'cattle herding' and 'evolution'.
First, what is lactose? The organic chemists call it a 'disaccharide', which literally means two simple sugars. So lactose, the common sugar in milk, is actually made of two simpler sugars joined together — and the simple sugars are glucose and galactose.
Lactose is physically too large to cross the gut wall and get into the bloodstream. So all young suckling mammals manufacture a special enzyme to split the lactose into its two component simpler sugars of glucose and galactose - which are small enough to cross the gut wall and enter the bloodstream. This enzyme, called 'lactase' is found in the cells that make up the lining of your jejunum and duodenum — parts of your small intestine.
With lactase, baby mammals can get all the nutrition they need from their mothers' milk. But all mammals lose this enzyme after they stopped suckling.
Typically, human infants stop making this enzyme somewhere around 3-5 years of age. In fact, until several thousand years ago, no adult mammals could manufacture this enzyme.
About 12,000 years ago, somewhere near modern-day Turkey, the long and complex process of 'The Neolithic Transition' began. Those people acquired the social behaviours related to leaving a nomadic lifestyle and getting used to a sedentary way of life. They developed new economic strategies such as animal and plant domestication, and new technologies such as pottery and polished stone tools.
It was between the Zagros and Taurus mountains that they started domesticating goat and sheep around 11,000 years ago, and cattle and pig about 500 years later. Animal domestication reached present-day Romania and Hungary about 7,500 years ago, and Britain 6,000 years ago.
When you domesticate an animal, you can collect either 'primary' or 'secondary' products. Primary products can be gained only with the death of the animal, and include meat, bone, hide, horn, and so on. But you can continue harvesting secondary products over and over for the life of the animal — products such as wool, the animal's dung, its labour, and yes, its milk.
In the case of the milk production of a pre-historic or Neotholic cow, after you subtract the milk needed to raise the calf, you're still left with some 200 kg of milk. This is about the same as the entire energy load you get by eating the meat of the whole cow.
Back then, there were many advantages to consuming the milk of a cow. First, it was a renewable source of food energy when times were bad. After all, cows eat grass, which is readily available, and which we couldn't digest anyway.
Second, it also was mostly water — very handy in a drought.
Third, in most cases it was not contaminated with nasty bacteria.
And fourth, if you lived near the Arctic, it contained some useful Vitamin D as well as lots of calcium.
But there was a big problem. Only suckling babies and infants could digest milk. Only they had the lactase enzyme in their small intestine that could break down the indigestible two-sugar lactose into two separate digestible simple sugars.
If adult humans tried to drink milk, the big disaccharide molecule of lactose would not get digested or broken down in the small intenstine, but instead, would continue on into the large intestine. There, various micorganisms (including bacteria) would try to break it down — with varying degrees of success. Symptoms would include stomach discomfort, excessive farting, cramps and bloating. Indeed, lactose molecules in the colon could have an osmotic effect and draw in water from the bloodstream, leading to soft stools or even diarrhoea.
Now of course, there would be a lot of natural human variability here, with some people doing better than others in dealing with milk. The severity of the symptoms would also depend on how much lactose they consumed in one sitting, and how efficient their natural gut bacteria were at breaking down lactose. And if they ate other foods at the same time (especially fatty or high-energy ones), the rate at which the food load went through the gut would slow down, and so give the bacteria more time for processing.
But what they really needed was some good old evolution, so they could make some lactase as they used to be able to back when they were breast-feeding. So I'll talk about some fascinating aspects of that, next time.
Published 17 September 2013
© 2023 Karl S. Kruszelnicki Pty Ltd


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Show All Answers
Please refer to our Hours & Location page for the most up-to-date information. The normal hours of operation and closures are listed.
During this phase of the renovations, there is one copier available on the second floor. Black and white copies are $0.10 per page and color copies are $1 per page. Additional copiers will be available once the renovations have been completed.
Coffee, pop, and snack machines are available on the first floor. Snacks and covered beverages are allowed to be eaten in the library.
Yes. Please visit our Home Delivery page for more details.
During this phase of the renovations, there are restrooms near the temporary entrance and on the second floor. All our drinking fountains are closed due to COVID-19.
Yes, but please be courteous. Take lengthy conversations outside, set your phone to vibrate, use a quiet tone of voice, and remember that your conversation can be overheard.
No. That information is available on the City's website.
The Friends of the Library have school supply bags available for purchase at the Used, But Sterling Bookstore for $3. Staplers and pencil sharpeners are available to use in the library. Flash drives are available for $9 at the bookstore too.
No, City maps are sold at the City Clerk's Office in City Hall.
We have general material on conducting and organizing a genealogy search. However, the Mount Clemens Public Library is the best place to start locally for in-depth genealogy research.
During this phase of the renovations, there is one set of stairs and one elevator available to the public. Both are straight ahead and to the right of the temporary entrance.
Due to renovations and the threat of COVID-19, extended study sessions are prohibited. Private study rooms will be available on the second floor once the renovations have been completed.
Yes, we have a free scanner/fax machine on the second floor.
Yes, but food and beverages are prohibited due to COVID-19. Once restrictions have lessens, coffee, pop, and water will be available at vending machines near the public elevator.
Click here to see a list of libraries participating in MiLibraryCard. Cardholders should have the MiLibraryCard sticker applied at their home library.
The Friends of the Library, organized in 1976, is a volunteer nonprofit group dedicated to enhancing and improving library service for our community.
The Friends' Used, But Sterling Bookstore is on the north side of the library near the stairs.
Donations are accepted in a number of ways. Please see the Memorial Gift Form available at all service desks or contact Library Administration at 586-446-2640 for further information.
The library weeds materials after they have been heavily used or outdated. On occasion, we offer them to our bookstore for resale. We do not order books for personal purchase. Online sellers and local bookstores will assist you with that request.
The best place is through our online programming calendar. You can also find out about our events through the City magazine and handouts available in the library.
Due to COVID-19, all of our programs require registration. You can register for events through our online programming calendar or by calling the library at 586-446-2640.
Due to ongoing renovations, the programming center and the conference room are not available. Once the renovations have been completed, nonprofit organizations may use the programming center and conference room. Please call 586-446-2640 for more information.
Yes, donated items may be brought to the Used, But Sterling Bookstore during it's normal hours of operation.


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Tina Fey and Amy Poehler can do no wrong. They're responsible for two of the funniest TV shows of the last decade, they've made the Golden Globes actually watchable, and over the years they've become America's favorite big sisters. But one thing they haven't done is deliver a really great movie. Amy co-starred in Mean Girls, which is great and which Tina wrote, but as producers, as a duo, they haven't done it. 2008's Baby Mama is okay—it's best as a showcase for their terrific chemistry, but overall, it isn't particularly good. Now they're giving it another go with a project called The Nest. Tina is already on board to produce and star, and now Amy is signing on as her co-producer and co-star.
Written by Paula Pell, a long time SNL writer, and directed by Pitch Perfect's Jason Moore (basically this movie is made just for Duana), The Nest is about two sisters who have to give up their cushy accommodations in their parents' house when their folks decide to downsize, so they throw a party to mark the end of their time at home. It sounds kind of like Step Brothers, except trading the Catalina Wine Mixer for a house party, but everyone involved is top shelf, and Tina and Amy have proven they can make even mediocre material funny. If The Nest is even halfway decent as a script, they can turn it into a legit funny movie. Tina and Amy are more popular now than ever before, and all they need is a decent movie vehicle in order for them to establish total entertainment domination.


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This page describes the "variables" that are associated with pages. Page variables have the form
{$variable}, and can be used in page markup or in certain formatting strings in Pm Wiki. For example, the markup "
{$Group}" renders in this page as "Pm Wiki".
Note: Do not confuse these variables (set and used only in Pm Wiki pages) with PHP variables. Page variables can be read in PHP with the PageVar() function.
Note that these variables do not necessarily exist in the PHP code, because they have to be determined for a specific page. (However, they are usable in FmtPageName strings.)
There is also the form
{pagename$variable}, which returns the value of the variable for another page. For example, "
{MarkupMasterIndex$Title}" displays as "Markup Master Index".
Special references
Special referenced variables are used to specify the context of the variable when:
- the variable is included into a destination (target) page
- the variable is used in a sidebar, header, or footer
Prefixing the variable name with an asterisk (*) means the variable's value is related to the target page or main (body) page.
{- prefixed by an asterisk (*) - value reflects target page context
*$Page Variablename?}
Without the asterisk the variable's value is that in the page from which it originates, eg source page of include, sidebar, or header or footer.
{- retains value in source page context
$Page Variablename?}
For example you can test to see if the page is part of another page
(:if ! name {$FullName}:) %comment% name of this page is not the same as the page this text was sourced from ->[[{$FullName}#anchor | more ...]] (:ifend:)
or refer to the main page in a sidebar, footer, or header
This page is [[{*$FullName}]]
This page is PmWiki.PageVariables
Default page variables
The page variables defined for Pm Wiki are:
{$Action} - page's url action argument, as in "browse"
{$BaseName} - page's "base" form (stripping any prefixes or suffixes defined via
) as in "PmWiki.PageVariables"
{$DefaultGroup} - default group name, as in "Main"
{$DefaultName} - name of default page, as in "HomePage"
{$Description} - page's description from the
(:description:) markup, as in "Documentation for "variables" that are associated with pages."
{$FullName} - page's full name, as in "PmWiki.PageVariables"
{$Group} - page's group name, as in "PmWiki"
{$Groupspaced} - spaced group name, as in "Pm Wiki"
{$LastModified} - date page was edited, as in "December 07, 2011, at 05:15 AM"
{$LastModifiedBy} - page's last editor, as in "Caroline Guénette"
{$LastModifiedHost} - IP of page's last editor, as in ""
{$LastModifiedSummary} - Summary from last edit, as in "Add link to Pm Wiki.Markup Expressions#ftime on "ftime""
{$LastModifiedTime} - time page was edited in unix-style timestamp, as in "1323231316"
{(ftime)} and other date/time markups.
{$Name} - page name, as in "PageVariables"
{$Namespaced} - spaced page name, as in "Page Variables"
{$PageUrl} - page's url, as in "http://www-sop.inria.fr/hoscar/pmwiki-2.2.40/pmwiki.php/PmWiki/PageVariables"
{$PasswdRead} - "read" permissions for the page e.g. "(protected)"
{$PasswdEdit} - "edit" permissions for the page e.g. "(protected)"
{$PasswdAttr} - "attr" permissions for the page e.g. "(protected)"
{$RequestedPage} - page requested in URL, used on Site.PageNotFound. e.g. "Page Variables"
{$SiteGroup} - default group name for e.g. Recent Changes?, as in "Site"
{$Title} - page title (may differ from Name), as in "Page specific variables"
{$Titlespaced} - either the page title (if defined), or the spaced page name, as in "Page specific variables"
In addition to the above, there are some page-invariant variables available through this markup:
{$Author} - the name of the person currently interacting with the site, as in ""
{$AuthId} - current authenticated id, as in "" note the lower case 'd'.
{$Version} - Pm Wiki version, as in "pmwiki-2.2.40"
{$VersionNum} - The internal version number, as in "2002040"
{$ScriptUrl} - The url to the pmwiki script, as in "http://www-sop.inria.fr/hoscar/pmwiki-2.2.40/pmwiki.php"
Page variable security ($authpage)
The form
{pagename$variable} or some PageLists, can display the values for other pages, regardless of the password protections.
If the other pages are protected and the visitor has no read permissions, Page Variables, unlike PageTextVariables, normally display the values. While most variables do not contain sensitive information, some of them could do: $Title, $Description and those starting with $LastModified.
Administrators and module developers can redefine the sensitive page variables to respect authentications, by using the "$authpage" variable instead of "$page" in the definition. The following snippet can be added in local/config.php -- it will rewrite the default possibly sensitive definitions to the secure ones.
foreach($FmtPV as $k=>$v) { if(preg_match('/^\\$(Title(spaced)?|LastModified(By|Host|Summary|Time)?|Description)$/', $k)) $FmtPV[$k] = str_replace('$page', '$authpage', $v); }
Custom page variables
You may add custom page variables as a local customization. In a local configuration file or a recipe script, use the variable
$FmtPV['$VarName'] = "'variable definition'"; $FmtPV['$CurrentSkin'] = '$GLOBALS["Skin"]'; $FmtPV['$WikiTitle'] = '$GLOBALS["WikiTitle"]';
Defines new Page Variable of name $CurrentSkin, which can be used in the page with
{$CurrentSkin} (also for Conditional markup). It's necessary to use the single quotes nested inside double-quotes as shown above (preferred) or a double-quoted string nested inside single-quotes like
If you want to have a Page Variable that returns the currently used password (more precisely, the last password entered), you can use
$FmtPV['$AuthPw'] = 'reset(array_keys((array)@$_SESSION["authpw"]))';
See also
- Cookbook:More custom page variables
- PmWiki.Variables — about variables internal to Pm Wiki.
- PmWiki.MarkupMasterIndex — complete list of Pm Wiki markups.
- PageTextVariables — page variables automatically made available through natural page markup or explicit page markup within the wiki text of the page.
- PmWiki.Markup Expressions — markup expressions can manipulate page variables
Is there a variable like $LastModified, but which shows me the creation time?
No, but you can create one in config.php. For instance:
# add page variable {$PageCreationDate} in format yyyy-mm-dd $FmtPV['$PageCreationDate'] = 'strftime("%Y-%m-%d", $page["ctime"])';
If you like the same format that you define in config.php with
$TimeFmt use
$FmtPV['$Created'] = "strftime(\$GLOBALS['TimeFmt'], \$page['ctime'])";
How can I test if a variable is set and/or not empty?
(:if ! equal "{$Variable}" "":) $Variable is not empty. (:ifend:). Note that undefined/inexistent variables appear as empty ones.
This page may have a more recent version on pmwiki.org: PmWiki:PageVariables, and a talk page: PmWiki:PageVariables-Talk.


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Here are 5 reasons to suspect Jesus never existed
Most antiquities scholars think that the New Testament gospels are "mythologized history." In other words, based on the evidence available they think that around the start of the first century a controversial Jewish rabbi named Yeshua ben Yosef gathered a following and his life and teachings provided the seed that grew into Christianity. At the same time, these scholars acknowledge that many Bible stories like the virgin birth, miracles, resurrection, and women at the tomb borrow and rework mythic themes that were common in the Ancient Near East, much the way that screenwriters base new movies on old familiar tropes or plot elements. In this view, a "historical Jesus" became mythologized.
For over 200 years, a wide ranging array of theologians and historians grounded in this perspective have analyzed ancient texts, both those that made it into the Bible and those that didn't, in attempts to excavate the man behind the myth. Several current or recent bestsellers take this approach, distilling the scholarship for a popular audience. Familiar titles include Zealot by Reza Aslan and How Jesus Became God by Bart Ehrman.
By contrast, other scholars believe that the gospel stories are actually "historicized mythology." In this view, those ancient mythic templates are themselves the kernel. They got filled in with names, places and other real world details as early sects of Jesus worship attempted to understand and defend the devotional traditions they had received.
The notion that Jesus never existed is a minority position. Of course it is! says David Fitzgerald, the author of Nailed: Ten Christian Myths That Show Jesus Never Existed at All. Fitzgerald points out that for centuries all serious scholars of Christianity were Christians themselves, and modern secular scholars lean heavily on the groundwork that they laid in collecting, preserving, and analyzing ancient texts. Even today most secular scholars come out of a religious background, and many operate by default under historical presumptions of their former faith.
Fitzgerald–who, as his book title indicates, takes the "mythical Jesus" position–is an atheist speaker and writer, popular with secular students and community groups. The internet phenom, Zeitgeist the Movie introduced millions to some of the mythic roots of Christianity. But Zeitgeist and similar works contain known errors and oversimplifications that undermine their credibility. Fitzgerald seeks to correct that by giving young people accessible information that is grounded in accountable scholarship.
More academic arguments in support of the Jesus Myth theory can be found in the writings of Richard Carrier and Robert Price. Carrier, who has a Ph.D. in ancient history uses the tools of his trade to show, among other things, how Christianity might have gotten off the ground without a miracle. Price, by contrast, writes from the perspective of a theologian whose biblical scholarship ultimately formed the basis for his skepticism. It is interesting to note that some of the harshest critics of popular Jesus myth theories like those from Zeitgeist or Joseph Atwill (who argued that the Romans invented Jesus) are academic Mythicists like these.
The arguments on both sides of this question—mythologized history or historicized mythology—fill volumes, and if anything the debate seems to be heating up rather than resolving. Since many people, both Christian and not, find it surprising that this debate even exists—that serious scholars might think Jesus never existed—here are some of the key points that keep the doubts alive:
1. No first century secular evidence whatsoever exists to support the actuality of Yeshua ben Yosef.
In the words of Bart Ehrman (who himself believes the stories were built on a historical kernel):
"What sorts of things do pagan authors from the time of Jesus have to say about him? Nothing. As odd as it may seem, there is no mention of Jesus at all by any of his pagan contemporaries. There are no birth records, no trial transcripts, no death certificates; there are no expressions of interest, no heated slanders, no passing references – nothing. In fact, if we broaden our field of concern to the years after his death – even if we include the entire first century of the Common Era – there is not so much as a solitary reference to Jesus in any non-Christian, non-Jewish source of any kind. I should stress that we do have a large number of documents from the time – the writings of poets, philosophers, historians, scientists, and government officials, for example, not to mention the large collection of surviving inscriptions on stone and private letters and legal documents on papyrus. In none of this vast array of surviving writings is Jesus' name ever so much as mentioned." (pp. 56-57)
2. The earliest New Testament writers seem ignorant of the details of Jesus' life, which become more crystalized in later texts.
Paul seems unaware of any virgin birth, for example. No wise men, no star in the east, no miracles. Historians have long puzzled over the "Silence of Paul" on the most basic biographical facts and teachings of Jesus. Paul fails to cite Jesus' authority precisely when it would make his case. What's more, he never calls the twelve apostles Jesus' disciples; in fact, he never says Jesus HAD disciples –or a ministry, or did miracles, or gave teachings. He virtually refuses to disclose any other biographical detail, and the few cryptic hints he offers aren't just vague, but contradict the gospels. The leaders of the early Christian movement in Jerusalem like Peter and James are supposedly Jesus' own followers and family; but Paul dismisses them as nobodies and repeatedly opposes them for not being true Christians!
Liberal theologian Marcus Borg suggests that people read the books of the New Testament in chronological order to see how early Christianity unfolded.
Placing the Gospels after Paul makes it clear that as written documents they are not the source of early Christianity but its product. The Gospel — the good news — of and about Jesus existed before the Gospels. They are the products of early Christian communities several decades after Jesus' historical life and tell us how those communities saw his significance in their historical context.
3. Even the New Testament stories don't claim to be first-hand accounts.
We now know that the four gospels were assigned the names of the apostles Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, not written by them. To make matter sketchier, the name designations happened sometime in second century, around 100 years or more after Christianity supposedly began.
For a variety of reasons, the practice of pseudonymous writing was common at the time and many contemporary documents are "signed" by famous figures. The same is true of the New Testament epistles except for a handful of letters from Paul (6 out of 13) which are broadly thought to be genuine. But even the gospel stories don't actually say, "I was there." Rather, they claim the existence of other witnesses, a phenomenon familiar to anyone who has heard the phrase, my aunt knew someone who . . . .
4. The gospels, our only accounts of a historical Jesus, contradict each other.
If you think you know the Jesus story pretty well, I suggest that you pause at this point to test yourself with the 20 question quiz at ExChristian.net.
The gospel of Mark is thought to be the earliest existing "life of Jesus," and linguistic analysis suggests that Luke and Matthew both simply reworked Mark and added their own corrections and new material. But they contradict each other and, to an even greater degree contradict the much later gospel of John, because they were written with different objectives for different audiences. The incompatible Easter stories offer one example of how much the stories disagree.
5. Modern scholars who claim to have uncovered the real historical Jesus depict wildly different persons.
They include a cynic philosopher, charismatic Hasid, liberal Pharisee, conservative rabbi, Zealot revolutionary, and nonviolent pacifist to borrow from a much longer list assembled by Price. In his words (pp. 15-16), "The historical Jesus (if there was one) might well have been a messianic king, or a progressive Pharisee, or a Galilean shaman, or a magus, or a Hellenistic sage. But he cannot very well have been all of them at the same time." John Dominic Crossan of the Jesus Seminar grumbles that "the stunning diversity is an academic embarrassment."
For David Fitzgerald, these issues and more lead to a conclusion that he finds inescapable:
Jesus appears to be an effect, not a cause, of Christianity. Paul and the rest of the first generation of Christians searched the Septuagint translation of Hebrew scriptures to create a Mystery Faith for the Jews, complete with pagan rituals like a Lord's Supper, Gnostic terms in his letters, and a personal savior god to rival those in their neighbors' longstanding Egyptian, Persian, Hellenistic and Roman traditions.
In a soon-to-be-released follow up to Nailed, entitled Jesus: Mything in Action, Fitzgerald argues that the many competing versions proposed by secular scholars are just as problematic as any "Jesus of Faith:"
Even if one accepts that there was a real Jesus of Nazareth, the question has little practical meaning: Regardless of whether or not a first century rabbi called Yeshua ben Yosef lived, the "historical Jesus" figures so patiently excavated and re-assembled by secular scholars are themselves fictions.
We may never know for certain what put Christian history in motion. Only time (or perhaps time travel) will tell.
Author's note: Not being an insider to this debate, my own inclination is to defer to the preponderance of relevant experts while keeping in mind that paradigm shifts do occur. This means that until either the paradigm shift happens or I become a relevant expert myself, I shall assume that the Jesus stories probably had some historical kernel. That said, I find the debate fascinating for several reasons: For one, it offers a glimpse of the methods scholars use to analyze ancient texts. Also, despite the heated back and forth between mythicists and historicists, their points of agreement may be more significant than the difference between historicized mythology and mythologized history. The presence of mythic tropes or legendary elements in the gospel stories has been broadly accepted and documented, while the imprint of any actual man who may have provided a historical kernel–how he may have lived, what he may have said, and how he died–is more hazy than most people dream.
Valerie Tarico is a psychologist and writer in Seattle, Washington. She is the author of Trusting Doubt: A Former Evangelical Looks at Old Beliefs in a New Light and Deas and Other Imaginings, and the founder of www.WisdomCommons.org. Subscribe to her articles at Awaypoint.Wordpress.com.
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- California MAGA candidate says she's running because Jesus spoke to her son in a closet - Alternet.org ›


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is a locally owned Community Newspaper delivered by U.S. Mail each week to every address in 21 towns comprising all of Piscataquis County, western Penobscot County and portions of Somerset County. The 17,479 circulation Gazette is the only publication in this area delivered every week to every address. The Eastern Gazette is designed to promote the interests of businesses and organizations serving the needs of more than 35,000 residents who receive the paper in this part of Maine.
Ad & News Deadline is Monday by Noon
View a sample edition of
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Usana Health Science is direct selling and comes under top American companies in the field of healthiness and nourishment. The company produces and manufactures superior quality dietary supplements, personal care and healthy weight management products that are marketed by self-governing associates in 18 international markets. It has achieved several milestones, high-status awards and earned acknowledgment from a host of business professionals. It helps to enhance the quality of life in two ways:
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1) Follow all your co-hosts. :) We follow back! Leave a comment for us on the post and we will know you are a new follower.
2) If you market a competitive product to our sponsor, you will not be able to participate. Trust me, I am doing you a favor not to let you link up anyway. The point of a blog hop is to increase your traffic, right? Right!
3) You can use an older post or even a current one. Add our button to your page or post that you would like us all to comment on.
4) Follow and comment on at least 3 other blogs please! Everyone is here to get more readers and traffic to their blogs so let's give it to them shall we!
5) TWEET about the Blog Hop: Tweet Follow all the rules and you can be randomly be selected to be in the Mommy Monday Blogger Spotlight one week. Mommy Monday Blogger Spotlights this week are (drum roll please!):
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SOCIAL MEDIA HASHTAG FOR THE BLOG HOP WILL BE: #mondayformoms
If you are interested in co-hosting future Mommy Monday Blog Hops starting in September, send me an email here: email@example.com Alright ladies, let's link up!


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MGED is currently the primary geometry editor in BRL-CAD. By default, MGED will provide a graphical user interface for modeling, editing, render, and managing geometry models. MGED can also be run in a command-line "classic" mode using the "-c" command-line option, which can also be used for scripting interactions.
MGED does not provide a discoverable graphical user interface. Going through the available tutorials and documentation is required to be proficient. MGED is expert-friendly with minimal documentation and feedback inside the application itself.
MGED maintains immediate storage persistence, i.e. automatic and immediate saves. There is no need to save your file(s) as all modifications are immediately saved as soon as they are applied.
MGED (and most of the BRL-CAD tools) perform constant validity checking and will abort early at the first sign of error or corruption detection in order to minimize or prevent data loss at all costs.
MGED is intentionally a highly modal editor (similar to vi) in that there are various editing modes and states that you can go to/from while editing geometry.
MGED will not automatically display the contents of a geometry database when it is opened/loaded. Unlike other CAD systems, a single BRL-CAD geometry database can contain an arbitrary number of complete geometry models. Run the MGED tops command or use the Tools->Geometry_Browser to see the top-level objects in an opened .g geometry database.
There is extensive documentation and tutorials available for MGED under Documentation.
See also:
- (Also available as a )
[:Category:MGED] (:Category:MGED.md)


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OHIO, the easternmost of the Great Lakes states, lies to the south of shallow Lake Erie. This is one of the nation's most industrialized regions, but the industry is largely concentrated in the east, near the Ohio River. To the south the landscape becomes less populated and more forested.
Enigmatic traces of Ohio's earliest inhabitants exist at the Great Serpent Mound, a grassy state park sixty miles east of Cincinnati, where a cleared hilltop high above a river was reshaped to look like a giant snake swallowing an egg, possibly by the Adena Indians around 800 BC. When the French claimed the area in 1699, it was inhabited by the Iroquois, in whose language Ohio means "something great". In the eighteenth century, the territory's prime position between Lake Erie and the Ohio River made it the subject of fierce contention between the French and British. Once the British acquired control of most land east of the Mississippi, settlers from New England began to establish communities along both the Ohio River and the Iroquois War Trail paths on the shores of the lake.
During the Civil War, Ohio was at the forefront of the struggle, producing two great Union generals, Ulysses Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman, and sending more than twice its quota of volunteers to fight for the North. Its progress thereafter has followed the classic "Rust Belt" pattern: rapid industrialization, aided by its natural resources and crucial location, followed by 1970s post-industrial gloom and a period of steady revitalization that has been stopped in its tracks by the current credit crunch.
Although the state is dominated by its triumvirate of "C" towns (Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati), the Lake Erie Islands are its most visited holiday destination, attracting thousands of partying mainlanders. Cincinnati and Cleveland have both undergone major face-lifts and are surprisingly attractive, as is the comparatively unassuming state capital of Columbus.


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In my last post, I discussed some thoughts about the Zune. I was interested to see that a Bloomberg article (which is clearly written by someone unfamiliar with technology) has bolstered my thoughts about Zune market share (I had sort of roughly figured Zune's overall market share at 3.5 percent):
Microsoft Corp. will unveil smaller versions of its Zune media player that the company says will vault it to second place in the market and take sales from Apple Inc.'s dominant iPod.
Microsoft was the fourth-biggest seller of portable digital players in the first half with 3 percent of the market, compared with Apple's 71 percent, according to NPD ... Microsoft sold 1.2 million Zunes between their November release and June, less than 3 percent of the iPod's sales in the same time.
Robbie Bach, president of the division that includes Zune, pledges a second-place position for the device by the end of Christmas. He won't say how many Zunes Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft will sell. At least two-thirds of them will probably be the new flash-based machines, Bach said.
Maybe Robbie can buy some Microsoft stock in anticipation of this success. :) OK, sorry.


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Filipinos loved her; now that she's gone, Filipinos mourn her. And I understand that.
Her finest moment, I believe, was during the 1986 Snap Elections, declared by then president (and dictator) Ferdinand E. Marcos. When accused of lacking experience, she replied: "It is true. I have no experience in lying, cheating, stealing and killing. I offer you honesty and sincerity in leadership."
We loved her for that. She said it in a monotone; she had little to no gift for public speaking, but the fact that she sounded like such an inexperienced political speaker was in itself refreshing. We'd had it with Marcos' legendary eloquence (muted perhaps by advanced age and acute lupus) and as far as we were concerned, she was a startling sea breeze, blown in from a window long padlocked.
The revolt itself happened almost despite Aquino's popularity, a military coup prematurely discovered; but people decided enough was enough, used said coup as an excuse, and poured out in the streets to demand Marcos' resignation.
Aquino rode on the crest of that wave to Malacanang, but it's instructive to remember what factions made up that wave--the Philippine military; the Catholic Church; people from upper to middle to lower class, not just in Manila but the provincial cities as well (Manila hogged the lion's share of media coverage, of course). It wasn't just her, though she was possibly its most prominent figurehead, in bright yellow.
The government she formed right after the revolt might be what we call the Dream Team of Philippine politics--Claudio Teehankee as Chief Justice, Juan Ponce Enrile as Secretary of Defense, Fidel Ramos as Armed Forces Chief of Staff, Jaime Ongpin as Finance Secretary, Joker Arroyo as Executive Secretary. It was like a rainbow spectrum, from right to left and all shades in between--for a brief, shining moment, an example of the lion lying with the lamb (who was lion and who lamb I wouldn't dare guess).
But she couldn't hold it together--who could, actually? Juan Ponce Enrile and his military supporters tested her, thought her weak, tried to overthrow her the way he tried to overthrow Marcos (what's that again about an untrustworthy servant?). She survived--mainly because Fidel Ramos remained loyal to Aquino. She stayed in power despite six coup attempts in all, a feat in itself, but at a cost: she was forced to purge her government of leftist elements (Arroyo among others, left her cabinet).
She refused to repudiate any of the huge debts Marcos amassed during his reign, forcing her to prioritize debt repayment over poverty alleviation and economic development. She slow-pedaled attempts to achieve a peace settlement with the New People's Army and the Moro National Liberation Front (we're still trying to negotiate/wipe them out some twenty years later). She outlawed paramilitary groups, then turned around and allowed them to continue, under a cosmetic name change. She initially championed land reform, though when the law finally passed, how effective has that really been?
And Ms. Aquino was a good and faithful Catholic, meaning censorship under her watch didn't relax much, overall (remember that her administration banned one of Lino Brocka's most outspoken films Orapronobis (Fight for Us, 1989)). Despite her daughter's long showbiz career, Ms. Aquino remained pretty much clueless when it came to films and filmmaking (to be fair, why not? She had more pressing problems to pursue).
That all said, she will and should be remembered for three not inconsiderable achievements: she led an opposition movement to popular victory; she opened a Philippines in stasis for decades to change and reform; and she arranged for the orderly transfer of power to her protégé, Fidel Ramos.
My point being: she's no saint, she's only a human being. A wonderful human being, I'm sure--I've talked to people who have known her, and I once had the privilege of shaking her hand; I believe the goodness of heart is genuine. But goodness of heart can only do so much, and Aquino with her brief career showed its limits as well as capabilities.


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The immune system mounts a rapid inflammatory response to injury to mobilize cells and molecular pathways that promote hemostasis and prevent infection, but this acute response is only the first phase of recovery. Wound repair and inflammation-resolving processes are essential to recovering homeostasis in the aftermath of an injury: inefficient healing or prolonged inflammation can drive chronic dysfunction in the affected tissue. The Reparative Immunology series highlights the immune system's contributions to these critical repair processes, from the roles of T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells in physiological repair to the influence of cytokine signaling, immunometabolism, and epigenetic reprogramming on pathological outcomes of injury. Together, these reviews emphasize the complexity of the immune environment in injured tissue and indicate numerous potential opportunities to intervene in dysfunctional wound-healing.
Immune cell populations determine the balance between ongoing damage and repair following tissue injury. Cells responding to a tissue-damaged environment have significant bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs. In addition to supporting these needs, metabolic pathways govern the function of pro-repair immune cells, including regulatory T cells and tissue macrophages. In this Review, we explore how specific features of the tissue-damaged environment such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and nutrient depletion serve as metabolic cues to promote or impair the reparative functions of immune cell populations. Hypoxia, mitochondrial DNA stress, and altered redox balance each contribute to mechanisms regulating the response to tissue damage. For example, hypoxia induces changes in regulatory T cell and macrophage metabolic profiles, including generation of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which inhibits demethylase reactions to modulate cell fate and function. Reactive oxygen species abundant in oxidative environments cause damage to mitochondrial DNA, initiating signaling pathways that likewise control pro-repair cell function. Nutrient depletion following tissue damage also affects pro-repair cell function through metabolic signaling pathways, specifically those sensitive to the redox state of the cell. The study of immunometabolism as an immediate sensor and regulator of the tissue-damaged environment provides opportunities to consider mechanisms that facilitate healthy repair of tissue injury.
Benjamin D. Singer, Navdeep S. Chandel
Acute organ injuries such as acute cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, acute lung injury, and others are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Dysregulated or insufficient organ repair mechanisms limit restoration of homeostasis and contribute to chronic organ failure. Studies reveal that both humans and mice harness potent non-stem cells that are capable of directly or indirectly promoting tissue repair. Specific populations of T lymphocytes have emerged as important reparative cells with context-specific actions. These T cells can resolve inflammation and secrete reparative cytokines and growth factors as well as interact with other immune and stromal cells to promote the complex and active process of tissue repair. This Review focuses on the major populations of T lymphocytes known to mediate tissue repair, their reparative mechanisms, and the diseases in which they have been implicated. Elucidating and harnessing the mechanisms that promote the reparative functions of these T cells could greatly improve organ dysfunction after acute injury.
Franco R. D'Alessio, Johanna T. Kurzhagen, Hamid Rabb
Macrophages are tissue-resident or infiltrated immune cells critical for innate immunity, normal tissue development, homeostasis, and repair of damaged tissue. Macrophage function is a sum of their ontogeny, the local environment in which they reside, and the type of injuries or pathogen to which they are exposed. In this Review, we discuss the role of macrophages in the restoration of tissue function after injury, highlighting important questions about how they respond to and modify the local microenvironment to restore homeostasis.
Satoshi Watanabe, Michael Alexander, Alexander V. Misharin, G.R. Scott Budinger
Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells in humans and serve as first responders to a myriad of host perturbations. Equipped with a plethora of antimicrobial molecules, neutrophils invade sites of inflammation to eradicate pathogens and clear debris. Traditionally, neutrophils were thought to cause collateral tissue damage before dying at the site. However, the presence of neutrophil infiltration into sterile injuries (in the absence of infections) suggests additional roles for these cells. Now, the view of neutrophils as indiscriminate killers seems to be changing as evolving evidence suggests that neutrophils actively orchestrate resolution of inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Novel concepts include the idea that neutrophils are key to revascularization and subsequently reverse-transmigrate back to the vasculature, actively leaving sites of tissue damage to re-home to functional niches in the lung and bone marrow. This Review scrutinizes the role of neutrophils in tissue damage and repair, discussing recent findings and raising unresolved questions around this intriguing immune cell.
Moritz Peiseler, Paul Kubes
Over the last ten years, immunologists have recognized the central importance of an emerging group of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in health and disease. Characterization of these cells has provided a molecular definition of ILCs and their tissue-specific functions. Although the lineage-defining transcription factors, cytokine production, and nomenclature parallel those of T helper cells, ILCs do not require adaptive immune programming. Both environmental and host-derived signals shape the function of these evolutionarily ancient cells, which provide pathogen protection and promote tissue restoration. As such, ILCs function as a double-edged sword, balancing the inflammatory and reparative responses that arise during injury and disease. This Review highlights our recent understanding of tissue-resident ILCs and the signals that regulate their contribution to inflammation and tissue repair in health and disease.
Jim G. Castellanos, Randy S. Longman
Skin and intestinal epithelial barriers play a pivotal role in protecting underlying tissues from harsh external environments. The protective role of these epithelia is, in part, dependent on a remarkable capacity to restore barrier function and tissue homeostasis after injury. In response to damage, epithelial wounds repair by a series of events that integrate epithelial responses with those of resident and infiltrating immune cells including neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. Compromise of this complex interplay predisposes to development of chronic nonhealing wounds, contributing to morbidity and mortality of many diseases. Improved understanding of crosstalk between epithelial and immune cells during wound repair is necessary for development of better pro-resolving strategies to treat debilitating complications of disorders ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to diabetes. In this Review we focus on epithelial and innate immune cell interactions that mediate wound healing and restoration of tissue homeostasis in the skin and intestine.
Jennifer C. Brazil, Miguel Quiros, Asma Nusrat, Charles A. Parkos
Immune cells are pivotal in the reaction to injury, whereupon, under ideal conditions, repair and resolution phases restore homeostasis following initial acute inflammation. Immune cell activation and reprogramming require transcriptional changes that can only be initiated if epigenetic alterations occur. Recently, accelerated deciphering of epigenetic mechanisms has extended knowledge of epigenetic regulation, including long-distance chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications, and involvement of small and long noncoding RNAs. Epigenetic changes have been linked to aspects of immune cell development, activation, and differentiation. Furthermore, genome-wide epigenetic landscapes have been established for some immune cells, including tissue-resident macrophages, and blood-derived cells including T cells. The epigenetic mechanisms underlying developmental steps from hematopoietic stem cells to fully differentiated immune cells led to development of epigenetic technologies and insights into general rules of epigenetic regulation. Compared with more advanced research areas, epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells in injury remains in its infancy. While the early epigenetic mechanisms supporting activation of the immune response to injury have been studied, less is known about resolution and repair phases and cell type–specific changes. We review prominent recent findings concerning injury-mediated epigenetic reprogramming, particularly in stroke and myocardial infarction. Lastly, we illustrate how single-cell technologies will be crucial to understanding epigenetic reprogramming in the complex sequential processes following injury.
Katarzyna Placek, Joachim L. Schultze, Anna C. Aschenbrenner


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Over The River and Through The Woods
Heading out the door? Read this article on the new Outside+ app available now on iOS devices for members! Download the app.
Runners competing in the Trail Runner Trophy Series presented by GORE-TEX travel the country
For many runners, participating in the Trail Runner Trophy Series presented by GORE-TEX, is a chance to explore. "The best part of the series is the travel," says Trophy Series runner Steven Baber, 54, of Indianapolis, Indiana. Baber, who is currently leading the 50-plus age group in the Non-Ultra Division, says that through the series he's not only travelled to many new locations, "I've visited places that I haven't been to in over 30 years." Since the series' start in March, Baber has completed 14 races and intends to complete several more.
On top of the travel, trail variety encourages runners to compete in more off-road events. Daniel Campbell, 46, of Mount Gilead, Ohio, cites trail diversity as a driving force for his Trophy Series racing this year. "In just one race, I've run on asphalt, gravel roads, dirt roads, grass, singletrack and across streams and wooden bridges."
Campbell is currently leading the 40- to 49-age-group division (with 11 races reflected in the current point standings), and just ran his 16th Trophy Series race over the weekend—the Run For Hunger Trail Challenge in Freeport, Pennsylvania.
Well on his way to winning the Mile Mogul award too (a Trail Striders running vacation), Campbell says he has five more Trophy Series races on his calendar. "I'll be traveling to Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee."
If you're running the Trophy Series, we'd love to hear what your series highlight has been so far. What keeps you coming back for more Trail Runner Trophy Series races? (Use the comment field below to let us know.)
**Unfortunately, due to high race volume over the past couple of weeks, our current results only reflect results received by August 14.**
Non-ultra Division
50+ Steve Baber, Indianapolis, IN, 54, 10 races, 370.1 points
40-49 Daniel Campbell, Mount Gilead, OH, 46, 11 races, 339.1 points
30-39 Greg Fraze, Velpen, IN, 35, 3 races, 134.4 points
20-29 David Lister, Jersey Shore, PA, 26, 3 races, 109.1 points
10-19 TJ Hooks, Morgantown, WV, 14, 2 races, 102 points
50+ Sheri Nemeth, Elizabethton, TN, 54, 3 races, 123.3 points
40-49 Michelle Barton, Laguna Nigel, CA, 41, 2 races, 108.8 points
30-39 Megan Kimmel, Silverton, CO, 32, 2 races, 128 points
20-29 Gina Lucrezi, Carbondale, CO, 29, 2 races, 131.7 points
10-19 Ashley Wert, McElhattan, PA, 12, 2 races, 109.1 points
Ultra Division
Jeremy Bradford, Denver, CO, 34, 4 races, 1009.6 points
Glen Redpath, New York, NY, 46, 3 races, 574.4 points
Nicholas Davis, Fort Collins, CO, 23, 2 races, 504.8 points
Melanie Peters, White Lake, MI, 28, 4 races, 604 points
Olga Varlamova, Austin, TX, 42, 2 races, 490 points
Beiyi Zheng, Broomfield, CO, 48, 6 races, 445.4 points