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If you thought the PS4 and Xbox One's launch prices were expensive, well, they kinda were! But not as expensive as the NES. Or Neo Geo. Or Saturn, Or PlayStation, or Atari 2600.
The 3 Best And 3 Worst Korok Challenges In Tears Of The Kingdom
Reddit user Auir2blaze has run historical console launch prices through an inflation adjustment calculator (which normally use dollar strength and the cost of basic goods over time) to reveal how expensive, relatively, every major console since the 1970s really was.
You'll notice the PS4 and Xbox One aren't too bad, especially compared to their immediate predecessors.
You'll also see why it was so hard finding a kid who ever owned a Neo Geo or 3DO. Holy crap.
I made this graphic showing how much classic consoles would cost in today's dollars [Reddit, via Gamefreaks]


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3 Tips to Plan Your Exit Strategy
Seek honesty over flattery
It's one thing to have your buddies compliment your "unorthodox" golf swing. But you don't want a business broker painting an overly rosy picture about the value of your company. Be honest with yourself, and expect nothing less from those you work with. That includes what you're looking for in a potential buyer. (Hint: It's not always the highest bidder.)
Don't lose sight of the business today
There's a lot to preparing for the sale of business – don't worry, we can help you with all of that! However, it's important to keep building your business, especially while you're considering selling it. Schedule time around your workday to work on your exit. Sit down with your leadership team, other key employees, even important clients. You didn't build your business overnight; you probably won't sell it overnight either.
Get key team members to buy in, too.
Business suitors aren't just buying a customer list, a few machines, and some real estate. They're buying your company's talent as much as any physical asset. So, bring key employees into the conversation as early as possible, and convince them that they will be in as good of a position, if not better, going forward. After all, you don't just want them to accept a new owner, you want them to be excited about it!
Pub11557 2022-137245 Exp. 4/24


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ASUS brought new additions to their computer line at CES. Beginning with the ASUS Padfone, this is a device takes both a smartphone and adds a pocket inside a tablet to use both whenever you need whichever size.
In addition they showcased their new ASUS Zenbook, now in hot pink and champagne!
Asus also presented their incredibly powerful Tytan Desktop computer. The Tytan is a 2nd-gen Core i5 or i7 processor on Intel's Z68, up to 32GB RAM, GeForce GTX 560 Ti or GTX 590 graphics card, DVD writer or Blu-ray combo drive and ASUS Xonar audio. It provides four USB 3.0 ports total as well as DVI and HDMI outputs and a 16-in-1 card reader.


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Native Plants
Welcome to the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center's collection of 82,857 plant images.
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Tripsacum dactyloides
Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.
Eastern Gamagrass, Fakahatchee Grass
Poaceae (Grass Family)
USDA Symbol: TRDA3
Image InformationPhotographer: Wasowski, Sally and Andy
Accession date: 2006-07-21
Filename: SAW_03853.JPG
Slide Index: W11085
Restrictions: Unrestricted
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Online BankingOnline BankingCash Management
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Program Director:
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Graduate training in Physiology aims at providing students with an understanding of the structure and function of the cells and organ systems of the body and the means by which these functions are regulated. Emphasis is placed on the acquisition of a sound basic training in general physiology through individually planned programs of course work, tutorials, seminars and supervised research. Instruction leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is available in the following specialized areas: cellular neurophysiology, regulation of sleep and wakefulness, neural, endocrine and local control of the circulation and microcirculation, cardiac dynamics, cardiac metabolism, cardiac hypertrophy and failure, endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, renal physiology, oxygen metabolism, and the physiology of biological membranes.
Graduates with a degree in physiology can pursue careers in research, teaching or management in academia, the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, private research institutions, government science or regulatory agencies, or medicine and health care.
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Human skulls taken from Namibia by German colonizers returned home Tuesday after more than 100 years, but the reconciliatory gesture instead has ignited anger and renewed demands that Germany pay for its sins in this corner of Africa where more than 60,000 people were killed.
Tuesday's return of 20 skulls taken to Germany more than a century ago for racist experiments also has fueled anger about current injustices by a people decimated when they rebelled against German colonizers.
Historians say the genocide committed by German soldiers in what they called South West Africa was a precursor to the Nazi Holocaust of the Jews.
The Herero people numbered more than 85,000 and were the most powerful and richest with herds of tens of thousands of cattle roaming a third of the country when Germany began its colonial adventure here.
When the Herero rose up, the slaughter began. Within three years, 85 percent were dead, their land and cattle stolen, some bodies beheaded.
Today, the Herero make up perhaps 10 percent of Namibia's population of 2.1 million — and some still dispossessed of land are threatening to invade farms being worked by the descendants of the white settlers who seized it more than 100 years ago.
University professor Hoze Riruako, a senior adviser to the paramount chief of the Herero, warned that the tribe's patience was running out.
"If something is not done, we cannot guarantee that you will not see the same kind of land grabs that you see in Zimbabwe," where government-sanctioned violence has forced out most white farmers and a one-time food exporter has become dependent on food aid.
Passions ran high Tuesday as people waited from 2 a.m. for the dawn arrival of a plane from Berlin. The skulls were welcomed to their ancestral homeland by warriors on horseback and teary-eyed women ululating in joy even amid their sorrow.
Tears poured down the cheeks of one wrinkle-faced Nama woman among hundreds in ceremonial dress — the Nama in white with gathered skirts, the Herero women in scarlet and emerald green Victorian robes topped by headdresses shaped like the horns of cows that are the traditional source of wealth. They sang hymns and praise songs.
"We are ready for battle! We are going to fight!" Herero warriors in military uniform chanted as a leader, chest covered in animal skins, led a cleansing ceremony watched by tribal chiefs in red and yellow hats.
Later, that traditional war cry was expressed differently by a young Herero man at Parliament Garden, where people processed past two of the skulls on display in glass cases in the shade of mauve jacaranda and flame-red flamboyant trees.
"We fought the Germans. We fought the Afrikaners," said a young man, referring to white South African settlers. "We are not afraid to take on our own government."
He spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of repercussions. He said he was 24 years old and has never had a job
"My family only has a small piece of land, too small to run all our cattle, and too small to share among all the sons. There's no future for me," he said.
Veneruru Korumbo, head of the Herero Youth League, said every second house in Herero areas has an unemployed young person. She blamed an education system in crisis and a government she accused of using international development aid to benefit the majority tribe, the Ovambo.
Her charges were echoed by Phil ya Nangoloh, head of Namibian Rights and Responsibilities human rights group.
"Areas that are populated by the Hereros are less developed, schools and hospitals are dilapidated, you have to cover long distances to reach them, and the roads are not tarred as they are in northern areas, where the government comes from," he said.
Ya Nangoloh comes from the Ovambo tribe that makes up half the population, dominates the government and whose lands were never confiscated by the Germans.
"It's not just the Hereros, but all other ethnic groups that are being marginalized," he said.
Despite that, most successful black commercial farmers in Namibia are Herero, though their numbers are small. Most commercial farmland and the economy and industry remain in the hands of whites.
Ya Nangoloh noted that Namibia is not a poor country, with its diamonds, uranium and other minerals, beef and fish exports and tourism based on annual visits by 100,000 Germans. But he described "horrifically high" inequalities, with the poorest 20 percent of the population earning only 1.4 percent of national income, while the richest 20 percent enjoys nearly 80 percent.
Prime Minister Nahas Angula denied there was any discrimination, saying land and services are scarce for all Namibians. He said many people were overwrought by their emotions Tuesday: "This history is still fresh in the memory of many people and this is generating an understandable passion and anger."
In his office overlooking Parliament Garden, where traditional chiefs were recounting their people's tragic history, Angula gave a brief version to a reporter.
He said the Namibian skulls sent to Germany first were ordered around 1903 by Eugen Fischer, the Nazi anthropologist who believed he could prove that blacks were inferior to whites by measurements of their cranium.
To fill the order, German troops made the Herero dig up the graves of relatives and ancestors.
When the Hereros rebelled and killed more than 100 German troops, Gen. Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha issued his infamous order that "the Herero nation must now leave the country. If it refuses, I shall compel it to do so with the 'long tube' (cannon). Any Herero found inside the German frontier, with or without a gun or cattle, will be executed. I shall spare neither women nor children."
German troops drove the Hereros into the desert, where they poisoned the wells. Stragglers were bayoneted to death or burned alive en masse on human pyres. Some escaped to modern-day South Africa and Botswana. Some were spared to serve as slave labor and sex slaves in concentration camps, where thousands more died.
Thousands of Namibia's Demara and Nama people also were killed when they rebelled.
Yale University historian Benjamin Madley, in a dissertation titled "From Africa to Auschwitz," argues that this mass murder of civilians, with impunity and in defiance of European martial codes, corroded German military morality and set the scene for even more extreme crimes by Hitler in Eastern Europe.
It was not until 2004, on the centenary of the German-Herero war, that Germany apologized, acknowledging "political and moral responsibility for the past and colonial guilt."
But successive German governments have carefully refrained from admitting there was a genocide and refuse to pay reparations, pointing instead to generous development aid. Germany has announced development aid of 127 million euros ($188 million) for 2011-2012.
A Herero genocide lawsuit, filed in the U.S. against the German government and German companies that benefited from slave labor and land confiscation, failed several years ago because of technicalities.
At the airport when the skulls arrived Tuesday, Angula indicated it was time to move on, saying: "The Namibian nation accepts these mortal remains as a symbolic closure of a tragic chapter."
That sentiment was not shared by the many Hereros who keep alive through oral history the tragedy of their nation and who still sing the war songs chanted by ancestors who fearlessly confronted German cannons with their spears, arrows and a few rifles.


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- Euphrates
For the song "River Euphrates" by the Pixies, see Surfer Rosa.
Euphrates Arabic: الفرات: al-Furāt[1], Turkish: Fırat[1], Kurdish: Firat, Syriac: ܦܪܬ: Prath, Hebrew: פרת Prat RiverThe Euphrates near Halabiye (Syria); the site can be seen in the background on the left bank Name origin: from Old Persian Ufrātu via Middle Persian Frat into Turkish Fırat[1] Countries Iraq, Syria, Turkey Basin area Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait Tributaries - left Balikh, Khabur - right Sajur Cities Birecik, Ar-Raqqah, Deir ez-Zor, Mayadin, Haditha, Ramadi, Habbaniyah, Fallujah, Kufa, Samawah, Nasiriyah Landmarks Lake Assad, Lake Qadisiyah, Lake Habbaniyah Source - location Murat Su, Turkey - elevation 3,520 m (11,549 ft) Secondary source - location Kara Su, Turkey - elevation 3,290 m (10,794 ft) Source confluence - location Keban, Turkey - elevation 610 m (2,001 ft) Mouth Shatt al-Arab - location Al-Qurnah, Basra Governorate, Iraq - coordinates 31°0′18″N 47°26′31″E / 31.005°N 47.44194°E Length 2,800 km (1,740 mi) approx. Basin 500,000 km2 (193,051 sq mi) approx. Discharge for Hīt - average 356 m3/s (12,572 cu ft/s) - max 2,514 m3/s (88,781 cu ft/s) - min 58 m3/s (2,048 cu ft/s)Map of the combined Tigris–Euphrates drainage basin (in yellow) Wikimedia Commons: Euphrates
The Euphrates (/juːˈfreɪtiːz/ ( listen), Arabic: الفرات: al-Furāt, Hebrew: פרת: Prat, Turkish: Fırat, Kurdish: Firat) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.[citation needed] Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia. Originating in eastern Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Course
- 3 Watershed
- 4 Natural history
- 5 River modifications
- 6 History
- 7 Economy
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
The earliest references to the Euphrates come from cuneiform texts found in Shuruppak and pre-Sargonic Nippur in southern Iraq and date to the mid-third millennium BCE. In these texts, written in Sumerian, the Euphrates appears as Buranuna (logographic: UD.KIB.NUN). The name could also be written KIB.NUN.(NA) or dKIB.NUN, with the prefix "d" indicating that the river was deified. In Sumerian, the name of the city of Sippar in modern-day Iraq was also a written UD.KIB.NUN, indicating a historically strong relationship between the city and the river. In Akkadian, the Euphrates was called Purattu.[2] The modern spelling of the Euphrates derives from the Old Persian Ufrātu via Middle Persian Frat into Turkish Fırat.[1] The Persian Ufrātu (meaning the good) is also the source of the Greek spelling Εὐφράτης (Euphrates).[3]
The Euphrates emerges from the confluence of the Kara Su or Western Euphrates (450 kilometres (280 mi)) and the Murat Su or Eastern Euphrates (650 kilometres (400 mi)) 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) upstream from the town of Keban in Turkey.[4] Daoudy and Frenken put the length of the Euphrates from the source of the Murat River to the confluence with the Tigris at 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi), of which 1,230 kilometres (760 mi) falls in Turkey, 710 kilometres (440 mi) in Syria and 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) in Iraq.[5][6] The same figures are given by Isaev and Mikhailova.[7] The length of the Shatt al-Arab, which connects the Euphrates and the Tigris with the Persian Gulf, is given by various sources as 145–195 kilometres (90–121 mi).[8]
Both the Kara Su and the Murat Su rise northwest from Lake Van at elevations of 3,290 metres (10,790 ft) and 3,520 metres (11,550 ft) amsl, respectively.[9] At the location of the Keban Dam, the two rivers, now combined into the Euphrates, have dropped to an elevation of 693 metres (2,274 ft) amsl. From Keban to the Syrian–Turkish border, the river drops another 368 metres (1,207 ft) over a distance of less than 600 kilometres (370 mi). Once the Euphrates enters the Upper Mesopotamian plains, its grade drops significantly; within Syria the river falls 163 metres (535 ft) while over the last stretch between Hīt and the Shatt al-Arab the river drops only 55 metres (180 ft).[4][10]
Discharge of the Euphrates
The Euphrates receives most of its water in the form of rainfall and melting snow, resulting in peak volumes during the months April–May. Discharge in these two months accounts for 36 percent of the total annual discharge of the Euphrates, or even 60–70 percent according to one source, while low runoff occurs in summer and autumn.[7][11] The average natural annual flow of the Euphrates has been determined from early- and mid-twentieth century records as 20.9 cubic kilometres (5.0 cu mi) at Keban, 36.6 cubic kilometres (8.8 cu mi) at Hīt and 21.5 cubic kilometres (5.2 cu mi) at Hindiya.[12] However, these averages mask the high inter-annual variability in discharge; at Birecik, just above the Syro–Turkish border, annual discharges have been measured that ranged from a low volume of 15.3 cubic kilometres (3.7 cu mi) in 1961 to a high 42.7 cubic kilometres (10.2 cu mi) in 1963.[13]
The discharge regime of the Euphrates has changed dramatically since the construction of the first dams in the 1970s. Data on Euphrates discharge collected after 1990 show the impact of the construction of the numerous dams in the Euphrates and of the increased withdrawal of water for irrigation. Average discharge at Hīt after 1990 has dropped to 356 cubic metres (12,600 cu ft) per second (11.2 cubic kilometres (2.7 cu mi) per year). The seasonal variability has equally changed. The pre-1990 peak volume recorded at Hīt was 7,510 cubic metres (265,000 cu ft) per second, while after 1990 it is only 2,514 cubic metres (88,800 cu ft) per second. The minimum volume at Hīt remained relatively unchanged, rising from 55 cubic metres (1,900 cu ft) per second before 1990 to 58 cubic metres (2,000 cu ft) per second afterward.[14][15]
In Syria, three rivers add their water to the Euphrates; the Sajur, the Balikh and the Khabur. These rivers rise in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains along the Syro–Turkish border and add comparatively little water to the Euphrates. The Sajur is the smallest of these tributaries; emerging from two streams near Gaziantep and draining the plain around Manbij before emptying into the reservoir of the Tishrin Dam. The Balikh receives most of its water from a karstic spring near 'Ayn al-'Arus and flows due south until it reaches the Euphrates at the city of Ar-Raqqah. In terms of length, drainage basin and discharge, the Khabur is the largest of these three. Its main karstic springs are located around Ra's al-'Ayn, from where the Khabur flows southeast past Al-Hasakah, where the river turns south and drains into the Euphrates near Busayrah. Once the Euphrates enters Iraq, there are no more natural tributaries to the Euphrates, although canals connecting the Euphrates basin with the Tigris basin exist.[16][17]
Name Length Watershed size Discharge Bank Kara Su 450 km (280 mi) 22,000 km2 (8,500 sq mi) Confluence Murat River 650 km (400 mi) 40,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi) Confluence Sajur River 108 km (67 mi) 2,042 km2 (788 sq mi) 4.1 m3/s (145 cu ft/s) Right Balikh River 100 km (62 mi) 14,400 km2 (5,600 sq mi) 6 m3/s (212 cu ft/s) Left Khabur River 486 km (302 mi) 37,081 km2 (14,317 sq mi) 45 m3/s (1,600 cu ft/s) Left
WatershedFurther information: Tigris–Euphrates river system
The drainage basins of the Kara Su and the Murat River cover an area of 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi) and 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), respectively.[4] The estimates that have been made for the area of the Euphrates drainage basin vary widely; from a low 233,000 square kilometres (90,000 sq mi) to a high 766,000 square kilometres (296,000 sq mi).[7] Recent estimates put the basin area at 388,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi),[4] 444,000 square kilometres (171,000 sq mi)[5][18] and 579,314 square kilometres (223,674 sq mi).[19] The greater part of the Euphrates basin is located in Turkey, Syria and Iraq. According to both Daoudy and Frenken, Turkey's share is 28 percent, Syria's is 17 percent and that of Iraq is 40 percent.[5][6] Isaev and Mikhailova estimate the percentages of the drainage basin lying within Turkey, Syria and Iraq at 33, 20 and 47 percent respectively.[7] Some sources estimate that approximately 15 percent of the drainage basin is located within Saudi Arabia, while a small part falls inside the borders of Kuwait.[5][6] Finally, some sources also include Jordan in the drainage basin of the Euphrates; a small part of the eastern desert (220 square kilometres (85 sq mi)) drains toward the east rather than to the west.[7][20]
Natural historySee also: Mesopotamian Marshes
The Euphrates flows through a number of distinct vegetation zones. Although millennia-long human occupation in most parts of the Euphrates basin has significantly degraded the landscape, patches of original vegetation remain. The steady drop in annual rainfall from the sources of the Euphrates toward the Persian Gulf is a strong determinant for the vegetation that can be supported. In its upper reaches the Euphrates flows through the mountains of Southeast Turkey and their southern foothills which support a xeric woodland. Plant species in the moister parts of this zone include various oaks, pistachio trees, and Rosaceae (rose/plum family). The drier parts of the xeric woodland zone supports less dense oak forest and Rosaceae. Here can also be found the wild variants of many cereals, including einkorn wheat, emmer wheat, oat and rye.[21] South of this zone lies a zone of mixed woodland-steppe vegetation. Between Raqqa and the Syro–Iraqi border the Euphrates flows through a steppe landscape. This steppe is characterised by white wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba) and Chenopodiaceae. Throughout history, this zone has been heavily overgrazed due to the practicing of sheep and goat pastoralism by its inhabitants.[22] Southeast of the border between Syria and Iraq starts true desert. This zone supports either no vegetation at all or small pockets of Chenopodiaceae or Poa sinaica. Although today nothing of it survives due to human interference, research suggests that the Euphrates Valley would have supported a riverine forest. Species characteristic of this type of forest include the Oriental plane, the Euphrates poplar, the tamarisk, the ash and various wetland plants.[23]
Among the fish species in the Tigris–Euphrates basin, the family of the Cyprinidae are the most common, with 34 species out of 52 in total.[24] Among the Cyprinids, the mangar has good sport fishing qualities, leading the British to nickname it "Tigris salmon." The Rafetus euphraticus is an endangered soft-shelled turtle that is limited to the Tigris–Euphrates river system.[25][26]
The Neo-Assyrian palace reliefs from the 1st millennium BCE depict lion and bull hunts in fertile landscapes.[27] Sixteenth to nineteenth century European travellers in the Syrian Euphrates basin reported on an abundance of animals living in the area, many of which have become rare or even extinct. Species like gazelle, onager and the now-extinct Arabian ostrich lived in the steppe bordering the Euphrates valley, while the valley itself was home to the wild boar. Carnivorous species include the gray wolf, the golden jackal, the red fox, the leopard and the lion. The Syrian brown bear can be found in the mountains of Southeast Turkey. The presence of European beaver has been attested in the bone assemblage of the prehistoric site of Abu Hureyra in Syria, but the beaver has never been sighted in historical times.[28]
River modificationsMain articles: Dams in Iraq, Tabqa Dam, and Southeastern Anatolia Project
The Hindiya Barrage on the Iraqi Euphrates, based on plans by the British civil engineer William Willcocks and finished in 1913, was the first modern water diversion structure built in the Tigris–Euphrates river system.[29] The Hindiya Barrage was followed in the 1950s by the Ramadi Barrage and the nearby Abu Dibbis Regulator, which serve to regulate the flow regime of the Euphrates and to discharge excess flood water into the depression that is now Lake Habbaniyah. Iraq's largest dam on the Euphrates is the Haditha Dam; a 9-kilometre (5.6 mi) long earth-fill dam creating Lake Qadisiyah.[30] Syria and Turkey built their first dams in the Euphrates in the 1970s. The Tabqa Dam in Syria was completed in 1973 while Turkey finished the Keban Dam, a prelude to the immense Southeastern Anatolia Project, in 1974. Since then, Syria has built two more dams in the Euphrates, the Baath Dam and the Tishrin Dam, and plans to build a fourth dam – the Halabiye Dam – between Ar-Raqqah and Deir ez-Zor.[31] The Tabqa Dam is Syria's largest dam and its reservoir (Lake Assad) is an important source of irrigation and drinking water. It was planned that 640,000 hectares (2,500 sq mi) should be irrigated from Lake Assad, but in 2000 only 100,000–124,000 hectares (390–480 sq mi) had been realized.[32][33] Syria also built three smaller dams on the Khabur and its tributaries.[34]
With the implementation of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkish: Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi, or GAP) in the 1970s, Turkey launched an ambitious plan to harness the waters of the Tigris and the Euphrates for irrigation and hydroelectricity production and provide an economic stimulus to its southeastern provinces.[35] GAP affects a total area of 75,000 square kilometres (29,000 sq mi) and approximately 7 million people; representing about 10 percent of Turkey's total surface area and population, respectively. When completed, GAP will consist of 22 dams – including the Keban Dam – and 19 power plants and provide irrigation water to 1,700,000 hectares (6,600 sq mi) of agricultural land, which is about 20 percent of the irrigable land in Turkey.[36] Circa 910,000 hectares (3,500 sq mi) of this irrigated land is located in the Euphrates basin.[37] By far the largest dam in GAP is the Atatürk Dam, located circa 55 kilometres (34 mi) northwest of Şanlıurfa. This 184-metre (604 ft) high and 1,820-metre (5,970 ft) long dam was completed in 1992; thereby creating a reservoir that is the third-largest lake in Turkey. With a maximum capacity of 48.7 cubic kilometres (11.7 cu mi), the Atatürk Dam reservoir is large enough to hold the entire annual discharge of the Euphrates.[38] Completion of GAP was scheduled for 2010 but has been delayed because the World Bank has withheld funding due to the lack of an official agreement on water sharing between Turkey and the downstream states on the Euphrates and the Tigris.[39]
Apart from barrages and dams, Iraq has also created an intricate network of canals connecting the Euphrates with Lake Habbaniyah, Lake Tharthar, and Abu Dibbis reservoir; all of which can be used to store excess floodwater. Via the Shatt al-Hayy, the Euphrates is connected with the Tigris. The largest canal in this network is the Main Outfall Drain or so-called "Third River;" constructed between 1953 and 1992. This 565-kilometre (351 mi) long canal is intended to drain the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris south of Baghdad to prevent soil salinization from irrigation. It also allows large freight barges to navigate up to Baghdad.[40][41][42]See also: Environmental impacts of reservoirs
The construction of the dams and irrigation schemes on the Euphrates has had a significant impact on the environment and society of each riparian country. The dams constructed as part of GAP – in both the Euphrates and the Tigris basins – have affected 382 villages and almost 200,000 people have been resettled elsewhere. The largest number of people was displaced by the building of the Atatürk Dam, which alone affected 55,300 people.[43] A survey among those who were displaced showed that the majority were unhappy with their new situation and that the compensation they had received was considered insufficient.[44] The flooding of Lake Assad led to the forced displacement of circa 4,000 families, who were resettled in other parts of northern Syria as part of a now abandoned plan to create an "Arab belt" along the borders with Turkey and Iraq.[45][46][47]
Apart from the changes in the discharge regime of the river, the numerous dams and irrigation projects have also had other effects on the environment. The creation of reservoirs with large surfaces in countries with high average temperatures has led to increased evaporation; thereby reducing the total amount of water that is available for human use. Annual evaporation from reservoirs has been estimated at 2 cubic kilometres (0.48 cu mi) in Turkey, 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi) in Syria and 5 cubic kilometres (1.2 cu mi) in Iraq.[48] Water quality in the Iraqi Euphrates is low because irrigation water tapped in Turkey and Syria flows back into the river, together with dissolved fertilizer chemicals used on the fields.[49] The salinity of Euphrates water in Iraq has increased as a result of upstream dam construction, leading to lower suitability as drinking water.[50] The many dams and irrigation schemes, and the associated large-scale water abstraction, have also had a detrimental effect on the ecologically already fragile Mesopotamian Marshes and on freshwater fish habitats in Iraq.[51][52]
The inundation of large parts of the Euphrates valley, especially in Turkey and Syria, has led to the flooding of many archaeological sites and other places of cultural significance.[53] Although concerted efforts have been made to record or save as much of the endangered cultural heritage as possible, many sites are probably lost forever. The combined GAP projects on the Turkish Euphrates have led to major international efforts to document the archaeological and cultural heritage of the endangered parts of the valley. Especially the flooding of Zeugma with its unique Roman mosaics by the reservoir of the Birecik Dam has generated much controversy in both the Turkish and international press.[54][55] The construction of the Tabqa Dam in Syria led to a large international campaign coordinated by UNESCO to document the heritage that would disappear under the waters of Lake Assad. Archaeologists from numerous countries excavated sites ranging in date from the Natufian to the Abbasid period, and two minarets were dismantled and rebuilt outside the flood zone. Important sites that have been flooded or affected by the rising waters of Lake Assad include Mureybet, Emar and Abu Hureyra.[56] A similar international effort was made when the Tishrin Dam was constructed, which led, among others, to the flooding of the important Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Jerf el-Ahmar.[57] An archaeological survey and rescue excavations were also carried out in the area flooded by Lake Qadisiya in Iraq.[58] Parts of the flooded area have recently become accessible again due to the drying up of the lake, resulting not only in new possibilities for archaeologists to do more research, but also providing opportunities for looting, which has been rampant elsewhere in Iraq in the wake of the 2003 invasion.[59]
HistoryFurther information: History of Mesopotamia and History of Iraq
Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic periods
The early occupation of the Euphrates basin was limited to its upper reaches; that is, the area that is popularly known as the Fertile Crescent. Acheulean stone artifacts have been found in the Sajur basin and in the El Kowm oasis in the central Syrian steppe; the latter together with remains of Homo erectus that were dated to 450,000 years old.[60][61] In the Taurus Mountains and the upper part of the Syrian Euphrates valley, early permanent villages such as Abu Hureyra – at first occupied by hunter-gatherers but later by some of the earliest farmers, Jerf el-Ahmar, Mureybet and Nevalı Çori became established from the eleventh millennium BCE onward.[62] In the absence of irrigation, these early farming communities were limited to areas where rainfed agriculture was possible, that is, the upper parts of the Syrian Euphrates as well as Turkey.[63] Late Neolithic villages, characterized by the introduction of pottery in the early 7th millennium BCE, are known throughout this area.[64] Occupation of lower Mesopotamia started in the 6th millennium and is generally associated with the introduction of irrigation, as rainfall in this area is insufficient for dry agriculture. Evidence for irrigation has been found at several sites dating to this period, including Tell es-Sawwan.[65] During the 5th millennium BCE, or late Ubaid period, northeastern Syria was dotted by small villages, although some of them grew to a size of over 10 hectares (25 acres).[66] In Iraq, sites like Eridu and Ur were already occupied during the Ubaid period.[67] Clay boat models found at Tell Mashnaqa along the Khabur indicate that riverine transport was already practiced during this period.[68] The Uruk period, roughly coinciding with the 4th millennium BCE, saw the emergence of truly urban settlements across Mesopotamia. Cities like Tell Brak and Uruk grew to over 100 hectares (250 acres) in size and displayed monumental architecture.[69] The spread of southern Mesopotamian pottery, architecture and sealings far into Turkey and Iran has generally been interpreted as the material reflection of a widespread trade system aimed at providing the Mesopotamian cities with raw materials. Habuba Kabira on the Syrian Euphrates is a prominent example of a settlement that is interpreted as an Uruk colony.[70][71]
Ancient history
During the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods (3100–2350 BCE), southern Mesopotamia experienced a growth in the number and size of settlements, suggesting strong population growth. These settlements, including sites like Sippar, Uruk and Kish, were organized in competing city-states.[72] Many of these cities were located along canals of the Euphrates and the Tigris that have since dried up, but that can still be identified from remote sensing imagery.[73] A similar development took place in Upper Mesopotamia, although only in the second part of the 3rd millennium and on a smaller scale than in Lower Mesopotamia. Sites like Mari and Tell Leilan grew to prominence for the first time during this period.[74] Large parts of the Euphrates basin were for the first time united under a single ruler during the Akkadian and Ur III empires, which controlled – either directly or indirectly through vassals – large parts of modern-day Iraq and northeastern Syria.[75] Following their collapse, Mari asserted its power over northeast Syria while southern Mesopotamia was controlled by city-states like Isin and Larsa before their territories were absorbed by Babylon under Hammurabi in the 18th century BCE.[76] In the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE, the Euphrates basin was divided between Kassite Babylon in the south and Mitanni in the north, with the latter being eventually replaced by Assyria and the Hittite Empire.[77] Following the collapse of the Hittite Empire and the reduction in power of Assyria and Babylonia during the 12th century BCE, struggles broke out between Babylonia and Assyria over the control of the Iraqi Euphrates basin. The Neo-Assyrian Empire eventually emerged victorious out of this conflict and also succeeded in gaining control of the northern Euphrates basin in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE.[78] In the centuries to come, control of the wider Euphrates basin shifted from the Neo-Assyrian Empire to the Neo-Babylonian Empire in the 7th century and to the Achaemenids in the 6th century BCE.[79] The Achaemenid Empire was in turn overran by Alexander the Great, who defeated the last king Darius III and died in Babylon in 323 BCE.[80] For several centuries, the river formed the eastern limit of effective Egyptian and Roman control and western regions of the Persian Empire.
Modern eraSee also: Water politics in the Middle East
After World War I, the borders in Southwest Asia were redrawn in the Treaty of Lausanne, when the Ottoman Empire was partitioned. Clause 109 of the treaty stipulated that the three riparian states of the Euphrates (at that time Turkey, France for its Syrian mandate and the United Kingdom for its mandate of Iraq) had to reach a mutual agreement on the use of its water and on the construction of any hydraulic installation.[81] An agreement between Turkey and Iraq signed in 1946 required Turkey to report to Iraq on any hydraulic changes it made on the Tigris–Euphrates river system, and allowed Iraq to construct dams on Turkish territory to manage the flow of the Euphrates.[82]
Turkey and Syria completed their first dams on the Euphrates – the Keban Dam and the Tabqa Dam, respectively – within one year of each other and filling of the reservoirs commenced in 1975. At the same time, the area was hit by severe drought and river flow toward Iraq was reduced from 15.3 cubic kilometres (3.7 cu mi) in 1973 to 9.4 cubic kilometres (2.3 cu mi) in 1975. This led to an international crisis during which Iraq threatened to bomb the Tabqa Dam. An agreement was eventually reached between Syria and Iraq after intervention by Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union.[83][84] A similar crisis, although not escalating to the point of military threats, occurred in 1981 when the Keban Dam reservoir had to be refilled after it had been almost emptied to temporarily increase Turkey's hydroelectricity production.[85] In 1984, Turkey unilaterally declared that it would ensure a flow of at least 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) per second, or 16 cubic kilometres (3.8 cu mi) per year, into Syria, and in 1987 a bilateral treaty to that effect was signed between the two countries.[86] Another bilateral agreement from 1989 between Syria and Iraq settles the amount of water flowing into Iraq at 60 percent of the amount that Syria receives from Turkey.[82][84][87] In 2008, Turkey, Syria and Iraq instigated the Joint Trilateral Committee (JTC) on the management of the water in the Tigris–Euphrates basin and on 3 September 2009 a further agreement was signed to this effect.[88]
Throughout history, the Euphrates has been of vital importance to those living along its course. With the construction of large hydropower stations, irrigation schemes, and pipelines capable of transporting water over large distances, many more people now depend on the river for basic amenities such as electricity and drinking water than in the past. Syria's Lake Assad is the most important source of drinking water for the city of Aleppo, 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the west of the river valley.[89] The lake also supports a modest state-operated fishing industry.[90] Through a newly restored power line, the Haditha Dam in Iraq provides electricity to Baghdad.[91]
See also
- List of cities and towns on the Euphrates River
- Water resources management in Syria
- ^ a b c d Hartmann 2010
- ^ Woods 2005
- ^ Negev & Gibson 2001, p. 169
- ^ a b c d Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a, p. 71
- ^ a b c d Daoudy 2005, p. 63
- ^ a b c Frenken 2009, p. 65
- ^ a b c d e Isaev & Mikhailova 2009, p. 384
- ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009, p. 388
- ^ Mutin 2003, p. 2
- ^ Bilen 1994, p. 100
- ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a, p. 91
- ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009, p. 385
- ^ Kolars 1994, p. 47
- ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009, p. 386
- ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a, p. 94
- ^ Hillel 1994, p. 95
- ^ Hole & Zaitchik 2007
- ^ Shahin 2007, p. 251
- ^ Partow 2001, p. 4
- ^ Frenken 2009, p. 63
- ^ Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000, pp. 52–58
- ^ Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000, pp. 63–65
- ^ Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000, pp. 69–71
- ^ Coad 1996
- ^ Gray 1864, pp. 81–82
- ^ Thomason 2001
- ^ Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000, pp. 85–91
- ^ Kliot 1994, p. 117
- ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b, pp. 20–21
- ^ Jamous 2009
- ^ Elhadj 2008
- ^ Mutin 2003, p. 4
- ^ Mutin 2003, p. 5
- ^ Kolars & Mitchell 1991, p. 17
- ^ Jongerden 2010, p. 138
- ^ Frenken 2009, p. 62
- ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009, pp. 383–384
- ^ Jongerden 2010, p. 139
- ^ Kolars 1994, p. 53
- ^ Daoudy 2005, p. 127
- ^ Hillel 1994, p. 100
- ^ Sahan et al. 2001, p. 10
- ^ Sahan et al. 2001, p. 11
- ^ Anonymous 2009, p. 11
- ^ McDowall 2004, p. 475
- ^ Hillel 1994, p. 107
- ^ Hillel 1994, p. 103
- ^ Frenken 2009, p. 212
- ^ Rahi & Halihan 2009
- ^ Jawad 2003
- ^ Muir 2009
- ^ McClellan 1997
- ^ Tanaka 2007
- ^ Steele 2005, pp. 52–53
- ^ Bounni 1979
- ^ del Olmo Lete & Montero Fenollós 1999
- ^ Abdul-Amir 1988
- ^ Muhesen 2002, p. 102
- ^ Schmid et al. 1997
- ^ Sagona & Zimansky 2009, pp. 49–54
- ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003, p. 74
- ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003, p. 110
- ^ Helbaek 1972
- ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003, pp. 163–166
- ^ Oates 1960
- ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003, pp. 167–168
- ^ Ur, Karsgaard & Oates 2007
- ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003, p. 203
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, pp. 38–39
- ^ Adams 1981
- ^ Hritz & Wilkinson 2006
- ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003, p. 233
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, p. 63
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, p. 111
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, p. 132
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, p. 241
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, p. 270
- ^ van de Mieroop 2007, p. 287
- ^ Treaty of peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne, World War I Document Archive, http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne, retrieved 19 December 2010
- ^ a b Geopolicity 2010, pp. 11–12
- ^ Shapland 1997, pp. 117–118
- ^ a b Kaya 1998
- ^ Kolars 1994, p. 49
- ^ Daoudy 2005, pp. 169–170
- ^ Daoudy 2005, pp. 172
- ^ Geopolicity 2010, p. 16
- ^ Shapland 1997, p. 110
- ^ Krouma 2006
- ^ O´Hara 2004, p. 3
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Further reading
- Zarins, Juris (1997), "Euphrates", in Meyers, Eric M., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East, 2, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 287–290, ISBN 0195065123
External links
- Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
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the one who first touched miau...4:02 PM Wednesday, August 29, 2007
MIAU is the name of my pu$$y.
And the first man to cup/touch it is someone I do not know.
I have forgotten the tale... and only recently managed to remember it to tell my hubs of the sad, bad experience.
I was in 3rd year high school. PCS was situated smack dab in a market place... my friend and I were walking home after class. The man passed me, going in the opposite direction, and just cupped/grabbed my MIAU thru my skirt.
I couldn't have confused it being accidental because he had the temerity to whisper, "Ang sarap mong kan**tin".
Down fell my books and bags as I go into a state of shock. My friend asked what happened and I managed to peep it out, after which she started shouting mean things at the guy (who kept turning to look at our reaction to what he did). Schoolmates about started staring as I remained still, just totally shocked.
What i couldn't understand then was the fact that it happened when I was wearing a school uniform. I felt so underserving of the 'pambabastos' because I wasn't wearing and doing anything to provoke something like that...
Proof that there is something wrong in my (or girls, in general) indoctrination/enculturation, since my first reaction was to ask "did i deserve to be treated that way?"
I was accompanied home, shaking and quivering over the violation, by my friend.
And no, now I am empowered enough to know that such men don't need provocation at all. But am I empowered enough to do something if I find someone masturbating beside me in a jeep?
I can't say for sure.
And I know i'd be hard-pressed not to feel dirty and shamed and ashamed and violated and shocked all over again.


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DOWNLOAD MP3: Westside Boogie – Corner Store Freestyle
Here is another hot new song by Westside Boogie, Entitled "Corner Store Freestyle". NOTE: Our main motive is to bring latest hits around the world to your door for your online steaming.
Enjoy this one below and also remember to let us know what you think of the new track using our comment box below.


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BIOL 2010 WL1 Class Dates & Times
|Date Range
|8/17/2022 to 12/8/2022
Course Description
A study of basic biological chemistry, cellular structure and function (including cellular respiration, protein synthesis and cell division), histology, and integumentary, skeletal and nervous system. The laboratory will provide experiments to illustrate principles covered in lecture. (Prerequisite: All learning support classes must be completed prior to enrollment in this course.) Each student is assessed a lab fee for this course. (3 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory) F, Sp, Su
Roane State General Education course approved and designed for transfer. (TTP course)
Web Class Log-in Information
Instructions for how and when to log in to your Web course
Registration Information
In order to register for courses, you'll use the course's CRN (course reference number). See the Web Registration Directions for details.
Contact Information
Do you have a question about this course?
Contact this course's academic department. Be sure to mention the course number: BIOL 2010 WL1


text:
The Top 10 Kanye West Tweets About DONDA, His New Everything Venture
If you've been anywhere near Twitter this evening, you know something truly wonderful and unique and amazing and THE BEST is happening. In the space of two hours, Kanye West has tweeted 60 times and counting on, uh, his earnest pursuits in the realm of fashion and graphic design and nutrition and architecture and video games and publicity and medicine and law and science and app guys. You think Tom Ford is full of himself? Kanye West shits Tom Fords for breakfast. Then he irons out the shits into cutting-edge fabrics, and frantically cuts, sews, and laces that fabric through the night and into the morning, until he has produced the most unbelievable clothes — nay, FASHION + ART = FARTSHION! — in the universe. And he calls these clothes DONDA. But he calls all that other stuff DONDA, too! DONDA will be your everything. Just you wait and see. And what is DONDA?
It's an acronym for Dis Original N***a Dresses Aight.*
*DONDA is actually the name of Kanye's deceased mother, not the acronym above, which was meant to be the kind of thing Kanye would make up in a late-night creative writing fit, but has offended many people. So sorry, to everyone who was offended, and for the confusion. Sorries all around!
In the meantime, here are the 10 GREATEST DONDA TWEETS OF ALL TIME! EVER!
1. I moved to Japan for one month after that and designed every night in my room... I had this opportunity to intern at Fendi and was also..
2. ...offered a position to at Versace wich I could not take due to my contract with LV which was for 2 years...
3. Early 2011 ... I moved to Paris and opened a small design studio... the language barrier was quite difficult...
4. Being a celebrity has afforded me many opportunities but has also boxed me in creatively.
5. I was just discussing becoming the creative director for the Jetson movie and someone on the call yelled out.. you should do a Jetsons tour!
6. I have started a new company and I'm so excited about the name.... it's got the best name ever of all companies of all time!!!....
7. The name of the company is DONDA
8. I care about people who have never heard of me... There are over 7 billion people on the planet now...
9. We can collectively effect the world trough design. We need to pick up where steve jobs left off
10. Spike Jonze and I want to do a Summer school that tries new forms of cuuriculim


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Headache Common After Auto InjurySan Diego, CA Headache Treatment
Headache is another common problem Dr. Michael Ackerman, D.C. works with in our San Diego chiropractic office. Many headaches actually originate in the neck, and so it's not surprising that it's a symptom that is frequently experienced after a car crash.
Headaches that are caused by a car crash fall into four general categories:
- Cervicogenic headache, or those that are caused by injury to the cervical spine (neck).
- Tension headaches, caused by strain or tearing of the neck muscles.
- Migraine headaches, which can be an indicator for some kind of vascular injury.
- Brain injury, which can be brought about by severe crashes or direct head trauma.
The course of treatment for your headache after an auto injury will be dependent on what caused the problem in the first place. The staff at San Diego Chiropractic & Healing Center are here to help you recover. Give our office a call today at (619) 687-7676 for an appointment.
You can click here to learn more about the benefits of chiropractic care.


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iRODS at TACC
Last update: November 28, 2017
iRODS is a data grid/data management tool. iRODS allows you to store data in a unified namespace using multiple storage resources, to replicate data so that copies exist on multiple systems, and to store checksums and arbitrary metadata with a file. The TACC iRODS configuration supports accessing iRODS through either the native iRODS tools such as the UNIX "i-Commands" or via the HTTPS and WebDAV protocols.
Each storage system accessed through iRODS is referred to as a "resource". In TACC's current Corral configuration, there are two disk-based resources accessible through iRODS, one for each of the Corral filesystems. The unreplicated GPFS filesystem is referred to within iRODS as
corral-tacc and the replicated filesystem is referred to as
corral-repl. By default all data will be stored in the
corral-repl file system.
Table 1. iRODS Resource Names and Corresponding Filesystems
|Resource Name
|Storage System
|Replicated GPFS file system (
|TACC-only GPFS file system (
Access to the iRODS system on Corral is available only to allocated users who have requested it. If you wish to utilize iRODS for accessing Corral, please indicate so in your Corral allocation request. Users with existing allocations who wish to make use of iRODS should submit a user support request. You may also email firstname.lastname@example.com to discuss your data needs and we will be happy to make a recommendation on the best tools for managing your data.
Use of the Corral resource may be subject to allocation constraints.
iRODS Setup
Command-line Usage
The IRODS command-line utilities, collectively referred to as "i-commands", use a JSON configuration file to store iRODS initialization information under a user's home directory. A template version of that file is shown below in Example 1 below. To set up your computing environment, copy and paste this text into a file called
~/.irods/irods_environment.json, then edit the file, replacing each instance of "USERNAME" with your TACC username. You may also change the
irods_default_resource line to use a different default resource if you so choose. Once you have created and saved this file, you can issue the
iinit command to start your iRODS session, after which you can store and retrieve data normally using the i-commands as documented below. If you will be accessing iRODS only through the WebDAV or other Web-based mechanisms you do not need to create this configuration file.
Example 1. iRODS Configuration Template
"irods_host": "irods.corral.tacc.utexas.edu",
"irods_port": 1247,
"irods_authentication_scheme": "PAM",
"irods_ssl_verify_server": "none",
"irods_log_level": "DEBUG",
"irods_default_resource": "corral-repl",
"irods_home": "/corralZ/home/USERNAME",
"irods_cwd": "/corralZ/home/USERNAME",
"irods_user_name": "USERNAME",
"irods_zone_name": "corralZ",
"irods_client_server_negotiation": "request_server_negotiation",
"irods_client_server_policy": "CS_NEG_REQUIRE",
"irods_encryption_key_size": 32,
"irods_encryption_salt_size": 8,
"irods_encryption_num_hash_rounds": 16,
"irods_encryption_algorithm": "AES-256-CBC",
"irods_default_hash_scheme": "SHA256",
"irods_match_hash_policy": "compatible",
"irods_maximum_size_for_single_buffer_in_megabytes": 32,
"irods_default_number_of_transfer_threads": 4,
"irods_transfer_buffer_size_for_parallel_transfer_in_megabytes": 4
GUI Usage
iRODS can be accessed via a Desktop GUI through the native support in the cross-platform Cyberduck file transfer client. Cyberduck is free, works on all major desktop platforms, and supports drag-and-drop operations from your desktop using the native iRODS protocol for high-performance network transfers.
where "
PATH" is replaced with the path to your data in iRODS e.g.
You can download Cyberduck for free from https://cyberduck.io. To connect to iRODS using the native iRODS plug-in for Cyberduck, download this Cyberduck profile to your desktop and open it in Cyberduck, either by double-clicking it or by dragging and dropping it onto the Cyberduck icon. Fill in your TACC username, and enter your password when you first connect to the server, and you will see a directory listing. By default you will be placed in your home directory, but you can change the default starting location to be a project directory if you have a shared project folder you wish to use instead. Once you have initiated a connection to the iRODS server via Cyberduck, you can drag files or folders into the Cyberduck window to upload them, and drag them from the window onto the desktop to download them. Cyberduck will perform recursive uploads and downloads, i.e. dragging a folder into the Cyberduck window will upload both the folder and any files and folders contained within that folder.
Basic i-Commands
Once you have configured the
~/.irods/irods_environment.json file, you can use i-commands to access and manipulate data in the system. The i-commands nomenclature mimcs that of UNIX but with an "i" prepended to the command name e.g.
icd. Generally, i-commands are functionally equivalent to their UNIX counterparts. Complete i-commands documentation can be found on the iRODS site. The following table summarizes some of the most common i-commands.
Table 2. Common i-Commands
iinit yourpassword
|initialize and start an iRODS session
ils file or directory
|like UNIX
ls, list files or directories
|list all iRODS resources
iput -v file /corralZ/home/user/dir
|store file/s into the system
iget file /corralZ/home/user/dir
|retrieve file/s from the system
imkdir new_directory
|like UNIX
mkdir, create a new directory (collection)
icp source destination
|copy a file or directory, many options available
Use the
irsync command to synchronize a local directory with iRODS, similar to the Unix rsync command. It can be used to make an exact copy of a directory hierarchy on a local disk within iRODS, or retrieve an exact copy of a directory hierarchy already stored in iRODS. It may also be used to create an exact copy of a file or directory within iRODS. iRODS paths are identified with an i: prefix in the
irsync command.
For example, if you have created a directory within iRODS called
/corralZ/home/joeuser/myproject, and you wish to retrieve an exact copy of that directory on Stampede, run the command:
login1$ irsync -r i:/corralZ/home/joeuser/myproject /path/to/joeusers/workdir
After editing the files on Stampede, you can then synchronize the data back into iRODS using the command:
login1$ irsync -r /path/to/joeusers/workdir i:/corralZ/home/joeuser/myproject
If you are storing or retrieving data to Ranch with the
-R ranch-main option, you should also use the
-s switch - this will use the size rather than the checksum of the file to determine whether synchronization is necessary, thereby avoiding the need to retrieve all the files from tape to compute checksums. This will greatly improve the performance of synchronization with Ranch.
Use the
irm command to remove files. By default, the
irm command only moves files to a temporary "trash" folder, and these files can be restored at a later date or completely removed with the
irmtrash command. You can use the
-f switch to force deletion of the file immediately, but files removed with the force switch can not be recovered.
irm options include:
-fforce data removal
-vfor verbose
-rfor recursive
-hfor help
All users can see all other users' collections and files but cannot access, (read, write or own), where they do not have permissions. The
ichmod command, like the UNIX chmod command, allows a user to give file access permission to other users or groups. Note that iRODS only supports access control lists (ACLs), rather than the Unix-style user/group/other permissions structure. More information about ACLs is available in other TACC tutorials.
Read Permission
login1$ ichmod read testuser testfile.txt login1$ ils -A testfile.txt
ils -Acommand shows the Access Control List (ACL) for the file
testfile.txt. Here,
testuserhas been given read permission on
Ownership Permission
Giving another user ownership permission will enable them to change ACL for the file or folder. For example, to give
testuserownership permissions means
testusercan then extend read/write/owner permissions to other users.
login1$ ichmod own testuser testfile.txt
Removing Permissions
You can assign
nullto remove permissions from the ACL for a file or folder:
login1$ ichmod null testuser testfile.txt
Inherit Permission
The "inherit" permission is a special type of permission you can assign to a directory, which causes all new files and folders created within that directory to have the same permissions as the parent. For example, you can grant read permissions to a specific user, add the inherit permission, then add a number of files to that directory, which will also have the read permissions assigned to the enclosing folder. This makes it easier to share files within a group or to copy complicated permissions structures to additional files.
login1$ ichmod inherit testuser myfolder
ichmod command options include:
-vfor verbose
-rfor recursive
-Rfor Resource
Installing the iRODS client
You may also use the iRODS i-Commands to view and manipulate your data, as well as storing and retrieving data, from your own desktop or laptop running a Redhat or Ubuntu-based version of Linux, by downloading and installing the iRODS client tools. iRODS binary package downloads and installation instructions are at https://irods.org/download/.
See also:


text:
There are two types of impact doors available in the market today that can have an impact on the cost of your impact door installation project; the standard impact sliding glass door and the impact French or swing door. Sliding glass impact doors Suncook are really simple to use and are considered to be the least expensive door solution if you want access to your patio or deck. The cost of this type of door may vary depending on the size of the door to be installed and the design. There are a lot of styles and designs to choose from that will match your taste and budget. French impact doors Suncook are more expensive than sliding impact doors. They can give a sophisticated look and feel to your home. French impact doors are also highly durable and come in a variety of designs and configurations.
Estimated final cost for impact doors
|Fair Price
|Exterior Door Cost
|1 Door
|Exterior Door Labor
|3 Hours
|Exterior Door Job Materials and Supplies
|1 Door
|Exterior Door Equipment Allowance
|Totals - Cost to Hang Exterior Doors - 1 Door
|Average Cost Per Door


text:
70% of Orders Ship within 2 Business Days.
For guaranteed shipment within 1 business day, select 'Expedited Production Fee' during checkout.
70% of Orders Ship within 2 Business Days.
For guaranteed shipment within 1 business day, select 'Expedited Production Fee' during checkout.
MyPerfectColor uses an acrylic enamel which is a fast-drying durable coating suitable for interior or exterior use. MyPerfectColor custom spray paint matched to Australian Standards B64 Charcoal enables you to conveniently achieve a professional spray-smooth finish in any color in any sheen. It sticks well to most surfaces including metal, plastics, powder-coatings, cabinets and primed or previously painted wood.
The MyPerfectColor 11oz spray will cover about 20 square feet per coat. Keep in mind that it is difficult to gauge spray paint need as the coverage is highly dependent on how it is applied. Learn more about how spray paint works at MyPerfectColor.
The Australian Standards B64 Charcoal is the color portion of the spec. The remaining part of the spec will indicate the type of paint needed. Paint can be purchased directly from the color page, but MyPerfectColor offers many additional paint types not visible from the color page. Please contact us if you are not sure what you need, you don't see what you are looking for, or you need a quote to proceed. MyPerfectColor can furnish Certificates of Conformance upon request.
The Australian Standard AS2700 "Colour Standards for General Purposes" presents reference colours for use in choosing colour schemes in the industrial, architectural and decorative areas with particular emphasis on paints and related materials. AS2700 has been in use in Australia since 1985, and is extensively referred to in many other Australian Standards, such as the AS1345: "Identification of the Contents Of Pipes, Conduits and Ducts", and the AS1318: "SAA Industrial Safety Colour Code" which is the use of colour for the marking of physical hazards and the identification of certain equipment in industry.
MyPerfectColor is able match all of the Australian Standards colors so you can find and enjoy the colors you love. MyPerfectColor uses its expert capabilities to recreate the original Australian Standards color by matching the original Australian Standards color books and swatches. MyPerfectColor is not using Australian Standards paint.
The colors shown on this website are computer video simulations of the Australian Standards Color and may not match Australian Standards Color standards. Refer to Australian Standards Publications to obtain the accurate color. Please know that MyPerfectColor is matching the original Australian Standards color. If you intend to touch up paint that has been on your walls for years, know that your color has undoubtedly changed from the original due to exposure to light and age and the new paint may not match. You will achieve best results by re-coating the entire surface.
If you need more assistance, please feel free to contact us and one of our expert staff would be happy to help.


text:
2003 Outras Frases
Outras FrasesJorge Antonio 2003
na Clara Guerra Marques is a dancer and choreographer, with a frail body.The Government of the new Republic of Angola entrusted her with the creation of a classical dance school at the tender age of 16. She found inspiration for a new aesthetic in a country where dance is in the blood of the people. Despite the civil war which raged through Angola for 25 years, her company continued steadily making spectacles, discovering new talents and keeping the flame of dance alive. More


text: Hi, I am looking for small ribosomal subunit rna sequences for some common plant/ seed pathogens. I am most interested in finding the rRNA sequence for "WAtermelon Fruit Blotch" (acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli). I have checked all of the major resources on the web (small subunit databases and embl/ genbank) with no success. If anyone knows of any resources, texts, or persons that could help me locate some of these sequences please email me. Thank you, Jean-Manuel Henry UC Davis Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology


text:
Gary is representing MUVEDesign at three conferences coming up that reflect the nature of the three keys areas of the business.
- At the TV Show Australia next week he is presenting about Social Television now and in the near future and how Inspiring the stories of tomorrow with social mediawill make TV truly and finally interactive
- In Santa Clara, CA he is opening the business track by presenting New Augmented Reality Business Models at the worlds biggest Augmented Reality Conference known as the Event
- And in June Gary is presenting at GameTech on Pervasive Entertainment and the exciting merging of Games, Film/TV, Geo-Caching and Social Media
Gary is also presenting at various adhoc conferences such as Creative Sydney here where he is MC'ing & presenting on various Transmedia & Multi-Platform Content sessions.
More details on each of these below and if you want to speak to us about how MUVEDesign can help you realise your projects in these areas look at our service area and contact us here.
'Multi-Platform' TV Show
Australia 2011 27-29 Apr Sydney
The TV Show is Australia's only multiplatform TV conference. It is the first forum bringing together the value chain for multiplatform TV, with an emphasis on finding innovative ways of bringing services to the market. Content will enable decision-makers to evaluate technology, the costs involved and gain knowledge of roll outs and implementation.
- How to be a successful new entrant in the multi-platform TV market by harnessing innovation
- How to better understand and engage with customers across multiple devices
- How to develop new, interesting formats that will attract viewers and advertisers
- How to use Apps to extend the TV experience across multiple screens
- How to launch new services and build new revenue streams through Social TV
- How to integrate Social TV apps within the EPG
- How to create hype and build communities around branded entertainment
Day 2  2.10pm Inspiring the stories of tomorrow with social media
- Including audiences in the creation of your stories
- Differentiating your content with social features
- Listening to the audience to produce more compelling stories
2.40pm Panel discussion: How to distribute and market content on social networks
- Getting the best from the social nature of TV
- Virally distributing programming
- Influencing conversations about your programme
- Marketing your programme more successfully and cost effectively with social media
The Augmented Reality Event 2011
May 17-18 Santa Clara, CA, USA
The Augmented Reality Event 2011 will feature industry luminaries: Bruce Sterling, Vernor Vinge, Will Wright, and Blaise Aguera y Arcas. ARE 2011 will include more than 100(!) speakers in 30 sessions organized into 3 tracks: business, technology & programming, and production & design.
The 2 day event will feature more than 33 hours of talks running the gamut of AR essentials in 3 tracks: Business, Technology and Production:
- Business – For executives of established and start-up AR companies, as well as mobile hardware companies – in search of business models and promising verticals for AR;  a venue to form partnerships, learn about latest innovations, and most importantly speak with clients.
- Technology – For Developers, programmers and technologists seeking the latest and greatest engines and tools for AR; learn from case studies and post mortems delivered by experienced developers from the leading companies in the space.
- Production – For Producers, designers, project managers (in gaming companies, agencies, marketers, brands, and artists) hungry for proven techniques to leverage augmented reality to advance your brand, attract and keep your customers, and build successful campaigns and products that will delight users.
Day One – Tuesday 17-May-2011
- 8:15-9:00 am ARE 2011 Press Conference  Moderated by Ryan Wagner Great America XK – First Floor. Opportunity for AR companies to announce new products with major tech media
- 9:00-9:45 am Keynote: Bruce Sterling Wired Main Theater
- 10:00-11:00 am AR Market: Today and Tomorrow Business Track (Great America J – First Floor)
- Gary Hayes (MUVEDesign)- New AR Business Models
- Laurel Papworth (Community Crew) – Building Mobile AR Social Communities for Business
21-22 June 2011 Sydney
Video games and interactive entertainment has come of age, and it's serious business. Games have emerged as the pinnacle of consumer entertainment. The interactive entertainment industry is now faced with unprecedented popularity, unparalleled growth and significant opportunity.
"The global video gaming market is expected to grow at a CAG Rate of 8.9% to reach $76.1bn in 2013â€*
The benefits of this are not just restricted to the video game developers and publishers- all areas of the value chain and the wider industry arereaping the rewards of this growth opportunity. As users are shifting towards new platforms developers and publishers are changing their business models to wrestle for market share.
- Gametech is a 2-day conference blitz of learning, inspiration, solutions, and networking. It is the most comprehensive event on games and interactive entertainment in the region, and will provide an unparalleled event experience.
- Gametech is for those who wish to benefit from the explosive growth in video gaming. Whether you are part of the industry value chain or whether you are considering interactive entertainment as a tool for your business.
- Gametech features visionary presentations, insightful case studies, lively debate and expert information on timely cutting-edge business topics of interactive entertainment and gaining from video gaming technology.
Gary's is presenting on key areas of Merged Media and how Gamification is acritical component of all multi-platform content forms
1355 – Pervasive Entertainment – Games, Film, Music, Print & TV merging with audience networks
- Assessing the concept of Pervasive Entertainment and how it is affecting the games industry
- How are brands extending to transmedia?
- Reviewing the business models behind geo-social / augmented reality games
- Learning form relevant case studies
- What models of media production, distribution, and consumption are implied by these future
- visions of entertainment?
Gary Hayes, Director MUVEDesign & Founder StoryLabs
ROUNDTABLE 15.10 - Unleash the Power of Interactive Entertainment – Diversifying Your Product Offering with Video Games
- How has the appeal of video games widened to new audiences?
- Underlying the process of developing games to compliment existing products
- Is there a limit as to the nature of business capable of benefiting from games
- Finding the right monetization model to support a standalone games product
- Key ingredients for successful games for social media platforms
- How can games and interactive entertainment incorporate features such as user-generated content, sharing, rewards and referral programs?
- Key steps to monetize new social gaming environments?
Sam Doust Creative Director, Strategic Development
 ABC
David Peattie Managing Director
 Hasbro
Hugh Baldwin Director of Television and Content Acquisitions
Nickelodeon, MTV
Gary Hayes Director MUVEDesign & Founder
StoryLabs


text: Dan Iverson Class Year: 1994Alumni Recognition Award Winner 2004 Dan Iverson is a history and government teacher as well as the girl's cross country and track coach for Naperville North High School. In 2001, the Naperville North Girls Cross Country team earned its second Class AA state title since 1993. Coach Iverson's teams have been IHSA Regional and Sectional Champions and DuPage Valley Conference Champions on numerous occasions. Iverson received the ITCCCA's (Illinois Track, Cross-Country Coaches Association) Coach of the Year Award in 2002 and the Illinois Association of Girls Coaches Coach of the Year in 1998 and 2001. Five times in the last 10 years, Iverson has been named "Most Influential Educator" by graduating seniors who are in the top five percent of their class. When he's not in the classroom or on the high school track, he manages to find time coaching a six-week running camp through the Naperville Park District during the summer months. He has been a guest speaker at numerous athletic conferences and organizations including North Central's summer camp program for high school runners. Iverson graduated in 1994 with degrees in history and political science. In 2003 he returned to his alma mater to receive a master's degree through the M.A.L.S. Program. In 1998, he ran as an independent candidate for Congress in the 13th District to replace retired U.S. representative


text:
Patrick Daly commented on the post, BuddyPress 1.5 – Beta 3, on the site BuddyPress.org 12 years ago
It looks like 1.5 Beta 2 used the WordPress admin bar styles, whereas Beta 3 is using its own – at least comparing bprest.org (still on Beta 2) to my local setup. Why the difference?
Patrick Daly started the forum topic New BuddyPress theme by DevPress: Visual in the group Gallery: 12 years, 3 months ago
DevPress, the collaboration between Justin Tadlock, Ptah Dunbar, Patrick Daly, & Tung Do, has just released their first commercial theme, Visual. Visual is a simple photoblog theme with support for BuddyPress. It's made for keeping family photos, staying connected with friends, and/or running your own photos community. Visual is the follow up to…[Read more]
Patrick Daly joined the group Gallery 12 years, 3 months ago
@developdaly Active 8 months, 3 weeks ago


text:
It happens all the time: we get a resume that everyone thinks is really exciting. Terrific grades. All kinds of powerful-sounding jobs. Lots of experience. Speaks seventeen languages. And saved over 10,000 kittens!
Look! kittens!
And then I call them up, and I can't stand talking to them. Within ten minutes, I realize they are not going to make it as programmers. I've had people with great resumes tell me a pointer should fit in one byte. Sometimes they just can't answer the simplest questions, or you feel like you have to wrestle the answers out of them.
Before moving on to a full-fledged in-person interview, we usually use a phone screen to make sure that we're not wasting time and money on someone who is just seriously not smart.
A phone screen has distinct advantages over a normal in-person interview. First, it's cheap. It takes 45 minutes to an hour and actually does eliminate about half of the people who looked really, really good on paper.
More importantly, it's more fair.
With a phone interview, because you can't see the person, it's easier to focus on the quality of what they're saying rather than other external factors not relevant to their job, like their appearance, or their nervousness. Ever since Malcolm Gladwell wrote Blink, I've been terrified of the prospect that we might be judging candidates too quickly based on things which are not relevant to their ability to do their job—their appearance or confidence or height or general nerdy demeanor might make us way more apt to look on everything else that happens during the interview with rose-colored glasses.
The great thing about a phone interview is that it's much harder to form these kinds of snap judgments; you actually have to listen to what the person is saying and decide if that corresponds to what a smart person might say. This isn't completely true, of course: you may have prejudices about certain accents or dialects. But at least you are moderately less susceptible to appearance prejudice.
My phone interviews have three parts. In the first part, I ask the candidate to describe their career history and basically tell me about themselves. This is mainly intended to get them loosened up and feeling comfortable, to eliminate any nervousness, and to let them sort of present themselves the way they want to be presented. During this stage, you should be looking for evidence that the candidate is a problem solver: the kind of person who gets things done. You're also looking for passion. You want people who care about the stuff that they did.
During this part I'll drill down on two kinds of things: technology and politics.
Technology. If someone tells me that they implemented such-and-such a project, I'll ask detailed questions about the technology they used and how they used it. I'll also ask specifically what role they played. Sole developer? Developer on a team? I'll tend to go into these questions in great detail, because this is where you uncover the people who either didn't know what they were doing, or have made things up, or have exaggerated their own roles. If someone's resume implies that they spent two years coding in Python, for example, I'm going to drill down until I'm pretty confident that it sounds like they really have two years of Python experience.
Don't hesitate to use trick questions. I might say, "I hate Python, because it's really tedious to declare all your variables. That's why I like C better." Python doesn't make you declare variables (and C does). Don't be afraid that the candidate will feel pressured to agree with your false assertion. Smart programmers have a certain affinity for the truth, and they'll call you on it. As Dave Winer says, "You can't lie to a compiler." If they're really good, they'll find a way to be diplomatic about it. But they're going to be passionate enough that they'll almost forget that they're in an interview. That's a good sign.
Politics. Behind the boring list of past employers on the resume, there's always a story. What I'm looking for is the story of how the candidate handled challenges in the past. I'm looking for people that got things done, even in the face of opposition. I'm looking for people who challenged the status quo, who overcame objections, and who made things happen. So when the resume says, "drove the adoption of .NET," I want to hear what drove means. In detail. When the resume says that they "founded a company," I want to hear everything. Whose idea was it? Who convinced whom? Who did what? Did it work out? Why not?
The second part of the phone screen is the technical problem. I usually ask the same question for years and years before switching it, because this makes it easier to compare candidates. The question is a wide-ranging, open design question: how would you design a data structure or a block of code to do x? Where x is something kind of big and complicated. I usually have a series of questions ready to guide the candidate down a particular path in the design of this data structure or block of code, because it's such a big question, and I can often tell how smart the candidate is by how far they get down that path in a fixed amount of time.
Here are some ideas to get you started:
- How might you design a program that lets people play Monopoly with each other over the internet?
- What would be a good data structure for a photo editor?
- How would you implement code to operate the elevators in a high rise?
- How would you implement the rendering engine of a web browser?
The ideal question takes something where the interviewee is deeply familiar with how the thing works from having used it, but is unlikely to have ever implemented it themselves. You want something that can be done over the phone, without too much writing, so "how would you write the code for quicksort" is a bad question, because we don't expect programmers to be able to recite code over the phone. You want to have a conversation about algorithms and data structures, really, the meat and potatoes of programming, where the goal is not to find the best possible answer, necessarily, but simply to give you the opportunity to talk about code, to talk about time/space tradeoffs, to talk about performance characteristics of code, all of which will add up to giving you a pretty good idea in your mind whether the person you're talking to is actually pretty good at programming and whether they're smart or not. If you find yourself explaining everything three times, either you're terrible at explaining things, or you're talking to someone who is not that smart.
The bottom line in my interviewing technique is that smart people can generally tell if they're talking to other smart people by having a conversation with them on a difficult or highly technical subject, and the interview question is really just a pretext to have a conversation on a difficult subject so that the interviewer's judgment can form an opinion on whether this is a smart person or not.
The third and final part of the interview is letting the candidate interview me. Remember, the whole philosophy of recruiting is predicated on the idea that smart candidates have a choice of where to work, and if that's true, the interview process is as much a way for the candidate to decide if they want to work for us as it is a way for us to decide if we want to hire the candidate. "Do you have any questions about Fog Creek, about working at Fog Creek, or anything else you want to ask me?"
Sometimes this part of the interview reveals a frightening lack of preparation by the candidate. "So, what exactly does Fog Creek do? And where are you located?" Failing to do even the most basic homework before the interview, by spending five minutes on our web site, does not give me a great deal of confidence in the candidate's ability to be smart or to get things done.
By this point I've already decided if this person seems smart enough to score an in-person interview. So I treat the third part of the phone interview as if I were the one being interviewed, and the candidate was the one that had to be sold on Fog Creek. Which they do.
Passing a phone screen is never enough to get hired. It's nothing more than a simple filter designed to save time and expense on in-person interviews, and to eliminate candidates who will never make it before you've flown them all the way across the country and put them up in a fancy hotel. Still, even with the phone screen, probably only about one in three candidates makes it all the way through the in-person interview.


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4 Years Ago, This Idol Was Broke… Now He Bought His Own Building In Seoul
Remember when former M.I.B member and popular TV personality Kangnam only had three dollars in his bank account and made us laugh and cry with him?
Are you sure this is my balance? It's not even $30, but $3?
— Kangnam
Well, he now owns an entire building right in the heart of Seoul City, Korea!
On an episode of Cart Show (and several other TV programs), Kangnam celebrated this new accomplishment in life. He explained it took him three years to finally own a property of his own.
Kangnam clarified that his family has always had the piece of land in Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Show host Seo Jang Hoon commented without having to pay for the land, Kangnam probably had it easier to begin construction.
The land comes from my grandparents and generations before them.
— Kangnam
On this 2,400 square feet of land, Kangnam's family had only an old single-family home.
This was the house Kangnam grew up in.
When the original property began developing a lot of cracks, Kangnam and his mother decided to get a loan to demolish the house and construct a brand new building from scratch.
The bank denied my mother's request for a loan at first. I went with her, explained who I am and what I do. The bank recognized me and approved us for the money to put up the building.
— Kangnam
The new building is right where the old house used to be. It is a residential building with five stories. He lives on the top two floors of the building, while the remaining floors have been rented out as residential units.
Kangnam's new pad received a lot of coverage on TV already. He was even on Old House, New House where he decked out the upper level with Hawaiian-themed decor.
When Lee Soo Geun asked about the loans, Kangnam answered he is now focused on working hard to pay them off!
I don't even spend $200 per month. I save everything I earn in my bank account.
— Kangnam
Check out this Cosmopolitan tour of his new place!