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Pope Benedict: staunch defender of Catholic tradition
Pope Benedict XVI, who on Monday announced his intention to resign this month, will be remembered as a staunch defender of Roman Catholic orthodoxy, a diehard traditionalist and a lightning rod for controversy.
The German intellectual succeeded the long-reigning and popular John Paul II in April 2005 aged 78, after serving nearly a quarter-century as the Church's doctrinal enforcer, earning himself the nickname "God's Rottweiler."
The 85-year-old, who blamed his age for preventing him from continuing at the head of the papacy, will be the first pope to do so in centuries.
"I have had to recognise my incapacity to adequately fulfil the ministry entrusted to me," the head of the world's 1.2 billion Catholics said as he would step down on February 28.
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger's hardline approach, his nationality and his age were all seen as handicaps to his becoming pope, and Benedict had famously said in a 2010 interview that he would resign if he felt he could no longer carry out his papal duties.
As head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and then as Pope, he rejected the ordination of women and marriage for priests. He opposed homosexuality and communism and was never afraid of upsetting political sensibilities.
In 1984, he said "communist regimes which came to power in the name of the liberation are one of the disgraces of our times."
He has also attacked rock music, calling it "the expression of basic passions".
As Pope, Benedict championed Christianity's European roots and showed his conservatism by repeatedly stressing family values and fiercely opposing abortion, euthanasia and gay marriage.
He also reintroduced the long-discarded Latin mass under certain conditions.
Creating controversyLoading
But he will also be remembered for a disastrous public relations record that got him into hot water with Muslims, Jews, gays, native Indians, Poles, AIDS activists and even scientists.
Memories are still fresh of the fury the German Pope unleashed in the Muslim world with a speech in September 2006 in which he appeared to endorse the view of an obscure 14th-century Byzantine emperor that Islam is inherently violent.
The academic lecture sparked violent protests in several countries as well as attacks on Christian targets.
In 2009, the Pope struggled to mollify Jews after he invited a breakaway ultra-conservative faction back into the fold of the Roman Catholic Church by lifting the excommunication of four bishops, including one who insists that no-one died in Nazi gas chambers.
Just weeks later Pope Benedict added AIDS activists to the list of groups he has angered.
On a trip to Africa, the region hardest hit by the AIDS pandemic, he said that condom use could be aggravating the crisis.
Entering priesthood
Born on April 16, 1927, in Marktl am Inn, in the predominantly Catholic southern German region of Bavaria, Joseph Ratzinger he was the son of a policeman.
He gravitated gradually towards the priesthood, entering a seminary in 1939, the same year he was required to join the Hitler Youth movement.
He was ordained as a priest at the same time as his older brother Georg in 1951, and began teaching theology at Freising College in 1958.
Ratzinger went on from there to teach at several other German universities, notably in Bonn, Meunster and Regensburg.
The brilliant scholar caught the eye of Cologne Archbishop Joseph Frings, a cardinal who brought him to Rome to work as an advisor to the Second Vatican Council, hammering out modernisation reforms from 1962 to 1965.
Pope Paul VI named Ratzinger archbishop of Munich in 1977 and made him a cardinal the same year.
The four-year stint in Munich was his only real pastoral experience before he became Pope.
It was during the 1978 conclave of cardinals to elect a successor to Paul VI that he got to know Karol Wojtyla, the future John Paul II.
Three years later he agreed to head the Vatican's doctrinal congregation.
One of his first moves was to spearhead opposition to liberation theology, the movement with Marxist overtones that swept Latin America in the 1970s.
It focuses on Christ as the liberator of the oppressed and emphasises the Christian mission of bringing justice to the poor and oppressed, particularly through political activism.
A quiet, almost shy person, Benedict never succeeded in generating the fervour enjoyed by John Paul II.
Instead, he shunned rock star status, once describing himself as "just the vicar" at the Roman Catholic Church's periodic World Youth Days.
The intellectual Benedict, an accomplished pianist, was a prolific writer.
Apart from three encyclicals, or instructions to the Roman Catholic flock, he wrote around 40 other works including a best-seller, Jesus of Nazareth, that contested political interpretations of Christ's role.


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Rani Mukherjee, who has rubbished rumours that she is wed to filmmaker Aditya Chopra, says she has left her marriage destiny to God."My name has been linked with several people, but 'upar waala' (God) will decide who will become my life partner," Rani said in reply to queries in Rajat Sharma's show 'Aap Ki Adalat', aired on India TV.
Mukherjee, whose latest film 'Aiyyaa' released Friday, reacted strongly to media reports about her secret marriage to Aditya, elder son of acclaimed filmmaker Yash Chopra."The media can't even decide which year the wedding took place. Was it 2007, or 2009, or 2012? Let them (media) make up their mind first.
"I am fortunate that the people of this country consider me as their daughter and they are worried about my marriage. But birth, death and marriage are in the hands of 'upar waala' and what is ordained, shall happen," said the actress, who sported a rudraksha string on her left wrist. "As far as my marriage with Aditya is concerned, I can only say, 'Main toh abhi kunwaari hoon' (I am still unmarried)," she added.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Australia Grand Prix was every bit as thrilling as Bahrain was dull.
But don't expect many more races like that unless we get a lot more rain, because F1's aerodynamic problem hasn't gone away – as the later stages of today's race showed.
Lap 1
In the pre-race analysis yesterday I wrote that you can count on two things happening on the first lap at Melbourne: the pole sitter keeping the lead and a crash.
Sure enough, Sebastian Vettel motored off into the lead and behind him Fernando Alonso and Michael Schumacher collided, tumbling down the order.
Further down the field a frightening crash eliminated Kamui Kobayashi, Sebastien Buemi and Nico H?�??lkenberg. Kobayashi's front wing fell off, jammed under his front wheels and he slammed into Buemi and H?�??lkenberg.
Worryingly, this was the third time a front wing had come off Kobayashi's car this weekend. The team said it did not fail on its own – Kobayashi had made contact with another car at turn three.
With the Virgins starting from the pits and Jarno Trulli not starting at all the HRTs gained the most places. Meanwhile the McLaren drivers converged – Jenson Button slipping back to sixth for fourth and Hamilton climbing four places to seventh.
Pit stops
Jenson Button pitted for soft tyres on lap six and completed the remaining 52 laps without another stop for tyres – an impressive feat.
Button's early switch from intermediate to dry tyres prompted his rivals to follow suit. Though it's possible that his off-track moment at turn three on his out-lap led them to being more cautious than they needed to.
When they reacted on lap eight Button was 2.1s faster than any other car on the track. The next time around he was 4.3s quicker.
For some reason Red Bull delayed bringing in Vettel and Mark Webber until laps nine and ten respectively. Although Vettel kept his lead Webber lost three places, plus another one when he went off at the start of his out-lap.
Lewis Hamilton lost two places in the first round of pit stops while Fernando Alonso picked up three (one was thanks to Adrian Sutil's retirement).
The aero problem
During the first half of the race the Melbourne track was damp and then drying. The lack of grip meant the detrimental effect of running in the slipstream of another car was far less of a limiting factor for the drivers and so we saw lots of exciting passes and changes of position.
But it was a different story towards the end of the race. As the graph above shows even though Hamilton and Webber were up to two seconds per lap faster than Alonso/Massa/Kubica, once they caught them they couldn't get close enough to pass.
Yes, Hamilton had asked a lot of his tyres in closing the gap to Alonso, making the job of passing him more difficult. But the fact remains the Ferrari driver had covered twice as great a distance on his rubber and Hamilton was faster. The McLaren driver couldn't get close enough to try a pass because, now the track had dried, the cars were once again extremely sensitive to running in disturbed air.
Hamilton finally put a move on Alonso as the Ferrari driver became desperately short of grip, locking up his tyres at turn 13… and we all know what happened next.
This tells us two things about the much-debated question of – brace yourself for that horrible phrase – "improving the show".
First, aerodynamics is still a big problem and fully dry races are likely to be much more processional than what we saw today.
However, because all the cars at Melbourne started on intermediate tyres none of them were forced to use both dry tyre compounds. As a result we saw some drivers pit more than others and as a result lapped quicker on fresh tyres later in the race – creating the opportunity for racing.
In the dry at Bahrain we saw no major differences in strategy among the front runners because of the mandatory pit stop rule. Removing this rule, and the requirement for the top ten qualifiers to start on the tyres they set their fastest time on should, looks like a good way of improving the quality of racing in F1. The next few races should provide more evidence for whether this is a good idea or not.
Read more: Bringing back refuelling will not solve F1's overtaking problem
Race charts
Here are the race charts showing the gap between the race leader and the other drivers (top) and a version of the chart based on the leaders' average lap time (bottom). The lap chart (below) shows the position of each car on each lap.
2010 Australian Grand Prix


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Bernardine Dohrn
Bernardine Rae Dohrn, purportedly born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin [1] in January 12, 1942 and grew up in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, an affluent suburb with a median family income nearly double of the United States average. Dohrn is a convicted domestic terrorist. As a disbarred attorney, Dohrn sits on important committees and boards of the American Bar Association, American Civil Liberties Union and is an Associate Professor of Law at Northwestern University, allegedly teaching children's legal rights. She is also the Director of the Legal Clinic's Children and Family Justice Center. Dohrn has been a prominent fundraiser for Barack Obama[2] and close family friend.[3]
Terrorist career
In the 1960s, Dohrn was a leader of the Students for a Democratic Society's "Weatherman" faction, which in 1969 went underground to become America's first terrorist cult. The intention of the group was to shed their "white skin privilege" and launch a violent race war on behalf of Third World People.
A Chicago district attorney named Richard Elrod was seriously injured in the Weatherman riot that erupted during the Chicago "Days of Rage" in October 1969, and he was paralyzed for life as a result. Dohrn later led a celebration of Elrod's paralysis by leading her comrades in a parody of a Bob Dylan song -- "Lay, Elrod, Lay." Law-enforcement is still investigating a bombing in San Francisco that killed a policeman, for which Dohrn is one of the suspects.[4]
Dohrn was hired by the National Lawyers Guild as National Student Organizer in 1967. While still an NLG representative she traveled to Budapest, Hungary in September 1968 to meet with representatives of North Vietnam and the Vietcong terrorists. In July 1969 Dohrn and other SDS Weatherman leaders traveled to Cuba for more meetings with the Vietnamese Communists. New Left Notes (August 29, 1969) provided an eight-page special supplement describing what took place and stating that the Vietcong wanted the Weathermen to organize violent protests in the United States against support of South Vietnam.[5]
At a 1969 "War Council"[6] in Flint, Michigan, Dohrn gave her most memorable and notorious speech to her followers. Holding her fingers in what became the Weatherman "fork salute," she spoke of the bloody murders recently committed by the Manson Family in which the actress Sharon Tate, at the time nine months pregnant, was murdered and her unborn child died. Abigail Folger, heiress of Folgers Coffee and several other victims at two crime scenes were all brutally stabbed to death.[7] The words "Death to Pigs" were written on a wall in the victims blood.
|Dig it! First they killed those pigs and then they put a fork in pig Tate's belly. Wild!"
This was a references to Leno LaBianca, found with 12 knife wounds and 14 additional wounds caused by a large fork. The word "war" was then carved into his flesh with a knife. When police arrived, the fork was still protruding from his body.[9] Dohrn continued:
|Offing those rich pigs with their own forks and knives, and then eating a meal in the same room, far out! The Weathermen dig Charles Manson!"
The "War Council" concluded with a communique condemning "AmeriKKKa," always spelled with three K's to signify the United States' allegedly ineradicable white racism. Dohrn was responsible for issuing communiqués to the public. On May 20, 1970 the Weather Underground's formal Declaration of War against the United States[11] was broadcast on radio, [2] authored and read by Dohrn. The text reads in part,
|Revolutionary violence is the only way!
|Within the next fourteen days we will attack a symbol or institution of Amerikan injustice.
This was followed up with a communique on June 6, 1970 taking credit for bombing the San Francisco Hall of Justice; however, no explosion took place. Months later, workmen in this building located an unexploded device which had apparently been dormant for some time. On June 9, 1970 the WUO bombed the New York City Police Headquarters.
Dohrn has said of her Weatherman past, "We rejected terrorism. We were careful not to hurt anybody." Both statements are 100% false. Weatherman's twofold agenda was terrorism (which is why Charles Manson was Dohrn's hero) and war (the organization's very existence was launched with a formal "declaration of war"),
Dohrn spent most of the 1970s with her accomplices running from the FBI, who placed her on its "Ten Most Wanted List." During the final years of their underground life, Dohrn and her husband Bill Ayers resided in Chicago's Logan Square neighborhood where they used the aliases Christine Louise Douglas and Anthony J. Lee. In 1980 Dohrn and her fellow terrorists surrendered, but all charges against them were dropped on the grounds that the fugitives had been under an illegal surveillance. Dohrn eventually plead guilty to charges of aggravated battery and bail-jumping, paid a fine of $1,500 and only received probation.[12]
Dohrn and her domestic terrorist husband, William Ayers are both close political and personal confidantes of President Barack Obama
Brinks robbery
Dohrn was jailed for seven months for refusing to cooperate with a Federal grand jury investigating the 1981 Brink's armored-car robbery in Rockland County, New York. The robbery and assault left two Nyack, New York police officers, Police Sgt. Edward O'Grady and Patrolman Waverly Brown, and a security guard, Peter Paige, dead. WUO members Kathy Boudin and David Gilbert received long prison sentences their roles in that assault.
M.A. Färber of the New York Times reported on February 16, 1982, that,
|in two of the armored car robberies, in early 1980, the police are studying an apparent connection between the rental of the vehicles and personal identification supplied several months earlier by unsuspecting customers at Broadway Baby, an Upper West Side children's wear shop that was managed by Bernadine Dohrn, a former Weather Underground leader.
Färber added that, "Miss Dohrn has not been publicly linked to the Brink's case or any of the other robberies," but questions remain.
Shortly after surrendering to police, Dohrn and Ayers adopted and raised Chesa Boudin while the child's parents, Kathy Boudin and David Gilbert, served out their terms at Attica State Prison in New York in connection with the Brinks robbery.[13]
Sidley Austin
Dohrn, a disbarred arttorney, was employed by the Chicago law firm of Sidley-Austin in the 1980s. At Sidley-Austin Dohrn met and became friendly Michelle Obama in 1988, where the future First Lady also was employed.
Open Society Institute
Dohrn has made several appearances at events sponsored by George Soros's Open Society Institute.
Bernardine Dohrn gives interview with Russian TV May 17, 2011. American hegemony is over, dying America is a "tremendous opportunity" for U.S. revolution.[14]
- High School: Whitefish Bay High School, Whitefish Bay, WI
- University: BA Political Science, University of Chicago (1963)
- Law School: JD, University of Chicago Law School (1967)
- Professor: Associate Professor of Law, Northwestern University (1991-)
- Professor: Adjunct Professor of Criminal Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago (2000-)
See also
- ↑ The FBI file states Dohrn was born in Chicago, Illinois. p.13
- ↑ Meet Some More of Barack Obama's Political Mentors: Bill Ayers and Bernardine Dohrn, Traditional Values Coalition, October 8, 2008
- ↑ Ayers: Obama was 'family friend', Kara Spak and Abon Pallasch, Chicago SunTimes, November 13, 2008.
- ↑ NY Times: "AT HOME WITH: Bernadine Dohrn"
- ↑ National Lawyers Guild & its Terrorist Network
- ↑ Foreign Influence - Weather Underground Organization (WUO). FBI Chicago Field Office Report, August 20, 1976. Section V. Appendix I. WUO "Flint, Michigan War Council", Pages 382-383 in Original (pp. 48-49 pdf).
- ↑ Manson Family Carnage
- ↑ Weather Underground Declaration of a State of War
- ↑ http://www.franksreelreviews.com/shorttakes/sharontate.htm
- ↑ Bugliosi, Vincent, Helter Skelter, 1994 page 296
- ↑ FBI file, Weather Underground Declaration of a State of War
- ↑ NNDB, Bernardine Rae Dohrn
- ↑ NY Times:"AT HOME WITH: Bernadine Dohrn"
- ↑ Terrorist, Dying America is a Tremendous Opportunity For U.S. Revolution: Bernardine Dohrn, YouTube, May 17, 2011
External links
- Weather Underground Declaration of War, ABC News Anchorman Frank Reynolds; audiotape of Bernadine Dohrn. 1970.


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How far is the world progressing towards comprehensive qualifications frameworks? The 2015 global inventory of regional and national qualifications frameworks, compiled by Cedefop, Unesco-HQ, the European Training Foundation and the Unesco Institute for Lifelong Learning, was launched on 25 April in Riga, Latvia.
The inventory showcases 86 countries and examines how learning outcomes of all types of learning - formal, non-formal and informal - are being integrated into regional and national qualifications frameworks.
Volume I consists of six chapters on themes such as the impact of national qualification frameworks (NQFs), links between NQFs and validation systems, and the development of world reference levels of learning outcomes.
The global inventory charts progress toward NQF goals, drawing on extensive research in the field of qualifications. The next edition is scheduled for 2017.


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It seems like all of life comes down to time vs. money...cutting coupons or reading to your kids, getting stains out of clothes (which takes me forever) or cleaning the house, hanging out with my husband or working. I guess to me that would be the ultimate definition of financial freedom: not worrying about which to choose.
Love the article!


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There are some important and interesting debates on hate speech in Europe, with critics of new and old hate-speech laws often parroting "first amendment" arguments one often hears in the US.
The useful e-zine called Eurozine has several interesting article now on various sides of this debate. Check it out here and here.
And there seem to be more interesting websites debating "free speech," such as this one, Free Speech Debate.


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Post Modern Art for the Young at Heart!
Boundary: Bleed area may not be visible.
Click and drag to re-position the image, if desired.
by David Bridburg
Image Size
The image is near the edges of the product but doesn't cover the entire product. Some of the background color may appear around the outside edges of the image.
Background Color
Product Details
Our luxuriously soft beach towels are made from brushed microfiber with a 100% cotton back for extra absorption. The top of the towel has the image printed on it, and the back is white cotton. Our beach towels are available in two different sizes: beach towel (32" x 64") and beach sheet (37" x 74").
Don't let the fancy name confuse you... a beach sheet is just a large beach towel.
Design Details
Joyous dancing girl or woman in a sunny yellow space.
David Bridburg -American (1963 - Present)
- Giclee prints are... more
Care Instructions
Machine wash cold and tumble dry with low heat.
Ships Within
1 - 2 business days
Digital Art
Canvas Print
Framed Print
Art Print
Metal Print
Acrylic Print
Wood Print
Greeting Card
iPhone Case
Throw Pillow
Duvet Cover
Shower Curtain
Tote Bag
Round Beach Towel
Beach Towel
Weekender Tote Bag
Bath Towel
Coffee Mug
Yoga Mat
Spiral Notebook
Fleece Blanket
Face Mask
Jigsaw Puzzle
Joyous dancing girl or woman in a sunny yellow space.
David Bridburg -American (1963 - Present)
- Giclee prints are high-resolution digital prints that meticulously capture the rich color and subtle texture of original art.
- Only archival inks and acid-free materials are used to ensure your print lasts a lifetime without fading.
- Made to order by Fine Art America, one of the most respected giclee printing companies in the world.
- If you don't love it, return it in 30 days for a full refund.
- Available in multiple sizes and materials to perfectly suit your space.
- Optional custom framing services save you time and hassle.
- Framed & mounted prints arrive "ready-to-hang" with pre-attached hanging wire, hooks and nails.
- Ready to ship in 3-4 business days.
- Shipped worldwide.
Let me declare I have an auditory processing problem, a birth defect. The disorder was not diagnosed till I was age 28. After graduating Bloomfield High, CT, I enrolled in the University of Houston to study engineering. I was homesick and finding it difficult to study. Coming home at age 20 I began to work my way through UCONN. Falling into the arts by accident, I enrolled in visual arts classes to fulfill my core electives and became an A student. In retrospect, the arts education I enjoyed receiving was excellent. After college I was still searching for something to do for people in general. Artistic ideas ever present I did not want to make figurative or abstract images. Creating something along other lines was my calling. In 2006 I...


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Neuroskeptic is a neuroscientist who takes a skeptical look at his own field and beyond at the Neuroskeptic blog.
Life is dominated by the Earth's cycles. Day and night, spring and autumn, change the environment in so many ways that almost all organisms regulate their activity to keep up with time and the seasons. Animals sleep, and many hibernate, moult, and breed only at certain times of the year. Plants time the growth of seeds, leaves, fruit and shoots to make the most of the weather. But what about humans? We sleep, and women menstruate, but do other biological cycles affect our behavior? The Internet has offered researchers a unique resource for answering this question. For example, according to research published recently in the Archives of Sexual Behavior from American researchers Patrick and Charlotte Markey, Americans are most likely to search for sex online during the early summer and the winter. The authors looked at the Google Trends for a selection of naughty words and phrases, and this revealed a pretty marked 6 month cycle for searches originating from the USA, with two yearly peaks in the search volumes. The words were related to three categories: pornography, sex services (e.g. massage parlors), and dating websites.
Google Trends searches for pornography-related words over time
This image shows the graph for pornography searches---the grey line---with an idealized six-month cycle also shown for comparison, the black line. The data show a strong twice-yearly peak. The picture was similar for two other categories of sexual words: prostitution and dating websites. There was no such pattern for some non-sexual "control" words, ruling out the possibility that people just use the internet more at these times. Markey and Markey say that a six-month sexual cycle has been reported before
: It crops up in everything from abortion rates, to condom sales, and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. But why? One possibility is that it's purely a social construction driven by the fact that in Western cultures, Christmas and summer are the main holiday seasons. Others have suggested that college and high-school students, and the timing of school breaks, might be responsible. On the other hand, it could reflect a more primitive biological cycle. Twitter offers an even richer source of information about how online behavior. Last year, Scott Golder and Michael Macy of the Department of Sociology at Cornell University reported on how Twitter's mood changes
over time. By tracking the number of tweets containing positive and negative emotional words and phrases, Golder and Macy showed that, on average, tweeters are happier at the weekends and in the early morning and the evenings:
Golder and Macy (2011) Twitter Moods
That's perhaps not all that surprising, and it might just be because most people work 9--5, Mondays to Fridays. But the data revealed more subtle patterns as well. For example, the authors found changes in emotion word use over the course of the year: they found that usage of positive words was correlated with changes in the amount of daylight. As days get longer, people get happier, while shortening days are associated with less positive words. The effect was statistically significant, although the size of the effect was small. This kind of study would have been unthinkable without the help of the internet and modern social media. 10 years ago, such a rich collection of moment-by-moment information just didn't exist. As part of their study, Golder and Macy created timeu.se
---a free searchable database of over half a billion tweets from early 2010, indexed by date and time. This allows anyone to conduct their own investigations on the daily and weekly cycles of topics on Twitter. Making use of this service, John Cunningham of the University of Toronto recently published a short piece in the journal Epidemiology
about alcoholic drinks. Alcohol-related tweets peak in the evenings, and are especially popular on Fridays and Saturdays. Again, no surprise there, and a closer look
revealed that different drinks peaked at different times.
Alcohol Tweets By Day and Time
"Beer" was most popular in the early evening, around 9 pm, while "Wine" peaked slightly later in the day. "Vodka" was clearly different: it didn't max out until about midnight. (People don't seem to be heeding the popular "beer before liquor, never sicker" rule.) Overall, while the internet offers a great deal of data for researchers, there are important limitations. The internet only tells you what people are talking about---not what they're actually doing. And there are always questions over whether it's biology or culture that drives the differences. After all, it's surely the latter in the case of alcohol; we didn't evolve to drink beer and vodka, let alone one before the other.
Note: This post includes material published previously on the Neuroskeptic blog (1,2).


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I don't want to be the #1 Realtor in the Fort Wayne Real Estate market! You are probably asking yourself, "Did I read that right? Was that a typo?". Trust me, you read it correctly. It is true. I don't strive to be the Fort Wayne Realtor who brags about listing 100+ homes each year (to probably sell 30 or 40 of them). That's not my business plan. My business plan is to sell each and every home that I list, and to sell a home to each and every buyer that I work with.
The way I look at things, a person can't be everything to everyone. If I had too many listing at one time(more than 20 at one time would be too many in my mind), I couldn't offer each of my clients the same great service that they deserve, and have come to expect from me. I, also, could not work with 20 buyers at the same time and be able to offer each of them the same great service, or even enough availability to service their best interests.
Don't be mistaken on one thing: Not wanting to be the #1 Realtor in the Fort Wayne Real Estate Market does not mean that I am not competitive or aggressive. As a former HS wrestler and HS wresting coach, being aggressive and competitive is right up my alley! I will aggressively market your home to see that it gets the most listing exposure that it possibly can. My competitiveness will come out in negotiations on the sale of your home, or in negotiations over the purchase of your new home. No Fort Wayne Realtor fights harder for his clients than I do!
If you are looking for a mega-team of agents to work with, then I am not your Fort Wayne Realtor. But if you are looking for an experienced Fort Wayne Realtor, who will put your needs first, and be there for you when you need assistance, then you've come to the right place!
I invite you to give me a call, or send me an email, so that we can discuss your current Fort Wayne Real Estate needs. It will be a no pressure conversation. We might even determine at the end of that conversation that it's not a good time for you to buy or sell, and if that is the case, then that is just fine. It won't mean that I still won't be there for you when you have questions between now and when the time is right for you. While I am not looking to be the #1 Realtor in the Fort Wayne Real Estate market, I am looking to be #1 with my clients!
Darren P. Schortgen
Schortgen Realty of Fort Wayne


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TROYES, PIERRE DE, known as the Chevalier de Troyes, officer, son of Michel de Troyes, an attorney in the Parlement of Paris, and of Madeleine Alard; d. 1688.
While a captain in the Piémont regiment, he married Marie Petit de L'Estang on 5 Feb. 1681.
He arrived at Quebec 1 Aug. 1685 together with Governor Brisay* de Denonville and reinforcements consisting of about 350 soldiers belonging to the colonial regular troops. He was in command of a company; he had been brevetted a captain on 5 Mar. 1685. On 12 Feb. 1686 Denonville entrusted him with a difficult and perilous mission which was financed in large measure by the Compagnie du Nord: to go and oust the English from Hudson Bay and capture the interlopers (unauthorized traders), especially those in the employ of Radisson* and his group. He had under his orders a detachment of 30 soldiers and 70 militiamen. Among his officers there were three Le Moynes: Jacques, Sieur de Sainte-Hélène, the first lieutenant; Pierre*, Sieur d'Iberville, the second lieutenant; Paul*, Sieur de Maricourt, the adjutant; he had also the Jesuit Silvy*, as chaplain, and Pierre Allemand, an experienced pilot (the latter two were making this trip for the third time). The troop, divided into three sections, left Montreal on 20 March, went up the Ottawa (Outaouais) River, and utilizing the lakes and rivers, reached Hudson Bay on 20 June. They seized Fort Monsipi (Moose Factory or Saint-Louis), Fort Rupert (Charles Fort), and Fort Quichicouanne (Fort Albany). The Chevalier de Troyes was back in Quebec at the beginning of October 1686, leaving Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in command of the captured forts.
During the winter Governor Denonville was preparing his too famous attack against the Senecas. The Chevalier de Troyes was in command of one of the four companies of the expedition, which set out on 17 June 1687. By force and ruse Denonville succeeded in capturing about 200 Iroquois. He released most of them, but kept some of them, whom he sent to serve in the king's galleys. He next went to devastate the Seneca villages on the south shore of Lake Ontario, then proceeded to Niagara to rebuild the fort that Cavelier de La Salle had previously constructed. On 31 July, when the work was finished, he left a garrison of 100 men there under the orders of the Chevalier de Troyes. The winter of 1687 was particularly distressing for the garrison, which was subjected to the avenging forays of the Iroquois. In addition scurvy wrought havoc among the troops, who attempted to revolt. There remained only a handful of men capable of resistance. The Chevalier de Troyes was himself struck down by this malady, and he succumbed to it on 8 May 1688.
In the three years he spent in Canada the Chevalier de Troyes had been in command of an important expedition and had taken part in another. He had acquired the confidence of the governor, who had entrusted to him the defence of a strategic post. Denonville considered that he was "the most intelligent and the most capable of our commanders," and that he possessed excellent qualities as a leader, that he was "wise and sensible and full of good will." Death put an end too soon to a career that gave promise of being a brilliant one.
AN, Col., C11A, 8, 9. Charlevoix, Histoire, I. Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, Estat présent de l'Église et de la colonie française dans la Nouvelle-France . . . , réimprimé . . . d'après l'édition de Robert Pepie, Paris, 1688 (Québec, 1857), 43–45. La Pot(h)erie, Histoire, I, 147f. NYCD (O'Callaghan and Fernow), III, 396; IX, 307, 335, 339f., 351, 359, 396. Chevalier de Troyes, Journal (Caron). L. J. Boucher, "Une Abitibi traîtresse au XVIIe siècle," RHAF, XIII (1959–60), 93–96. Crouse, Lemoyne d'Iberville. Frégault, Iberville, 89–106, et passim. HBRS, XXI (Rich). Robert Le Blant, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France: les sources narratives du début du XVIIIe siècle et le Recueil de Gédéon de Catalogne (1v. paru, Dax, s.d.), I, 176, n. 37, 196. P.-G. Roy, "Le chevalier de Troye," BRH, X (1904), 284–87; "Les commandants du Fort Niagara: Pierre, chevalier de Troye," ibid., LIV (1948), 131–33.
© 1966–2023 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
Léopold Lamontagne, "TROYES, PIERRE DE, Chevalier de Troyes," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed October 4, 2023, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/troyes_pierre_de_1E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
|Author of Article:
|Léopold Lamontagne
|Title of Article:
|TROYES, PIERRE DE, Chevalier de Troyes
|Publication Name:
|Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1
|University of Toronto/Université Laval
|Year of publication:
|Year of revision:
|Access Date:
|October 4, 2023


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Acquisition and Distribution Executives click below to register for an account.
Clinging to the only life she's ever known, a headstrong woman (along with her loving parents) finds herself on the verge of losing her family's berry farm in the heart of the Smoky Mountains, to an impending retail expansion. Over one eventful holiday season, she tries every avenue possible to save the farm. But, when the local town leaders notify her that they will have to seize the property after the holidays, her last hope to unite the town, is to throw a Christmas concert on the farm, headlined by her former love, a ne'er-do-well country music superstar. As the day of the concert approaches, they all must learn the value of family, faith and community—before time runs out.


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(visited by Frieder Dornseifer, Frank Oberlaender and Sascha Oberlaender)
26-Mar-2005 -- This was again a confluence hunter's weekend. Not only for us, the off-road drivers, also for the families. Since some time, Frank was already in contact with some archaeologists from Germany. They were part of a Sa`udi-German archaeological joint project in Taymā'.
The village Taymā' with about 25,000 inhabitants is located in an oasis in the province of Tabūk in a so-called "sabkha" (seasonal lake). Importance reached the town during participation of the trading route in between southern Arabia and the Gulf area, Mesopotamia and Egypt. The inner size of the ruins is app. 90 hectares (225 acres).
Finally, it was agreed that we will have the possibility to visit the historical sites on Friday, 25 March. At least it wasn't only us who took the possibility for the guided tour through the ruins, also some other Germans including the Ambassador and his wife showed their interest. We were able to see the excavation at the old city wall, the ditch, and the central area of Taymā' at Qurayya. Also a visit of the museum, the fort, and the old well in the middle of the town was arranged by the archaeologists. I think it was a pleasure for all of the participants to get skilled explanations about the history. Thanks again to all, who organized the visit and made it an unforgettable day. It was worth the trip from Riyāḍ. For more information about the historical site and the activities of the "German Archaeological Institute" visit their web site.
For three of us it was also an opportunity to focus on the confluence 28N 39E. Last November 2004, we tried to hit this Confluence coming from the East (28N 40E). But we couldn't manage it because of fuel shortage. This time we decided to tackle the Confluence from the West.
After we dropped our families late Friday evening at Tabūk airport, we camped outside the city. Saturday morning, we took off for the Confluence. We left the main road short after al-Qalība city and kept on going straight east to the Confluence. By mistake we entered an area that was surrounded by an earth embankment. When suddenly two Sa`udis in a pick-up showed up and kindly asked us to follow them and guided us to their tent, we got to know that we were inside a wildlife reserve. It took us a "lunch break" of three hours until we could continue our journey.
Finally, we reached the Confluence at the edge of the Nafūd sands surrounded by desert hyacinths (Cistanche tubulosa) at 3:40 p.m. They way out from the Confluence direction southwest to Taymā' was more then easy driving, compared to our morning trip. Again it was an exiting hunt of a Confluence.


text:
Deep Ocean Necklace
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- Freshwater pearls
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- 38CM + 3.5CM extension chain
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6 Gallon Case Evinrude XD30 Oil 764349-6, 779725-6
Evinrude XD30 is formulated for water-cooled 2-cycle outboards and other 2-cycle engines that specify TC-W3 certified oils. This exclusive performance enhanced blend provides premium lubrication and extra detergency compared to minimum TC-W# requirements.
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- Minimizes carbon and deposit buildup
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Use Evinrude XD30 in general and light load applications for dependability and value.
Part Number: 764349-6, 779725-6


text:
Misplaced and multiple needle insertions during paracentesis procedures can increase the risk of bleeding complications. Bedside ultrasound can improve patient safety associated with needle-based procedures.
To determine whether use of ultrasound during paracentesis reduces the risk of bleeding complications, as well as estimate healthcare utilisation due to bleeding events in paracentesis patients.
We conducted an observational cohort study using 2007-2008 data from the Premier Perspective automated hospital database. The cohort included patients identified as having a paracentesis procedure (via ICD-9 and CPT codes) who were not at increased risk of bleeding complication due to other conditions or procedures. Ultrasound guidance was determined where the patient had a charge for ultrasound on the same service day as the thoracentesis procedure. Bleeding complications included haemorrhage, hematoma, and hemoperitoneum and were identified via ICD-9 codes. Adjusted risk was estimated using multivariate logistic regression, controlling for baseline variables that altered the odds ratio (OR) for ultrasound guidance by >10%. Total hospitilisation cost and length of stay (LOS) were estimated for patients with and without pneumothorax using multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of natural log-transformed values and retransformed back to the original scale using Duan's smearing estimate.
1United BioSource Corporation, Bethesda, MD, 2Sonosite Inc., Bothell, WA,3University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
We identified 69,859 paracentesis patients who met all study inclusion criteria, of whom 31,649 (45%) had ultrasound guidance and 38,210 (55%) who did not. The overall rate of bleeding complications was 0.8%. After adjusting for confounding factors, the OR was 0.32
(95% CI: 0.25-0.41). Bleeding events increased the total cost of hospitilisation by $19,066 (P<0.0001) and LOS by 4.3 days (P<0.0001).
In this study, ultrasound guidance was associated with a 68% reduction in bleeding complications following paracentesis procedures. These complications greatly increased hospital costs and LOS. This economic benefit of ultrasound guidance has not been demonstrated previously in a large, general population study.


text:
Nail Lamp S7 48W Dual Light Source Lamp Beads Infrared Sensor UV Nail Art Phototherapy Machine
Brand Name: dipmakeup
Material: ABS+PC
Product name: S7 phototherapy manicure machine
Power: 48W
Timing gear: 10S/30S/60S/99S, hidden display
Lamp beads: 36 LED/UV dual light source lamp beads
Infrared induction: If you do not use the timing button, put your hand into the machine, and the infrared induction will start the machine (induction timing is 120s)
Scope of application: UV phototherapy glue, extension glue, LED nail polish
Product size: 20×21×12cm
Weight: 1KG
1. Mainly made of the high-grade ABS material, which is environmental, safe, non-toxic and harmless.
2. Lightweight and curved handle is convenient to carry, with which you can design nail art anytime and anywhere.
3. LED lights have no radiation and are not easy to break or crack, which are almost harmless to your nails , very assured for you to use.
4. With automatic sensing mode is convenient, you just place your nail under the machine, or move out of the machine when the nail oil is dry within a limited time. Max working time is 99s.
5. One key timer setting. 30s, 60s and 99s timer setting, just one key, you can do leisure activities while doing manicure or pedicure. which is functional and useful. And 99s is low heat mode, which can bring you more comfortable feeling.
6. With its big size and detachable floor, in addition to fingernails, but also can be used for toenails.
7. Suitable for professional use or home use.
It is our pleasure to bring guaranteed service and quality products to our customers. We choose high-quality and guaranteed international freight companies to cooperate with. Standard Free Shipping (Orders over $59), Standard Shipping (Orders under $59) $7.8, Fast Shipping $19 ! Please refer to our Shipping Policy for details!
1.We have a 30-day return policy, which means you have 30 days after receiving your item to request a return.
2.To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging. You'll also need the receipt or proof of purchase.
3.We do not accept returned items that are sent back by you directly without checking with us first.
4.Please use a local postal courier for returns, not a DHL, UPS or other courier that may incur customs duties.
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text:
Statewide Hearings Bring Focus to Funding Crisis in the Courts
Dec 7, 2011
(SAN FRANCISCO) Appellate Justice James Lambden spoke of lines so long at the Wiley Courthouse in Oakland that people are told to come back the next day when they finally reach the door. In line at the clerk's office, Lambden said, people "begin to stamp their feet and shout 'open a window, open a window,' to the point that security becomes nervous."
Similar scenarios were shared at a hearing on Tuesday, Nov 30 at the Administrative Office of the Courts in San Francisco. The hearing was one of four held throughout the state organized by the State Bar of California, The California Commission on Access to Justice and business advocacy group CalChamber.
Last year, the California judicial branch was delivered a devastating $350 million cut. Since then, courts have laid off employees, reduced their hours and services to the public, and have closed courtrooms. At the hearing, witnesses testified to long lines and diminished services to impoverished litigants, many of whom rely on legal aid provided by the courts.
At Tuesday's hearing, the Chief Justice described the budget as a "monumental challenge and fight."
"The rule of law is sometimes forgotten in discussions about our budget," she said. "When we're not open or our hours are reduced, what we see is a diminution of the rule of law, which I say is our birthright," said the Chief Justice. (more)
In November 2011, the Legislative Analyst Office projected that the state will face a $13 billion shortfall between now and next fiscal year's budget, posing additional threats to the state's court system.
"Only with a properly functioning justice system can law be evenly applied. Its functions should not be dispensed with when resources are limited," stated State Bar president Jon Streeter.
The full hearing will be available for download. Presiding participants (listed as pictured above, left to right):
Tuesday's hearing was presided by Kim Turner, Court Executive Officer, Superior Court of Marin County
Stephen Walters, Partner, Allen Matkins, LLP
Jon Streeter, President, State Bar of California
James Brosnan (Chair), Senior Partner, Morrison & Foerster, LLP
Noreen Evans, Senator and Chair of the California Senate Judiciary Committee
Drucilla Ramey, Dean and Professor of Law, Golden Gate University School of Law
Excerpts from Opening Remarks made by Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye at the hearing held Tuesday, Nov 30, at the AOC in San Francisco.
"Whether we're justices, chief, judge, lawyers, student, partner—we represent with the public. Our service is to the public. And there are levels of us along the way but ultimately our passion and commitment lies with the public. And in times when jobs are lost and homes are taken and services are reduced, the legal system needs to be fully operating to answer those kinds of concerns and to be there to guarantee the rights and process of those most vulnerable. Those who need legal services and pro bono services throughout the state.
In the last 11 months, as John alluded to, I spent...sort of on a listening tour, going up and down the state listening to bar leaders and bar associations and stakeholder groups and judges and courts and staff about what it is and how it looks like in our fourth year of consecutive budget cuts. And what that means to our public because ultimately our question always defined by the issue is, 'how are we serving our public?' which is in it most neediest stage in its fourth year of fiscal weakness in the state of California. And in those four years, I submit to you, the Judicial Branch, with the help and leadership of the State Bar, lawyers and staff have found innovated, unusual, exciting ways to change our business model to continue to provide services. But we can never forget that our bottom line is serving the public. And the most needy public continues to be those who need legal services."
"...listen to the news, turn on the TV, click on your I-Pad, pick up a paper and all you need to hear after ever crises is 'we're going to court' or a day later, they're in court. That's what we do, that's what we exist for. We exist to absolve the evils of the world in a fair manner under the rule of law. And I know the rule of law is sometimes forgotten in our discussion about the budget and about the impact on the people who need services. But it is the rule of law that is ultimately at stake. Its because only through civil justice, through litigation that we change and develop the rule of law. And when you curtail our ability to have that forum, when we're not open, when we're closed, when our hours are reduced, when those with causes popular and unpopular can't get into court because they don't have a lawyer or because the court is unable for some reason to accommodate that issue within a timely manner, what we see I think, is a diminution of the rule of law, which is our legacy, our foundation, and I submit our birthright."


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Welcome to One {Frugal} Chick Friday!
I am trying something new where each Friday I will share one (or more) of my tips for living frugally. If this is a topic you are interested in, you will LOVE Friday on the blog!
Hope you are all nice and toasty…It's freezing here and I am snowed in! Still waiting for Mr. Kriegerchick to make it home to plow the drive. It snowed 10 inches yesterday, which is a record for our area this time of year.
Not sure about you, but when it's cold (or even if it is hot) I love to curl up on the sofa with a good read and a hot cup of coffee. During my teaching days (before children) that is how I spent many a snow day afternoon…
Ahhh…pause while I reminisce…
Everyone takes their coffee differently…I prefer mine black. Boring, I know. That's only in the morning…If I have a cup (or 2) in the afternoon or evening, I like a yummy flavored creamer…Let's just call it dessert!
Creamer is expensive and I use quite a bit per cup…maybe more than a serving according to the bottle. So, I decided to make my own. Who knew it is sooo easy and inexpensive and uses ingredients most of us keep on hand! Yeah. Yeah. Yeah!
Homemade Coffee Creamer
{3 ingredients}
1 cup Skim Milk
1/3 – 1/2 can Sweetened Condensed Milk
1 tsp. Pure Vanilla or Peppermint
Pour all ingredients into a sealed jar or bottle and shake to combine.
Note: The first time I made this it was way too sweet, so I adjusted the measurements to my liking. If you want it sweeter, just add more Sweetened Condensed Milk. I have made both the vanilla and peppermint versions…YUM! I used Pure Mexican Vanilla and Pure Peppermint extract, which have a stronger flavor than extracts. Keep that in mind when you make yours. I am sure there are many other flavor combinations…Love to hear what you come up with!
I shake mine with each use and only keep until the expiration date on the milk. It may keep longer, but made in a small batch,= mine will never last that long!
Cost breakdown: 1 cup Milk = $.20, 1/2 can Sweetened Condensed Milk = $.64 …Add in pennies for the flavoring and it is under $1.00 to make the same amount as a small creamer from the grocery store.
This is also a great way to re-purpose a bottle…I used a small Shatto milk bottle…A double batch of creamer fits perfectly in a large Shatto milk bottle, but makes too much for me.
Hope you enjoyed One {Frugal} Chick Friday!
Happy Weekend!
Sharing with oneartsymama, yourhomebasedmom, whatscookingwithruthie, Or So She Says, tatertotsandjello, honeybearlane, flamingotoes, thedomesticfringe, Frugal Crafty Home, Just Something I Whipped Up, Monday Funday, Motivate Me Monday, Sew Can Do, A round tuit, market-yourself-monday, motivated-monday, pinkapotamus, making the world cuter, thededicatedhouse, sugarbeecrafts, todayscreativeblog, abowlfulloflemons, not just a housewife, ladybug-blessings, blooming homestead, flusterbuster, gingersnapcrafts, sugar and dots, polkadotsonparade, SNAP!, trendytreehouse, the taylor-house, real-family-fun, katies nesting spot, Creative Geekery


text: Since we are using debian stable to create a server with ISPconfig. I figure these would be solid howto's on how to make debian a little more up to date. 1) A how to on setting up Java and debian together with ISPconfig. 2) A how to on how to get newer deb packages put on Sarge (3.1) and not break ISPconfig. 3) Last but not least how to setup oscommerce, with the proper mysql db so users can run a commerce site with ISPconfig. Again asking a lot so I am very sorry, but these are just suggestion for an already great site. I figured out a while ago these are the how to's that are somewhat valuable, number 3 being probaby the most functional out of all of them. However, number 3 could very well mean that number 2 needs the required updates.


text:
RC Motorcycle Bearings
The Boca Bearing Company has been an industry leader in RC bearing replacement since 1987. Reducing rolling resistance and conserving energy has been our hallmark. We offer a full line of standard & ceramic hybrid bearings specifically designed for today's demanding RC Motorcycles. Various ABEC tolerances, radial plays, retainer styles and seal/shield configurations are available. To make things easier for you we have compiled bearing kits and listed them according to the RC Motorcycle manufacturer and model. Just click on Search By RC Motorcycle Brand or use the Brand Search at the top of any page.
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20 x 47 x 14$71.23
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text:
Rosh Hashanah Silver-Plated 27" Yemenite Shofar Kudu
When you click on links to various merchants on this site and make a purchase, this can result in this site earning a commission. Affiliate programs and affiliations include, but are not limited to, the eBay Partner Network.
Rosh Hashanah Silver-Plated 27" Yemenite Shofar Kudu:
דף חדש 2
All Scroll's Check our Items
Amazing Silver-Plated 27" Yemenite Shofar Kudu
Amazing 25" to 27" Silver-Plated Yemenite Shofar
Made of a natural Kudu Horn . Produce a pure clear sound , It was checked for having a great sound by a special Shofars Expert and though standing in all kosher standards .Each Shofar checked before shipping.
The shofar is mentioned frequently in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud and rabbinic literature.
The blast of a shofar emanating from the thick cloud on Mount Sinai made the Israelites tremble in awe (Exodus 19, 20).
The shofar was used in to announce holidays (Ps. lxxxi. 4), and the Jubilee year (Lev. 25. 9).
The first day of the seventh month (Tishri) is termed "a memorial of blowing" (Lev. 23. 24), or "a day of blowing" (Num. xxix. 1), the shofar.
It was also employed in processions (II Sam. 6. 15; I Chron. 15. 28), as a musical accompaniment (Ps. 98. 6; comp. ib. xlvii. 5)
and to signify the start of a war (Josh. 6. 4; Judges 3. 27; 7. 16, 20; I Sam. 8. 3). Note that the 'trumpets' described in Numbers 10 are a different instrument,
described by the Hebrew word 'trumpet' not the word for shofar.
The Torah describes the first day of the seventh month (1st of Tishri = Rosh ha-Shanah) as a zikron teruah (memorial of blowing; Lev. xxiii) and as a yom teru'ah
(day of blowing; Num. 29). This was interpreted by the Jewish sages as referring to the sounding the shofar.
About the manufacturer
The shofar are made by number one factory in Israel "Shofarot-Israel" !!!!
Only Shofarot Israel offers the skills and expertise of fifteen generations, dating back to 14th century Spain, and now adapted to the modern technology and requirements of present-day Israel and the international market.
Shofarot Israel combines the talents of two shofar-making families into truly extraordinary masterpieces – each shofar lovingly made, and imbued with the famous Bar-Sheshet "secret" of shofar manufacture.
Shofarot Israel shofars are all manufactured in Israel according to the strictest kosher supervision, producing beautiful shofars with clear tones that differ according to the customs and needs of different communities (Ashkenazic, Sephardic, Yemenite, etc.) but are always exceptionally well-crafted.
Please remember - Etch shofar is hand made from natural material so etch and every one will be a bit different in color and in length from the other !
For a wonderful feeling of uniqueness , be sure to add it to your possession .
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text:
Richard E. Smalley
I was born in Akron, Ohio on June 6, 1943, one year to the day before D-Day, the allied invasion at Normandy. The youngest of four children, I was brought up in a wonderfully stable, loving family of strong Midwestern values. When I was three my family moved to Kansas City, Missouri where we lived in a beautiful large home in a lovely upper-middle class neighborhood. I grew up there (at least to the extent one can be considered to be grown up on leaving for college at age 18) and was convinced that Kansas City, Missouri was the exact center of the known universe.
My mother, Esther Virginia Rhoads, was the third of six children of Charlotte Kraft and Errett Stanley Rhoads, a wealthy manufacturer of furniture in the Kansas City area. She liked the unusual name Errett so much that she gave it to me as my middle name. She picked the name Richard after the crusading English king (the Lion-Hearted), but being a good American and suitably suspicious of royalty, she was fond of calling me "Mr. President" instead. She had big plans for me, and loved me beyond all reason.
My father, Frank Dudley Smalley, Jr., was the second of four children born to Mary Rice Burkholder and Frank Dudley Smalley (Sr.), a railroad mail clerk in Kansas City. Although my father went by the name of June (short for Junior), he never quite forgave his father for not having given him a name of his own, and for not having aspired to more in life. My father started work as a carpenter, and then as a printer's devil, working for the local newspaper, The Kansas City Star, and later for a farm implement trade journal, Implement and Tractor. By the time he retired in 1963 he had long since risen to be CEO of this company, and a group of several others that published trade journals in the booming agriculture industry throughout the Western Hemisphere. He was incredibly industrious, talented, and fascinated with both business and technology. He had a wonderfully analytic mind, and loved argument, open discussion, and homespun philosophy. During the depression in the early 1930's he married my mother (who fell in love with his blue eyes) and was promptly laid off from work. The story of his career is one of total dedication to both his work and his family, a dedication that held steady through a series of tribulations, many of which I am only now beginning to appreciate. He loved me too, but he could see himself in me, and knew my failings through and through. Until late in life I was never quite good enough for my father, and I suppose that is part of what drives me even now, well after his death in 1992.
My interest in Science had many roots. Some came from my mother as she finished her B.A. Degree studies in college while I was in my early teens. She fell in love with science, particularly as a result of classes on the Foundations of Physical Science taught by a magnificent mathematics professor at the University of Kansas City, Dr. Norman N. Royall, Jr. I was infected by this professor second hand, through hundreds of hours of conversations at my mother's knees. It was from my mother that I first learned of Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Darwin. We spent hours together collecting single-celled organisms from a local pond and watching them with a microscope she had received as a gift from my father. Mostly we talked and read together. From her I learned the wonder of ideas and the beauty of Nature (and music, painting, sculpture, and architecture). From my father I learned to build things, to take them apart, and to fix mechanical and electrical equipment in general. I spent vast hours in a woodworking shop he maintained in the basement of our house, building gadgets, working both with my father and alone, often late into the night. My mother taught me mechanical drawing so that I could be more systematic in my design work, and I continued in drafting classes throughout my 4 years in high school. This play with building, fixing, and designing was my favorite activity throughout my childhood, and was a wonderful preparation for my later career as an experimentalist working on the frontiers of chemistry and physics.
The principal impetus for my entering a career in science, however, was the successful launching of Sputnik in 1957, and the then current belief that science and technology was going to be where the action was in the coming decades. While I had been a rather erratic student for many years, I suddenly became very serious with my education at the beginning of my junior year in the fall of 1959. I set up a private study in the partly furnished, unheated attic of our home, and began to spend long hours in solitude studying and reading (and smoking cigarettes). This happened to be the year when I began to study chemistry for the first time. Luckily, these years were some of the best ever for the public school system in Kansas City, and my local high school, Southwest High, was one of the most effective anywhere in the US as measured by scores on standard achievement tests, and the fraction of students going on to college. My teacher, Victor E. Gustafson, was a great inspiration. He had just begun to teach the preceding year, and was full of love for his subject and for teaching, and had an as yet unblunted ambition to reach even the slowest of students. In addition, this was the first class I had ever taken with my sister, Linda, who was a year older than I, and was a far better student than I had ever been. The result was that by the end of the year, my sister and I finished with the top two grades in the class. We hardly ever missed a question on an exam. It was an exhilarating experience for me, and still ranks as the single most important turning point in my life, even from my current perspective of nearly four decades later. It was the proof of an existence theorem. After my junior year, I knew I could be successful at science. The next year I did equally well in physics with a wonderful professor, J.C. Edwards, but my soul had already been imprinted by my exposure to chemistry the year before.
My mother's youngest sibling, Dr. Sara Jane Rhoads, was one of the first women in the United States to ever reach the rank of full Professor of Chemistry. After earning her Ph.D. in 1949 with William von Eggers Doering, who was then at Columbia University, she devoted her life to teaching and research in the Department of Chemistry of the University of Wyoming. She received the Garvan Medal of the American Chemical Society in 1982 for her contributions to physical organic chemistry, particularly in the study of the Cope and Claisen rearrangements. She was the only scientist in our extended family and was one of the brightest and, in general, one of the most impressive human beings I have ever met. She was my hero. I used to call her, lovingly, "The Colossus of Rhoads". Her example was a major factor that led me to go into chemistry, rather than physics or engineering. One of the most enjoyable memories of my early life was the summer (1961) I spent working in her organic chemistry laboratory at the University of Wyoming. It was at her suggestion that I decided to attend Hope College that fall in Holland, Michigan. Hope had then (and still has now) one of the finest undergraduate programs in chemistry in the United States.
At Hope College I spent two years in fruitful study, but decided to transfer to the University of Michigan in Ann Arborafter my favorite professor, Dr. J. Harvey Kleinheksel, died of a heart attack, and the organic chemistry professor with whom I had hoped to do research, Dr. Gerrit Van Zyl, announced his retirement. While the next two years in Ann Arbor were successful, I had become so entangled in a stormy love affair with a lovely girl back at Hope College, that I was not able to concentrate as much on science as I should have. I did, however, learn a lot. Most of all I learned from my fellow students, and particularly from John Seely Brown, a graduate student in mathematics who lived in an apartment down the hall in a small house off campus (he is currently Director of Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center, PARC). John displayed an audacity of thought and intellectual ambition that I have rarely seen in any individual. My fellow housemates and I were infected with the notion that we could master any subject, and at times we did manage to at least feel that we got close.
By the time of my graduation in 1965, the job market for scientists in the United States was at an all-time high, and even chemistry graduates with just a BS degree were in great demand. Rather than proceeding directly to graduate school, I decided to take a job in the chemical industry in order to buy a bit of time to see what I really wanted to do in science, and to live a little in the "real" world. It turned out to be a terrific decision.
In the fall of 1965 I began work full time in Woodbury, New Jersey at a large polypropylene manufacturing plant owned by the Shell Chemical Company. I began as a chemist working in the quality control laboratory for the plant, a 24 hour a day operation that in the mid 60's was quite a wonderland of high technology. My first boss was a chemist named Donald S. Brath. He taught his young professionals that "chemists can do anything", and the time I worked under him was a wonderfully broadening experience. I was teamed up with chemical engineers at the plant to study problems with the quality of the polymer product. The Ziegler-Natta catalyst system then in use by Shell to produce isotactic polypropylene was no where near as efficient as those currently in use, and the level of inorganics remaining in the polymer was high. Much of what we were concerned with in those days revolved around this problem of high "ash" content and how it affected the downstream applications. These were fascinating days, involving huge volumes of material, serious real-world problems, with large financial consequences. I loved it.
After two years I moved up to the Plastics Technical Center at the same site in Woodbury, and devoted myself to developing analytical methods for various aspects of polyolefins, and of the materials involved in their manufacture, modification, and processing. Although I found my work at Shell highly enjoyable, I realized it was time to get on to graduate school, so I began to study seriously and to send out applications. At the time I was most interested in quantum chemistry, and received several offers for graduate assistantships in excellent schools. I was close to accepting an offer from the Theoretical Chemistry Institute at the University of Wisconsin when the automatic graduate student deferments from the Draft into the US military were eliminated. This was in early 1968, during a major buildup phase in the Vietnam War, and I decided it would be more prudent to remain at Shell for a while since my industrial deferment was still in effect.
In my off hours over the past few years I had met Judith Grace Sampieri, who was a wonderful young secretary at Shell. We were married on May 4 of 1968. Soon thereafter, even the industrial deferment was lost, and we decided that I might as well reapply for graduate school. Since Judy's family lived in New Jersey, I decided to apply to Princeton University, and was accepted. In the late fall of 1968 I was reclassified 1A for the draft and reported to the processing center in Newark for my physical. At the end of the day I ended up in the group who had passed. We were told to put our affairs in order since we would soon be called up. However, in a great stroke of luck, within a week, my wife told me she was pregnant, and within just a few more weeks my draft board reclassified me to some status I do not remember, save that it meant I would not be drafted. On June 9, 1969 Judy and I were blessed with the birth of a beautiful child, Chad Richard. Later that summer, I held him in my lap as Neil Armstrong first stepped out onto the Moon.
In the fall of 1969 I moved my new family up to Princeton to begin studies and research for the Ph.D. in the Department of Chemistry. I was lucky enough to be in the first group of graduate students to work with Elliot R. Bernstein who was just starting as an Assistant Professor at Princeton, after having spent a few years postdoctoral work at the University of Chicago with Clyde A. Hutchison III, following doctoral training with G. Wilse Robinson at CalTech. Elliot's research at the time involved detailed optical and microwave spectral probes of pure and mixed molecular single crystals cooled in liquid helium. I knew nothing about it at the time I joined the group. I was certain that it was going to be both experimentally and theoretically complex and challenging, but it seemed likely to be worth the effort. My research project was the detailed study of 1,3,5-triazine, a heterocyclic benzene analog that we expected would provide a poignant testing ground for theories of the Jahn Teller effect. In the end we found that the crystal field surrounding each molecule was insufficiently symmetrical to provide the tests we originally sought, but much was learned. Most importantly from my standpoint, I learned from Elliot Bernstein a penetrating, intense style of research that I had never known before, and I learned a great deal about the chemical physics of condensed phase and molecular systems.
In the summer of 1973 we moved to the south side of Chicago so I could begin a postdoctoral period with Donald H. Levy at the University of Chicago. Levy had studied gas-phase magnetic resonance with Alan Carrington, and had been doing some of the most impressive research anywhere in the world with microwave/optical double resonance and the Hanle effect on NO2 and other open-shell small molecules. These were the earliest days when tunable dye lasers were beginning to transform molecular spectroscopy, and Levy's group was in the lead. The optical spectrum of NO2 was the most troublesome problem for molecular spectroscopists. Even though it had only three atoms, the visible spectrum had far more structure than anyone could understand. But since NO2 was readily available and it displayed an extensive absorption spectrum just where the new lasers could readily operate (500-640 nm), it was a favorite object for study. Don Levy and one of his students, Richard Solarz, had made some major advances with NO2 earlier that summer, so after I arrived in Chicago I began to consider what I could do next. My biggest problem was that my training at Princeton had been in condensed matter spectroscopy, and the ultrahigh resolution gas-phase spectral techniques being used by the Levy group were going to take months to understand. The detailed physics of rotating polyatomic molecules with spin is extremely complex. I was familiar only with the physics of molecules frozen still in a crystal lattice near absolute zero.
When we first arrived in Chicago, Don Levy was in Germany for a several month-long visit, so I had an opportunity to do some extended reading and to prepare for the final oral exam for the Ph.D. degree back in Princeton. At that time in the Chemistry Department at Princeton, the final oral exam consisted of a defense of three original research proposals. I spent many hours in the Univ. Chicago chemistry department library reading recent journal articles, searching for possible topics for these research proposals. On one day I read a new paper by Yuan Lee and Stuart Rice on the crossed beam reaction of fluorine with benzene (J. Chem. Phys. 59, 1427 (1973)] in one of Yuan's "universal" molecular beam apparatuses. It was the sort of experiment that was to lead to Yuan Lee sharing the Nobel Prize in 1986 with John Polanyi and Dudley Herschbach. I was deeply struck by a passage in the paper which said that the supersonic expansion used to make the benzene molecular beam was strong enough to cool out essentially all rotational degrees of freedom. That was just what I needed. Since I didn't understand rotating molecules yet, perhaps I could just stop them from rotating in the first place!
As a result of this exciting day in the Chicago library, one of the proposals I presented to the Princeton Ph.D. committee later that fall was to use a supersonic expansion to cool NO2 to the point that only a single rotational state was populated, and then to use a tunable dye laser to study the now greatly simplified spectrum. I had found in further reading that the current supersonic expansion techniques actually would not get cold enough, so I added the further use of an electric resonance "state-selector" to do a final sorting out of just a single rotational state for study. I recommended, in fact, that the 10 meter state-selector beam machine of Lennard Wharton at Chicago could be used.
When Levy returned from Germany, I told him of this proposal, and we discussed it in some depth. He was intrigued, but was concerned that too much of the NO2 would dimerize to N204 before sufficient cooling was obtained. A few weeks later we discussed it again, and became sufficiently excited to walk down the hall and ask Lennard Wharton what he thought. Len lit up like a light bulb.
Wharton argued that we should first do the experiment on NO2 expanded in a supersonic free jet, and leave the much more elaborate state-selected experiment for later. I told him that wouldn't be cold enough – the lowest rotational temperature reported for a polyatomic molecule in a supersonic beam that I was aware of at that time was 30 K still way too hot to achieve the simplification we needed. Wharton smiled wryly and swiveled in his chair to reach a research notebook from the shelf behind him. After reading a few pages he looked up and asked "would 3 K be cool enough?". He had already built a liquid hydrogen cryopumped supersonic beam source with argon, and in the research notebook had measured data for the velocity distribution showing the translational temperature was cooled to 3 K. That, I knew from my Ph.D. proposal, would be quite cool enough in the case of NO2 to collapse the rotational population to just a few levels. We would simply mix in a percent or so of NO2 into the argon and make a "seeded" supersonic beam. This would avoid the N204 formation that concerned Don Levy, and may just possibly cool the rotational degrees of freedom to near the translational temperature of the argon carrier gas. Thus began the collaboration that led to supersonic beam laser spectroscopy.
On the night of August 8, 1974 (the night Nixon resigned from the US Presidency) we recorded the first jet cooled spectrum of NO2. The next morning Don Levy saw the spectrum for the first time, and immediately recognized its significance. Molecular physics had changed. Now we could study at least small polyatomic molecules with at the same penetrating level of detail previously attained only for atoms and diatomics.
A year later, Lennard Wharton came back from a trip to France where he had visited with Roger Campargue and learned of the concept of the "zone of silence" that exists in an expanding gas at sufficiently high densities. While this zone is surrounded by shock waves where the gas is heated to very high temperatures, within the zone the expanding gas is exactly as cold and unperturbed as it would be if the gas expanded into a perfect vacuum, forming no shock waves at all. Campargue had learned to fabricate a ultrasharp edged "skimmer" that could penetrate the "Mach disc" at end of the zone and transmit the gas streaming along the center line of the zone of silence to form the most intense, coldest supersonic beams ever produced. Wharton told Don Levy and me that using helium in such an apparatus we could easily get cowl to 1 K and perhaps even lower. I was stunned. I knew that 1 Kwas low enough to freeze out the rotational motion of even medium-sized molecules such as benzene and naphthalene, and all such molecules could now be studied without rotational congestion.
Later that same day in a hallway conversation Len Wharton and I realized we didn't need the skimmer. The probe laser beam could easily penetrate the shock waves without perturbation, and we could image just the fluorescence from the laser-excited ultracold molecules in the zone of silence. We quickly built a new apparatus that incorporated these ideas. With the spectroscopic insight of Don Levy and with a series of graduate students we published the pioneering papers on not only jet cooled spectra of ordinary molecules such as NO2, and tetrazine, but also on the first van der Waals complexes with helium (e.g. HeI2), and with the vital collaboration of Daniel Auerbach the first supersonic beam study of a metal atom-rare gas complex, NaAr.
In the summer of 1976 my family and I moved to Houston, Texas where I had accepted a position as assistant professor in the chemistry department at Rice University. I knew of Rice principally because of the beautiful laser spectroscopy that was being done there by Robert F. Curl, and I wanted to collaborate with him much the same as I had with Don Levy. The first supersonic beam apparatus I set up was a free jet machine similar to that I had used in Chicago, but adapted to use pulsed dye lasers in the ultraviolet so that we could study more ordinary molecules such as benzene. My first proposal to the National Science Foundation was for a much larger, more ambitious apparatus that would for the first time use pulsed supersonic nozzles. With these pulsed devices mounted in a large chamber I expected we could attain a 10-100 fold increase in beam intensity and cooling, and by synchronizing with the pulsed lasers in both the visible and ultraviolet be able to study a vast array of large molecules, radicals, and clusters. Being the second apparatus we constructed, it was called "AP2".
With AP2 we quickly succeeded in setting the world's record for rotational cooling of a polyatomic molecule (0.17 K). We invented resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) with time of flight mass spectrometric detection as a means of probing the spectrum of molecules in the supersonic beam. We used this to probe the structure and molecular dynamics of large aromatic molecules, particularly focussing on the question of intramolecular vibrational redistribution. We also developed a means of producing fragments of polyatomic molecules (free radicals such as benzyl and methoxy) by directing a pulsed laser into a specially designed pulsed supersonic nozzle, and studying these cooled in the supersonic beam.
In the late 1970s in collaboration with Andrew Kaldor and his group at Exxon we had extended the capabilities of AP2 so that we could study a large uranium containing molecule (a hexafluoroacetylacetonate-, tetahydrofurancomplexed form of UO2). These were the days of the oil crisis, when there was widespread belief that nuclear fission using uranium was going to be the only long-term alternative. Exxon was working intensely on laser-based isotope separation schemes, and Kaldor was heading up a group to pursue the molecular route. Our experiment on AP2 ultimately revealed a beautiful sharpening of the infrared multiphoton dissociation spectrum of this volatile UO2 complex cooled in the supersonic beam, just what Exxon was looking for. Unfortunately, we began to succeed with these experiments only after the nuclear release "event" at Three Mile Island on March 28, 1979. Within a year, Exxon made a corporate level decision to get out of the isotope separation business. But Kaldor had become so impressed with the capabilities of AP2 that he wanted his own at the corporate laboratories in Linden in any event. Under contract to Exxon, we developed a smaller version of the apparatus, and built two versions. One was kept at Rice and lived on for many years with a very productive science history. Logically, it was called AP3. The clone of AP3 was shipped to Exxon in late 1982.
After a few years of intensive research we found a way to use a pulsed laser directed into a nozzle to vaporize any material, allowing for the first time the atoms of any element in the periodic table to be produced cold in a supersonic beam. Most importantly, we developed a way to control the clustering of these atoms to small aggregates, which then were cooled in the supersonic expansion. Now for the first time it was possible to roam the periodic table and make detailed study of the properties of nanometer-scale particles consisting of a precise number of atoms. The field of metal and semiconductor cluster beams was born. We shipped Exxon this new accessory to their AP3 clone, and both groups then rapidly began to develop the new field.
As is now well known, the Kaldor group was the first to put carbon in a laser vaporization cluster beam apparatus, and see the amazing even-numbered distribution of carbon clusters that we now know to be the fullerenes. Within a year we repeated the same experiment, but now on an improved version of AP2 that had been modified for the study of semiconductor clusters. The story of what we discovered on this apparatus in September of 1985 has been told many times.
The subsequent development of my research in metal and semiconductor clusters, and the fullerenes is too involved to recount here. Increasingly, the tubular variant of the fullerenes has dominated our activities. Now our motto is "if it ain't tubes, we don't do it". We are convinced that major new technologies will be developed over the coming decades from fullerene tubes, fibers, and cables, and we are moving as fast as possible to bring this all to life.
Several years ago AP2 was dismantled and sold off in pieces to other research groups, and the main chamber where the first pulsed nozzle experiments were performed was sold off to a scrap metal dealer along the Houston Ship Channel. Now there are no supersonic beam machines of any type in the laboratory. Times change.
But life and science go on.
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/ Nobel Lectures/The Nobel Prizes. The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate.
Richard E. Smalley died on October 28, 2005.
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Hedge fund manager David Einhorn of Greenlight Capital can claim his first victory in his fight to get some of Apple's $137 billion cash pile. US District Court Judge Richard Sullivan today granted Einhorn's motion to prohibit Apple from putting to a vote a shareholder proposal that Einhorn says would restrict Apple's ability to issue preferred stock.
Apple shareholders are scheduled to vote on the proposal on Feb. 27 at Apple's annual investor meeting. It's unclear whether Apple will appeal the court decision.
Einhorn wanted Apple to drop the proposal because he has suggested that Apple return cash to investors through "iPrefs," which are preferred shares that would pay a dividend every quarter "forever" to investors who own them. In a conference call yesterday with the public, Einhorn said iPrefs would give Apple shares a value of $480, higher than where it is trading now.
In court, Einhorn argued that Apple had inappropriately combined several issues into one shareholder proposal, which wasn't allowed by the SEC. Earlier this week, Sullivan indicated he was leaning toward Einhorn's thinking.
Apple has said it is studying Einhorn's proposal, although CEO Tim Cook also called the Einhorn matter a "silly sideshow." Last year, it announced a plan to return $45 billion to shareholders over three years.


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Rat on plane forces flight cancellation in Oakland
OAKLAND, Calif. (AP) - Alaska Airlines is calling in an exterminator after the company says a rat boarded one of its planes at Oakland International Airport in California and forced it to cancel the flight.
The airline says passengers were boarding the Portland, Oregon-bound flight Tuesday when the rat jumped from the jetway onto the plane.
Passengers already on board came off, and the plane was taken out of service. Most of the 110 passengers scheduled to take the flight were rebooked on a later flight to Portland.
Alaska Airlines says it will resume using the plane when a professional exterminator certifies it is rodent-free. The aircraft will also be inspected for any damage.


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How strong are charges against Haiti's Jean-Claude Duvalier? Very, say experts.
Former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier (aka 'Baby Doc') was charged in court Tuesday with embezzlement, corruption, and misappropriation of funds. 'It's fairly easy to pursue legally,' says one expert.
| Port-au-Prince, Haiti; and Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
During his 15 years in power, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier is said to have brazenly robbed Haiti's treasury of hundreds of millions of dollars.
He is accused of going as far as stealing checks intended for the poor to help him amass hundreds of millions of dollars in foreign accounts that allowed him to live luxuriously while in exile.
But the same disregard for the law that made him a multimillionaire could make the case against him relatively easy to prosecute, observers tell the Monitor.
"He was fairly careful to hide the assets abroad, but he was not that careful to hide the way he acquired them," says Brian Concannon, a human rights lawyer and director of the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti (IJDH). "I am confident that this case can be prosecuted, it's fairly easy to pursue legally because it's been documented."
Dramatically detained and formally charged in court on Tuesday by Haitian authorities, just two days after unexpectedly returning from exile, Mr. Duvalier's future is now being weighed by a judge who will decide whether to pursue the accusations of embezzlement, corruption, and misappropriation of funds, among other alleged crimes. The process could take months.
"His fate is now in the hands of the investigating judge. We have brought charges against him," Aristidas Auguste, Port-au-Prince's chief prosecutor, told reporters Tuesday.
Supporters: Duvalier is innocent
Gervais Charles, an attorney who has represented Duvalier in the past, confirmed the case had been filed but said a statute of limitations had expired, which would make void any charges. Duvalier was freed but he had no passport to travel, Mr. Charles told reporters. Haitian officials did not address Charles's statute of limitations claims, the Associated Press reported.
"What will happen to [Duvalier] is entirely the responsibility of [President René] Préval and his executive cabinet," Duvalier spokesman Henry Robert Sterlin told reporters Tuesday. "What those in power want is the destabilization of the country."
At the end of the day, Duvalier returned to the posh Karibe Hotel in the Petionville neighborhood, which had served as the backdrop for a dramatic scene that morning when police entered Duvalier's room as a small contingent of his supporters gathered in front of the hotel, yelling "the revolution is going to start" and "arrest Préval," a reference to the unpopular president.
Duvalier's return ticket to France was reportedly booked for Thursday, though he must remain in country for at least as long as the case investigation period.
His continued presence will likely be welcome news to supporters that gathered Tuesday, many who were too young to remember Duvalier in power. They seemed drawn by nostalgia and embellished memories of the Duvalier era, which lasted for nearly 30 years. "Baby Doc" Duvalier became the round-faced successor to the regime when he took over from his father at the age of 19.
"I came here for President Duvalier, who left Haiti 25 years ago and I'm happy he came back," says Pierre Willy, a protester who gathered in downtown Port-au-Prince to support Duvalier. "All these people that were killed, it wasn't Duvalier that did it. He was just the son of a president then."
'Vital' case to pursue
A case against the former dictator might proceed slowly, but it's an important one to try, says Reed Brody, counsel for Human Rights Watch and a former prosecutor in Haiti. "It is vital that the Haitian authorities pursue this kind of case because it could show Haitians that the state still functions," Mr. Brody says.
Haiti's justice system was already weak before the destructive earthquake. "Prosecuting the case could potentially be transformative" for the justice system, he says, adding that cases in the United States and Switzerland have already laid out evidence against Duvalier.
Duvalier left Haiti in 1986 after 15 tyrannical years leading the country he took over from his father in 1971. During that time, he allegedly oversaw the torture and murder of political opponents and robbed public funds.
In the late 1980s, at the behest of the Haitian government, a US accounting firm studied the government's books and determined Duvalier stole at least $300 million. "That was a conservative estimate," says Concannon of the Boston-based IJDH. "Nobody knows for sure how much he took. We know it was hundreds of millions." (Editor's note: A member of IJDH's board of directors was a longtime lawyer for exiled former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a political opponent of Duvalier.)
A civil case that went through Florida courts in 1998 with a judgment against Duvalier awarded Haitians $504 million. The money was never recovered.
Life of luxury in France
Duvalier landed in France in 1986 after he was overthrown and started to live the life of a wealth celebrity, says Elizabeth Abbott, author of "Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy."
"He lived lavishly, like a really wealthy person, spending thousands for meals and clothes and other things," Ms. Abbott says.
Duvalier had a residence outside Paris, a villa in the French Riviera, speedboats, and sports cars in the first years after he settled in France, according to Abbott and press reports. But after he and his ex-wife Michele divorced in 1992, his fortune reportedly dwindled.
He reportedly failed to pay rents, ran up a massive hotel bill, and moved to a modest two-bedroom Paris apartment paid for by loyal Duvalierists. Then, in January 2010, the Swiss government froze $4.6 million in Swiss bank accounts held by Duvalier.
"He burned through most of it and then the judgment froze the rest," Abbott says. "He's been living very modestly for several years now."
Important test for Haiti's justice system
Even if the case against him can't recover any of the money Duvalier stole, pursuing the charges represents an important step in strengthening the Haitian justice system and closing an ugly chapter in the country's history, observers say.
When Duvalier fled to France in a US military jet in 1986, he brought to a close three decades of dictatorial rule in which tens of thousands of suspected dissidents and other innocent Haitians were murdered. Duvalier and his father, "Papa Doc," used a secret police called the "Tonton Macoutes" to squash political movements and torture opponents.
"In a legal sense and in a political sense, it's important that this trial against him move forward," says Bernice Robertson, the International Crisis Group's representative in Port-au-Prince. "What would it say if someone widely accused of these human rights violations were allowed to return freely to the country?"


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Student: Alina (18) Astoria, NY
Program: Saturday Live
Precollege Course:
HFM 060: Ins and Outs of Fashion Merchandising
Describe your personal style?
My personal style is glam meets urban. I love the Kardashian style, as well as the style of Victoria Beckham.
Where do you go on your breaks from class?
I either go to Dunkin' Donuts or Starbucks.
What is your favorite thing about FIT?
It's location! I'm a total City Girl.
Who or what inspires you?
My main inspiration comes from my mom, the Kardashians, as well as Kanye West.
What do you want to do after you graduate from college?
Upon graduating, I want to become a celebrity stylist. I also want to have my own styling business in the fashion industry.