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Petitioner, an autonomous Puerto Rico government instrumentality, moved to dismiss the diversity action brought against it by respondent, a private firm, on the grounds that it was an "arm of the State," and that the Eleventh Amendment therefore prohibited the suit. After the District Court denied the motion, the Court of Appeals dismissed petitioner's appeal for want of jurisdiction, concluding that Circuit precedent barred both States and their agencies from taking an immediate appeal on a claim of Eleventh Amendment immunity.
States and state entities that claim to be "arms of the State" may take advantage of the collateral order doctrine of Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 , to appeal a district court order denying a claim of Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal court. Although 28 U.S.C. 1291 requires that appeals be taken from "final decisions of the district courts," Cohen, supra, at 546, provides that a "small class" of judgments that are not complete and final will be immediately appealable. Once it is acknowledged that a State and its "arms" are, in effect, immune from federal court suit under the Amendment, see, e.g., Welch v. Texas Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation, 483 U.S. 468, 480 , it follows that the elements of the collateral order doctrine necessary to bring an order within Cohen's "small class," see Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468 , are satisfied. First, denials of Eleventh Amendment immunity claims purport to be conclusive determinations that States and their entities have no right not to be sued in federal court. Second, a motion to dismiss on Eleventh Amendment grounds involves a claim to a fundamental constitutional protection whose resolution generally will have no bearing on the merits of the underlying action. Third, the value to the States of their constitutional immunity - like the benefits conferred by qualified immunity to individual officials, see Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 - is for the most part lost as litigation proceeds past motion practice, such that the denial order will be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. Respondent's claim that the Amendment does not confer immunity from suit, but merely a defense to liability, misunderstands the role of the [506 U.S. 139, 140] Amendment in our system of federalism, and is rejected. Moreover, there is little basis for respondent's alternative argument that a distinction should be drawn between cases in which the determination of an Eleventh Amendment claim is bound up with factual complexities whose resolution requires trial and cases in which it is not. In any event, the determination of petitioner's Eleventh Amendment status does not appear to implicate any extraordinary factual difficulty, and can be fully explored on remand. Pp. 142-147.
945 F.2d 10, (CA1 1991) reversed and remanded.
WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which REHNQUIST, C.J., and BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, SOUTER, and THOMAS, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, J., filed a concurring opinion. STEVENS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 148.
Richard Taranto argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were Perry M. Rosen, Paige E. Reffe, and Michael T. Brady.
Peter W. Sipkins argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Michael J. Wahoske, Paul R. Dieseth, Carol A. Peterson, and Jay A. Garcia-Gregory. *
[ Footnote * ] Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal were filed for the State of Ohio et al. by Lee Fisher, Attorney General of Ohio, and Patrick A. Devine and Andrew I. Sutter, Assistant Attorneys General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective jurisdictions as follows: James H. Evans of Alabama, Grant Woods of Arizona, Winston Bryant of Arkansas, Daniel E. Lungren of California, Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut, Robert A. Butterworth of Florida, Michael J. Bowers of Georgia, Elizabeth Barrett-Anderson of Guam, Warren Price III of Hawaii, Larry EchoHawk of Idaho, Roland W. Burris of Illinois, Linley E. Pearson of Indiana, Bonnie J. Campbell of Iowa, Robert T. Stephan of Kansas, Chris Gorman of Kentucky, Michael E. Carpenter of Maine, Scott Harshbarger of Massachusetts, Frank J. Kelley of Michigan, Mike Moore of Mississippi, William L. Webster of Missouri, Marc Racicot of Montana, Frankie Sue Del Papa of Nevada, Robert J. Del Tufo of New Jersey, Tom Udall of New Mexico, Robert Abrams of New York, Lacy H. Thornburg of North Carolina, Nicholas J. Spaeth of North Dakota, Robert C. Naraja of Northern Mariana Islands, Susan Loving of Oklahoma, Charles Crookham of Oregon, Ernest D. Preate, Jr., of Pennsylvania, Jorge E. Perez Diaz of Puerto Rico, James E. O'Neil of Rhode Island, T. Travis Medlock of South Carolina, Mark W. Barnett of South Dakota, Charles W. Burson of Tennessee, Dan Morales of Texas, Paul Van Dam of Utah, Jeffrey L. Amestoy of Vermont, Mary [506 U.S. 139, 141] Sue Terry of Virginia, Kenneth Eikenberry of Washington, Mario J. Palumbo of West Virginia, James E. Doyle of Wisconsin, and Joseph B. Meyer of Wyoming; and for the Council of State Governments et al. by Richard Ruda, Michael G. Dzialo, and Clifton S. Elgarten.
JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.
The question before the Court is whether a district court order denying a claim by a State or a state entity to Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal court may be appealed under the collateral order doctrine of Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 (1949). We conclude that it may.
Petitioner, the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA), is "an autonomous government instrumentality" which functions to "provide to the inhabitants of Puerto Rico an adequate drinking water, sanitary sewage service and any other service or facility proper or incidental thereto." P.R.Laws Ann., Tit. 22, 142, 144 (1987). In 1985, PRASA entered into a consent decree with the federal Environmental Protection Agency under which it agreed to upgrade many of its wastewater treatment plants to ensure compliance with the federal Clean Water Act. PRASA subsequently contracted with respondent, a private engineering firm incorporated in Delaware, to assist it with this task. In 1990, PRASA withheld payments on the contract in light of alleged overcharging by respondent. Respondent brought a diversity action in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, alleging breach of contract and damage to its business reputation.
PRASA moved to dismiss on the grounds that it was an "arm of the State," and that the Eleventh Amendment therefore prohibited the suit. 1 The District Court found that [506 U.S. 139, 142] petitioner did not qualify for immunity "because of its ability to raise funds for payment of its contractual obligations which do not affect the Commonwealth's funds," and denied the motion. App. to Pet. for Cert. A-9. PRASA filed a timely notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, and sought to stay proceedings while the appeal was pending. The court denied the stay and subsequently dismissed the appeal for want of jurisdiction, 945 F.2d 10, 14 (1991), concluding that First Circuit precedent barred both States and their agencies from taking an immediate appeal on a claim of Eleventh Amendment immunity. Id., at 12 (discussing Libby v. Marshall, 833 F.2d 402 (CA1 1987)).
In light of the conflict between the decision below and those of the other Courts of Appeals that have considered the issue, we granted certiorari. 2 503 U.S. 918 (1992).
Title 28 U.S.C. 1291 provides for appeal from "final decisions of the district courts." Appeal is thereby precluded "from any decision which is tentative, informal or incomplete," as well as from any "fully consummated decisions, where they are but steps towards final judgment in which they will merge." Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S., at 546 . Nevertheless, a judgment that is [506 U.S. 139, 143] not the complete and final judgment in a case will be immediately appealable if it
The Court has held that orders denying individual officials' claims of absolute and qualified immunity are among those that fall within the ambit of Cohen. See Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982); Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985). Mitchell bears particularly on the present case. There, the Attorney General of the United States appealed from a district court order denying his motion to dismiss on grounds of qualified immunity. 3 The Court of Appeals held that the order was not appealable, and remanded the case for trial. We reversed, holding that the order denying qualified immunity was a collateral order immediately appealable under Cohen. We found that, absent immediate appeal, the central benefits of qualified immunity - avoiding the costs and general consequences of subjecting public officials to the [506 U.S. 139, 144] risks of discovery and trial - would be forfeited, much as the benefit of the bond requirement would have been forfeited in Cohen. "The entitlement is an immunity from suit, rather than a mere defense to liability; and like an absolute immunity, it is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial." Mitchell, supra, at 526 (emphasis in original).
Petitioner maintains, and we agree, that the same rationale ought to apply to claims of Eleventh Amendment immunity made by States and state entities possessing a claim to share in that immunity. Under the terms of the Amendment, "[t]he Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State. . . ." U.S. Const., Amdt. 11. This withdrawal of jurisdiction effectively confers an immunity from suit. Thus, "this Court has consistently held that an unconsenting State is immune from suits brought in federal courts by her own citizens as well as by citizens of another State." Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 662 -663 (1974). Absent waiver, neither a State nor agencies acting under its control may "be subject to suit in federal court." Welch v. Texas Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation, 483 U.S. 468, 480 (1987) (plurality opinion); see also Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 66 (1989); Cory v. White, 457 U.S. 85, 90 -91 (1982); Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781 (1978) (per curiam); Mt. Healthy City Bd. of Ed. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 280 (1977).
Once it is established that a State and its "arms" are, in effect, immune from suit in federal court, it follows that the elements of the Cohen collateral order doctrine are satisfied. "To come within the "small class" of . . . Cohen, the order must 1. conclusively determine the disputed question, 2. resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and 3. be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment." Coopers & Lybrand v. [506 U.S. 139, 145] Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468 (1978) (footnote omitted). Denials of States' and state entities' claims to Eleventh Amendment immunity purport to be conclusive determinations that they have no right not to be sued in federal court. Moreover, a motion by a State or its agents to dismiss on Eleventh Amendment grounds involves a claim to a fundamental constitutional protection, cf. Lauro Lines s.r.l. v. Chasser, 490 U.S. 495, 502 -503 (1989) (SCALIA, J., concurring), whose resolution generally will have no bearing on the merits of the underlying action. Finally, the value to the States of their Eleventh Amendment immunity, like the benefit conferred by qualified immunity to individual officials, is for the most part lost as litigation proceeds past motion practice. 4
Respondent, following the rationale of the First Circuit in this case and in Libby v. Marshall, 833 F.2d 402 (1987), maintains that the Eleventh Amendment does not confer immunity from suit, but merely a defense to liability. Were this true, petitioner arguably would not be entitled to avail itself of the collateral order doctrine. See, e.g., Van Cauwenberghe v. Biard, 486 U.S. 517, 526 -527 (1988). Support for this narrow view of the Eleventh Amendment is drawn mainly from Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), under which suits seeking prospective, but not compensatory or other retrospective, relief may be brought against state officials in federal court challenging the constitutionality of official conduct enforcing state law. [506 U.S. 139, 146]
The doctrine of Ex parte Young, which ensures that state officials do not employ the Eleventh Amendment as a means of avoiding compliance with federal law, is regarded as carving out a necessary exception to Eleventh Amendment immunity. See, e.g., Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 68 (1985). Moreover, the exception is narrow: It applies only to prospective relief, does not permit judgments against state officers declaring that they violated federal law in the past, id., at 73, and has no application in suits against the States and their agencies, which are barred regardless of the relief sought, Cory v. White, supra. Rather than defining the nature of Eleventh Amendment immunity, Young and its progeny render the Amendment wholly inapplicable to a certain class of suits. Such suits are deemed to be against officials, and not the States or their agencies, which retain their immunity against all suits in federal court.
More generally, respondent's claim that the Eleventh Amendment confers only protection from liability misunderstands the role of the Amendment in our system of federalism: "[T]he very object and purpose of the 11th Amendment were to prevent the indignity of subjecting a State to the coercive process of judicial tribunals at the instance of private parties." In re Ayers, 123 U.S. 443, 505 (1887). The Amendment is rooted in a recognition that the States, although a union, maintain certain attributes of sovereignty, including sovereign immunity. See Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 13 (1890). It thus accords the States the respect owed them as members of the federation. While application of the collateral order doctrine in this type of case is justified in part by a concern that States not be unduly burdened by litigation, its ultimate justification is the importance of ensuring that the States' dignitary interests can be fully vindicated. 5 [506 U.S. 139, 147]
Respondent argues in the alternative that a distinction should be drawn between cases in which the determination of a State or state agency's claim to Eleventh Amendment immunity is bound up with factual complexities whose resolution requires trial and cases in which it is not. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 30-32; cf. Dube v. State University of New York, 900 F.2d 587, 594 (CA2 1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1211 (1991) (immediate appeal will lie where immunity can be found as a matter of law). On this view, for example, an order denying a motion to dismiss a suit against a named State would be immediately appealable, whereas the same order, when issued in a suit which presents difficult factual questions as to whether an agency is an "arm of the State," would not. We see little basis for drawing such a line. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S., at 527 -529, and n. 10. In any event, it does not appear to us that the determination of PRASA's status under the Eleventh Amendment implicates any extraordinary factual difficulty, and the issue of its entitlement to immunity can be fully explored in the Court of Appeals on remand.
We hold that States and state entities that claim to be "arms of the State" may take advantage of the collateral order doctrine to appeal a district court order denying a claim of Eleventh Amendment immunity. The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[ Footnote 2 ] See Dube v. Sate University of New York, 900 F.2d 587, 594 (CA2 1990), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1211 (1991); Coakley v. Welch, 877 F.2d 304, 305 (CA4), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 976 (1989); Chrissy F. v. Mississippi Dept. of Pub. Welfare, 925 F.2d 844, 848-849 (CA5 1991); Kroll v. Board of Trustees of University of Illinois, 934 F.2d 904, 906 (CA7), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 941 (1991); Barnes v. Missouri, 960 F.2d 63, 64 (CA8 1992) (per curiam); Durning v. Citibank, N.A., 950 F.2d 1419, 1422 (CA9 1991); Schopler v. Bliss, 903 F.2d 1373, 1377 (CA11 1990) (per curiam).
[ Footnote 3 ] The District Court also denied absolute immunity. This order was held appealable by he Court of Appeals, and was affirmed, as it was by us. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S., at 520 .
[ Footnote 4 ] The result reached today was largely anticipated by Ex parte New York, 256 U.S. 490 (1921). There, private citizens brought an in rem libel action in Federal District Court against ships chartered and operated by New York State. New York moved to dismiss on the ground that the action was in the nature of an in personam proceeding, and was thus barred by the Eleventh Amendment. When the District Court denied the motion, the State applied to the Court for a writ of prohibition. Although noting that the State's interest could be pressed on appeal, id., at 497, the Court issued the extraordinary writ in order to vindicate fully the "fundamental" constitutional rule that a State may not be sued in federal court without its consent, id., at 497, 503.
[ Footnote 5 ] For this reason, the First Circuit's attempt to distinguish Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985), on the grounds that the States, as compared to individual officials, are better able to bear the burden of litigation, [506 U.S. 139, 147] fails. See Libby v. Marshall, 833 F.2d 402, 406 (1987). The Eleventh Amendment is concerned not only with the States' ability to withstand suit, but with their privilege not to be sued.
JUSTICE BLACKMUN, concurring.
I join the Court's opinion, but write separately to make plain once again my position on one feature. I continue to [506 U.S. 139, 148] believe that the Court's interpretation of the Eleventh Amendment as embodying a broad principle of state immunity from suit in federal court "simply cannot be reconciled with the federal system envisioned by our Basic Document and its Amendments ." Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 303 (1985) (BLACKMUN, J., dissenting). Nevertheless, because I believe that the Eleventh Amendment does preserve a State's immunity from suit in the limited context of an action by a citizen of another State or of a foreign country on a state law cause of action brought in federal court, id., at 301 (Brennan, J., dissenting), a claim of immunity under the Eleventh Amendment ought to be appealable immediately. Whether the assertion of an Eleventh Amendment claim is well founded - a matter not before us in this case, see ante, at 141-142, n. 1 - is a question separate from the question whether the Eleventh Amendment interests are "too important to be denied review and too independent of the cause itself to require that appellate consideration be deferred until the whole case is adjudicated." Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546 (1949). Because I believe that the Eleventh Amendment does guarantee immunity from suit in a narrow class of cases, I concur in the Court's opinion and judgment that, regardless of the merits, a district court's denial of a claim of immunity under the Eleventh Amendment should be appealable immediately. See Sullivan v. Finkelstein, 496 U.S. 617, 632 (1990) (opinion concurring in judgment).
JUSTICE STEVENS, dissenting.
This case arises out of a commercial dispute between respondent, a private engineering firm, and the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA or Authority). The parties entered into a multimillion dollar contract providing for the construction of extensive improvements to Puerto Rico's wastewater treatment facilities. Respondent brought suit in the Federal District Court for the District of [506 U.S. 139, 149] Puerto Rico alleging breach of contract. The Authority filed a motion to dismiss, claiming that the action was barred by the Eleventh Amendment. The District Court concluded that the claim had no merit, and denied the motion to dismiss. The Court of Appeals dismissed PRASA's appeal from that order because it was not final within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. 1291.
If the Authority were a private litigant engaged in a commercial dispute, it would be perfectly clear that the dismissal of its appeal was required by our precedents. For the denial of a motion to dismiss on jurisdictional grounds - a motion that asserts that the defendant cannot be sued in a particular forum - is not a final order within the meaning of 1291. Van Cauwenberghe v. Biard, 486 U.S. 517, 526 -527 (1988); Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 236 (1945). In this case, PRASA makes the same assertion - namely, that it may not be sued in a federal forum, but rather must be sued in another court. Brief for Petitioner 4-5.
Nonetheless, despite our decisions in Biard and Catlin, the Court holds that, when a State or state entity claiming to be an "arm of the State" asserts that it cannot be sued in a federal forum because of the Eleventh Amendment, the "final decision" rule must give way, and the claim must be subject to immediate appellate review. The Court reasons that such a claim is analogous to a government official's claim of absolute or qualified immunity, which we have held is subject to interlocutory appeal. Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982); Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985). I cannot agree.
The defense of absolute or qualified immunity is designed to shield government officials from liability for their official conduct. In the absence of such a defense, we have held, "officials would hesitate to exercise their discretion in a way injuriously affecting the claims of particular individuals even when the public interest required bold and unhesitating action." Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S., at 744 -745 (internal [506 U.S. 139, 150] quotation marks and citation omitted). Because the specter of a long and contentious legal proceeding, in and of itself, would inhibit government officials from exercising their authority with the freedom and independence necessary to serve the public interest, we have held that claims of absolute or qualified immunity are subject to immediate appeal. Id., at 742-743; Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S., at 526 -527.
While the Eleventh Amendment defense available to States and state entities is often labeled an "immunity," that label is virtually all that it has in common with the defense of absolute or qualified immunity. In contrast to the latter, a defense based on the Eleventh Amendment, even when the Amendment is read at its broadest, does not contend that the State or state entity is shielded from liability for its conduct, but only that the federal courts are without jurisdiction over claims against the State or state entity. See ante, at 114. Nothing in the Eleventh Amendment bars respondent from seeking recovery in a different forum. Indeed, as noted above, petitioner acknowledges that it is not seeking immunity for its conduct, but merely that the suit be brought in the courts of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Brief for Petitioner 4-5.
Plainly, then, the interests underlying our decisions allowing immediate appeal of claims of absolute or qualified immunity do not apply when the so-called "immunity" is one based on the Eleventh Amendment. Whether petitioner must bear the burden, expense, and distraction of litigation stemming from its contractual dispute with respondent has nothing whatsoever to do with the Eleventh Amendment; the Eleventh Amendment only determines where, or more precisely, where not, that suit may be brought. * Because the Amendment goes to the jurisdiction of the federal court, as opposed to the underlying liability of the State or state entity, [506 U.S. 139, 151] Biard and Catlin, not Nixon and Mitchell, are the relevant precedent for determining whether PRASA's claim is subject to interlocutory appeal.
If indeed the interests underlying our decisions permitting immediate appeal of claims of absolute or qualified immunity do not apply to a State or state entity's objection to federal jurisdiction on Eleventh Amendment grounds, what then is driving the Court to hold that PRASA's claim under the Eleventh Amendment is subject to immediate appeal? The Court tells us, ante, at 146: "[The] ultimate justification is the importance of ensuring that the States' dignitary interests can be fully vindicated." Whereas a private litigant must suffer through litigation in a federal tribunal despite his claim that the court lacks jurisdiction, e.g., Biard and Catlin, a State or state entity must be protected from the "indignity"of having to present its case - as to both the court's jurisdiction and the underlying me merits - in the neutral forum of a federal district court.
I find that rationale to be embarrassingly insufficient. The mandate of 1291 that appellate jurisdiction be limited to "final decisions of the district courts" is not predicated upon "mer[e] technical conceptions of `finality,'" Catlin, 324 U.S., at 233 , but serves important interests concerning the fair and efficient administration of justice. The "final decision" rule preserves the independence of the trial judge and conserves the judicial resources that are necessarily expended by piecemeal appeals. Moreover, and of particular relevance to this case, it serves an important "fairness" purpose by preventing "the obstruction to just claims that would come from permitting the harassment and cost of a succession of separate appeals from the various rulings to which a litigation may give rise. . . ." Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord, 449 U.S. 368, 374 (1981) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Sacrificing those interests in the name of preserving the freedom and independence that government officials need to carry out their official duties [506 U.S. 139, 152] is one thing; doing so out of concern for the "dignitary" interest of a State or, in this case, a state aqueduct and sewer authority, is quite another.
For me, the balance of interests is easy. The cost to the courts and the parties of permitting piecemeal litigation of this sort clearly outweighs whatever benefit to their "dignity" States or state entities might derive by having their Eleventh Amendment claims subject to immediate appellate review. I would therefore hold, as did the court below, that the denial of a motion to dismiss on Eleventh Amendment grounds is not subject to immediate appellate review. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
[ Footnote * ] Not surprisingly, we have expressly characterized the Eleventh Amendment defense, albeit in a different context, as "partak[ing] . . . of a jurisdictional bar." Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 678 (1974). [506 U.S. 139, 153]
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Kanchipuram cotton
Kanchipuram silk sarees are traditionally in the village called Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu, India. For years now, Kanchipuram silk sarees have dominated the world of South Indian sarees. Synonymous with the sarees of South India, these are the mark of culture for every south Indian wedding, ceremony or occasion. The shine and durability of the fabric have made these Sarees popular attire among women across the globe. The rich quality combined with an amazing finish make them last longer. Their shine and durability is what makes them one of the most attractive traditional sarees of India. The story of the Kanchipuram saree has a deep meaning attached to it. The silk saree bears the images of all the scriptures embossed on the walls of the temples of the Kanchipuram village. The motifs used today have evolved over a period of time, however, the Kanchipuram silk saree has still not lost its importance. The raw material used in this saree is the famous Mulberry silk from Karnataka. It is an extremely finely woven saree and its charm lies in the fact that it uses a double warp and weft technique. To add a little more shine to the saree, zari is also used. Kanchipuram silk sarees used to a 9 yard saree traditionally, however, now it has become a 6 yard saree incorporated with zari still keeping the shine intact

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monday, November 15, 2010
Thinking of You Card with NEW Paper Lace Cricut Cartridge!
It's a basic 5" x 5" card. The background swirl layer was cut at 4-3/4" and has two layers (dark purple and lighter purple). The "thinking of you" word art and flower were also cut using the Cricut at 2".
The "M" on the envelope, as well as that shadowed flower, is also from this cartridge.
Thanks for looking!
Subscribe to Obsessed with Scrapbooking to learn more about ways to use the Cricut in your scrapbooking!
34 comments:
- AnonymousNovember 15, 2010 at 9:13 AM
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- AnonymousNovember 15, 2010 at 9:13 AM
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bswinch at aol dot com
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Linda A
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- Linda JammeNovember 15, 2010 at 6:15 PM
Thanks for the heads up on the Wal-Mart after Thanksgiving sale. I heard they will open at midnight. Crazy.ReplyDelete
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I am thankful to you and others who post these blogs so that people like me (with no imagination) can learn tips and tricks from you. Thanks a bunch!
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Donna C.
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- AnonymousNovember 16, 2010 at 7:04 AM
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Thanks so much !!
Joan Smith
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Love your card with the colors and lace.ReplyDelete
I would love to win this cart.
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text:
Archived Book Blitz – The Key by Jennifer Anne Davis
~ Schedule ~
The Key by Jennifer Anne Davis:
- Laurie @ Laurie's Thoughts and Reviews
- Jaidis @ Juniper Grove
- Flora @ From the Bootheel Cotton Patch
- Amber @ The Wonderings of One Person
- Marcy @ Marcy Rachel Designs
- CCAM @ Mythical Books
- Cassandra @ Cassandra Lost in Books
- Jessica @ Jess's Book Blog
- Tanya @ The Book Obsessed Momma
- Amanda @ Xscape From Reality With A Book
- Liberty Ann @ Not My Circus, Not My Monkeys
- Christy @ Christy's Written Word of Love
- Kristy @ Whispering Pretty Stories
- S.Cu'Anam @ Cu's eBook Giveaways
- Susan @ Cruising Susan Reviews
- Dawn @ Dawn's Reading Nook
- Stacey @ Reading Rain Blog
- Burgandy Ice @ Colorimetry
~ About the Book ~
Title: The Key
Author: Jennifer Anne Davis
Published: November 15th, 2013
Word Count: 80,000
Genre: YA Fantasy Romance
Recommended Age: 14+
~ Synopsis ~
Within these pages lie kingdoms with castles and princes who fall in love with fair maidens, but make no mistake−this is no fairytale.
His father's kingdom is on the brink of upheaval and at the center of it all is an ordinary girl who could be the key to its undoing. When faced with the ultimate choice, will he choose the girl he's falling in love with or the kingdom he has sworn to protect?
An ordinary girl with an extraordinary past. All she wants is to be free. What she doesn't realize is that freedom comes with a price she can't afford to pay. She's forced to accept the proposal of a prince she despises, even though her heart belongs to someone else . . . his brother.
Seventeen-year-old Rema lives in a brutal kingdom where travel between regions is forbidden, people are starving, and looking at someone the wrong way can mean death. Nineteen-year-old Darmik is the king's son and Commander of the King's Army. He spends his days roving the island, doing his father's bidding and trying to maintain control over the people.
When a chance encounter throws Rema and Darmik together, they share an instantaneous connection, but any sort of relationship between them is strictly forbidden. Darmik's brother, the Crown Prince, notices Darmik's interest in Rema and, in a calculated, political move, blackmails her. Faced with an impossible choice, Rema is forced to sacrifice her heart in order to save her family.
As Rema is taken to the palace with the Crown Prince, Darmik confronts the growing rumor that a legitimate blood heir to the throne exists and is trying to overthrow Darmik's family. In Darmik's quest to hunt down and kill the threat, he discovers that nothing is as it seems. Locked in the king's castle, Rema finds herself a key player in a massive power struggle. When Darmik shows up, she's not sure if she can trust him. The line between friends, enemies, and loyalty becomes blurred. As truths are unlocked, Rema understands that she just might be the key to finding the rightful heir and restoring peace to the kingdom… if she can manage to stay alive long enough.
~ About the Author ~
Jennifer graduated from the University of San Diego with a degree in English and a teaching credential. Afterwards, she finally married her best friend and high school sweetheart. Jennifer is currently a full-time writer and mother of three young children. Her days are spent living in imaginary worlds and fueling her own kids' creativity.
Amazon Author Page | Facebook | Twitter | GoodReads | Blog | Website
~ Excerpt ~
Rema politely curtsied. Prince Lennek stepped forward, closing the distance between them. The music started and he placed his hands on her, expertly gliding her around the dance floor. At first Rema was afraid she would trip over her own feet and fall, embarrassing herself and probably meeting everyone's expectations, but she didn't. Surprise washed through her, especially since she hadn't danced with anyone other than her aunt and uncle. But Lennek was dancing a basic four-step foot pattern of which she was well acquainted.
"We haven't properly met," Prince Lennek commented. His voice was soft and smooth, like butter. She had the urge to reach out and caress his handsome face. He looked very much like his brother, Prince Darmik. Even Prince Lennek's tattoo was similar to his brother's, although Lennek's black swirls appeared more like knives than flames, especially when the light shone on the silver in the marks. Rema forced herself to focus on the prince's face, instead of his body.
"No, we haven't met, Your Highness," Rema said sarcastically, wanting to stand her ground. She wouldn't allow him to see the slightest amount of infatuation or intimidation on her part. "So I find it rather interesting that you would summon me here. You are aware that I am engaged to be married?"
He twirled Rema around and pulled her back to him, his eyes sparkling with amusement. Rema felt everyone watching and appraising her. She tried to focus on the dance and Lennek, not allowing the people's silent judgments to overwhelm her thoughts.
"I am Prince Lennek and you are Rema, the local horse merchant's niece." His voice was seductive. "And yes, you are currently engaged." His head bent forward, his lips only inches from her ear. "But things can change. Nothing is set in stone," he whispered.
She wasn't sure what he was implying. Did he know she secretly didn't want to marry? His strong arm slid lower on her back. Rema stumbled, but Prince Lennek changed directions, keeping her upright. She quickly regained her footing, only missing one beat.
"Who taught you to dance?" he pleasantly asked.
Her thoughts refocused on Lennek. "My aunt."
"Interesting. Most people in the merchant class do not know the dances of the upper class—especially dances done with royalty." His eyes held a questioning look, awaiting her answer.
"We are dancing 'The Courting Dance,'" Rema replied. "It was so named because it is only danced at court, also because it is usually done when a member of the royal family has decided to court someone. It reveals his intentions to his court."
Lennek's eyebrows lifted up, surprised. "Why do you know the dance, then?" he inquired.
Was he insulting her? Before she could think her response through, she said, "Perhaps my aunt thought such a beautiful dance shouldn't be wasted on a select group of people who truly can't appreciate it." She smiled sweetly.
"Do you have an answer to everything?" he asked, amused.
"Usually," she replied, holding her head high.
Prince Lennek laughed and twirled her around again. This time, he pulled her in a little closer. Rema's chest touched his. His warm hand held her tight. Without meaning to, she glanced up into his eyes. There was something hypnotic about them, and she was unable to look away.
"I am so glad you wandered into my life." Prince Lennek chuckled, like it was a private joke. "You are the key to everything."
The music ended and the prince glanced away from her, breaking the spell. She stepped back, about to return to her seat when Lennek grabbed her arm.
Shocked, Rema stared at him. His smile vanished. His eyes were cold, as if a mask had been ripped from his face. She tried to step away, but his grip only tightened.
"What do you want?" she whispered.
It felt like spiders crawling over her skin. "You can't have me," she said.
His features softened. "Really? We'll see." He snickered, his mask of charm instantaneously back on and the harshness gone.
Prince Lennek motioned for his steward.
"Rema is leaving the party now."
~ Giveaway ~
Stay You & Happy Reading,


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Robin Roberts is back home — one month after undergoing a bone-marrow transplant to battle a rare blood disease.
"I am finally home," Roberts wrote in a message posted on abcnews.com.
Roberts, 51, is battling MDS, a blood disorder believed to be triggered by chemotherapy drugs. Roberts underwent chemo while battling breast cancer in 2007.
Last month, she underwent a bone-marrow transplant in a midtown hospital. The donor was her big sister, Sally-Ann.
"My sisters Sally-Ann and Dorothy were here to help me make the transition," Roberts wrote about her homecoming. "I'll be adding that to the long list of things for which I am grateful.
"Least of all, my new and improved bone marrow thanks to Sally-Ann. My doctors tell me her cells are making themselves right at home and with the grace of God, I pray that they will continue to do so."
Roberts has been off "Good Morning America" since late August, and expects to return to the show when she's strong enough.
"This doesn't mean that my journey is over. Far from it," she wrote. "I am considered 21 days old. That's how long it has been since my transplant. Remember when you brought your baby home for the first time? Your precious bundle didn't leave the house much and you were careful that anyone who came in contact with your child was healthy.
"So I will still be resting away from 'GMA' until I'm given the all clear, but sleeping in my own bed again feels like a big victory."


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Tioman Island (locally known as Gunung Daik Bercabang Tiga) is a small island located 32 km off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia in the state of Pahang, and is some 39 km long and 12 km wide. It has eight main villages, the largest and most populous being Kampung Tekek in the north. The densely forested island is sparsely inhabited, and is surrounded by numerous coral reefs, making it a popular scuba diving spot. There are also a lot of resorts and chalets around the island which has duty free status.
Its beaches were depicted in the 1958 movie, South Pacific as Bali Hai. In the 1970s, TIME Magazine selected Tioman as one of the world's most beautiful islands.
Apart from its diverse marine life, the inland rainforest area, encompassing approximately 12,383 hectares, in Tioman is a strictly enforced nature reserve. There are several protected species of mammals on the island, including the Binturong, Long-tailed Macaque, Slow Loris, Black Giant Squirrel, Red Giant Flying Squirrel, Mouse deer, Brush-tailed Porcupine, and Common Palm Civet, from a total of 45 species of mammals and 138 species of birds, including the majestic Frigatebird. Moreover, Tioman has species that are endemic to its shores. The soft-shelled turtle and the Tioman walking catfish are both unique and can be seen on rainforest walks
Tioman Island was the first discovered by Chinese and Arabs seafarers and traders around thousand years ago. Tioman was named one of the ten most beautiful islands in the world.Today ,its one of the best locations along the East Coast of Penisular Malaysia to dive, snorkel or just relax and enjoy the tranquility of the sea and the beaches.It is one of the hot spots for scuba diving with some 20 dive sites all located within less than 30 minute boat ride from the main villages such Salang Bay and Ayer Batang. Tioman lies in the South China Sea,just on the edge of the famous coral triangle where most species of coral,fish and other marine life are found. The underwater scenery is made out of large granite boulders, densely covered in soft corals,hards corals and gorgonian sea fans.If you go beyond 20 meters deep often encompass the rare black corals as well. These rock formations and corals gardens are a perfect nursery ground for an abundance of fish species which themselves again attract predators such as barracudas, travellies and even sharks. Sea turtles are seen on some 70% for all dives and there is not a dive where you don't find amazing macro creatures such as colorful nudibranchs.
For those with deeper thoughts some amazing World War II wrecks such as the famous British battleship HMS Repulse are waiting some 46 nautical miles north of Tioman Island.Those wrecks however lie in waters of 55 meters and beyond and are therefore reserved for divers with technical diving certification and experince


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ZIA230 Netted sequin gown
ZIA230 Netted sequin gown
Please read the product description in detail before placing an order, GST and Shipping costs will be applicable for all our products.
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Weasyl site update: web.py to Pyramid
Posted by skylerbunny
Hello, Weasylers,
Today we're deploying an internal change to Weasyl: Switching our web framework from web.py to Pyramid, a change which will make our project easier to maintain and enhance.
This change is internal and shouldn't affect your user experience. However, it is a substantive overhaul and there may be some bugs we missed. If you experience strange site behavior , please report it in this forum thread or contact @WeasylDev on twitter.
Weasyl is an open source project run by volunteers. For the curious, we have a github page and gitter chatroom.


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Secretary Clinton Remarks With Foreign Minister of Kazakhstan Yerlan Idrisov After Their Meeting
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Secretary of State
Treaty Room
Washington, DC
October 3, 2012
SECRETARY CLINTON: Good afternoon, everyone. I am delighted to welcome a very well known figure here to the State Department and to have this opportunity to greet him as Foreign Minister. But before I turn to the issues that bring us together today, let me say a few words about a subject that I know is on many people's minds.
There are continuing questions about what exactly happened in Benghazi on that night three weeks ago. And we will not rest until we answer those questions and until we track down the terrorists who killed our people. Active efforts are also underway to determine who was responsible and bring them to justice.
We have already formed an Accountability Review Board to examine this attack and to explore how we can prevent anything like this from happening in the future. The board is beginning its work this week under the leadership of Ambassador Thomas Pickering. The board's mandate is to determine whether our security systems and procedures in Benghazi were appropriate in light of the threat environment, whether those systems and procedures were properly implemented, and any lessons that may be relevant to our work around the world.
The men and women who serve this country as diplomats deserve no less than a full and accurate accounting, wherever that leads. And I am committed to seeking that for them and for those who made the ultimate sacrifice in service to our nation.
No one wants to determine what happened that night in Benghazi more than the President and I do. No one is more committed to ensuring it doesn't happen again. And nobody will hold this Department more accountable than we hold ourselves, because we served with and we knew the four men we lost. They are not just names or profiles to us. They are our colleagues and our friends.
In our initial reviews over the past two weeks, we have worked closely with other agencies, and we have learned a number of things. We will continue to learn more in the days to come. We are committed to a process that is as transparent as possible while balancing the needs of the investigations underway. It will take time before we have a complete understanding of what actually did happen. But still, I am asking the board to move as quickly as possible without sacrificing diligence and accuracy. In the interim, we will continue to provide as much accurate information as we can to the public and to the Congress.
As I've been saying for four years, our diplomats and development experts are on the front lines, just like our troops. And the entire United States Government needs to work together to protect them. We will not retreat. We will keep leading, and we will stay engaged everywhere in the world, including in those hard places where America's interests and security are at stake. That is the best way to honor those whom we have lost.
Now let me say again what a pleasure it is to welcome Foreign Minister Idrisov here to Washington in his new capacity. He served here for five years as Kazakhstan's ambassador, so we already know him as a friend and partner. And I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Foreign Minister for Kazakhstan's strong statements in support of the United States and the duty to protect diplomats following the Benghazi attack.
Today we discussed the many ways our nations are enhancing our cooperation through our Strategic Partnership Dialogue. As a critical link in the Northern Distribution Network, Kazakhstan is part of our efforts to supply and support our troops in Afghanistan. And Kazakhstan is looking forward to a future of greater regional cooperation and economic integration after the security transition ends in 2014. They have pledged to support the Afghan National Security Forces. They are focusing on infrastructure projects and training Afghan officials.
Kazakhstan has also embraced the Vision for a New Silk Road that will strengthen the region's economic ties, where goods and people can move freely throughout the region. I thanked the Minister for everything that Kazakhstan is doing to promote stability and prosperity in Afghanistan and elsewhere.
We discussed Kazakhstan's program of economic and democratic reforms at home. Kazakhstan is working to strengthen its institutions, including its newly elected parliament. And I assured the Foreign Minister that the United States will continue to support this path toward becoming a modern democracy.
At the same time, I did express the importance of continuing to strengthen space for the development of civil society. A strong civil society is essential to an effective democracy, and we urge that all human rights be protected. In this regard, I did express concern over a new religion law, and made the point that its implementation should not restrict the right of people to worship peacefully.
Finally, we talked about our partnership on nuclear nonproliferation, disarmament, and security. I thanked the Foreign Minister for Kazakhstan's work with the IAEA to establish an international nuclear fuel bank. And we discussed our shared commitment to seeing Iran come into full compliance with its UN Security Council and Nonproliferation Treaty obligations.
Our nations have enjoyed more than 20 years of diplomatic relations. And as we enter this third decade of partnership, I look forward to seeing new ways and new opportunities for our countries to work together.
Thank you so much, Minister.
FOREIGN MINISTER IDRISOV: Thank you, Madam Secretary, for your kind words. I'm really happy to see friends in the room. Jill, we had the tradition of having breakfast together, and I think it's my turn now, and I invite you to Kazakhstan for the next breakfast we have.
Madam Secretary, dear friends, it's a lucky coincidence for me to have the opportunity to end my five year tour in Washington, D.C., and to start my new job as Foreign Minister for Kazakhstan by having a meeting with an outstanding statesman, outstanding diplomat, Secretary Clinton. I'm not yet seasoned as she is. Therefore my statement will be very brief. Over the years of Kazakhstan's young independence, our nations have built a relationship which is robust, dynamic, and broad, covering vast areas ranging from nuclear nonproliferation to energy partnership, nation building, and regional security.
I will try to do my best to make sure that our relations go from strength to strength to the benefit of our nations, our region, and the entire world.
Thank you, Madam Secretary.
SECRETARY CLINTON: Thank you so much.
FOREIGN MINISTER IDRISOV: Thank you.
MS. NULAND: We'll take three questions today. Let's start with CBS. Margaret Brennan, please.
QUESTION: Thank you. Madam Secretary, were their multiple requests for increased security in Tripoli and Benghazi, and can you address whether Washington or your office rejected those requests?
SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, let me start by cautioning everyone against seizing on any single statement or piece of information to draw final conclusions. It's essential that we go through all of the information and the entire context so that we can get a full and complete accurate understanding of what happened. I take this responsibility very seriously, and I believe that our diplomats, our leaders, and the American people deserve a rigorous, serious, careful process.
Now, we are already working with Congress and the relevant committees, and we will continue to respond to questions and requests in a cooperative way. As a former member of Congress, I deeply understand as well as anyone the important role that Congress is playing and should play in this effort. I am aware, too, that many people are eager for answers. So am I, Margaret, and no one wants the answers more than we do here at the Department. And now based on the reviews so far, we're developing a better understanding of what happened, but we have a lot of work to do to give complete and accurate responses to all the questions and statements that are swirling out there.
So we have to keep working through lots of documents and talking to scores of individuals before we have a definitive accounting. Over the course of this review, there will naturally be a number of statements made, some of which will be borne out, and some of which will not. So let's establish all the facts before we jump to any conclusions, and let's do so so that we can get to the bottom of what did happen.
So I'm asking the board to move as quickly as possible without sacrificing accuracy. In the interim, we will provide as much accurate information to the Congress and the public along the way. I think it's really very important for us to do this in a rigorous, careful way, because I have observed over the course of many years, as a lawyer, as someone in public life, that at the beginning of any kind of inquiry or investigation, there's going to be different perspectives, different points of view, people trying to present what they believe applies to a certain set of circumstances. But I've also seen how important it is to get everything lined up and analyzed, and that is what we are doing, and we're doing it as expeditiously as possible, and we'll certainly keep you, the Congress, and the public informed.
MS. NULAND: Next one. Alexey Berezin from Khabar TV, please.
QUESTION: We know that a Strategic Partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan is going on, so my question is about the future, about the perspectives of this partnership. So please comment on this one.
SECRETARY CLINTON: Let me say how pleased we are that this Strategic Partnership has already produced results. We are working across a broad range of issues together, and I think it speaks, as the Minister said, to both countries' desire to deepen and strengthen our relationship. We view Kazakhstan as not just a regional presence but a global leader. Certainly when it comes to nonproliferation, there are few countries that can match Kazakhstan's experience and credibility when talking about nonproliferation. We are very grateful for the role that Kazakhstan is taking on with respect to Afghanistan, and I have been privileged, as you know, to visit Kazakhstan, both as First Lady and as Secretary, and to have seen the remarkable developments in such a short period of time in this new – this old nation but new, modern country.
So we think that our strategic partnership reflects where we are today and where we hope to be tomorrow. Minister?
FOREIGN MINISTER IDRISOV: Madam Secretary was so eloquent, there is very little that I have to add. I fully subscribe to what Madam Secretary said. Let me highlight another aspect of our cooperation and our vision is to focus on the region. The region requires so much attention that we have to segment our efforts so that our efforts are successful. Our long-term goal, which is shared by our partners in the West, in the South, to the East, and to the Northeast – to turn our space into a genuine platform for cooperation, a genuine space for win-win scenarios.
So this is the goal we'll be driving ourselves by, and we will continue to count on the very strong shoulder of our American friends.
SECRETARY CLINTON: Thank you.
MS. NULAND: Last one today. Special friend to Kazakhstan – (laughter) – Jill Dougherty of CNN.
QUESTION: (Inaudible), sir, it was very nice of you to say that.
Secretary Clinton, I wanted to ask you about Iran. Today, we are seeing some uprisings – the people obviously very much hurting, very frustrated about the fall of their currency. I know you've said many times you do not want to hurt them, but can you now, at this point, prevent that? And is the ultimate goal to bring down the economy, if that's what it takes, in order to stop Iran's nuclear program?
And in our tradition of just adding another question – but this just happened – the attack on the Turkish border. Turks killed and now there is serious mulling over by the Turks some type of unilateral military action. What's your opinion on that?
SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, Jill, first with respect to Iran, our goal has been and remains to persuade the Iranian regime to negotiate seriously in good faith with the international community over its nuclear program, to fulfill its obligations to the International Atomic Energy Agency and to the United Nations, and to do so expeditiously. We have always said that we had a dual-track approach to this, and one track was trying to put pressure on the Iranian Government to come to the negotiating table and to do just as I have described: to reach a peaceful resolution of the many legitimate questions that surround their nuclear program and ambitions.
I think the Iranian Government deserves responsibility for what is going on inside Iran. And that is who should be held accountable. And I think that they have made their own government decisions, having nothing to do with the sanctions that have had an impact on the economic conditions inside the country. And of course, the sanctions have had an impact as well, but those could be remedied in short order if the Iranian Government were willing to work with the P-5+1 and the rest of the international community in a sincere manner.
With respect to what happened on the Turkey-Syria border, we are outraged that the Syrians have been shooting across the border. We are very regretful about the loss of life that has occurred on the Turkish side. We are working with our Turkish friends. I will be speaking with the Foreign Minister later to discuss what the best way forward would be.
But this also comes down to a regime that is causing untold suffering to its own people, solely driven by their desire to stay in power, aided and abetted by nations like Iran that are standing firmly beside the Assad regime regardless of the damage, the loss of life, the violence that is happening both inside of Syria and now increasingly across Syria's borders with their neighbors.
It's a very, very dangerous situation. And all responsible nations need to band together to persuade the Assad regime to have a ceasefire, quit assaulting their own people, and begin the process of a political transition. So this is an issue that we are seized with and deeply concerned by and will continue working on.
Thank you all.
MS. NULAND: Thank you all very much.
# # #
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text:
World Languages
The Field
Studying language teaches students to broaden their horizons and interpret the world through alternative perspectives. Language deeply affects the way we think about ourselves and how we communicate and interact with others, helping to build connection and understanding as part of a basic liberal education.
In order to succeed in the World Language program students will need to develop strong analytical and critical thinking skills and foster a curiosity and passion for other cultures and peoples.
The World Languages Program at Skyline College
Skyline College's World Languages Program offers a variety of languages that serve our constantly changing Bay Area community and our students. Language courses offer a unique opportunity for students to challenge themselves to expand their worlds and enrich their lives. Students can choose courses from the following languages:
Associate of Arts Degree:
Individual Courses:
- American Sign Language
- Arabic
- Filipino
Career Outlook
Being able to speak and understand a foreign language makes job candidates more desirable for careers in almost any field, demonstrating a broad education attractive to prospective employers.
A degree in a language creates gateways into a variety of career trajectories including translation services, marketing, communications, advertising, public relations, foreign service, and government, all of which directly or indirectly benefit from the global perspectives personified by foreign language speakers.
Salary ranges for jobs within these trajectories vary greatly. For example, Public Relations professionals in California make an average of $81,840, while interpreters and translators in California make an average of $73,490 according to the US Department of Labor.


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Tech firms aim to keep wayward walkers on path
(AP) -- Todd Atwood says he doesn't worry too much about accidents when walking down the street using his iPhone to make calls, send text messages or check his e-mail. But he's seen the consequences of paying more attention to the gadget than what's ahead.
"I saw someone walk right into a sign," recalled the 32-year-old Silicon Valley resident. "She didn't hurt herself but she was startled. She dropped her phone, then her friends starting laughing at her. It was funny but I guess it could've been more serious."
While using a cell phone while driving has triggered the most alarm bells and prompted laws in several states, experts say, pedestrians are also suffering the consequences of mobile distraction - tripping on curbs, walking into traffic, even stepping into manholes as they chat or type while walking.
To help these sidewalk stumblers step out more safely, technology companies are now stepping in, creating applications that do everything from make a smartphone screen transparent to transform speech into text.
Whether the technologies will prevent injuries and embarrassment remains to be seen, they are being welcomed as a move in the right direction.
"I don't think we're going to eliminate people from walking into things outright and of course we want people to be responsible, but what we're trying to do is eliminate the friction point ... and give the user back a little mental bandwith," said Travis Bogard, the executive director for product management and strategy at San Francisco-based Aliph, which makes bluetooth earpieces.
Aliph's Jawbone earpiece incorporates voice-to-text technology which eliminates the need to glance down at the keypad to send an e-mail or text message. It also has caller ID that speaks to the wearer so he or she doesn't have to pick up the phone to see who is calling and a function that allows wearers to call up their contacts using their voice rather than fingers.
"All of this gets rid of the need to touch your phone, which causes your eyes to move away from what's in front of you," Bogard said.
Other programs also on the market aim to make it easier to type while walking. They tap into a smartphone's camera to beam an image of what's in front of the user over the message screen so typers can see what's ahead. They include Text Vision, Type n Walk and Email 'n Walk.
"See-through screens, yes, would solve part of the problem," said Clifford Nass, a professor of communications at Stanford University and one of the authors of a study on multitasking. "But there's still a second problem, which has to do with engagement of the brain."
Same goes with voice-to-text technology, Nass said.
"It can help a little bit but the fundamental problem is that we're stuck with brains that can't do all that much when we're doing other things," he said.
Two years ago, the American College of Emergency Physicians issued an alert warning of the dangers of text messaging while walking, driving, biking and in-line skating based on anecdotal evidence from physicians.
Manhattan physician Mark Melrose said he's seen his share of near-misses on the city's busy sidewalks and heard of bad accidents.
"A personal friend almost walked right into a manhole while looking at her phone," he said. "Another friend was actually run over by a bike messenger. She wasn't paying attention, walked into the street and the bike messenger walloped her."
An Ohio State University analysis found that for the past few years, the number of emergency room visits resulting from pedestrian cell phone accidents has doubled year-on-year. The study showed that in 2008, just over 1,000 pedestrians visited emergency rooms for injuries like walking into a pole while texting or spraining an ankle after falling down while talking on a cell phone.
Jack Nasar, a professor of city and regional planning who supervised the study by his graduate student, Derek Troyer, said there were likely even more accidents that were never reported because people won't admit that's how they were injured or the injuries didn't warrant a hospital visit.
"The bottom line is that you're phased out, less aware when you're looking at a phone," he said.
Peter Loeb, an economist at Rutgers University who studied the effect of cell phones on pedestrian fatalities, said cell phones can actually keep people safer because they get ambulances to the scene faster.
But, his study also concluded that once a certain number of phones exist in the market, the benefit disappears.
"As more and more people use cell phones, the distraction effect is overwhelming," Loeb said.
Exacerbating that is texting, which has grown exponentially in recent years. The wireless industry association CTIA reported that the number of text messages sent by its members' customers increased from 32.6 billion in the first six months of 2005 to 740 billion in the first six months of 2009.
At least two states, New York and Illinois, have considered laws limiting the use of personal electronic devices by pedestrians but no bills have been passed.
Most lawmakers and experts agree that Big Brothering the sidewalks is impractical. They instead encourage public outreach and see promise in the technological innovations, including ones that don't involve phones themselves, such as special crosswalk lights to grab walkers' attention better.
"For pedestrians, it's primarily themselves that they put at risk, not others, so that does separate this from driving," said state Sen. Joe Simitian of Palo Alto, who sponsored California's hands-free driving law. "At some point, however, we do have to accept personal responsibility."
©2010 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
US guidelines on self-driving cars get good reception at G-7
U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx says his counterpart ministers from the Group of Seven nations welcomed the new U.S. guidelines on regulating self-driving cars at a weekend meeting in Japan, and they agreed to work together to maintain safety.
Foxx called the guidelines released earlier this month the most comprehensive on autonomous vehicles. He said Sunday they got an "enthusiastic reception" at the meeting in Karuizawa, a resort town northwest of Tokyo.
Foxx, speaking in a telephone interview with The Associated Press, stressed road tests must continue to encourage innovation in the technology, noting self-driving cars shouldn't be held up to "perfection," and crashes happen with regular vehicles.
He declined to comment on the investigation into the Tesla Autopilot system, which was involved in a fatal crash.


text:
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Applied Polymer Systems
Campbell Scientific
CH2M Hill
CNL World
Coastal Protection & Restoration Authority
Environ International Corp
Florida Gulf Coast University
Forrest Keeling Nursery
LI-COR Biosciences
The National Park Service
Restore America's Estuaries
Society of Wetland Scientists
Society of Wetland Scientists
Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)
Tetra Tech
Timmons Group
Turnbull Environmental Inc.
University of Florida
University of Florida/IFAS,
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US Geological Survey
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Ecology at the Heart of the 21st Century -- Univerity College London
EcoBloggers -- International Network of Next-Generation Ecologists


text: Ear Wax by Wackaloha published on 2018-02-27T20:08:22Z These are the frequencies recommended for Ear Wax. The sounds are crystal bowls tuned with water to these frequencies, each one about five minutes. If possible listen to them in a relaxed environment, although you do not need to be meditating. As well they can serve as background music/sounds during your day. It is very good to have them playing on repeat while you sleep. It is suggested to listen to them for at least one moon. Sound quality depends on your speakers. Lower volume is suggested. For sleeping use very low volume. The essence of the frequencies is there. Genre Ambient Comment by Wackaloha Suggestions about using these recorded frequencies The use of these frequencies can be compared to the use of medicine in that some of them might be more agreeable to the ears than others, just as some conventional medicines are easier to swallow than others. Keep this in mind when listening to them, listen to them all, be patient…. Use them in a conscious manner. Relax as much as you can when playing them, even though you can carry on with your daily duties and pleasures if you want to, if need be, since your Divine Intelligence within knows what to do when you receive them. Be open and receptive in Mind and Heart when playing the frequencies. Do not be concerned if there are outside noises, or even if there are some sounds on my recordings. Just let the vibrations in and trust that they are beneficial for you. 2018-03-14T01:48:31Z Comment by Wackaloha This is not "free" information. This is not a miracle cure. You have your work to do. You must put out some effort here and take some personal responsibility for your own Health and Well-being. I have put a great deal of time and energy into making this information and these frequencies available. Likewise each person must take some time to investigate what you are dealing with, in regards to your own Health and condition, as well as in regards to what to do and how to use what is offered here. I do not charge anything for this information, yet if you want to make a donation to help me continue with this work, it is greatly appreciated. You can send your gifts to my Paypal account email@example.com 2018-03-14T01:48:21Z Comment by Wackaloha Accumulative Process Some things must be "convinced" to change after having been in one position/condition for a long time. Like a plastic tube that has been in a certain position, such as a bend, so long that it stays in this position even when removed from its location because of its "memory" of this position. Yet if the tube is placed in hot water and is allowed to relax and become flexible again, it can be re-shaped into another position that it will maintain when removed from the hot water. Something similar happens with our body if it has endured some condition for a long time, thus forming a "memory" of this condition. This explains why sometimes after a beneficial treatment for a condition that gives us some relief for a while, the body soon returns to the memory of this condition. To change this memory, let us get the body to relax and become flexible enough to create a permanent beneficial change…listen to these frequencies enough times to change such a body memory. 2018-03-14T01:48:11Z Comment by Wackaloha The crystal bowls generate a very relaxing environment. This has something to do with the resonance between the silica in our bones and the vibrating silica of the bowls. If the body is relaxed it is more receptive. So if you allow your body and your mind to become relaxed while you are listening to and receiving the beneficial vibrations of these frequencies, better is the possibility that this same silica can re-program the body into a healthier condition. I have observed that if a person uses the beneficial frequencies on a newly created position or condition, they are more likely to have a more immediate effect because the body has not formed such a deep "memory" of this condition. On the hand, if you are dealing with a deeper "memory" or chronic condition, it is logical to consider that more time working with the frequencies will be required. The certain period of time may be longer. And the better the environment to receive them will logically increase their effectiveness. 2018-03-14T01:47:56Z


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Robert Alexander Dakers
"Alnwick Castle", and "Hulne Park" (grounds of Alnwick Castle),
signed and dated 1924, and 1927 respectively,
oil on board,
each 32 x 39cms, and uniformly framed. (a pair)
Request condition report / further information
If you require specific information, please provide as much detail as possible below.
IN PERSON: If you want to experience the atmosphere of the Auction Room the best way to do this is always to turn up in person. You simply register your personal details at Reception (so leave at least 10 minutes for this before your lot in case there is a queue) and you are issued with a paddle number which you hold up to the auctioneer when you wish to bid. If you haven't done so already you can view your lot(s) this way on the same day. There is time before each auction starts to do this however if you ask the staff on duty they can bring lots to you for inspection if the auction has began.
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INTERNET BIDDING: You an also bid live via our website. When choosing to bid live via www.andersonandgarland.com you will need to register, using a bank card, to verify your address details. We would ask for you to register before the sale to make sure that you are verified for when you come to bid in the auction. To bid live on the sale day you will access the sale by going to www.andersonandgarland.com and clicking on the sale this will have a grey banner across the sale photograph which says 'bid live'. Please click on this and it will take you to the sale. Please note the bid live banner only appears once the sale commences on the sale day and is not there beforehand.
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Auction: The Pictures Auction, 21st Sep, 2023
Our September pictures auction contains a selection of 17th, 18th, and 19th-century works that are bound to illuminate autumn evenings. From Mary Ann Evans' pen-and-ink pre-Civil War map of America, maps of British counties by John Speede and Robert Morden, 18th Century optical prints - designed to amaze audiences with their 3D effects, to John Kay's portraits from a Georgian Scotland.
20/09/23 10am-3pm
For full Auction Terms and Conditions please click here.
While an identification of damage is given in some instances, an absence of such advice does not imply the lot is free from defect. All condition reports whether verbal or in writing are given as a matter of courtesy and are statements of opinion. Condition reports are not exhaustive and may not encompass all defects deemed to be fair wear and tear which may be commensurate with age. The Auctioneers will not be responsible for any defects not mentioned in condition reports. All prospective buyers are strongly advised to inspect any lot on which they intend to bid and fully satisfy themselves as to condition and accuracy of any description applied to a lot. Any post-sale enquiries from buyers must be made within 10 working days of the auction.


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Wisdom tooth problems stem from the contemporary diet, not because they are vestigial organs
The Secret Beyond Matter
The Collapse of the Theory of Evolution in 20 Questions
12. Why Are Wisdom Teeth Not Evidence Of Evolution?
One of the theory of evolution's important deceptions is its claim regarding "vestigial organs." Evolutionists claim that some organs in living things lose their original function over time, and that such organs then disappear. Taking that as a starting point, they then try to send out the message, "If the living body had really been created, it would have no functionless organs in it."
Evolutionist publications at the start of the twentieth century announced that the human body contained up to a hundred organs that no longer served any purpose, including the appendix, the coccyx, the tonsils, the pineal gland, the external ear, the thymus, and wisdom teeth. However, the decades that followed saw major advances in medical science. Our knowledge of the organs and systems in the human body increased. As a result of this, it was seen that the idea of vestigial organs was just a superstition. The long list drawn up by evolutionists rapidly shrank. It was discovered that the thymus is an organ which produces important immune system cells, and that the pineal gland is responsible for the production of important hormones. It also emerged that the coccyx supports the bones around the pelvis, and that the external ear plays an important role in identifying where sounds come from. In short, it emerged that ignorance was the only foundation on which the idea of "vestigial organs" rested.
Modern science has many times demonstrated the error of the concept of such organs. Yet some evolutionists still try to make use of this claim. Although medical science has proved that almost all of the organs that evolutionists claim are vestigial actually serve a purpose, evolutionary speculation still surrounds one or two organs.
The most noteworthy of these is our wisdom teeth. The claim that these teeth are a part of the human body that has lost all purpose still appears in evolutionist sources. As evidence for this, it is stated that these teeth give a great many people a lot of trouble, and that chewing is not impaired when they are surgically removed.
Many dentists, influenced by the evolutionists' claim that wisdom teeth serve no purpose, have come to see their extraction as a routine matter, and do not make the same kind of effort to protect them as they do for other teeth.53 However, research in recent years has shown that wisdom teeth have the same chewing function as other teeth. Studies have also been carried out to show that the belief that wisdom teeth damage the position of other teeth in the mouth is completely unfounded.54 Scientific criticism is now amassing ways in which problems with wisdom teeth which could be solved in other ways are instead solved by extracting them.55 In fact, the scientific consensus is that wisdom teeth have a chewing function just like all the others, and that there is no scientific justification for the belief that they serve no purpose.
So, why do wisdom teeth cause a substantial number of people problems? Scientists who have researched the subject have discovered that wisdom tooth difficulties have manifested themselves in different ways among human communities at different times. It is now understood that the problem was seldom seen in pre-industrial societies. It has been discovered that the way in which soft foodstuffs have come to be preferred to harder ones, over the last few hundred years in particular, has negatively affected the way the human jaw develops. It has thus been realised that most wisdom tooth troubles emerge as a result of jaw development problems relating to dietary habits.
It is also known that society's nutritional habits also have negative effects on our other teeth. For instance, the increasing consumption of foodstuffs high in sugar and acid has increased the rate that other teeth decay. However, that fact does not make us think that all our teeth have somehow "atrophied." The same principle applies to wisdom teeth. Problems with these teeth stem from contemporary dietary customs, not from any evolutionary "atrophy."
52. Evrim Kuramı Konferansı (Conference on the Theory of Evolution), Istanbul Universitesi Fen Fakultesi (University of Istanbul, Faculty of Economics), June 3, 1998
53. Leonard M.S., 1992. Removing third molars: a review for the general practitioner. Journal of the American Dental Association, 123(2):77-82
54. M. Leff, 1993. Hold on to your wisdom teeth. Consumer reports on Health, 5(8):4-85.
55. Daily.T 1996. Third molar prophylactic extraction: a review and analysis of the literature. General Dentistry, 44(4):310-320


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Reporter Passes Out During Live Shot, Recovers Like a Pro
A Salt Lake City reporter has filed an under-the-wire addition to the 2013 news blooper reel — and it's a doozy.
KUTV feature reporter Brooke Graham was doing a live report on cross-country skiing when she suddenly passed out cold.
"I am known to faint any time I am in high altitudes and get too cold," she later explained on her lifestyle blog. "I could feel myself getting light headed and tried to warn the producer that I was sick."
Not one to let a little syncope get in the way of a good interview, Graham woke up from her impromptu nap and immediately jumped back into her job.
After I went down I sat up and had no idea how long I had been out but saw the camera pointed at my face and decided to keep on talking.
"I have laughed many times watching this video so don't feel bad if it makes you giggle," Graham told viewers. "I feel like someone should dub [Pitbull ft.] Keisha 'Timber' over it and play the fall in slow motion."


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Monday, January 15, 2018
Could this digital currency actually make you a millionaire?
Every once in a while, an opportunity comes around. What divides winners from losers is those who seize it and those who don't. By now, you must have heard about all the people who made a killing with bitcoin over the last year. Some of them made more than ten million with just an initial purchase of a thousand bucks. What I want to ask you though is: Did you know that there are hundreds of other digital currencies that have had even bigger gains over the last twelve months? This includes Ripple, Ethereum and Raiblocks � you may have heard about some of them. What is the next big one for 2018? The answer in my opinion is simple. It's Swisscoin [SIC]. The reason for that is very straight forward. It's because it is supported by the Switzerland government. It is already considered as legal in the country and it is entirely shielded from any political instability. It's the type of coin that you can buy a thousand bucks of, and sit on for a few months or even years and that few thousand will likely be worth a few million. SIC has already doubled in value since Saturday and it will double or triple again by this Friday. So, what are you waiting for? For the time being it can only be purchased on /coinexchange [dot] io/ (that's the website address of the exchange). You can set up an account in about thirty seconds, then you send bitcoins to it and you can easily buy swiss coin. If you don't have any bitcoin already you can just google how to get some, it's super simple and will just take you 10 minutes at most, then transfer them to coinexchange's website and get the SIC
CeriteraCinta AfRiNaHaRiZ at 3:03 AM
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