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|Grouping Legendary creature
First Mentioned 60
Based on Gray wolf
Similar Creatures vampire, Ghost
|Sub grouping Lycanthrope
Mythological Origin Europe
Introduced by Petronius
|Country Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary
Region The Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa
Abilities Superhuman Speed, Superhuman Endurance
Similar Mermaid, Succubus, Dragon
Legendary creatures 02 werewolf
A werewolf (from Old English: wer, "man"), man-wolf, or lycanthrope (Greek: λυκάνθρωπος, lykánthropos: λύκος, lykos, "Wolf", and ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos, "human") is a mythological or folkloric human with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf or a therianthropic hybrid wolf-like creature, either purposely or after being placed under a curse or affliction (e.g. via a bite or scratch from another werewolf). Early sources for belief in lycanthropy are Petronius (27–66) and Gervase of Tilbury (1150–1228).
- Legendary creatures 02 werewolf
- All about werewolf lycanthrope part 1 of 2 mythical creatures monster
- Names
- Indo European comparative mythology
- Classical antiquity
- Middle Ages
- Early Modern history
- Asian cultures
- Lycanthropy as a medical condition
- Characteristics
- Becoming a werewolf
- Remedies
- Connection to revenants
- Hungary and Balkans
- Caucasus
- Americas and Caribbean
- Werewolf fiction
- Nazi Germany
- References
The werewolf is a widespread concept in European folklore, existing in many variants, which are related by a common development of a Christian interpretation of underlying European folklore developed during the medieval period. From the early modern period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the New World with colonialism. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Like the witchcraft trials as a whole, the trial of supposed werewolves emerged in what is now Switzerland (especially the Valais and Vaud) in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe in the 16th, peaking in the 17th and subsiding by the 18th century. The persecution of werewolves and the associated folklore is an integral part of the "witch-hunt" phenomenon, albeit a marginal one, accusations of werewolfery being involved in only a small fraction of witchcraft trials. During the early period, accusations of lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf) were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of Peter Stumpp (1589) led to a significant peak in both interest in and persecution of supposed werewolves, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe. The phenomenon persisted longest in Bavaria and Austria, with persecution of wolf-charmers recorded until well after 1650, the final cases taking place in the early 18th century in Carinthia and Styria.
After the end of the witch-trials, the werewolf became of interest in folklore studies and in the emerging Gothic horror genre; werewolf fiction as a genre has pre-modern precedents in medieval romances (e.g. Bisclavret and Guillaume de Palerme) and developed in the 18th century out of the "semi-fictional" chap book tradition. The trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern pop culture.
All about werewolf lycanthrope part 1 of 2 mythical creatures monster
The word werewolf continues a late Old English wer(e)wulf, a compound of were "man" and wulf "wolf". The only Old High German testimony is in the form of a given name, Weriuuolf, although an early Middle High German Werwolf is found in Burchard of Worms and Berthold of Regensburg. The word or concept does not occur in medieval German poetry or fiction, gaining popularity only from the 15th century. Middle Latin gerulphus Anglo-Norman garwalf, Old Frankish *wariwulf. Old Norse had the cognate varúlfur, but because of the high importance of werewolves in Norse mythology, there were alternative terms such as ulfhéðinn ("one in wolf-skin", referring still to the totemistic or cultic adoption of wolf-nature rather than the superstitious belief in actual shape-shifting). In modern Scandinavian also kveldulf "evening-wolf", presumably after the name of Kveldulf Bjalfason, a historical berserker of the 9th century who figures in the Icelandic sagas.
The term lycanthropy, referring both to the ability to transform oneself into a wolf and to the act of so doing, comes from Ancient Greek λυκάνθρωπος lukánthropos (from λύκος lúkos "wolf" and ἄνθρωπος, ánthrōpos "human". The word does occur in ancient Greek sources, but only in Late Antiquity, only rarely, and only in the context of clinical lycanthropy described by Galen, where the patient had the ravenous appetite and other qualities of a wolf; the Greek word attains some currency only in Byzantine Greek, featuring in the 10th-century encyclopedia Suda. Use of the Greek-derived lycanthropy in English occurs in learned writing beginning in the later 16th century (first recorded 1584 in The Discoverie of Witchcraft by Reginald Scot, who argued against the reality of werewolves; "Lycanthropia is a disease, and not a transformation." v. i. 92), at first explicitly for clinical lycanthropy, i.e. the type of insanity where the patient imagines to have transformed into a wolf, and not in reference to supposedly real shape-shifting. Use of lycanthropy for supposed shape-shifting is much later, introduced ca. 1830.
Slavic uses the term vlko-dlak (Polish wilkołak, Czech vlkodlak, Slovak vlkolak, Serbo-Croatian вукодлак - vukodlak, Slovenian volkodlak, Bulgarian върколак/vrkolak, Belarusian ваўкалак/vaukalak, Ukrainian вовкулака/vovkulaka), literally "wolf-skin", paralleling the Old Norse ulfhéðinn. However, the word is not attested in the medieval period. The Slavic term was loaned into modern Greek as Vrykolakas. Baltic has related terms, Lithuanian vilkolakis and vilkatas, Latvian vilkatis and vilkacis. The name vurdalak (вурдалак) for the Slavic vampire ("ghoul, revenant") is a corruption due to Alexander Pushkin, which was later widely spread by A.K. Tolstoy in his novella The Family of the Vourdalak (composed in French, but first published in Russian translation in 1884).
Greek λυκάνθρωπος and Germanic werewulf are parallel inasmuch as the concept of a shapeshifter becoming a wolf is expressed by means of a compound "wolf-man" or "man-wolf".
Indo-European comparative mythology
The werewolf folkore found in Europe harks back to a common development during the Middle Ages, arising in the context of Christianisation, and the associated interpretation of pre-Christian mythology in Christian terms. Their underlying common origin can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European mythology, where lycanthropy is reconstructed as an aspect of the initiation of the warrior class. This is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the Tierkrieger depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone (1987). Such transformations of "men into wolves" in pagan cult were associated with the devil from the early medieval perspective.
The concept of the werewolf in Western and Northern Europe is strongly influenced by the role of the wolf in Germanic paganism (e.g. the French loup-garou is ultimately a loan from the Germanic term), but there are related traditions in other parts of Europe which were not necessarily influenced by Germanic tradition, especially in Slavic Europe and the Balkans, and possibly in areas bordering the Indo-European sphere (the Caucasus) or where Indo-European cultures have been replaced by military conquest in the medieval era (Hungary, Anatolia).
In his Man into Wolf (1948), Robert Eisler tried to cast the Indo-European tribal names meaning "wolf" or "wolf-men" in terms of "the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting."
Classical antiquity
A few references to men changing into wolves are found in Ancient Greek literature and mythology. Herodotus, in his Histories, wrote that the Neuri, a tribe he places to the north-east of Scythia, were all transformed into wolves once every year for several days, and then changed back to their human shape. In the second century BC, the Greek geographer Pausanias related the story of Lycaon, who was transformed into a wolf because he had ritually murdered a child. In accounts by the Bibliotheca (3.8.1) and Ovid (Metamorphoses I.219-239), Lycaon serves human flesh to Zeus, wanting to know if he is really a God. Lycaon's transformation, therefore, is punishment for a crime, considered variously as murder, cannibalism, and impiety. Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of Arcadia in the form of wolves.
In addition to Ovid, other Roman writers also mentioned lycanthropy. Virgil wrote of human beings transforming into wolves. Pliny the Elder relates two tales of lycanthropy. Quoting Euanthes, he mentions a man who hung his clothes on an ash tree and swam across an Arcadian lake, transforming him into a wolf. On the condition that he attack no human being for nine years, he would be free to swim back across the lake to resume human form. Pliny also quotes Agriopas regarding a tale of a man who was turned into a wolf after tasting the entrails of a human child, but was restored to human form 10 years later.
In the Latin work of prose, the Satyricon, written circa AD 60 by Gaius Petronius Arbiter, one of the characters, Niceros, tells a story at a banquet about a friend who turned into a wolf (chs. 61-62). He describes the incident as follows, "When I look for my buddy I see he'd stripped and piled his clothes by the roadside... He pees in a circle round his clothes and then, just like that, turns into a wolf!... after he turned into a wolf he started howling and then ran off into the woods."
Middle Ages
There was no widespread belief in werewolves in medieval Europe before the 14th century. There were some examples of man-wolf transformations in the court literature of the time, notably Marie de France's poem Bisclavret (c. 1200), in which the nobleman Bizuneh, for reasons not described, had to transform into a wolf every week. When his treacherous wife stole his clothing needed to restore his human form, he escaped the king's wolf hunt by imploring the king for mercy and accompanied the king thereafter. His behaviour at court was so much gentler than when his wife and her new husband appeared at court, that his hateful attack on the couple was deemed justly motivated, and the truth was revealed.
The German word werwolf is recorded by Burchard von Worms in the 11th century, and by Bertold of Regensburg in the 13th, but is not recorded in all of medieval German poetry or fiction. References to werewolves are also rare in England, presumably because whatever significance the "wolf-men" of Germanic paganism had carried, the associated beliefs and practices had been successfully repressed after Christianization (or if they persisted, they did so outside of the sphere of literacy available to us).
The Germanic pagan traditions associated with wolf-men persisted longest in the Scandinavian Viking Age. Harald I of Norway is known to have had a body of Úlfhednar (wolf coated [men]), which are mentioned in the Vatnsdœla saga, Haraldskvæði, and the Völsunga saga, and resemble some werewolf legends. The Úlfhednar were fighters similar to the berserkers, though they dressed in wolf hides rather than those of bears and were reputed to channel the spirits of these animals to enhance effectiveness in battle. These warriors were resistant to pain and killed viciously in battle, much like wild animals. Úlfhednar and berserkers are closely associated with the Norse god Odin.
The Scandinavian traditions of this period may have spread to Rus, giving rise to the Slavic "werewolf" tales. The 11th century Belarusian Prince Usiaslau of Polatsk was considered to have been a Werewolf, capable of moving at superhuman speeds, as recounted in The Tale of Igor's Campaign:
"Vseslav the prince judged men; as prince, he ruled towns; but at night he prowled in the guise of a wolf. From Kiev, prowling, he reached, before the cocks crew, Tmutorokan. The path of Great Sun, as a wolf, prowling, he crossed. For him in Polotsk they rang for matins early at St. Sophia the bells; but he heard the ringing in Kiev."
The situation as described during the medieval period gives rise to the dual form of werewolf folklore in Early Modern Europe. On one hand the "Germanic" werewolf, which becomes associated with the witchcraft panic from around 1400, and on the other hand the "Slavic" werewolf or vlkodlak, which becomes associated with the concept of the revenant or "vampire". The "eastern" werewolf-vampire is found in the folklore of Cebral/Eastern Europe, including Hungary, Romania and the Balkans, while the "western" werewolf-sorcerer is found in France, German-speaking Europe and in the Baltic.
Early Modern history
There were numerous reports of werewolf attacks – and consequent court trials – in 16th century France. In some of the cases there was clear evidence against the accused of murder and cannibalism, but none of association with wolves; in other cases people have been terrified by such creatures, such as that of Gilles Garnier in Dole in 1573, there was clear evidence against some wolf but none against the accused. The loup-garou eventually ceased to be regarded as a dangerous heretic and reverted to the pre-Christian notion of a "man-wolf-fiend". The lubins or lupins were usually female and shy in contrast to the aggressive loups-garous.
Werewolvery was a common accusation in witch trials throughout their history, and it featured even in the Valais witch trials, one of the earliest such trials altogether, in the first half of the 15th century. Likewise, in the Vaud, child-eating werewolves were reported as early as 1448. A peak of attention to lycanthropy came in the late 16th to early 17th century, as part of the European witch-hunts. A number of treatises on werewolves were written in France during 1595 and 1615. Werewolves were sighted in 1598 in Anjou, and a teenage werewolf was sentenced to life imprisonment in Bordeaux in 1603. Henry Boguet wrote a lengthy chapter about werewolves in 1602. In the Vaud, werewolves were convicted in 1602 and in 1624. A treatise by a Vaud pastor in 1653, however, argued that lycanthropy was purely an illusion. After this, the only further record from the Vaud dates to 1670: it is that of a boy who claimed he and his mother could change themselves into wolves, which was, however, not taken seriously. At the beginning of the 17th century witchcraft was prosecuted by James I of England, who regarded "warwoolfes" as victims of delusion induced by "a natural superabundance of melancholic". After 1650, belief in Lycanthropy had mostly disappeared from French-speaking Europe, as evidenced in Diderot's Encyclopedia, which attributed reports of lycanthropy to a "disorder of the brain. although there were continuing reports of extraordinary wolf-like beasts (but not werewolves). One such report concerned the Beast of Gévaudan which terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, now called Lozère, in south-central France; from the years 1764 to 1767, an unknown entity killed upwards of 80 men, women, and children. The only part of Europe which showed vigorous interest in werewolves after 1650 was the Holy Roman Empire. At least nine works on lycanthropy were printed in Germany between 1649 and 1679. In the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, belief in werewolves persisted well into the 18th century.
Until the 20th century, wolf attacks on humans were an occasional, but still widespread feature of life in Europe. Some scholars have suggested that it was inevitable that wolves, being the most feared predators in Europe, were projected into the folklore of evil shapeshifters. This is said to be corroborated by the fact that areas devoid of wolves typically use different kinds of predator to fill the niche; werehyenas in Africa, weretigers in India, as well as werepumas ("runa uturuncu") and werejaguars ("yaguaraté-abá" or "tigre-capiango") in southern South America.
An idea is explored in Sabine Baring-Gould's work The Book of Werewolves is that werewolf legends may have been used to explain serial killings. Perhaps the most famous example is the case of Peter Stumpp (executed in 1589), the German farmer, and alleged serial killer and cannibal, also known as the Werewolf of Bedburg.
Asian cultures
In Asian Cultures, the "were" equivalent is a weretiger or wereleopard. (See werecats)
Common Turkic folklore holds a different, reverential light to the werewolf legends in that Turkic Central Asian shamans after performing long and arduous rites would voluntarily be able to transform into the humanoid "Kurtadam" (literally meaning Wolfman). Since the wolf was the totemic ancestor animal of the Turkic peoples, they would be respectful of any shaman who was in such a form.
(See Asena)
Lycanthropy as a medical condition
Some modern researchers have tried to explain the reports of werewolf behaviour with recognised medical conditions. Dr Lee Illis of Guy's Hospital in London wrote a paper in 1963 entitled On porphyria and the Aetiology of Werewolves, in which he argues that historical accounts on werewolves could have in fact been referring to victims of congenital porphyria, stating how the symptoms of photosensitivity, reddish teeth and psychosis could have been grounds for accusing a sufferer of being a werewolf. This is however argued against by Woodward, who points out how mythological werewolves were almost invariably portrayed as resembling true wolves, and that their human forms were rarely physically conspicuous as porphyria victims. Others have pointed out the possibility of historical werewolves having been sufferers of hypertrichosis, a hereditary condition manifesting itself in excessive hair growth. However, Woodward dismissed the possibility, as the rarity of the disease ruled it out from happening on a large scale, as werewolf cases were in medieval Europe. People suffering from Down syndrome have been suggested by some scholars to have been possible originators of werewolf myths. Woodward suggested rabies as the origin of werewolf beliefs, claiming remarkable similarities between the symptoms of that disease and some of the legends. Woodward focused on the idea that being bitten by a werewolf could result in the victim turning into one, which suggested the idea of a transmittable disease like rabies. However, the idea that lycanthropy could be transmitted in this way is not part of the original myths and legends and only appears in relatively recent beliefs. Lycanthropy can also be met with as the main content of a delusion, for example, the case of a woman has been reported who during episodes of acute psychosis complained of becoming four different species of animals.
The beliefs classed together under lycanthropy are far from uniform, and the term is somewhat capriciously applied. The transformation may be temporary or permanent; the were-animal may be the man himself metamorphosed; may be his double whose activity leaves the real man to all appearance unchanged; may be his soul, which goes forth seeking whom it may devour, leaving its body in a state of trance; or it may be no more than the messenger of the human being, a real animal or a familiar spirit, whose intimate connection with its owner is shown by the fact that any injury to it is believed, by a phenomenon known as repercussion, to cause a corresponding injury to the human being.
Werewolves were said in European folklore to bear tell-tale physical traits even in their human form. These included the meeting of both eyebrows at the bridge of the nose, curved fingernails, low-set ears and a swinging stride. One method of identifying a werewolf in its human form was to cut the flesh of the accused, under the pretense that fur would be seen within the wound. A Russian superstition recalls a werewolf can be recognised by bristles under the tongue. The appearance of a werewolf in its animal form varies from culture to culture, though it is most commonly portrayed as being indistinguishable from ordinary wolves save for the fact that it has no tail (a trait thought characteristic of witches in animal form), is often larger, and retains human eyes and voice. According to some Swedish accounts, the werewolf could be distinguished from a regular wolf by the fact that it would run on three legs, stretching the fourth one backwards to look like a tail. After returning to their human forms, werewolves are usually documented as becoming weak, debilitated and undergoing painful nervous depression. One universally reviled trait in medieval Europe was the werewolf's habit of devouring recently buried corpses, a trait that is documented extensively, particularly in the Annales Medico-psychologiques in the 19th century. Fennoscandian werewolves were usually old women who possessed poison-coated claws and had the ability to paralyse cattle and children with their gaze.
Becoming a werewolf
Various methods for becoming a werewolf have been reported, one of the simplest being the removal of clothing and putting on a belt made of wolfskin, probably as a substitute for the assumption of an entire animal skin (which also is frequently described). In other cases, the body is rubbed with a magic salve. Drinking rainwater out of the footprint of the animal in question or from certain enchanted streams were also considered effectual modes of accomplishing metamorphosis. The 16th century Swedish writer Olaus Magnus says that the Livonian werewolves were initiated by draining a cup of specially prepared beer and repeating a set formula. Ralston in his Songs of the Russian People gives the form of incantation still familiar in Russia. In Italy, France and Germany, it was said that a man or woman could turn into a werewolf if he or she, on a certain Wednesday or Friday, slept outside on a summer night with the full moon shining directly on his or her face.
In other cases, the transformation was supposedly accomplished by Satanic allegiance for the most loathsome ends, often for the sake of sating a craving for human flesh. "The werewolves", writes Richard Verstegan (Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, 1628),
are certayne sorcerers, who having annoynted their bodies with an ointment which they make by the instinct of the devil, and putting on a certayne inchaunted girdle, does not only unto the view of others seem as wolves, but to their own thinking have both the shape and nature of wolves, so long as they wear the said girdle. And they do dispose themselves as very wolves, in worrying and killing, and most of humane creatures.
The phenomenon of repercussion, the power of animal metamorphosis, or of sending out a familiar, real or spiritual, as a messenger, and the supernormal powers conferred by association with such a familiar, are also attributed to the magician, male and female, all the world over; and witch superstitions are closely parallel to, if not identical with, lycanthropic beliefs, the occasional involuntary character of lycanthropy being almost the sole distinguishing feature. In another direction the phenomenon of repercussion is asserted to manifest itself in connection with the bush-soul of the West African and the nagual of Central America; but though there is no line of demarcation to be drawn on logical grounds, the assumed power of the magician and the intimate association of the bush-soul or the nagual with a human being are not termed lycanthropy. Nevertheless, it will be well to touch on both these beliefs here.
The curse of lycanthropy was also considered by some scholars as being a divine punishment. Werewolf literature shows many examples of God or saints allegedly cursing those who invoked their wrath with werewolfism. Such is the case of Lycaon, who was turned into a wolf by Zeus as punishment for slaughtering one of his own sons and serving his remains to the gods as a dinner. Those who were excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church were also said to become werewolves.
The power of transforming others into wild beasts was attributed not only to malignant sorcerers, but to Christian saints as well. Omnes angeli, boni et Mali, ex virtute naturali habent potestatem transmutandi corpora nostra ("All angels, good and bad have the power of transmutating our bodies") was the dictum of St. Thomas Aquinas. St. Patrick was said to have transformed the Welsh king Vereticus into a wolf; Natalis supposedly cursed an illustrious Irish family whose members were each doomed to be a wolf for seven years. In other tales the divine agency is even more direct, while in Russia, again, men supposedly became werewolves when incurring the wrath of the Devil.
A notable exception to the association of Lycanthropy and the Devil, comes from a rare and lesser known account of an 80-year-old man named Thiess. In 1692, in Jürgensburg, Livonia, Thiess testified under oath that he and other werewolves were the Hounds of God. He claimed they were warriors who went down into hell to do battle with witches and demons. Their efforts ensured that the Devil and his minions did not carry off the grain from local failed crops down to hell. Thiess was steadfast in his assertions, claiming that werewolves in Germany and Russia also did battle with the devil's minions in their own versions of hell, and insisted that when werewolves died, their souls were welcomed into heaven as reward for their service. Thiess was ultimately sentenced to ten lashes for Idolatry and superstitious belief.
Various methods have existed for removing the werewolf form. In antiquity, the Ancient Greeks and Romans believed in the power of exhaustion in curing people of lycanthropy. The victim would be subjected to long periods of physical activity in the hope of being purged of the malady. This practice stemmed from the fact that many alleged werewolves would be left feeling weak and debilitated after committing depredations.
In medieval Europe, traditionally, there are three methods one can use to cure a victim of werewolfism; medicinally (usually via the use of wolfsbane), surgically or by exorcism. However, many of the cures advocated by medieval medical practitioners proved fatal to the patients. A Sicilian belief of Arabic origin holds that a werewolf can be cured of its ailment by striking it on the forehead or scalp with a knife. Another belief from the same culture involves the piercing of the werewolf's hands with nails. Sometimes, less extreme methods were used. In the German lowland of Schleswig-Holstein, a werewolf could be cured if one were to simply address it three times by its Christian name, while one Danish belief holds that simply scolding a werewolf will cure it. Conversion to Christianity is also a common method of removing werewolfism in the medieval period. A devotion to St. Hubert has also been cited as both cure for and protection from lycanthropes.
Connection to revenants
Before the end of the 19th century, the Greeks believed that the corpses of werewolves, if not destroyed, would return to life in the form of wolves or hyenas which prowled battlefields, drinking the blood of dying soldiers. In the same vein, in some rural areas of Germany, Poland and Northern France, it was once believed that people who died in mortal sin came back to life as blood-drinking wolves. These "undead" werewolves would return to their human corpse form at daylight. They were dealt with by decapitation with a spade and exorcism by the parish priest. The head would then be thrown into a stream, where the weight of its sins was thought to weigh it down. Sometimes, the same methods used to dispose of ordinary vampires would be used. The vampire was also linked to the werewolf in East European countries, particularly Bulgaria, Serbia and Slovenia. In Serbia, the werewolf and vampire are known collectively as vulkodlak.
Hungary and Balkans
In Hungarian folklore, the werewolves used to live specially in the region of Transdanubia, and it was thought that the ability to change into a wolf was obtained in the infant age, after the suffering of abuse by the parents or by a curse. At the age of seven the boy or the girl leaves the house and goes hunting by night and can change to person or wolf whenever he wants. The curse can also be obtained when in the adulthood the person passed three times through an arch made of a Birch with the help of a wild rose's spine.
The werewolves were known to exterminate all kind of farm animals, especially sheep. The transformation usually occurred in the winter solstice, Easter and full moon. Later in the 17th and 18th century, the trials in Hungary not only were conducted against witches, but against werewolves too, and many records exist creating connections between both kinds. Also the vampires and werewolves are closely related in Hungary, being both feared in the antiquity.
Among the South Slavs, and also among the Kashubs of what is now northern Poland, there was the belief that if a child was born with hair, a birthmark or a caul on their head, they were supposed to possess shape-shifting abilities. Though capable of turning into any animal they wished, it was commonly believed that such people preferred to turn into a wolf.
Serbian vulkodlaks traditionally had the habit of congregating annually in the winter months, when they would strip off their wolf skins and hang them from trees. They would then get a hold of another vulkodlaks skin and burn it, releasing from its curse the vulkodlak from whom the skin came.
According to Armenian lore, there are women who, in consequence of deadly sins, are condemned to spend seven years in wolf form. In a typical account, a condemned woman is visited by a wolfskin-toting spirit, who orders her to wear the skin, which causes her to acquire frightful cravings for human flesh soon after. With her better nature overcome, the she-wolf devours each of her own children, then her relatives' children in order of relationship, and finally the children of strangers. She wanders only at night, with doors and locks springing open at her approach. When morning arrives, she reverts to human form and removes her wolfskin. The transformation is generally said to be involuntary, but there are alternate versions involving voluntary metamorphosis, where the women can transform at will.
Americas and Caribbean
The Naskapis believed that the caribou afterlife is guarded by giant wolves which kill careless hunters venturing too near. The Navajo people feared witches in wolf's clothing called "Mai-cob".
Woodward thought that these beliefs were due to the Norse colonization of the Americas. When the European colonization of the Americas occurred, the pioneers brought their own werewolf folklore with them and were later influenced by the lore of their neighbouring colonies and those of the Natives. Belief in the loup-garou present in Canada, the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan and upstate New York, originates from French folklore influenced by Native American stories on the Wendigo. In Mexico, there is a belief in a creature called the nahual, which traditionally limits itself to stealing cheese and raping women rather than murder. In Haiti, there is a superstition that werewolf spirits known locally as Jé-rouge (red eyes) can possess the bodies of unwitting persons and nightly transform them into cannibalistic lupine creatures. The Haitian jé-rouges typically try to trick mothers into giving away their children voluntarily by waking them at night and asking their permission to take their child, to which the disoriented mother may either reply yes or no. The Haitian jé-rouges differ from traditional European werewolves by their habit of actively trying to spread their lycanthropic condition to others, much like vampires.
Werewolf fiction
Most modern fiction describes werewolves as vulnerable to silver weapons and highly resistant to other injuries. This feature appears in German folklore of the 19th century. The claim that the Beast of Gévaudan, an 18th-century wolf or wolf-like creature, was shot by a silver bullet appears to have been introduced by novelists retelling the story from 1935 onwards and not in earlier versions. English Folk-lore, prior to 1865, showed shape shifters to be vulnerable to silver. "...till the publican shot a silver button over their heads when they were instantly transformed into two ill-favoured old ladies..." c. 1640 the city of Greifswald, Germany was infested by werewolves. "A clever lad suggested that they gather all their silver buttons, goblets, belt buckles, and so forth, and melt them down into bullets for their muskets and pistols. ... this time they slaughtered the creatures and rid Greifswald of the lycanthropes."
The 1897 novel Dracula and the short story Dracula's Guest, both written by Bram Stoker, drew on earlier mythologies of werewolves and similar legendary demons and "was to voice the anxieties of an age", and the "fears of late Victorian patriarchy". In Dracula's guest, a band of military horsemen coming to the aid of the protagonist chase off Dracula, depicted as a great wolf stating the only way to kill it is by a "Sacred Bullet". This is also mentioned in the main novel Dracula as well. Count Dracula stated in the novel that legends of werewolves originated from his Szekely racial bloodline, who himself is also depicted with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf at will during the night but is unable to do so during the day except at noon.
The first feature film to use an anthropomorphic werewolf was Werewolf of London in 1935. The main werewolf of this film is a dapper London scientist who retains some of his style and most of his human features after his transformation, as lead actor Henry Hull was unwilling to spend long hours being made up by makeup artist Jack Pierce. Universal Studios drew on a Balkan tale of a plant associated with lycanthropy as there was no literary work to draw upon, unlike the case with vampires. There is no reference to silver nor other aspects of werewolf lore such as cannibalism.
A more tragic character is Lawrence Talbot, played by Lon Chaney, Jr. in 1941's The Wolf Man. With Pierce's makeup more elaborate this time, the movie catapulted the werewolf into public consciousness. Sympathetic portrayals are few but notable, such as the comedic but tortured protagonist David Naughton in An American Werewolf in London, and a less anguished and more confident and charismatic Jack Nicholson in the 1994 film Wolf. Over time, the depiction of werewolves has gone from fully malevolent to even heroic creatures, such as in the Underworld and Twilight series, as well as Dance in the Vampire Bund, Rosario+Vampire, and various other movies, anime, manga, and comic books.
Other werewolves are decidedly more willful and malevolent, such as those in the novel The Howling and its subsequent sequels and film adaptations. The form a werewolf assumes was generally anthropomorphic in early films such as The Wolf Man and Werewolf of London, but larger and powerful wolf in many later films.
Werewolves are often depicted as immune to damage caused by ordinary weapons, being vulnerable only to silver objects, such as a silver-tipped cane, bullet or blade; this attribute was first adopted cinematically in The Wolf Man. This negative reaction to silver is sometimes so strong that the mere touch of the metal on a werewolf's skin will cause burns. Current-day werewolf fiction almost exclusively involves lycanthropy being either a hereditary condition or being transmitted like an infectious disease by the bite of another werewolf. In some fiction, the power of the werewolf extends to human form, such as invulnerability to conventional injury due to their healing factor, super-human speed and strength and falling on their feet from high falls. Also aggressiveness and animalistic urges may be intensified and harder to control (hunger, sexual arousal). Usually in these cases the abilities are diminished in human form. In other fiction it can be cured by medicine men or antidotes.
Along with the vulnerability to the silver bullet, the full moon being the cause of the transformation only became part of the depiction of werewolves on a widespead basis in the twentieth century. The first movie to feature the transformative effect of the full moon was the The Wolf Man in 1941.
Nazi Germany used Werwolf, as the mythical creature's name is spelled in German, in 1942–43 as the codename for one of Hitler's headquarters. In the war's final days, the Nazi "Operation Werwolf" aimed at creating a commando force that would operate behind enemy lines as the Allies advanced through Germany itself.
Two fictional depictions of "Operation Werwolf"—the US television series True Blood and the 2012 novel Wolf Hunter, by J.L. Benét—mix the two meanings of "Werwolf" by depicting the 1945 diehard Nazi commandos as being actual werewolves.


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|"I wish you could smell the watermelon!"
|"These taste just like watermelon without the seeds & sticky."
For Tasty Tuesday Blog Hop
|"I wish you could smell the watermelon!"
|"These taste just like watermelon without the seeds & sticky."
What an original flavor for a dog treat. Sounds good.ReplyDelete
We agree as we have never thought of water melon flavoured treats. Good luck to all those seeking forever homes. We wish them well. Have a terrific Tuesday.
Best wishes Molly
Wow.... I love watermelon myself, what a great idea! Huggies!!!!ReplyDelete
fruitables are the best - we love the banana ones....haven't seen the watermelon beforeReplyDelete
Cute little treats, good for training. Hope all those lovely dogs get a home soon.ReplyDelete
I like the treats and I even could share them with my mom (she is a veggie-thingy). I will share this post, to help Beethoven, Blackie and Jake that they will find a home.ReplyDelete
Our human always complains about stinky hands from dog treats. We'lll have to try these.ReplyDelete
Hmmm tried to comment a few times, and it won't go through :(
As I was saying.....we love fruitables here! The huskies go nuts for them, and I will be sharing those beautiful fur babies.
ღ husky hugz ღ frum our pack at Love is being owned by a husky!
There are watermelon flavored Fruitables?!? Get outta Dodge! Those are great treats...they make excellent little rewards for training.
Happy Tuesday!
I shared the available dog's photos. I hope they are able to find new homes!ReplyDelete
I just heard of these somewhere. I better check my email and see if they offered us some too....after that glowing review, and 2 out of 3 of the dogs loving watermelon, we definitely want to give them a try!
Jan, Wag 'n Woof Pets
PS....sharing for the adoptable dogs as well!
I think I would like those watermelon treats too! Enjoy!ReplyDelete
Those sound DELISH guys!!! I've never tried the Wallymelon flavor befores thou! I'll be on my next order!!
Oh, and I ALWAYS have a beard towel around..you KNOWS I can drool like nobodys business!! hehehe
Ruby ♥
It's interesting that there's brown sugar in the ingredients. I think Sugar would rather have a real watermelon treat. Golden WoofsReplyDelete
It's interesting that there's brown sugar in the ingredients. I think Sugar would rather have a real watermelon treat. Golden WoofsReplyDelete
YUM! Those Fruitables sound deeeelicious!
Wally & Sammy
Those watermelon treats sound yummy! My pack would love them. Sharing these sweet adoptable dogs.ReplyDelete
We have tried Fruitables before, but never the watermelon variety. Might have to try those because brown dawgs love watermelon!ReplyDelete
Oooh that sounds like my favorite treat that I've never had! Yummy, better get mamma on that. So sad to hear about Greta :-(ReplyDelete
Oh wow...I'm going to have to get some of these for Maggie - she loves watermelon!ReplyDelete

subset: commoncrawl


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Last modified: 2021-05-08 by rick wyatt
Keywords: randolph county | indiana |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors
Flag not known.
- indicates flag is known.
- indicates it is reported that there is no known flag.
Municipal flags in Randolph County:
See also:


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Great TimeWe travel once a year from Alabama to snow ski and this year we chose Northstar. We had a great time, lift tickets could be more affordable but enjoyed our trip. I had a medical issue that the medical staff assisted me with and did an incredible job. I appreciate the fact that one of the gondolas can take you up half way even if you are not skiing.
On Northstar timeThe resort was beautiful, however everything is when the people at the resort feel like doing it. For example, skiing ends around 4 at the main lodge where the gondola drops you off. If you come back around 4 from skiing there is nothing open for food or drink and management is kicking you out and telling you the last gondola ride back down to the main resort is at 5. Also, there are no water stations readily available on the mountain or anywhere. We were a family with a 6yo (and two beginner skiers), so we had to hurry and gather our things and get ready to catch the gondola. Another example, parking is so far away you have to catch buses, which again run on Northstar time and you are dropped off into a San Francisco like traffic jam. Lastly, there was a snow storm the night before, so everything was covered in snow - even the ice rink. By the way, they give you certificates when you check-in for free skate rental - jokes on you.
excellent lodging experienceThe Iron Horse Lodge turned out to be much better than we expected. We had a very upscale unit that was private and quiet with an excellent staff and concierge to help us with skiing tips and making dinner reservations. They even picked up our lift tickets for us and arranged for ski rentals. We will be back!
Had fun at northstar at TahoeMy husband and I are snowboarders who have visited many different resorts over the years and my big complaint, which is reaching is the terrain was not very challenging. I rated accessibility low because we are from the east and no direct flights is such a hassle. Although we had a good time I wouldn't go back because there are so many other choices that were better. Last year we did the Caynons in Utah, excellent!!!
We enjoyed skiing at Northstar!We did not stay at Northstar, but we enjoyed skiing and snowboarding there. The village needs more restaraunts and nightlife though! Our son broke his arm and the Truckee clinic was fabulous at caring for him.
Great time at NorthstarWe had a great time. The staff in the village and mountain are super friendly and helpful. The mountain is well laid out and easy to navigate. Lots of intermediate trails but not a lot for the really really advanced skier. We thought the Village needed more restaurants but we liked the ones they did have. Also, it needs better retail, especially a better priced and stocked grocery market. But the skating rink and fire pits are well designed and created a nice apre ski environment.
Great weekend at NorthstarA group of about 10 people went to Northstar over President's weekend. We were expecting big crowds, and were pleasantly surprised that they never materialized. Northstar doesn't have the steepest terrain (that someplace like Squaw would have), but what they do have is maintained well. The snowpack hadn't gotten as deep as it usually is by this time in the year, so we had to dodge some stumps here and there when we were in the trees. The brand new village is impressive, and the lodging options surrounding it cater mainly to families. The mountain seems to be a little more wind protected than a place like Heavenly. We drove down to try and ski at Heavenly one day, but ended up turning around once we got there and found out that most of the upper lifts were shut down due to high winds.\nI would absolutely recommend a trip to Northstar. Having skied all over the American West (mostly Colorado and Utah), it was a fantastic trip.\n


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Advancements in Materials (ISSN 2617-3552) is an international, cross-disciplinary, open access, academic journal published by ITS. The journal is devoted to providing an online forum for researchers from any countries to exchange and discuss the scientific issues that affect the advancements in materials. Articles submitted should be relevant to the focus of the journal and go through a rigorous peer-review process to ensure the quality of the contents on the journal. It welcomes original scientific research articles from worldwide individuals and institutions.
Open Access
Through Open Access publication, authors make their research more accessible on the web and grant to all users available free of charge to read, download and share.
Authentic Peer Review
All articles submitted are subject to a rigorous peer review process by the expert reviewers. ITS adheres to the single blind peer-review procedure to ensure the contents on the journals meet ethical and scientific quality standards.
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Articles submitted must come through a series of procedures, such as peer review and editing. ITS is committed to finish the whole process in 30 days, in which reviewers are allowed to deliver the comments to editors in 14 days.
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Special Issues focusing on certain aspects of a scientific research are published on ITS. Articles on Special Issues aim to broaden the scopes of the journals on ITS and promote the development of a specific aspect of an academic study.


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It's an ultimate-fantasy scenario for sure. Eighty-six year-old Brendon Grimshaw is the owner—and sole human inhabitant—of the island of Moyenne in the Indian Ocean. His only companions are 120 giant tortoises. Sounds like quite a lifestyle.
The island is part of the island nation of Seychelles, about 700 miles from Madagascar. Grimshaw purchased the land in 1962 for only £8000 (about $13,000 USD). He then spent years re-introducing giant tortoises to the island; they were once native, but had long since been killed off.
To add to the super-villain lair vibe, as reported by The Daily Mail, the island is said to be home to an abundance of buried pirate treasure. Grenshaw has found evidence of hiding places, but has not yet come upon any chests of gold. Maybe he should start teaching all those tortoises how to sniff out the riches. [BBC / The Daily Mail]


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Housekeeper - Courtyard Birmingham Colonnade (140028CL)
Location: Birmingham
Posted on: September 19, 2023
Job Description:
It?s a powerful feeling, to belong. It?s finishing each other?s
thoughts. Laughing at the same jokes. It?s that moment you feel
truly and completely yourself. It?s working with people who treat
you like family. At Marriott we know that when you feel at home,
you?ll make our guests feel at home. If this sounds like the place
for you, join us.
The Courtyard Birmingham Colonnade, located at 4300 Colonnade Parkway, Birmingham, AL 35243 is currently hiring a Housekeeper.
Responsibilities include: Respond promptly to requests from guests and other departments. Fill cart with supplies and transport cart to assigned area. Enter guest rooms following procedures for gaining access and ensuring vacancy before entering. Replace guest amenities and supplies in rooms. Replace dirty linens and terry with clean items. Make beds and fold terry. Clean bathrooms. Remove trash, dirty linen, and room service items. Check that all appliances are present in the room and in working order. Straighten desk items, furniture, and appliances. Dust, polish, and remove marks from walls and furnishings. Vacuum carpets and perform floor care duties (e.g., in guest rooms and hallway).
Follow all company and safety and security policies and procedures; report any maintenance problems, safety hazards, accidents, or injuries; complete safety training and certifications; properly store flammable materials. Ensure uniform and personal appearance are clean and professional; maintain confidentiality of proprietary information. Welcome and acknowledge all guests according to company standards; anticipate and address guests' service needs; assist individuals with disabilities; thank guests with genuine appreciation. Speak with others using clear and professional language. Support team to reach common goals. Ensure adherence to quality expectations and standards. Move, lift, carry, push, pull, and place objects weighing less than or equal to 25 pounds without assistance. Reach overhead and below the knees, including bending, twisting, pulling, and stooping. Stand, sit, or walk for an extended period of time. Perform other reasonable job duties as requested by Supervisors.
To submit your application for this job, please go to: https://marriott.taleo.net/careersection/2/jobdetail.ftl?job=140028CL
Marriott International is consistently recognized as an employer of choice around the globe by FORTUNE and Working Mother magazines, DiversityInc, Great Places to Work Institute, and the CRF institute among others. Visit our newsroom to learn more: news.marriott.com
Connect and network online with us:
Marriott International is an equal opportunity employer committed to hiring a diverse workforce and sustaining an inclusive culture. Marriott International does not discriminate on the basis of disability, veteran status or any other basis protected under federal, state or local laws.
It?s a powerful feeling, to belong. It?s finishing each other?s
thoughts. Laughing at the same jokes. It?s that moment you feel
truly and completely yourself. It?s working with people who treat
you like family. At Marriott we know that when you feel at home,
you?ll make our guests feel at home. If this sounds like the place
for you, join us.
Keywords: , Birmingham , Housekeeper - Courtyard Birmingham Colonnade (140028CL), Other , Birmingham, Alabama
here to apply!


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Who? Right. Exactly. But Mr. Kuselias, as tiny an orb as he may be in the ESPN galaxy, has solidified his reputation as "the biggest douchebag in the place," according to multiple sources. But what about that sex-harassment thing?
Yes, according to sources, Mr. Kuselias became a little too friendly with a female ESPN employee at a recent
Super Bowl Monday Night Football party, where he drunkenly blurted out to her, "I would like to fuck you." The woman, skeeved by his advances, declined. She notified HR and, according to a source, Kuselias was suspended. The HR person allegedly told the woman, "I'm not supposed to tell you this...but he's been warned before." Really?
Kuselias, by the way, was married at the time (shocker) but apparently is no longer because...
His wife hired a private investigator and found out he was having an ongoing relationship with ESPN personality Stephania Bell. Who again? Anyway, those two were doing it. Mrs. Kuselias wasn't too happy about it.
However! It appears that the Kuselias are trying to work things out at this time, I'm told. Good for them.
Awaiting comment from ESPN....
UPDATED FOR IRONY: Kuselias was hired by ESPN radio after they fired Jason Jackson for...sexual harassment.
UPDATED AGAIN: Everyone say hello to Jennifer Williams, ESPN personality and brand-new Deadspin commenter.


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Best Shopping Sites for Women Clothing
Best Shopping Sites for Women Clothing
It is a true fact that women are fond of shopping. Formerly women just chase a chance to go on shopping. Most of them prefer to on Saturdays or weekends for shopping in particular rather than weekdays because It is too callous for them to take out some time of the busy itinerary of office works or schedule. However, modernization of technology and the internet has changed the cycle. The internet is one of the nimble growing technologies in the world with a number of new websites for diverse uses in that shopping sites are one of them. There are many kinds of shopping sites for men, kids, women and much more. Here we are going to have a look of top six list of online shopping sites for women, which save lots of time and make opportune shopping.
Urban Outfitters
This site has grown enormously over the past years. It has the biggest collection all around the world. It has all kinds of stylish dresses, western type outfits, latest styles of costumes and even more. Urban Outfitters gives you the best deals on women's clothing all over the world. It consistently has the collection of the latest trends and styles. So do not bother about the trends you will surely get it on this site. Ostracize all these features it gives you all modes of payment and free shipping.
Revolve Clothing
It hauls clothing for all, but the main theme or target of this site is for women. It has all the compilation from the greatest designers in the world with the best deals. You cannot say it will be cheap but of course better than the offline retailers or stores. It has a wide range of denim brands for women and offer you free shipping all over the world. This makes it even more special and makes a place in the top five in our list.
The best designers and brands all over the world know this site for the collection of latest trends. It not only holds the clothing, but also the accessories required for women, which is an additional point for the site. It offers an exhaustive collection of designer apparel and accessories to suit every style and instant. It has the best customer aid and fastest shipping as any. It sends us emails regarding the latest products and offers that make it even better to make in the top most shopping sites.
Daily Look
It is the best site for young women who believe in fashion and try to look fashionable. It has all latest types of clothing and other things as shoes, materials, matching's etc., which make it perfect for a woman to shop all the things by sitting at home itself. This will definitely help you to save your time and gives you best offers when compared to the outline retailers and malls.
Nasty Gal
It brings you the best and vintage clothing from popular brands all over the world. It has very low prices for the best clothing. Instead of roaming all over, the place for the brand clothing it is better to shop from this site and save your precious time with the help of fastest shipping it offers.
Otteny.com gives a luxury shopping experience to all the women along with a clear taste of luxury and contemporary design. With $35 deposited, Otteny.com team will arrange best dressing for you for any occasion just sitting at home. Also keeping updated with your Pinterest account, you will be able to know the new clothing stuffs added daily with all discounts offered.
Shopping for women is becoming just like a trend these days. Therefore, these lists of top websites better save the precious time of all working women instead of going out in stores and malls to shop and waste time.


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Welcome to the WMU Libraries' subject guide for Archives. This guide includes information resources to help you find books, information about the field, and many other types of resources for class work and research in this field.
Use the tabs at the top of the page to help navigate through this guide.
For assistance in doing your research, please contact me or any other librarian.
Ask-a-Librarian is just a click away!


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Experiment of The Month
Zeno and the Bouncing Ball
Zeno's motion paradoxes all have to do with dividing time into ever smaller slices. We can experimentally realized such a sequence of ever-smaller time intervals by watching a bouncing ball.
The figure at the right represents a ball dropped from an initial height h0 . When it bounces it loses energy, so that the next bounce height, h1 , is smaller. The model used here is that the fraction of energy lost on each bounce is a constant, independent of energy.
In the figure, the ball is given a small horizontal velocity to the right, so that it bounces further to the right each time. The horizontal position axis acts as a time axis because the horizontal velocity remains constant.
The model implies that each successive bounce is less than the previous bounce by the same fraction. In the figure, each bounce is half as high as the previous bounce. We call the fraction remaining g , so that
h1 = g h0 .
In classroom discussion, we consider another possibility; that the bounce decreases by a constant amount, rather than a constant fraction. This model readily predicts the number of bounces for the ball to come to rest. However, experiment (dropping the ball from several different heights) quickly shows that this model is not close to the ball's behavior. It is more accurate to say that the ball looses (for example) half of its height on the first bounce, no matter that the original height from which it was dropped.
With the constant fraction model, it seems that the ball will require an infinite number of bounces to come to rest. Intuition says that it will take an infinite amount of time for this to occur. Analysis however, shows that in this model, the ball can make an infinite number of bounces in a finite amount of time. The reason is that the time between bounces decreases as the bounce height decreases.
The idea that the ball executes an infinite number of bounces in a finite amount of time is perhaps the most interesting response to Zeno's paradoxes. We have experimental evidence that an infinite number of events can occur in a finite amount of time. Mathematically, we have use the fact that (for some cases) the sum of an infinite number of terms is a finite number.
Using the labels in the diagram, we show that the time from t=0 to t=t1 is given by
(t1 - 0) = (8h1/g)(1/2)
In words, the bounce-to-bounce time is proportional to the square root of the bounce height.
Using the fact that h2 = g h1, we see that
(t2 - t1) = (g8h1/g)(1/2) = (t1 - 0)(g)(1/2)
Adding up all the bounce-to-bounce times (from n=0 to infinity) gives the total time to come to rest:
With a (g)(1/2) defined as b, this becomes
and the sum has the result
We usually determine g by measuring the initial drop height and the first bounce height, h1 , so that the equation above is a natural way to express the time to come to rest. An alternative is to notice that the time between the first and the second bounces is just the first term in that expression, so that
From this point of view, b is best measured by measuring the time for the second bounce and the first for the second bounce: b is the ratio of those times. In this way, the time to come to rest is predicted from the times for the first two bounces.
In a later exercise, we consider the decay of the motion of a pendulum. To a good approximation, the pendulum also loses a constant fraction of its amplitude with each swing. The difference is that the period of the pendulum does not go to zero as the amplitude decreases - it remains nearly constant. Because of this the model predicts an infinite numbers of swings occur before the pendulum comes to rest. This behavior manifests itself in the (approximately) exponential decay of the pendulum amplitude.


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Bio: Euclides Lozano
July 19, 2012
Euclides Lozano is 49 years old, and has been the driver for the No Papers No Fear bus. He came to the U.S. over 20 years ago from El Salvador and lives in Maryland. His experience organizing comes from living in El Salvador during war, and being part of the popular movement when he was 16. He applied for political asylum but did not obtain it, and in 1988 was able to regularize his status during the immigration amnesty. He continued organizing Salvadorians and solidarity groups denouncing violations to human rights. Regarding his participation on the bus, he says he came because his daughter told him he was needed. "As an immigrant I share the same struggle to be treated as a human being, with dignity, who deserves respect and rights. Anti immigrant laws are currently attacking those rights. When I came the laws were different and through amnesty I was able to work and live a better life. That is why I am here. I believe regularizing undocumented immigrants would benefit not just them but the whole country as people work, pay taxes, and contribute."Read More »


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Home » Denver, CO Pawn Shops » E Z Pawn
E Z Pawn
1101 W 84th Ave
Denver, CO 80260
About This Shop
No additional information available.
Specialties(None listed)
Reviews (0)
Sorry, no reviews have been written for this Pawn Shop, or reviews are pending for approval.
If you'd like to write a review, please fill out the form below.


text:
California Highway Patrol officer Saul Gomez said Monday that the 87-year-old entertainer was not treated or cited at the scene.
The officer said witnesses reported the fire just before 2 p.m. Monday and said that an elderly man was slumped over behind the wheel of the flaming car. Passers-by stopped to help the man, whom police and fire officials identified as Van Dyke.
Arlene Van Dyke posted a video online that showed her husband speaking with police officers and the remains of his burned-out car.


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Gulf Oil Spill Worst in U.S. Maritime History; Drilling Postponed
President Obama calls for "deeper reform" of U.S. offshore drilling.
This story is part of a special series that explores energy issues. For more, visit The Great Energy Challenge.
Today federal officials expressed cautious optimism that BP's "top kill" effort to cap the leaking well causing the Gulf oil spill is working. Meanwhile, the true size of the disaster—and its potential to reshape U.S. energy policy—has become clearer.
Hours after the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) released estimates that affirm the Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico is the worst in U.S. maritime history, President Obama announced new limits on U.S. offshore drilling to allow for "further study and deeper reform."
Although most of the measures are temporary while a new commission studies the environmental risks and regulatory options of such drilling, industry observers have braced for profound change. (See "Oil Spill Poses Risk to Gulf Power Plants.")
Energy-industry analyst Kevin Book, for instance, sent a note to clients marking a turning point in what he characterized as two decades of pro-drilling sentiment from both the White House and Congress, spanning both political parties.
"A policy of 'no more damage on our watch' is likely to define activity for the remainder of the administration," wrote Book, managing director of research at ClearView Energy Partners, LLC, in Washington, D.C.
Book pointed out that five separate hearings regarding the spill are underway in Congress.
And in his lengthy news conference, Obama said that his administration has had more meetings on the Gulf oil spill than any other topic besides the issue of troops in Afghanistan.
"I continue to believe domestic oil production is important," Obama said during the conference. "But we can't do this stuff unless we have confidence we can prevent [similar oil spills] from occurring again."
New Drilling Delayed by Gulf Oil Spill
Among the new steps announced by the President is a six-month extension of the existing moratorium on permits to drill new deep-water wells.
Royal Dutch Shell's plan to drill for oil this summer in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas off the west coast of Alaska (see map) will be delayed while a new presidential commission studies how to regulate offshore drilling.
(This story was produced as part of The Great Energy Challenge initiative by the National Geographic Society in partnership with Shell. National Geographic maintains editorial autonomy.)
The commission will be led by former Senator Bob Graham (D-Florida) and William Reilly, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the first President Bush.
Underscoring the profound policy shift, the U.S. Department of Interior had already approved Shell's drilling plans in Alaska, although the permits have not been signed.
Shell had planned to drill in just 150 feet (about 46 meters) of water, compared with the more than 5,000-foot (1,500-meter) depth of BP's wrecked well in the Gulf of Mexico. (See satellite pictures of the Gulf oil spill's early evolution.)
Gulf Oil Spill May Create Shallow-Drilling Ban?
In addition, Obama canceled an August sale of various energy leases in the western Gulf of Mexico and a lease sale off the coast of Virginia. Obama also ordered a halt to all 33 existing exploratory deepwater drilling operations underway in the Gulf of Mexico.
The decisions mark a reversal for the administration, which only weeks before the April 20 Deepwater Horizon explosion proposed to expand offshore oil exploration to the Atlantic Coast.
The President's statements Thursday also left open the possibility that the administration may begin easing its ban on new permits in shallow waters—many of which involve drilling for natural gas.
The International Association of Drilling Contractors had urged Interior Secretary Ken Salazar to allow the shallow drilling to move forward. The group said that if the moratorium continues, workers on at least 50 drilling rigs that will be tapped out sometime during the next six weeks may be out of work.
Gulf Oil Spill "Top Kill" Working?
Meanwhile, BP continued its effort to stop the Gulf oil spill with "top kill"—a rapid injection of heavy drilling mud into the leaking well. Such mud is used to regulate pressure when high-pressure wells are tapped.
As of Thursday afternoon, officials said that the procedure was on track and signs were positive.
But USGS issued stark evidence on how much damage already had been done. The agency used both the amount of oil on the surface and BP's now familiar underwater video to estimate that 12,000 barrels (504,000 gallons or 1.9 million liters) to 19,000 barrels (800,000 gallons or 3 million liters) a day are spewing from the damaged well.
At that rate the amount of oil spilled since April 20 would be 18.7 million gallons (70.8 million liters) to 29.5 million gallons (112 million liters).
Until now, the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill of 11 million gallons (about 42 million liters) into Alaska's Prince William Sound held the title as worst U.S. oil disaster.
Editor's note: A previous version of this story incorrectly called the Deepwater Horizon oil spill the worst in U.S. history. At 5 million barrels, it was the worst U.S. offshore spill, but on land it was surpassed by the Lakeview gusher in 1910 and 1911, which spilled 9.4 million barrels of oil in California's San Joaquin valley.


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There once was a time when music games were the biggest - and in some cases best - thing to happen to the video game industry. Oh, how those times have changed.
Gamasutra's chart fiend Matt Matthews has got hold of the revenue generated by the sale of music games over the past three years, and the decline in the genre is staggering.
In 2008, music games - think series like Rock Band, Guitar Hero, SingStar & DJ Hero - made over $1.6 billion. In 2009, that dropped by almost half, down to $870 million, and in 2010, well...things are looking even worse.
From January through to October, music games have yet to break the $250 million mark. Which considering this is a year which has seen Rock Band 3 (which is a great game), a new Guitar Hero game and a new DJ Hero title is dismal reading.
Sure, some of that comes from the fact people invested in the more expensive instrument bundles early on, then only bought subsequent standalone games. And both Rock Band 2 and DJ Hero 2 haven't been out that long. But only some, especially when you consider DJ Hero 2 sold only 59,000 copies in October.
These numbers don't lie. The music genre as we know it i- a chart-topping juggernaut capable of supporting the high manufacturing costs of all those instruments - is dead. Many consumers have obviously lost interest. All those plastic instruments that took up a bunch of space, cost a ton of money and had you playing the same "hit the buttons in time with the coloured dot" game over and over for 3-4 years have clearly had their time in the sun.
The future of the genre, it seems, lies in games that are slimmer. That are just games, that you buy, and can play, without the need for dedicated, proprietary controllers. The runaway success of Just Dance on the Wii is one example of this, as is the early success of Dance Central on Kinect.
Which has fans of dancing and singing covered, but you have to wonder what Kinect can possibly do for lovers of music that's a little heavier. Air Guitar Hero, perhaps? Stranger things have happened.
Analysis: U.S. Music Game Sales Have Dropped Fivefold Since 2008 [Gamasutra] [image]