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Welcome to Kennington
Our village stands between the River Thames and the A34 trunk road to the south of Oxford. It is an active village of 4,000 people, who need to know what's going on.
This website will tell you what's going on, in the village and around it. Use the menu to find out about village activities, the services available, news from the village organisations and a whole host of other things.
If there's something you need to know about, you'll probably find it on this site. If you can't, let us know — this website is BY the village and FOR the village, and we want it to contain all anyone could reasonably expect to find here.
Read about the website here.


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Silliman University
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Silliman University is a private Christian university in Dumaguete City, Philippines. Founded by Presbyterian missionaries in 1901, it is the oldest American-established university in the Philippines and the first American university in Asia.
- There were fifteen boys that first morning. The equipment consisted of four desks about ten feet long, two tables and two chairs, a few McGuffey's Readers, a few geographies, arithmetics and ninth-grade grammars. I was President; Mrs. Hibbard was the faculty.
- Dr. David Sutherland Hibbard, after the school's establishment, Carson, Arthur L., Silliman University 1901-1959, United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia, p. 1
- What is it that Silliman University wears under your necktie that is your heart but which shines forth on your face? … they are Love, Joy, Peace, Patience, Kindness, Faithfulness, Gentleness and Self-control .. these are fruits of the Spirit …they are what Silliman wants you to wear in your hearts.
- [[Dr. David Sutherland Hibbard, A statement he made before an audience in 1956, "Silliman University: Official Statement". SU NetNews. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
- Via Veritas Vita - "The Way, The Truth, The Life"
- Silliman University Motto, appearing in the Bible: John 14:6
- Often I have marveled over the far-seeing vision and crusading spirit of philanthropy that had actuated the kind soul who, in a land not his own founded this Institute to impart to our youth a culture and a faith buttressed by upright moral principles.
- Emilio Aguinaldo during his visit to Silliman Institute now Silliman University
- "Every once in a while, my mind would catch, however faintly, strains of music from long, long ago, when my elder brother, fresh from what seemed to me then a wonderful adventure in a world far from home, used to sing that sweet song with words I can still remember — "Silliman Beside the Sea."
- Sen. Jovito Salonga, "The Educated Man", The Jovito R. Salonga Journal, Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- "Let me start off by admitting that I am quite nervous about giving this speech for a couple of reasons. First, because I am speaking at the distinguished Silliman University where my grandfather, John Gokongwei Sr., went to high school. I never had the chance to meet him since he passed away when my father was only thirteen. But I am very honored to be speaking on the hallowed and historic grounds where he went to school more than 80 years ago. The other reason I am nervous is because I am speaking to the 2007 graduating class of Silliman. Given your Sillimanian pedigree, the world has high expectations of you."
- Lance Gokongwei, Commencement Address at Silliman University, March 25, 2007, SU NetNews. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- "I have always held the highest regard for Silliman University. I have many colleagues in UP - members of our faculty who are graduates of this institution and I am very impressed by them."
- Emerlinda Roman, President of the University of the Philippines, Commencement Address at Silliman University, March 21, 2010, SU NetNews. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- "It is a privilege of mine to be here. In 2003, I was requested to be the commencement speaker for the graduating class of the University of the Philippines-Diliman. And after I gave that address, I said to myself-and this is true-the only other invitation that I will accept after UP Diliman is Silliman University. I have actually been waiting for almost three years. And I would have waited 30 more years to address you."
- Menardo "Butch" G. Jimenez, Jr., Senior Vice-President, Retail Business Group PLDT and OIC, Wireless Consumer Division, Smart Communications, Commencement Address at Silliman University, March 26, 2006.
- "I cannot think of a more pleasant environment in this country that is most conducive to serious study than the campus of Silliman University."
- Oscar M. Lopez, Chairman, Lopez Group of Companies, Address at Silliman University, July 2010, SU NetNews. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
External links[edit]
- Silliman University Official website

subset: commoncrawl


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- Timing of Hot Flashes Could Give Clues to Alzheimer's Risk
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- Black Patients More Likely to Be Physically Restrained During ER Visits
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- Teen Boys With High Blood Pressure Face Danger Decades Later
Implanted Defibrillators May Help Patients With Moderate Heart Failure
People with moderate heart failure may live longer with an implanted defibrillator, researchers report.
A normal heart's pumping ability — called ejection fraction — is 50 percent to 70 percent. An ejection fraction below 50 percent signals the possible beginnings of heart failure, according to the American College of Cardiology.
Implanted defibrillators have shown a benefit in patients with advanced heart failure and ejection fractions of 30 percent or less. But whether patients with moderate heart failure might also benefit is the question this study tried to answer.
The answer was yes, the study authors said.
"Patients with an ejection fraction of 30 to 35 percent who receive an implantable defibrillator have better survival than similar patients with no implantable defibrillator," said study author Dr. Sana Al-Khatib, an associate professor of medicine at Duke University in Durham, N.C.
Implantable defibrillators are small devices put in the chest to monitor the heart's rhythm and deliver small electrical shocks to help treat life-threatening heart rhythm disorders.
They have been proven to reduce sudden cardiac death or death from any cause in patients suffering from heart failure or in those who have had a heart attack and have ejection fractions of 35 percent or less, explained study co-author Dr. Gregg Fonarow, a professor of cardiology at the University of California, Los Angeles.
However, since patients in most clinical trials had ejection fractions below 30 percent, it hasn't been clear whether patients with ejection fractions in the 30 percent to 35 percent range would benefit in the real world, he said.
"This new study of patients in clinical practice demonstrates that the benefits of implanted defibrillator therapy outweigh the risks in patients with ejection fractions of 30 to 35 percent," Fonarow said.
The absolute difference in the death rate at three years was 8.9 percent with an implanted defibrillator for patients with ejection fractions of 30 percent to 35 percent and 10.9 percent for patients with ejection fractions of less than 30 percent. "Thus the size of the benefit was similar and large in both groups," Fonarow said.
"While there are potential complications with implanted defibrillator therapy, the benefits in appropriately selected patients outweigh these risks, and while the therapy is costly, cost-effectiveness analyses suggest this therapy provides reasonable value," he said.
These findings lend further support for current guideline recommendations to implant defibrillators in eligible patients with an ejection fraction of 35 percent or less, Fonarow said.
The report was published in the June 4 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. The study was funded by the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Dr. Bryan Henry, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, N.Y., said the "findings of this paper validate our current guidelines, but are also sobering."
"The absolute benefit is much greater in those with ejection fractions of less than 30 percent than for those between 30 and 35 percent, but statistical benefit still exists," he said.
When discussing these benefits with patients, doctors need to have an honest discussion about the magnitude of benefit, Henry said.
Even patients who have severely decreased function have to be told that, on average, 45 percent will die within three years even with an implanted defibrillator, he said.
"We are making a modest impact with our interventions, but outcomes are still sobering, and we need to continue to focus our efforts on prevention," Henry said.
For the study, researchers studied 3,120 patients with ejection fractions of 30 percent to 35 percent, comparing deaths among those who had implanted defibrillators with those who did not.
They repeated their analysis among 4,578 patients with ejection fractions of less than 30 percent.
The researchers found that survival of heart failure patients with ejection fractions of 30 percent to 35 percent improved in those with implanted defibrillators, compared with those without them. The death rate at three years dropped from 55 percent to 51.4 percent when a defibrillator was implanted, they noted.
Implanted defibrillators were associated with even greater increases in survival among heart failure patients with ejection fractions of less than 30 percent. Among these patients, three-year death rates dropped from almost 58 percent to 45 percent with implantable defibrillator use, the researchers found.
Dr. Todd Cohen, director of the pacemaker-arrhythmia center at the Winthrop-University Hospital in Mineola, N.Y., said that an earlier study had shown improved survival with an implantable defibrillator in patients with mild to moderate congestive heart failure and an ejection fraction of less than or equal to 35 percent.
"This new study gives additional support for defibrillator implantation according to the approved guidelines," he said.
More information
For more information on heart failure, visit the American Heart Association.
Source: HealthDay
Copyright © 2023 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


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Welcome to our Galleries! Here you will find images of beauty and grace courtesy of the bounty of nature. We use macro lenses allowing you to see details you may have otherwise missed giving an even deeper appreciation of what is all around us. We hope you find the peace and serenity in these photos that we found in taking them.
If you have any questions at all, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Thanks and enjoy!
Nature's Patterns
A trained eye starts seeing patterns everywhere -- in flowers, in ice crystals, in mushrooms, even in the pattern of dirt on your car. It's everywhere!Read More


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Daily Caller Celebrates Russia's Violent, Draconian Crackdown On LGBT People
The Daily Caller published a column cheering on Russia's brutal and draconian crackdown on LGBT people, downplaying concerns about state sponsored anti-gay violence and criticizing American activists for meddling in Russia's affairs.
Russia has enacted a number of extreme anti-LGBT measures in the past few months, including laws that prohibit the dissemination of "gay propaganda" to minors and ban the adoption of Russian children by people from countries that allow same-sex marriage.
The vague language of the "gay propaganda" law, which has been condemned by human rights experts for violating international human rights law, makes it especially dangerous - anything from waving a rainbow flag to holdings hands in public could potentially be considered criminal "propaganda" under the measure. The law has already led to the arrests of several openly gay tourists in Russia. Meanwhile, police continue to violently crack down on gay pride celebrations and homophobic murders remain a constant threat to Russia's LGBT community.
On July 25, the Daily Caller published an op-ed titled "Putin is not the gay bogeyman," written by Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute (C-FAM) President Austin Ruse. According to Ruse, international concerns about Putin's brutal crackdown on LGBT people are wildly exaggerated. In fact, Ruse argues, America should be learning from Russia's anti-LGBT policies:
Homosexuality and homosexual acts are totally legal in Russia. Homosexuality is quite open in Russia. What the Russians do not want, and this opposition is widespread, is for homosexuality to be taught to school children or otherwise exposed to school children.
Russians understand that homosexuality exists in their society and always has, even when it was illegal under the Soviets and that it exists in all human societies. What is new and what they resist is the political movement to regularize and even celebrate it. They view this as harmful to children and society.
They are appalled, as are many Americans, at how these sexual practices and lifestyles are celebrated in the United States. The state of California now mandates the teaching of homosexuality to school children. Those individuals and institutions in the United States that oppose the homosexual advance are ostracized and in some cases criminalized.
And under the Obama administration this ideology has now become a part of US foreign policy. Openly gay ambassadors are now placed in largely religious countries. Gay celebrations are now held in US embassies even in countries, like Pakistan, where such parties are calculated to deeply offend legitimate religious sensibilities and beliefs. [emphasis added]
Ruse goes on to criticize American opponents of Russia's anti-gay laws for meddling in Russian affairs and promoting sexual immorality, writing:
America has a bad reputation around the world, particularly among traditional peoples, for many reasons, not the least is the immorality we push through our popular culture and now through our official activities.When many foreigners meet Americans they expect pimps, prostitutes, and pornographers.
While we should and do deplore laws that allow violence against homosexuals, the bottom line for Russia and elsewhere is that there is no human right to teach school children about sexual practices, neither is there a human right to parade your sexual preferences and practices down public streets. All else is legal. [emphasis added]
Ruse is familiar with promoting draconian anti-LGBT legislation in foreign countries. A July 2013 report from the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) documented Ruse and C-FAM's involvement in defending a measure in Belize that punishes homosexual sex with 10 years in prison.


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15 Surprising Facts About K-Pop Support Staff You Never Knew
While the idol members get the spotlight, a lot of work is being done by staff behind the scenes to make sure their groups run smoothly. Many support staff are involved in the industry in other ways, whether it be managing more than one group, choreographing for different agencies, or even becoming idols themselves! Here are some surprising facts about K-Pop support staff you never knew.
1. TWICE's vocal coach is also BLACKPINK's vocal coach
You may know vocal trainer Kim Sang Eun from Produce 101, but she also trained TWICE and BLACKPINK has worked with members of BTS including Jungkook, Taehyung and Jin. She said that out of all the idols she's trained, Jin was the most improved since he was scouted as a film student and had to practice a lot to improve his vocals.
2. BTS's manager loves to do extra things for Jimin
One of BTS's managers is known as Jimin's "Personal Manager" – but he's officially not his personal manager anymore and works for all the boys. He just loves to do things for Jimin and is often seen giving him drinks and carrying bags – and they are very close!
3. BLACKPINK and Red Velvet have the same hair dressers
In Lisa TV, as the camera pans across you can see very briefly that Red Velvet's Wendy is sitting to the right, across from Lisa! YG Entertainment artists are known to frequent the same beauty salon, with some of the stylists there working with other artists as well, as stylists are not exclusive to a certain artist and aren't on contract with companies. Red Velvet's Yeri and Akdong Musician's Suhyun are also known to use the same hairdressers as that's how they became good friends, and Hyoyeon and Irene also use the same stylists.
4. The founder and former CEO of Chrome Entertainment was originally a photographer
Hwang Hyun Chang had no music industry experience whatsoever, but was so impressed after seeing T-ara's "Roly Poly" on TV that he decided to found his own company and create his own girl group, Crayon Pop. The company has gone on to become a label under Sony Music Entertainment.
"I was oblivious to [girl groups] in the past. Not only idols, I didn't even pay attention to the popular songs. But I'm the type of person who can't help himself once I get engrossed in something. I saw T-ara's "Roly Poly" and I said to my friends at the photo studio, 'Should we try to create a girl group?' Everyone was strongly against it. They said that even experienced management companies find it hard…. At that time, my stubborn pride was stirred up. But if I knew the structure of entertainment companies back then, I wouldn't have begun. While I was in this business, there were many times when I questioned myself, 'Did I do the right choice entering this business?' For one, I do not know anyone who worked in entertainment companies, and secondly, no one could give me information or advice. I just bit my tongue and charged forward."
— Hwang Hyun Chang
5. Manager oppa Hyunjoon managed f(x) and NCT
A young SM Entertainment manager affectionately referred to as "Manager oppa Hyunjoon" because of his good looks and kind personality, has gone from f(x) to NCT.
Fans affectionately call him "manager oppa" or "manager hyung" because he's so close to the groups he manages and treats them well. He gained his own fans when he appeared on Amber's video with Pereniel, where he wanted to join in on their whisper challenge game. He even has his own fansites!
6. Red Velvet's manager was also Girl's Generation's manager
Kim Min Jin is one of the most well-known SM Entertainment managers, who started with Girls' Generation and is now with Red Velvet.
7. EXO's manager is a Seohyun fanboy
On a TV show, EXO-K's manager wrote "Seohyun = Goddess", revealing his love of Girls' Generation and his bias. It was also revealed that that EXO-M's manager is a SONE and his phone's wallpaper is Seohyun, proving they were both hardcore fanboys!
8. 2NE1, Winner and iKon have all shared the same manager
Jjangmae managed all three of the groups, as well as Seven and often went along with the members's antics, such as being dressed up by them, participating in games and doing aegyo.
9. TVXQ's bodyguard has been with them for 15 years
Hyun Myunghwan has been nicknamed "Papa Bear" by TVXQ fans because of how dependable he is and how long he has stayed with the boys, for almost 15 years.
10. Managers make fun of their groups
Managers like to have fun too, and most of the time it results in them making fun of their charges. One time the managers from SHINee, EXO, Super Junior, Girls' Generation and f(x) all got together to cover SHINee's "Dream Girl" and it was hilariously amazing.
SHINee's managers also dressed up as them for Halloween multiple times, including as Key from the "View" MV.
11. Pledis Entertainment CEO was BoA's manager
Pledis Entertainment CEO Han Sung Soo was originally one of BoA's managers. That's how he met Kahi, who was a backup dancer of BoA's at the time and helped establish the company. Prior to this, Han Sung Soo was a professional ballerino. He has admitted that it was working for BoA that helped him learn about the domestic and international entertainment process.
12. Eric Nam's manager is also his brother
Eddie Nam is responsible for Eric Nam's US activities, and he also acts as a bodyguard of sorts, as well as a big brother!
13. Apink's manager stepped in for Eunji during a rehearsal
Managers do this a lot – they help groups when a member is sick or absent by filling in spots. An EXID stylist stood in for Solji for a rehearsal back in 2015 and two managers stepped in for D.O. and Lay during an EXO practice. This video of Apink's manager filling in for Eunji got attention thanks the manager's ability to follow along well.
14. Choreographers cross over all the time
Kasper is EXO's choreographer and dance instructor, and has also choreographed and worked a lot with Girls' Generation in the past. He's one of the male dancers in their songs "Mr Mr" and TTS' "Adrenaline". On top of that, he's Taeyeon's back up dancer and used to be known as Hyuna and 4minute's backup dancer, nicknamed "Kim Seobang" (husband) when no one knew his name. Other choreographers like Kyle Hanagami have also choreographed for SM Entertainment girl groups in general, including Red Velvet, f(x), Girls' Generation and BLACKPINK, and Jonte Moaning is known for work T-ara and Miss A, Wondergirls, BLACKPINK and Beyonce.
15. Some staff become idols
DIA's Jooeun was an assistant manager for them before she joined the group and Solji from EXID and Boa from SPICA were vocal coaches before becoming members of their respective groups. Solji was actually EXID's vocal coach prior to joining them as a member!


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Candice Miller voted Yea (Passage) on this Legislation.
Read statements Candice Miller made in this general time period.
Title: Pledge Protection Act of 2006
Vote to pass a bill that amends the criminal code to prohibit federal courts, other than territorial courts, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, and the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, from hearing or deciding, and the Supreme Court considering appeals from, cases questioning interpretation or constitutional validity of the Pledge of Allegiance.
Title: Pledge Protection Act of 2006


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Home Page Chess Life Online Christiansen Takes Senior Open
|Christiansen Takes Senior Open
|By WIM Alexey Root
|September 7, 2009
Breaking News: GM Larry Christiansen won the U.S. Senior Open in Tulsa, Oklahoma, ceding only one draw to GM Larry Kaufman. 5.5 out of 6 was good for clear first and a spot in the 2010 U.S. Championships. Christiansen said, "It's been a long time since I was the youngest man in my section. But I played like an old man at times!" Larry said that he might have qualified for the U.S. Championship by rating, but was happy to lock in his spot at the Senior.
GM Larry Kaufman was clear second with 5 of 6, defeating GM Boris Gulko en route to his finish. He drew Christiansen and, in the last round, drew IM Walter Shipman. As the highest-finishing player over 60, Kaufman wins a trip to the World Senior in Northern Italy.
The winner of the 6-round U.S. Women's Open is UTD sophomore WFM Saheli Nath with 5 out of 6. Second was WIM Iryna Zenyuk, who is the top American finisher and therefore qualifies for the 2010 U.S. Women's. Tied for 3rd through 5th with 4 points were UTD freshman Medina Parilla, WFM Chouchan Airapetian, and Jennifer Acon. UTD provided 5 of the 16 players in this first-ever U.S. Women's Open.
The photo below shows all the participants of the Women's Open, except Margaret Hua and Jennifer Acon.
The winner of the 7-round Okie Open was IM Michael Brooks. He had 6 out of 7 (draw vs. Tim Steiner mid-tournament and quick last round draw vs. Sergey Galant). Upon winning the Okie Open, he qualifies for an invitation next year to the Round Robin Master's Invitational.
Conrad Holt looks likely to win the round robin invitational. Full story coming soon.


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Product Details
With elegant curved legs, this 30-Key Baby Grand is chic, educational, and durable. Unique chime-like tones are created by small hammers striking metal rods, producing a charming sound that will have little pianists mesmerized. The width of the keys promotes proper finger placement in the youngest of pianists, enabling an easy transition to a larger piano. This model is excellent for children who have been introduced to pianos, and for children who are only beginning their journey to performance pieces. Includes: Schoenhut's patented Tri-Play Learning System and bench. At Schoenhut, we prioritize safety over all else. For over 140 years, our brand has been the optimal choice for toy instruments. We meet and exceed the safety standards implemented in the United States and Europe, including EN17, ASTM, and CPSIA. Our strong, patented construction makes our products the most durable for children and adults. Parents can be reassured knowing that their child is having fun, learning, and enjoying the safest toy instrument in the industry. Dimensions: 19.75"L x 21.5"W x 19"H.
- Piano Dimensions: 19.25" long x 19.75" wide x 20.5" high.
- Bench Dimensions: 12.75" long x 8.25" wide x 8" high.
- Piano Weight: 23 pounds.
- Materials: Hardwood and Hardboard.
- Colors: Black. Ages: 3 Years and up.


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Welcome to the second installment of Animal Territoriality Week. Today, we'll look at a case where differences in territory size can have implications for neuroanatomy. If you missed part 1 of Animal Territoriality week, check it out here.
Let's say you have two very very closely related species. You might even call them congeneric, because they are from the same taxonomic genus. In most ways, these two species are very similar, but they differ behaviorally in some very big ways. Might those behavioral differences predict neurobiological differences?
The different species of the genus microtus display the full range of mammalian mating systems: some species are entirely monogamous, with two individuals mating for life, while other species are fully polygamous, with males having multiple female mates.
The difference in mating style leads to a very important difference in spatial memory requirements: for monogamous species, males and females both tend to live their lives in areas of land roughly the same size. For polygamous species, however, males' home ranges are much larger in spatial extent than the home range of the females (as well as the typical home ranges of the monogamous male voles). This makes sense: the polygamous male's home range needs to include the smaller home ranges of multiple female mates.
Importantly, these behavioral differences in the polygamous voles are only seen in mature adults during mating season. Juvenile males voles of this species do not have significantly larger home ranges compared to females, and adults do not have larger home ranges during the rest of the year. These species and sex related differences probably create an important selective pressure for spatial memory.
The first question to ask is whether or not the observed sex and species differences in the spatial extent of the home range results in differences in spatial memory, as you might hypothesize. And the basic answer is yes: under laboratory conditions, voles of polygamous species show strong gender differences in tests of spatial ability, with males outperforming females. Voles of monogamous species fail to show these sex differences under identical testing conditions.
If the sexual selection for ranging behavior has influenced the evolution of cognition (at least with respect to spatial knowledge), then it is possible that it has also influenced the evolution of the parts of the brain known to subserve spatial navigation or spatial memory.
The hippocampus is known to play an important role in spatial learning. Rodents with hippocampal lesions show impaired performance on spatial tasks. In addition, the relative size of the hippocampus is larger in birds whose food-caching locations are located within a larger area, compared with other birds who use different food-caching strategies.
To test the hypothetical relationship between ranging behavior and hippocampal volume, the researchers went out and captured 40 wild voles during breeding season - 10 male and 10 female pine voles, and 10 male and 10 female meadow voles - and compared the size of the hippocampus between sexes for each species. (It would not make sense to directly compare the species, but it would make sense to compare the sex differences in hippocampus size between species.)
On average, the hippocampi of the polygamous male were 3.2 cubic millimeters larger than those of the females. For the monogamous voles, the males' hippocampi were only 0.5 cubic millimeters larger than the females. This aligns with the hypothesis, but comparing absolute differences between species and sexes isn't the proper comparison, since there are sex and species differences in total brain volume. When analyzing the ratio of hippocampal volume to total brain volume across sex and species, the differences remain statistically significant. The sex difference observed in the hippocampus volume in polygamous voles was significantly larger than that observed for the monogamous voles.
One principle of brain evolution that is intuitively appealing is that larger neural mass is related to increased information processing. However, it is hard to empirically test this principle, because it is difficult to isolate neural structures and then to assess their functions. However, this was one study that was able to successfully validate this principle, at least for one neural structure (the hippocampus) which has repeatedly been shown to be involved the processing of a specific type of information (spatial processing), in two different vole species..
It is important to note that on the basis of these findings, it is not possible to conclusively determine whether or not the observed sex differences are determined biologically or if they experience results in larger hippocampi. Only a controlled laboratory study could address this question. However, the selective pressure created by mating style on spatial abilities, and the subsequent neurobiological differences observed, seem fairly well supported. The authors point out, and rightly so, that the presence or absence of potential effects of experience does not necessarily preclude an evolutionary explanation for the sex differences that they observed.
So, if you learned only one thing today: polygamous male voles have larger hippocampi which allows them to maintain their larger territories, compared with monogamous males.
Jacobs, L. (1990). Evolution of Spatial Cognition: Sex-Specific Patterns of Spatial Behavior Predict Hippocampal Size Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87 (16), 6349-6352. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6349
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Fire — it is one of the first technological advancements made by early humans, but it nearly destroyed one of humanity's greatest achievements, the Mir Space Station. In 1997, a fire aboard Mir endangered the lives of the crew and could have ended the decade-long effort and collaboration between Russia, Japan, the United States, and 10 other countries.
Fire in Space
A space station is likely the last place you would want an out of control fire to occur. Unfortunately, such an event happened in February of 1997, with the six Mir crew members left to put the flames out using three on-board fire extinguishers. The fire started, ironically, due to a malfunction in one of the station's life support systems.
Ideally, fire looks different in space — it forms a gas-lined sphere. The fire aboard Mir, however, created a close quarters blowtorch due to the constant oxygen supply released from a faulty oxygen canister.
How Did the Fire Start?
Switching out oxygen canisters on Mir became a routine, thanks to the number of additional crew members the station often played home to and the multinational nature of the space station. At the time of the fire, a United States and a German astronaut had recently joined the four-man Russian crew aboard Mir.
Mir crew members typically obtained oxygen on Mir through solar-powered electrolysis of water, along with oxygen stored in pressurized oxygen storage tanks.
However, whenever the space station became home to more than three crew members, additional oxygen supply became necessary. To increase the breathable air supply, the astronauts used chemical oxygen canisters — the culprit in the Mir fire.
Each canister supplied one day's worth of oxygen for a single crew member, with thousands of canisters used during the lifetime of Mir.
Just prior to the February 1997 fire, an unknown event occurred during the replacement process, causing one of the canisters to ignite shortly after replacement. The flames had a sufficient oxygen supply due to a chemical reaction going on within the canister, leading to a blade of flame that threatened the lives of the crew and singed the interior of one of the Mir capsules.
Crew members took turns using extinguishers to put out the fire, with at least one astronaut needed to hold the user in place so that they did not move backward in the absence of gravity. The threat of the fire was two-fold, with the possibility of personal burns and the destruction of a capsule wall possible, an event that would likely have killed the entire crew.
What Is In a Chemical Oxygen Canister?
The oxygen canisters used aboard Mir worked by a rather simple, but efficient, chemical reaction. The canisters contained solid lithium perchlorate. Heating the solid gave off gas phase oxygen, leaving the rather inert solid lithium chloride behind.
In the process, a large amount of oxygen is given off, released over time into the Mir capsules to provide breathable air.
What Led to the Fire?
It is currently believed that a small piece of glove became lodged in the replacement container. A series of experiments conducted in the years following the Mir fire determined that if a piece of latex glove becomes stuck in a chemical oxygen generator, it can initiate a fire similar to the one observed in 1997 aboard Mir.
This discovery led to an alteration of protocol when changing out the generators, with the latex gloves used in the process aboard stations now collected and examined for defects after installation is completed.
A large time discrepancy exists regarding the duration of the fire. Newly arrived U.S. astronaut and physician Dr. Jerry Linenger stated the fire lasted a painful 14 minutes. The fire occurred in Linenger's second month on Mir, with Dr. Linenger describing the flame as a "raging blowtorch."
Linenger also noted that Russian officials downplayed both the extent and duration of the fire, contending that the fire lasted nearly 15 minutes instead of the 90 seconds professed by early NASA and Russian Federal Space Agency reports.
While you may never find yourself aboard a space station, if you fly, you come in contact with inactive chemical oxygen generators. Chemical oxygen generators are placed aboard commercial aircraft, ready to supply oxygen in case of a drop in cabin pressure. The oxygen will stream through the plastic masks dangling in front of your face, but hopefully, you will never need to use one.
The top image is of the Mir Space Station as viewed by the Shuttle Endeavor in January of 1998. Image via NASA. Additional image of Mir after the fire courtesy of NASA. Sources linked within. Avoid fires while aboard spacecraft.


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Tim McGraw Talks New Label and Finding Creative Freedom
After a very bitter public battle with his former record label, Tim McGraw and Curb Records parted ways last year just before the release of McGraw's 11th studio album, 'Emotional Traffic.' The project -- which McGraw often cites as his most creative album -- was a rather appropriate title given the creative turmoil in his career, and the split left industry insiders speculating what McGraw's next career move would be.
With his recent signing with Scott Borschetta and the Big Machine Label Group, the 'Better Than I Used to Be' singer claims he is enjoying his newfound freedom.
Of his partnership, McGraw tells Country Aircheck, "It's a new day. I'm starting to finally figure out what it is I do and how to go about doing it. I have such a sense of artistic freedom and a vision of where I want to go and how I want to do it, and I think I've found a partner who really is on the same page with me, wants to help me fulfill hat vision and go down the same path together."
He adds, "I want a partner who is going to pull the best out of me, and I feel like I'm going to pull the best out of them. I've known Scott for a long time and have a lot f respect for how he does business and works with his artists."
McGraw's musical union with Borschetta is a reunion of sorts. The Big Machine leader's father, Mike Borschetta, actually signed McGraw to his first record deal after moving to Nashville, Tenn. more than 23 years ago. And the singer gives credit where credit is due.
"Mike Borchetta signed me and is the first guy I met at Curb Records," recalls McGraw. "I'm not sure anybody over there wanted to sign me, and I think Mike sort of stuck his neck out on the line for me, which is why I had a record deal at all. Great guy, very passionate about music, and certainly Scott inherited that."
Despite his new creative freedom, McGraw has no definitive timeline for new music. He continues to record with his longtime producer, Byron Gallimore, but wont project an anticipated release date. "You'll hear new music on the road this summer, for sure. We'll play two or three songs ... I've already been recording," says the superstar. "I'm looking forward to finishing up a project by the end of the summer. I don't know if we're going to get the stuff out this fall or after the first of the year."
"I'm in a position with the music I'm recording that it's kind of a watershed time for me as an artist. I don't want to say clouds are parting, but it sort of has that feeling artistically," shares McGraw. "There's going to be a whole new level to what I do."
Hoping to hear McGraw's new material this summer? The superstar entertainer is partnering with pal and fellow country superstar Kenny Chesney for this summer's all-arena Brothers of the Sun Tour. Click here for tour dates and ticket information.


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|Viewer Mail!
Hi George, great blog. I was just wondering if you had any advice on how to audition for a college teaching job? I have an audition coming up and I'm a little nervous about it. I have to work with the small jazz groups and big band, and also give a lecture. How should I approach it? Also, should I bring my own music for the ensembles to play? Or is that too egotistical? Any advice would be appreciated.
First of all, try not to be nervous! I realize that this is natural, but keep in mind that many search committees already have an idea of who they want before you even arrive to audition. Truthfully, and I speak from experience, you may have the best audition of your life, but the job might already be slated for the person with the inside track. The committee will never admit this, but it's an annoying truth about faculty searches. I've been on both sides. I think it's important to be fair and objective, but unfortunately, human nature doesn't always account for this. All of that being said, try not to think about how much you want that particular job, but just focus on your presentation and the act of teaching and lecturing. if the job is meant to be yours, it will be. It's best to realize that once you begin, it's out of your hands.
|The search committee might already know who they want....
I like to thinking of teaching as part preparation and part improvisation. By that, I mean you should bring materials and do some preparation. Have something in mind for the ensembles to play. You might even consider over-preparing. This will insure that there is no dead space during the audition. You don't want to give the impression that you lack information. The committee wants to believe that you have enough information for 4 years or more of a student's tenure, not just enough to pass an audition. So you want to give the impression of depth of knowledge.
I believe that one of the main factors in my landing of the Portland State University job was my lecture. The PSU search committee was looking for someone to teach jazz history. One, I had been teaching jazz history for two years at University of Manitoba. So I had some experience under my belt. Also, I used Powerpoint for the lecture; this seemed to make all the difference in the world, because it shows your ideas in a very organized way. (I got the idea from my students in Winnipeg, who seemed to be very adept with powerpoint.) You can embed audio files or links to youtube; everything is easily self-contained.
|Don't be afraid to over-prepare for your lecture
I think it's cool to bring your own music for the ensembles. This might also distinguish you from someone who just brings stock arrangements. It really depends on the level of the students and whether they stand a chance of playing your music. Try to get a sense of the level of the ensemble from the faculty contact. Maybe even send material in advance, if allowed. Maybe bring a mixture of your tunes and then some standard material. You'll be surprised; oftentimes the ensemble which is considered the most advanced might not be able to play a blues! or they might be playing at a pro level. Be prepared for a contingency such as this.


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Ratings & Reviews


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Kindle Available
Rose O'Neale Greenhow, Civil War Spy
Fearless spy for the Confederacy, glittering Washington hostess, legendary beauty and lover, Rose Greenhow risked everything for the cause she valued more than life itself
Rose O'Neal Greenhow, 1817-1864
Kindle Available
Stealing Secrets: How a Few Daring Women Deceived Generals, Impacted Battles, and Altered the Course of the Civil War
During America's most divisive war, both the Union and Confederacy took advantage of brave and courageous women willing to adventurously support their causes.
Among her accomplishments was the ten-word secret message she sent to General Pierre G.T. Beauregard which ultimately caused him to win the battle of Bull Run. She spied so successfully for the Confederacy that Jefferson Davis credited her with winning the battle of Manassas.
She was imprisoned for her efforts first in her own home and then in the Old Capital Prison. Despite her confinement, Greenhow continued getting messages to the Confederacy by means of cryptic notes which traveled in unlikely places such as the inside of a woman's bun of hair. After her second prison term, she was exiled to the Confederate states where she was received warmly by President Jefferson Davis.
Her next mission was to tour Britain and France as a propagandist for the Confederate cause. Two months after her arrival in London, her memoirs were published and enjoyed a wide sale throughout the British Isles. In Europe, Greenhow found a strong sympathy for the South, especially among the ruling classes.
During the course of her travels she hobnobbed with many members of the nobility. She was received at the court of Queen Victoria and became engaged to the Second Earl Granville. In Paris, she was received into the court of Napoleon III and was granted an audience with the Emperor at the Tuileries.
In 1864, after a year abroad, she boarded the Condor, a British blockade-runner which was to take her home. Just before reaching her destination, the vessel ran aground at the mouth of the Cape Fear River near Wilmington, North Carolina. In order to avoid the Union gunboat that pursued her ship, Rose fled in rowboat, but never made it to shore. Her little boat capsized and she was dragged down by the weight of the gold she received in royalties for her book.
In October 1864, Rose was buried with full military honors in the Oakdale Cemetery in Wilmington. Her coffin was wrapped in the Confederate flag and carried by Confederate troops. The marker for her grave, a marble cross, bears the epitaph, "Mrs. Rose O'N. Greenhow, a bearer of dispatchs to the Confederate Government."
Confederate Women Monument Mississippi
9 in. x 12 in.
Rose O'Neal Greenhow
24 in. x 24 in.
Buy at AllPosters.com
Confederate Spies at Large: The Lives of Lincoln Assassination Conspirator Tom Harbin And Charlie Russell
The most wanted of all Confederate agents, was also one of the leaders in the plot to kill Abraham Lincoln
Rose Greenhow and Daughter
photographed between 1861 and 1864
A Very Violent Rebel: The Civil War Diary of Ellen Renshaw House
The Siege of Knoxville (November 1863) is covered and Sutherland's footnotes make for good history
Kindle Available
Women and the American Civil War
An Annotated Bibliography
The first reference work to draw together the stories and studies of women in the American Civil War, this annotated bibliography offers access to the literature that documents the history of women who experienced the war, changed it, and were changed by it. Offering nearly 800 entries
Women And The Civil War
The many contributions of women in both the North and South are presented in this DVD program describing their roles on and near the momentous battles of the American Civil War
Sanctified Trial: The Diary of Eliza Rhea Anderson Fain, a Confederate Woman in East Tennessee
The Diary of Eliza Rhea Anderson Fain
Kindle Available
My Story of the War : a Woman's Narrative of Four Years Personal Experience as Nurse in the Union Army
Womens Suffrage Timeline
American Civil War Exhibits
Civil War Timeline
State Battle Maps
Confederate Johnny Cakes Recipe
Confederate Submarines
President Abraham Lincoln
Confederate President Jefferson Davis
General Stonewall Jackson
Sanctified Trial: The Diary of Eliza Rhea Anderson Fain, a Confederate Woman in East Tennessee
The Diary of Eliza Rhea Anderson Fain
Kindle Available
Harriet Tubman: Imagining a Life:
A Biography
Travel with Tubman along the treacherous route of the Underground Railroad. Hear of her friendships with Frederick Douglass, John Brown, and other abolitionists.
Kindle Available
Rose O'Neale Greenhow, Civil War Spy
Fearless spy for the Confederacy, glittering Washington hostess, legendary beauty and lover, Rose Greenhow risked everything for the cause she valued more than life itself
Loving Mr. Lincoln: The Personal Diaries of Mary Todd Lincoln
Chronicles life, love, and daily struggles with Abraham in their 26 years together. In frank, haunting journal entries, Mary describes the pain she felt when Abraham left her at the altar, when her sons died, and when Abraham's political career seemed to be at an end
Kindle Available
The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864-1865
Eliza Andrews' diary is more cogent than any novel about the Civil War. General Sherman laid a track, and ELiza had to follow his footsteps through Georgia. Her insights into war and the havoc it wrought in the South are accompanied by her own editorial comments forty-four years later
Kindle Available
When Will This Cruel War Be Over?
A Confederate girl in Virginia, in 1864, Emma Simpson writes about the hardships of growing up during a turbulent time
A Girl's Life in Virginia Before the War
First published in 1895. An engrossing eyewitness account of antebellum plantation life as it really was
Record of the Actual Experiences of the Wife of a Confederate Officer
The author tells of her many travels across the war-torn South, capture behind enemy lines, encounter with Belle Boyd, friendship with General J. E. B. Stuart, and the devastation suffered by the citizens of Richmond in the last days of the Confederacy.
Freedom Train: The Story of Harriet Tubman
Harriet escaped North, by the secret route called the Underground Railroad. Harriet didn't forget her people. Again and again she risked her life to lead them on the same secret, dangerous journey.
Kindle Available
The Glory Cloak: A Novel of Louisa May Alcott and Clara Barton
From childhood, Susan Gray and her cousin Louisa May Alcott have shared a safe, insular world of outdoor adventures and grand amateur theater -- a world that begins to evaporate with the outbreak of the Civil War. Frustrated with sewing uniforms and wrapping bandages, the two women journey to Washington, D.C.'s Union Hospital to volunteer as nurses.
Clara Barton Founder of the American Red Cross
Young Clara Barton is shy and lonely in her early days at boarding school. She is snubbed by the other girls because she doesn't know how to talk to them. But when she gets an opportunity to assist the local doctor, her shyness disappears, and Clara begins to discover her true calling as a nurse.
Grace's Letter to Lincoln
Many important details of the time period help to make the reader understand what life was like then. It also includes photos of the actual letters written between Grace and Mr. Lincoln
Clara Barton
Spirit of the American Red Cross
Ready To Read - Level Three
Clara Barton was very shy and sensitive, and not always sure of herself. But her fighting spirit and desire to help others drove her to become one of the world's most famous humanitarians. Learn all about the life of the woman who formed the American Red Cross.
Day Of Tears
Through flashbacks and flash-forwards, and shifting first-person points of view, readers will travel with Emma and others through time and place, and come to understand that every decision has its consequences, and final judgment is passed down not by man, but by his maker.
Kindle Available
The Civil War
Introduces young readers to the harrowing true story of the American Civil War and its immediate aftermath. A surprisingly detailed battle-by-battle account of America's deadliest conflict ensues, culminating in the restoration of the Union followed by the tragic assassination of President Lincoln
Kindle Available
A Yankee Girl at Fort Sumter
Tale of a girl and her family from Boston living in Charleston, SC during the months leading up to the beginning of the Civil War by the attack on Fort Sumter. The reader senses the inhumanity of slavery through Sylvia's experiences.
Turn Homeward, Hannalee
During the closing days of the Civil War, plucky 12-year-old Hannalee Reed, sent north to work in a Yankee mill, struggles to return to the family she left behind in war-torn Georgia. "A fast-moving novel based upon an actual historical incident with a spunky heroine and fine historical detail."--School Library Journal.
My Brothers Keeper
Virginia Dickens is angry. Her father and brother Jed have left her behind while they go off to Uncle Jack's farm to help him hide his horses from Confederate raiders. It's the summer of 1863 and Pa and Jed believe 9-year-old Virginia will be out of harm's way in the sleepy little town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
I Thought My Soul Would Rise and Fly: The Diary of Patsy, a Freed Girl, Mars Bluff, South Carolina 1865
Not only is 12-year-old Patsy a slave, but she's also one of the least important slaves, since she stutters and walks with a limp. So when the war ends and she's given her freedom, Patsy is naturally curious and afraid of what her future will hold.
Numbering The Bones
The Civil War is at an end, but for thirteen-year-old Eulinda, it is no time to rejoice. Her younger brother Zeke was sold away, her older brother Neddy joined the Northern war effort,. With the help of Clara Barton, the eventual founder of the Red Cross, Eulinda must find a way to let go of the skeletons from her past.
|Enter the keywords you are looking for and the site will be searched and all occurrences of your request will be displayed. You can also enter a date format, April 19,1862 or September 1864.


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Throughout the past few weeks, we witnessed the train wreck of the stupid party colliding with the evil party. The stupid party made sure to tell the evil party that they just need to reject their offer and there will be a new watered-down iteration in a flash. Finally, it got so bad that they couldn't even draw a line in the sand on delaying just the individual mandate, even at a time when most individuals can't comply with it if they tried. The irony is that the President will undoubtedly delay it (illegally) himself after the battle is over, making fools of the Republicans.
But amidst all the focus on Speaker John Boehner and House Republicans, we cannot lose focus on Mitch McConnell and the GOP Conference in the Senate. McConnell and his henchmen sabotaged House Republicans at the two most critical points.
Headed into October 1, the House was the only body that had the ability to pass a funding bill. Republicans had enough votes to block Harry Reid from reinserting funding for Obamacare. Instead, McConnell and the gang acted in solidarity with fellow Senate Democrats instead of House Republicans. That dynamic was only accentuated as the showdown dragged on.
Aside for Senators Mike Lee and Ted Cruz, nobody else paid more than lip service to fighting Obamacare. Worse, the overwhelming majority of Republicans in the Senate sabotaged the effort. One after another, they would go on TV and trash House Republicans and echo Harry Reid's talking points. Reid and Obama just sat back and let Senate Republicans blow up their colleagues. Then in the eleventh hour, instead of at least demanding delay of the individual mandate (which McConnell touted months ago as the alternative to defund), McConnell gave Harry Reid everything he wanted.
House GOP leadership was never going to change, but there was a sense that we got as much unity out of the House conference as we will ever get for battles like this. Some House Republicans might be spineless, but the Senate Republicans are rotten to the core. We will never change the status quo in Washington unless we completely shake up the Senate Republicans. Anyone who thinks that by merely seeking 51 GOP senators next year we will suddenly obtain more leverage is mistaken. Harry Reid will still be the defacto leader unless we get rid of Mitch McConnell and as many of his backbenchers as possible.
It's time to support Matt Bevin or go home. It's time to continue plugging for all of the other challengers. In some states there are already multiple candidates. There are also some more impressive challengers that are set to announce soon.
We must also never give up the fight against Obamacare. This is not the farm bill or flood insurance. This will permanently crush the dignity and self-sufficiency of the middle class, destroy the entire healthcare system, and degrade the broader job market in every other field. This cannot stand. We must continue to fight the law at every turn and use every leverage point possible.
But ultimately, this is not just about Washington. The Constitution references three branches of "government." I'm not referring to the executive, legislature, and judiciary. They have all become incorrigibly malignant. At this juncture, they are beyond repair. I am referring to the federal government, state government, and the individual. We must continue to fight this out in the states and with individuals.
Sadly, some states are completely hopeless until they collapse under their own failed policies. But there are a number of states where we can still protect from the relentless federal tyranny. Yet, in so many of these states, we are underutilizing our potential. We need to elect men and women with courage to state legislatures (a much easier goal than congressional elections) – people who are willing to reassert state powers as prescribed by the Tenth Amendment. We need to start in states like Texas and Oklahoma, and elect governing majorities who will just say no to Obamacare at every possible turn.
Moreover, state legislative elections are the front lines in the battle to restore our Republic through state-directed constitutional amendments, as recommended by Mark Levin. I know some people are skeptical of Article V conventions, but we have no choice. We have hit rock bottom. If the Obamacare tragedy doesn't expose the failure of our current strategy nothing will change the inevitable march to full tyranny. There is no better long-term solution.
Finally, there is the individual. Our Republic was founded upon the inviolate guarantee of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To that end, the federal government was limited to enumerated powers, which were intended to preserve liberty, not infringe upon it. The Tenth Amendment states that all "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." It goes without saying that the basic right to live with dignity and self-reliance is reserved to the people.
Yet, we have incurred a bloodless revolution over the past century, culminating with the Obamacare court decision, which has empowered the federal government with the ability to tax or regulate all activity or inactivity. Most Americans will no longer have the ability to raise a family with dignity and freedom. We have allowed the federal government, and in some cases, state governments, to limit our liberty and property rights for years. Obamacare must be the Waterloo in the battle to preserve individual liberty. As individuals, it's time to say NO.
Cross-posted from The Madison Project


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The US, the EU and Israel are more determined than ever to bolster Fatah at the expense of Hamas in the Palestinian Territories. We look at the benefits and the risks of further dividing the Palestinian people. Also, North Korea makes some concessions on the nuclear front and, on Reporter's Notebook, the ability to predict the paths and intensities of hurricanes could be diminished by the loss of a satellite that's already outlived its predicted lifespan.
Photo by David Silverman/Getty Images


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Key concepts
Boiling point
Food science
Whether you're gathered around a fire or drinking hot chocolate after a day in the snow, nothing says sweet, squishy fun quite like a marshmallow! Even its name is soft and spongy! Have you ever wondered how marshmallows are made? Long ago people made marshmallows with ingredients from the marshmallow herb, but today we usually make them with other ingredients, namely gelatin, corn syrup and sugar. In this appetizing activity you'll get to explore what ratio of sugar to corn syrup produces the best-tasting and best-textured marshmallows!
Marshmallows are an unusual type of sweet treat—spongy, sticky and a little bit chewy. They have a melting point that is just above body temperature so that they start to change from a solid to a liquid state as soon as they reach the warmth of your mouth—or the heat of a fire! They're also an ancient creation, originally coming from a tall marshmallow plant (Althaea officinalis) that grows in swampy fields and has a soft, spongy root. Its root contains mucilage, a thick, gluey substance produced by some plants and microscopic animals to help with food storage and seed germination. Some cultures used the plant to make candy, whereas others used it to make medicine. The ancient Egyptians, for example, dried the root and mixed it with honey to make marshmallow treats, but the French experimented with using its gummy juice to soothe sore throats.
Modern marshmallows no longer contain parts of the marshmallow plant. Instead, the store-bought version is primarily a mix of three ingredients: sugar, corn syrup and gelatin. The gelatin replaces the thick, gluey substance from the marshmallow plant. Varying the ratio of sugar to corn syrup can significantly affect what the resultant marshmallows are like.
• Timer
• Two square foil cake pans or round foil pie pans each eight to nine inches wide
• Masking tape
• Pen or marker
• Vegetable oil, such as canola or safflower oil
• Paper towels
• Powdered or confectioner's sugar
• Small strainer
• Large mixing bowl
• Measuring cups
• Water
• Two plain, unflavored, quarter-ounce gelatin envelopes; available at grocery stores
• Fork
• One half cup of corn syrup, like light corn syrup; glucose syrup is a possible substitute
• One and one quarter cups of granulated sugar
• Small saucepan with lid
• Candy thermometer (must be able to read up to 240 degrees Fahrenheit, or about 115 degrees Celsius)
• Electric mixer or beater
• Measuring spoons
• Pure vanilla extract
• Spatula
• Pizza wheel or cookie cutter approximately one-by-one inch
• Ruler
• Large airtight containers or gallon-size sealable plastic bags
• Taste-testing volunteers (such as friends and family!)
• Wash and thoroughly rinse your hands.
• Set out all cooking tools and ingredients so they are ready to go and easy to access.
• Use the masking tape and a pen or marker to label the bottom of one cake pan "1" and the other "2."
• Pour a small amount of vegetable oil on a paper towel and lightly oil the inside of the cake pans. Pour a small amount of powdered sugar in the strainer and lightly dust the inside of the pans.
• Be careful when heating syrup mixtures in the saucepan. An adult should closely supervise these steps.
• Pour one sixth cup of cold water into the large mixing bowl. (To get one sixth cup, just fill up the one third measuring cup halfway.) Sprinkle a quarter-ounce packet of gelatin over the cold water. Mix the gelatin and water together for about five seconds with a fork and set the bowl aside. This will give the gelatin time to soften, or "bloom."
• Add one quarter cup of cold water, one half cup of sugar, and one third cup of corn syrup to the saucepan. (This is a 3:2 ratio of sugar to corn syrup.)
• Put the lid on the saucepan and turn the stove to medium-high heat. An adult should closely supervise all work from this point on. The syrup solution, which will become very hot, should be handled with extreme care.
• Lift the lid and check the solution in the saucepan about every 30 seconds until it just comes to a boil. Remove the lid.
• Begin to measure the temperature of the syrup in the saucepan using the candy thermometer. Do not let the thermometer touch the bottom or side of the pan, but instead try to put the tip below the surface, near the middle of the pan. Continue heating your syrup until the temperature reaches 240 degrees Fahrenheit (about 115 degrees Celsius). How does the temperature rise? Does it go up quickly at first? What happens as the syrup becomes more concentrated?
• When the temperature reaches 240 degrees F, immediately turn off the stove and move to the next step. How does the syrup mixture seem to change as it gets closer to this temperature?
• Turn the mixer on low and carefully pour the hot syrup into the large mixing bowl with the gelatin. (Some syrup will likely solidify on the saucepan.)
• Set the timer for 11 minutes and start it.
• Gradually increase the speed of the mixer until it is operating at full (high) speed. Continue to beat for approximately 11 minutes, or until the mixture starts to become very thick, glossy and lukewarm. How does the mixture change as you mix it?
• Add one half teaspoon of vanilla extract and then beat for one more minute. Note how long you beat the syrup.
• Quickly use a vegetable oil–coated spatula to scoop out the marshmallow mixture from the mixing bowl and put it into the prepared cake pan labeled 1. If needed and easy to do, use the spatula to gently smooth down the top of the marshmallow so that it is pretty flat.
• Wash and dry all cooking utensils.
• Repeat the entire activity procedure (not including the preparation) but this time add a three quarter cup of sugar and one sixth cup of corn syrup to the saucepan. (This is a 9:2 ratio of sugar to corn syrup.) (Still add the one quarter cup of cold water to the saucepan first.) In the mixing bowl beat this recipe for the same amount of time. When it is ready, scoop this marshmallow mixture from the mixing bowl and into the prepared cake pan labeled 2.
• Allow the marshmallow "pies" to sit out, uncovered, on a counter for at least four hours (or as long as overnight) so they can become firm.
• Once firm, turn the marshmallow pies over, one at a time, onto a cutting board. Use a spatula to help lift the pies out.
• Roll a pizza cutter or cookie cutter into some powdered sugar and then use it to cut up your marshmallows into approximately one-by-one-inch pieces.
• Dust the marshmallows on all sides with a little strained powdered sugar.
• Place the marshmallows in an airtight container or plastic bag, labeling the container with the number of the recipe (1 or 2).
• Within a week of making the marshmallows, take a marshmallow piece from each bag. Try to find pieces that are as similar in shape and size as possible. Drop each marshmallow in a saucepan of hot water, keeping track of which marshmallow was from each recipe. Watch and see how quickly each marshmallow piece melts. Repeat this melting test three times. Which marshmallow piece melted first?
• Within a week of making the marshmallows, gather your taste-testing volunteers (such as family and friends) to evaluate the marshmallows for taste and texture. Which marshmallows do they prefer? Which ones are the chewiest and which ones are the least chewy? Which are the softest and which are the hardest? You may want to save a few pieces to do some of the "Extra" tests below.
• Extra: In this activity you may have noticed that marshmallow pieces were harder from one recipe than the other. You can try to investigate this more quantitatively. To do this, put a marshmallow square from one of the recipes on a cutting board. Arrange a small cookie cutter so that it can sit on top of the square. On top of the cookie cutter balance a small plastic or paper cup. Put 20 pennies in the cup, one at a time. Did the cookie cutter leave a noticeable impression? Try this with a marshmallow square from the other recipe. Did the cookie cutter leave a more or less noticeable impression?
Observations and results
Were the marshmallow pieces from recipe 1 fluffier, softer and less sweet than the pieces from recipe 2? Did the marshmallows from recipe 1 melt faster than the pieces from recipe 2?
In the sugar and corn syrup solutions you heated, the sugar made the solutions' boiling points higher than that of pure liquid water. The greater the concentration of sugar in the solution, the higher its boiling point. Consequently, marshmallow pieces from recipe 1 should have had a lower boiling point than pieces from recipe 2, making the former melt faster than the latter when placed in hot water. The final concentration of sugar in the syrup determines the structure of the candy that forms. Think about caramels and lollipops—the caramel is softer and chewier whereas the lollipop is hard and cracks when you bite it. The syrup used to make caramels is cooked until it has about an 87 percent concentration of sugar in solution, whereas the syrup used to make lollipops reaches about 99 percent concentration of sugar in solution. (As the syrup boils water evaporates, and the syrup becomes even more concentrated with sugar.) When making marshmallows, the syrup is cooked until an 85 percent concentration of sugar is in the syrup, and the corn syrup is added to help prevent crystals from forming in the cooled syrup. The marshmallow pieces from recipe 1 should have been fluffier, softer, less sweet and more like store-bought marshmallows than the pieces from recipe 2.
Gelatin is a protein that comes from collagen, the main protein in connective tissue in animals. It has the special quality of being able to coagulate (or come together) when it is beaten or whipped. When the hot concentrated syrup is beaten into gelatin with a mixer, bubbles form in the mixture and the gelatin coagulates around the bubbles, stabilizing their walls so they don't collapse.
Enjoy your tasty marshmallow treats! If stored in an airtight container, they should be good for a week. To clean up any marshmallow-making messes, try dissolving and washing them away with warm water.
More to explore
Monster Mallows from the Exploratorium
The Cold Water Candy Test from the Exploratorium
Test Recipes: Marshmallows from Michael Chu at Cooking for Engineers.
Mixing Your Own Marshmallows: Finding the Right Ratio of Sugar to Corn Syrup from Science Buddies
This activity brought to you in partnership with Science Buddies


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HONG KONG (REUTERS) - A 65-year-old man infected with the H7N9 bird flu virus has died in Hong Kong, the government said on Monday, the second such death in the city.
The man, the third person in Hong Kong to be diagnosed with the strain, came from the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen and had eaten poultry there, local media reported.
The H7N9 strain was first reported in humans in February in mainland China, and has infected at least 139 people in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, killing more than 40.
Hong Kong's previous death from the virus was last month.
Experts say there is no evidence of any easy or sustained human-to-human transmission of H7N9, and so far all people who have been identified as having come into contact with the man have tested negative for the strain, authorities said.


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To smooth over five decades of constant clashing, determined daughter Jane Christmas decides to take her arthritic, incontinent, and domineering mother, Valeria, to Italy. Will being at the epicenter of the Renaissance spark a renaissance in their relationship? As they drag each other from the Amalfi Coast to Tuscany — walkers, shawls, and a mobile pharmacy of medications in tow — they find new ways to bitch and bicker, in the process reassessing who they are and how they might reconcile. Unflinching and often hilarious, this book speaks to all women who have faced that special challenge of making friends with Mom.
Incontinent on the Continent: My Mother, Her Walker, and Our Grand Tour of Italy
Only 1 left in stock
SKU: 9781553654001 Category: Fiction Tags: discounteng, Fiction, Greystone Books, Jane Christmas, Travel, TUscany
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Correlated Items
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The Best En Vogue Songs
Over 100 Ranker voters have come together to rank this list of The Best En Vogue Songs
Voting Rules
Vote for your favorite En Vogue songs, not just singles and hits.
List of En Vogue songs, ranked from best to worst by the Ranker community. All of En Vogue's singles are included here, but real fans know there are other awesome songs to vote on other than the radio hits. Music videos and audio videos are included next to each track name, so if you haven't heard a song you can listen to it right here on this list. Is one of your favorite En Vogue songs missing from this poll? Add it to the list so it has a chance to rise to the top.List features songs like My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It), Don't Let Go (Love) and more! If the order of this list bothers you, then start a revolution and fight the system by creating your own version and re-ranking it. Simply click the "Rerank List" button and you can put the songs in whatever order you like.
Most divisive: Damn I Wanna Be Your Lover
Ranked by


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|Llewellyn's 2019 Daily Planetary Guide
|Yoga for the Creative Soul
|The Pure Heart of Yoga
We live in a time and place of both a great blessing and a great curse. Never before in the history of humanity has everyone had access to all the world's mysteries and wisdom. The great blessing is this—the religions, myths, rituals, and spiritual techniques of almost all traditions are available to us. We can go to the library, to a bookstore or online to search and find a little bit of information on any mystic tradition. It's quite amazing, and nothing in the ancient world can compare to it. Though information and teachings were traded among mystics in the ancient world, such as the information passing from the Egyptians to the Greeks, it was not so readily available to the average person in society.
The great curse of our time is that never before in the history of humanity have we had access to all the world's mysteries and wisdom. Wait a second … wasn't that our blessing? It is both a blessing and a curse, both a strength and a weakness. The blessing has created a wonderful buffet of choices for our spiritual diet, giving us a range of experiences and ideas. The problem is that many of these systems are inherently linked to a culture or specific worldview, and the full practice of the tradition, a dedication to it, is what grants spiritual awakening, centeredness, and spiritual insight. Just tasting it occasionally doesn't grant any of the benefits of the tradition, and some would argue a random sampling of many practices could even be detrimental. It's like a buffet, but you never get to the food that really grants nutrition if you stick with the exotic and pretty looking ones simply because they are new. Though you are eating often, the lack of spiritual nutrition means you are really starving. Another image used to describe this phenomenon is the well. When you start a tradition, you are digging a well, but if you never finish digging the well and hit water before starting another one, all you have are a bunch of holes in the ground. By committing to a tradition for a time, you reap some of its benefits, its water, and can then decide if it's for you in the long term.
One aspect of this blessing of information is the opportunity to see the similarities between so many world traditions and techniques. When you strip away the cultural connotations from many traditions and get to the core, you see that many of the mystical religions of the world are all saying the same thing, and have similar methods to reach deeper levels of awareness. My teachers have said to look at how the same wisdom shows up in many places. In it, you find truth. But it takes an education in mystical theory, in seeing the patterns that run across cultures and in learning how to use them in our daily life. In this age of the great blessing and curse, we are challenged to reweave the mystical traditions into new forms for the new century, without losing the essential wisdom at their core.
In our modern "New Age" spiritual traditions, education of mystical theories, history, and ideas are not often stressed. Though wonderful techniques are taught based upon what the student desires to learn, sometimes the big picture is lost. I know that's been the case for me, even with the best of intentions as a New Age teacher. Not too long ago, I had a student who learned a specific meditation technique with me. The technique is perfectly safe and is a wonderful addition to any spiritual practice, but the student had no other background in metaphysics, and came from a fairly conservative religious family. He practiced the technique diligently until he had a conversation with his grandmother, who said, "Meditation, hmmm. That can open you up to demons." And then he got frightened and stopped. He then came to me afraid and agitated, full of questions. Ultimately it was a good thing for him, but if he had been studying a particular tradition, with its worldview on spirits, demons, angels, psychic defense, prayer, and a whole host of other topics, I don't think her comment would have shaken him as much. He would have been a student of metaphysics, of mystical tradition, rather than just a student of a meditation technique, no matter how good that technique is. A tradition gives a context for those experiences and can help dispel such fears, but our New Age worldview doesn't really have a primer to explain our new collective, multicultural worldview—so I set out to write one.
Though most of my students come to me either seeking to study the healing arts of Reiki or those of Wicca, I have a lot who enjoy meditation and mystical work, without committing to either of those traditions. I wrote The Mystic Foundation for those students. It's an education book stripped of specific religious connotations, but gives mystical theory and understanding to a wide range of practices that can be found in many cultures. If you were just starting your journey in the spiritual world, and wanted to know enough about a wide range of topics to effectively choose your next step on the path, The Mystic Foundation will provide you with the information and exercises you need. It fills in the holes for students of specific traditions, and gives them the ability to relate their practices to a larger worldview. The last section of the book details spiritual traditions, relating theology and mystical texts, so that you can see what inspires you, and possibly dedicate yourself to the study of a specific tradition. Let The Mystic Foundation help you build a solid, core foundation for your own spiritual practice, so you can later build upon it.
Christopher Penczak is a Witch, teacher, writer, and healing practitioner. He is the founder of the world-renowned Temple of Witchcraft and the Temple Mystery School, and he is the creator of the bestselling Temple of ...


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London – Manchester City eased back to the top of thePremier League as Raheem Sterling struck twice to beat Crystal Palace 3-1 at Selhurst Park on Sunday.
The English champions move a point ahead of Liverpool, who host Chelsea at Anfield later on Sunday, with five games remaining for both sides.
Sterling had already missed a glorious chance before opening the scoring on 15 minutes as City rarely looked troubled despite having failed to beat Palace on their two previous meetings.
Another cool Sterling finish looked to have ended the game as a contest 27 minutes from time.
However, Pep Guardiola's men had to see out a nervous finale to ramp up the pressure on Liverpool when Luka Milivojevic's free-kick gave Palace hope of a dramatic comeback.
Instead, City broke to seal the three points on the counter-attack when the outstanding Kevin de Bruyne teed up Gabriel Jesus to make it 3-1.
The trip to south London kicked off a massive week for City with Tottenham to visit the Etihad twice in the next six days for the second leg of their Champions League quarter-final and a vital Premier League clash with implications for both the title and top four race.
City must overturn a 1-0 first leg deficit against Spurs to progress to the Champions League semi-finals on Wednesday. Yet, Guardiola's starting line-up seemed stronger than the one he named in defeat to Mauricio Pochettino's men in midweek.
Captain Vincent Kompany, Benjamin Mendy, De Bruyne and Leroy Sane returned among four changes and City quickly settled into total control of the game.
Sterling should have opened the scoring on 11 minutes when after a patient build-up, David Silva got to the by-line and picked out the England international who somehow sliced wide with an open goal at his mercy from close range.
After a similar sitter at Burnley last season, Guardiola quickly hooked Sterling in his frustration.
However, Sterling showed his maturity and why he is a contender for player of the year awards by redeeming himself in emphatic fashion just four minutes later.
A rare Palace foray forward left them exposed at the back and De Bruyne's sensational through ball allowed Sterling to break clear before side-footing the ball high beyond Vicente Guaita.
Palace inflicted City's only home league defeat of the season with a shock 3-2 victory in December thanks in part to a wonder strike from Andros Townsend.
But the hosts were camped in their own half and unable to spring a counter-attack for the pace of Townsend or Wilfried Zaha as City enjoyed over 75 percent possession in the first 45 minutes.
Guaita made a smart stop at his near post to prevent Sane killing the game as a contest after a slick solo run and the Spanish goalkeeper also played his part in a goalmouth scramble that Palace somehow escaped unharmed from in first-half stoppage time.
A similar pattern continued after the break and City finally struck the killer blow just after the hour mark when Sane's driven cross was turned home at the back post by Sterling.
City still had to survive a nervy finale after Milivojevic's free-kick from the edge of the box reduced the deficit to 2-1 nine minutes from time.
But they withstood an aerial bombardment and made the game safe when substitute Jesus took his time before beating Guaita at his near post.


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8412.0 - Mineral and Petroleum Exploration, Australia, Jun 2002
ARCHIVED ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 18/09/2002
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Mineral and Petroleum expenditure for June quarter
The trend estimate for mineral exploration expenditure has declined by 1% in the June quarter 2002 according to figures released today by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). This is the sixth consecutive quarterly fall. In seasonally adjusted terms, expenditure decreased by 3%.
Mineral exploration expenditure increased by 25% or $34 million (m) in original terms during the June quarter 2002. This was mainly attributed to a 20% increase in expenditure reported on areas other than production leases. The majority of the increase was in Queensland and the Northern Territory.
In original terms mineral exploration expenditure for gold increased by 17%, selected base metals by 45%, copper by 49% and diamonds by 68%. A total of 1.2 million metres were drilled for mineral exploration, 29% higher than the March quarter 2002.
Expenditure on petroleum exploration declined by 11% in original terms during the June quarter 2002. This was driven by a 21% decrease in offshore exploration expenditure.
Regional data for petroleum exploration expenditure for the June quarter 2002 is available for New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, the Northern Territory/Ashmore and Cartier Islands. Combined, these regions accounted for 98% of total petroleum exploration expenditure in the June quarter 2002.
Western Australia was the main contributor, undertaking 45% of total petroleum exploration in Australia. Queensland reported a doubling in exploration expenditure while Western Australia was down 31% from the March quarter 2002.
Further information can be found in Mineral and Petroleum Exploration, Australia June Quarter 2002 (cat. no. 8412.0).
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Migraine links
International Headache Genetics Consortium
Events and Publications
International Headache Genetics Consortium
International Headache Genetics Consortium (IHGC) is a multinational research collaboration studying genetic causes and background of headache and related disorders. It aims to boost research in this area by bringing together the increasing wealth of well-characterised genetic information and high quality diagnostic data, as well as analysis expertise, to discover basis for future treatments.
Consortium members include migraine research groups from Australia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the UK and USA.
IHGC Events and Publications
Events and Publications
Largest genetic study of migraine to date reveals new genetic risk factors
02/03/2022 - 12:00
Largest-ever family study of migraine provides new insight into the disease
05/04/2018 - 12:00
Large-scale genetic study provides new insight into the causes of migraine
06/20/2016 - 18:00


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Even thousands of years ago, creative types had to worry about protecting their intellectual property. Their approaches to discouraging piracy and theft may not have been too different from the intimidating warnings we see today, but they were far more creative and amusing.
Sometimes people come to me and ask, "How did medieval filmmakers protect their DVDs from piracy?" And I tell them that so few households had DVD players during the thousand or so years between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance that it really never became much of an issue.
But this is not to say that the medievals didn't face problems safeguarding their intellectual property. Indeed, book owners were so worried about theft and damage to their property that they often included what is known as a "book curse" on the inside cover or on the last leaf of their manuscripts, warning away anyone who might do the book some harm. And in this, I submit, they were a lot like modern day Hollywood. For a book curse is essentially the same as that little FBI warning that pops up whenever you try to watch a movie: a toothless text charm included by the media's maker meant to frighten the foolish. The charm only works if you believe that words are special, potent magic.
As you can see in the image above [if you replace 'DVD' with 'book'] the medieval scribes responsible for these book curses were a touch more creative than the boilerplate-spewing lawyerbots of today. As for what they actually looked like, here's a particularly pretty one from Yale's Beinecke MS 214:
It reads:
In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, Amen. In the one thousand two hundred twenty-ninth year from the incarnation of our Lord, Peter, of all monks the least significant, gave this book to the [Benedictine monastery of the] most blessed martyr, St. Quentin. If anyone should steal it, let him know that on the Day of Judgment the most sainted martyr himself will be the accuser against him before the face of our Lord Jesus Christ.
The main book on the subject is Marc Drogin's 1983 Anathema!: Medieval Scribes and the History of Book Curses. Chances are, if you see a book curse quoted on the Internet, it was originally culled from Drogin. A few of the more popular include:
Should anyone by craft of any device whatever abstract this book from this place may his soul suffer, in retribution for what he has done, and may his name be erased from the book of the living and not recorded among the Blessed.
—attributed to a 16th-century French missal belonging to a man named Robert
Thys boke is one
And Godes kors ys anoder;
They take the ton,
God gefe them the toder.
[This book is one (thing),
And God's curse is another;
They that take the one,
God gives them the other.]
—found in various Middle English books.
This book belongs to Christ Church, Canterbury [...] may whoever destroys this title, or by gift or sale or lon or exchange or theft or by any other device knowingly alienates this book from the aforesaid Christ Church incur in his life the malediction of Jesus Christ and of the most glorious Virgin His Mother, and of Blessed Thomas, Martyr. Should however it please Christ [...] may his soul be saved in the Day of Judgment.
—Trinity College Library MS 163
This Middle English curse is written as if spoken by the book itself:
Wher so ever y be come over all
I belonge to the Chapell of gunvylle hall;
He shal be cursed by the grate sentens
That felonsly faryth and berith me thens.
And whether he bere me in pooke or sekke,
For me he shall be hanged by the nekke,
(I am so well beknown of dyverse men)
But I be restored theder agen
[Wherever I might end up over all,
I belong to the Chapel of Gonville Hall;
He that feloniously ferries me and bears me from thence
Shall be cursed by this great sentence:
Whether he bears me in a pouch or sack,
On account of me he shall be hanged by the neck,
(I'm too well known by many men [to not be noticed])
Unless I be returned there again.]
—Found in a breviary held in the library of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
But far and away my favorite curse is found in a collection of English court transcripts made by William Easingwold around 1491. It takes the form of a clever Latin code. If you read the top two lines together it says "May he who wrote this book procure the joys of life supernal", but the bottom two together produce "May he who steals this book endure the pangs of death infernal" (Drogin's translation). I don't have an image of the manuscript, but this is a close approximation:
If Hollywood would turn some of its creative power toward the legal mumbo jumbo in the front matter of its DVDs as medieval scribes did for these books. Somebody might actually read the warning for once.
Originally published on Got Medieval. Got Medieval is a blog written by Carl S. Pyrdum, III, a graduate student in Medieval Studies at Yale University, who is currently living in Atlanta, GA, while he finishes his dissertation and looks for a proper academic job. Carl has a Bacon Number of 4, easily the lowest Bacon number of any proper academic medievalist. You can keep up with his writing on Twitter.