text:
|Digital Research, Inc./ Gary Kildall
|Written in
|Working state
|Source model
|Originally closed source, now open source[1]
|Initial release
|Latest release
|3.1 / 1983[2]
|Intel 8080, Intel 8085, Zilog Z80, Zilog Z8000, Intel 8086, Motorola 68000
|Kernel type
|Monolithic kernel
|Influenced by
|Default user interface
|Command-line interface (CCP.COM)
|Originally proprietary, now BSD-like
|Official website
|Digital Research CP/M page
CP/M,[3] originally standing for Control Program/Monitor[4] and later Control Program for Microcomputers,[5][6][7] is a mass-market operating system created in 1974 for Intel 8080/85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. Initially confined to single-tasking on 8-bit processors and no more than 64 kilobytes of memory, later versions of CP/M added multi-user variations and were migrated to 16-bit processors.
The combination of CP/M and S-100 bus computers was loosely patterned on the MITS Altair, an early standard in the microcomputer industry. This computer platform was widely used in business through the late 1970s and into the mid-1980s.[8] CP/M increased the market size for both hardware and software by greatly reducing the amount of programming required to install an application on a new manufacturer's computer.[9][10] An important driver of software innovation was the advent of (comparatively) low-cost microcomputers running CP/M, as independent programmers and hackers bought them and shared their creations in user groups.[11] CP/M was displaced by DOS soon after the 1981 introduction of the IBM PC.
A minimal 8-bit CP/M system would contain the following components:
The only hardware system that CP/M, as sold by Digital Research, would support was the Intel 8080 Development System. Manufacturers of CP/M-compatible systems customized portions of the operating system for their own combination of installed memory, disk drives, and console devices. CP/M would also run on systems based on the Zilog Z80 processor since the Z80 was compatible with 8080 code. While the Digital Research distributed core of CP/M (BDOS, CCP, core transient commands) did not use any of the Z80-specific instructions, many Z80-based systems used Z80 code in the system-specific BIOS, and many applications were dedicated to Z80-based CP/M machines.
On most machines the bootstrap was a minimal bootloader in ROM combined with some means of minimal bank switching or a means of injecting code on the bus (since the 8080 needs to see boot code at Address 0 for start-up, while CP/M needs RAM there); for others, this bootstrap had to be entered into memory using front-panel controls each time the system was started.
CP/M used the 7-bit ASCII set. The other 128 characters made possible by the 8-bit byte were not standardized. For example, one Kaypro used them for Greek characters, and Osborne machines used the 8th bit set to indicate an underlined character. WordStar used the 8th bit as an end-of-word marker. International CP/M systems most commonly used the ISO 646 norm for localized character sets, replacing certain ASCII characters with localized characters rather than adding them beyond the 7-bit boundary.
In the 8-bit versions, while running, the CP/M operating system loaded into memory had three components:[3]
The BIOS and BDOS were memory-resident, while the CCP was memory-resident unless overwritten by an application, in which case it was automatically reloaded after the application finished running. A number of transient commands for standard utilities were also provided. The transient commands resided in files with the extension .COM on disk.
The BIOS directly controlled hardware components other than the CPU and main memory. It contained functions such as character input and output and the reading and writing of disk sectors. The BDOS implemented the CP/M file system and some input/output abstractions (such as redirection) on top of the BIOS. The CCP took user commands and either executed them directly (internal commands such as DIR to show a directory or ERA to delete a file) or loaded and started an executable file of the given name (transient commands such as PIP.COM to copy files or STAT.COM to show various file and system information). Third-party applications for CP/M were also essentially transient commands.
The BDOS, CCP and standard transient commands were (ideally) the same in all installations of a particular revision of CP/M, but the BIOS portion was always adapted to the particular hardware. Adding memory to a computer, for example, meant that the CP/M system had to be reinstalled with an updated BIOS capable of addressing the additional memory. A utility was provided to patch the supplied BIOS, BDOS and CCP to allow them to be run from higher memory. Once installed, the operating system (BIOS, BDOS and CCP) was stored in reserved areas at the beginning of any disk which would be used to boot the system. On start-up, the bootloader (usually contained in a ROM firmware chip) would load the operating system from the disk in drive
By modern standards CP/M was primitive, owing to the extreme constraints on program size. With version 1.0 there was no provision for detecting a changed disk. If a user changed disks without manually rereading the disk directory the system would write on the new disk using the old disk's directory information, ruining the data stored on the disk. From version 1.1 or 1.2 onwards, changing a disk then trying to write to it before its directory was read would cause a fatal error to be signalled. This avoided overwriting the disk but required a reboot and loss of the data that was to be stored on disk.
The majority of the complexity in CP/M was isolated in the BDOS, and to a lesser extent, the CCP and transient commands. This meant that by porting the limited number of simple routines in the BIOS to a particular hardware platform, the entire OS would work. This significantly reduced the development time needed to support new machines, and was one of the main reasons for CP/M's widespread use. Today this sort of abstraction is common to most OSs (a hardware abstraction layer), but at the time of CP/M's birth, OSs were typically intended to run on only one machine platform, and multilayer designs were considered unnecessary.
The Console Command Processor, or CCP, accepted input from the keyboard and conveyed results to the terminal. CP/M itself would work with either a printing terminal or a video terminal. All CP/M commands had to be typed in on the command line. The console would most often display the
A> prompt, to indicate the current default disk drive. When used with a video terminal, this would usually be followed by a blinking cursor supplied by the terminal. The CCP would await input from the user.
A CCP internal command, of the form drive letter followed by a colon, could be used to select the default drive. For example, typing
B: and pressing enter at the command prompt would change the default drive to B, and the command prompt would then become
B> to indicate this change.
CP/M's command-line interface was patterned after the operating systems from Digital Equipment, such as RT-11 for the PDP-11 and OS/8 for the PDP-8.[citation needed]
Commands took the form of a keyword followed by a list of parameters separated by spaces or special characters. Similar to a Unix shell builtin, if an internal command was recognized, it was carried out by the CCP itself. Otherwise it would attempt to find an executable file on the currently logged disk drive and (in later versions) user area, load it, and pass it any additional parameters from the command line. These were referred to as "transient" programs. On completion, CP/M would reload the part of the CCP that had been overwritten by application programs — this allowed transient programs a larger memory space.
The commands themselves could sometimes be obscure. For instance, the command to duplicate files was named
PIP (Peripheral-Interchange-Program), the name of the old DEC utility used for that purpose. The format of parameters given to a program was not standardized, so that there was no single option character that differentiated options from file names. Different programs could and did use different characters.
The following list of built-in commands are supported by the CP/M Console Command Processor:[14]
Transient commands in CP/M include:[14]
CP/M Plus (CP/M Version 3) includes the following built-in commands:[15]
CP/M 3 allows the user to abbreviate the built-in commands.[16]
Transient commands in CP/M 3 include:[16]
The Basic Disk Operating System,[17][18] or BDOS,[17][18] provided access to such operations as opening a file, output to the console, or printing. Application programs would load processor registers with a function code for the operation, and addresses for parameters or memory buffers, and call a fixed address in memory. Since the address was the same independent of the amount of memory in the system, application programs would run the same way for any type or configuration of hardware.
The Basic Input Output System,[17][18] or BIOS,[17][18] provided the lowest level functions required by the operating system.
These included reading or writing single characters to the system console and reading or writing a sector of data from the disk. The BDOS handled some of the buffering of data from the diskette, but before CP/M 3.0 it assumed a disk sector size fixed at 128 bytes, as used on single-density 8-inch floppy disks. Since most 5.25-inch disk formats used larger sectors, the blocking and deblocking and the management of a disk buffer area was handled by model-specific code in the BIOS.
Customization was required because hardware choices were not constrained by compatibility with any one popular standard. For example, some manufacturers used a separate computer terminal, while others designed a built-in integrated video display system. Serial ports for printers and modems could use different types of UART chips, and port addresses were not fixed. Some machines used memory-mapped I/O instead of the 8080 I/O address space. All of these variations in the hardware were concealed from other modules of the system by use of the BIOS, which used standard entry points for the services required to run CP/M such as character I/O or accessing a disk block. Since support for serial communication to a modem was very rudimentary in the BIOS or may have been absent altogether, it was common practice for CP/M programs that used modems to have a user-installed overlay containing all the code required to access a particular machine's serial port.
File names were specified as a string of up to eight characters, followed by a period, followed by a file name extension of up to three characters ("8.3" filename format). The extension usually identified the type of the file. For example,
.COM indicated an executable program file, and
.TXT indicated a file containing ASCII text.
Each disk drive was identified by a drive letter, for example drive
A and drive
B. To refer to a file on a specific drive, the drive letter was prefixed to the file name, separated by a colon, e.g.
A:FILE.TXT. With no drive letter prefixed, access was to files on the current default drive.[19]
The "8.3" filename format and the drive letter + colon combination survived into MS-DOS. The drive letter + colon convention has survived in Microsoft Windows and is still used today. In addition, file extensions (for example,
.com (a compiled file), or
.exe (an executable file)) are still used to identify file types on many operating systems.
File size was specified as the number of 128 byte records (directly corresponding to disk sectors on 8-inch drives) occupied by a file on the disk. There was no generally supported way of specifying byte-exact file sizes. The current size of a file was maintained in the file's File Control Block (FCB) by the operating system. Since many application programs (such as text editors) prefer to deal with files as sequences of characters rather than as sequences of records, by convention text files were terminated with a control-Z character (ASCII SUB, hexadecimal 1A). Determining the end of a text file therefore involved examining the last record of the file to locate the terminating control-Z. This also meant that inserting a control-Z character into the middle of a file usually had the effect of truncating the text contents of the file.
With the advent of larger removable and fixed disk drives, disk de-blocking formulas were employed which resulted in more disk blocks per logical file allocation block. While this allowed for larger file sizes, it also meant that the smallest file which could be allocated increased in size from 1 KB (on single-density drives) to 2 KB (on double-density drives) and so on, up to 32 KB for a file containing only a single byte. This made for inefficient use of disk space if the disk contained a large number of small files.
File modification time stamps were not supported in releases up to CP/M 2.2, but were an optional feature in MP/M and CP/M 3.0.
CP/M 2.2 had no subdirectories in the file structure, but provided 16 numbered user areas to organize files on a disk. To change user one had to simply type "User X" at the command prompt, X being the number of the user wanted; security was non-existent and not believed to be necessary. The user area concept was to make the single-user version of CP/M somewhat compatible with multi-user MP/M systems. A common patch for the CP/M and derivative operating systems was to make one user area accessible to the user independent of the currently set user area. A USER command allowed the user area to be changed to any area from 0 to 15. User 0 was the default. If one changed to another user, such as USER 1, the material saved on the disk for this user would only be available to USER 1; USER 2 would not be able to see it or access it. However, files stored in the USER 0 area were accessible to all other users; their location was specified with a prefatory path, since the files of USER 0 were only visible to someone logged in as USER 0. The user area feature arguably had little utility on small floppy disks, but it was useful for organizing files on machines with hard drives. The intent of the feature was to ease use of the same computer for different tasks. For example, a secretary could do data entry, then, after switching USER areas, another employee could use the machine to do billing without their files intermixing.
The read/write memory between address 0100 hexadecimal and the lowest address of the BDOS was the Transient Program Area (TPA) available for CP/M application programs. Although all Z80 and 8080 processors could address 64 kilobytes of memory, the amount available for application programs could vary, depending on the design of the particular computer. Some computers used large parts of the address space for such things as BIOS ROMs, or video display memory. As a result, some systems had more TPA memory available than others. Bank switching was a common technique that allowed systems to have a large TPA while switching out ROM or video memory space as needed. CP/M 3.0 allowed parts of the BDOS to be in bank-switched memory as well.
CP/M came with a Dynamic Debugging Tool, nicknamed DDT (after the insecticide, i.e. a bug-killer), which allowed memory and program modules to be examined and manipulated, and allowed a program to be executed one step at a time.[20][21][22]
CP/M originally did not support the equivalent of terminate and stay resident (TSR) programs as under DOS. Programmers could write software that could intercept certain operating system calls and extend or alter their functionality. Using this capability, programmers developed and sold auxiliary desk accessory programs, such as SmartKey, a keyboard utility to assign any string of bytes to any key.[23] CP/M 3, however, added support for dynamically loadable Resident System Extensions (RSX).[15] Similar solutions like RSMs (for Resident System Modules) were also retrofitted to CP/M 2.2 systems by third-parties.[24][25][26]
Although CP/M provided some hardware abstraction to standardize the interface to disk I/O or console I/O, typically application programs still required installation to make use of all the features of such equipment as printers and terminals. Often these were controlled by escape sequences which had to be altered for different devices. For example, the escape sequence to select bold face on a printer would have differed among manufacturers, and sometimes among models within a manufacturer's range. This procedure was not defined by the operating system; a user would typically run an installation program that would either allow selection from a range of devices, or else allow feature-by-feature editing of the escape sequences required to access a function. This had to be repeated for each application program, since there was no central operating system service provided for these devices.
The initializing codes for each model of printer had to be written into the application. To use a program such as Wordstar with more than one printer (say, a fast dot matrix printer or a slower but presentation-quality daisy wheel printer), a separate version of Wordstar had to be prepared, and one had to load the Wordstar version that corresponded to the printer selected (and exiting and reloading to change printers).
Gary Kildall originally developed CP/M during 1974,[5][6] as an operating system to run on an Intel Intellec-8 development system, equipped with a Shugart Associates 8-inch floppy disk drive interfaced via a custom floppy disk controller.[18] It was written in Kildall's own PL/M (Programming Language for Microcomputers).[17] Various aspects of CP/M were influenced by the TOPS-10 operating system of the DECsystem-10 mainframe computer, which Kildall had used as a development environment.[27][28][29]
CP/M originally stood for "Control Program/Monitor",[3] a name which implies a resident monitor—a primitive precursor to the operating system. However, during the conversion of CP/M to a commercial product, trademark registration documents filed in November 1977 gave the product's name as "Control Program for Microcomputers".[6] The CP/M name follows a prevailing naming scheme of the time, as in Kildall's PL/M language, and Prime Computer's PL/P (Programming Language for Prime), both suggesting IBM's PL/I; and IBM's CP/CMS operating system, which Kildall had used when working at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS).
This renaming of CP/M was part of a larger effort by Kildall and his wife/business partner, Dorothy McEwen[4] to convert Kildall's personal project of CP/M and the Intel-contracted PL/M compiler into a commercial enterprise. The Kildalls intended to establish the Digital Research brand and its product lines as synonymous with "microcomputer" in the consumer's mind, similar to what IBM and Microsoft together later successfully accomplished in making "personal computer" synonymous with their product offerings.
Intergalactic Digital Research, Inc. was later renamed via a corporation change-of-name filing to Digital Research, Inc.[4]
By September 1981 Digital Research had sold more than 250000 CP/M licenses; InfoWorld stated that the actual market was likely larger because of sublicenses. Many different companies produced CP/M-based computers for many different markets; the magazine stated that "CP/M is well on its way to establishing itself as the small-computer operating system".[30] The companies chose to support CP/M because of its large library of software. The Xerox 820 ran the operating system because "where there are literally thousands of programs written for it, it would be unwise not to take advantage of it", Xerox said.[31] (Xerox included a Howard W. Sams CP/M manual as compensation for Digital Research's documentation, which InfoWorld in 1982 described as atrocious.[32]) By 1984 Columbia University used the same source code to build Kermit binaries for more than a dozen different CP/M systems, plus a generic version.[33] The operating system was described as a "software bus", allowing multiple programs to interact with different hardware in a standardized way.[34] Programs written for CP/M were typically portable among different machines, usually requiring only the specification of the escape sequences for control of the screen and printer. This portability made CP/M popular, and much more software was written for CP/M than for operating systems that ran on only one brand of hardware. One restriction on portability was that certain programs used the extended instruction set of the Z80 processor and would not operate on an 8080 or 8085 processor. Another was graphics routines, especially in games and graphics programs, which were generally machine-specific as they used direct hardware access for speed, bypassing the OS and BIOS (this was also a common problem in early DOS machines).[citation needed]
Bill Gates claimed that the Apple II family with a Z-80 SoftCard was the single most-popular CP/M hardware platform.[35] Many different brands of machines ran the operating system, some notable examples being the Altair 8800, the IMSAI 8080, the Osborne 1 and Kaypro luggables, and MSX computers. The best-selling CP/M-capable system of all time was probably the Amstrad PCW. In the UK, CP/M was also available on Research Machines educational computers (with the CP/M source code published as an educational resource), and for the BBC Micro when equipped with a Z80 co-processor. Furthermore, it was available for the Amstrad CPC series, the Commodore 128, TRS-80, and later models of the ZX Spectrum. CP/M 3 was also used on the NIAT, a custom handheld computer designed for A.C. Nielsen's internal use with 1 MB of SSD memory.
WordStar, one of the first widely used word processors, and dBase, an early and popular database program for microcomputers, were originally written for CP/M. Two early outliners, KAMAS (Knowledge and Mind Amplification System) and its cut-down successor Out-Think (without programming facilities and retooled for 8080/V20 compatibility) were also written for CP/M, though later rewritten for MS-DOS. Turbo Pascal, the ancestor of Borland Delphi, and Multiplan, the ancestor of Microsoft Excel, also debuted on CP/M before MS-DOS versions became available. Visicalc, the first-ever spreadsheet program, was made available for CP/M. Another company, Sorcim, created its SuperCalc spreadsheet for CP/M, which would go on to become the market leader and de facto standard on CP/M. Supercalc would go on to be a competitor in the spreadsheet market in the MS-DOS world. AutoCAD, a CAD application from Autodesk debuted on CP/M. A host of compilers and interpreters for popular programming languages of the time (such as BASIC, Borland's Turbo Pascal, FORTRAN and even PL/I[36]) were available, among them several of the earliest Microsoft products.
CP/M software often came with installers that adapted it to a wide variety of computers.[37] The source code for BASIC programs was easily accessible, and most forms of copy protection were ineffective on the operating system.[38] A Kaypro II owner, for example, would obtain software on Xerox 820 format, then copy it to and run it from Kaypro-format disks.[39]
The lack of standardized graphics support limited video games, but various character and text-based games were ported, such as Telengard,[40]Gorillas,[41]Hamurabi, Lunar Lander, along with early interactive fiction including the Zork series and Colossal Cave Adventure. A text adventure specialist, Infocom was one of the few publishers to consistently release their games in CP/M format. Lifeboat Associates started collecting and distributing user-written "free" software. One of the first was XMODEM, which allowed reliable file transfers via modem and phone line. Another program native to CP/M was the outline processor KAMAS.[citation needed]
IBM System/34 and IBM 3740's single-density, single-sided format is CP/M's standard 8-inch floppy disk format. No standard 5.25-inch CP/M disk format exists, with Kaypro, Morrow Designs, Osborne, and others using their own.[42][32][43]InfoWorld estimated in September 1981 that "about two dozen formats were popular enough that software creators had to consider them to reach the broadest possible market".[30]JRT Pascal, for example, provided versions on 5.25-inch disk for North Star, Osborne, Apple, Heath hard sector and soft sector, and Superbrain, and one 8-inch version.[44] Ellis Computing also offered its software for both Heath formats, and 16 other 5.25-inch formats including two different TRS-80 CP/M modifications.[45]
Certain disk formats were more popular than others. Most software was available in the Xerox 820 format, and other computers such as the Kaypro II were compatible with it.[39][46] No single manufacturer, however, prevailed in the 5.25-inch era of CP/M use, and disk formats were often not portable between hardware manufacturers. A software manufacturer had to prepare a separate version of the program for each brand of hardware on which it was to run. With some manufacturers (Kaypro is an example), there was not even standardization across the company's different models. Because of this situation, disk format translation programs, which allowed a machine to read many different formats, became popular and reduced the confusion, as did programs like Kermit which allowed transfer of data and programs from one machine to another using the serial ports that most CP/M machines had.
Various formats were used depending on the characteristics of particular systems and to some degree the choices of the designers. CP/M supported options to control the size of reserved and directory areas on the disk, and the mapping between logical disk sectors (as seen by CP/M programs) and physical sectors as allocated on the disk. There were many ways to customize these parameters for every system[47] but once they had been set, no standardized way existed for a system to load parameters from a disk formatted on another system.
The degree of portability between different CP/M machines depended on the type of disk drive and controller used since many different floppy types existed in the CP/M era in both 8-inch and 5.25-inch format. Disks could be hard or soft sectored, single or double density, single or double sided, 35 track, 40 track, 77 track, or 80 track, and the sector layout, size and interleave could vary widely as well. Although translation programs could allow the user to read disk types from different machines, it also depended on the drive type and controller. By 1982, soft sector, single sided, 40 track 5.25-inch disks had become the most popular format to distribute CP/M software on as they were used by the most common consumer-level machines of that time such as the Apple II, TRS-80, Osborne 1, Kaypro II, and IBM PC. A translation program allowed the user to read any disks on his machine that had a similar format—for example, the Kaypro II could read TRS-80, Osborne, IBM PC, and Epson disks. Other disk types such as 80 track or hard sectored were completely impossible to read. The first half of double sided disks (like the Epson QX-10's) could be read because CP/M accessed disk tracks sequentially with track 0 being the first (outermost) track of side 1 and track 79 (on a 40 track disk) being the last (innermost) track of side 2. Apple II users could not use anything but Apple's GCR format and so had to obtain CP/M software on Apple format disks or else transfer it via serial link.
The fragmented CP/M market, requiring distributors either to stock multiple formats of disks or to invest in multiformat duplication equipment, compared with the more standardized IBM PC disk formats, was a contributing factor to the rapid obsolescence of CP/M after 1981.
One of the last notable CP/M capable machines to appear was the Commodore 128 in 1985, which had a Z80 for CP/M support in addition to its native mode using a 6502-derivative CPU. Using CP/M required either a 1571 or 1581 disk drive which could read soft sector 40 track MFM format disks.
The first computer to use a 3.5-inch floppy drive, the Sony SMC-70,[48] ran CP/M 2.2. The Commodore 128, Bondwell-2 laptop, Micromint/Ciarcia SB-180,[49]MSX and TRS-80 Model 4 (running Montezuma CP/M 2.2) also supported the use of CP/M with 3.5-inch floppy disks. The Amstrad PCW ran CP/M using 3 inch floppy drives at first, and later switched to the 3.5 inch drives.
Although graphics-capable S-100 systems existed from the commercialization of the S-100 bus, CP/M did not provide any standardized graphics support until 1982 with GSX (Graphics System Extension). Owing to the small memory available, graphics was never a common feature associated with 8-bit CP/M operating systems. Most systems could only display rudimentary ASCII art charts and diagrams in text mode or by using a custom character set. Some computers in the Kaypro line and the TRS-80 Model 4 had video hardware supporting block graphics characters, and these were accessible to assembler programmers and BASIC programmers using the CHR$ command. The Model 4 could display 640 by 240 pixel graphics with an optional high resolution board.
In 1979, a multi-user compatible derivative of CP/M was released. MP/M allowed multiple users to connect to a single computer, using multiple terminals to provide each user with a screen and keyboard. Later versions ran on 16-bit processors.
The last 8-bit version of CP/M was version 3, often called CP/M Plus, released in 1983. It incorporated the bank switching memory management of MP/M in a single-user single-task operating system compatible with CP/M 2.2 applications. CP/M 3 could therefore use more than 64 KB of memory on an 8080 or Z80 processor. The system could be configured to support date stamping of files. The operating system distribution software also included a relocating assembler and linker.[2] CP/M 3 was available for the last generation of 8-bit computers, notably the Amstrad PCW, the Amstrad CPC, the ZX Spectrum +3, the Commodore 128, MSX machines and the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 4.[50]
There were versions of CP/M for some 16-bit CPUs as well.
The first version in the 16-bit family was CP/M-86 for the Intel 8086 in November 1981.[51] At this point, the original 8-bit CP/M became known by the retronym CP/M-80 to avoid confusion.[51]
CP/M-86 was expected to be the standard operating system of the new IBM PCs, but DRI and IBM were unable to negotiate development and licensing terms. IBM turned to Microsoft instead, and Microsoft delivered PC DOS based on 86-DOS. Although CP/M-86 became an option for the IBM PC after DRI threatened legal action, it never overtook Microsoft's system. Most customers were repelled by the significantly greater price IBM charged for CP/M-86 over PC DOS (US$240 and US$40, respectively).[52]
When Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) put out the Rainbow 100 to compete with IBM, it came with CP/M-80 using a Z80 chip, CP/M-86 or MS-DOS using an 8088 microprocessor, or CP/M-86/80 using both. The Z80 and 8088 CPUs ran concurrently.[53][54] A benefit of the Rainbow was that it could continue to run 8-bit CP/M software, preserving a user's possibly sizable investment as they moved into the 16-bit world of MS-DOS.[53] A similar dual-processor adaption for the CompuPro System 816 was named CP/M 8-16. The CP/M-86 adaptation for the 8085/8088-based Zenith Z-100 also supported running programs for both of its CPUs.
Soon following CP/M-86, another 16-bit version of CP/M was CP/M-68K for the Motorola 68000. The original version of CP/M-68K in 1982 was written in Pascal/MT+68k, but it was ported to C later on. CP/M-68K, already running on the Motorola EXORmacs systems, was initially to be used in the Atari ST computer, but Atari decided to go with a newer disk operating system called GEMDOS. CP/M-68K was also used on the SORD M68 and M68MX computers.[55]
In 1982 there was also a port from CP/M-68K to the 16-bit Zilog Z8000 for the Olivetti M20, written in C, named CP/M-8000.[56][57]
These 16-bit versions of CP/M required application programs to be re-compiled for the new CPUs or if they were written in assembly language, to be translated using tools like Digital Research's XLT86, a program written by Gary Kildall in 1981, which translated .ASM source code for the Intel 8080 processor into .A86 source code for the Intel 8086. Using global data flow analysis on 8080 register usage, the translator would also optimize the output for code size and take care of calling conventions, so that CP/M-80 and MP/M-80 programs could be ported to the CP/M-86 and MP/M-86 platforms automatically. XLT86 itself was written in PL/I-80 and was available for CP/M-80 platforms as well as for DEC VMS (for VAX 11/750 or 11/780).[58]
Many expected that CP/M would be the standard operating system for 16-bit computers.[59] In 1980 IBM approached Digital Research, at Bill Gates' suggestion,[60] to license a forthcoming version of CP/M for its new product, the IBM Personal Computer. Upon the failure to obtain a signed non-disclosure agreement, the talks failed, and IBM instead contracted with Microsoft to provide an operating system.[61] The resulting product, MS-DOS, soon began outselling CP/M.
Many of the basic concepts and mechanisms of early versions of MS-DOS resembled those of CP/M. Internals like file-handling data structures were identical, and both referred to disk drives with a letter (
B:, etc.). MS-DOS's main innovation was its FAT file system. This similarity made it easier to port popular CP/M software like WordStar and dBase. However, CP/M's concept of separate user areas for files on the same disk was never ported to MS-DOS. Since MS-DOS had access to more memory (as few IBM PCs were sold with less than 64 KB of memory, while CP/M could run in 16 KB if necessary), more commands were built into the command-line shell, making MS-DOS somewhat faster and easier to use on floppy-based computers.
Although one of the first peripherals for the IBM PC was a SoftCard-like expansion card that let it run 8-bit CP/M software,[62]InfoWorld stated in 1984 that efforts to introduce CP/M to the home market had been largely unsuccessful and most CP/M software was too expensive for home users.[63] In 1986 the magazine stated that Kaypro had stopped production of 8-bit CP/M-based models to concentrate on sales of MS-DOS compatible systems, long after most other vendors had ceased production of new equipment and software for CP/M.[64] CP/M rapidly lost market share as the microcomputing market moved to the IBM-compatible platform, and it never regained its former popularity. Byte magazine, at the time one of the leading industry magazines for microcomputers, essentially ceased covering CP/M products within a few years of the introduction of the IBM PC. For example, in 1983 there were still a few advertisements for S-100 boards and articles on CP/M software, but by 1987 these were no longer found in the magazine.
Later versions of CP/M-86 made significant strides in performance and usability and were made compatible with MS-DOS. To reflect this compatibility the name was changed, and CP/M-86 became DOS Plus, which in turn became DR-DOS.
ZCPR[65] (the Z80 Command Processor Replacement) was introduced on 2 February 1982 as a drop-in replacement for the standard Digital Research console command processor (CCP) and was initially written by a group of computer hobbyists who called themselves "The CCP Group". They were Frank Wancho, Keith Petersen (the archivist behind Simtel at the time), Ron Fowler, Charlie Strom, Bob Mathias, and Richard Conn. Richard was, in fact, the driving force in this group (all of whom maintained contact through email).
ZCPR1 was released on a disk put out by SIG/M (Special Interest Group/Microcomputers), a part of the Amateur Computer Club of New Jersey.
ZCPR2 was released on 14 February 1983. It was released as a set of ten disks from SIG/M. ZCPR2 was upgraded to 2.3, and also was released in 8080 code, permitting the use of ZCPR2 on 8080 and 8085 systems.
ZCPR3[66] was released on 14 July 1984, as a set of nine disks from SIG/M. The code for ZCPR3 could also be compiled (with reduced features) for the 8080 and would run on systems that did not have the requisite Z80 microprocessor.
In January 1987, Richard Conn stopped developing ZCPR, and Echelon asked Jay Sage (who already had a privately enhanced ZCPR 3.1) to continue work on it. Thus, ZCPR 3.3 was developed and released. ZCPR 3.3 no longer supported the 8080 series of microprocessors, and added the most features of any upgrade in the ZCPR line.
Features of ZCPR as of version 3 included:
ZCPR3.3 also included a full complement of utilities with considerably extended capabilities. While enthusiastically supported by the CP/M user base of the time, ZCPR alone was insufficient to slow the demise of CP/M.
A number of CP/M-80 derivatives existed in the former East-bloc under various names including SCP (Single User Control Program[67] CP/KC, CP/L, CP/KSOB, CP/Z, MICRODOS, BCU880, ZOAZ, OS/M, TOS/M, ZSDOS, M/OS, COS-PSA, DOS-PSA, CSOC, CSOS, CZ-CPM and others.[68][69] There were also CP/M-86 derivatives named SCP1700, CP/K and K8918-OS.[69] They were produced by the East-German VEB Robotron and others.[69][68][67]), SCP/M, CP/A,
A number of behaviors exhibited by Microsoft Windows are a result of backward compatibility with MS-DOS, which in turn attempted some backward compatibility with CP/M. The drive letter and 8.3 filename conventions in MS-DOS (and early Windows versions) were originally adopted from CP/M.[70] The wildcard matching characters used by Windows (? and *) are based on those of CP/M,[71] as are the reserved filenames used to redirect output to a printer ("PRN:"), and the console ("CON:"). The drive names A and B were used to designate the two floppy disk drives that CP/M systems typically used; when hard drives appeared they were designated C, which survived into MS-DOS as the
C:\> command prompt.[72] The control character
^Z marking the end of some text files can also be attributed to CP/M.[73] Various commands in DOS were modelled after CP/M commands, some of them even carried the same name like DIR, REN/RENAME, or TYPE (and ERA/ERASE in DR-DOS).
In 1997 and 1998 Caldera released some CP/M 2.2 binaries and source code under an open source license, also allowing the redistribution and modification of further collected Digital Research files related to the CP/M and MP/M families through Tim Olmstead's "The Unofficial CP/M Web site" since 1997.[74][75][76] After Olmstead's death on 12 September 2001,[77] the distribution license was refreshed and expanded by Lineo, who had meanwhile become the owner of those Digital Research assets, on 19 October 2001.[78][79][1][80] In October 2014, to mark the 40th anniversary of the first presentation of CP/M, the Computer History Museum released early source code versions of CP/M.[81]
As of 2018[update], there are a number of active vintage, hobby and retro-computer people and groups, and some small commercial businesses, still developing and supporting computer platforms that use CP/M (mostly 2.2) as the host operating system.
[…] Since CP/M was one of the first operating systems, a large number of hobbyists, hackers, and esoteric programmers purchased CP/M computers and began to write programs for themselves. […] It was offered on the free market in the form of floppy disks distributed at computer "user groups". […]
An excerpt of the BDOS.PLM file header in the PL/M source code of CP/M 1.1 or CP/M 1.2 for Lawrence Livermore Laboratories (LLL):
[…] The first commercial licensing of CP/M took place in 1975 with contracts between Digital Systems and Omron of America for use in their intelligent terminal, and with Lawrence Livermore Laboratories where CP/M was used to monitor programs in the Octopus network. Little attention was paid to CP/M for about a year. In my spare time, I worked to improve overall facilities […] By this time, CP/M had been adapted for four different controllers. […] [ In 1976, Glenn Ewing approached me with a problem: Imsai, Incorporated, for whom Glenn consulted, had shipped a large number of disk subsystems with a promise that an operating system would follow. I was somewhat reluctant to adapt CP/M to yet another controller, and thus the notion of a separated Basic I/O System (BIOS) evolved. In principle, the hardware dependent portions of CP/M were concentrated in the BIOS, thus allowing Glenn, or anyone else, to adapt CP/M to the Imsai equipment. Imsai was subsequently licensed to distribute CP/M version 1.3 which eventually evolved into an operating system called IMDOS. […]
[…] Digital Research has also announced plans for a Z8000 version of CP/M. Application software will be moved to the Z8000 when more development software is available. A commercially available translator from Z80 to Z8000 is needed. […]
[…] CP/A ist ein CP/M-2.2-kompatibles Betriebssystem der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, der Hauptentwickler war Hans Willy Dames. […] Vorteile des CP/A gegenüber CP/M 2.2. sind erweiterte Funktionalitäten. […] Herausragend sind […] Urladen des Systems aus einer Datei @OS.COM. Das System musste nicht in speziellen Systemspuren gespeichert werden. […] automatische Erkennung von Diskettenformaten […] eingebauter Systemmonitor […] Das CP/A wurde für Bürocomputer A5120, A5130 und den PC1715 ausgeliefert. […] Das CCP von CP/A ist ziemlich sicher ursprünglich aus einem reassemblierten CP/M-2.2-CCP entstanden; wurde aber konsequent auf Z80-Befehle umgearbeitet und vielfach verändert und erweitert. […] Das CP/A-BDOS wurde im Prinzip komplett und fast 1:1 aus dem DR-BDOS abgekupfert […] Aus den Quelltexten des BIC A5105 geht hervor, dass W. Dames das originale BDOS reassembliert […] hat. […]
[…] Let this email represent a right to use, distribute, modify, enhance and otherwise make available in a nonexclusive manner the CP/M technology as part of the "Unofficial CP/M Web Site" with its maintainers, developers and community. I further state that as Chairman and CEO of Lineo, Inc. that I have the right to do offer such a license. […] Bryan Sparks […]
[…] At NPS, Kathryn was given system responsibility for the VM operating system […] Gary Kildall […] developed a deep friendship with Kathryn. The two […] made unauthorized changes to the IBM VM-360 and 370 system code. […] She […] became the fourth employee of Gary's company […] When Gary became hesitant to sell CP/M to IBM, it was Kathryn who was called late one evening at home by Bill Gates of Microsoft Corp. and asked to intercede with Gary. However, the sale was not to be, and the rest, as they say, is history. Kathryn […] continued to write code for new versions of CP/M. She worked on CP/M 2.0 and CP/M +. She made many contributions to CP/M 2.2 (the largest money spinner for DRI) including a background spooler for printing (simple multi-tasking) and system guides. In fact, in one book, Kathryn is called "the mother of CP/M 2.2," for the hundreds and hundreds of hours she put in with Dave Brown, John Pierce, Bob Silberstein, and others, perfecting Kildall's original design. Kathryn was also the project manager for CP/M-86 and Concurrent CP/M-86. […] "They Made America," […] paperback version. Kathryn spent many long hours working with Sir Harold Evans updating the chapter of his book relating to the birth of CP/M and her beloved Gary Kildall's contributions to the field of computing. […]
By: Wikipedia.org
Edited: 2021-06-18 18:37:45
Source: Wikipedia.org


text:
"Humanitarian" seems to be the Democrats' new word for "absolutely no national interest."
The Democrats were not so interested in a "humanitarian" intervention against a much more brutal dictator in Iraq. But, of course, taking out Saddam Hussein, a state sponsor of terrorism who harbored one of the perpetrators of the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center, would make Americans safer.
Democrats are furious whenever American boys (girls and gays) are put in harm's way -- unless the troops are on a mission that has nothing whatsoever to do with defending the United States.
Obama ignored the murder, imprisonment and torture of peaceful Iranian protesters demonstrating against Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's theft of an election in 2009. But he was hopping mad about Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak getting rough with a mob in Tahrir Square with less distinct objectives.
We knew what the Iranian students wanted: a stolen election overturned.
What did the Egyptians want? At the time, liberals angrily cited the high unemployment rate in Egypt as proof that Mubarak was a beast who must step down.
Have they, by any chance, seen the recent employment numbers for the U.S.? The only employment sectors showing any growth are Hollywood sober-living coaches and medical marijuana dispensaries. Are we one jobs report away from liberals rioting in the streets?
As The New York Times recently reported, since Mubarak stepped down, the driving force in the new government is the Muslim Brotherhood. America is worse off because Mubarak stepped down, which was Obama's exact foreign policy objective.
On Monday night, Obama gave a speech intended to explain America's mission and purpose in our new Libyan adventure. He said: "Some nations may be able to turn a blind eye to atrocities in other countries. The United States of America is different."
He forgot to add: "However, the United States of America will be turning a blind eye to atrocities in Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan, the Ivory Coast and Bahrain."
One searches in vain for a description of some American interest in supporting the rebels in Libya.
True, Gadhafi was responsible for numerous terrorist acts against Americans in the 1980s, including blowing up Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988, killing 270 people, including 189 Americans.
Soon after President Bush's 9/11 speech vowing to go to war not only with terrorists, but those who supported them, Gadhafi accepted responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing and paid the victims' families $8 million apiece.
After Bush invaded Iraq, Gadhafi suspended Libya's nuclear and chemical weapons program, inviting international inspectors to verify that the programs had been halted.
A few years after that, Gadhafi paid millions of dollars to the victims of other Libyan-sponsored terrorist attacks from the '80s. In return, President Bush granted Libya immunity from terror-related lawsuits.
Only Fox News' Bill O'Reilly thinks Obama is intervening in Libya to avenge the Lockerbie bombing.
However far off the mark Gadhafi is from being the Libyan George Washington, he poses no threat to the U.S. -- whereas the rebels we are supporting might.
But Democrats couldn't care less about the interests of their own country. Indeed, if there were the slightest possibility that our intervention in Libya would somehow benefit the United States, they would hysterically oppose it.
When it came to the Iraq War -- which actually served America's security interests -- Democrats demanded proof that Saddam Hussein was 10 minutes away from launching a first strike against the U.S. They denounced the Iraq War nonstop, wailing that Saddam hadn't hit us on 9/11 and that he posed no "imminent threat" to America.
What imminent threat does Libya pose to the U.S.? How will our interests be served by putting the rebels in charge?
Obama didn't even suggest the possibility that our Libyan intervention serves the nation's interest. Last weekend, his defense secretary, Robert Gates, said the uprising in Libya "was not a vital national interest to the United States, but it was an interest." So, not a vital interest, but an interest. Like scrapbooking, surfing or Justin Bieber.
When it came to Iraq, liberals proclaimed that invading a country "only" to produce a regime change was unjustifiable, contrary to international law, and a grievous affront to the peace-loving Europeans.
But they like regime change in Egypt, Libya -- and the Balkans. The last military incursion supported by liberals was Clinton's misadventure in the Balkans -- precisely because Slobodan Milosevic posed no conceivable threat to the United States.
Indeed, President Clinton bragged: "This is America at its best. We seek no territorial gain; we seek no political advantage." Democrats see our voluntary military supported by taxpayer dollars as their personal Salvation Army.
Self-interested behavior, such as deploying troops to serve the nation, is considered boorish in Manhattan salons.
The only just wars, liberals believe, are those in which the United States has no stake. Liberals warm to the idea of deploying expensive, taxpayer-funded military machinery and putting American troops in harm's way, but only for military incursions that serve absolutely no American interest.
Obama Cried, Kids Died
"Humanitarian" seems to be the Democrats' new word for "absolutely no national interest."

subset: commoncrawl


text: Artist: Mystikal Album: Any Given Sunday soundtrack Song: Jump Typed by: email@example.com (*Mystikal's human door opening*) Poof, oh no not you, fuckin right bitch Uhh, what uhh poof, fuck, jump round jump C'mon jump, jump jump round, jump jump I ain't got no mo ass left BITCH I rapped it off You just ain't gonna have no more head after I snatch it off What in the fuck is you thinkin? You can't do shit if you stankin!!! Keep on thankin if I say it then it's done I give a fuck what you bringin Cuz my dick still gon' be swangin You here those fuckin choppers cuttin niggas, run nigga!!! Hike nigga, hut one, nigga want some?! Ain't nuttin to fuck ya up, representin where I come from Fronts and brown blunts, you oughta get down some Recognize a fuckin killa when you be around 'em Valiums and speed but we don't do weed Steroids and alcohol, still a fuckin athlete Cock strong with my jock strap on with the time clock Bout to run the rock home Yo' ace boom coon in the hole in the clutch In the pocket on the field, without gettin touched!!!! Chorus 2x: Uh oh here I come, here I go,uh oh, jump round jump!!! Watcha wanna do?! Watcha gonna do?! Let me know girl, jump, jump!!! You get tackled by the style I'm usin I got all of my adversaries cruisin for a brusin with contusions Cuts and lacerations, broken bones, and open sores Ripped spleens, sprained ankles, and broken nose I'ma bust the microphones I rip on I step on the stage and get my grip on That's when you get stiff armed It's on and I'm the shit homes!!!! I fucked around and lost count of bitches I put the dick on My alter-ego and its cool when I talk to P They fuckin call me the home-town hero I'm the center of attention, topic of the discussion It's understood they already know without me sayin nothin It's been like that since these niggas been down here wearin badges I'm off the heezy, I'm the reason for this pimp rap!! So stuck on myself sometimes it's like I ain't got no mind I say fuck it dawg and go for the crowd like the goal line!! Chorus Nigga you just like ten yards, always the first down Be the first motherfucker off the bus but be the last nigga to clown Ol' sometime ass nigga ol' fake regular regular, everyday common-ass no drama-ass nigga I keep these niggas sippin on super dick and advil Punishin they motherfuckin ass and keepin it dat real Ain't nothin you can do to keep a nigga off the score board It's fourth and four - FUCKIN RIGHT I'M GOIN FOR IT!!! Chorus:4x Jump, round, jump Jump, Jump Jump, round, jump watcha wanna do?! watcha gonna do?! LET ME KNOW GIRL, JUMP, JUMP!!!


text:
The idea of giving anyone my online banking usernames and passwords sends shivers up my spine. But my finances are more irregular than ever right now, so I've got to keep a close eye on them. For the last seven years, every month I dutifully fired up Microsoft Money (then later, Intuit's Quicken) on my computer to balance my accounts. Now that I'm freelancing, it's either feast or famine in my checking account, and that makes me want to jump off the roof instead of launch Quicken. When several months of personal finance denial went by without doing basic house-cleaning, I bounced a check. It was time to make keeping tabs on my money easier.
Enter Mint.com, a web-based finance aggregator. Given your online banking credentials, Mint logs into your accounts, fetches your transactions and balances for you, and arranges them into a single, well-designed dashboard. Back in October of 2007, Adam gave Mint a rave review on Lifehacker. But in the editors' private chatroom I said I thought it looked great, but that I couldn't bring myself to give it my online banking passwords. Last month, thanks to that bounced check, I finally bit the bullet. I'm glad I did.
I still feel icky about a third party storing my banking passwords. However, Mint actually keeps me safer from identity theft or break-ins because it can alert me the moment a big withdrawal, purchase, or deposit happens on any one of my accounts. Mint had built-in support for all my banks, from my checking and savings, to my mortgage account, to my investment accounts and retirement funds. (It does list ING Direct as an institution that occasionally blocks Mint requests, but after I set up my secret questions and answers and entered them, it had no problem getting my transactions). It also smartly guesses what categories a transaction should fall under, and lets you split transactions as well as tag them with multiple keywords. For example, I like that I can take a client out for lunch, and categorize it under "Restaurants" and also tag it "tax deduction." You can't do that in Quicken.
I like Mint's simple budgeting tool, too. You set an amount you'd like to spend on a category–say, $300 on restaurants per month. On a given day during the month, Mint shows you how much you've spent as compared to what day of the month it is. The bar in the chart is yellow if you're under budget for the month but over for the day in the month, and red if you're over completely. Here's what it looks like.
The other thing Mint does that Quicken doesn't is send you email alerts when particular things happen in your accounts. You could probably set this up within each of your online bank accounts, but you can centralize it all in Mint. Right now I have it email me if a bill is due (like my AmEx payment), an account has a low balance (no more bounced checks!), or if a large ($1000+) deposit, purchase, or withdrawal happens on any account. All of this is configurable.
Now, instead of going for months in financial denial, when Mint emails me about a bill being due or a deposit clearing, I log on to get a quick overview of everything that's going on in my accounts in one place. It's way more convenient than logging into all my online banks separately, or launching Quicken, downloading transactions, categorizing and reconciling. I actually enjoy using Mint, and tools you love to use are tools you will use.
Regarding password storage, I also gave Mint's competitor Wesabe a test-drive. What's awesome about Wesabe is that unlike Mint, you can manually upload your transaction files to it, or use a Firefox extension to do it for you, which means you don't have to save your passwords there. While I was happy about this option, in practice all that work felt like I was just using Quicken again. Wesabe doesn't do transaction categories, just tags. It also doesn't try to guess what tags it should use–you set that up, in addition to tagging rules for future incoming transactions (ie, "any transaction from Regents Pizza should get tagged restaurants.") I liked Wesabe very much; in fact, it was a really tough decision whether or not to use it or Mint. I wound up going with Mint because it felt just a teensy bit more comfortable and automated to me. Your mileage, of course, may vary.
I go on about the security risks of cloud computing often and I'm especially wary of any webapp that wants you to store sensitive information like passwords in it. But the cloud computing tradeoff, as always, is privacy for convenience. Right now the convenience of an all-in-one web-based finance manager outweighs my fears about storing my bank passwords in it. What about you?


text:
Scrum Product Owner (SPO) Training in Broomfield
We offer private customized training for groups of 3 or more attendees.
Course Description
| This dynamic course is filled with practical exercises and real world
examples. Experienced Scrum practitioners will walk away with ideas for
improving their Scrum practices and students brand new to Scrum will
gain a solid understanding of how to get started. Similar to the SM
course, the SPO class also goes deeper on the topics more related to the
role of the Product Owner. More emphasis on the PO role in Scrum with
topics such as using a Vision Statement to guide the Team, creating a
Product Roadmap, and Release Planning. Learn about the maintenance of
the Product Backlog and practice writing User Stories using user roles
and personas.
Course Length: 2 Days
Course Tuition: $1150 (US)
|This class is appropriate for beginners who are just learning and for people who have been using Scrum for a while and trying to learn new ideas on how to do it better. Ideal learners would be Business Analysts, Project Managers, Product Managers, Business Managers, Executives, and anyone seeking to understand the Product Owner Role and learning the benefits that Scrum can bring to the business.
Course Outline
What is Agile?
The Roles of the ScrumMaster, Product Owner, and Team
Sharing the Vision
The Scrum Meetings
The Scrum Artifacts/Documents
Product Backlog Items
Course Directory [training on all levels]
- .NET Classes
- Agile/Scrum Classes
- Ajax Classes
- Android and iPhone Programming Classes
- Blaze Advisor Classes
- C Programming Classes
- C# Programming Classes
- C++ Programming Classes
- Cisco Classes
- Cloud Classes
- CompTIA Classes
- Crystal Reports Classes
- Design Patterns Classes
- DevOps Classes
- Foundations of Web Design & Web Authoring Classes
- Git, Jira, Wicket, Gradle, Tableau Classes
- IBM Classes
- Java Programming Classes
- JBoss Administration Classes
- JUnit, TDD, CPTC, Web Penetration Classes
- Linux Unix Classes
- Machine Learning Classes
- Microsoft Classes
- Microsoft Development Classes
- Microsoft SQL Server Classes
- Microsoft Team Foundation Server Classes
- Microsoft Windows Server Classes
- Oracle, MySQL, Cassandra, Hadoop Database Classes
- Perl Programming Classes
- Python Programming Classes
- Ruby Programming Classes
- Security Classes
- SharePoint Classes
- SOA Classes
- Tcl, Awk, Bash, Shell Classes
- UML Classes
- VMWare Classes
- Web Development Classes
- Web Services Classes
- Weblogic Administration Classes
- XML Classes
- Introduction to Spring 5, Spring MVC, and Spring REST (2022)
6 November, 2023 - 10 November, 2023
- Advanced C++ for Experts - Design Patterns, STL, C++11/C++14
30 October, 2023 - 31 October, 2023
6 November, 2023 - 8 November, 2023
30 October, 2023 - 1 November, 2023
- Agile Development with Scrum
20 November, 2023 - 21 November, 2023
- See our complete public course listing
Agile/Scrum Uses & Stats
Year Created2001
Faster Deployment of Solutions
Gives Every Team Member a Purpose
Keeps the End Goal in Mind at Every Level
Promotes Flexibility in Order to Adapt
Faster Detection of Issues and Defects
Can Act As a Band-Aid to Bigger Problems
Can Create a Micro-Managed Environment
Not Everyone Is On Board
Push for Higher Performance
Not Well-Suited for Every Project
|Agile/Scrum Job Market
Average Salary
Job Count
Top Job Locations
Agile and SCRUM methodologies are practiced mostly in larger organizations that have cross-platform teams that need to be on the same page. Adoption rates vary in different industries.
Industry Agile Adoption Rate
Software (ISV) 23 percent
Financial services 14 percent
Professional services 12 percent
Insurance 6 percent
Healthcare 6 percent
Government 5 percent
Telecoms 4 percent
Transportation 4 percent
Manufacturing 4 percent
Complimentary Skills to have along with Agile/Scrum
Agile Methodologies and Frameworks include:
ASD - DevOps - DAD - DSDM - FDD - IID - Kanban - Lean - SD - LeSS - MDD - MSF - PSP - RAD - RUP - SAFe - Scrum SEMAT TSP UP XP
The Standards and Bodies of Knowledge Include:
BABOK - CMMI - IEEE standards - ISO 9001 - ISO/IEC standards - PMBOK - SWEBOK - ITIL


text:
Underbed Storage: Products, Tips & Projects
We independently select these products—if you buy from one of our links, we may earn a commission. All prices were accurate at the time of publishing.
I want to preface this post by saying this: Yes, I am aware that followers of feng shui say that storing anything under your bed is a bad idea. But let's face it, folks. If you're trying to fit everything into a small space, it would be a shame to waste all that area under the bed. With that in mind, I've rounded up a handful of underbed storage options, along with some tips, tricks and DIY projects.
- Long Underbed Box with Wheels from Container Store $22.99
- Java Jumbo Underbed Bags 2-Pack from Dormco $8.54
- DILLING Storage Box from IKEA $14.99
- My Closet Underbed Storage Bin from One Step Ahead $10.95
- Sterilite 4-pk. Under-Bed Storage Boxes from Target $79.98
- Buff Blanket Bag from Crate & Barrel $15.95
- Under Bed Storage Box from The Company Store $79
- Underbed Chest from Storables $10.95
- Bankers Box Underbed Storage Box from Amazon $22.99
- P'kolino Play Kit Storage Bin from Bed Bath & Beyond $27.99
Tips & Tricks:
- Store items you won't frequently access (extra blankets, off-season clothing) in closed containers. This will keep dust and sleepy pets off of your soft goods.
- If you plan to use your underbed storage on a daily basis, choose containers with caster and easy open lids.
- If the space under your bed looks crowded, add a bed skirt to disguise your mess.
- On the flip side, if you plan to leave the space under your bed visible, choose containers that match and are a higher quality material, like options 8 and 9 above.
DIY Projects:
- DIY Underbed Storage from Home Happy Home – Painted cardboard creates underbed storage boxes that look good enough to be on display.
- Handmade: Cedar-Lined Under-Bed Storage Box from DIY Life – It takes some mad skills, but this storage box is lovely.
- Underbed Storage Drawers How-To from WoodGears – Again with the mad skills, but a wood underbed storage seems so much nicer than plastic.
- DIY Under-bed Storage from Melancholy Smile – By adding casters to old drawers you can get the look of the previously mentioned wooden boxes with a fraction of the effort.
- Build an Under Bed Storage Box from Apartment Therapy via The Family Handyman – Although this colorful box is shown as a toy box, it would be perfect for bedding, shoes or just about anything else.
(Images: As credited above.)


text:
Email stumbles in digital paradigm shift
That's one of the eye-opening paradigm shifts identified in a must-read report from comScore on the fast-changing state of the digital universe.
A primary activity among wired individuals since the arrival of the Internet, email use in the last 12 months fell by more than 30% for those under the age of 24 and stayed absolutely flat among those aged 24-44, according to the audience measuring service. As illustrated below, only those aged 45-54 are pecking out more emails today than they were a year ago.
The reason, of course, is that a growing number of people are communicating via Facebook and/or text messages on their mobile phones. Many, of course, also are chatting on the Facebook apps on their smart phones.
The rapid shift in one-on-one communication is not the only disruptive trend noted in the comScore study.
Traditional portals like Yahoo, MSN and AOL are "conceding ground to Facebook and other social networks," said comScore. Noting that portals represented 16.7% of time on site in December vs. 16.6% for Facebook and its brethren, comScore said social sites are on track to "soon declare supremacy over portals."
Putting its growing traffic to good use, Facebook last year became the top publisher of digital display advertising. Facebook ran more than 1.3 trillion ad impressions, as compared with 529 billion at Yahoo, 215 billion at Microsoft and 174 billion at Google.
While Google remains the king of search advertising, comScore notes its vulnerability, saying:


text:
Certainly the buck doesn't stop at Obama; the spending doesn't end, since he proposes more and more spending, and the blame goes to Bush and the Republicans.
Obama: "It Took Nearly A Decade To Dig The Hole That We're In"
President Obama criticizes the economic policies of former President Bush and the current "partisan minority" in Congress. Obama asks Republicans to drop the economic "blockade."
Of course the Dems in control of both the Senate and House can't seem to agree on dropping their economic "blockade" of Obamanomics…
Video here for the full hooey,
Jeannie DeAngelis deconstructs the hooey,
Stepping toward the podium, Obama dove right in. However, due to technical difficulty, it took Obama three tries to blame Bush for the appalling economy. Stumbling over well-planned condemning comments, even the microphone refused to broadcast Barack's never-ending drivel.
The solemn, accusatory president began by saying that when elected he was completely unaware of the depth of America's "economic hole," let alone how long it would take to "climb out." However, when in a fix, Obama appears extremely knowledgeable as to how effectively project perpetual culpability onto everyone other than himself.
Obama expressed the following opinion about the flagging economy: "What we did know was that it took nearly a decade – to dig the hole we are in." Then the President gave himself eight years of economic leeway following the "dig the hole" comment with an "even longer to dig our way out."
After the sound system issues, garbled statements and flyover airplane interference ceased, the President continued blaming G.W. and then segued directly into pointing the finger at Senate Republicans. Never once did Obama acknowledge any personal culpability for being completely and hopelessly clueless.
Maybe someone should have raised their hand and reminded Obama that during the first six years of Bush's tenure the economy was booming. It was the last two years, after a national referendum on Iraq, that Democrats took over both houses and the economy began to falter. Adding Obama's liberal-socialistic policies to the already ailing economy turned a benign common cold into a case of full-blown pneumonia.
Obama claimed Republicans are now in the process of obstructing an "initiative [he] proposed to cut taxes that will encourage small businesses to hire and expand, as well as a $30 billion small business lending initiative."
Partisan President Obama actually had the temerity to accuse Senate Republicans of damaging economic growth by "holding this bill hostage." The man who impedes everything from individual freedom to economic recovery dramatically uttered the scripted slogan: "Drop the blockade."
Soberly droning on, uttering meaningless poppycock, Obama continued reading off the teleprompter. The president's rhetoric included references to small businesses, middle class tax cuts, job creation and economic growth. As usual, in a five-minute statement Obama managed to fit in incendiary lingo like "partisan minorities" and "political games."
Towards the end, the sun must have been in Obama's eyes because the President stumbled over words like "effort," correcting it to "attack." Before turning and walking away, the smooth talker slipped up and blurted out the very apropos "silver spoon" instead of "silver bullet."
The effect?
A few hours after the technically-challenged economic encouragement/blame-Bush undertaking, the Dow plummeted 140 points, proving the point that, like everything Barack does, the ready-to-wreak-havoc Rose Garden declaration was just another in a long list of "smashing" Obama successes.
Why is Wall Street deserting Obama? Maybe the question at this point ought to be, what took them so long?


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But I learn this lesson again and again and again-noticing the good stuff gets me SO much farther.
Instead of scolding, praising.
Instead of harping, smiling.
Instead of being agitated, being grateful.
Instead of an angry tone, a gentle word.
Oh how this spoke to me! This is my New Years goal!!ReplyDelete
I love you, Sarah. You have no idea who I am but I adore your blog and look up to you so much as a mother. I wish I could come sit in your kitchen and glean from your wisdom. That bottom part...new goals for me. Thank you!ReplyDelete
I feel the same way as the person above...you are much too young to be my mother, but I look up to you in the same way. My mother died when I was in college and how I wish she was here to help me with the challenges of raising young children...your blog has been such a huge encouragement to me and your message of constant kindness to others and especially our children and spouses constantly encourages me..thank you! Your blog means so much more to the people that read it than you know :) ps...more pics of precious Janey, please!Delete
happy new year my friend! xoReplyDelete
beautiful sarah and so very, very true!
have a happy day
How beautifully said. Saint Francis' inspiration applied to daily living.ReplyDelete
A wonderful gentle reminder. Thanks.ReplyDelete
OH that makes me smile so much! What a sweet soul your little one has.
~ Jillian
How utterly adorable. I think we all need this reminder. Thank you!ReplyDelete
Absolutely love it.ReplyDelete
I need this today, big time. Thank you!ReplyDelete
Very cute and it reminds me of a book recommendation if you haven't already read it. 1000 gifts. Very good!ReplyDelete
Doesn't that just melt your heart?! I love those moments. :)
I needed to read this....thank youReplyDelete
Beautiful...thank you for sharing all the little things.ReplyDelete
Needed to read this today. Thank you!ReplyDelete
Simple sweetness in the simplest moments. Love.ReplyDelete
I loved this post. Thank you, Sarah.ReplyDelete
Sweet post that I needed today. I just discovered your blog and look forward to reading along :-)ReplyDelete
So obvious really but sometimes so hard to do.ReplyDelete
Must paste those last four lines onto my forehead. So beautiful. So true. xoxoReplyDelete
Kids artwork is my favorite thing to decorate with :) I have several that I hang every year as well <3ReplyDelete


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SNOW HILL – A golf course in northwest Worcester County will become a campground and family recreation spot if all approvals go well, project developers told the Worcester County Planning Commission last week.
Deer Run Golf Course plans to add seasonal cabin camping and extensive sports recreation facilities.
"We really don't have a family recreation area other than the Ys and that sort of thing," said project land planner Larry Whitlock.
Local gyms do not offer activities or facilities for children, according to Whitlock.
"There's a need for family-oriented facilities rather than adults only," Whitlock said.
The county lacks diving facilities, he pointed out, and local swim teams must travel at least to Salisbury University for diving practice.
A clubhouse, tennis courts, a pool, volleyball courts and soccer fields will join the golf course, the plans indicate. A two-acre indoor recreation facility will offer racquetball courts, an indoor pool, and space for karate and other activities. The site will also include a small restaurant.
Plans call for 270 seasonal campsites, which cannot be used over the off-season. There will be no tent camping, individual mail distribution, or time-shares.
Planners chose to limit use to prevent people from living on site year-round, although membership campgrounds can under law operate 12 months of the year. While existing campgrounds can become co-ops, opening the door to year-round living, the Deer Run campground is past the cut-off date and could not go that route, according to Worcester County Zoning Administrator Kelly Henry.
Enforcement of the seasonal closure will take care of any other attempts to live permanently on site. The grounds will be gated.
Campgrounds are allowed in agricultural land like this site by special exception and are encouraged as a less intense use by the Worcester County Comprehensive Plan.
Any attempt to turn the space into housing would have to come back for another set of approvals and would be limited to five dwellings, under the agricultural zoning on the site.
While no tent camping will be allowed, campers must use mobile structures on campsites and units must be under 10 years old, to keep up the quality of the campground, Whitlock said.
Restrictions will be created banning boats and boat trailers, allowing only kayaks and canoes on site, Whitlock said.
Deep setbacks and a vegetated berm will screen the 282-acre campground from motorists on Rt. 50 and local roads, according to Whitlock. The site will also not be lit up at night, and will not use a loud public address system, compromises reached to reduce impact on the neighbors.
Campers must purchase memberships, as a camper, golfer, or combination.
"When you say membership, I think about something that is exclusive," said Worcester County Planning Commission member Betty Smith.
"It's not exclusive," said applicant attorney Mark Cropper.
The project was brought to the Planning Commission to seek its favorable recommendation of an amendment to the Worcester County Water and Sewer Plan to allow a sewer treatment plant on the site.
"I feel like we don't really have a choice. I'm not happy with it. Better a campground than a bunch of houses," Planning Commission member Jeanne Lynch said.
The plant will handle a peak of 80,000 gallons of effluent per day (gpd), averaging 68,000. Treated effluent will be sprayed on the 18-hole golf course.
The restaurant and golf course clubhouse will stay open year round, allowing the wastewater plant to continue operations. Wastewater plants cannot be started up then just turned off when not needed, but must continually process waste.
The Comprehensive Plan in general says that sewer service should not be provided in agricultural zoning, according to staffer Christine Holman, but campgrounds are an exception.
"We also recommend that the surrounding areas be designated W-6 and S-6 for no service," Holman said.
The handful of existing homes would not then be eligible to connect to the Deer Run wastewater treatment plant.
That should not be a problem, said Comprehensive Planning Director Sandy Coyman. That area is not intended for service, and when the county Water and Sewer Plan is revamped, all areas outside service areas like the that surrounding Deer Run Golf Course, will be marked as no service.
If the septic systems of the surrounding homes fail, there is a possibility that those properties could be hooked up the campground septic system, however.
The Planning Commission voted 4-1 to give the amendment a favorable recommendation. Lynch dissented and Smith abstained.
More changes could be made in the design of the site and its features as the project goes through sketch plan and then site plan approval before the county Planning Commission.


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By Leonard Brecken.
As stated previously, asset monetization by small E&P operators will start in earnest in the second half of this year out of cash flow necessity. Most, if not all, smaller market capitalization companies, public or private, are still free cash flow negative (operating cash flow less capital expenditure) and only a few of the larger ones are now, or will be, based on guidance. The point is, with volumes languishing (and probably poised to decline) tied to a flat oil futures price curve and with economics marginal at $60 per barrel, many E&P operators find themselves running through hedges in 2015 and still in need to finance their already reduced capital spending.
With Wall Street unwilling to lend anymore and prospects of fall credit line redeterminations looming, further reducing liquidity, it is likely small E&P operators will turn to either mature producing asset sales or, more likely, to undeveloped assets which require more capital spending. We are seeing this being factored into stock prices as we speak, as small cap E&P valuations have collapsed to 4-6 times the Enterprise Value/Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EV/EBITDA) from 6-8X EV/EBITDA. This not only reflects solvency risk but also the natural course of bringing assets to a price more in line with their underlying sale value.
Wall Street is famous for getting public prices at levels that magically make deals happen and, with better funded E&P companies trading at substantial premiums vs. the leveraged ones, this is what is occurring. Take the collapse of Goodrich Petroleum (GDP) as a prime example as to what is now taking place and what will continue through the latter half of this year. Here is a company with $100million in liquidity but who continues to be free cash flow negative on current strip pricing in 2015 & 2016. However, it has a capital spending budget of $100 million for 2015 and 2016 and a free cash deficit of $60 million-$80 million in each of 2015 and 2016 depending on asset price assumptions. To plug the hole it hopes to sell its Eagle Ford assets this year.
This isn't intended to make a case on GDP but to demonstrate the quantifiable ongoing stupidity of perpetuating models that aren't self-funded which were being fueled by easy money from the Federal Reserve. This also demonstrates how the OPEC strategy of maintaining an oil price ceiling is affecting U.S. E&P companies, forcing a consolidation which I believe will be unprecedented in size and scope. This will eventually improve the industry cash flow break even points, based on improved cost and scale and, as a result, cast doubt over the long term viability of the OPEC strategy. It appears the Saudis, despite being educated here in the US, have neglected their capital market & economic classes as we are witnessing the E&P model self-correcting itself. State run oil companies don't do this very well and usually fail to adjust to price movements while free market capital-based societies do.
The revival of the US oil industry will occur after the upcoming consolidation and will reduce the number of cost inefficient players as well as the short selling in group while ultimately, self-healing the industry by improving cash flows, given the likelihood of oil remaining below $100. I fully expect valuations to expand in 2016, once the wave of asset sales starts in the months ahead. These operators with plenty of cash will be the biggest beneficiaries.
On a final note, listening to the Federal Reserve yesterday it was clear that the pressure on the dollar rise is being lifted as they now realize that, despite attempts to fudge economic statistics, the US economy is in recession and rate hikes are a farce based on hope and little else. Expect the dollar to weaken considerably, breaching the 2015 lows thus supporting oil prices now and into 2016. This reality is not baked into expectations and the 1-2 percent dollar correction which took many by surprise is only the beginning.
Source: http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Expect-A-Wave-Of-Consolidation-In-The-Oil-Industry.html


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And baby makes tres...
America Ferrara took to her Instagram on New Year's Eve to make a very special announcement—that she's pregnant with her first child.
While donning colorful 2018 glasses, the former Ugly Betty actress and her husband Ryan Piers Williams posted a sweet kissy-faced pic on her Instagram with the caption, "We're welcoming one more face to kiss in 2018! Wishing you #MásBesos in the New Year! #babybesos #HappyNewYear."
America tied the knot with her longtime beau back in June 2011.
The duo, who first met as students at the University of Southern California, became husband and wife in an intimate Monday ceremony. Close friends and family were in attendance.
Watch Daily Pop weekdays at 12:30 p.m., only on E!


text: This is ac very lush and emotional orchestral theme ideal for a film or tv show. Starts off with a bright, innocent and childlike mood and builds to a larger orchestral sound. Can work well as opening title music or ending credits music. There are high and low points emotionally that the piano and orchestra combination hit throughout the track, as well as other dramatic moments.


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Did you connect with Margie's concerns about the treatment and welfare of animals? What animal-related issues did the book raise for you?
Created: 06/14/13
Replies: 9
Join Date: 10/11/10
Posts: 359
Join Date: 09/11/11
Posts: 132
To an extent I connected with Margie's concerns about animal treatment and welfare. I buy organic food and meat and care a lot about animal treatment. For instance, I won't eat veal or pate because of the way the food is made. However, I don't think that activism like HEART's is the answer.
Join Date: 04/21/11
Posts: 315
Join Date: 07/28/11
Posts: 409
I have a great deal of compassion for Margie. I could connect with her in that way. I do think that she let her "love" get in the way of her compassion for animals and therefore didn't know how to be effective in her actions.
Join Date: 06/25/13
Posts: 347
I feel for animals that are mistreated and without love. I do not connect in the same way Margie did. I think it was wrong of the group to free the birds. Most of them will probably not make it in the open. I did feel very deeply for the lovebird that lost its mate. That almost made me cry.
Join Date: 04/20/11
Posts: 99
Most definitely. I do believe Margie's youth and being so naive caused her to do things she would later regret, even though her heart was in the right place. But violence is not the answer to any of the modern world's problems, in my opinion. I believe as she became more mature and more self-confident while living on the reservation, she would think back on her earlier actions and do things differently. We do not help animals of any kind by bringing negative attention to our efforts to help them. Today there are many wonderful animal rescue organizations, people lobbying state and federal legislators, etc. that positive publicity to help animals who are in bad situations are making a difference, I believe.
Join Date: 05/26/11
Posts: 67
I believe that animals should be treated humanely; however, Maggie and her group seemed to be among those who very definitely go overboard and, thereby, alienate many other people. Interfering with legitimate business, such as pet sales or, yes, restaurants, is both illegal and selfish. Granted, the restaurant Untamed was a bit overboard but people in other parts of the world do eat animals that we do not commonly have on our tables. For me, rabbit would be an animal that I have not eaten; however, my father hunted duck and pheasants and they were delicious. (If the pheasants were not hunted, they would have overrun the area in which I grew up and vegans would not have had any grain to eat!) Also, illegal acts are not justifiable - I think it goes to the two wrongs do not make a right philosophy. Recently, I received an email concerning the well-being of silkworms! I cannot say that that is an issue that I can get passionate about - how about the well-being of the homeless or the mentally ill?
Join Date: 06/13/11
Posts: 7
I care deeply about animal rights, however, I think when the group set fire to the restaurant, it went beyond caring about animals. It was breaking the law. I found the group to be quite strange and didn't really seem organized and totally serious about whatever it was they were trying to do.
Even letting all the animals out of the pet store seemed a little over the top.
Join Date: 06/28/11
Posts: 78
I did connect to some degree. The idea of raising awareness about animal treatment is good - it amazes me that many people don't know the food to table story very well. Setting the pet store birds free was not a good thing to do. Expecting them to survive on their own was inappropriate and animal activists would know that. I thought the activist group was a little odd though.
Join Date: 03/13/12
Posts: 528
I definitely related to Margie's concerns for suffering animals and the deplorable conditions of food factory situations. It reminded me of the shock I felt after watching a documentary on American food called Food, Inc. I do not support violent acts but applaud efforts to expose deplorable conditions and working to effect change by educating the public.
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North toward Mount Robson
Mount Robson
Mount Robson, B.C.
Mount Robson Park
Athabasca River in Jasper National Park
Dinner in Talbot Lake
Moose Lake, B.C.
Time to Leave
Big Horn Sheep
Big Horn Sheep.
North Face of Canoe Mountain
Valemount Best Western Plus Inn & Suites
'Chillin' beside Cranberry Marsh
Cranberry Marsh, Valemount, B.C.
Blue-winged Teal - Male & Female
Blue-winged Teal - Male
Blue-winged Teal
Gadwall Duck
Thunder River
Albreda Glacier
Traffic Stopper.
On a Clear Day
Mount Robson
September 2, 2015
Through the Clouds
Mount Robson - September 2, 2015
All images ©Rae Brown - Tickled Pixels Photography
Photo Sharing by Smugmug


text: ESMT Berlin was founded by 25 leading global companies and institutions. The international business school offers a full-time MBA, an executive MBA, a master's in management, as well as open enrollment and customized executive education programs. ESMT focuses on three main topics: leadership and social responsibility, European competitiveness, and managing technology. ESMT faculty publishes in top academic journals. Additionally, the business school provides an interdisciplinary platform for discourse between politics, business, and academia. The business school is based in Berlin, Germany, with Schloss Gracht as an additional location near Cologne. ESMT is a private business school with the right to grant PhDs and is accredited by the German state, AACSB, AMBA, EQUIS, and FIBAA.


text:
Data privacy services
In times of increasing cyberattacks and digitalization, protecting personal data is becoming more and more important. Legislation such as the new EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU-DSGVO) is also forcing businesses to focus more strongly on data privacy. We provide comprehensive advice and help you protect information from misuse. Benefit from our experts' extensive experience and in-depth knowledge.


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October 31 @ 9:30 am - 11:30 am
|Recurring Event (See all)
An event every week that begins at 9:30 am on Tuesday, repeating until December 26, 2023
We have the supplies. All you do is paint and spray. All items are already fired and ready to paint!
Nominal donation depending on size of item.


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The guys over at VerySuperCool Tools recently gave me an opportunity to test out one of their new products: an after-market fence system. The great thing about this unit is that it works perfectly with existing Biesemeyer-style fences. So installation is as simple as dropping it on the rail and performing a standard fence calibration.
So is it worth your time and money? Well, if you're completely happy with your tablesaw fence then it might not be. But if you are having trouble keeping your fence aligned or you are frustrated by a wavy fence face, or maybe your fence is difficult to use with accessories, an after-market fence system like this one just might be the answer to your problems.
Bye Bye Wavy Fence!!
The stock fence on my Powermatic 2000 is pretty decent. It locks down accurately and dependably and never needs adjustment. I honestly don't have much to complain about. But there is one little thing that does bother me, although it's something of a "perfectionist" issue, and that is the waviness of the fence. The fence body is steel and the fence faces are made from UHMW plastic. The faces are held to the body of the fence using metal bolts and at every bolt location there's a slight dip. This usually doesn't present a real problem for me as rip cuts will simply glide along the high points. Cross-cuts are also unaffected since I typically reference from a short auxiliary fence. But I often think to myself how nice it would be to have a dead straight fence, and that's what the VerySuperCool Tools fence gives me. The fence body is made from a 48″ piece of extruded aluminum which is not only perfectly straight, but also very lightweight. The fence extends well beyond the back of the saw and even gives me some extra reference surface in front of the table.
Because the extruded aluminum is loaded up with t-tracks, you can do just about anything with some basic hardware. On a traditional fence, you usually have to design accessories that essentially straddle the wide fence body. This really adds an annoying level of complexity to the jig/fixture and prevents many of us from building the best accessories for the job. For instance, there are many times I could have made use of a tall auxiliary fence. Maybe I'm cutting a bevel on a table top or putting a groove into the end of a tall board. Thanks to a healthy dose of laziness, I either make the risky cut with my short fence or simply find an alternative way to do it. But as you'll see in the video, you can make a nice tall auxiliary fence with a few bolts and a single scrap piece of plywood. Other things I'm looking forward to building are sacrificial fences and a short auxiliary fence for cross-cuts.
One of the owners of the company is Allan Little from AskWoodMan.com and he has a video that shows how you can make your own tenoning jig using this fence system. Now THAT'S an accessory! Check it out:
This is a solid after-market fence that alleviates many, if not all, of the common problems we confront on traditional tablesaw fences. But there are two minor things that I actually don't like about the fence. The first, as some of you might have already guessed, is the color. Nothing personal against you Packers fans out there but the green and yellow combination just isn't working for me, haha. Yeah, 1st world problems and all that. The second minor issue has to do with the handle. My PM2000 handle is a thick tear-drop shape that is very comfortable in my palm. Even when putting a decent amount of downward pressure on the handle, it is never uncomfortable. The VerySuperCool Tools version features a small round plastic ball for a handle. While fully functional and just a minor detail, I do find it rather uncomfortable in use especially when making frequent adjustments.


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Patient Resources
About Cancer
Cancer is a complex illness that requires clinical care by a doctor or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below is some general information about cancer, for which we have provided a brief overview.
Alternative Therapy for Cancer
Nutritional Requirements for a Child With Cancer
Questions to Ask Your Child's Physician


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Major partners of the Paris Opera's 350th anniversary
Major partners of
the Paris Opera's 350th anniversary
Major partners of the Paris Opera's 350th anniversary
Major partners of
the Paris Opera's 350th anniversary
A suivre:
Abbé Perrin (Director of...
Founder of the company Teatro e Azione in Rome and co-founder with Paolo Grassi of the Piccolo Teatro di Milano, in 1987, the Italian director Giorgio Strehler also founded the European School of Theatre and in 1990 initiated the Union of the Theatres of Europe. Considered as a reformer of Italian theatre, he has had considerable influence over the development of writing for the stage. His first major success came in 1946 when he staged Caligula by Albert Camus, which was followed by Goldoni's The Servant of Two Masters (Il Servitore di due padroni) a year later – a veritable triumph. In 1983, he was appointed director of the Théâtre de l'Odéon in Paris where he directed L'Illusion Comique by Corneille. In 1973, he was invited to the Paris Opera to direct The Marriage of Figaro and again in 1978 for a production of Simon Boccanegra, followed by Il Seraglio in 1984. In addition to pursuing his artistic career, in 1984 Giorgio Strehler represented the Italian Socialist Party at the European Parliament and was an independent left-wing senator in 1987. He died in 1997, from a heart attack when he was about to direct Così fan tutte in Milan.
Partners of the Paris Opera's 350th anniversary
Sponsor of Crystal Pite's production
Sponsor of Opera's Battle
Sponsor of Les Indes galantes
With the generous support of
Sponsor of La Traviata
Sponsor of the Emperor box restoration
Principal sponsor of the Paris Opera Ballet
IT Mobility & User Experience Partner
Mécène Services IT
Sponsor of the Paris Opera Academy
Institutions associated with the 350th anniversary
Media partners


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BOSTON — Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick has tapped his former chief-of-staff William "Mo" Cowan to serve as interim U.S. senator until a special election to fill the seat left vacant by Secretary of State-designate John Kerry.
Patrick says Cowan's role in helping turn around the Massachusetts economy in recent years "has earned him the respect and admiration of people throughout government." He says the state will benefit from Cowan's wisdom and good judgment.
Cowan, a North Carolina native, says he is "honored and humbled" by the appointment.
Cowan is the former chief of staff and chief legal counsel to Patrick. He served in the administration since 2009.
Cowan will serve as senator until voters elect a new senator during a special election on June 25.
Kerry's resignation from the Senate takes effect Friday.
By BOB SALSBERG
Associated Press


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There are few sartorial purchases more satisfying than a new pair of summer hardbottoms. You know, the kind of shoes you can dress up or down, ditch the socks for and just generally stunt in all summer long. For those already rich in bucks and saddles you may want to head over and check out the remaining Cerbero joints over at Yoox. It's tough to turn up a lot of information on Cerbero, but from the various forum testimonials I read it seems as if the Italian brand has a decent enough track record especially when you factor in Yoox's fire sale pricepoints and liberal return policy. The suede brogues and desert boots look especially tasty and should link up with your S/S bottoms without too much effort. From deep navy hues to easy beige the colorways pretty much range the spectrum from understated to wonderful Italian GTH style. My Italian is pretty spotty, but Google tells me that "cerbero" stands for "watchdog" (i.e. Cerberus) which makes perfect sense in the context of the colored suede numbers - people will be watching your dogs no doubt.
Tuesday, June 29, 2010
2 comments:
Trickers have got a great Derby in their archives that needs another outing.ReplyDelete
Cheaney had a similar shoe in Liberty and Duffer around 2000.
They both have a rounder toe.
Someone should tell Cerbero it's rude to point.
I'll try and put a picture up.
(One day etc)
- NovaguyJuly 4, 2010 at 12:41 AM
Anybody know how these fit, especially for those us who wear a half size like 10.5? I have posted on various style and clothing forums, but have not gotten any info yet.ReplyDelete
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Who am I? I am retired librarian and database developer Laurence (Larry) Sloma, and please note that that's Laurence with a "u". Search engines find me and some of my professional activities, but they also find an evangelist who shares my name. Please don't confuse us. This is where I store (some) photos.
Don't expect either reasonable or consistent organization of the photos on this site. There isn't any.
Family Closet
Dad died in 2001, and Mom sold the house a few years after that. She moved into a small one bedroom apartment and my sister and I inherited a stack of boxes the size of a VW Beetle, all of them filled with old family photos. I decided to start scanning a few of them in my idle time (using our trusty, aging Canon N650U) and post them here. All of these photos are scans of small (none larger than 3x5) snapshots that were taken in the '40s and '50s (although I just started scanning pictures from the '20s, too), cleaned up a bit (and in some cases more than a bit) in Photoshop. I assume that interest in these pictures is limited to our family, but if you stumbled here by accident and find them interesting, welcome!Read More


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California-based electric car maker, Coda, filed for bankruptcy protection on Wednesday, saying it plans to transition to the battery and energy-storage business.
The company had positioned itself as a cheaper alternative to fellow electric-car maker Tesla (TSLA) and plug-in hybrid-car maker Fisker. Coda's all-electric mid-sized sedan went for roughly $37,000, but proved a huge sales disappointment, with less than 100 vehicles sold. A Tesla Model S, with its most potent battery option, goes for $72,000.
Coda had the bodies and chassis of its cars built in China, with the battery systems installed in California.
CEO Phil Murtaugh said in a statement Coda's leadership had concluded "that focusing on the Company's energy storage business presents the best opportunity moving forward." Coda's energy storage business uses the same battery technology that powers its vehicles.
It's not easy to stay afloat in the electric-car business. Fisker appears near bankruptcy as well, having laid off most of its employees last month. The company suspended production of its only car, the $107,850 Karma, in February.
Related: Lawmakers probe government loan to Fisker
Fisker was hobbled in part because its battery supplier, A123 Systems, filed for bankruptcy last year and forced a halt in production of the Karma.
Tesla, meanwhile, has fared better. The company said in April that sales of its all-electric Model S had exceeded expectations in the past few months, and that it is poised to report its first-ever quarterly profit when it reports earnings next week.