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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
On-line version ISSN 2078-5135
Print version ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.101 n.8 Pretoria Aug. 2011
Stroke and atrial fibrillation
To the Editor: I write in response to two consecutive papers published in the SAMJ.1,2 The striking feature in both was complete lack of reference to the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation.
More than 30% of strokes relate to atrial fibrillation, depending on the report referred to. Although not directly applicable to the article by Walker et al.,1 it would have been reasonable for them to mention the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation in the same way as levels of blood pressure are reported.
In the paper by de Villiers et al.,2 surely recurrent stroke is a major determinant of outcome following stroke? In the uncoagulated patient with atrial fibrillation the risk of recurrent stroke is extremely high. The implications of this are self-evident.
Traditionally, in sub-Saharan Africa a large emphasis has been placed on the danger of uncontrolled or poorly controlled hypertension. In the same light, the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation (particularly in the presence of valvular disease or heart failure) needs to be recognised, since the correct treatment for this is oral anticoagulant therapy with vitamin K antagonists. Documentation of the incidence of atrial fibrillation in paroxysmal or permanent atrial fibrillation is therefore essential in the setting of stroke and its long term outcome.3-5
By 'spreading the word', there is little doubt that great improvement in terms of prevention of either first or second episodes of stroke in relation to atrial fibrillation can be achieved.
I W P Obel
Specialist Cardiologist
Milpark Hospital
1. Walker RW, Jusabani A, Aris E, Gray WK, Mitra D, Swai M. A prospective study of stroke sub-type from within an incident population in Tanzania. S Afr Med J 2011;101(5):338-344. [ Links ]
2. De Villiers L, Badri M, Ferreira M, Bryer A. Stroke outcomes in a socio-economically disadvantaged urban community. S Afr Med J 2011;101(5):345-348. [ Links ]
3. Foster V, Ryden LE. ESC guidelines for management of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:854-906. [ Links ]
4. Lip GY, Edwards SJ. Stroke prevention with aspirin, warfarin and ximelagatran in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Thromb Res 2006;118:321-333. [ Links ]
5. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon N, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2009 update. A report from AHA statistics subcommittee. Circulation 2009;119:e21-e181. [ Links ]
Dr De Villiers replies: In our study atrial fibrillation as a cause of stroke was not specifically mentioned, as the aetiology of stroke was not the focus of the paper. Of the 196 patients 11.2% (N=22) had cardioembolic stroke, of whom 54.5% (N=12) were in atrial fibrillation. The outcomes for the patients with cardio-embolic stroke were worse than those for the whole cohort, with a 50% mortality at 6 months and 45.4% of survivors having severe disability (modified Rankin scores of 4 or 5) at 6 months in those with cardio-embolic stroke compared with a 6-month post-discharge mortality of 23% and 22% severe residual disability for the cohort as a whole. The point that patients with atrial fibrillation have a high risk of stroke recurrence is important, and what is particularly concerning in this study is that only 9% (N=2) of patients were on anticoagulation at follow-up.
Professor Walker replies: We thank Dr Obel for his response to our article. Atrial fibrillation is part of the scoring system for the Allen scoring system. We did not report the number of cases fulfilling each of the criteria laid out in the Siriraj or Allen scoring systems, because our intention was to focus on the key messages of the article. However, we have reported how many cases in the Hai (4 of 93 who had ECGs) and Dar-es-Salaam (3 of 39 who had ECGs) demographic surveillance sites had atrial fibrillation in an earlier publication from our study.1
We acknowledge the importance of identifying and managing patients with atrial fibrillation in the prevention of stroke, though we also recognise that the lack, and expense, of monitoring facilities may mean that many people cannot receive oral anticoagulants in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We are currently engaged in a study of atrial fibrillation in a community in SSA and hope to be able to present our findings in the near future.
1. Walker R, Whiting D, Unwin N, et al. Stroke incidence in rural and urban Tanzania: a prospective, community-based study. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:786-792. [ Links ]


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text:
Animal Rights activists may frequently be patently absurd, but some of them make for truly great entertainment. If you can make it through the above video without breaking up into hysterical wracked sobs of laughter, you are a far more stoic person than I.
In the video, which is titled (as if this wasn't already hilarious enough) "#DisruptSpeciesism," a woman named Kelly Atlas storms into a restaurant and asks all the patrons for their attention. She then proceeds to tell them about her "little girl, Snow," who it soon becomes apparent is, in fact, a chicken. She relates through tears a somewhat disjointed story about rescuing Snow and "leaving her sisters behind," which makes me think there was a poultry farmer who watched animal rights activists steal his chickens while they shouted about freeing the oppressed and he stood there with the world's greatest "WTF" expression. OK, it probably didn't happen like that, but please, let me dream.
"THIS ISN'T FOOD!" Kelly shrieks through tears towards the end, "IT'S VIOLENCE!" Then a cadre of like-minded people we all hope to God we never get stuck talking to at a party walk up and hold up signs proclaiming that "It's Not Food, It's Violence." If they are to be believed, then violence tastes goddamned delicious.*
As far as I can tell, this isn't elaborate performance art (and if it turns out to be, bra-fucking-vo to Kelly here) — she and those like her legitimately believe "speciesism" is a thing. Here's a tweet from her:
Wow, just...wow.
It's honestly hard for me to pick the moment in the video that makes me laugh that hardest here. Is it Kelly's earnest expression throughout her completely bonkers rant? Is it the moment where she tells people "I can see you laughing" and just keeps plowing ahead? Is it the fact that numerous YouTube commenters (I know, I know) seem to be genuinely confused about whether she's talking about a human baby? No, no: it's definitely the Motown soundtrack coming through the restaurant's speakers in the background throughout this entire video. It's definitely that.
'Scuse me, I suddenly feel an inexplicable need to go to a diner and go full Ron Swanson:
Personally, I think anyone who values animals over or equal to people is to be both pitied and backed away from slowly. This is not to say "vegans and vegetarians" — I have no issue with anyone choosing to eat however they want, and there's nothing inherently good or bad about being a meat-eater or a vegan/vegetarian. As well, factory farming is a really shitty practice, and the way we do agribusiness hurts not only the economy and the environment, but smaller farmers. It's a process that badly needs to change, and I can totally get behind any criticism of factory farming. Kelly Atlas and her loon brigade, however, aren't protesting simple factory farming: they're protesting the entire concept of eating animals, which, nope, bye. Animals aren't people, and if you feel like judging me for eating them, I am going to laugh at you.
Despite that, to anyone about to unironically use "speciesism" in the comments here as they rail against my cruelty towards my dinner: I promise I won't ban you. Seriously. It'll be WAY more fun to highlight your comments so we can all have a good laugh.
* I've thought long and hard about how I would've reacted if I'd been one of those customers, and I've come to the conclusion that it almost certainly involves me shouting, "EXCUSE ME, GARCON, I WILL HAVE ALSO THE VEAL AND ANY FOIE GRAS YOU HAVE ON HAND."


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BERLIN- Stephen Decatur's varsity wrestling team last week captured its seventh straight Bayside Conference tournament championship, sending five wrestlers to the finals in their respective weight classes and winning three individual titles.
The Seahawks finished with an impressive 230 team points in the Bayside Conference tournament to easily coast to its seventh straight championship. Parkside was second with 152 team points. Decatur was dominating in the tournament for the most part with five wrestlers reaching the finals and three winning their respective weight class titles.
Decatur's Seth Goggin won the title in the 125-pound weight class, beating Colonel Richardson's B.J. Greisen in the final on a technical fall. Bryce Smith won the individual championship at 160 pounds, beating Kent Island's Kyle Thomas by decision in the final. Finally, Dylan Drew, who has been dominating all season, won the individual title in the 285-pound class, beating Cambridge-South Dorchester's Jacob Muir by major decision in the final.
Two other Decatur wrestlers reached the finals before bowing out in title matches. Devin Bataille reached the finals in the 130-pound class before falling to Ben Culver of Easton. Similarly, Luke Bargar reached the finals at 215 before falling to Nick Hubbard of Cambridge-South Dorchester. Other top five finishes for Decatur included Nick McLoota, third place, 119; Josh Bargar, third, 152; Mike Meekins, third, 171; and Cobin Lohnas, fourth, 135.


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"I remember praying to die. At the grotto, I remember praying to die." – Morgan Monte, 34, a peer support specialist for a community of mental health.
In her late teenage years and during her sophomore and junior years at Notre Dame, Morgan Monte struggled with depression and suicidal thoughts, the same issues that she helps others combat today through her work.
"It was in my mind all the time, like thoughts of being worthless. Everything I did, my mind would find a way to tell me that I screwed up somehow," Monte said.
"Part of how the depression manifested was doing risky things like riding my bike along the side of the road in the dark, like a passive death wish."
Monte's depression materialized in her high school years at Frankenmuth High School in the form of eating disorders. What started with eating too little and exercising too much reversed into eating too much. This then progressed to acts of self-harm and suicidal thoughts. Monte could not handle her emotions, she said, and sought to shut them down.
The onset of Monte's depression mirrors those of other teens — and her story is a common one.
Of all 50 states, Indiana ranks in the middle, No. 25, for most suicides in 2016:
But in terms of teen suicide rates, Indiana ranks much higher in comparison to other states.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide was the third leading cause of death among people aged 10-14 and the second leading cause of death among people aged 15-24 in 2015.
This issue especially hit close to home in Indiana. According to the 2015 Indiana Youth Institute Kids Count Data Book, the state was third out of 37 ranked states for the percentage of teens who considered attempting suicide. Indiana was second out of 34 ranked states for teens who say they made a suicide plan.
Indiana Youth Institute President and CEO Tami Silverman said in a February 2017 video interview: "Unfortunately, Indiana is higher than the nation in all four categories… We break it down into four different categories: Those students who have seriously considered attempting suicide, those who have made a plan to attempt suicide, those who have actually attempted suicide, and those who have attempted and needed medical attention."
Additionally, the percentage of Indiana female teens nearly doubles the percent of male teens in these four categories:
The Indiana Youth Institute also cites some key facts about the state's high school students:
- One in five thought about suicide.
- One in five made a suicide plan.
- One out of 10 attempted suicide.
- One out of 25 attempted suicide and needed medical attention.
In South Bend, suicide prevention programming exists and is continuously developing.
The Oaklawn Psychiatric Center partners with South Bend Community Schools to administer STAND (Students Taking a New Direction) assistance programming that focuses on the prevention of drug and alcohol use. Additionally, the community department of Memorial Hospital of South Bend received a grant in 2017 from the Norma Frank Estate that will go to provide QPR (Question, Persuade, and Refer) training. This training is designed to teach anybody how to respond to people who may be contemplating suicide. Rebecca Zakowski, a pediatric health project specialist from Memorial Hospital, stated in an interview:
"It [QPR] encourages people not to be afraid to ask people about suicide."
According to Zakowski, Memorial Hospital is partnering with South Bend Community Schools and will begin providing QPR training to teachers and licensed school staff throughout the 2017-2018 school year.
Riley High School takes additional steps to address teen suicide. Suicide prevention programming is provided yearly in their health classes. They teach the signs of suicide as well as what to do if a friend or family member is suicidal.
According to Mary Dunn, a social worker from the high school, "These efforts have paid off many times over. Several suicidal students were brought to me by their peers. We take suicide very seriously at Riley and pray that our students trust us enough to let us help them through difficult times."
At the University of Notre Dame, steps are being taken to promote suicide prevention.
Howard Hall, a women's dormitory, hosted an event called "Walk for More Tomorrows" on the South Quad of Notre Dame's campus on March 30. The goal of the event was to raise awareness, support and prevention regarding teen suicide. Participants in the event were asked to donate $2 to the Suicide Prevention Center of South Bend and then walk around a track twice. As participants walked around the track, they read yard signs that included other statistics regarding suicide.
Phoebe Natale, Notre Dame junior and Vice President of Howard Hall, said, "When I first became Vice President of Howard, I knew that I wanted to make a focus of mental health during my time in office. Suicide has been in my life since the age of 12 up until as recent as this past Monday. Howard exec and I recognized that mental health and suicide are extremely prevalent on our campus, though sometimes the awareness isn't there. Maybe it's because people don't want to talk about it for fear of stigma; maybe they simply don't know how."
The event prompted discussion on campus.
"After people took the time to listen to what I had to say and what other girls had to say, gather materials and take their walk around the track," Natale said. "A lot of them came out a little bit less excited than when they first entered. Which, to me, as morbid as it sounds, tells me that it had an impact. Hopefully they'll be thinking of this going forward and will be able to step in if they see that something is up with a friend or a family member."
Another piece of positive feedback came from Monte, who posted in the Facebook event page:
The way teens talk about suicide has an impact.
"How do we talk about it? I think generally in very hushed tones," said Mary Mecca, a Notre Dame senior and campus advocate for suicide prevention, in an interview.\
Teens sometimes attempt to understand suicide through logical reasoning. "They're looking for answers that would make logical sense to an individual who is not suffering from mental illness," Mecca states. "But unfortunately, 90 percent of individuals that do decide to kill themselves are mentally ill."
However, people cannot attest suicide to mental health and leave it at that, Mecca adds.
"We say that it was the victim that didn't know what they were doing, and were mentally ill…and then you just leave it at that…And it's really sad to just leave it at that, because then it's sort of a 'my hands are clean of this, that's sort of their problem', they were born that way, done," Mecca stated.
For depressed teens, it may be cliché, but it is important to know that it gets better, said Monte.
Monte has come a long way. Through medication, dialectical behavior therapy and a getting a dog, she is now helping others undergoing similar situations by sharing her story and co-facilitating support groups. She said that supporting others helps her see how far she has come over the years.
"I want to stress that I am happy now, maybe not optimally, but I experience joy frequently as a contrast to being in that dark place," she said. "So I guess if a teen was struggling, I would encourage them to reach out and get help. When I'm alone with my thoughts, they spiral and amplify — when I talk to someone, they calm and have less power over me."
If you or someone you know is struggling with suicidal ideation, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255.


text: Plattekill Mountain operates Friday thru Sunday and midweek during holiday periods (see resort website for operating hours) and for private mountain rentals (any day they are not open to the public) for private groups with all services operational. Mountain Rentals are available for purchase through Liftopia. Plattekill is known for its big mountain terrain, small mountain charm and great family friendly atmosphere. Treat Yourself ...and Your Family! Carve turns down 2-mile long cruisers or challenge yourself on our double blacks. By mid-afternoon, hit trails that appear as though no one else had been on them that day. Escape the crowded slopes and lift lines and discover a best kept secret... come discover just what makes Plattekill a truly unique mountain! Once at the mountain, skiers will find 35 trails to choose from, each one offering something different each and every run. Conditions are top notch with our vast amount of terrain, limited crowds and exceptional detail to snowmaking quality. These factors result in our snow staying fresh longer and not skied off by mid-day. Our "Powder Puff" beginner trail is the most famous of all, a great 2-mile cruiser with just the right pitch and for the experts, our double diamond "Blockbuster" trail offers 1,100 feet of 'continuous vertical' from top to bottom and is known as one of the steepest in the region....Read more


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Windows are the essence of every home in Greenwich,CT. Not only do windows allow the sun to beam into a home, but they also ensure the elements never enter your Greenwich home. While new windows are able to do this adequately, older windows start to deteriorate and will slowly allow the outside air to enter the home. This is where over 30 percent of a homes energy bill will accumulate. L. A. Barnaby & Sons is an industry leader in window installation and replacement in Greenwich, CT.
Before windows are installed, measurements will be made to ensure the correct size window is available for your Greenwich home. If a replacement is needed, a professional will inspect the current window to ensure that it needs to be replaced. This not only helps the homeowner save money, but it is a part of our prideful service. Oftentimes, a window will simply need to be resealed and charging a customer for anything more would not be acceptable.
Depending on the amount of windows needed to be installed, the process can take anywhere from a few hours to a day. This will be calculated within the estimate given so no surprises arise with the final bill.
During this time, if a replacement is needed, the old window will be removed and the area will be prepped to allow for the new window to be installed. After the installation process is complete, our team will ensure that any materials related to the job have been cleaned up with the utmost care.
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The only barrier between the outside of a home and the inside are windows. When windows are replaced with newer, energy efficient models, homeowners will:
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The style of windows has changed drastically throughout the years. With immense attention to energy efficiency, single, double and triple pane windows along with glazed windows have made their way into the market. However, this has not led to a lack of innovation when it comes to style and detail. In fact, our window style gallery below has a plethora of different windows that will fit perfectly in any home.
L. A. Barnaby & Sons is able to meet the requirements of any project whether it be a new home construction or a window replacement. Customer satisfaction and the highest quality windows is what we pride ourselves with providing.
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2017-03-05 March4WomenAdd to Cart Add to Lightbox Download
City Hall, London, March 5th 2017. Stars join March4Women through London. Mayor of London Sadiq Khan and suffragette descendents prepare to march and "sing for a fairer world ahead of International Women's Day". Attended by Annie Lennox, Emeli Sande, Helen Pankhurst, Bianca Jagger and with musical performances from Emeli Sande, Melanie C and more. PICTURED: Emile Sandé
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The Faeroese call their mass slaughter of Pilot whales the GRINDADRÁP. As a former student of linguistics I find this very enlightening. Grindehval means pilot whale in Faeroes. In Swedish it is Grindval; in Norwegian, Grindhval; Danish, Grindehval;?Icelandic, Grindhvalur. In Faeroese the word gets shortened to Grind, which still means Pilot whales. It is the word "dráp" that got my attention.
The Nordic word "drap" literally means murder. In Swedish, dråp, means murder, in Norwegian, drap means murder, in Danish, drab, means murder, in Icelandic, dráp, means human murder, in Faroese, dráp, also means murder. Drap is the legal term for murder in all the Nordic countries. In an effort to get around this, some Faeroese are arguing that the word for murder is "mord". This is not a Nordic word but is, in fact, a borrowed word from the German language where the word for murder is "mord." The Faeroese use the word as "morð".
It is true that the word "mord" is now in common use, however the legal term for murder remains as "drap." The exception is Sweden where the word "mord" has been adopted as the official word for murder, although the word dråp is the proper term in all the older Swedish law books. The word dråp is still the legal term for manslaughter in Sweden.
In Iceland and the Faeroes the word "manndráp" is the legal word meaning "man murder" or homicide. The word for child murder is "barnadråp."
Murder (Norwegian Law) (Wikipedia)
Murder (Swedish Law) (Wikipedia)
Thus linguistically the word Grindadráp literally means Pilot whale murder. The word "hópdráp" means genocide and the word "oyðdráp" means extinction and so on.
It is my position that this is an accurate description because I hold the belief that the deliberate killing of a whale or dolphin is an act of murder. Dolphins and whales are highly intelligent, socially complex, self aware, sentient beings and I cannot accept any justification for their slaughter, and thus I view it as murder.
We have to remember that just over a century ago, the deliberate killing of an Aboriginal person in Australia was not seen as murder, nor was the killing of an American Indian or an African American slave. The definition of murder is not a static one. If an intelligent life form were to land on the Earth and a human deliberately killed the visiting life form, I think that would be considered a murder by most intelligent people.
We are finding that whales, dolphins, chimpanzees, bonobos and even elephants have highly evolved intelligent brains. They are highly social, self-aware beings. It is my belief that they need to be protected. Empathy and logic dictate that we give these living beings recognition under the law. Linguistically the Faeroese already recognize the killing of Pilot whales as murder, but empathy and logic have not conformed to the language.
The facts are that the killing of the whales is not for subsistence, nor even a nutritional need for the Faeroese. In fact the meat of the Pilot whale is toxic with methyl mercury and other heavy metals like lead, PCB's, etc. If tradition and culture are to be accepted as justification for the murder of the whales then the Solomon Islanders could argue that their tradition of head hunting other tribes is justified.
It will be a long hard struggle to convince the Faeroese to view the Pilot whales as deserving of compassion and justice under the law, but all-important struggles for rights and recognition under the law tend to be long, hard struggles. The key to success is persistence and an untiring, determined, and unwavering pursuit of the objective of ending the mass murder of Pilot whales in the bloody waters of the Faeroe Islands.


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Fabric is a Python (2.5 or higher) library and command-line tool for streamlining the use of SSH for application deployment or systems administration tasks.
It provides a basic suite of operations for executing local or remote shell commands (normally or via sudo) and uploading/downloading files, as well as auxiliary functionality such as prompting the running user for input, or aborting execution.
Typical use involves creating a Python module containing one or more functions, then executing them via the fab command-line tool. Below is a small but complete "fabfile" containing a single task:
from fabric.api import run def host_type(): run('uname -s')
Once a task is defined, it may be run on one or more servers, like so:
$ fab -H localhost,linuxbox host_type [localhost] run: uname -s [localhost] out: Darwin [linuxbox] run: uname -s [linuxbox] out: Linux Done. Disconnecting from localhost... done. Disconnecting from linuxbox... done.
In addition to use via the fab tool, Fabric's components may be imported into other Python code, providing a Pythonic interface to the SSH protocol suite at a higher level than that provided by e.g. the ssh library (which Fabric itself uses.)
Stable releases of Fabric are best installed via pip or easy_install; or you may download TGZ or ZIP source archives from a couple of official locations. Detailed instructions and links may be found on the Installation page.
We recommend using the latest stable version of Fabric; releases are made often to prevent any large gaps in functionality between the latest stable release and the development version.
However, if you want to live on the edge, you can pull down the source code from our Git repository, or fork us on Github. The Installation page has details for how to access the source code.
Any hackers interested in improving Fabric (or even users interested in how Fabric is put together or released) please see the Development page. It contains comprehensive info on contributing, repository layout, our release strategy, and more.
Please note that all documentation is currently written with Python 2.5 users in mind, but with an eye for eventual Python 3.x compatibility. This leads to the following patterns that may throw off readers used to Python 2.4 or who have already upgraded to Python 2.6/2.7:
For new users, and/or for an overview of Fabric's basic functionality, please see the Overview and Tutorial. The rest of the documentation will assume you're at least passingly familiar with the material contained within.
The following list contains all major sections of Fabric's prose (non-API) documentation, which expands upon the concepts outlined in the Overview and Tutorial and also covers advanced topics.
Some frequently encountered questions, coupled with answers/solutions/excuses, may be found on the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page.
Fabric maintains two sets of API documentation, autogenerated from the source code's docstrings (which are typically very thorough.)
The core API is loosely defined as those functions, classes and methods which form the basic building blocks of Fabric (such as run and sudo) upon which everything else (the below "contrib" section, and user fabfiles) builds.
Fabric's contrib package contains commonly useful tools (often merged in from user fabfiles) for tasks such as user I/O, modifying remote files, and so forth. While the core API is likely to remain small and relatively unchanged over time, this contrib section will grow and evolve (while trying to remain backwards-compatible) as more use-cases are solved and added.
Please see the changelog.
Please see the roadmap.
If you've scoured the prose and API documentation and still can't find an answer to your question, below are various support resources that should help. We do request that you do at least skim the documentation before posting tickets or mailing list questions, however!
The best way to get help with using Fabric is via the fab-user mailing list (currently hosted at nongnu.org.) The Fabric developers do their best to reply promptly, and the list contains an active community of other Fabric users and contributors as well.
Fabric has an official Twitter account, @pyfabric, which is used for announcements and occasional related news tidbits (e.g. "Hey, check out this neat article on Fabric!").
To file new bugs or search existing ones, you may visit Fabric's Github Issues page. This does require a (free, easy to set up) Github account.
We maintain a semi-official IRC channel at #fabric on Freenode (irc://irc.freenode.net) where the developers and other users may be found. As always with IRC, we can't promise immediate responses, but some folks keep logs of the channel and will try to get back to you when they can.
There is an official Fabric MoinMoin wiki reachable at wiki.fabfile.org, although as of this writing its usage patterns are still being worked out. Like the ticket tracker, spam has forced us to put anti-spam measures up: the wiki has a simple, easy captcha in place on the edit form.
Overview and Tutorial
Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.


text:
We just completed a repair for a customer's Apple iPhone 6 at our Maple Grove, MN Device Pitstop location for the following repair: "Apple iPhone 6 Battery and screen replacement with cleanup." Our customer was pleased to be back up and running with their fixed Apple iPhone 6! If you're looking for help with your Apple iPhone 6 or to get a quote on your Smartphone, give us a call or stop in to our Maple Grove location near you.
Learn more about all our repair services


text: Wanna splish — and splash — the day away? Head on over to WaterWorks™, Carnival's onboard waterpark. First up, there's the Twister Waterslide™, hundreds of feet of spiraling awesomeness that starts you off high in the air and gets you down low with one of the fastest, wettest rides you'll find anywhere. Select ships have side-by-side racing slides, which make serious competition seriously fun. Wear your speed suit for Speedway Splash, which features hundreds of feet of racing action, plus special lighting effects you'll experience on the road to victory. DrainPipe™ ends with one major swirl of a finish, while PowerDrencher™ takes soaking seriously — imagine the biggest bucket of water you've ever seen, raining down on you from above. And this isn't just kids' stuff — the young at heart are encouraged to zoom and splash around too! (WaterWorks configurations vary by ship.)


text:
Phytosanitary Certificates are now available for international buyers. We ship Internationally and Australia wide including Tasmania and WA.
Lathyrus odoratus
Stock: Out Of Stock
SKU Code: F 270
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Helianthoideae
Characteristics: Annual 180 cm
Seeds per packet: 12
Mammoth Sweet Peas produces breathtaking large fragrant flowers on long stems making these excellent for cutting.
Traditionally the 17th of March, St Patrick's Day, is the date used as a guide for sowing sweet peas in many parts of Australia.
Pre-treatment: Soak seed in water overnight.
Sow: 25 mm deep.
Tropical climates: Late summer Autumn
Sub-tropical climates: Autumn
Temperate climates: Autumn
Cold climates: Spring or Late summer-mid Autumn.
Germination: 10-14 days.
Seed can also be started by soaking seed overnight and placing on a moist paper towel and folding over. Put the paper towel with the seed in a plastic bag and place on top of the refrigerator. Check daily for moisture content and any seed that has germinated. Seed should start to germination in 3-5 days after which they can be sown at the required depth.
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BONNE TERRE, Mo. — The U.S. Supreme Court on Wednesday halted the execution of a Missouri inmate with a rare medical condition who challenged the state's refusal to disclose the source of its lethal injection drug.
The justices said a lower federal court needs to take another look at the case of Russell Bucklew, whose execution would have been the nation's first since last month's botched execution in Oklahoma. Bucklew had been scheduled to be put to death at 12:01 a.m. Wednesday for the 1996 killing of a man during a violent crime spree, but Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito had blocked the execution late Tuesday while the full court considered the matter.
By law, Missouri has a 24-hour window to carry out a scheduled execution, and the ruling means the state Supreme Court will have to set a new execution date if it's to carry out the punishment.
Minutes after the Supreme Court's ruling, witnesses who were to have witnessed Bucklew's execution on the state's behalf were released. Eric Slusher, a spokesman for Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster, confirmed that no further litigation was expected Wednesday.
Bucklew, 46, suffers from a rare congenital condition — cavernous hemangioma — that causes weakened and malformed blood vessels, as well as tumors in his nose and throat. His attorneys say this and the secrecy surrounding the state's lethal injection drug combine to make for an unacceptably high chance of something going wrong during his execution. He told The Associated Press last week that he is scared of what might happen during the process.
The Supreme Court sent the case back to the St. Louis-based 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.
Lindsay Runnels, an attorney for Bucklew, lauded Wednesday's ruling.
"Today's stay of execution will give the lower federal courts time to consider Mr. Bucklew's claim that his execution would violate his rights under the Eighth Amendment to be free from cruel and unusual punishment," she said in an email to The Associated Press.
The next scheduled executions in the U.S. are on June 18 — in Missouri, Florida and Pennsylvania, though the Pennsylvania execution will likely be delayed by appeals.
During Oklahoma's April 29 execution, inmate Clayton Lockett's vein collapsed, and he writhed on the gurney before eventually dying of a heart attack more than 40 minutes after the start of a procedure that typically takes roughly one-fourth of that time to complete.
European companies opposed to capital punishment cut off supplies of certain execution drugs, leading Missouri and other states to turn to U.S. sources. The states refuse to identify the sources of their execution drugs, saying secrecy is necessary to protect the sources from possible retaliation by death penalty opponents.
Death penalty opponents say the secrecy makes it impossible to ensure that the drugs couldn't cause an inmate to endure an agonizing death that rises to the level of unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment.
Missouri switched from a three-drug protocol to the single drug pentobarbital late last year. None of the six inmates executed since Missouri made the change has shown outward signs of pain or suffering.
The AP and four other news organizations filed a lawsuit last week against the Missouri Department of Corrections, claiming the state's refusal to provide information on the execution drug violates the public's constitutional right to have access to information about the punishment.
According to prosecutors, Bucklew was angry at his girlfriend, Stephanie Pruitt, for leaving him. Pruitt moved with her two daughters into the Cape Girardeau home of Michael Sanders, who had two sons. Bucklew tracked Pruitt down at Sanders' home March 21, 1996, and killed Sanders in front of Pruitt and the four children. He handcuffed and beat Pruitt, drove her to a secluded area and raped her.
Later, after a state trooper spotted the car, Bucklew shot at the trooper but missed, authorities say. Bucklew was grazed in the head, was hospitalized but later escaped from jail, hid in the home of Pruitt's mother and beat her with a hammer. She escaped, and Bucklew was arrested a short time later.
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Michele Bachmann Rejects 'Dancing With the Stars;' Focuses on More 'Serious Issues'
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann will not be joining ABC's hit show "Dancing with the Stars" this March contrary to rumors indicating otherwise.
Bachmann and Herman Cain were allegedly invited to appear on DWTS' 14th season alongside other celebrities and stars, but both politicians denied their participation.
"In full disclose, I did win a polka dancing competition when I was in the tenth grade at my alma mater, Anoka High School in Anoke, Minn.," the Minnesota Rep. announced on her website Wednesday.
"But, despite my tenth grade polka success and my lifelong love of ballroom dancing, the recent rumors are false. I will not be joining 'Dancing with the Stars.'"
Instead of focusing on how to perfect her quickstep or jive, the former presidential candidate revealed that she would be concentrating on more serious issues like fixing the economy.
"My time and attention remains committed to creating more private sector jobs, and higher paying jobs, in the Sixth Congressional District. Serious issues face our nation. I'm continuing to push for cutting wasteful government spending, a successful conclusion to the decades-long St. Croix River Crossing Project in my district, and repealing the government takeover of health care."
In addition to Bachmann's announcement, Cain also expelled rumors of appearing on DWTS.
His assistant, Lisa Reichert, told The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "He can't dance in an eight-count."
"He can only dance in a nine-count," Reichert said, referencing his 9-9-9 tax plan, which would remove all payroll taxes and purportedly lift a $430 billion burden on the economy.
Previously, DWTS secured other political figures such as former House Majority Leader Tom Delay, who quit the contest in 2009 due to stress fractures in both of his feet.
Bristol Palin, daughter of former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, also joined the show in 2010, winning third place in the competition.
With Bachmann and Cain out, other names currently being tossed about include Gavin DeGraw, Perez Hilton, Regis Philbin, and Giuliana Rancic.
"Dancing with the Stars" returns on Monday, March 19 at 8 p.m., ET for a two-hour season premiere.
This season's celebrities will be announced live from the El Capitan Theater in Hollywood on Tuesday, Feb. 28 exclusively during "Good Morning America" on ABC.


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Originally Posted by GOTA
Originally Posted by JAB1985
I havent seen a lot people talking about Jamal Adams but he should be in play at 16, no?
Depending how the team stacks its board at safety, Adams could theoretically be their top S available when were on the clock. Theyve said they like the S as well as the CBs so im not sure they prefer one over the other. GOTA im sure has an insightful opinion on him, honestly i know little than he seems to be a good all around safety from scouts. I also read on his combine profile hes a natural
They're gonna try and get the ball out and let Wheaton and Brown make plays in space. If the defense continues to play with 9 yard cushions... then I hope Pees is fired by half time
Originally Posted by bmoreravengirl
Sounds like a home game!
I loved Harbs saying to Caldwell, "Jim, don't talk to Joe too much. Just let him play football."
Originally Posted by Dade
No holding!!!
They straight up tackle Kemo!
I was gonna say, they run the Coryell better than us but...


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Edward Gordon Craig
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Edward Gordon Craig (16 January 1872 – 29 July 1966), sometimes known as Gordon Craig, was a English modernist theatre practitioner; he worked as an actor, producer, director and scenic designer, as well as developing an influential body of theoretical writings. He was the son of Ellen Terry, and had many children by many women, including Isadora Duncan, with whom he had a daughter, Deirdre (1906–13), who drowned at the age of seven.
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- The Reality? Is it then so certain that Life is made of four Absurdities?
Is it not far more certain that life is made up of Four Beauties
of Calmness, Joy, Harmony, Rhythm...
The truest reality.
And what of the expression of all this — Art?
Must Pandemonium and Ugliness ever stand for Strength?
- Introduction to Isadora Duncan : Six Movement Designs (1906)
- I believe in the time when we shall be able to create works of art in the Theatre without the use of the written play, without the use of actors.
- As quoted in On the Art of the Theatre (2009), p. 53.


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Where in the world is this category? Everywhere. There are places on the planet where one can see geysers, glaciers, deserts, mountains, rain forests, and oceans. Starting in Africa, you'll discover the world's longest river, the Nile, as well as the world's largest desert, the Sahara. The legendary trading post of Timbuktu is located in the middle of this desert. Throughout the rest of the contin ... Read moreent you'll find a diverse range of cultures, countries, cities, and people.
Asia is the world's most populous continent and contains the countries of the former Soviet Union along with others including China, India, Japan, and Turkey. This vast continent stretches from the Arctic Circle to the equator and contains the world's tallest mountain, Mt. Everest, as well as the world's lowest point, the Dead Sea.
Sometimes considered a peninsula of the Eurasian landmass, Europe has a climate that ranges from subtropical to polar and includes mountain ranges like the Alps and the Pyrenees. It is also the birthplace of Western civilization and home to cities like London, Paris, Gdansk, Stockholm, and Lisbon. Europe was also the main theater of conflict for World War I and also for much of World War II.
In North and South America, you'll find places ranging from the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone National Park, to the Amazon Rain Forest and the Andes Mountains. North America is home to the United States, Mexico, and Canada. South America is where one can find the cities of Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Santiago, and Caracas.
Australia is the only continent that holds only one country while Antarctica is the only continent that doesn't contain any countries.
These are just a few of the places you'll be able to explore below.
- Africa
- Asia
- Australia and Oceania
- Britain, Ireland, France, and the Low Countries
- Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic Nations
- Germany, Scandinavia, and Central Europe
- Latin America and the Caribbean
- Oceans, Continents, and Polar Regions
- Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, and the Balkans
- United States and Canada


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- FDA Will Begin to Regulate Thousands of Lab Tests
- Want a Healthy Old Age? Get Your Finances in Order Now
- COVID Triggered More Cases of Deadly Sepsis During Pandemic Than Thought
- Biden Administration Says Insurance Issues With COVID Shots Mostly Fixed
- Jimmy Carter 'Happy' in At-Home Hospice Care as 99th Birthday Nears
- Getting COVID Shot During Pregnancy Helps Protect Newborns, CDC Study Finds
- Most Older Americans Object to Cancer Screening Cutoffs Based on Life Expectancy: Poll
- Childbirth Can Leave New Parents in Serious Medical Debt
- Brains of Patients With Post-Op Delirium Could Be More Vulnerable
- Kids With Eczema May Need Further Allergy Tests
Health Highlights: May 5, 2014
Here are some of the latest health and medical news developments, compiled by the editors of HealthDay:
Baby Gate-Related Injuries on the Rise: Study
Nearly 2,000 children aged 6 years and younger are treated each year in U.S. hospital emergency departments for injuries suffered after falling through or climbing on baby gates, a new study says.
It also found that the number of baby gate-related injuries rose from about 4 per 100,000 children in 1990 to nearly 13 per 100,000 in 2010, the Associated Press reported.
Most of the injuries were not serious, according to the study published online Monday in the journal Academic Pediatrics.
The researchers at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, Ohio, said their findings show that parents need to take precautions when using baby gates. For example, they should use bolted gates, not pressure-mounted ones, at the top of the stairs, the AP reported.
E-Cigarettes Can Produce Cancer-Causing Chemicals: Studies
Some types of electronic cigarettes can produce cancer-causing chemicals, according to new research.
One study found that high-power e-cigarettes known as tank systems produce a known carcinogen called formaldehyde. The investigators said the chemical is formed when liquid nicotine and other e-cigarette ingredients are subjected to high temperatures, The New York Times reported.
The study will be published this month in the journal Nicotine and Tobacco Research.
Similar findings are reported in another study being prepared for submission to the same journal, according to The Times.
E-cigarettes are widely promoted as being much safer than conventional cigarettes.
Polio Outbreaks Require International Response: WHO
Polio outbreaks in Asia, Africa and the Middle East pose a threat to global public health and require a coordinated international response, according to the World Health Organization.
There is particular concern over the fact that polio is reappearing in countries that were previously free of the disease. This includes Syria, Somalia and Iraq, where civil war or strife hinders efforts to contain the disease, the Associated Press reported.
The rapid spread of polio occurring in some parts of the world could reverse the nearly three-decade effort to eliminate the disease, some experts warn.
The polio virus is typically spread through infected water. The disease usually affects children younger than age five. While there is no specific treatment or cure, there are vaccines against the disease, the AP reported.
Destruction of Last Known Smallpox Samples to be Discussed at Meeting
Health officials from around the world will meet later this month to discuss whether the last known stockpiles of smallpox virus should be destroyed.
Vials of the deadly virus are stored in one lab in the United States and another lab in Russia. Those samples are being used for research to create drugs and safer vaccines against smallpox, the Associated Press reported.
Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980. However, there are concerns that it could become a threat again due to a lab accident, a terrorist attack, or remaining unknown stockpiles of the virus, which kills about one-third of those it infects.
While member nations of the World Health Organization long ago decided that eventually the last smallpox samples should be destroyed, that action has been repeatedly postponed by the World Health Assembly, the World Health Organization's decision-making body, the AP reported.
Researchers have made important advances in vaccines and antiviral treatments for smallpox, but more needs to be done to improve protection against the virus, according to an article written by Dr. Inger Damon, poxvirus chief at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and two other experts.
The paper was published last week in the journal PLoS Pathogens.
A potential new threat was noted at a recent WHO meeting. Advances in synthetic biology may make it possible to develop a new form of smallpox.
"The synthetic biology adds a new wrinkle to it," Jimmy Kolker, U.S. Health and Human Services assistant secretary for global affairs, told the AP. "We now aren't as sure that our countermeasures are going to be as effective as we'd thought even five years ago."
Copyright © 2023 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


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Craving a thick slice of cake first thing in the morning isn't such an unusual thing in this house; Typically, one would simply need to pick up a knife, and shave a hunk off of whatever was made the day prior to indulge that impulse. The breakfast of champions, we would joke to anyone who could hear it, and possibly question that breakfast choice. Lately though, the cake stand has remained clean and empty, tucked away with the other stacks of plates and props in the closet. Time is getting the best of me, with the demands of so many freelance assignments on top of a brand new school semester to juggle, and the pastries just aren't flying out of the kitchen like they used to. Plus, working on an ice cream cookbook demands that the oven remain silent for the better part of the week, lest I end up contending with a very messy and sticky photo shoot mid-afternoon.
So, what's a gal with a yen for something sweet supposed to do in the early morning, craving something reminiscent of cake? Given the time to think about it and prepare in advance, make something healthier.
Perhaps I've strayed too far off the pastry path for some of you, but believe it or not, this quinoa concoction fulfilled that breakfast craving. Think carrot cake with a crunchier outcome, this simple cereal is more like granola in texture, but still much lighter than the typical nut- and fruit-heavy options.
I like it best with the sweetness and gentle twang of vanilla coconut yogurt (that early in the morning, I can almost pretend it's cream cheese frosting) plus fresh berries, but the beauty of this basic formula is how easy it is to dress it up or down. Go crazy with mix-ins, or just eat it out of hand, on the go. This was just the healthy remodel that my "cake for breakfast" habit was long overdue for anyway!
Carrot Cake Quinoa Cereal
Inspired by Oh She Glows
1 Cup Uncooked Quinoa
2 Cups Carrot Juice
1 Tablespoon Flax Seeds, Ground
1 Tablespoon Chia Seeds
1 Tablespoon Olive Oil
3 – 4 Tablespoons Agave Nectar
1 1/4 Teaspoons Ground Cinnamon
1/2 Teaspoon Ground Ginger
1/2 Teaspoon Vanilla Extract
Pinch Ground Nutmeg
Pinch Salt
Begin by cooking your quinoa in the carrot juice. Simply bring the carrot juice to a boil in a small pot, and add in the dry quinoa. Cover, reduce the heat to low, and let cook gently for 15 – 20 minutes, until the liquid has all been absorbed. Let cool completely before proceeding. You can speed this up by transferring the cooked quinoa to a large bowl and stirring it around a bit, to let it air-dry more quickly.
Preheat your oven to 375 degrees, and lightly grease a baking sheet with sides.
In a medium bowl, mix the cooled quinoa in with all of the remaining ingredients. Spread the mixture out on your prepared sheet, in as thin and even a layer as you can manage. This will help the cereal bake up nice and crispy, so take your time smoothing it out with either a spatula or lightly moistened hands.
Bake for 45 – 60 minutes, stirring every 15 minutes or so, until lightly browned and seemingly dry. It may still have a little bit of "bounce" to it, but don't worry; it will continue to crisp up as it cools.
Let cool completely before storing in an airtight container.
Makes about 2 – 3 Servings


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The lamest thing about NBC's Olympics is not the insipid announcing or the constant shuffling of events or the focus on drama instead of sport. No, the lamest thing is their online streaming.
No, scratch that. The streaming is actually very good. It's easy to find events, the video is smooth and you can do a picture-in-picture thing to effectively watch two events at once. Even better: you can actually watch the events instead of puff pieces about the athletes, if you can imagine.
No, what's lame is the business model. Streaming is only available to cable subscribers. You have to be subscribed to NBC, CNBC and MSNBC in order to stream events live to your computer. This may sound fine to NBC and its paleozoic business outlook. But it's death for the modern viewer.
And it's death to their finances. NBC is throwing away potentially millions, maybe hundreds of millions of dollars by not making their streaming more accessible. Prime time viewing will draw lots of eyes for a long time — their ratings have been through the roof. But streaming brings in new customers who would prefer a cleaner more current version of their coverage. And NBC could make trainloads of money off of it. I would personally pay at least $50 for unlimited access to Olympic coverage if I weren't already paying the cable company for it. Just a million customers would bring in a cool $50 million for NBC of which the cable companies would get zero.
(Update: I'd forgotten that Comcast owns NBC and is therefore able to use the Olympics to sell crappy cable packages. That, of course, doesn't apply to customers of other cable companies or customers who have cut the cord to cable. And the less said of the sleazy Comcast-NBC acquisition, the better. My general point remains unchanged: Olympic streaming should produce piles of money, not aggravation.)
But it's bigger than that. The current trend is of customers following content rather than providers. Forget what NBC would make now; they would be setting up a gold mine for the future. You wouldn't have to juggle six channels and tape delays to find what you want. Go to NBC, pony up some cash and the entire Olympiad would be laid out for you. Instead of this, they have hitched their wagon to the dying cable model. (See update above for why they've done this).
It's not exactly news that cable is dying. My personal journey away from cable is like that of ten million other people in this country. When we lived in Texas, we had an elaborate and expensive cable package. When we moved to Pennsylvania, we ditched it. This wasn't because we didn't want it but because we simply couldn't afford it until we sold our Texas home and my wife had a job. But even once those things were cleared up, we didn't go back. We realized that we hadn't missed cable. Between Netflix, Amazon and online streaming, we pretty much had everything we wanted. I've recently upped the subscription slightly to get Olympic coverage and football games. We've also had grandparents moving in with us for long periods and they miss the TV. But if I could, I would cut the cord completely.
The Great Recession has only accelerated this trend. People need to save money and cable is an obvious place. But even when (if?) the recession ends, I don't think they're going to stampede back. Consider the following replacement we put in place for a cable subscription running $100 a month:
We're now up to a grand total of about $700. For that price, I get to watch any network television I want, when I want. I get to watch any baseball game in the country (and any football game if the NFL/NCAA ever pull their heads out of their asses). I get to make sure my daughter watches decent TV like My Little Pony instead of horrid TV. And cutting off her TV is as simple as changing the router password. And I still have $500 left over to buy any DVDs, blu-rays or downloads that haven't been covered already. Or I can just throw myself a big party with some very expensive scotch.
Jesus Christ … why is anyone staying with cable? If channel surfing really that much fun?
I'm not going to say that cable is dead … yet. Cable can be very much alive if they start competing with that model. They're doing this in their own way with On Demand movies and sports packages. But they have not gotten within screaming distance of the convenience, cost and mobility offered by other services. I can stream Netflix and MLB to any device no matter where I am in the United States; I can barely watch Comcast in my living room. I can watch Netflix or Amazon through an iPad app; for Comcast I need a huge box next to the TV. I can cut Netflix off with an e-mail; I'm locked in to Comcast for months. Netflix charges me $20 a month for as many downloads as I want; Comcast turns me over and shakes me by the ankles to see if I have any loose change.
That may have worked ten years ago. It's a recipe for extinction now.
Cable companies are making tons of money right now, so they think everything is fine. But they are ignoring two things: (1) they are making money because they have little monopolies all over the country; (2) they are making money off the expectations of older customers. My daughter's generation will simply not stand for this. Already, she expects content to show up on any reasonably flat surface at a touch with no commercials. She's a part of a generation for whom everyone gathering around the Ol' Radiation King at 8:00 to watch Seinfeld and eight minutes of commercials will sound as quaint as party phone lines do to me. She will navigate through a dozen internet services to find precisely what she wants at the best price and the least fuss. And cable … isn't that.
Update: You might wonder what provoked this rant. Up until a few months ago, I had a minimal cable package. I ran the line into the back of my television and got a good number of channels with some in HD. We got PBS for the kid, football in the fall and a handful of other channels for the grandparents. We were fine. Then Comcast decided to "improve" their service. Suddenly, we needed a box and another remote control for every television. And the results was fewer channels and no high definition. It tells you how little we watch TV that we didn't even notice this for a month.
So, as result of Comcast's service improvement, we paid more, got worse service and were blessed with a big white elephant sitting next to every TV in the house. This is not a business model for the 21st century. It's the business model of someone who has a monopoly … one that is doomed to extinction.


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South African Journal of Science
On-line version ISSN 1996-7489
Print version ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.105 n.3-4 Pretoria Mar./Apr. 2009
Marine environmental monitoring programmes in South Africa: a review
L. Hutchings*; M.R. Roberts; H.M. Verheye
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Branch: Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, South Africa
South Africa uniquely lies at the junction of two major currents, the Agulhas and the Benguela. The waters overlying the continental shelf exhibit exceptionally high short-, medium- and long-term (days to inter-decadal) variability compared with most other shelf areas, and strongly contrasting oceanographic conditions are observed on the east and west coasts. South Africa is rich in fisheries resources and associated environmental data collected over more than a century. The South African marine scientific community has a history of multidisciplinary studies of marine foodwebs, from the driving forces such as wind, currents and solar heating, to the top predators, with the development of kelp bed, sub-tidal reefs and estuarine ecosystem studies in the 1970s; the Benguela Ecology Programme, which ran through four successive five-year stages, focused on the pelagic marine resources. Various approaches have been used to observe the continental shelf at different time and space scales, including: macroscale but frequent satellite imagery, mesoscale environmental and fishery surveys, dedicated cross-shelf transects in key areas, measurements of dynamic processes, use of moored buoys and coastal weather stations, and integrated monitoring approaches, including modelling and simulation studies. Between 30 and 50 years of comprehensive marine data now exist, which are proving useful in the application of an ecosystem approach to fisheries monitoring and management, as decadal changes become discernible. These observations need to continue; even though the single-species stock assessment and operational management procedures have not yet formally used environmental factors for fisheries management advice, they help us to understand the factors affecting fish population fluctuations and early life histories and to identify large-scale regime shifts where marine trophic structure and functioning alter to a new state.
Key words: marine environment, indicators, fisheries, Benguela, Agulhas Bank
Marine and Coastal Management, and its predecessors in name, the Sea Fisheries Research Institute, the Division of Sea Fisheries, and the Government Marine Biologist, has a long and proud record of collecting environmental and fisheries information since the 1900s, but particularly since 1950, when staff and ship facilities were greatly expanded. While much of the incentive for data collection and analysis has focused on sustainability as one of the goals of fisheries management, conservation of marine biodiversity and assessing decadal changes have received increased emphasis, particularly with the introduction of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management and the awareness of marked changes in climate associated with recent global warming trends. Environmental changes and their effects on resource utilisation patterns and biodiversity conservation are some of the main foci of the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) programme.
South Africa harvests wild marine resources, which require careful management because of uncertainties relating to productivity and distribution of populations. The rich fishing grounds on South Africa's continental shelf are characterised by fluid, ever-changing boundaries, driven by local forces such as solar heating, wind and currents as well as remote, large-scale forcing such as climatic shifts in weather patterns across the globe and global circulation changes.1 The particularly dynamic juxtaposition of the warm western boundary Agulhas Current and one of the major upwelling regions of the world, the Benguela system, contributes greatly to the high variability, biodiversity and productivity of our marine resources. The sea provides unique challenges for surveying and assessment of trends in resource population sizes, which are essential to estimate the proportion which can be removed without endangering future productivity of the target population or the surrounding ecosystem. Careful monitoring of the physical driving forces, the chemical composition of the ocean, the plankton at the base of the marine food web, the target fish populations and the top predators which compete with man for food from the sea, are necessary components of a scientific approach to sustainable harvesting of marine resources in an ever-changing environment. This paper refers to the environmental components of the ecosystem monitoring programme conducted by Marine and Coastal Management. Very few of these environmental parameters are included in the formal management processes (operational management procedures) for the setting of total allowable catches. This is because many of the responses of living marine organisms to physical driving forces are non-linear and in fact change over time, varying with the size and the distribution of the population. Operating models are generally constructed to be robust to these perturbations, which are simulated by assuming the environmental influences are random over time, while natural mortality rates and growth rates are assumed to be constant. Because of non-linear or complex biological responses to physical or chemical forcing, there is inevitably considerable variance associated with the relationship between environmental parameters and the biological responses. Ecologists have so far been unable to provide the necessary precision to relationships which will result in suitably narrowly defined management recommendations. Nevertheless, the Benguela system changes markedly at interannual to decadal scales,2 which can have profound effects on the productivity and distribution of marine resources.
There is a compelling and urgent need to continue to monitor and assess variability in the marine ecosystems around southern Africa in an effort to provide objective and sound scientific advice to decision makers in government and the fishing industry, who must promote sustainable fishing yet minimise harmful ecosystem effects of fishing practices. This contribution reflects the efforts of Marine and Coastal Management to contribute towards the wise use of South Africa's rich marine ecosystems for human utilisation, for biodiversity conservation, for ecosystem-based tourism and to maximise income and job creation in a sustainable manner. This is a demanding and complex task, given the ever-increasing human populations in coastal areas and the difficulties in distinguishing climatic variability from human influences.
Monitoring the environment at time and space intervals appropriate to the life history stages of the pelagic and demersal fish in the South African economic exclusive zone is a daunting task. Six distinct yet complementary environmental sampling schemes need to be carried out:
1. Macroscale and frequent (every 23 days) satellite imagery covering the entire Benguela system and its boundary conditions. On an even larger scale, the variability of the South Atlantic, South Indian and Southern Oceans plays an important role in determining events in the South African economic exclusive zone.
2. Mesoscale environmental and fishery surveys. These multidisciplinary surveys sample on spatial scales of tens to hundreds of kilometres and seasonal to annual temporal scales.
3. Regular (monthly to seasonal) ship-based transects in key areas; currently only two transects are routinely sampled in South Africa.
4. Process-orientated measurements of rates of production and consumption, following drogues or at anchor stations in key areas or in the laboratory.
5. Moored buoys (to measure currents, phytoplankton fluorescence, wind, temperature, acoustics) and coastal stations at key sites.
6. Integrated monitoring approaches.
1. Satellite imagery and indices
At present sea surface temperature and ocean colour (as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, estimated as chlorophyll) are the most important parameters measured routinely around South Africa, with surface winds and sea surface height becoming important at coarser scales. Daily images of temperature (Fig. 1) and chlorophyll can be plotted as contour maps over time to observe changes in boundaries; they are used to derive indices of productivity and upwelling (Figs 2 and 3) over years or decades.3 Problems arise with both technical advances in sensors and differences in instrument characteristics over long periods; each time the satellite sensor changes, a new round of ground-truthing and calibration has to be conducted. These indices have been used to run expert system models and to explain unusual events4 and to try to explain shifts in distribution of resources.2 However, remote sensing cannot tell us much about subsurface parameters, such as low-oxygen conditions close to the sea bed, or zooplankton organisms and fish in the water column.
2. Mesoscale (fishery) surveys with environmental sampling
Routine monthly environmental monitoring cruises of 60100 stations were conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly in the south-west Cape, where the South African fishing industry is centred. Intermittent surveys were subsequently undertaken, but usually only for fishery survey purposes; for example, pelagic fish eggs and larvae were sampled quarterly from 1967 to 1969 and again monthly in 1977/78 during the Cape Egg and Larval Programme. Since 1988, environmental scientists have participated on pelagic and demersal fisheries surveys to collect information of the physical habitat (temperature, salinity, density, thermoclines, currents, light), the chemical make-up of the water column (nutrients, oxygen, phytoplankton pigments) and the phytoplankton and zooplankton species and sizes. These surveys are usually conducted two or three times per year, at the same time of year (Fig. 4). Data are used to explain unusual distributions, fish condition or feeding behaviour, to attempt to predict future trends in recruitment or to determine ecosystem effects.48 Similarly for demersal surveys, environmental data such as light levels, turbidity, oxygen and temperature can potentially provide information on changes in hake catchability, or availability to both research and commercial fishing vessels. A distinct movement of hake off the near-bottom layer (where they are traditionally caught by bottom trawling) was noted during strong SE winds off the steep shelf between Cape Columbine and Cape Point, which has implications for survey design and population assessment.9 Conductivity temperature depth casts are currently made after every trawl to determine water column properties. The environmental monitoring of squid follows an integrated approach, where turbidity and temperature are considered the most important parameters affecting squid availability and reproductive success.
3. Dedicated, long-term, regular ship-based transects in key areas
An example of this is the St Helena Bay Monitoring Line, initiated in April 2000 as part of a multinational BENEFIT (Benguela Environment and Fisheries Interactions and Training) regional project to sample three representative transects through the Benguela Current in South Africa, Namibia and Angola. The transect (Fig. 5) covers several phases of the life cycle of a number of dominant, commercially-important species, including pelagic fish, demersal fish, rock lobster and tuna.10 While monitoring of surface temperature and phytoplankton is better undertaken using satellite imagery, measures of dissolved oxygen, important for hake and rock lobster, and zooplankton (Fig. 6) for pelagic fish growth rates and condition, can only be determined using this approach, despite the transect being limited in space and time. The seasonal data can contribute to long-term data sets, such as the long-term changes in oxygen content at particular locations (Fig. 7) and the zooplankton changes over five decades for autumn months11 (Fig. 8). The interannual changes have been related to changes in fish abundance and condition and wind indices in hindsight.5,6
Only two strategic transect lines in South Africa are currently monitored, when at least six or seven transects are required (e.g. KZN/Durban, Wild coast/Port St Johns, Port Elizabeth/St Francis Bay, Mossel Bay/central Agulhas Bank, western Agulhas Bank and Namaqua coast). Ship's time is very expensive, however, and moored instrumentation on buoys is a complementary approach for certain key parameters, with much better temporal resolution of processes such as heating, cooling, water column mixing, currents and phytoplankton abundance.
4. Process-orientated investigations of rate processes
Usually, only static, snapshot pictures of the biomass of marine organisms can be made during monitoring cruises, which ignore the rates of processes such as growth, feeding, egg production, sinking or swimming. By combining rate measurements, made on dedicated cruises or during laboratory experiments, with biomass values obtained on monitoring cruises or fishery surveys, it is possible to estimate fish consumption relative to plankton production and to estimate the likelihood of good or poor environmental conditions affecting the recruitment process using expert systems.6,12 These may change over short time and space scales and integration to the time and space scales pertinent to populations of marine organisms is one of the major problems facing fisheries oceanography. Modelling is an essential element of this approach.13,14
5. Single fixed sites: moored instruments and coastal stations
Various initiatives have been made to collect information at key coastal locations. These include lighthouses, airports, coastal weather stations, moored temperature sensors, and multifunctional moorings. Wind strength and direction measurements are essential where coastal upwelling is an important feature, as in the seas off the south and particularly the west coast of South Africa. Coastal shipping recordings, estimates by lighthouse-keepers, anemometers, air pressure differentials and satellite scatterometer measurements have all been used to determine wind forcing in terms of pattern and persistence15,16 (Fig. 9). Temperature measurements have been improved by installation of a network of 15 recording instruments along the entire coast of South Africa, with limits set by the logistics of servicing the instruments with technical expertise. Trends, anomalies, variability and minimum, maximum and mean values are obtainable for varying periods along the entire coast. Multifunctional moored instrumentation has been developed for a number of initiatives. These include a buoy system for oxygen and temperature at Elandsbaai, a site of numerous rock lobster strandings and mass mortalities; a harmful algal blooms (HAB)-detection moored array in Lamberts Bay17 (Fig. 10) coupled to satellite imagery; and an environmental monitoring and squid behaviour system in St Francis Bay (Fig. 11). These buoy systems provide poor spatial resolution but excellent fine-scale temporal resolution and are useful tools for real-time monitoring and forecasting systems.
6. Integrated monitoring systems and modelling
These utilise data and derived indices from a wide variety of sources and produce up to date environmental assessments or forecasts of likely events. Some examples of this approach include the expert system for pelagic fish recruitment6 (Fig. 12), a rock lobster stranding expert system8 and squid information and catches expert systems (Figs 13 and 14). A three-dimensional hydrographic model,13 forced with monthly climatology, can effectively simulate conditions on the South African shelf for examining retention, transport and survival of fish eggs and larvae, future climate change scenarios of global warming and hydrodynamic influences on features such as the Natal sardine run. Expert systems, while lacking the statistical rigor of formal stock assessment and operational management procedures, do provide useful early warning signs of impending changes. However, they, like the assessment models, are subject to assumptions underlying their construction; for instance, the recruitment expert system of Korrubel et al.,6 which worked well in hindcast mode, assumed that the major anchovy spawning ground was centred on the western Agulhas Bank. An eastward shift in the spawning to the east of Cape Agulhas2 rendered the parameters used in the expert system untenable. The major problem common to the use of empirical correlation coefficients, expert systems and stock assessment techniques to estimate future fish yields is the strong interdecadal variability1 in the forcing functions or dominance regimes which characterise South African and other marine areas. Generating enough data points to ensure statistical rigor is not possible with annual data before major changes in the ecosystem have occurred. Building operational management systems which are robust to uncertainty allows one to make pragmatic forecasts of future productivity, but renders them insensitive to environmental change. When environmental thresholds are reached, more adaptable techniques, such as expert systems, are required to anticipate future scenarios. For instance, the operational management procedure for sardines, devised after a prolonged period of better than average recruitment from 1983 to 2002, failed to prevent the rapid depletion of the stock as recruitment failed for three years in a row in 2003 to 2006. In addition, sardines and anchovies, long considered to have similar early life histories, diverged in their recruitment success following an eastward shift in the adult populations, with anchovies still maintaining strong recruitment and sardines sharply declining. Unless one initiates novel approaches to pelagic fish recruitment and variations in natural mortality, stock assessment will be locked into environmental insensitivity stasis in perpetuity.
Incorporation of large-scale forcing into regional climate change models is an important process for scenario planning in the future. Modes of variability in the Indian and the South Atlantic Oceans are crucially important drivers of rainfall on land and marine productivity and regime shifts in the exclusive economic zone as most organisms are adapted to the "normal" range of variability but cannot cope with prolonged, large-scale changes. Much research is currently directed at the exchange of heat and salt between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as part of the global conveyor belt, while the variability of the larger current and wind systems and their links to changes in circulation patterns on the shelf biota remain a task for the future. Despite decades of concerted research and monitoring efforts, the understanding of the causative links and processes between oceanographic parameters and fish productivity and distribution remain poor.18 It is in fact an extremely complex process, with both positive and negative feedbacks, but is beleaguered by relatively poor understanding of basic processes such as early life history of valuable resources, when environmental factors are thought to be important. Another reason is the high fecundity of most fisheach female produces hundreds of thousands to millions of eggs each year, of which, on average, only two need survive to replenish the population. The potential for exceptional survival and recruitment is always there, but is seldom realised. Most fish species also produce batches of eggs in serial spawning mode, which is thought to be an adaptation to overcome short-term variability. The capability for extreme variation is inherent in the broadcast spawning reproductive strategy. Small scale processes affect the microscopic eggs and larvae and these have to be integrated over space (hundreds of kilometres) and time scales (several months) appropriate to the particular life history. Computing capacity is only now beginning to have the capabilities to simulate these early life conditions.
Future prospects for offshore marine monitoring for SAEON
Reconciling the assumptions of a randomly-varying environment with only moderate effects on fish populations with the reality of erratic strong environmental influence, particularly during the early life history stages when recruitment strength is determined,18 remains one of the major challenges for fisheries oceanography and management. Changes in distribution, productivity and natural mortality of fish populations are also difficult to estimate and parameterise for management procedures of wide-ranging wild resources such as fish. Time series of appropriate parameters need to be methodically collected over a range of time scales, from daily to decadal, to provide reality checks on numerical models of the ocean, ranging from primary productivity through zooplankton, the recruitment process and fish behaviour and migration.
In addition to providing background information pertinent to the management of wild fish resources, the data become useful for climate-related research, biodiversity conservation and for coastal developments.
The authors would like to thank all their colleagues at Marine and Coastal Management for providing data, information and descriptions of their sampling programmes; SAEON for stimulating the interest in long-term monitoring programmes and partners at UCT and CSIR for providing moral support for the ongoing debate relating the environment to fisheries.
1. Reason C.J.C., Florenchie P., Roualt M. and Veitch J. (2006). Influences of large scale climatic modes and Agulhas system variability in the BCLME region. In Large Marine Ecosystems, vol. 14, eds V. Shannon, G. Hempel, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, C. Moloney and J. Woods, pp. 223238. Elsevier, Amsterdam. [ Links ]
2. van der Lingen C.D., Shannon L.J., Cury P., Kreiner A., Moloney C.L., Roux J-P. and Vaz-Vehlo F. (2006). Resources and ecosystem variability, including regime shifts, in the Benguela Current System. In Large Marine Ecosystems, vol. 14, eds V. Shannon, G. Hempel, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, C. Moloney and J. Woods, pp. 147184. Elsevier, Amsterdam. [ Links ]
3. Demarcq H., Barlow R. and Hutchings L. (2007). Application of a chlorophyll index derived from satellite data to investigate the variability of phytoplankton in the Benguela ecosystem. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 29(2), 271282. [ Links ]
4. Roy C., Weeks S., Rouault M., Nelson G., Barlow R. and van der Lingen C.D. (2001). Extreme oceanographic events recorded in the Southern Benguela during the 19992000 summer season. S. Afr. J. Sci. 97, 465471. [ Links ]
5. Hutchings L., Barange M., Bloomer S.F, Boyd A.J., Crawford R.J.M, Huggett J.A., Kerstan M., Korrûbel J.L., De Oliveira J.A.A., Painting S.J., Richardson A.J., Shannon L.J., Schülein F.H., van der Lingen C.D. and Verheye H.M. (1998). Multiple factors affecting South African anchovy recruitment in the spawning, transport and nursery areas. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 19, 211225. [ Links ]
6. Korrûbel J.L., Bloomer S.F., Cochrane K.L., Hutchings L. and Field J.G. (1998). Forecasting in South African fisheries management: the use of expert and decision support systems. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 19, 415423. [ Links ]
7. Richardson A.J., Mitchell-Innes B.A., Fowler J.L., Bloomer S.F., Verheye H.M., Field J.G., Hutchings L. and Painting S.J. (1998). The effect of sea temperature and food availability on the spawning success of Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis in the southern Benguela. In Benguela Dynamics: Impacts of Variability on Shelf-Sea Environments and their Living Resources, eds S.C. Pillar, C.L. Moloney, A.I.L. Payne and F.A. Shillington. [ Links ] S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 19, 275290. [ Links ]
8. van der Lingen C.D., Freon P., Hutchings L., Roy C., Bailey G.W., Bartholomae C., Cockcroft A.C., Field J.G., Peard K.R. and van der Plas A.K. (2006). Forecasting shelf processes of relevance to marine living resources in the BCLME. In Large Marine Ecosystems, vol. 14, eds V. Shannon, G. Hempel, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, C. Moloney and J. Woods, pp. 309347. Elsevier, Amsterdam. [ Links ]
9. Maree R. (1999). Environmental influences on the daytime vertical distribution of Cape hakes and implications for demersal trawl estimates of hake abundance off the west coast of South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, Rhodes University, South Africa. [ Links ]
10. Hutchings L., Duncombe-Rae C., Mitchell-Innes B., Bailey G., Verheye H., Tanci T., Worship M., Frantz F., Koch E., Jones S., Ismael H., Illert C. and Wright E. (In press). Seasonal shipboard transect monitoring in St Helena Bay in the southern Benguela, 20002005. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. [ Links ]
11. Verheye H.M., Richardson A.J., Hutchings L., Marska G. and Gianakouras D. (1998). Long-term trends in the abundance and community structure of the coastal zooplankton in the southern Benguela system, 19511996. In Benguela dynamics: Impacts of Variability on Shelf-Sea Environments and their Living Resources, eds S.C. Pillar, C.L. Moloney, A.I.L. Payne and F.A. Shillington. [ Links ] S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 19, 317332. [ Links ]
12. Cochrane K. and Hutchings L. (1995). A structured approach to using biological and environmental parameters to forecast anchovy recruitment. Fish. Oceanogr. 4, part 2, 102127. [ Links ]
13. Penven P., Roy C., Brundrit G.B., Colin de Verdiere A., Freon P., Johnson A.S., Lutjeharms J.R.E. and Shillington F. (2001). A regional hydrodynamic model of upwelling in the southern Benguela. S. Afr. J. Sci. 97, 472475. [ Links ]
14. Cochrane K.L., Augustyn C.J., Cockcroft A.C., David J.H.M., Griffiths M.H., Groeneveld J.C., Lipinski M.R., Smale M.J., Smith C.D. and Tarr R.J.Q. (2004). An ecosystem approach to fisheries in the southern Benguela context. In Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries in the Southern Benguela, eds L.J. Shannon, K.L. Cochrane and S.C. Pillar. [ Links ] Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 26, 935. [ Links ]
15. Johnson A.S. and Nelson G. (1999). Ekman estimates of upwelling at Cape Columbine based on measurements of longshore wind from a 35-year time series. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 21, 433436. [ Links ]
16. Hutchings L. and Taunton-Clark J. (1990). Monitoring gradual change in areas of high mesoscale variability. S. Afr. J. Sci. 86, 467470. [ Links ]
17. Bernard S., Kudela R.M., Franks P., Fennel W., Kemp A., Fawcett A. and Pitcher G.C. (2006). The requirements for forecasting harmful algal blooms in the Benguela. In Large Marine Ecosystems, vol. 14, eds V. Shannon, G. Hempel, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, C. Moloney and J. Woods, pp. 273294. Elsevier, Amsterdam. [ Links ]
18. Bakun A. (1996). In Patterns in the Ocean, pp. 1323. University of California Sea Grant Program, San Diego, and Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas de Noreste, La Paz. [ Links ]
Received 1 October 2006. Accepted 25 March 2009.
* Author for correspondence E-mail: email@example.com


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Saturday, March 17
Saturday Farm Photo: Things Are Greening Up
3 comments:
I do believe I'd never leave such a serene and beautiful place.ReplyDelete
That's the tree and swing of my dreams.
So glad you shared.
Thanks for sharing some Missouri green for St. Patrick's Day! Slainte!!ReplyDelete
What a beautiful view! I could look at that scene everyday, too.ReplyDelete
Once again, thanks so much for sharing all the new farm babies with us. Those pictures of the mamas, babies, dogs - a little bit of farm heaven for those of us with 'farm envy'. :)
December 2015 update: Hi! For some reason I can't figure out, Blogger hasn't been letting me leave comments on my own blog (!) for the last several months, so I've been unable to respond to your comments and questions. My apologies for any inconvenience! You're always welcome to email me: farmgirlfare AT gmail DOT com.
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BC Racing Coilover Kit BR-RA fits KIA Stinger CK 17 - CurrentW-14-RA
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