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Bitcoin Hits 2-Month Excessive as $100M in Quick Positions Liquidated Across the Market
Bitcoin and Inflation: All the things You Have to Know
Crypto lovers usually discuss bitcoin as a hedge towards inflation. Why?
The argument is that central financial institution cash printing will result in inflation or the lower within the worth of cash over time. Bitcoin, in contrast, has a hard and fast restrict of 21 million cash that may ever be created. This restricted provide permits bitcoin to withstand inflation.
The COVID-19 pandemic introduced the perfect circumstances to check this idea as soon as nations the world over started injecting trillions of dollars into their economies. Many nations, together with the U.S., printed money to satisfy stimulus necessities for its residents.
Yesterday, the chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve, Jerome Powell stated the central financial institution welcomes larger inflation in 2021 as an indication that the economic system is selecting up once more after the pandemic-slump.
Governments hoped an expansionary financial coverage, whereby central banks elevated the amount of cash accessible to individuals, would preserve economies transferring amid extended shutdowns of sure sections of the economic system. By June 2020, stimulus motion taken by nations had surpassed $10 trillion, in accordance with a McKinsey World report. U.S. government-spending alone amounted to $6.5 trillion in 2020, up 48% from the earlier yr.
"There's a loopy amount of cash being printed proper now, so the worth of cash goes down. Property with restricted provide, like bitcoin, actual property or shares/shares, these value tags are going up," Oki Matsumoto, CEO of Monex Group instructed CoinDesk.
It's true that regardless of dramatic drops in world financial output and unemployment, market jitters drove asset costs up: the inventory market ended the yr with record gains. Even bitcoin, thought of a fringe asset, had a historic value run, gaining greater than 250% by the tip of 2020.
These features had been partly influenced by conventional buyers who noticed bitcoin's potential to work as a hedge towards inflation.
And but, the sort of inflation buyers had been anticipating isn't right here, no less than not but. In actual fact, U.S. inflation remained stable by means of 2020. Some economists don't consider that inflation in America shall be working rampant any time quickly. Others think a bit of post-pandemic inflation may even be a very good factor.
What's inflation, anyway?
It relies on whom you ask.
The U.S. Federal Reserve defines inflation as the rise within the value of products and companies over time, however many affiliate it with a change within the money supply, or the overall amount of cash in circulation.
"Within the bitcoin world, they don't use the time period 'inflation' fairly the best way that economists do, as a common enhance in client value. As a substitute, they have a tendency to make use of it to imply a rise within the cash provide," stated economist and CoinDesk columnist Frances Coppola.
The crypto argument – that printing extra money results in inflation – does sound compelling, Michael Ashton, inflation consultant and JPMorgan alum, instructed CoinDesk. When there's a change within the relative amount of two items, the one that's rising in amount tends to get cheaper, he stated, including that this occurs with overseas alternate on a regular basis.
The rationale why the Mexican peso has been low cost relative to the U.S. greenback for a very long time is as a result of the availability of Mexican Pesos has persistently outpaced the availability of U.S. {dollars}, Ashton stated. As a result of listed below are much more pesos than {dollars} on the market, he defined, the worth of the peso in alternate markets goes down.
"That's a part of the crypto argument. They are saying, 'We're gonna restrict how briskly cryptocurrency provide can develop' and since we're printing all these {dollars}, then that signifies that the greenback has to depreciate so much relative to crypto. Subsequently, the value of crypto ought to rise over time," Ashton stated.
Calvo stated the view that you would be able to management the value ranges of products and companies by means of cash provide isn't restricted to the crypto world however shared by buyers on the whole, and for good cause. While you have a look at many nations over an extended time frame, you'll be able to see some affiliation between the rise in cash provide and inflation, Calvo added.
However Calvo, Coppola and Ashton all agree that rising the amount of cash within the economic system – with a stimulus bundle, for instance – doesn't assure an increase in value ranges.
"For those who enhance your cash provide, you could or could not get a rise within the client value stage relying on what else is occurring within the economic system on the time. So there are a variety of different elements to think about," Coppola stated.
Cash is printing, is inflation hovering?
Not likely, no less than within the U.S.
The U.S. Federal Reserve has an inflation target of two% measured utilizing the patron value index (CPI). In 2020, regardless of inflationary fears as a result of pandemic-related spending, the U.S. inflation fee hovered round 1.5%, properly under goal.
One rationalization for the relative stability of U.S. inflation is money velocity, which quantifies how briskly cash modifications fingers in an economic system. If the cash provide is elevated, however individuals don't spend some huge cash shortly, inflation can stay in stability.
After the pandemic hit, client spending suffered around the globe, with nations together with the U.S., India, Japan and Germany reporting massive drops in family spending. As a number of states within the U.S. went beneath lockdown, individuals stayed dwelling as a substitute of eating out, celebrations and gatherings stopped, and journey got here to a screeching halt.
Folks spending much less meant the demand for items and companies on the whole had dropped. World power demand declined 6% within the first few months of 2020, its greatest drop since World Conflict II, in accordance with the worldwide power company (IEA).
"Weaker demand and considerably decrease oil costs are holding down client value inflation," the Federal Reserve wrote in its June 2020 financial coverage report.
The World Financial institution, in truth, projected a fall in world commodity costs.
It's beneath these prevailing circumstances that the U.S. authorities was distributing stimulus funds.
"So individuals are accumulating cash, however it's not mirrored within the value stage," Calvo stated.
Ashton defined this can be as a result of cash velocity could be very low. Persons are not eliminating U.S. {dollars} quick sufficient, so the value ranges don't enhance dramatically.
"While you drop a ton of cash into individuals's financial institution accounts, they'll't spend it immediately. So, mathematically, it's important to have a declining cash velocity. That's what occurred," Ashton stated.
What about outdoors the U.S.?
American inflationary fears could also be partly as a result of what's occurring in different components of the world. Some buyers could also be nations like Argentina and Venezuela the place printing cash has led to very excessive inflation.
"What buyers are doing, on the whole, is wanting forward and saying, we're seeing some huge cash going into the economic system. Subsequently, there's a threat that it might occur in the USA; subsequently, we have to spend money on issues that may shield us from that inflation, if it occurs. That's the traditional 'inflation is coming, we have to shield towards it' argument," Coppola stated.
However within the nations they're , issues work in another way, Coppola added.
Venezuela and Argentina are hyperinflationary economies the place value ranges develop quickly and excessively triggered by a rise within the cash provide or a scarcity in provide relative to demand.
In Venezuela, as an example, printing money led to jaw dropping increases in food prices final yr. The worldwide financial fund (IMF) reported that the inflation fee in Venezuela was a whopping 6500% in 2020.
In hyperinflationary nations, years of political and financial instability have exhausted the choice of printing cash with out resulting in uncontrollable inflation, Calvo stated. Coppola added that nations combating hyperinflation produce other contributing points like excessive overseas alternate debt, warfare, occupation or one thing political.
Argentina, for instance, has had a long and complicated financial disaster riddled with astronomical debt obligations and political instability that usually has residents scrambling to transform their Argentine pesos into sturdier belongings or currencies.
"In Argentina, the minute [the government] begins rising the cash provide, in a short time, you see the results within the value stage," Calvo stated, including, "Some nations have the privilege of printing cash if mandatory. Nothing occurs. Argentina doesn't have that privilege."
Apparently, the pandemic has not significantly spurred inflation in Argentina both. By mid-2020, inflation in Argentina had reached a two-year-low, in accordance with a Focus Economics report.
As a result of Argentines had been additionally beneath lockdown through the pandemic, the slowed economic system and low demand mixed with increases in authorities spending hasn't brought on a significant rise in value ranges, Calvo stated.
If inflation isn't hovering, why are individuals hedging towards it?
Folks could also be shopping for bitcoin as a hedge towards future inflation, they usually're not loopy to take action.
In keeping with a statement made to the media by Federal Reserve Vice Chair Richard Carida, the Federal Reserve will proceed to take care of close to zero rates of interest till inflation rises sufficient to satisfy its 2% goal.
U.S. coverage makers know precisely what they're doing, stated Phillip Gillespie, chief govt officer of crypto liquidity supplier B2C2 Japan.
"They're mainly going to suppress the rates of interest and let inflation run larger," Gillespie instructed CoinDesk.
However economists are saying that because the nation reopens and spending picks up, reining in value ranges to take care of the inflation goal shall be one of many greatest challenges within the Federal Reserve's 108-year historical past.
So naturally, buyers are reacting to all of the inflation doom and gloom by betting towards it, turning another asset like bitcoin into the 2020 breakout star of inflation hedging within the course of.
Bitcoin inherited lots of the identical promoting factors that made gold a most popular inflation hedge like shortage and portability, in accordance with J.P. Koning, Canadian monetary author and founding father of the favored weblog Moneyness.
Learn Extra: MicroStrategy CEO Explains Why Bitcoin Is 'a Million Instances Higher' Than 'Antiquated' Gold
However relating to serving as a hedge towards inflation, bitcoin is hardly alone.
"For those who go searching your own home, every thing is an inflation hedge," Koning stated. "Your home itself is an inflation hedge, your desk, your private capital, your schooling are all inflation hedges as a result of all of these issues will rise in worth because the buying energy of the forex falls."


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I had to check when this song and video came out because I associate it so heavily with college. Except, this was a single from Baduizm, which was released in February of 1997 when I was a senior in high school. The video for "Other Side of The Game" came out in the summer of 1997 before I even got to college so it's curious why I associate it with that era of my life. Though now that I think about it, I was in a pre-freshman summer program at Morehouse College for science, math and engineering majors so perhaps that's why. Anyhoo, It also seems like a whole lifetime apart (at least in my mind) from the video for "On & On," which was released at the end of 1996. It's funny how times flies when you're having fun.
Erykah Badu "Other Side of The Game" (1997)
This video is iconic for a few reasons. It comes on the heels of her video for the amazing single, "Next Lifetime," which featured Erykah at various phases of her physical life journeys (in 1968, as part of the Black Power movement dating Pete Rock, only to become enamored with Method Man who she is with...in like 3037...presumably her next lifetime). The video ends with her and André 3000 finding one another, but having to wait until the next lifetime. I remember this song being hugely popular. Instead of shunning advances of would-be suitors, college students everywhere would just say, "See you next lifetime." It sounds better than "Get the fuck on with that bullshit."
At the time, Andre and Erykah were dating so "Next Lifetime" was a cute nod to their relationship. Well, "Other Side of The Game" leveled it all the way up. The video is a one-shot, moving video where 3000 and Erykah are living together and 3000 is an iconic kind of bohemian criminal because he just didn't look like the nefarious type but here he is in cahoots with 12 (a popular term for the police—especially in Atlanta where that term was even popular when I was a child; "fuck 12" was then and still is a popular refrain—a reference to tv show Adam-12) and also possibly slanging rocks? Talk about a paradigm shift.
Now, if you went to college in the '90s you knew that the cats rocking linen, sandals and chew sticks could get you whatever you needed, but I don't remember seeing that in videos before (or after really). Then again, Erykah and André's loft was a lot nicer than everybody else's spot, too. It was the appropriate amount of colorful, but they had two ovens. I'm just saying, I worked at a call center in Atlanta with the vast majority of folks who really needed to work in a place with a lax dress code. That ain't the two oven life is all I'm saying.
Anyway, I remember this video being "goals" before that was a thing but most importantly, this might be the first baby reveal music video ever. I didn't check on this, by the way. At a point in the video, Dré gets down on his knees and listens to her stomach and you hear the heartbeat and we were all like, "awwwwwww." Beyoncé did that some years ago on stage at, I think at the MTV Awards, but Erykah been done did that, brodie. That alone makes it iconic because it was black love on display in many ways. A real-life romance between two immensely popular humans that we also loved as a couple being used to tell a story where they announce their baby. Awww.
Yep. Iconic.

subset: commoncrawl


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Kornelia Dzikowska
Curator: Magdalena Adameczek
Exhibition architect: Karolina Szczygieł
Venue: Zona Sztuki Aktualnej, Szczecin, Poland
Enter the sphere of purifica1on, where the impossible becomes possible. Immerse your gaze in water devoid of bad energy that will fill your body and soul with posi1ve vibra1ons. Let it flow through your whole body and with every second it takes away what was bad. Hear a gentle hum that soothes your senses and let him be carried away. Open yourself to new sensa1ons, exceed the boundaries of your limita1ons. Feel ease and let yourself be carried away by the force of water.
Dzikowska's interests oscillate around the multifaceted problem of modern recourse to astrology, esoterics, metaphysics or religion to search for your personal "I", "loading" of the internal energy field or "purification." The focus is on the analysis of the contemporary identity crisis where, through mystical beliefs, crystals or horoscopes, the individual strives for spiritual purity and inner balance. It also emphasizes the exhibition's title. It refers to the personalization of the current trend, where there is noticeable interest in these phenomena, which are oWen lost to the accompanying artifacts. Dzikowska focuses on the blurring of the border between rationalism and common-sense thinking towards blind belief in theories that are oWen supported by no scientific research.
The subject of her research, to which she refers heterogeneously, is the theory of "water memory", which assumes that it has the properties of recording its experiences by accumulating energycontaining histories from the past. Water installations by Dzikowska are are subject to programming by crystal placed in the pool – onyx – which draws back the "bad energy" that this water "has experienced" and thus becomes the catalyst for the title purification. The very beauty of raw materials, which are minerals, metaphorically reflect the panorama of human behavior and beliefs. Materials acquired from nature are used parallel to our mundane needs. Archaic practices such as astrology or stonework used for thousands of years evoke the use of nature for human vanity.
The exhibition also refers to the astrological dependence of the artist and curator. Through the work Constella1on of Cancer, 5 VII: 22 VII, their emotional relationship based on the constant exchange of energy enhanced with the stained and weakest zodiac constellations – ephemerally affecting the cosmic power that connects them – it had marked.


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Bruce D. Cheson, MD, FACP, FAAAS, FASCO
Dr. Cheson is Board certified in hematology and internal medicine. He earned his medical degree from Tufts University School of Medicine. He completed his residency in internal medicine at the University of Virginia Hospital and his clinical and research fellowship at New England Medical Center Hospital.
From 2002-2020 Dr. Cheson was Head of Hematology at Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center. Additionally, he has more than 40 years' experience in academics focusing primarily on lymphoid malignancies and is a Scientific Advisor to the Lymphoma Research Foundation.
Dr. Cheson serves on numerous scientific boards for both non-profit and biotech sectors, as well as advisor to clinical trials monitoring for molecular and genetic companies. He is also experienced in protocol and drug development processes with over a decade of working with the National Cancer Institute and he has authored over 400 articles.


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Back pain is a primary cause of disability, affecting individuals' work and personal lives. It is estimated that 4 out of 5 people will experience back pain at some point in their lives and is also reported to be one of the leading causes for missed work days.
However, back and shoulder pain don't have to be something you just expect to experience. In fact, there are some simple, easy things that you can do to help prevent this pain and discomfort that has come to be thought of as inevitable. The main things affecting your shoulder and upper back are the ergonomics of your regular duties, stretching the overused muscle groups, and strengthening the underused muscle groups. The stretching and strengthening will balance out your muscles around your joints to create more stability. Here are a few tips and suggestions to help avoid these issues.
Since most people overwork muscle groups on the front of their upper body, it's important to get more strength in the upper back to counteract the motions that we do all day.
Finally, remember that chiropractic is a safe, natural way to treat back and shoulder pain and discomfort, among many other ailments. It has been shown to be one of the prominent non-drug solutions for treating back pain. The ergonomics and stretching exercises listed above are a general, consistent recommendation for most people. At WorkSiteRight, providing more in-depth recommendations customized to an organization's specific industry and employees is one of the important components of our program, along with providing on-site chiropractic care. Make the recommendations above a normal part of your routine, and let us know how we can help you or your organization prevent many of those injuries in the first place through WorkSiteRight.


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Dalby State High School has two campuses. Each has a set of up to date facilities that are used by both students and the community. Details of these facilities can be found in this section.
Some of our facilities include:
Dalby Great Hall
Sporting ovals and multi-purpose courts
Trade Training Centre
116 bed residential college
91 seat lecture theatre
340 ha farm
Meeting rooms
Commercial kitchen
Grain storage complex
Stables for horse agistment.


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B-A students attend Imagine Aevidum
October 14, 2015
On October 8, 2015, selected students from the high school Aevidum group participated in the Imagine Aevidum event.
The Imagine Aevidum event consisted of different schools' Aevidum groups, and the ideas that they had. The students that went on the trip had the opportunity to learn some of the awesome ideas that the other groups had. They now have many more ideas that can be used to benefit our Aevidum group and help us plan some more activities for the school.
There were also students who shared their own stories about their bullying experiences, anxiety and depression journeys, and their suicidal thoughts and what they themselves did to get better. At the end of the day, all of the students received Aevidum t-shirts. They were black and yellow, and had the meaning of Aevidum; I've got your back, spread across the back with a palm print under the saying.
The event's guest speaker's name was Melissa Hopely. She suffered from depression and anxiety since she was in her teens. She had a serious mental illness and felt as if she was battling it alone. Melissa talked about how no matter what you are going through; there is always someone there to lend you a helping hand. You are never alone. Melissa Hopely's book, called The People You Meet in Real Life, is about her personal story and the amazing first-hand stories of people she has found inspiration and hope from along her journey. If you want to more about Melissa Hopely, you can visit her website.
At the Imagine Aevidum event, "vendors" also talked about the effects that anxiety and depression have on a person's life. They discussed with the participants what the signs of mental illness are and how to recognize them in themselves and others. The vendors also talked about how you can get help for anxiety and depression, whether or not it's for you or for a friend. But the main thing that the vendors discussed with the students is that there are other options for dealing with your pain than suicide, the temporary solution. You could talk to a trusted adult about the way you feel, you could write all you feelings down in a journal and share them with someone you trust, or you could talk to your school guidance counselor about what the best way to deal with your feelings is.
Much was learned by all who attended the Imagine Aevidum event. They were able to share their genius ideas with other Aevidum groups, use some of the other Aevidum groups ideas for our school, listened to the speaker Melissa Hopely and her amazing story, listened to the vendors talk about mental illness and what do in certain situations, listened to personal accounts from students their age on bullying and mental illness, and received t-shirts at the end.


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Fitzwater v. Social Security Administration
Filing 20
ORDER granting 17 Motion for Fees and Expenses. Signed by Magistrate Judge Beth Deere on 9/6/2013. (jak)
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.


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The Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe,[2] (Tunica: Yoroniku-Halayihku)[3] formerly known as the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana, is a federally recognized tribe of primarily Tunica and Biloxi people, located in east central Louisiana. Descendants of Ofo (Siouan-speakers), Avoyel (a Natchez people), and Choctaw (Muskogean) are also enrolled in the tribe.[4]
|Total population
|951[1] (2010 Census)
|Regions with significant populations
|United States ( Louisiana)
|English, French
Formerly Tunica, Biloxi
|Protestantism, Roman Catholicism,
traditional religion
|Related ethnic groups
|Other Biloxi and Tunica peoples
In the 21st century, the people speak mostly English and French.[5] Many live on the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation (31°06′48″N 92°03′13″W / 31.11333°N 92.05361°W) in central Avoyelles Parish, just south of the city of Marksville, Louisiana, and overlapping its boundaries. The Reservation is 1.682 km2 (0.649 sq mi).
The 2010 census lists 951 persons self-identified as at least partly of Tunica-Biloxi, with 669 of those identifying as solely of Tunica-Biloxi ancestry.[1]
History Edit
By the Middle Mississippian period, local Late Woodland peoples in the Central Mississippi Valley had developed or adopted a Mississippian lifestyle, with maize agriculture, hierarchical political structures, mussel shell-tempered pottery, and participation in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). The archaeological evidence suggests that the valley was home to several competing paramount chiefdoms, with supporting vassal states. The groups in the area have been defined by archaeologists by archaeological phases; these include the Menard, Tipton, Belle Meade-Walls, Parkin and Nodena phases.[6]
In the spring of 1541 Hernando de Soto and his army approached the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, coming upon the Province of Quizquiz (pronounced "keys-key"). These people spoke a dialect of the Tunica language, which is a language isolate. At that time, these related groups covered a large region extending along both sides of the Mississippi River in present-day Mississippi and Arkansas, as the expedition would soon learn.[7]
Off to one side of the town was the dwelling place of the Curaca (chief). It was situated on a high mound which now served as a fortress. Only by means of two stairways could one ascend to this house.... The lord of the province, who like his land was called Quizquiz, was now old and sick in bed; but on hearing the noise and confusion in his village, he arose and came from his bedchamber. Then beholding the pillage and seizure of his vassals, he grasped a battle-ax and began to descend the stairs with the greatest fury, in the meantime vowing loudly and fiercely to slay anyone who came into his land without permission.... But the memory of valiant deeds and triumphs of his bellicose youth, and the fact that he held sway over a province so large and good as his, gave him strength to utter those fierce threats and even fiercer ones.— Inca Garcilaso de la Vega describing the Quizquiz, 1605[8]
Based on evaluations of the three surviving de Soto narratives for topography, linguistics and cultural traits, combined with archaeological excavations and analysis, most archaeologists and ethnohistorians have agreed to identify the Menard, Walls, Belle Meade, Parkin and Nodena phases as the de Soto-named provinces of Anilco, Quizquiz, Aquixo, Casqui and Pacaha, respectively.[9]
It was 150 years before another European group recorded the Tunica. In 1699 the LaSource expedition (coming downriver from French Canada) encountered the Tunica, describing them as a modestly sized tribe numbering only a few hundred warriors. They and other peoples had suffered from smallpox epidemics, which had high mortality rates as they had no natural immunity to this new disease carried by Europeans.
By the time the French arrived, the Central Mississippi Valley was sparsely occupied by the Quapaw. They became significant allies to the French and aided their successful settlement. The French established a mission among the Tunica around 1700, on the Yazoo River. Father Antoine Davion was assigned to the Tunica, as well as to the smaller tribes of the Koroa, Yazoo, and Houspé tribes.[10][11]
The Tunica were skilled traders and entrepreneurs, especially in the manufacture and distribution of salt, a valuable item to both native and Europeans.[12] Salt was extremely important in the trade between the French and the various Caddoan groups in what are now northwestern Louisiana and southwestern Arkansas. The Tunica were believed to be the middlemen in the trade of salt from the Caddoan areas to the French.[13]
By the early 18th century, the tribes along the lower Mississippi River were a target of Chickasaw raids for the English slave trade in South Carolina. By 1706 the Tunica decided to move.
As their enemies the Natchez were to their immediate south, they moved to the Mississippi side of the Mississippi and Red River confluence. This allowed them to keep control of their salt trade, as the Red River also connected to their salt source in the Caddoan areas.[14]
They established a loose collection of hamlets and villages at present-day Angola, Louisiana. The archeological remains of a small hamlet from this time period were discovered in 1976 by an inmate of Angola Prison. It is known as the Bloodhound Site.[15]
During the 1710s and 1720s, war periodically broke out between the French and the Natchez. The last uprising in 1729, the Natchez Massacre, was the largest; the Natchez killed most of the French at the village of Natchez and Fort Rosalie. French colonists gained the aid of Indian allies and returned to the villages, killing or capturing most of the Natchez. The survivors were sold into slavery.
In 1729 the chiefs of the village sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, Koroa, Illinois, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Natchez Rebellion or Natchez War expanded into a larger regional conflict with many repercussions. The Tunica were initially reluctant to fight on either side.[16]
In June 1730 the Head Chief of the Tunica, Cahura-Joligo, agreed to let a small party of Natchez refugees settle near his village (present-day Angola), provided they were unarmed. A few days later, the chief of the Natchez arrived at the Tunica village with a hundred men, and an unknown number of women and children. They concealed Chickasaw and Koroa warriors in the canebrake around the village. Cahura-Joligo informed the Natchez party that he could not receive them unless they gave up their arms. They said they intended to do so, but asked to keep their arms a while longer. He consented and had food distributed to his new guests. A dance was held that night. After the dance and when the village had gone to sleep, the Natchez, Chicasaw and Koroa attacked their hosts. Cahura-Joligo killed four Natchez during the fighting, but was killed along with 12 of his warriors. His war-chief Brides les Boeufs (Buffalo Tamer) repulsed the attack. He rallied the warriors, and after fighting for five days and nights, regained control of the village. Twenty Tunica were killed and as many wounded in the fighting. They killed 33 of the Natchez warriors.[14]
After the attack at Angola, in 1731 the Tunica moved a few miles away to the Trudeau site. Over the years, they buried as grave goods large amounts of European trade goods, including beads, porcelain, muskets, kettles and other items, as well as locally produced pottery in the Tunica tribal style. When discovered in the 20th century, these artifacts attested to their extensive trade with Europeans, as well as the wealth of the Tunica.
They stayed at this location into the 1760s, when the French ceded control west of the Mississippi to the Spanish following the French defeat by the British in the Seven Years' War.[17]
In 1764 the Tunica moved 15 miles (24 km) south of the Trudeau Landing site to just outside the French settlement at Pointe Coupée, Louisiana.[5] Other tribes had also settled in the area, including the Offagoula, Pascagoula and Biloxi. The latter came to have a close relationship with the Tunica people. During this time, numerous Anglo-American settlers migrated into the region, as the British had taken over former French territories east of the Mississippi River. The Tunica had become acculturated to European ways, although they still tattooed themselves and practiced some of their native religious customs. With the British in charge of the Western Florida colony at this time, and the Spanish in control of Louisiana, politics were volatile in the area. In 1779 Governor Galvez led a force, which included Tunica and other tribal warriors, to take the British-held town of Baton Rouge. This was the last military campaign for which the Tunica were recorded.[5]
By sometime in the late 1780s or 1790s, the Tunica moved again, probably because of the large influx of Anglo-Americans moving into the area.[14] They moved west to a site on the Red River named Avoyelles. In 1794 Marco Litche (recorded by the French as Marc Eliche), a Sephardic Jewish trader from Venice, established a trading post in the area.[18] A European-American settlement developed around the post and became known as Marksville. It was noted on Louisiana maps as of 1809.[19]
After acquisition by US Edit
Marksville was a good location for a trading post, as the Red River was still an important avenue of trade. But rapid changes took place. Under Napoleon Bonaparte, France reacquired the area in 1800. After failing to regain power in its colony of Saint-Domingue, France sold the large territory known as the Louisiana Purchase to the fledgling United States in 1803. Anglo-Americans migrated to Louisiana in great numbers, mostly from the southern United States, eventually changing its culture to one dominated by the English language and Protestant Christianity, especially in the northern parts of the area. In the late 19th century, railroads surpassed the rivers as main avenues of trade and transportation, and the Marksville area became a quiet backwater.
The only U.S. government mention of the Tunica from 1803 to 1938 was made in 1806 by an Indian Commissioner for Louisiana. He noted that the Tunica numbered only about 25 men, lived in Avoyelles Parish, and made their livings by occasionally hiring out as boatmen.[5] Although the Tunica were prosperous at this time, eventually problems with their white neighbors would take its toll. The whites imposed the binary social system based on slavery as a racial caste, recognizing only whites and blacks (in which they classified all people of color). They also tended to discount Indian identity among mixed-race people, failing to understand that they identified culturally and socially as Tunica. By the late 19th century, the dominant white conservative Democrats imposed legal racial segregation after disenfranchising blacks and other minorities of color. The Tunica became subsistence farmers, with some hunting and fishing to support themselves. Others turned to sharecropping on their white neighbors' land.
As the 20th century dawned, the Tunica came together around their ancient heritage. They had managed to retain possession of the majority of their communal land, some still spoke the Tunica language, and they still practiced traditional tribal ceremonies.
20th century to present Edit
Gradually the remnant descendants of other local tribes (the Ofo, Avoyel, Choctaw, and Biloxi) merged into the Tunica. They have preserved much of their ethnic identity, maintaining their tribal government and the hereditary chieftainship up to the mid-1970s.[4]
The modern Tunica-Biloxi tribe, which has a written constitution and elected government, was recognized by the federal government in 1981. They live in Mississippi and east central Louisiana. The modern tribe is composed of Tunica, Biloxi (a Siouan-speaking people from the Gulf coast), Ofo (also a Siouan people), Avoyel (a Natchezan people), and Mississippi Choctaw. Many live on the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation in central Avoyelles Parish, just south of the city of Marksville, Louisiana. A part of the city extends onto reservation land.
The reservation has a land area of 1.682 km2 (0.649 sq mi). Currently, they operate Louisiana's first land based casino, Paragon Casino Resort, opened in Marksville in June 1994.[20] The casino is known for its contributions back to its members. The 2000 census lists 648 persons identified as Tunica.[21]
Tribal government currently consists of an elected tribal council and tribal chairman. The tribe maintains its own police force, health services, education department, housing authority, and court system. Former tribal chairman Earl J. Barbry Sr., was widely noted as one of the longest-serving chairmen in Indian Country, serving from 1978 until his death in July 2013.[22] Barbry was succeeded as chairman by Marshall Pierite, formerly vice chairman of the tribe, from August 2013 through April 2014. Barbry's son, Joey Barbry, served as chairman from April 2014.[23] Marshall Pierite again became chairman upon his election in April 2018.[24]
Tunica treasure Edit
In the 1960s a treasure hunter named Leonard Charrier began searching for artifacts at the Trudeau Landing site in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. The Tunica, who felt he had stolen tribal heirlooms and desecrated the graves of their ancestors, were outraged.
In the 1970s the site was excavated by archaeologists, uncovering large amounts of pottery, European trade goods and other artifacts deposited as grave goods by the Tunica from 1731 to 1764 when they occupied the site. With help from the State of Louisiana, the tribe filed suit to gain title to the artifacts, which has subsequently become known as the "Tunica treasure". The case took a decade to be decided in the courts, but the ruling became a landmark in American Indian history. It helped to lay the groundwork for new federal legislation, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), passed in 1990.[25]
Because the artifacts had been separated from the original burials and connections were lost, the tribe decided to build a museum to house these items. Members of the tribe were trained as conservators in order to repair damage done to the artifacts by the centuries underground and handling during the ten-year court battle. The museum was built in the shape of the ancient temple mounds of their people, with the earthen structure to take the symbolic place of the original burial underground. It opened in 1989 as The Tunica-Biloxi Regional Indian Center and Museum.[26] Due to structural problems, it was closed in 1999, with plans for a new larger facility underway. Today the Tunica Treasure collection is housed in the Tunica-Biloxi Cultural and Educational Resources Center, a state-of-the-art facility that includes a library, conservation center, distance-learning center, conference facilities, tribal offices, and museum on the tribal reservation in Marksville. Eighty percent of the artifacts of the Tunica Treasure have been restored.[27]
Federal recognition Edit
Formal efforts to be recognized by the federal government were begun in the 1940s when Chief Eli Barbry, Horace Pierite, Clarence Jackson, and Sam Barbry traveled to Washington, D.C. to consult with the Bureau of Indian Affairs.[25] Federal recognition would have entitled the tribe to benefit from social programs under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. A succession of chiefs, including Chief Horace Pierite Sr, would work at the task. With the Tunica treasure proving their ancient tribal identity, the tribe was able to gain state and federal recognition. They were recognized by the United States government in 1981 as the Tunica Biloxi Indians of Louisiana,[5] later taking the name of Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe.
Economic development Edit
The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe operates Louisiana's first land-based casino, Paragon Casino Resort. It opened in Marksville in June 1994.[20] It is now[when?] the largest employer in Avoyelles Parish.[citation needed]
The Tribe also owns and operates a Tribal Lending Enterprise—the online installment loan company, Mobiloans—and a finance and production company, Acacia Entertainment. Mobiloans works with Think Finance on underwriting, loan servicing, and other technology processes related to running the business. Acacia Entertainment is a joint venture between the Tribe's Economic Development Corporation and film producer Matthew George. According to the Tribe, Acacia aims to produce two to three films per year.[citation needed]
Tunica and Biloxi languages Edit
The Tunica (or Tonica, or less common form Yuron)[28] language is a language isolate. The Tunica tribe historically lived close to the Ofo and Avoyeles tribes, but communication among the three depended on their use of the Mobilian Jargon or French.[29]
The last known native speaker of the Tunica language, Sesostrie Youchigant, died in 1948.[30] Linguist Mary Haas had worked with Youchigant in the 1930s to describe what he remembered of the language. She published the description in A Grammar of the Tunica Language in 1941, followed by Tunica Texts in 1950, and Tunica Dictionary in 1953. Tunica is a reawakening language, with immersion programs and youth summer camps teaching second-language learners.[30]
The Biloxi language is a Siouan language which was at one time spoken by the Biloxi people in Louisiana and southeast Texas. The Biloxi were first noted in European records as living along the Biloxi Bay in the mid-17th century, but by the mid-18th century, they had migrated into Louisiana to avoid European encroachment. Some were also noted in Texas in the early 19th century.[31] By the early 19th century their numbers had dwindled. In 1934, the last native speaker, Emma Jackson, was in her 80s.[32] Morris Swadesh and Mary Haas met her on a linguistic survey trip in September 1934 and confirmed her status as a speaker of the language.[33]
Most modern Tunica speak English, with a few older members speaking French as a first language.
Notable Tunica-Biloxi Edit
- Earl Barbry, an American politician and Native American leader, former chairman of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe.
- Allen Barbre, an American football offensive tackle who plays for the Denver Broncos.[34][35][36]
- Chief Sesostrie Youchigant, former chief of the Tunica-Biloxi tribe and last Tunica native speaker, provided information about the Tunica language to researchers.
See also Edit
Notes Edit
- ^ a b "Tunica-Biloxi – 2010 Census". American Fact Finder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
- ^ "Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs" (PDF). Federal Register. 82 (10): 4915–4920. 2017-01-17.
- ^ Tunica-English Dictionary, "Yoroniku-Halayihku - Tunica-Biloxi"
- ^ a b Brain, Jeffrey P. "On The Tunica Trail: Marksville". Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
- ^ a b c d e Jeffrey P. Brain and Frank W. Porter (1990). The Tunica-Biloxi. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978-1555467319.
- ^ Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando De Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-1888-4.
- ^ Sabo III, George. "Tunica and Koroa Indians". Indians of Arkansas. University of Arkansas. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1605). La Florida del Inca. Lisbon.
- ^ Michael P. Hoffman (1994). "Ethnic Identities and Cultural Change in the Protohistoric Period of Eastern Arkansas". In Patricia B. Kwachka (ed.). Perspectives on the Southeast-Linguistics, Archaeology and Ethnohistory. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-1593-1.
- ^ Waselkov, Gregory A.; Wood, Peter H.; Hatley, M. Thomas (2006-01-01). Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803298617.
- ^ "Mid-America : an historical review. Vol. 21". archive.org. p. 228. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
- ^ Brain, Jeffrey P. "On The Tunica Trail: Quizquiz". Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
- ^ Brown, Ian W. "The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory". Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism.
- ^ a b c Brain, Jeffrey P. "On The Tunica Trail: Angola Farm". Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
- ^ "Bloodhound Hill Site". Louisiana Historic Preservation's National Register of Historic Places Database. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ DuVal, Kathleen (2006). "Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana" (PDF). In Gregory A. Waselkov (ed.). Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9861-7.
- ^ The Treaty of Paris in Corbett, Julian (1918). England in the Seven Years' War: A Study in Combined Strategy Vol. II (Second ed.). London: Longman, Green and Co.
- ^ "Marksville, Louisiana Facts". Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ "About Marksville". Marksville Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
- ^ a b "The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe: Origins and Culture". Paragon Casino Resort. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-18. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States: 2000" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-02-11.
- ^ "Earl Barbry, Longest-Serving Chairman in Indian Country, Walks On". Indian Country Media Network. 2013-08-02. Archived from the original on 2017-04-07.
- ^ "Joey Barbry takes oath as new chairman of Tunica-Biloxi Tribe". 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
- ^ "Marshall Pierite elected Tunica-Biloxi chairman". Avoyelles Today. 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ^ a b Day, Bill. "On The Tunica Trail: Tunica-Biloxi Today". Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
- ^ "Tribal Museum and Cultural Resources Center". Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana. Archived from the original on 2014-08-11.
- ^ Dana Bowker Lee, "Louisiana Indians in the 21st Century", Louisiana Folklife, 18 October 2013
- ^ "Language names:T". Archived from the original on 2010-01-13. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ Haas, Mary R. Tunica. New York: J.J. Augustin Publisher, 1940.
- ^ a b Tunica at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "Biloxi Indian Tribe History." Access Genealogy. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
- ^ Einaudi 1976, pp. 1-3
- ^ Dalby 2003, p. 224.
- ^ "Indianz.com-News-Tunica Biloxi man on Green Bay Packers". Archived from the original on 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ Eckel, Mark (2016-10-13). "Eagles' Native American guard Allen Barbre won't use the R-word". NJ.com. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^ "Allen Barbre Stats". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
References Edit
- Tunica-Biloxi Reservation, Louisiana, United States Census Bureau
External links Edit
- Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana, official website
- Tunica-Biloxi History


text:
[This local archive copy mirrored from the canonical site: http://www.marimba.com/datasheets/osd-wp.html, text only; links may not have complete integrity, so use the canonical document at this URL if possible. See the database entry: Open Software Description Format (OSD).]
In August of 1997, Marimba and Microsoft jointly submitted a standards proposal called Open Software Description (OSD) to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). OSD is a compact software language for describing the contents and dependencies of software packages. Such a standard language is needed to realize the Internet's potential as a medium for delivering all types of software to any kinds of client platforms. The cooperation of Microsoft and Marimba in developing the OSD specification testifies to OSD's importance and its applicability to a broad spectrum of software distribution contexts.
This paper describes OSD and the motivation for its development. It shows how OSD can substantially improve the user experience of downloading software over the Internet. It explains how software developers can use OSD, and how OSD relates to other Internet standards. The paper concludes with perspectives on OSD written by Marimba, Microsoft, Tivoli, and Novell.
The Internet is increasingly used for distributing software. However, from a user's persective, obtaining software is often more difficult than it should. A common example: A user downloads one piece of software only to find it won't run because it requires another piece of software. Or a user clicks on a Web page to find that some page element (a movie, perhaps) can't run without a particular browser "helper."In both examples some software or Web page component has a dependency, a piece of software that it needs to operate as its developer intended. Today, the burden of locating, selecting,and acquiring dependencies falls on the user. The increasing trend toward component-based software will make these problems more common over time.
Learning that a dependency is needed is only the first challenge. Next comes finding the required software, a job that may be complicated by software permutations. Any given software package may come in multiple editions: for different platforms, for users who speak different languages, and sometimes in "lite"and "pro" versions. Each edition may have multiple release levels, such as 2.3.1 and 2.4. What the user needs is the right edition, but finding the right edition can be surprisingly complicated. Dependencies can also differ by platform; a software package may need a movie player on one platform but not on another because the appropriate player is built into the second platform's operating system.
Today's Internet users have been forced to grapple with the complexities of heterogeneous software configurations because there has been no standard way for clients (such as Web browsers) to know about and locate the right software. The OSD standard is the key element for creating "configuration-savvy"clients that can make the Internet a much more attractive medium for distributing software and a simpler medium for end-users. Recognizing its importance and applicability, the OSD standard proposal was immediately endorsed by CyberMedia Inc., InstallShield Software Corp., LANovation, Lotus Development Corp., and Netscape Communications Corp.
OSD is a language for describing the composition of software packages in a standard, platform-independent way. A software developer uses OSD to write a "bill of materials"describing the constituents and dependencies of a software package. An OSD file, which may be located anywhere on the Internet, lists the available implementations of a package and their attributes. For example, there may be one implementation for Windows platforms, another for the Macintosh platform, and others for Unix platforms. Each implementation can have a list of dependencies in the form of links to other OSD files, which can also be located anywhere on the Internet and have their own dependencies. Clients, such as Web browsers or Marimba Castanet Tuners, can use an OSD file to learn what files constitute a software package for a particular client platform and particular user preferences.
After determining which packages need to be installed the client can automatically select and download the right editions of the all right files, including dependencies.
Much as HTML is a language for describing the contents of a Web page, OSD is a language for describing the contents of a software package. The definition of "package"is open-ended and accommodates at least applications, applets, Web browser plug-ins, and Common Object Model (COM) or JavaBean components. Software packages are only described with OSD; their code can be written in any programming language. OSD is defined using XML, the extensible markup language; this emerging standard for representing Internet data is described later in this paper. Anyone familiar with HTML will see similarities in OSD.
As an HTML file can contain links to other HTML or media files, so an OSD file can contain links to other OSD files. These linked OSD files represent sub-packages or dependencies: related software that an implementation of the package requires. Each implementation listed in an OSD file can have its own set of dependencies, and the implementations of a dependency can, in turn, have their own dependencies. Because OSD links are World Wide Web URLs, the descriptions of a package's dependencies may reside anywhere on the World Wide Web. The most likely place for a dependency OSD file is a Web server associated with the package's provider.
An OSD file describes a software package. Some of the tags in an OSD file are global, such as the software package name, abstract, version, and licensing information. Most tags, however, apply to a particular implementation of the package, describing such things as:
An implementation is a distinct edition of the package that is downloadable as a unit. An OSD file lists an implementation for each platform it runs on. The platform orientation of implementations makes sense for a language that describes software, because much software is inherently platform-specific. The OSD definition of "platform"is very broad: it encompasses flavors of Unix, MacOS, the Windows operating systems, and emerging network computers. OSD implementation tags can also distinguish user languages: German and French editions of a package that run on the same platform, for example.
The following schematic depicts an OSD file for a hypothetical package called Solitaire. (An actual example OSD file is shown later in this paper.) It lists two implementations, one for Windows95 platforms and one for JavaTM platforms. The JavaTM implementation needs the package described in a second OSD file. If directed by a user to download Solitaire, a client would read solitaire.osd and download either solitaire.cab or solitaire.jar, depending on the user's computer and choice. If it downloaded the JavaTM implementation, the client would also download its dependency described in cards.osd-unless the user's computer already had acquired the package described in cards.osd in a previous download.
The Internet's success is in large measure due to its definition of platform-independent standards that combine simplicity with utility. Well-known examples include SMTP (email) and HTML. OSD follows in this tradition. Like HTML, OSD has been designed for easy implementation to encourage rapid and widespread adoption. Its designers have deliberately resisted the temptation to try to address every nuance of software package management. Like HTML and email, OSD can evolve as experience shows the way. For example, it may eventually make sense to add tags for device drivers and country codes. But meanwhile, implementing the initial version of OSD will substantially improve the software downloading experience for users. OSD can also be extended on a per-application basis, using the XML namespace facility; clients are free to ignore these specialized tags just as Web browsers are free to ignore HTML tags they don't understand.
OSD is an Internet standard that uses the Internet itself. The OSD tags that specify files, whether code files or other OSD files, use Universal Resource Locators (URLs). A web of OSD files, and the code files they refer to, can therefore be concentrated on a single server or dispersed worldwide. Adding a dependency on the product of another vendor requires nothing more than knowing the URL to that product's OSD file: It's just like adding a link to a Web page.
The complete description of all implementations of a software product is a web (technically a directed graph) of OSD files. An OSD file deliberately does not specify the means by which the software it describes is distributed. Regardless of delivery method, OSD can work as well with Marimba's Castanet application distribution and management platform as it can with Microsoft's Internet Explorer.
OSD can also be used for conventional CD-ROM distribution. OSD file references are URLs that can as easily name packages on a disk as packages served across the Internet. One can imagine, for example, a CD that contains multiple editions of a software package plus an OSD file that describes them. The CD can also contain a universal installer which ascertains the characteristics of the user's platform and then copies the relevant files from the CD. The installer can even connect to the Internet to resolve dependencies on packages not included on the disk.
OSD is based on the XML specification. This means an OSD file consists of a simple text file containing tags that describe the software dependencies in both a machine-readable and a human-readable format.
Using the XML namespace mechanism it is possible to add new functionality to OSD without causing incompatibilities. In that case new tags are introduced to the OSD file which are safely ignored by clients who are unaware of them. As a result OSD can be used in a variety of applications ranging from browsers to sophisticated software distribution systems. A browser can add tags it requires and these tags can be ignored by applications to which they don't apply.
An OSD file simplifies the distribution of multi-edition products by describing all editions in one place, in a standard notation, while preserving the freedom to locate the code files anywhere. For example, the Macintosh version of Solitaire can be served from Cupertino, while the Windows 95 edition is maintained in Redmond.
Download pages at Web sites can also be simplified. Instead of a separate link for every edition of the product, a single link to an OSD file enables all OSD-aware clients to select and download software editions. In particular, Web browsers that understand OSD can choose browser-specific software on their own, without requiring developers to create scripts that generate browser-specific software download pages on the fly. OSD provides developers with a uniform way to define a "menu"of the implementations that are available for a particular software package; the job of choosing from the menu is shifted to the browser or other client software.
OSD files simplify dependency management. There's no need to either:
Instead, vendors can maintain OSD files for their own products that link to the OSD files of dependency software provided by other vendors. Users of OSD-aware clients automatically get the dependency software they need-and no more. Developers are free to expand and modify their OSD files, without fear of affecting other OSD files that list them as dependencies. Clients that visit an OSD file as a result of following a dependency link always get the current list of implementations. Moving a code file listed in an implementation similarly has no effect on clients.
Users of OSD-aware clients get what they want and what they should always have had: precise, transparent software acquisition. There's no more wading through Web pages to find the edition of the software that matches the user's platform and language of choice. There's no subsequent discovery of missing dependencies, which must be located and downloaded to get the primary package working. Nor is any time wasted downloading superfluous dependency software that's either already installed or is not required for a particular platform.
Because OSD files describe application dependencies, it is advisable to use digital signature technologies such as SSL transport, RSA authentication, MS Authenticode, or the W3C's Digital Signature Initiative to ensure the authenticity of the OSD file. Alternatively the OSD file can be part of an archive of resources which is digitally signed.
The OSD standards proposal is an important step toward making the Internet a medium for automatic software distribution. It specifies how the attributes, especially platform attributes, and dependencies of a software package can be described by developers and understood by downloading client software. But OSD does not solve the entire problem of automating software distribution; for example, OSD is silent on the subject of transport. Other standards complement OSD by addressing other aspects of automatic software distribution.
Microsoft's Channel Definition Format (CDF) describes content channels as used in Internet Explorer. Although CDF channels are usually content-oriented, they may either contain software components or require them. For example, a channel containing a movie needs a movie player. CDF files can be augmented with OSD files that describe these software components so they can be downloaded automatically.
The HTTP Distribution and Replication Protocol (DRP) by Marimba, Netscape, Novell, Sun, and @Home defines an efficient way to transport and, especially, update software over the Internet. DRP does not address the question of what can be downloaded; that is OSD's province. The combination of OSD and DRP provide a powerful and efficient mechanism for software distribution.
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is an emerging standard for describing Web resource meta-data based on XML. Because OSD is defined as an XML vocabulary, it is compatible with RDF. In the future RDF will be used in conjunction with OSD to form a web of meta-data which can be accessed in a variety of ways.
The Application Management Specification (AMS) developed by Tivoli Systems in 1995 expanded the original Desktop Management Forum (DMTF) work for managing software on desktops to cover the aspects of managing distributed applications in heterogeneous environments. Like OSD, AMS allows software developers to describe the details required to deploy software by describing the deployable packages of an application (referred to in AMS as "software components"), the bill of materials for these components, by describing the dependencies these components have on other components, and the depedencies components have on the systems they run on. Additionally, AMS can be used to improve the manageability of software in the application life cycle stages that occur after deployment. Specifically, AMS can capture the details required to configure software components by describing the steps required to properly install components, by describing how these components can be connected together, and by describing the tasks or commands used to configure components. For software components actually in use (executing), AMS provides ways to describe the details that can be monitored to understand the health of a component and the tasks/automation routines needed to maintain healthy states. Finally, software developers can describe the access rights security administrators need to establish to effectively control the actual use of the software components. This breadth of information makes it easy to automate the processes associated with deploying, configuring, monitoring and securing applications in full scale environments.
AMS captures information in a standards-based, platform independent way. Additionally, the information captured in AMS can be expressed in a variety of syntax so it is easy to use in a variety of environments. For example, AMS was originally expressed using DMTF's Management Information Format since this is a standard for describing desktop management information. Today, AMS 2.0 is based on the Common Information Model (CIM) initiative being lead by the DMTF. Thus, it is also expressed using the Management Object Format (MOF) prescribed for CIM. And the relevant pieces (for example, bill of material) can be easily expressed using XML for OSD.
The Desktop Management Task Force (DMTF) has developed a Common Information Model (CIM) to take advantage of object-based management tools and provide a common way to describe and share management information enterprise-wide.
Using HMMS as an input, the new model can be populated by DMI 2.0 and other management data suppliers, including SNMP and CMIP, and implemented in multiple object-based execution models such as JMAPI, CORBA and HMM. CIM will enable applications from different developers on different platforms to describe and share management data, so users have interoperable management tools that span applications, systems and networks, including the Internet. The documents can be found at http://www.dmtf.org/.
The CIM Application model was developed by the Desktop Management Task Force (DMTF) to describe Application Systems and associated elements using a Managed Object Format (MOF). This model is intended to record the details that various management tools need to know to effectively manage an application.
Both the CIM Application Model and OSD use an object-oriented approach to describing software. Although the scope of these models does overlap, the initial intended uses differ. Where OSD was designed to primarily address retrieving and installing software over Internets; the CIM Application model was designed to instrument large distributed applications. In order to handle the more complicated case, the CIM Application Model captures details about the software in one of four states( deployable, installable, executable, and running) and manages the transitions between these. The overlap with OSD is with the deployable state.
The actual formats of MOF and XML are not mutually exclusive. It is currently being discussed to describe a mapping between XML and MOF. XML is an SGML derivative that uses a tag structure to define classes and properties, where MOF is an IDL like format that also can define classes and properties but is designed to be compiled. The CIM model also has a set of rules defined within its meta-schema. These rules control a number of aspects of the model such as inheritance and references. Therefore it would be possible to express the CIM Application model in XML. It is the intent of the DMTF to unify these two models going forward.
Marimba is focused on providing products in the software category known as Application Distribution and Management (ADM). ADM is emerging to help companies distribute, manage, and maintain mission critical applications over the Internet, intranet, or extranet. Marimba's Castanet is the leading solution in this rapidly maturing category.
Castanet consists of client (Castanet Tuner) and server components (Castanet Transmitters) that work together to distribute, update, and manage applications, or channels. Castanet can distribute and manage any off the shelf or custom application, written in any language, such as Visual Basic®, JavaTM, C or C++. Castanet works over the corporate intranets, extranets, and the Internet.
OSD complements and extends the Castanet product family. The implementation of the OSD standard into Marimba's Castanet products will go further to reduce the complexity associated with the distribution of mission critical applications. This will simplify the software developer's job of neatly packaging and managing software deployment dependencies for distribution as well as make software deployment completely transparent to the end-user with Castanet. End-Users get automatic updates, when needed, to software applications and data and then have the differences transparently downloaded, installed, and launched on the desktop.
OSD fits very well with the Castanet family and Marimba is using OSD throughout its product line. Here are some examples of how OSD will enhance Castanet products:
An OSD Example
Here is an example OSD file that describes the hypothetical application Solitaire. Two implementations are available, one that runs native on Win32 platforms, the other on JavaTM platforms. The JavaTM implementation has a dependency that is described in another OSD file.
<SOFTPKG NAME="com.foobar.www.Solitaire" VERSION="1,0,0,0">
<ABSTRACT>Solitaire by FooBar Corporation</ABSTRACT>
<LICENSE HREF="http://www.foobar.com/solitaire/license.html" />
<!--FooBar Solitaire is implemented in native code for Win32,
Java code for other platforms -->
<OS VALUE="WinNT"><OSVERSION VALUE="4,0,0,0"/></OS>
<OS VALUE="Win95"/>
<PROCESSOR VALUE="x86" />
<LANGUAGE VALUE="en" />
<CODEBASE HREF="http://www.foobar.org/solitaire.cab" />
<IMPLTYPE VALUE="Java" />
<CODEBASE HREF="http://www.foobar.org/solitaire.jar" />
<!-- The Java implementation needs the DeckOfCards object -->
<CODEBASE HREF="http://www.foobar.org/cards.osd" />
Microsoft supports the OSD standard in Internet Explorer versions 4.01 and greater. Corporations and ISVs can utilize the support for OSD in three primary ways: To automatically notify users of new versions of software (also known as publishing the application) to update ActiveX controls when new versions become available and to extend Internet Explorer's Internet code download mechanism.
For the first two functions, which involve publishing applications, Microsoft's ZAW (Zero Administration Windows) initiative is the best solution for the corporation since it provides true administration for corporate deployment. For publishing through the Internet, though, Internet Explorer and OSD provide the optimal solution. By utilizing OSD vocabulary inside a Channel Definition Format (CDF) file to create a software update channel, software publishers can notify users of new releases of their software right at the launch of the application. In addition, the publisher can pre-cache the new bits through the channel so the user does not need to be connected to the Internet to upgrade.
For the third function, OSD provides an enhanced mechanism to describe software distribution units downloaded through the browser. With OSD, software packages can now describe JavaTM packages and classes, complex dependencies on other distribution units, and filtering criteria for distributing software based on the client's hardware. For example, using standard OSD vocabulary, an author can create a package which installs different software for Alpha and x86 systems within the corporation without requiring user intervention. In addition, if the software depends on the existence of other software on the system, Internet Explorer discovers this through the OSD vocabulary and automatically installs the required software dependency first.
Microsoft intends to continue enhancing OSD support in future versions of Internet Explorer. Further information about OSD in Internet Explorer can be found within the Microsoft Internet Client SDK, located at
Tivoli Systems Inc. provides the industry's leading solution for end-to-end management of distributed computing environment, from mobile computers to mainframes. Thousands of companies around the globe use TME 10 and compatible third-party products to reduce the cost and complexity of managing networks, systems, databases, and applications.
Since Tivoli addresses management needs of heterogeneous IT systems, its product line blends with the various technologies native to the different environment (for example, SNMP for network management). Because OSD is XML based, it is a natural way to capture and record management information required to distribute software between IT organization controlled servers and desktops not control by the organization over the Internet. Just as the information captured in AMS can be used to generate MIF entries for the desktop, it can also be used to generate OSD documents. In this way, information that has been captured via AMS for managing software inside the enterprise can be used to solve the problems associated with managing the extended enterprise.
Tivoli provides a toolkit, the AMS Module Designer, that is capable of capturing the management information for applications and is capable of rendering this information in various formats like MIF, MOF, XML. This makes it easy for software developers to record the information without concern for the actual syntax. Because OSD, AMS, and CIM are expression of the same information it is simple to translate the information into the format that is most appropriate for a particular part of a heterogeneous environment.
Novell, Inc. is the world's leading provider of network software. The company offers a wide range of network solutions for distributed network, Internet/intranet and small-business markets. Novell's Z.E.N.works (Zero Effort Networks for users), the first directory services-based desktop management tool that reduces the cost of owning networked PCs and makes using networks easier. Z.E.N.works leverages Novell's industry-leading NDS (Novell Directory Services) functionality to make Windows-based desktops easier to use and manage.
Novell's Z.E.N.works provides policy-enabled software distribution, desktop management and workstation maintenance. This is facilitated by the use of Application Object stored within NDS. This information can be obtained via manual entry or through automated entry using Novell's snAppShot utility or by importing information provided by instrumented software components. The information provided in OSD files provides a standard way for software to describe themselves, their dependencies, and their deployment requirements. Z.E.N.works will support a number of formats to extract the information necessary to effectively manage software components and the applications they represent. OSD will be the format used for software that is deployed on the Internet as well as other media.
Novell will continue to enhance its support for OSD in future releases of their Z.E.N.works product. Additional information on Z.E.N.works can be found at
Here is an overview of the resources referenced in this paper, followed by contact information for each of the contributors.
Channel Definition Format (CDF) by Castedo Ellerman (Microsoft), March 1997.
The Open Software Description Format (OSD) by Arthur van Hoff (Marimba), Hadi Partovi (Microsoft), Tom Thai (Microsoft). August 1997.
The HTTP Distribution and Replication Protocol by Arthur van Hoff (Marimba), John Giannandrea (Netscape), Mark Hapner (Sun), Steve Carter (Novell), Milo Medin (@Home). August 1997.
Resource Description Framework (RDF) by Eric Miller (Online Computer Libary Center), Bob Schloss (IBM), et al. October 1997.
Application Management Specification (AMS) by Tivoli Systems Inc., November 1997.
Extensible Markup Language (XML) by Tim Bray (Textuality and Netscape), Jean Paoli (Microsoft), C. M. Sperberg-McQueen (University of Illinois at Chicago), December 1997.
The DMTF Common Information Model (CIM)
Marimba Inc., 440 Clyde Ave, Mountain View CA 94043
Arthur van Hoff, firstname.lastname@example.com, (650) 9305282
Microsoft Inc., One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399
Ray Sun, email@example.com, (425) 882-8080
Tivoli Systems Inc., 442 Capital of Texas Highway North, Arboretum Plaza One, Suite 500, Austin, Texas 78759
John W. Sweitzer, firstname.lastname@example.com, (512)-436-8918
Novell Inc., 122 East 1700 South, Provo, Utah 84606
Winston Bumpus, firstname.lastname@example.com
Copyright © 1998 Marimba, Inc. All rights reserved. Marimba, Castanet, Bongo are trademarks of Marimba, Inc. All other trademarks or service marks mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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Running from Sunday 2nd to Sunday 9th June, the 65th Critérium du Dauphiné is an eight-day World Tour stage race comprising a time trial and seven stages. Like last year, it will feature some of the same roads as the forthcoming Tour de France, making it an ideal test ahead of July. This year, the Alpe d'Huez-Col de Sarenne double will appear in both races.
What kind of race is it?
It's essentially a mini Tour de France for the Tour contenders. In each of the last 11 years, the eventual winner of the Tour has ridden the Dauphine and frequently appeared on its podium.
All 19 ProTeams are taking part except Ag2r La Mondiale, who are taking a break from cycling following their recent second doping positive with Sylvain Georges, plus wild-card entries have been granted to Bretagne-Seche, Cofidis, Europcar and NetApp Endura.
Only eight riders have won the Dauphine and the Tour in the same year, the most recent being Bradley Wiggins in 2012. The most recent winners are:
2008: Alejandro Valverde (Caisse d'Epargne)
2009: Alejandro Valverde (Caisse d'Epargne)
2010: Janez Brajkovic (RadioShack)
2011: Bradley Wiggins (Sky)
2012: Bradley Wiggins (Sky)
What happened last year?
Bradley Wiggins (Sky) defended his Dauphine crown and landed his third successive stage race of the season to become the first man to win Paris-Nice, Tour de Romandie and the Criterium du Dauphine in succession. He subsequently added the Tour de France crown – becoming the first ever British winner – an Olympic gold medal in the individual time trial, BBC Sports Personality of the Year and a knighthood. Sadly Wiggins won't be back to defend his title following his recent Giro d'Italia abandonment.
Wiggins seized the leader's jersey on stage two after youngster Luke Durbridge (Orica-GreenEDGE) and the not-quite-so-young Cadel Evans (BMC) won the prologue and stage one respectively. Sky ably defended his lead which became almost unassailable after stage four's individual time trial, where he was simply imperious. Sky also added a stage three victory from Edvald Boassen Hagen. Dani Moreno (Katusha) won two mountain stages, Arthur Vichot (FDJ) took stage five and Nairo Quintana (Movistar) won the queen stage six.
Cadel Evans won the green points jersey, Colombian Cayetano Sarmiento (Liquigas-Cannondale) was top dog in the mountains, Wilco Kelderman (Rabobank) was the best young rider and Sky were unsurprisingly the best team.
1. Bradley Wiggins (Sky) 26:40:46
2. Michael Rogers (Sky) 01:17
3. Cadel Evans (BMC) +1:26
4. Chris Froome (Sky) +1:45
5. Jurgen Van Den Broeck (Lotto-Belisol) +2:12
6. Vasily Kiryienka (Movistar) +2:58
7. Janez Brajkovic (Astana) +3:07
8. Wilco Kelderman (Rabobank) +3:26
9. Richie Porte (Sky) +3:34
10. Haimar Zubeldia (RadioShack-Nissan) +3:50
This year's race
It's once again a mountainous course – only one of the eight stages is devoid of categorised climbs – including two hors catégorie ascents, one being the legendary Alpe d'Huez. The route ranges far and wide, with a maiden start in Switzerland before heading to the Jura mountains and the southern Alps.
The opening stage is a 121km parcours around Champery featuring four climbs and finishing on a gentle uphill slope. The following day's stage is billed as one for the sprinters but with a few bumps towards the back end, the last just 10km from the finish, it might play into the hands of a strong breakaway of non-GC contenders.
Stage three looks more likely to finish in a limited bunch sprint, if they can get up and over the appropriately named Col des Sauvages, as the favourites will be looking to save their legs for the following day's 32.5km individual time trial which includes long stretches of straight road with a handful of sharp, technical turns.
Thursday's stage five is a lumpy route with a summit finish in Valmorel after a steep 12.7km hors catégorie climb where the favourites for the overall will be looking to put time into their rivals. The pain continues the following day, although the last 20km are all downhill, possibly favouring a large group sprint of able descenders.
The final two stages are crackers, both with finishes on high summits.
Stage seven's queen stage arrives at the foot of Alpe d'Huez after less than an hour's racing. From there the peloton will snake to the top of the Col de Sarenne followed by a twisting descent into Le Freney d'Oisons before tackling two cat 1 climbs and then the final climb up the Col du Noyer – its last 2km are steep with stretches of 11-13% – en route to Superdevoluy. It might just allow a lone attacker to take victory.
The race finishes with a stage which takes in two cat 1 climbs in the last 50km, including the summit finish at Risoul, which is just under 14km long and averages 6.7%, which should guarantee a grandstand finish.
Who to watch
There's a star-studded cast looking to test their legs, form and nerves ahead of next month's 100th Tour. First up is Sky with Tour favourite Chris Froome. He's bringing potentially his Tour team with key lieutenant Richie Porte.
Looking to land a psychological blow after finishing behind Froome in the Tour of Oman and Tirreno-Adriatico is multiple grand tour winner Alberto Contador (Saxo-Tinkoff). He'll be hoping that the last month of training from his new Lugano base has paid dividends.
BMC have elected to send a team of stage hunters headed by Thor Hushovd. Everyone's favourite underdogs Euskaltel-Euskadi will be fielding Samuel Sanchez, looking to make amends after his disappointing showing in the Giro.
Garmin-Sharp will be fielding Andrew Talansky, who'll be expecting to do more than add to his ever-growing collection of white jerseys before riding in support of Ryder Hesjedal at the Tour. Damiano Cunego (Lampre-Merida) will be limbering up for the Tour while compatriot and namesake Damiano Caruso will be looking to hold onto his Giro form for a little while longer for Cannondale. Lotto-Belisol are coming with Tour hope Jurgen Van Den Broeck.
Movistar's main man is former Dauphine winner Alejandro Valverde. Two of our favourite pocket rockets are riding for Katusha, Joaquim Rodriguez and former double stage winner Dani Moreno. Both will be relishing those last two days of climbing.
Europcar have Thomas Voeckler, Pierre Roland and their exciting Tour of Turkey star Natnael Berhane, while Cofidis come with Jerome Coppel and Christophe le Mevel.
Will this year's parcours leave us on the edge of our seats until the final day's stage or will someone seize control early on and marshall the race from start to finish? I know what I'm hoping for, but what about you?
Race details
June 2nd: Stage 1 – Champery to Champery, 121km
June 3rd: Stage 2 – Chatel to Oyonnax, 183km
June 4th: Stage 3 – Amberieu-en-Bugey to Tarare, 164km
June 5th: Stage 4 – Villars-les-Dombes to Parc des Oiseaux, 32.5km individual time trial
June 6th: Stage 5 – Gresy-sur-Aix to Valmorel, 139km
June 7th: Stage 6 – La Lechere to Grenoble, 141.5km
June 8th: Stage 7 – Le Pont-de-Claix to Superdevoluy, 184km
June 9th: Stage 8 – Sisteron to Risoul, 152km
The Criterium de Dauphine starts on Sunday 2nd June and concludes on Sunday 9th. Live action will be shown daily on France 3. In the UK Eurosport will be showing daily highlights and live action on most days. For other channels check cyclingfans.com.
Link: Official website


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In this Free CCNP Lab you will configure IBGP and EBGP across four routers as shown in the accompanying network diagram. OSPF is configured between R1 and R2. To insure a loop free topology we will not disable synchronization on any router. Ensure the loopback address on R1 and R2 are reachable via R3 and R4. The GNS3 topology has been included with all IP address and loopback preconfigured. The solution configuration is also included but don't cheat yourself complete the lab on your own before viewing the solution.
Learning Objectives:
- Learn to configure IBGP.
- Learn to configure EBGP.
- Learn to configure BGP Neighbors.
- Learn to advertise networks using BGP.
- Learn to prevent loops in BGP.
- Learn to configure the weight command.
Download this lab now:
IBGP-EBGP (106.8 KiB, 3,006 hits)


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Environmental group recruits "air guards" to force local governments to improve air quality
Environmental organization Milieudefensie is recruiting "air guards" in the seven large cities in the Netherlands - Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Den Bosch, Eindhoven and Arnhem. These air guards' job will be to make sure their municipalities take steps to improve air quality in their region, the Volkskrant reports.
In September Milieudefensie won a lawsuit against the Dutch State in which the court ordered the government to come up with a quality plan to improve the air quality in the Netherlands so that it complies to European regulations. Another lawsuit the environmental group filed for the same reason, is starting on November 12th, according to the newspaper. Milieudefensie wants its air guards to make sure that their local governments don't just wait around for the national government to take steps, but start working on better air quality in their regions themselves.
Last week the RIVM revealed that especially on busy streets in major cities, the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide still "stubbornly" exceed European standards. Which is why Milieudefensie wants to deploy air guards in the seven biggest cities of the country.
The environmental group already has a number of volunteers who will act as air guards. "It's absurd, but apparently we need to safeguard our own health", one such volunteer, 66-year-old Ipe van der Deen from Arnhem, said to the Volkskrant. Van der Deen would like more space for cyclists in the city center. "I'm going to ask my alderman whether there can be more fast bike paths like between Arnhem and Nijmegen.
Mark Aptroot from Utrecht is another volunteer. "The judge ruled in September that the state is doing too little for clean air", he said to the newspaper. "It can not be allowed that the government just let things go on as usual after a lawsuit. That's why we will look if we regionally see real action." Aptroot will also like to see more space for cyclists. "I want the environmental zone in Utrecht to not only apply to the city center but also to the neighborhoods around it."


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After triggering controversy over "Azaan", Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader and former Karnataka minister KS Eshwarappa on Monday gave a justification for his statement saying that due to loudspeaker students are unable to study properly.
The BJP leader said exams are going on in Karnataka right now and students and parents are complaining due to 'Azaan', adding that because of the loudspeakers students are unable to study properly.
"Exams are going on in Karnataka right now, and students and parents are complaining that due to Azaan and loudspeakers, students are unable to study properly. This is not a good thing," said Mr Eshwarappa.
He further said that many people have called him personally and complained about the Azaan and loudspeaker.
"During my function, Azaan was playing in the background from a mosque nearby. It was very disturbing. That is why I am saying playing Azaan on the loudspeaker is not good. We respect all religions but how is troubling students, patients and others respect? I request them to stop the Azaan or lower the volume of the loudspeaker. This is my demand," he added.
The BJP leader sparked a fresh row in the 'Azaan' debate that knocked on the High Court's door last year.
Mr Eshwarappa was addressing a public gathering when Azaan was playing in the background coming from a mosque nearby.
He made a controversial remark on Azaan and asked if "Allah is deaf" that loudspeakers are required to call him.
"This (azaan) is a headache for me, wherever I go I have the same problem. Does Allah hear prayers only if one screams on a microphone? Is Allah deaf? I have no doubt there will be an end to this soon as there is a Supreme Court judgement. PM Modi has asked us to respect all religions, but I must ask can Allah hear only if you scream on a microphone? This issue must be resolved soon." he said.
He went on, "Even we Hindus pray in temples, recite shlokas and sing bhajans, we have more faith than them and it is Bharat Mata who protects religions, but if you say that Allah listens only if you pray with a microphone I must question if he's deaf. It is not needed, this issue must be resolved".
There is has been an intense debate over 'Azaan', with a section arguing that the use of loudspeakers may be disturbing to people of other religions.
In April last year, some right-wing activists in Karnataka demanded the shutting down of loudspeakers, which they said violated noise pollution rules. In this regard, they also met commissioners and other police officers across the state.
Following this, mosques in Karnataka were issued notices from Bengaluru Police to use their loudspeakers within the permissible decibel levels. Bengaluru Police issued notices to 301 mosques, temples, churches, and other establishments to use their loudspeakers within the permissible decibel levels.
The row over the Azaan reared in Karnataka after flaring up in neighboring Maharashtra where Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) leader Raj Thackeray demanded the removal of loudspeakers from mosques and warned of "putting loudspeakers in front of mosques and playing Hanuman Chalisa".
Last year, Karnataka witnessed protests over the hijab, while some right-wing groups have also raised an objection over 'halal' meat.
In January this year, the Haridwar district administration fined seven mosques for causing noise pollution.
The Allahabad High Court in May last year ruled that delivering the Azaan on loudspeakers is not a fundamental right. The court further said that although Azaan is an integral part of Islam, it stated that delivering it through loudspeakers is not a part of the religion.
The court made this remark while dismissing a petition filed by one Irfan of Budaun, who sought permission to play Azaan using loudspeakers in the Noori Masjid.
Ruling on the petition, a two-judge bench of the Allahabad High Court noted that there have been previous instances where courts have ruled that the call for prayer on a loudspeaker is not a fundamental right.
The Supreme Court banned the use of loudspeakers and music systems in public places between 10 pm and 6 am (except in cases of public emergencies) in July 2005, citing the serious effects of noise pollution on the health of those who live in such areas.
Azaan is the Islamic call to prayers which is given five times at prescribed times of the day. A muezzin is a person who proclaims the call to the daily prayer five times a day at a mosque.
(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by String Reveals staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)
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Oscars 2023: The Live Naatu Naatu Performance – We Dare You Not To Dance


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Nuclear Energy, the only reliable and programmable energy source with no or limited green-house-gas emissions (like renewables), is going to be recognised as an important asset to fight climate change, into the European "Green Taxonomy" document.
A period of re-consideration about nuclear role and its contribution is on launch pad.
CIRTEN will play a role, at national and EU level, offering expertise, knowledge and enthusiasm to the global community.


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Though Mike Morini describes his time in the NFL as a "short cup of coffee," he credits the lessons learned during his college and post-graduation sports career as foundational to his leadership style today.
After graduating from Colgate University, he became a Buffalo Bills free agent in the NFL, and later a third-round draft choice of the New Jersey Generals in the now-defunct United States Football League. He transitioned to the corporate world by taking a job at IBM and quickly became a top salesperson. Now, roughly 30 years into his career, he serves as CEO of the HR tech company Workforce Software, which has over 600 employees worldwide.
All throughout, Morini tells CNBC Make It, his success at work has been due to a strong sense of preparation and teamwork.
"In football," he says, "it's a team sport with 11 people on the field. If just 10 out of those 11 people execute flawlessly while one doesn't, the whole team will fail."
As he rose through the ranks and became part of the hiring process, Morini says he wanted to find a way to gauge a candidate's approach to preparation, performance and how they characterize a job well done.
That's how Morini formed his favorite interview question: Do you hate losing more than you love winning, or do you love winning more than you hate losing?
Money Report
Why he asks it
Morini says his main goals in asking this question are twofold: First, he wants to gauge how well the candidate thinks on their feet.
Second, the CEO wants to get a sense of how the candidate is motivated: Do they get fired up to do well so they can land a big project, or because they really don't want to lose the opportunity to a competitor?
"There's no right or wrong answer," Morini admits, adding that he's heard hundreds of good responses over the years. "But there's a subtle difference and gives you insight into how they're wired."
For example, he's found that a lot of his marketing hires tend to enjoy the praise of a solid advertising campaign more than the disappointment of one that falls flat. Meanwhile, Morini says other salespeople like himself tend to hate losing a bid to another person more than they find joy in landing their own.
Others might share a time they felt the sting of a loss particularly hard, how they used that to reflect on what could have gone better, and how they harnessed that feeling to win in the future — something Morini finds valuable in an employee.
Personally, Morini says his answer is that he hates losing more than he loves winning. "As an athlete, you prepare to win," he says. "When you don't [win] and you lose, it's a bigger disappointment."
Similarly, Morini believes there's more to be learned from losses than from wins. While he adds that a big part of his company's culture is to celebrate successes, as a leader he makes a big effort to take a closer look at past failures and missteps in order to find ways to improve.
"When we don't win a group project, we always ask for feedback," Morini says. "It's a continuous process to stay ahead of the game."
"If we've executed the process well and still lose, we need to understand what's missing," he continues. "Our culture is 'we want to know where we messed up' — we don't want to brush it under the rug.'"
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United Airlines Expands Flights to Key West
Escape to Key West!
United Airlines is also launching new, nonstop service five times weekly between Washington Dulles International Airport and Key West, beginning November 6. These flights will operate every day of the week except Tuesdays and Wednesdays.
- Chicago O'Hare to Key West, FL
- Newark, NJ to Key West, FL
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- Washington D.C. (Dulles) to Key West, FL (nonstop service five times a week)
- increased daily flights from Washington DC Dulles to Key West, FL
United Airlines announced it would resume daily nonstop flights to Key West from Chicago (O'Hare) and Newark, NJ (Liberty) airports starting on October 1, 2020.
United Airlines Expands Flights to Key West – https://t.co/bDo9XEnKxQ #keywest #chicago #dc pic.twitter.com/ePPyjbVHpW
— Open Key West (@openKeyWest) September 17, 2020
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Welcome to #KeyWest! Friday afternoon, arriving passengers received hats and swag as they disembark one of United's newest flights, nonstop service between Washington Dulles International Airport and Key West. Flights are to operate Mondays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays, excluding Tuesdays and Wednesdays. 📸 Rob O'Neal