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Bits 'n Bobs Author Blog
Medieval Monday
Fall 2020
final week
Welcome back! It's both fun and a little sad to reach the end of each snippet set. But we'll set up the next set soon!
I've had a great time sharing the start of Phillipe's and Balgair's friendship, and hope you've enjoyed their accidental meeting in lovely Malagar, Spain. Balgair will become quite important in Phillipe's search for the family he once fostered with, and in watching Phillipe's back when pirates and other travails arise.
Here's the link to the other authors' posts. You certainly don't want to miss them! https://www.facebook.com/groups/1401384450126130/
Here's the final snippet from their meeting.
11/30/2020 11 Comments
Medieval Monday -- week #11
Medieval Monday
week #11
Week 11 is now upon us, which means the end is in sight. Don't forget to check out the other authors' snippets as they post here: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1401384450126130/ You'll find adventure and romance await on every page!
Speaking of adventure, Phillipe and Balgair have set things to right at the inn (or at least, have left funds to see repairs made). Phillipe has previously earned scars in battle. What's one more?
11/23/2020 10 Comments
Medieval Monday, Fall 2020 - week #10
Medieval Monday
week #10
Welcome back to Medieval Monday where Phillipe and Balgair have let off more than a little steam. Be sure and check out the continuing snippets from the other Medieval Monday authors here: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1401384450126130/
The adventure continues . . ..
7/13/2020 10 Comments
Medieval Monday with Cathy MacRae
Medieval Monday
week #11
This is the final snippet for this round of Medieval Monday. Thanks for joining us! I hope you've enjoyed reading our nature themed bits.
Medieval life was intimately linked with nature. I didn't have to look far to find a source for this season's snippets.
"Narfi isnae his real name," the elder girl stated. "Narfi means skinny."
Maggie tilted her head thoughtfully. "Then I suppose it suits him. But I see him as wiry and agile. He's been a grand help to me."
Narfi's cheeks flushed. "Can I feed him this time?" Excitement lit the lad's eyes.
"Nae. Colyn is my bird, and only I can feed him. But ye may watch and learn, and mayhap one day a falcon will come to ye and ye will know how to care for it."
Narfi accepted Maggie's decision with a reluctant sigh. "I can get more mice."
"'Twill soon be time to teach him to hunt, and yer help in the meantime is greatly appreciated. But we dinnae wish to keep yer ma and the others waiting."
Chattering excitedly, the girls grabbed Maggie's hands and pulled her after them. Maggie cast a helpless look at Phillipe.
"May we speak later?"
A thoughtful look crossed his face and he smiled. "Of course, m'lady. I am ever at your service."
Medieval Monday
week #10
This round of Medieval Monday snippets is winding down, but I'm lucky enough to have Jenna Jaxon on my blog today with Time Enough to Love.
I'm over on her blog with a snippet from The Prince's Highland Bride here: http://jennajaxon.wordpress.com
Time Enough to Love
When Lady Alyse de Courcy is betrothed to Sir Geoffrey Longford, she has no choice but to make the best of a bad bargain. The hulking knight is far from her ideal man, and although he does possess some wit and charm, he is no match for the sinfully sensual man she secretly admires, Thomas, Earl of Braeton, her betrothed's best friend.
From the first, Sir Geoffrey finds himself smitten by Lady Alyse, and, despite her infatuation with his friend, vows to win her love. When Geoffrey puts his mind to wooing Alyse, he is delighted to find her succumbing to his seduction. But when cruel circumstances separate them, Geoffrey must watch helplessly as Thomas steps in to protect Alyse—and falls in love with her himself.
As the three courtiers accompany Princess Joanna to her wedding in Spain, they run headlong into the Black Plague. With her world plunged into chaos, Alyse struggles with her feelings for both the men she loves. But which love will survive?
June 2021
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Leptospirosis is a public health problem worldwide and its etiology remains unclear. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interaction between host and infecting microorganism. The inflammatory reaction that controls the infection process also underscores many pathophysiological events occurring in leptospirosis. We investigated the presence of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in renal tissues by immunohistochemical and histopathological examination in animals experimentally inoculated with Leptospira serovar Canicola. All the tests were carried out 2, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days after inoculation. Although TNF-α and IL-6 had been detected in tissues throughout the observation period, these cytokines appeared more intensely during the initial phase of infection. Therefore, both TNF-α and IL-6 were associated with the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis. This profile suggests a high immunocellular response throughout the early infection stages followed by subsequent humoral response.
leptospirosis; immunohistochemistry; IL-6; TNF-α; mice
TNF-α and IL-6 immunohistochemistry in rat renal tissue experimentaly infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola
Marinho MI; Monteiro CMRI; Peiró JRII; Machado GFII; Oliveira-Júnior ISIII
IDepartment of Animal Health and Production, Dentistry School, FOA, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
II Department of Clinics, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Dentistry School, FOA, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
IIIInflammatory Mediators Laboratory, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
Correspondence to Correspondence to: Márcia Marinho Universidade Estadual Paulista Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793 CEP 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil Phone: +55 18 3636 1382. Fax 55 18 2633-6487 Email: email@example.com.
Leptospirosis is a public health problem worldwide and its etiology remains unclear. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interaction between host and infecting microorganism. The inflammatory reaction that controls the infection process also underscores many pathophysiological events occurring in leptospirosis. We investigated the presence of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in renal tissues by immunohistochemical and histopathological examination in animals experimentally inoculated with Leptospira serovar Canicola. All the tests were carried out 2, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days after inoculation. Although TNF-α and IL-6 had been detected in tissues throughout the observation period, these cytokines appeared more intensely during the initial phase of infection. Therefore, both TNF-α and IL-6 were associated with the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis. This profile suggests a high immunocellular response throughout the early infection stages followed by subsequent humoral response.
Key Words: leptospirosis, immunohistochemistry, IL-6, TNF-α, mice.
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, which are common in the tropics and in developing countries (1). Rodents, particularly rats, are the most frequent worldwide disseminators of this disease. Leptospira can enter the human body through skin wounds, including very small scratches, as well as through intact mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes (7). Immune response to leptospirosis is mainly humorally mediated and involves opsonization of leptospires by macrophages and neutrophils (10). TNF-α has been detected in the peripheral blood of patients with leptospirosis (5). Tajiki and Salomão (15) found that TNF-α was associated with both disease severity and mortality in leptospirotic patients. Marinho et al. (8) studied the role of cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the immunopathology of leptospirosis in genetically selected Balb/c mice, measured by high or low antibody production. An endotoxin-like substance is present in the cell walls of leptospires, which could induce cytokine synthesis and contribute to their pathogenicity, as well as to hemodynamic disturbance (15, 17). The present study aimed to detect TNF-α and IL-6 production in renal tissues by immunohistochemical staining and evaluate whether these cytokines would be associated with the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis.
This study was approved by the local Animal Care and Use Committee of São Paulo State University.
Thirty Balb/c mice male and female, aged between 4 and 8 weeks were randomly divided into six equal groups of five mice each. Animals were infected with 103 viable Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola kindly provided by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ). Leptospires were previously cultured in Fletcher medium for seven days (18).
Mice from each group were sacrificed on days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 post-inoculation (PI). After sedation with Thiopentax® (Cristália, Brazil), 30 to 100 mg/kg body weight, the thoracic cavity was opened and the left ventricle was punctured. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution (at 4º C) was then slowly injected until organs were clearly pale. Immediately thereafter, the kidneys were removed and rapidly sectioned transversely, placed in cryoprotective solution, frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at 80º C until required for final processing in a freezing microtome.
Viscera from healthy and infected mice were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Serial 5-µm-thick sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE).
Tissue was sliced (6 to 10 mm) at the cryostat temperature of around 18 to 20º C. Sections were air dried at room temperature for at least 30 minutes, and then immersion-fixed in acetone for 1 to 2 minutes at room temperature. Subsequently, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked for 10 minutes with 1% H2O2 diluted in PBS. Slides were then washed with PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and background staining was blocked with powdered skim milk (3% in phosphate buffered saline). Sections were incubated overnight at 4º C with anti-TNF-α or anti-IL-6 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and then were washed three times for 5 minutes each in PBS plus 1% BSA and incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes with biotinylated antibody. After being washed three times, in PBS plus 1% BSA, for 5 minutes each, sections were incubated with AB complex (Vector Laboratories, USA) for 45 minutes. Sections were washed again and the reaction was revealed by DAB (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and finally counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. The control slide was not incubated with the primary antibody. Tissue sections from at least one mouse of each group were processed at the same time. Photomicrographs were taken with a BX50® microscope (Olympus America Inc., USA) equipped with an automatic camera system.
Histological alterations in renal and hepatic sections of Balb/c mice were highly similar throughout the observation period, except for different injury degrees and compromised tissue area. On the second day after infection, the epithelial cells surrounding Bowman's capsule were enlarged and a mild mononuclear cell infiltrate was detected in the hilar region. Proliferation of endothelial cells with apparent nucleus in the glomerulus was also evident. By seven days after inoculation, a marked tubular degeneration had occurred in the medullary region, with a moderate proliferation of epithelial cells from Bowman's capsule accompanied by a mild infiltrate in the hilar region. On the 14th and 21st days after infection, histological lesions had become more intensified, showing extensive and pronounced hydropic degenerative changes in medullar and tubular kidney areas. Intense multiplication and hypertrophy of epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule as well as glomerular hypercellularity were also found. Twenty days after inoculation, microscopic renal lesions were similar to those described above; however, these degenerative areas were distributed throughout renal parenchyma and were more intense in the medullar area. Interstitial nephritis is the basic lesion of leptospirosis and is observed even in patients without clinical renal manifestations. Nevertheless, 21 days after inoculation, lesion patterns in mice kidneys involved proliferative glomerulonephritis without significant interstitial inflammation.
TNF-α was detected from the initial phase of infection until the 14th day post-inoculation. However, IL-6 was present until day 28 in the present study. Glomerular-positive staining for IL-6 (A) and TNF-α (C) in kidney sections of mice inoculated with Leptospira interrogans is shown in Figure 1. We noticed the strongest positive staining for both cytokines on day 7 post-inoculation compared with other observation days. However, on the 7th day, the tubular epithelial cells and intersticial tissue showed a faint positive staining for IL-6 and TNF-α.
As in classical bacterial sepsis of different etiology, plasma cytokine levels are elevated in severe leptospirosis (4). During the acute phase, TNF-α levels are associated with the severity of the disease (5, 15). TNF-α is produced mainly by monocyte macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other agents. After LPS injection, TNF-α is produced in blood, reaches a peak within 60 to 90 minutes after inoculation and disappears in subsequent hours (13). In another study, Marinho et al. (9) found that TNF-α was detected during the first days of infection (from 7th to 21st). TNF-α could be detected in the first 6 hours of incubation, and its levels gradually decreased in the following 24 to 72 hours. On the contrary, IL-10 was detectable at low levels 6 hours after infection and progressively increased in the next 24 to 72 hours (4). This sequence of events observed in vitro resembles cytokine patterns observed in patients with sepsis (2, 16).
In the present study, TNF-α production was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry from the 4th to the 14th day of infection. Although this process is not directly related to the host protection, these facts can be better understood from ascertaining the profile of leptospirosis infection, which is characterized as a biphasic illness: the first phase, septicemic or leptospiremic, usually lasts 4 to 7 days; and the second is an immune stage characterized by the appearance of circulating immunoglobulin M antibodies (6). The presence of a toxin, or a toxic factor, in leptospirosis has been suspected for decades, but has never been confirmed. Marinho et al. (8, 9) suggested that cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, may play a dubious role in the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis. Recently, Nally et al. (11) demonstrated the presence of IgM, IgG and IgA and C3 along the alveolar basement membrane, thus suggesting that an autoimmune process constitutes the etiology of fatal hemorrhagic complications due to leptospirosis. A strong immunostaining of both IL-6 and TNF-α was observed in addition to glomerular hypercellularity in Balb/c mice inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola. IL-6 production was enhanced by renal mesangial cells, a fact that may be associated with mesangial proliferation or interstitial tissue injury as proposed by Suzuki et al. (14). These cells had adhered to the glomerular capillary wall, between endothelial cells and the basal lamina. The histophysiological mechanism of the mesangial cells is still unknown. A possible mechanism involving these cells could be the removal of residues that remained bound to the glomerular capillary wall during filtration. IL-6 is secreted from intestinal macrophages (12) and is the main cytokine involved in the induction of acute-phase response (3). These cytokines are proteins that allow hepatic cells to communicate with other cells and tissues. Cytokine production is stimulated by cell differentiation, receptor expression and cell-mediated immunity (19). We concluded that during leptospirosis there is a high cellular immune response in the initial phase of the disease followed by subsequent humoral response. The innovative findings from this study indicate that cytokine production, such as TNF-α and IL-6, should be associated with the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis.
This study was supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) process n. 2002/10139-1.
Received: October 9, 2007
Accepted: October 30, 2007
Abstract published online: October 31, 2007
Full paper published online: August 31, 2008
Conflicts of interest: There is no conflict.
Financial source: The State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), financial aid process n. 2002/10139-1.
- 1 BHARTI AR., NALLY JE., RICALDI JN., MATTHIAS MA., DIAZ MM., LOVETT M., LOVETT PN., GILMAN RH., WILLIG MR., GOTUZZO E., VINETZ JM. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2003, 3, 757-71.
- 2 CASEY LC. Immunologic response to infection and its role in septic shock. Crit. Care Clin., 2000,16,193-214.
- 3 CZARKOWSKA-PACZEK B., BARTLOMIEJCZYK I., GABRYS T., PRZYBYLSKI J., NOWAK M., PACZEK L. Lack of relationship between interleukin-6 and CRP levels in healthy male athletes. Immunol. Lett., 2005, 1, 136-40.
- 4 DIAMENT D., BRUNIALTI MKC., ROMERO EC., KALLAS EG., SALOMÃO R. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation induced by Leptospira interrogans glycoprotein. Infect. Immunol., 2002, 70, 1677-87.
- 5 ESTAVOYER JM., RACADOT E., COVETDIC G., LEROY J., GROSPERRIN L. Tumor necrosis factor in patients with leptospirosis. Rev. Infect. Dis., 1991, 13, 1245-6.
- 6 HUNTER MD., PEREIRA HCP., TANAKA RM. Pneumonia por Leptospirose. J. Pneumol., 2002, 28, 229-32.
- 7 KOBAYASHI Y. Clinical observation and treatment of leptospirosis. J. Infect. Chemother., 2001, 7, 59-68.
- 8 MARINHO M., LANGONI H., OLIVEIRO SL., LIMA VMF., PEIRÓ JR., PERRI SH., CARREIRA R. Role of cytokines, NO, and H2O2 on the immunopathology of Leptospirosis in genetically selected mice. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis., 2005, 12, 198-212.
- 9 MARINHO M., SILVA C., LIMA VMF., PEIRÓ JR., PERRI SH. Cytokine and antibody production during murine leptospirosis. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis., 2006, 12, 595-603.
- 10 MITCHISON M., BULACH DM., VINH T., RAJAKUMAR K., FAINE S., ADLER B. Identification and caracterizacion of the dTDP-Rhamnose biosynthesis and transfer genes of the Lipopolysaccharide-related rfb locus in Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. J. Bacteriol., 1997, 179, 1262-7.
- 11 NALLY JE., CHANTRANUWAT C., WU XY., FISHBEIN MC., PEREIRA MM., SILVA JJ., BLANCO DR., LOVETT MA. Alveolar septal deposition of immunoglobulin and complement parallels pulmonary hemorrhage in a guinea pig model of severe pulmonary leptospirosis. Am. J. Pathol., 2004, 164, 1115-27.
- 12 NUNEZ A., GOMEZ-VILLAMANDOS JC., SANCHEZ-CORDON PJ., FERNANDEZ DE MARCO M., PEDRERA M., SALGUERO FJ., CARRASCO L. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines by hepatic macrophages in acute classical swine fever. J. Comp. Pathol., 2005, 133, 23-32.
- 13 SALOMÃO R., RIGATO O., PIGNATARI AC., FREUDENBERG MA.,GALANOS C. Bloodstream infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives. Infection, 1999, 27, 1-11.
- 14 SUZUKI D., MIYAZAKI M., NAKA R., KOJI T., YAGAM M., JINDE K., ENDOH M., NAMOTO Y., SAKAI H. In situ hybridization of interleukin 6 in diabetes nefropathy. Diabetes, 1995, 44, 1233-8.
- 15 TAJIKI MH., SALOMÃO R. Association of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor α with severity of diseases and mortality among patients with leptospirosis. C. Infect. Dis, 1996, 23, 1177-8.
- 16 VAN DER POLL T., VAN DEVENTER SJ. Cytokines and anticytokines in pathogenesis of sepsis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am., 1999, 13, 413-26.
- 17 VINETZ JM. Leptospires. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 1997, 10, 357-361.
- 18 YASUDA PH., HOSHINO-SHIMIZU S., YAMASHIRO-KANASHIRO EH., BRITO T. Experimental leptospirosis (L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) of guinea pig: leptospiral antigen, gamma globulin and complement C3 detection in the kidney. Exp. Pathol., 1986, 29, 35-43.
- 19 ZAJKOWSKA JM., HERMANOWSKA-SZPAKOWICZ T., PANCEWICZ SA., KONDRUSIK M., SWIERZBINSKA R., GRYGORCZUK S. Serum concentration of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon alpha-a preliminary report. Rocz. Akad. Med. Bialymst., 2002, 47, 276-86.
Correspondence to:
Publication Dates
Publication in this collection
11 Sept 2008
Date of issue
30 Oct 2007
09 Oct 2007

subset: commoncrawl


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Park Locations
Alderfer/Three Sisters
The Alderfer/ Three Sisters Park is part of Jefferson County Open Space and is a very beautiful well-covered pine forest and is home to elk, bear, fox, mountain lions and mountain bikers Besides having some excellent granite quartz blocks to play on, it has great hiking, mountain biking, and sightseeing opportunities.
From Denver Area: take the city of Morrison exit (off of C-470) and follow CO Highway 74 until the city of Evergreen. Once you reach the downtown district in Evergreen look for a stoplight at the end of the shopping strip and take a slight left onto CO Highway 73. Take CO Hwy 73 for a little less then a half-mile then take a right at another stoplight at Buffalo Park Road, take this (heading more west) onto the weird turnoff. Follow this road pass a school and you will come across the Park.
Alderfer/Three Sisters West Trailhead
5136 South Le Masters Road
Evergreen, CO 80439
Alderfer/Three Sisters East Trailhead
30357 Buffalo Park Road
Evergreen, CO 80439
Clear Creek Canyon
Clear Creek Canyon (CCC) is a beautiful recreation area full of climbing, fishing, rafting, biking and hiking. The recreational areas are part of Jefferson County Open Space and Clear Creek Canyon Open Space.
From Golden head out on 6th Ave. and exit into Golden to access from the lower canyon. Turn left on US 6 into the canyon. From Boulder, the best way to reach Clear Creek Canyon is to take CO Highway 93 (Broadway) straight south for about 25 minutes into Golden. Then take a right, heading west on US 6 into Clear Creek Canyon. Pullouts can be found along the highway, and most approaches are about 5-10 minutes. The upper canyon (Tunnels 5 and 6) can be accesses from Interstate 70 West, and exit 248. Head down Highway 40 west to Route 6 and head east to Tunnel 6 and 5.
Staunton State Park
Evergreen Wilderness Guides favorite park and a special gem close to Evergreen. Colorado's newest state park opened to the public on May 18, 2013. The park is located approximately 40 miles southwest of downtown Denver. Staunton's meadows at 8,100 feet change to vertical granite crags over 10,000 feet in elevation. Marmots roam the park and Moose, mule deer, black bear, fox and the rarely seen mountain lion are all residents of Staunton State Park. It is abundant in Rocky Mountain geology, flora, fauna and of course weather!
From Denver: Take US Highway 285 south to Shaffers Crossing, about 6 miles west of Conifer. Turn north on Elk Creek Road and follow the signs 1.5 miles to the park entrance.
There are plenty of guidebooks and information on the internet about Boulder Country rock climbing. Click here or the image on the right to view Mountain Project!
Flatirons/Boulder County
The Boulder Flatirons are the iconic rock slab formation overlooking Boulder. You can see rock climbing greats, to brand new climbers getting into the sport on any given day.
Morrison Colorado
Morrison is known for being the home of Red Rocks amphitheater, but it also known for it's beautiful rock formations. Hidden on the west outskirts of Denver it's a great location to get some daily climbing routes in.
Click here or on the picture below to view some of the routes in Morrison!


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Technology Training
New Horizons Computer Learning Centers
Phone Main:
(804) 320-4600
Phone Fax:
(804) 320-4602
Who We Are
New Horizons Computer Learning Centers provide the technology training demanded most by companies looking to hire, retain and nurture top technology talent.
Service area is Northern, Central, Capital Region, Peninsula, Outer Banks and Southern Virginia.
Who We Serve
Languages Spoken:
Service Area(s):
Chesterfield County,
Colonial Heights City,
Goochland County,
Hanover County,
Henrico County,
Hopewell City,
Isle of Wight County,
King William County,
Louisa County,
Petersburg City,
Powhatan County,
Richmond City
Payment Method(s):
Private Pay
Fee Structure:
Call for Information
When and How
Office Hours:
Currently closedMonday - Friday: 9:00 am-5:00 pm
Family :
Other Eligibility Criteria:
Adults age 18 and over
Intake Process:
Please contact the office or through the website.
Self Refer:
Provider Refer:
Intake Contact:
Scott Burdett
Intake Contact Email:
Intake Contact Telephone:
(804) 327-8680
Where Service is Provided:
On Site
Accessible to Public Transportation :
Provides Transportation to/from Service:
Accessibility Entrance Traits:
Designated accessible parking close by
Easy-to-grasp handle
Lightweight Door
Minimum 32" wide opening
No abrupt level changes (over 1/4" from parking/drop off area)
Public Facility Traits:
All public services available on ground floor
Elevator(s) available for non-ground services
Hallways free of obstruction and minimum 36" wide
Restroom door minimum 32" wide opening
Toilet seat 17 to 19" above floor
Restroom stall(s) large enough for wheelchair turnaround (51")
Grab bars provided in restroom stall(s)


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About 417 Flooring Designs
417 Flooring Designs has been delivering premium quality flooring services to Springfield, Missouri for over two years with 24 years of experience. Founder David Duncan has made it his priority to maintain good relationships with his clients so that they are always 100% satisfied when the job is done. We provide flooring, carpentry, and painting for commercial and residential buildings. Starting a new home project can be draining. David and his team of contractors are here to simplify your life and give you everything you envisioned for your home. Get started and call today for all your flooring, carpentry, and painting needs!


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June 11, 2012
Hello all my LIBERTY LOVING friends,
For those who missed it, last couple of weeks I took a 6,000 mile trip in Freedom Van (in it's spring/summer butterflies).
Updates are here:
Also, below there are LOTS OF GREAT PHOTOS, and a pretty cute story about me:
Freedom Van at Madison, WI Statehouse, the day before Scott Walker 'recall' election (I hung around the next day too, till about 10:30PM - what a SHIN DIG that was!)
Althouse: Twas the night before Scott Walker Recall Day, at the Capitol Square.
Tomorrow am, I will be leaving again with Freedom Van, heading for Kingwood, West Virginia on my latest
quest to defend my first amendment rights. Yes, after SIX AND A HALF YEARS of driving Liberty Van across
West Virginia in Liberty Van (often as not at NIGHT, with LIGHTS - RED, WHITE & BLUE BLAZING), a cop
had nothing better to do than harass me because of the white lights (with green St. Patrick's Day shamrocks)
I had on Freedom Van. This happened the weekend after St. Patrick's Day, when I was on my way home from
the shin dig at the Supreme Court (HANDS OFF MY HEALTH CARE) in Washington DC.
I actually drive through
WV more than almost any other state, as it's on my way to both my grandkids in VT, as well as DC, and other
destinations. Court is at 3:00PM on Wed, 6/13, the day before FLAG DAY, so I will have little flags to hand out.
I'm also working on some ANTI smoking BAN t-shirts to share.
Also, tomorrow is this:
National Lemonade Stand and Bake Sale Hug-A-Thon Day!
Kentucky We Surround Them & 9/12 Project
Wednesday, June 13, 2012
100 Your Hometown
Hometown, KY (this is a NATIONWIDE EVENT)
Since I will be ON THE ROAD (Actually AT COURT that day), and have little time, I paid my daughter to
make me a whole bunch of cookies. This is how 'free enterprise' SPREADS THE WEALTH'. She's a
real expert, taught by me, and I was taught by my mom & grandma. This is the label I made for the
baggies (with 5 cookies each). I have about 80 bags of them.
Here's the poster I made,
Since we now have various levels of government shutting down KID'S
and also the FEDS
trying to shut down BAKE
SALES, it behooves
AGAINST THIS! I will be taking my 'bake sale' on the ROAD.
I hope as many of you as possible will participate.
For the record, I average about 1-2 trips to court per year (and I ALWAYS GO), and in a grand total of 6.5 years,
for WELL OVER
350,000 miles (total of both vans), I have so far lost only 3 - that would be an average of less than
ONE per
100,000 miles. At one of those (in WY), the judge LAUGHED and suspended the fine. So, I will CONTINUE to
ALWAYS go to court - and even get a jury trial if possible. Win OR lose, I get to park (almost always) RIGHT
in front of the door of the courthouse, hand out lots of flyers (and sometimes t-shirts and/or flags), and maybe
get on TV or in the newspaper again. Also, the couple of small fines I've paid can not possibly have made up
for the costs of subpoena of the officer(s) involved, and etc. Also, EVERYTHING ON BOTH of my vans IS
LEGAL IN MY STATE OF RESIDENCE (also in most other states). It is curious to me how my out of state
DRIVER'S LICENSE IS ACCEPTABLE, but my out of state equipment is NOT??? And, it always IRKS me
as a TAXPAYER to see law enforcement with no higher priority than harassing a grandma with some
CHRISTMAS LIGHTS on her award winning ART CAR. I always pray no one gets KILLED by a drunk
driver or speeder while they are wasting their time with me.
As a result of their harassment, I have about
TWICE AS MANY lights on BOTH vans now as I used to have. BOTH are covered with white as well as
their colored lights, and I have now put them on a bus bar, so I can unplug the color(s) that are objected
to in some of the states. I REFUSE to ride with NO lights, though, as BOTH vehicles are covered with
CONSTITUTIONALLY PROTECTED RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL SPEECH, and at night the signs are
not visible without lights. Therefore, I consider shutting off all my lights to be a violation of my
Lynda Farley
Hosanna Afghan Hounds ~
Dynamite Specialty Products
~ Home of the highest quality vitamin and mineral supplements for all living beings.


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Our Holiday Event Picks
Guide to the Holidays in Saint Paul
Looking for some fresh winter holiday traditions to brighten up the season? Saint Paul is ready to help you celebrate.
Whether you're looking for holiday events, where to shop for the perfect gift, a night out at the theatre, Christmas concerts, the best light displays, or take-home holiday meals, we've got a full list of ways to make the season bright.
Revel in the magic of the season at a holiday event
Night Trains
Saturdays through Feb 26 (plus bonus dates around Christmas/New Year's) | Twin City Model Railroad Museum
For more than 80 years, the Twin City Model Railroad Museum has created to-scale displays of trains and depots. The annual Night Trains events illuminate these tracks at this great family outing. Tickets must be purchased in advance.
Rice Park powered by Xcel Energy Lighting Ceremony
Nov 12 | Rice Park
Live music, holiday photo ops and hot cocoa will lead up to the flipping of the giant switch turning downtown Rice Park into a twinkling winter wonderland, featuring a 40' fully lit, decorated tree. Presented by the Salvation Army.
GLOW Holiday Festival
Nov 23 - Jan 1 | CHS Field
Stroll through a dozen seasonal scenes featuring over a million holiday lights, sELFie Plaza, Enchanted Forest, Bright Bikes, Tremendous Tree, and so much more! Plan a stop by the GLOW Gift Shop to stock up on unique gifts from local artisans. This brilliant event is fun for the whole family.
Holidays on the Hill Tours
Nov 25 - Dec 31, Th-Sun | James J Hill House
Experience Christmas in 1910—both upstairs and downstairs—in the sumptuous Gilded Age mansion of railroad titan James J. Hill. Enjoy self-guided access to holiday-themed exhibits and a 60-minute guided tour highlighting holiday stories and memories from both the Hill family and their staff.
North Pole Express
Dec 2-4 & 8-11 | Union Depot
All aboard! The North Pole Express is chugging into Union Depot the first two weekends of December. Take a short train ride to the North Pole, meet Santa and his elves and enjoy meeting some entertaining characters along the way! Tickets must be reserved in advance.
Holiday Tree Lighting
Dec 3 | Union Depot
This year marks the 10th anniversary of the 2012 Union Depot building restoration and the tree lighting includes a special celebration. The evening includes the unveiling of the St. Paul Winter Carnival 2023 button followed by live entertainment from The Mistletones and the Tree Lighting Ceremony. Finish the evening with the classic holiday movie, Elf. The tree will be lit through the remainder of December on the North Plaza, the perfect backdrop for family holiday photos!
Holiday Flower Show
Dec 3 - Jan 8 | Majorie McNeely Conservatory
The Holiday Flower Show tradition began in 1925 and continues to be the most anticipated and visited flower attraction at the Conservatory. Elegant white poinsettias accented with plants will fill the Sunken Garden with warmth and light.
Christmas in Germany
Dec 3 - 4 | Germanic-American Institute
Experience German holiday traditions during his two-day event featuring authentic food and drink, local vendors and fun activities for all ages. An outdoor food market will have beer, hot mulled wine, bratwurst and German cake.
Santa's Workshop
Dec 11 | Landmark Center
Get a free photo with Santa, and stay for games, gift making for loved ones, JB Eckert reading classic children's Christmas stories and a festive holiday setting at Landmark Center.
Do Your Holiday Shopping at One of These Markets
Holiday Market at Keg & Case
Nov 19 - Dec 23, Wed through Sun | Keg & Case Market
Indoor holiday market with carolers, Sundays with Santa and local artisan pop-ups. Held the first 3 weekends of December.
European Christmas Market
Nov 25 - Dec 18, Weekends | Union Depot
This European-inspired, open-aired market and magical Christmas Village at Union Depot is the most authentic Christmas Market in Minnesota. Shop for handmade European crafts or unique gifts from local vendors, drink Glühwein (spiced mulled wine), and taste European-inspired delicacies during four weekends in November and December.
Holiday Market
Nov 25 - 27 | Schmidt Artist Lofts
Over 40 artists/artisans will be selling inspired hand-crafted gifts for everyone on your list. Good cheer and a healthy dose of holiday spirit will rule the weekend.
Winter Gift Market
Nov 27, Dec 4, 11 & 18 | Saint Paul Brewing
Every Sunday between Thanksgiving and Christmas, Saint Paul Brewing hosts a rotating group of local artists, makers, and vintage collectors for a unique shopping experience in a fun setting. Find new goodies and gifts each week - no repeat vendors.
11 Wells Holiday Market
Dec 3, 10 & 17 | 11 Wells Spirits
Every Saturday morning in December leading up to Christmas, 11 Wells is hosting a holiday market. Stop by to get some holiday shopping done and enjoy delicious cocktails while you do.
Landmark Center Old Fashioned Holiday Bazaar
Dec 1 - 3 | Landmark Center
In its 44th year, this holiday tradition is your go-to for finding unique and handcrafted gift items by the area's finest artists. Festive music and delicious treats add to the enjoyment of holiday shopping.
December Holiday Bazaar at The Black Market
Dec 10 | The Case Building
The Black Market invites you to start, or finish, your holiday shopping buying from local, black-owned businesses in the Twin Cities. Shop a multitude of vendors providing services, home goods, personal care items, books, art, gifts and more - many of which will be offering special deals and sales for the holiday season.
Holiday Bake Sale
Dec 10 | Union Depot
Take home treats from the top bakeries in the Twin Cities at the annual Holiday Bake Sale at Union Depot. Shop 30+ local bakeries and food vendors in a day filled with cookies, candy and fun! Enjoy live entertainment, meet local baking influencers and be the first 200 in line for a free gift bag!
Gather with loved ones for holiday theatre
A Servant's Christmas
Nov 19 - Dec 18 | History Theatre
A stocking stuffer filled with humor, song & dance, and a joy-filled musical! Set in December on St. Paul's Summit Avenue, follow the story of Monica, a young immigrant hired to serve as a 'Second Girl'.
Black Nativity
Nov 29 - Dec 24 | Penumbra Theatre
A beloved holiday tradition. Directed by Lou Bellamy, this homegrown Christmas show makes a triumphant return with familiar faces and new talent.
Beauty and the Beast
Nov 30 - Dec 31 | Ordway Center
Step into an enchanted world this holiday season at the beloved Broadway musical stage adaptation of the Academy Award-winning animated film, Beauty and the Beast.
It's a Wonderful Life - A Live Radio Play
Dec 1 - 23 | The Saint Paul Hotel
Reconnect with the magic of the holiday season and step back in time with this live radio play. See this classic story brought to life through a live performance as a WCCO radio drama at The Saint Paul Hotel. Don't miss your chance to experience the magic of this timeless tale with your family and friends. Tickets include dinner and the show.
Dec 9 -18, Weekends | Circus Juventas
Bring the magic of circus to your yuletide celebrations with Solstice. This Cirque du Soleil-style performance flips, tumbles, and careens through glittering woods and snow-dappled clearings on a holiday adventure to save the seasons in a spectacular holiday production.
Celtic Holiday Hooley
Dec 9 -17, Weekends | Celtic Junction
This hosted variety show is a party for all ages with Irish music, stories, sketches, step dance, caroling, and more. Expect wacky good fun with brief guest appearances from holiday characters including The Grinch, and yes, even Santa Claus! Presented by the O'Shea Irish Dancers with a world-class band.
...or a concert
The Jinkx & DeLa Holiday Show Live
Dec 6 | Fitzgerald Theater
"The queens of Christmas" (Entertainment Weekly) are delivering a fabulous spectacle, whip-smart comedy, brand new songs, and annual favorites. Join the sugary DeLa and spicy Jinkx for an evening the New York Times says is "sure to lift your spirits and make you howl with laughter."
Trashy Little Christmas Show
Dec 16-17 | Turf Club
Trailer Trash is ready to cure you of your holiday blahs with this merry mashup of holiday classics and newfangled oldies. Expect revelry as you rock, sway, and swing the night away.
Trans-Siberian Orchestra
Dec 23 | Xcel Energy Center
Multi-platinum, progressive rock group Trans-Siberian Orchestra's highly-anticipated Winter Tour with a completely updated presentation of the unforgettable, multi-generational holiday tradition, "The Ghosts of Christmas Eve".
Celebrate with a holiday meal from your favorite restaurant
Planning a holiday gathering with friends and family? Here are 10 spots with space for groups that are sure to please your family and friends.
Check out our list of Saint Paul restaurants that are ready to help you create a festive and stress-free holiday dinner with take-out options. Some restaurants may sell-out, so we recommend planning ahead and checking to confirm availability.
There's plenty of holiday cheer to share in Saint Paul—we'll let you know what's coming next on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter using the hashtag #MYSAINTPAUL.
Related Stories
Saint Paul's Best Holiday Light Displays
New Year's Eve in Saint Paul
Guide to the Saint Paul Winter Carnival
10 Things You Can Do For Free
Related Content:
Circus Juventas
1270 Montreal Ave Saint Paul, Minnesota 55116 (651) 699-8229 Highland Park Website >
The Saint Paul Hotel
350 Market St Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102 (651) 292-9292 Downtown Website > Find A Room
Twin City Model Railroad Museum
668 Transfer Road, Suite 8, Suite 8 Saint Paul, Minnesota 55114 (651) 647-9628 Como Park Website >
Twin City Model Railroad Museum668 Transfer Road, Suite 8, Suite 8
Saint Paul, Minnesota 55114
Rice Park
109 4th St. W. Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102 (651) 632-5111 Downtown Website >
Ordway Center for the Performing Arts
345 Washington Street Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102 (651) 224-4222 Downtown Website >
Ordway Center for the Performing Arts345 Washington Street
Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102
Union Depot
214 4th St E, Suite 300 Saint Paul, Minnesota 55101 (651) 202-2700 Lowertown Website >
European Christmas Market
240 E Kellogg Boulevard Saint Paul, Minnesota 55101 Saint Paul Website >
European Christmas Market240 E Kellogg Boulevard
Saint Paul, Minnesota 55101
Germanic-American Institute
301 Summit Avenue Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102 (651) 222-7027 Cathedral Hill Website >
Cathedral of Saint Paul
239 Selby Ave St. Paul, Minnesota 55102 (651) 228-1766 Cathedral Hill Website >
Minnesota Zoo
13000 Zoo Blvd Apple Valley, Minnesota 55124 (952) 431-9200 Twin Cities Metro Area Website >
Landmark Center
75 W 5th St Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102 (651) 292-3233 Downtown Website >


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This report considers the efficient design of at-grade intersections, concentrating on methods of estimating the capacity of these layouts. Major/minor priority and traffic signals or traffic circles with offside priority are the control methods most suited to high traffic demand. Included in an appendix are a detailed example of the German method for major/minor intersections, traffic signal capacity calculations based on "saturation flow" (Europe) and "load factor" (US), and a description of the latest design methods for traffic circles with offside priority (as widely used in the UK). Safety and environmental acceptability are intersection design aspects of fundamental importance.
Corporate Authors:
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development2001 L Street, NW
Washington, DC United States 20036
- Publication Date: 1974-11
Media Info
- Pagination: 119 p.
Subject/Index Terms
- TRT Terms: Benefit cost analysis; Design; Highway capacity; Intersections; Load factor; Traffic circles; Traffic control; Traffic signals
- Uncontrolled Terms: Design criteria; Intersection capacity
- Old TRIS Terms: Traffic control systems
- Subject Areas: Design; Highways; Operations and Traffic Management;
Filing Info
- Accession Number: 00084321
- Record Type: Publication
- Report/Paper Numbers: ISBN 92-64-11317-7
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: May 1 1975 12:00AM


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When I recently posted about wordwide arguments over how to teach reading ("The globalization of educational fads and fallacies", 3/2/2007), I noted with sadness that the issue has become politicized. Reading instruction has been adopted by partisans in broader culture wars, and also has become the focus of alleged influence-peddling and patronage in the context of struggles over the federal Reading First program.
A story in today's NYT (Diana Jean Schemo, "In War Over Teaching Reading, a U.S.-Local Clash") seems to endorse, at least by implication, the idea that pressuring schools to use phonics is a conspiracy on the part of educational publishers and contractors, abetted by corrupt federal bureaucrats.
In my earlier post, I quoted the invocation of this theme in an article by Stephen Metcalf in the Nation almost five years ago ("Reading Between the Lines", 1/10/2002):
...to teach phonics you need a textbook and usually a series of items--worksheets, tests, teacher's editions--that constitute an elaborate purchase for a school district and a profitable product line for a publisher.
I also quoted in response a letter by David Pesetsky:
The debate was always scientific and educational, not political: To what extent can written language be acquired naturally (the way spoken language is), and to what extent is structured teaching necessary? Representatives of one theory, whole language, asserted in the 1970s and '80s that written language can be acquired naturally. But whole language contradicted what linguistics and cognitive psychology teach us: that written language is a subtle code for spoken language; learning to read is unlike learning to speak; and explicit instruction--phonics--is essential for many.
Reading instruction one of the most important public policy issues of our time, and it's all too easily seen as a mythic struggle: tradition vs. innovation; science vs. stupidity; central vs. local; coercion vs. freedom; honesty vs. corruption. The trouble is, all sides of the debate see in themselves the positive aspects of every one of these oppositions, and cast the opponents in the corresponding negative roles.
I'm not straddling the fence on the pedagogical issues here: I strongly agree with the anti-whole-language position of K. Rayner et al., "How Psychological Science Informs the Teaching of Reading", Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2(2) 31-74, 2001 (published in a popular version as K. Rayner et al., "How Should Reading be Taught?" Scientific American, 2002). But that makes it all the more important to give serious consideration to the charges in Schemo's article.
Here's the article's core:
According to interviews with school officials and a string of federal audits and e-mail messages made public in recent months, federal officials and contractors used the program to pressure schools to adopt approaches that emphasize phonics, focusing on the mechanics of sounding out syllables, and to discard methods drawn from whole language that play down these mechanics and use cues like pictures or context to teach.
Federal officials who ran Reading First maintain that only curriculums including regular and systematic phonics lessons had the backing of "scientifically based reading research" required by the program.
But in a string of blistering reports, the Education Department's inspector general has found that federal officials may have violated prohibitions in the law against mandating, or even endorsing, specific curriculums. The reports also found that federal officials overlooked conflicts of interest among the contractors that advised states applying for grants, and that in some instances, these contractors wrote reading programs competing for the money, and stood to collect royalties if their programs were chosen.
After spending a couple of hours looking into these charges, I couldn't find a great deal of fire behind the smoke. Schemo's article highlights the case of the school system in Madison WI, which decided to pass up $2M in federal Reading First money because of difficulties in getting its preferred curriculum approved. But I couldn't figure out whether this was because the curriculum genuinely didn't meet the criteria, or because of bureaucratic bungling and obfuscation at one level or another, or (as the article implies) because the Education Department is really trying to push certain particular commercial programs for corrupt reasons.
Many people -- including me -- think that the American tradition of state and local control of curriculum is in general a good thing; and so the Reading First law contained the expected tightrope-walking provisions to respect local educational autonomy while mandating "evidence-based reading policy". If the issues with the Education Department's implementation were just somewhat heavy-handed attempts to counter decades of Whole Language political entrenchment at the state and local level, I'd be inclined to file the complaints under "turn about is fair play". But an article by Michael Grunwald in the Washington Post last October ("Billions for an Inside Game on Reading", 10/1/2006) made the problem seem more like conventional graft and patronage, decoupled from support for any particular pedagogical approach:
But it wasn't just about phonics.
Success for All is the phonics program with the strongest record of scientifically proved results, backed by 31 studies rated "conclusive" by the American Institutes for Research. And it has been shut out of Reading First. The nonprofit Success for All Foundation has shed 60 percent of its staff since Reading First began; the program had been growing rapidly, but now 300 schools have dropped it. Betsy Ammons, a principal in North Carolina, watched Success for All improve reading scores at her school, but state officials made her switch to traditional textbooks to qualify for the new grants.
"You can't afford to turn down the federal money," Ammons said. "But why should we have to give up on something that works?"
The Success for All website asserts that their program "meets and exceeds all of the requirements for Reading First", and offers a set of "resource documents that may help you in writing your Reading First grant", along with a promise of "assistance with writing grants for Reading First or other federal grants". I don't know why SFA was "shut out of Reading First", or whether this has continued. More important, I couldn't tell whether the broader implications of Grunwald's article were the result of valid whistle-blowing, or just intellectual politics presented as anti-corruption activism.
No matter which educational theories are implemented, grade-school textbooks are big business. Although in principle local school districts usually make the choice, there are complex constraints and influences at every level, especially in the form of state-government mandates -- that's what the infamous Kansas evolution-teaching fuss was about. In the U.S., the national government plays an unusually small role in such matters, and the Education Department's Office of the Inspector General (ED-OIG) is assiduous in guarding the boundaries of its influence. That seems to be mainly what's behind what Schemo called "a string of blistering reports" from ED-OIG about the implementation of Reading First.
ED-OIG reports and resources are available here. Looking through them, I'm not sure that "blistering" is the word I would have chosen. For example, "The Department's Administration of Selected Aspects of the Reading First Program", ED-OIG/A03G006, February 2007, says that
As part of the U.S. Department of Education's (Department) efforts to equip states with the information and resources needed to implement the Reading First provision of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB Act), the Department and the National Institute for Literacy (NIFL) sponsored three major reading academies, the Secretary's Reading Leadership Academies (RLAs). The RLAs were held in Washington, D.C., in January and February 2002, and hosted policymakers and key education leaders from every state and territory in the nation. The academies were designed to help state leaders gear up for the implementation of Reading First, the Department's program to improve the quality of reading instruction in kindergarten through third grade. The Department also provided support to states and districts in their Reading First program implementation by funding the National Center for Reading First Technical Assistance (NCRFTA) contract.
The objective of our audit was to determine whether the Department carried out its role in accordance with applicable laws and regulations in administering the RLAs and related meetings and conferences, the NCRFTA contract award process, and its website and guidance for the Reading First program.
Our audit disclosed that the Department generally administered its Reading First website, and its Guidance for the Reading First Program, dated April 2002, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. With regard to the RLAs, we concluded that the Department did not have controls in place to ensure compliance with the Department of Education Organization Act (DEOA) and NCLB Act curriculum provisions. Specifically, we found that: 1) the "Theory to Practice" sessions at the RLAs focused on a select number of reading programs; and 2) the RLA Handbook and Guidebook appeared to promote the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) Assessment Test. With regard to RMC Research Corporation's (RMC) technical proposal for the NCRFTA contract, we concluded that the Department did not adequately assess issues of bias and lack of objectivity when approving individuals to be technical assistance providers before and after the NCRFTA contract was awarded.
One way to translate this might be: "The Reading Leadership Academies were not vague enough".
The RMC Research Corporation's role is addressed in more detail in "RMC Research Corporation's Administration of the Reading First Program Contracts", ED-OIG/A03F0022, March 2007; but again, the report seems to me to be far from "blistering":
Our audit disclosed that RMC did not adequately address COI issues. As a result, we identified two instances in which RMC may have provided inappropriate assistance to the SEAs while providing TA during the first two contracts. We also found that RMC did not include the required COI clause in its subcontracts and consulting agreements, did not adequately vet TA providers for reading product relationships and affiliations, and did not have formal COI policies and procedures (including the subcontractors). Except as noted above, our audit disclosed that RMC generally provided appropriate guidance and information to the TACs during the third RF contract.
In addition, we found that the referral of states to the Oregon Reading First Center (ORFC) and the Florida Center for Reading Research (FCRR) reading program reviews, and the lack of TAC websites may have led to some states' perception that there was an approved list of reading programs for use in the Reading First program. We also found that consultant agreements were not obtained from all consultants and some agreements were not signed.
Again, the impression is that there were some irregularities, some of them technical and some of them substantive, but no evidence of big-time corruption.
I'll freely confess that I don't know much about the byzantine world of U.S. federal, state and local education bureaucracies, either in general or with respect to the issue of reading instruction. If you do, and have some personal experience or recommended reading to offer, tell me.
For a survey of the political history as well as the intellectual issues, I recommend G. Reid Lyon, Sally E. Shaywitz, Bennett A. Shaywitz, and Vinita Chhabra, "Evidence-Based Reading Policy in the United States: How Scientific Research Informs Instructional Practices", Brookings Papers on Education Policy, 2005.
Liz Ditz has an interesting collection of posts and links here, from the point of view of a parent.
[And Ken DeRosa at d-edreckoning makes a persuasive case for the title of his post, "Schemo gets pwned":
...the Madison school district has the audacity to claim that their reading program is actually boosting student performance.
It should have taken Diana Jean Schemo, this article's author, about half an hour on the internet to figure out that the "Madison officials" were spinning the "reading scores."
DeRosa argues that the test results show that Wisconsin state-wide reading scores remained basically unchanged, and that kids in the Madison school system slipped back slightly relative to the state as a whole.
The argument is a bit complicated, since Wisconsin changed its tests and its reporting procedures during the crucial period. But DeRosa's argument seems pretty persuasive to me. If he's right, then I'd consider a different evaluation -- was Schemo bamboozled by the Madison school authorities, or did she pick Madison, and spin the story as she did, in order to make an essentially dishonest point, suggesting that the mean old federal bureaucrats are trying to stop the dedicated local educators from continuing to use the methods that are helping their children so much? ]
[Update 3/11/2007 -- EW writes:
I've been going to school in the Madison Metropolitan School District for almost 12 years now, and I can affirm that the reading instruction is at best mediocre. My memories of early elementary school are, to say the least, a bit fuzzy; however, I was recently discussing that article with my mom, and she remembers being unsatisfied with reading instruction in schools -- she basically taught me and my brother to read herself, so in elementary school we were both reading at ridiculously high levels, but she did used to volunteer in the classrooms, and she says she was definitely told not to tell kids to sound words out when they had help reading them. And even in high school, a lot of pople don't have very high reading levels, and kind of freeze when they're reading aloud and come across an unknown word. Of course, this is all anecdotal, and I don't have a lot of examples off the top of my head. However, as has been said several times, a kid who guesses "pumpkin" for "pea" in the third grade has not recieved adequate reading instruction.
(And on a snider note, I'm surprised that Madison didn't change the policy to get the money -- they've made quite a lot of changes for the worse to get grants, and this change looks like it might actually be for the better . . . Madison, WI: We don't teach abstinence-only or phonics, but other than that, we'll bend over backwards to get your money. Although school funding in Wisconsin pretty much sucks, so it's rather excusable.)
]Posted by Mark Liberman at March 9, 2007 10:06 AM


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Sunny and Cheer
Sale price
$ 38.00
Regular price
"Classic" woven ab's
Sale price
$ 38.00
Regular price
Unit price
Known as the raddest little pants ever, these super soft + cozy pants will become their favorite thing to wear.
Created with a relaxed + roomy fit in mind. No itchy labels, and featuring a soft knit elastic waistband designed to rest comfortably on hips.
- Easy to wear + style
- Loose fitting
- Soft knit elastic waistband
- Best potty training pants! Easy for kiddos to put on themselves, and pull up/down
Fine Print:
- Please allow 3-5 business days for your order to be made & ready to ship.


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The newly enacted federal budget passed by Congress and signed by President Trump includes the full $300 million funding for the Maritime Security Program (MSP).
This will allocate $5 million during Fiscal Year 2018 for each of the 60 vessels in the MSP fleet.
Established in 1996, the MSP ensures that the Defense Department has access to a fleet of militarily useful, U.S.-crewed, U.S.-flag vessels in times of war or national emergency. Companies whose ships are enrolled in the program also make sure their infrastructure is available. In return, the federal government provides an annual stipend through the MSP. Experts have estimated it would cost the government billions of dollars to replicate what the MSP (and its related Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement) provides.
Even though Congress approved a 10-year extension of the program through Fiscal Year 2025, legislators must approve its funding annually. While the president's budget request for FY18 recommended funding MSP at $214 million, a significant cut, Congress rejected that recommendation and maintained full funding for the program. Strong bipartisan support – thanks to efforts by the SIU and other maritime unions, the Maritime Trades Department and other backers – in both the House and Senate made sure the program stayed at full strength in 2018.
In addition to the MSP, the omnibus spending bill contained $1.7 billion for the Food for Peace (PL-480) program. Under current law, 50 percent of the cargo generated for Food for Peace must be carried aboard U.S.-crewed, U.S.-flag vessels. Since its enactment in 1954, PL-480 is considered one of America's most successful foreign aid programs.


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Serum sodium may be an effective risk stratification marker for severe illness with SARS-CoV-2. These findings, from a retrospective longitudinal cohort study, were published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.
Patients (N=488) with SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized between February and May, 2020, at Whittington Hospital or University College London Hospital in the United Kingdom were assessed for clinical characteristics and outcomes of disease.
At baseline, 56.8% of patients were men aged a median 68 years (interquartile range [IQR], 56-80), 24.5% of patients had at least 3 comorbidities, and 23.9% of patients had 2 comorbidities. The most common coexisting conditions included hypertension (45.7%), diabetes (25.0%), advanced chronic kidney disease (16.4%), asthma (11.9%), and ischemic heart disease (11.3%).
Stratified by survival, the patients who died from SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to be men (P <.005), be older (P <.0001), be current or former smokers (P <.05), have advanced chronic kidney disease (P =.0016), and have active cancer (P =.0014), whereas patients who were White (P <.0001) or have chronic hyponatremia (P =.0019) were less likely to die.
Compared with survivors, individuals who died had elevated urea (median, 8.8 mmol/L; IQR, 5.7-14.8; P <.0001), creatinine (median, 104 mmol/L; IQR, 74-162; P <.0001), C-reactive protein (median, 11.7 nmol/L; IQR, 6.7-19.9; P <.0001), high sensitivity troponin-T (median, 0.028 ng/mL; IQR, 0.017-0.054; P <.0001), potassium (median, 4.3 mmol/L; IQR, 3.93-4.7; P =.0008), neutrophil count (median, 6.2 x 109/L; IQR, 3.87-9.00; P =.04), and glucose (median, 6.9 mmol/L; IQR, 5.95-9.10; P =.0045).
Patients who died also had decreased albumin (median, 36 g/L; IQR, 33-38; P <.0001), lymphocyte count (median, 0.8 x 109/L; IQR, 0.60-1.23; P =.0004), and hemoglobin (median, 123 g/L; IQR, 109-136; P =.0096) compared with survivors.
Among all patients, both sodium (P <.001) and urea (P =.01) concentrations increased over the duration of hospitalization.
In-hospital mortality was associated with increased C-reactive protein (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17; P <.001), age (aHR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07; P =.007), and hypernatremia (aHR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.16-6.40; P =.02).
The serum sodium status 2 days after hospitalization was associated with mortality; patients who had hypernatremia had a 2.34-fold increased risk of death (P <.005) than normonatremic individuals. Patients who had a hypernatremia or a history of either hypernatremia or hyponatremia were at 3.05-fold (P <.0001) and 2.25-fold (P =.0038) increased risk for mortality, respectively.
This study was limited investigators not having access to data about care received during hospitalization.
These data indicated elevated serum sodium concentration at hospital admission for COVID-19 were associated with increased risk for hospital mortality and may be a valuable marker for patients at high risk for severe illness.
Tzoulis P, Waung J A, Bagkeris E, et al. Dysnatremia is a predictor for morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;dgab107. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab107.


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Previous position breakdowns: Offensive line | Defensive line | Wide receivers | Cornerbacks | Linebacker | Running back
In the first of two position breakdowns this week, it's time to take a peek at the safeties of the Kansas City Chiefs. Everybody on this site is more than aware of the situation at safety, with Eric Berry being an all-world stud and the other men being up for debate.
Kansas City has the luxury of having a plethera of players at the position who are believed to be legitimate NFL players. The question is, who emerges from the pack to be Berry's running mate this season as the full-time starter.
Let's take an in-depth look:
The starters
Without question, Berry is the starter at strong safety and could easily be the best safety in the NFL. Nobody questions the talent or heart of a man who made the pro bowl as a rookie, tore his ACL in his second year, and then rebounded to make the pro bowl in year three.
Nobody plays the run from his position like Berry, and few can be a center fielder like him either. The Chiefs are lucky to have him. The bigger question is who plays beside him. For his entire career, Kendrick Lewis has been a starter but with Husain Abdullah, Dunta Robinson and Sanders Commings in the mix, that status is in jeopardy.
What we can count on...
Berry being in Hawaii at the end of the season. In two healthy seasons, he's been there both times so I don't see a reason to believe he won't be.
Few players in the NFL are as physically talented as Berry, but what sets him apart is his mental game.
Despite being a human hammer, Berry uses his mental capacity to his advantage instead of just relying on his body all the time. He's never out of position and always has to be accounted for. No safety in the league scares offensive coordinators like Berry. He plays in the box, in space and can cover one-on-one.
The biggest area of concern...
Kansas City appears to have good depth, but who is going to emerge from that aforementioned group of Commings, Lewis, Abdullah and Robinson.
My money would be on Lewis, since he's had the job for years. However, you can count on Lewis to be hurt or miss enough tackles to be benched for at least four games this year. I'm going to say Robinson sees the majority of his snaps at corner, leaving Abdullah and Commings to battle it out for the backup spot to Lewis.
My prediction
I believe Lewis and Berry are a tandem once again come September 8, but Lewis doesn't make it as the starter through the entire season. Abdullah will see a good amount of time and Commings will get his chances as well. In other words, it will be a revolving door.
This doesn't have to be a bad thing. This could actually keep everybody fresh and might even mean a better season out of a healthier Lewis. The Chiefs have a good situation on their hands here.
With Berry leading and a handful of capable safeties next to him, Kansas City is looking good at this position.


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It Is Graduation Time
It is that time of year when we salute all the hard work and efforts of area graduates.
No matter what grades you received or how many honors you get at graduation, we salute you graduates for a job very well done. You have a future that is bright. Now go out and be the best you can be!
I have been to many graduations and I always tear up when I hear the graduation song being sung or played. Since I am into the music, I get to hear many songs. But this time of year makes you feel happy and sad all at one time. Friends you have made the past four years will go different directions.
That is where the music comes in for me. I hear all these graduation songs being played on the radio and I think of days gone by, and some of thee people I will never see again. "Graduation Song" from Vitamin C or Green Day's "Time of Your life" help me remember the good times we all had together.


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Surveys show that 95% of all data breaches in 2016 stem from technological, retail, and government institutions. The combined losses from these would total billions of dollars. In the worst cases, smaller institutions with insufficient cyber insurance no longer recover from the damage sustained.
Despite the convenience that cloud-based systems offer, they still carry several risks. Some of the largest companies and businesses that suffered from cloud security threats include Facebook, Home Depot, Ashley Madison, Autoclerk, and Home Depot.
Autoclerk runs a hotel management database the military uses for travel planning and booking. Unfortunately, unknown attackers hacked the system in September 2019. This cyberattack exposed confidential information about the U.S. military's logistic strategies and deployment schedules.
The infamous extramarital site Ashley Madison suffered a major attack in 2015, which leaked more than 300GB worth of client information to the internet.
In April 2019, a private cyber risk management team uncovered that Facebook compromised 540 million pieces of data to a third-party application called Cultura Colectiva.
In 2013, Yahoo suffered a major data breach compromising billions of user accounts. The damage was so severe that the company had to drop its stock prices just to retain investors.
Furthermore, it took Yahoo nearly four years to tally the damage. At the height of the crisis, the company reported that the attackers only stole data from one billion users. However, in 2017, they released another report clarifying that the 2013 data breach compromised all three billion accounts on the server.
Home Depot, one of the largest home improvement retailers in the country, suffered a significant data breach in 2014. Attackers targeted their cashier point-of-sale systems. The idea was to compromise vulnerable transactions and collect any data possible.
Unfortunately, it took the company several months and 56 million lost customer credit card information before tracking down the culprits. This incident remains the company's largest data breach.
Assured Standard shares that small businesses can use free firewall services for protection against cyberattacks without going over the budget. Check out our updated guide on the best free firewall services this 2022.
Don't let your business become another cautionary tale due to cloud security weaknesses or failures. Explore our blog post about the best cloud security software for small businesses to learn how you can safeguard your valuable data and build a resilient defense against cyber threats.
Consult with skilled IT and insurance specialists to beef up your cybersecurity. You cannot wholly eliminate the risk of a data breach, but you can follow preventive measures to ensure post-crisis business continuity.
Discover the key players offering Network Privacy and Security Liability Insurance in our latest blog post. Gain insights into real-world impacts of cloud security weaknesses by exploring businesses who have suffered because of cloud security weaknesses or failures.
On the fence about how much cyber liability insurance coverage your business needs? Assured Standard can help. Check out our free guide on computing your business's cyber insurance needs.
Arthur Williamson graduated with a degree in Business and Management at the University of California, Berkeley. He is knowledgeable about what small and big businesses require to keep operations moving.


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DUBAI is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is one of the seven emirates that make up the country. Besides emerging as the global city, it has also been able to establish itself as the business hub of Middle East.
Through many innovative construction projects and sports events, Dubai has recently gained world attention.Skyscrapers and high –rise buildings has become the symbols of Dubai.
Among the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates, Dubai is one. It is rather like an independent city-state and is the most modern and progressive emirates in the UAE.
The weekends in Dubai are Friday-Saturday. Most of the shopping malls like City Centre Deira are occupied by the Shoppe's during the weekend, Friday,one day off from the work is the main reason behind this weekend crowd. People offer Jummah prayers during this weekend day, Friday, at the mosques.
One can prefer the mid-market hotels near the Creek in Deira for their stay.
Taxis for getting around are plentiful and cheap , and it's better to be near the city center and souks for eating , shopping, etc. make sure that you give the correct landmark to the drivers , as they do not know all the ways very well.
It's better to carry the maps with you , as it is convenient for you and for the driver.
Once, you should go to Dubai as it is very nice place. It is safe and clean place and it is safe for children.
The UAE is a family- oriented environment and small children are always welcomed and appreciated. Hotels have also special planning for children, such as, meals they prepare special meals for children. They provide room service especially for young children. They also provide baby-sitting facility. After having so much facility anyone can plan to go there.
They also plan for activities for children, they give discounts for the children under the age of 12.
The UAE is safe for women travellers. Women can go anywhere at anytime. Woman in the UAE are served first at Banks and post offices, police stations and other government offices.
Hotels have specially- adapted rooms and other facilities for handicapped people.
The airports and shopping malls have the facility for disabled travellers. They provide wheelchairs.
There is also special parking place designed for disabled persons.
In June 2001 Emirates airline designated a special handling area at departures and arrival for passengers with special needs. They provide personal service to wheelchair passengers.
Dubai contains well equipped public and private hospitals.
It provides vaccinations to patients as and when required.
It provides health insurance.
GSM services are available. One can buy a new mobile phone and purchase a temporary SIM card or use one's own handset with a temporary card.
DUBAI is a great place to visit.