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London Oxford Airport (EGTK) released by Pilot Plus
Pilot Plus have released their depiction of Oxford Airport (EGTK) for Flight Simulator. This airport is well known as a busy general aviation location, with plenty of business traffic as well. Notably, it's home to Oxford Aviation Academy, the largest air training school in Europe.
Pilot Plus aims to provide the most authentic experience by creating a meticulously detailed and accurate depiction of the airport. So much so that they have in fact worked very closely with the airport management to make that possible.
Here you will find a high-quality scenery that blends perfectly with the surroundings, completely up-to-date with the current 2021 layout. This is a perfect place to explore the latest MSFS World Update, dedicated to the UK. Not only do you have a nice base to set out and explore the region, but you also have a series of iconic landmarks close-by, introduced in the latest World update.
To completely round up the experience, and since this is a legendary GA airport, why not take the excellent Just Flight PA-28R Arrow III for a spin and make the most out of it?
London Oxford is now available directly from the developer's website or through Orbx Direct, for a little over £12.
Mais features:
- An ultra-realistic rendition of London Oxford
- Full PBR implementation, from buildings to airside clutter and ground
- Dynamic rain on the control tower and terminal glass
- True to life static aircraft, tower, and terminal interior
- Custom authentic ground lines, markings and asphalts
- Updated 2021 layout – Working with airport management


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The Next Generation of
Agricultural Education
Online Courses
Designed for You
Farmer Campus is proud to offer you the next generation of education designed for busy farmers, ranchers and food system change makers. Through our Online Learning Platform and Community Network, you'll share experiences, celebrate successes, and drive the conversation about agriculture strategies with likeminded individuals working for a more resilient food and farming system. We also partner with other great organizations to bring you expanded learning opportunities.
From ecological and technical education to the political and social aspects of agriculture, you'll find courses that take your agricultural world to the next level.
Learn from our network
The Top Minds at Your Table
We love collaborating on Farmer Campus' online courses because it allows us to connect to young farmers, share our knowledge, and to mentor farmers serious about transitioning to climate friendly agriculture.
It is so critical to build a network amongst small farmers to share and learn about the critical resources we all need in order to be more resilient and ways we can better manage the land.
The online course gave us the opportunity to share what we learned from our experience with other farmers who have been through the same disaster. We want to be a resource for fire prevention and recovery for our community.
What You'll Find
Participant Testimonials
It's a real blessing to get actionable, practical, science-based, experience-tested guidance. Farmers are busy people. The Farmers Build Wildfire Resilience course cuts to the chase and helps us "get 'er done" - and that helps not just us, but our communities, watersheds, and region."Amy SkezasMeridian Farm
Thanks so much for all the work and effort you have put into this course—it was quite a gift. I know it must have been an immense amount of work. With gratitude.Starhawkauthor, activist, permaculture designer and teacher
This mentor experience was the highlight of the course for us. To be put in contact with a leader in one's field of work is perhaps the most important opportunity for expanding expertise in an academic community. Since research and teaching are a critical part of our Resilience Plan, having her help in guiding our venture will have a significant impact. Thank you for this remarkable opportunity.Scott GoodeTikkun Olam Research and Teaching Farm
Completing the exercises allowed me to think about how I can be a better climate educator for farmers and young people and gave me access to high quality resources which I can now share, all of which feels very in line with my future goals. Thank you for organizing and running such an insightful course!Laney Siegner Co-Founder

subset: commoncrawl


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ISLAMABAD: Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi will embark on a two-day visit to Nepal from today (Monday).
This visit is part of Pakistan's pro-active and outreach efforts to engage with regional countries. During the visit, the Prime Minister will convey felicitations to the Nepalese leadership on the successful conclusion of its democratic process, resulting in the formation of a new government.
He will also call on the President of Nepal Bidhya Devi Bhandari. His visit will further expand and strengthen bilateral relations in different fields including trade, education, tourism, defence and people to people contacts.
Ways to reinvigorate SAARC as an important regional organization will also be discussed.
Earlier, the Ambassador of Nepal Sewa Lamsal Adhikari had called on the Prime Minister on Friday and conveyed the welcome message from the Nepalese leadership to him.


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Doomfist is finally here, after over a year of teasing. We saw his gauntlet in the museum, we escorted that gauntlet through Numbani, we listened to Reaper grouse that Doomfist had to do his own dirty work, and now he's finally here. Doomfist's even scarier in-game than we could have imagined, with a kit dedicated to relentlessly chasing down heroes and punching them in creative, innovative ways.
Doomfist is an offensive hero, and a tough one at that, who can go toe to toe with every hero on the roster. His most iconic ability will be his alternate fire, Rocket Punch, which winds up as you hold alt-fire down, goes through Reinhardt and Orisa shields, and deals extra damage if the target hits a wall.
We're also in love with his Rising Uppercut, which springs Doomfist into the air, uppercutting enemies in front of him and knocking them up along with him. Rising Uppercut is going to pair very well with Seismic Slam, as it gives him enough altitude to trigger the reticle and enable him to slam down on his foes. The dude is strong enough to launch off the screen entirely, which is commendable. He clearly doesn't skip leg day.
We also know why he's so strong, thanks to a healthy dose of lore in his announcement animation and the Developer update.
We have the details on Doomfist's kit, and how his basic abilities work, so you'll be ready to pick him up when he eventually hits live.
Doomfist fires a short-range burst from the knuckles of his fist. Its ammunition is automatically regenerated over a short time.
When Doomfist is in the air or has altitude over his enemies, Doomfist leaps forward and smashes into the ground, knocking nearby enemies toward him.
Doomfist uppercuts enemies in front of him into the air.
After charging up, Doomfist lunges forward and knocks an enemy back, dealing additional damage if they impact a wall.
Doomfist generates temporary personal shields when he deals ability damage.
Doomfist leaps into the sky, then crashes to the ground, dealing significant damage.


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Tag Archives: Florida Human Trafficking Charges
Two Men Pay Teens for Sex, Get Arrested for Human Trafficking
It is acceptable for consenting adults to engage in sexual activity. Minors, however, are not allowed to have sex with adults. When they do, and are paid for it, this is called human trafficking. Human trafficking can also involve forced labor that resembles modern-day slavery. You would think that this crime would not occur… Read More »
What is Human Trafficking?
Human trafficking is a crime under Florida and federal law. It refers to the transportation or solicitation of another person primarily for sexual purposes. A person can also be trafficked for domestic servitude for forced labor. Human trafficking can involve minors or adults. When an adult is involved, the prosecutor must prove that the… Read More »


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Gary Crotty, Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Counsel for NASCAR, celebrates a historic first as the new year gets going. It's a crossover into the affairs of global motorsports, one that leans on his years of stateside legal experience in stock-car racing's front office.
On Jan. 1, Crotty began a four-year term on the FIA (Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile) Courts as one of its 36 judges, placing him in the prestigious rotation of members who hear and rule on international motorsports disputes. He became the first NASCAR representative to hold such a post after his election by the FIA General Assembly late last year.
"That's another distinction and an honor that I'm happy to fulfill and am honored to do so, so it's a big deal," Crotty says. "And for me, having been in NASCAR for a quarter-century as a lawyer and helping NASCAR with their rules, regulations and appeals as well, it's going to be fascinating for me to see how the other side of the pond is."
Crotty applied for the post last summer after being approached by George Silbermann, President of the Automobile Competition Committee for the United States (ACCUS), the FIA's National Sporting Authority in America. He was confirmed as an FIA judge last month, and his term will run until Dec. 31, 2025.
RELATED: More about the FIA Courts
His duties include the potential to be called upon by the two independent bodies that settle disputes and appeals in global motorsports – the International Court of Appeal and the International Tribunal – to hear their cases. It's a post that will draw upon the legal experience he's gathered since joining NASCAR in 1996 as secretary and general counsel.
"Gary Crotty is an outstanding choice for this distinguished position," said Jim France, NASCAR's Chairman and CEO. "Gary has served NASCAR with passion and care for more than two decades, and has a well-deserved reputation as a strong voice for fairness and process. We thank the FIA General Assembly for recognizing Gary, and by extension, NASCAR. They have chosen the right person for this honor."
The 58-year-old Crotty has already began familiarizing himself with FIA rulebooks and regulations. Next up in February is an introductory seminar, which will involve another facet of his new role with the European organization: It begins at 3 a.m. ET. "A bit of a time difference between us and Paris," says Crotty, who is based in Daytona Beach, "so that'll be interesting."
All sounds so far like a gradual orientation process with his new position, but the potential for a quick thrust into a high-profile case loomed as his term approached. That threat ended Dec. 16 when Mercedes ultimately withdrew its plans to appeal the results of the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, where Red Bull's Max Verstappen edged Mercedes' Lewis Hamilton to claim the Formula One world championship in a controversial finish.
"That'd be a good first day on the job, huh?" Crotty said with a laugh. "Hopefully not. I was concerned about, my God, what have I gotten into? I'm hoping that I get eased into the situation and no one has something as big as recent things that have come up in the world of FIA racing. … I kind of wiped my brow that that wasn't right on our plate."
As for the other aspects of the job, Crotty says he expects the transition to be largely seamless. He's been immersed in working remotely to conduct business for nearly two years now, which should help bridge some of the distance with the European body as he balances the FIA role with his current duties at NASCAR. Crotty celebrated his 25-year work anniversary with the company last year; he's been a member of NASCAR's Board of Directors since 2006.
That quarter-century of service has been a period of growth for NASCAR, and Crotty has been at the center of the legal end of negotiations for speedway assets and acquisitions, contracts with broadcast partners, plus deals with premier and series entitlement sponsors.
"So really, it's been the gamut of experience and legal opportunity," Crotty says. "It's almost like, what haven't I seen from employment law, environmental law, broadcast, (intellectual property) licensing, sponsorships — it's everything, and I've had the privilege of being there for it. It's been a great run."


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Oct 3, 2017 - Technology
New Ford CEO presents plan for the automaker
Ford's new CEO James Hackett presented his plan for the automaker to analysts on Tuesday, which will include cost cutting, a significant shift to electric vehicles, and continued investment in self-driving car technology and transportation services.
Why it matters: Hackett's appointment was said to be a move by the company's board to help Ford catch up in the autonomous driving race, which includes rival automakers like General Motors and Tesla, along with tech companies like Alphabet, Uber, and Lyft.
The plan:
- Cut costs by $14 billion over the next five years.
- Shift toward electric cars (one-third of planned investment in gas and diesel engines will be reallocated to electric or hybrid cars).
- Reallocate $7 billion in capital from developing passenger cars to trucks and SUVs.
- Shift to connected vehicles that have an Internet connection (all new U.S. cars by 2019, 90% of new Ford cars globally by 2020).
- Continue to invest in self-driving car technology and transportation services.


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In geography, hydrography, and fluvial geomorphology, a thalweg or talweg (/ˈtɑːlvɛɡ/) is the line or curve of lowest elevation within a valley or watercourse.[1]
Under international law, a thalweg is taken to be the middle of the primary navigable channel of a waterway that defines the boundary line between entities such as states.[2][3] Thalwegs can acquire special significance because disputed river borders are often deemed to run along the river's thalweg.
Etymology Edit
The word thalweg is of 19th-century German origin. The German word Thalweg (modern spelling Talweg) is a compound noun that is built from the German elements Thal (since Duden's orthography reform of 1901 written Tal) meaning valley (cognate with dale in English), and Weg, meaning way. It literally means "valley way" and is used, with its modern spelling Talweg, in daily German to describe a path or road that follows the bottom of a valley, or in geography with the more technical meaning also adopted by English.
Hydrology Edit
In hydrological and fluvial landforms, the thalweg is a line drawn to join the lowest points along the entire length of a stream bed or valley in its downward slope, defining its deepest channel. The thalweg thus marks the natural direction (the profile) of a watercourse.
The term is also sometimes used to refer to a subterranean stream that percolates under the surface and in the same general direction as the surface stream.
Real world application Edit
Slowing stream-bed erosion by taking advantage of a thalweg helps stabilize running water sources. Placing boulders along the thalweg in a running water source helps to protect the channel's sedimentary erosion and deposit balance. In concurrence with the placement of boulders along a thalweg, the placement of boulders along an instream to form artificial sills also helps to slow the sedimentary erosion and deposit of running water sources, while keeping the esteem (fishing, local wildlife, and recreation) and natural resources[4] of the running water source intact. The placement of boulders along a thalweg and the creation of instream sills help to aid the flow of water during late summer months when the flow rate drops, and help to slow sedimentary erosion and deposit in the spring and fall months when the flow rates are high. This process of utilizing a thalweg to slow stream-bed erosion was used in Meacham Creek in Umatilla, Oregon.[5]
Thalweg principle Edit
The thalweg principle (also known as the thalweg doctrine or the rule of thalweg) is the legal principle that if the boundary between two political entities is stated to be a waterway, without further description (e.g., a median line, right bank, eastern shore, low tide line, etc.), the boundary follows the thalweg of that watercourse. In particular, the boundary follows the center of the principal navigable channel of the waterway (which is presumably the deepest part). If there are multiple navigable channels in a river, the one principally used for downstream travel (likely having the strongest current) is used.[6] This definition has been used in specific descriptions as well. The Treaty of Versailles, for example, specifies that "In the case of boundaries which are defined by a [navigable] waterway" the boundary is to follow "the median line of the principal channel of navigation."[7]
The precise drawing of river boundaries has been important on countless occasions. Notable examples include the Shatt al-Arab between Iraq and Iran, the Danube in central Europe (Croatia–Serbia border dispute), the Kasikili/Sedudu Island dispute between Namibia and Botswana (settled by the International Court of Justice in 1999),[8] and the 2004 dispute settlement under the UN Law of the Sea concerning the offshore boundary between Guyana and Suriname, in which the thalweg of the Courantyne River played a role in the ruling.[9][10] In the 20th century dispute between the USSR and China (PRC) over Zhenbao Island, China held that the Thalweg principle supported their position.[11] The doctrine is also applied to sub-national boundaries, such as those between American states.[12]
In rivers with occasional flooding and especially ice cover which breaks in the spring, the thalweg can change. This can mean that the border might move if it is defined as the thalweg. The Finland–Sweden border has been moved several times due to this.[citation needed]
Mathematics Edit
In the field of topology, the thalweg can be described as a parametrised curve. If the elevation of the valley floor at some position with coordinates (x, y) is represented by a surface z(x, y), then the negative gradient vector field -∇z(x, y) equips each position (x, y) with a vector pointing downhill in the direction of steepest slope (or by analogy, the direction a ball would roll if released from this position in the valley). Any parametrised curve that is everywhere directed along the gradient vector field eventually joins the thalweg (or using the same analogy, you can release a ball from any position in the valley, and it will eventually meet and then roll along the thalweg, assuming a smooth rolling surface so the ball doesn't get stuck, and also assuming sufficient rolling resistance or wind resistance that the ball doesn't roll down one side of the valley, up the other side and then oscillate back and forth). So, in this sense, the thalweg can be defined as the parametrised curve to which the gradient field converges.
See also Edit
- Stream gradient – Surface slope along a watercourse
References Edit
- ^ "Webster Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
- ^ "dictionary.com". dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ "Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ "Instream Flows". Washington State Department of Ecology. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- ^ Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project 1990 Annual Report Carl A. Sheeler, Fish Habitat Biologist Slatick, January 1991
- ^ A. Oye Cukwurah, The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law, Manchester University Press, 1967, pp. 51 ff.
- ^ Treaty of Versailles, Article 30.
- ^ "Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia)". International Court of Justice. 13 December 1999. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ^ Permanent Court of Arbitration - Guyana/Suriname Archived 2013-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Award of the Tribunal Archived 2011-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gurton, Melvin; Byong-Moo Hwang (1980). China under Threat: The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-8018-2397-8. LCCN 80-7990. OCLC 470966163.
- ^ E.g., New Jersey v. Delaware, 291 U.S. 361, 78 L.Ed. 847, 54 S.Ct. 407 (1934).


text: The quiet settlement of Pangani lies at the mouth of the river after which it is named, surrounded by pristine beaches that make it an ideal coastal holiday destination. This peaceful fishing town has an interesting history peppered with Arabic and German influences, and offers many walking tours to 200-year-old historical sites. An exciting option for intrepid travellers is a boat safari on the Pangani River, where crocodiles lurk beneath the water's surface and birdlife abounds in the surrounding mangroves. The submerged island of Maziwe is now a marine reserve providing fabulous snorkelling opportunities and dolphin tours.


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ESP Inspire
ESP Inspire INC.
Work Experience
- CEO— Albany, CA, USA
About Me
ESP Inspire is your one-stop-shop for your entire needs relating to Web Design, Website Redesign, Web Development, E-Commerce, Website Maintenance, and Web Hosting. So far, ESP has designed and developed more than 1000 websites. In addition, ESP Inspire also provides complete Internet marketing solu…Read More
Member Since: February 1, 2019


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Prosecutors dropped their case against a 27-year-old woman in Alabama whose fetus died after she was shot in the stomach.
Marshae Jones was charged with manslaughter by a grand jury after she was shot in the stomach during a December fight, police in Pleasant Grove said. Police said that Jones, who was five months pregnant at the time, incited the fight about the baby's father.
The Bessemer Cutoff district attorney dismissed the manslaughter charge Wednesday, stating that, "there are no winners."
Lawyers for Jones said in a statement Wednesday that they were "gratified" that prosecutors chose to drop the case, which was "neither reasonable nor just."
"The District Attorney's decision will help Marshae continue to heal from this tragic event and work to rebuild her life in a positive and productive way," the statement said.
Ebony Jemison, the woman who allegedly shot Jones, was initially charged with manslaughter.
But a Jefferson County grand jury declined to indict after police said Jones started the fight, and Jemison, 23, ultimately fired in self-defense — though Jones was not armed. The same grand jury then said Jones did "intentionally cause the death" of her unborn child by allegedly starting the fight.
Jones' case drew national attention after AL.com first reported on the story June 25, with the charges against her sparking criticism from women's rights groups.
"The person with the gun is the one responsible for the loss of the fetus," Toni Van Pelt, president of the National Organization for Women, said to NBC News in a statement last week.
The American Civil Liberties Union commended the district attorney's office Wednesday, though it said Jones should not have been charged at all.
"The DA's decision represents precisely what we want to see in these critical moments: a prosecutor who is not afraid to use prosecutorial discretion and power to refuse to prosecute when the law and justice demands that charges should be dropped," ACLU Deputy Legal Director Jeff Robinson said.


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Starfire Clip BeadJEOEL
There is the power of a star's fire in my heart – this is a reminder that our hearts are stronger than stars, we can shine on others with our kindness.
Slip it onto your beads bangle/bracelet as matching bead in your bead collection.
- Material: 925 Sterling Silver, embellished with Cubic Zirconia stones
- Plating: Rhodium
- Tarnish-resistant
- Safe to wear for sensitive skin
- Suitable for daily wear
- 100% quality assurance and satisfaction guaranteed!


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This piece was gas fired onsite in our gas kiln at Goshen's historic Old Bag Factory. We begin the firing in the evening and leave it to warm up overnight. In the morning, we raise the temperature to 2100 F, then perform a series of intentional temperature holds and decreases throughout the day to affect the color quality of the pieces within.
It's about 3" deep and 8" in diameter, and will hold your favorite cereal or salad with pride.


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Blue Man Group
Sponsored by
Tues. Aug. 17
7:30 pm
Ford Theater
$44, $56, $75, $100
Please note that a $5 facility fee will be assessed on each ticket. For information about how this fee can be waived, please click here.
Over 35 million people on our blue planet have experienced the surprising and exciting show that is BLUE MAN GROUP. And now, the Blue Men return with a new touring show — BLUE MAN GROUP SPEECHLESS TOUR. If you like normal, think again — 'cause SPEECHLESS is full of joy, art, music, and hilarious absurdity. Join us and experience a new blue. Dining for this show is sold out.
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Let's chat
Mara Morken
p: (917) 701.9404
e: [email protected]
i: instagram.com/maramorken
Not to brag or anything, but the Secretary of State's Election Administration says I'm "above average." Midterms, primaries, municipals, general elections… I am here for the stickers.
Hi. I'm Mara. I make stuff.
As a graphic designer, the best projects involve causes, small businesses, and organizations which make things better. Branding, promotional materials, social media graphics– I love this stuff.
Opening or running a small business? It's easy for me to get excited about your plans. Need to brand a non-profit? I really do want to help with that. Running for office as an honest and hardworking candidate? I'm utterly and completely in.
Aside from digital stuff, I make tangible stuff too. Like, sculptures, public art installations, and creative place making. I like to put art into otherwise unused or uninteresting spaces. Especially if it makes the space a place for people to enjoy.
Additionally, it's safe to say I'm always up for your baby and pet pictures. Always.


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Reasons to Buy From Us
Payment methods
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.
Crafted from sparkling silver, Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand features a silver stand and a beautiful crystal-beaded cup to hold the candlesticks elegantly and graciously. Be it a sweet and cosy celebration, modern luxe event or Christmas or full-glam wedding in the US and Canada, Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand is an adorable decor piece to illuminate the occasion.
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand: Crystal-beaded stand in European Style
The meticulous assemblage of crystals and sparkling silver stand are the essentials of this Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand that is designed in European style to mount and illuminate an event in an ultra-chic way. Home Decor Box strictly keeps up with the latest design trends and European style for the US and Canada.
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand in High-quality Silver metal
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand is crafted in high-quality silver metal by the expert artists of Home Decor Box for a glamorous and sophisticated decor.
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand in European Design
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand is designed in European style to take an ambience to the next level of celebration and decoration.
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand: An Exquisite Piece For an Ultimate Event Decor
Pretty and practical, Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand is a stylish decor item that can save you a fortune in expensive and unsustainable decoration.
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand: For Wedding
Stood on one stand and elegantly crowned with a crystal beaded cup, Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand to not only uplift an atmosphere but to radiate the glamorous spirit of the European celebration where the wedding is taking place.
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand: For Christmas
No matter if you're looking for some home decor piece to brighten up your space or some playful vibes and festive decorations for your Christmas party, Home Box Box has a Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand to serve it all to you.
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand: For Home Decor
Add an eccentric and elegant statement to your home by keeping Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand as a centre decor piece on tables at home.
Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand in different sizes and flawless finishing & packaging: For Gift
Available in four sizes i.e. 30cm,35cm, 40cm and 45cm, Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand is a unique gift crafted by Professional Artists of Home Decor Box. Silver-plated Crystal Candlestick Stand is a perfect gift for Christmas, New Year, Wedding and Birthday that is delivered by Home Decor Box in flawless finish and damage-free packaging.
Use: Home Decoration
Model Number: candle holder
Handmade: Yes
Function: Matching Block Candle
Type: Candle Stand
Matching Candle: Small Tealight
Style: Europe
Material: Metal
Metal Type: iron
Color:: silver
Style:: Europe
Height:: 30cm,35cm, 40cm and 45cm
Material:: Metal Sparking Crystal Beads
Function:: Wedding/Christmas/Holloween/Home decoration
Matching Candle:: Tealight candle
Type:: candle stand
Usage:: Wedding centerpieces candle stand holder
occasion: christmas
use: home decoration
Home Decor Box is a globally inspired online decor boutique to buy from an array of decor items and exquisite candle-holders. Free shipping to the US and Canada.
Frequently asked questions.
- How much shipping costs?
Shipping is free for any order in USA and Canada.
- Is there any warranty?
Warranty provided by manufacturer if you received the product with any issues just reach back to us and we will do our best to help.
- Are returns free?
Returns are not free, but if any product arrives damage we will replace it without having to return the original one.
- How long is the delivery?
We ship from different location worldwide as we are direct manufacturer distributor, most of products delivery time takes 15-45 days.
- How do I contact customer service?
By email at email@example.com or using our Contact Us form.


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American Flag Dog Lead
"Love. Love. Love. this tack store. employees are always helpful and they carry a wide selection of new items as well as consignment items. I can't say enough good things!"
The American Flag is a symbol of our freedom, national pride and history.
Leads are not recommended for dogs that pull or for dogs over 50 pounds.
We maintain a large stock list of products but from time to time your order might need to be produced in Kenya. We will send you an email within 48 hours to let you know if your order is currently available or not. Thanks for your understanding and for shopping with us.
|Weight Oz
|Narrow Lead
|1/2" wide
|Standard Lead
|3/4" wide


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Free Delivery to assist customers in this time of uncertainty we are now delivering cars for free up to 100 miles from the store. We will also deliver greater distances for a nominal fee.
2008 Chevrolet Tahoe LTZ
5.3L Vortec 1000 V8 SFI Flex-Fuel Engine
Not Specified
Retail $14,050
Savings $2,352
Internet $11,698
Strong Auto
Please Call Sales
1360 Eastland Drive
Lexington, KY 40505
- Audio system feature
- Bose premium 9-speaker system with subwoofer in center console
- Audio system controls, rear with 2 headphone jacks (headphones not included), power outlet and controls for volume, station selection and media
- Audio system, AM/FM stereo with MP3 compatible 6-disc in-dash CD changer seek-and-scan, digital clock and auto-tone control and auxiliary audio input jack (Not available with (PCJ) Sun, Entertainment and Destinations Package or (STX) White Diamond Edition.)
- Recovery hooks, front, frame-mounted (Requires 4WD models.)
- Body, liftgate with liftglass, rear door system with rear-window wiper/washer
- Wiper, rear intermittent with washer
- Fog lamps, front, halogen
- Headlamps, dual halogen composite with automatic exterior lamp control and flash-to-pass feature
- Mirrors, outside heated power-adjustable, power-folding and driver-side auto-dimming with integrated turn signal indicators, ground illumination and curb-tilt (Mirror caps are bright chrome.)
- Glass, Solar-Ray deep-tinted (all windows except light-tinted glass on windshield and driver- and front passenger-side glass)
- Door handles, chrome
- Tire, spare P265/70R17 (Upgradeable to (4JP) P265/70R17 on-/off-road, blackwall spare tire.)
- Grille insert, bright chrome
- Luggage rack side rails, roof-mounted, Black
- Wheel, 17 (43.2 cm) full-size, steel spare
- Wheels, 4 - 20 x 8.5 (50.8 cm x 21.6 cm) polished aluminum
- Wipers, front intermittent, RainSense
- Liftgate, rear power-operated
- Fascia, rear color-keyed
- Moldings, color-keyed bodyside (((B85) color-keyed bodyside moldings will be chrome-accented when (STX) White Diamond Edition is ordered.)
- Fascia, front color-keyed
- Windshield washer fluid system, heated
- Daytime Running Lamps, with automatic exterior lamp control
- Tires, P275/55R20 all-season, blackwall
- Tire carrier, lockable outside spare, winch-type mounted under frame at rear
- Assist steps, Black (Upgradeable to (BRS) power-retractable assist steps. Not available with (STX) White Diamond Edition.)
- Door locks, power programmable with lockout protection
- Console, floor with storage area, cup holders and integrated second row audio controls (Includes woodgrain covered forward storage.)
- Seat release, second row, power release only
- Cruise control, electronic with set and resume speed
- Rear Parking Assist, Ultrasonic with rearview LED display and audible warning
- Floor covering, color-keyed carpeting
- Tire Pressure Monitoring System (does not apply to spare tire)
- Universal Home Remote includes garage door opener, programmable
- Theft-deterrent system, vehicle, PASS-Key III
- Air conditioning, tri-zone automatic climate control with individual climate settings for driver and right-front passenger
- Lighting, interior with dome light, driver- and passenger-side door switch with delayed entry feature, cargo lights, door handle or Remote Keyless Entry-activated illuminated entry and map lights in front and second seat positions
- Visors, driver and front passenger illuminated vanity mirrors, padded with cloth trim, extends on rod
- Seats, second row bucket with leather-appointed seating, reclining
- Floor mats, color-keyed carpeted first and second row, removable
- Heater, rear auxiliary with rear passenger heating ducts
- Seats, third row 50/50 split-bench with 3-passenger, removable, all-belts-to-seat
- Remote vehicle starter system includes Remote Keyless Entry
- Warning tones, headlamp on, key-in-ignition, driver and right-front passenger safety belt unfasten and turn signal on
- Air conditioning, rear auxiliary
- Mirror, inside rearview auto-dimming with 8-point compass and outside temperature display
- Assist handles, front passenger and second row outboard
- Defogger, rear-window electric
- Headliner, cloth
- Steering wheel controls, mounted audio and cruise controls
- Power outlets, 5 auxiliary, 12-volt, includes 2 on the instrument panel, 1 in the cargo area, 1 inside the center console and 1 at the back of the console.)
- Seats, heated second row
- Seats, front bucket with leather-appointed seating, 10-way power driver and front passenger seat adjusters, including power lumbar control, heated seat cushion and seatbacks, 2-position driver memory, adjustable head restraints, storage pockets and floor console
- Steering wheel, leather-wrapped
- Pedals, power-adjustable for accelerator and brake
- Windows, power with driver Express-Down and lockout features
- Instrumentation, analog with speedometer, odometer with trip odometer, fuel level, voltmeter, engine temperature, oil pressure and tachometer
- Steering column, Tilt-Wheel, adjustable with brake/transmission shift interlock
- 4-wheel drive
- Rear axle, 3.73 ratio (Standard on 4WD models. Available on 2WD models with (NHT) Max Trailering Package or (LY2) Vortec 4.8L V8 SFI engine.)
- Differential, heavy-duty locking rear
- Suspension, rear multi-link with coil springs
- Alternator, 160 amps
- Battery, heavy-duty 600 cold-cranking amps, maintenance-free with rundown protection and retained accessory power
- GVWR, 7300 lbs. (3311 kg) (Standard on 4WD models.)
- Engine, Vortec 5.3L V8 SFI FlexFuel with Active Fuel Management capable of running on unleaded or up to 85% ethanol (320 hp [238.6 kW] @ 5200 rpm, 340 lb-ft of torque [459.0 N-m] @ 4200 rpm), iron block (Standard on 4WD models. Available on 2WD models. Not available with (MYC) 6-speed automatic transmission.)
- Suspension, front coil-over-shock with stabilizer bar
- Transmission, 4-speed automatic, electronically controlled with overdrive and tow/haul mode (Not available with (L92) Vortec 6.2L V8 SFI engine.)
- Trailering equipment, heavy-duty, includes trailering hitch platform, 7-wire harness with independent fused trailering circuits mated to a 7-way sealed connector and (VR4) 2 trailering receiver
- Transfer case, electronic Autotrac with rotary controls (Not available on 2WD models.)
- Steering, power
- Suspension Package, Autoride, bi-state variable shock dampening and rear air-assisted load-leveling includes (G69) automatic air level control
- Air bags, dual-stage frontal, driver and right-front passenger with Passenger Sensing System (right-front passenger air bag status on overhead console) (Always use safety belts and the correct child restraints for your childs age and size. Even in vehicles equipped with air bags and the Passenger Sensing System, children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat. Never place a rear-facing infant restraint in the front seat of any vehicle equipped with an active frontal air bag. See the vehicles Owners Manual and child safety seat instructions for more safety information.)
- Air bags, head curtain side-impact, first and second row outboard seating positions with rollover sensor, includes third row seating positions with (AS3) 3-passenger third row 50/50 split-bench seat or (AW2) 2-passenger third row 50/50 split-bench seat (Head curtain side air bags are designed to help reduce the risk of head and neck injuries to front and rear seat occupants on the near side of certain side-impact collisions. Always use safety belts and the correct child restraints for your childs age and size, even in vehicles equipped with air bags. Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat. See the vehicles Owners Manual and child safety seat instructions for more safety information.)
- Safety belts, 3-point, driver and front passenger in all seating positions
- OnStar, 1-year of Directions and Co


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Maybe you bought your BMW because you love the way it drives. Perhaps you have it because you like the vehicle's elegant—but still robust—appearance and aesthetic. Maybe you have a need for speed, but still wanted a car that's backed by a reputation of reliability.
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Turning Signs 2.2.2 is now ready for download. I call it the Easter edition because I've just finished revisiting/revising Chapter 4, which only contains a little of the traditional Easter story, but leads up to the resurrection of the body. And the TStudy circle is meeting tomorrow morning to spring into that chapter. May all readers flourish.
Tag: knowing
Guided from within: Chapter 3.1
The weekly TStudy circle is moving on to Chapter 3, so this coming Saturday morning we'll be conversing about the first three to five sections of it. Once again i've made a few tweaks to the text, mostly for the sake of clarity, so even if you've read it before you may need to read it again. If questions or comments occur to you while reading, feel free to share them in a comment on this post.
Blind power, blind fear
Mediatations 1 (from Lightning the Dark)
It takes two
To find out what we think, we need to argue with each other, not against each other.
binocular views
If our children don't learn much more than we can teach, our lineage is likely to expire.
Turning systems
The aggregation of complex systems in contemporary networked applications means that no single person ever sees the whole picture.— Bridle, James. New Dark Age (p. 43). Verso Books. Kindle Edition.
The trouble … is that we are terrifyingly ignorant. The most learned of us are ignorant.… The acquisition of knowledge always involves the revelation of ignorance— almost is the revelation of ignorance. Our knowledge of the world instructs us first of all that the world is greater than our knowledge of it.— Wendell Berry, writer and Kentucky farmer, as quoted by Donella Meadows, Thinking in Systems (p. 86). Chelsea Green Publishing. Kindle Edition.
We denizens of the World Wide Web have access to more information than ever. The trouble is that we often try to read it faster, hoping to take in more of it, or worrying that the next thing could be more worthy of our attention than what we're reading now, so we should get through it as fast as possible. It takes a conscious effort to slow down and give the symbols a chance to connect with the time you're living. But i think the effort also increases the humbling awareness that the world is greater than our knowledge of it.
I've noticed this especially while returning my attention to the early chapters of Turning Signs. It's been over five years since i first published it, long enough to enable me to read it again for the first time (to steal a phrase from Marcus Borg). I've forgotten my authorial intentions well enough to be surprised by it, for instance by how much it's perfused with systems thinking, which i consider crucial to the transition we are living in 2021. But i'm also surprised at the number of changes (improvements, i hope) that seem to be called for. (I've learned a few things since 2015 and have a better sense of how ignorant i am.) I've now revised the first four chapters. I might have to call it a second edition, or Turning Signs 2.0.
The online chapers are always up to date, of course, but it's also occurred to me that some people might prefer to read TS offline. I've made it possible now to download the whole thing as a Zip file (a little over 3 MB) which you can extract to a folder on your computer or tablet and read with your browser, regardless of platform. You'll find the download link near the top of the Table of Contents page. I'll have to periodically update that Zip file on my site as revision continues, but it will always be the whole book, Obverse, Reverse, Universe and all. If anyone reading this wants to try it out, let me know (by comment or email) how well it works. Especially if you run into any problems.
Common sensing
In Peircean terminology, Turning Signs could be described as a hybrid of cenoscopy and synthetic philosophy. Cenoscopy, as opposed to the idioscopic or specialized sciences such as physics and psychology, investigates
phenomena that are perfectly familiar to all mankind. Because these are founded on common observation, Bentham gave them the collective designation Cenoscopy, which I adopt as expressive of my own opinion of the basis on which these sciences, which are otherwise called Philosophy, rest.— Peirce, MS 601 (c. 1906)
Cenoscopy then 'embraces all that positive science which rests upon familiar experience and does not search out occult or rare phenomena'; for Peirce this, rather than metaphysics, is the real "first philosophy," or at least 'is better entitled (except by usage) to being distinguished as philosophia prima than ontology' (EP2:372). Synthetic philosophy, on the other hand, 'has been called philosophia ultima' because it 'embraces all that truth which is derivable by collating the results of different special sciences, but which is too broad to be established by any one of them' (EP2:372).
In other words, the philosophical inquiry reflected in Turning Signs aims at both the primary (or primal?) and the ultimate – the alpha and the omega. This makes it doubly useful in these apocalyptic or transitional times. Actually only the cenoscopic part should be called "inquiry," or heuretic science as Peirce called it. He placed synthetic philosophy 'at the head of the Retrospective Sciences' (EP2:373), i.e. those which find new connections among observations previously made rather than making new observations of their own. But the reliance of cenoscopic inquiry on 'familiar experience' does not make it easier to practice, because it requires critical common sense.
The method of cenoscopic research presents a certain difficulty. In commencing it we are confronted with the fact that we already believe a great many things. These beliefs, or at least the more general of them, ought to be reconsidered with deliberation. This implies that it should be conducted according to a deliberate plan adopted only after the severest criticism. Indeed, nothing in cenoscopy should be embraced without criticism. Each criticism should wait to be planned, and each plan should wait for criticism. Clearly, if we are to get on at all, we must put up with imperfect procedure.— Peirce, EP2:373
This is roughly equivalent to Merleau-Ponty's observation about phenomenology: 'The most important lesson of the reduction is the impossibility of a complete reduction.'
Perennial Turning
It's pretty clear by now that a transformation of agricultural practices will be a necessary part of any just transition to a healthy Earth community. Several people and organizations engaged in this transformation have recently posted articles on resilience.org. One of them, the Land Institute, has published an open-access book called The Perennial Turn: Contemporary Essays from the Field. (You can download the free e-book from that site.)
The first article (by Wes Jackson, Aubrey Streit Krug, Bill Vitek, and Robert Jensen) takes a look at the global situation in which this 'Perennial Turn' is taking place. One paragraph strikes me as especially cogent:
Revolutionary change in theory and practice, not minor course corrections, are needed; we cannot assume that modifying the existing trajectory of the human species is adequate. If there is to be an ongoing large-scale human presence on Earth, the energy/resource consumption that most affluent humans take for granted—and which many non-affluent humans aspire to—cannot continue.
The time we are living makes it increasingly risky to take things for granted – even things like a steady supply of energy, food, water, clean air, health care, mobility, employment and so on. If philosophers are those who don't take things for granted that people commonly think they know, as Merleau-Ponty says, maybe this is a good time for open-access philosophical essays like Turning Signs. —That's about as close to self-advertising as this blog ever gets … but we can all use a bit of 'beginner's mind,' whatever the time.
Privatized understanding
Inkling of the day:
To become open to multiple layers of vision is to be both practical and empathic, to practice the presence of God or gods and to practice wilderness.— M.C. Bateson
Outlink of the day: Wikipedia and Shoshana Zuboff on surveillance capitalism.
The Determinator
that man is so completely hemmed in by the bounds of his possible practical experience, his mind is so restricted to being the instrument of his needs, that he cannot, in the least, mean anything that transcends those limits. The strict consequence of this is, that it is all nonsense to tell him that he must not think in this or that way because to do so would be to transcend the limits of a possible experience. For let him try ever so hard to think anything about what is beyond that limit, it simply cannot be done. You might as well pass a law that no man shall jump over the moon; it wouldn't forbid him to jump just as high as he possibly could.Unfortunately, for many believers the conception of "God" has not been anywhere near vague enough, as they imagine the 'stupendous agency' to be something like a dominating alpha male, rather than a Mind whose only embodiment is the lived and living universe of experience. Surely the Creator and Determinator of whatever happens cannot be as determinate as any willful or existing Self. There is no Dominus but the dominance of reality itself, and we poor creatures can only determine what that is within the limits of our own embodiment.
For much the same reason, I do not believe that man can have the idea of any cause or agency so stupendous that there is any more adequate way of conceiving it than as vaguely like a man. Therefore, whoever cannot look at the starry heaven without thinking that all this universe must have had an adequate cause, can in my opinion not otherwise think of that cause half so justly than by thinking it is God.CP 5.536, c. 1905
What Peirce called 'the scientific method' in his 'Fixation of Belief' essay, he later called 'the method of experience' – emphasizing the wild reality of experience and the humility of the method.
Changes of opinion are brought about by events beyond human control. All mankind were so firmly of opinion that heavy bodies must fall faster than light ones, that any other view was scouted as absurd, eccentric, and probably insincere. Yet as soon as some of the absurd and eccentric men could succeed in inducing some of the adherents of common sense to look at their experiments – no easy task – it became apparent that nature would not follow human opinion, however unanimous. So there was nothing for it but human opinion must move to nature's position. That was a lesson in humility. A few men, the small band of laboratory men, began to see that they had to abandon the pride of an opinion assumed absolutely final in any respect, and to use all their endeavors to yield as unresistingly as possible to the overwhelming tide of experience, which must master them at last, and to listen to what nature seems to be telling us. The trial of this method of experience in natural science for these three centuries – though bitterly detested by the majority of men – encourages us to hope that we are approaching nearer and nearer to an opinion which is not destined to be broken down – though we cannot expect ever quite to reach that ideal goal.Over a century later, is 'the trial of this method of experience' still encouraging us? Or is it proceeding like Kafka's Process?from How to Reason, 1893 (R 407: 20–21, CP 5.384fn)


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Article originally published in the American City Business Journals on June 4, 2018
This is my 200th article published within American City Business Journal's various publications, including my hometown Philadelphia Business Journal. In those articles, I have written about many principles for building an enduring business.
In this article, I share with you the seven most important principles, based on my own experience rising through the organization to the position of CEO of my company and as director on numerous boards observing other CEOs and their leadership teams.
1. Become the preferred provider to your markets — the Holy Grail of any business
This is a universal principle that all businesses need to pursue and that I frequently write about.
What is a "preferred provider?" It's a provider that a customer or client favors when purchasing a product or service versus its competition. A preferred provider has a significant competitive advantage over all other providers, because it is the "go-to" provider in the marketplace.
How does a business become the preferred provider to the markets it serves? It differentiates itself from competitors by excelling in the following six areas: it offers high-quality reliable products and services; is on the forefront of technology; provides a great customer experience; is trustworthy; is committed to the process of continuous improvement; and is on a journey to be the best in the world at what it does.
2. Set the right tone at the top and organizational culture
Tone at the top is set by the CEO and the senior leadership team and reflects the ethical climate of the organization, while culture reflects how employees within the organization deal with each other and with customers. As the leader of your business, ensure that you set the right tone and culture. They become the behavioral norms of your employees.
Both tone and culture determine whether employees will trust their leaders and their fellow employees. Employees should be focused on growing the business and exceeding the expectations of their customers, and not worrying about whether they are about to get thrown under the bus by a fellow employee.
One only has to look at Uber and Wells Fargo to see how poor tone and culture can cause the loss of talented employees and customers, as well as the damage that can be done to an organization's reputation.
3. Act as if your competition is trying to eat your lunch
Why act this way? Because that's what competitors do. It may not be across the board, but it happens in a business niche where they feel they can take advantage of your weaknesses and exploit their competitive advantages.
Andy Grove, former chairman of Intel Corporation, was right when he said, "Only the paranoid survive." Ensure that you not only survive but continue to thrive.
4. Listen to the brutal facts of reality
This is a critical principle taught by the January 1986 Challenger space shuttle disaster.
After being warned by Thiokol engineers Roger Boisjoly and Robert Ebeling not to launch the shuttle due to an ambient temperature below the design temperature for the O-ring seals on the solid fuel rocket boosters, NASA launched the shuttle anyway. The O-rings failed, resulting in the catastrophic loss of the lives of seven astronauts.
In response to the warning, one NASA manager is quoted as saying, "I am appalled by your recommendation." Another NASA manager said, "My God, Thiokol… when do you want me to launch — next April?" It's obvious that NASA did not want to hear the brutal facts of reality, resulting in tragedy.
Leaders need to listen to their experts and to be open to hearing unwelcome news. They need to create an environment that welcomes this input.
5. Treat your employees as you would like to be treated
Act in ways that will encourage employees throughout your organization to talk with you. Walking around, asking questions and listening to how things are going will help break down barriers in communication. Don't violate the chain of command by giving orders on what you want them to do. Discuss it with your direct report responsible for that area.
Don't act like an imperial leader. It will reduce the likelihood that your employees will be comfortable talking to you, hurting your ability to learn about issues that need to be addressed.
Quoting entrepreneur Richard Branson, founder, chairman and CEO of Virgin Group, "The way you treat your employees is the way they will treat your customers." Wise advice.
6. Empower your employees to continuously improve their area of responsibility
Create an environment in which your employees have a feeling of personal ownership in what they do. Empower them to launch improvement initiatives within their area of responsibility, and to propose improvement projects above their approval authority.
Share with employees your expectations and hold them accountable for results. Don't micro-manage.
In my experience, a philosophy of continuous improvement, led by the CEO and embraced by all organization levels, is a huge source of competitive advantage.
7. Hire people who are change agents — they will help you break paradigms
There are people who have a positive attitude, see a world of opportunities and abundance and are not afraid to take risks, and there are those who have a negative attitude, only see a world of limitations and scarcity and never leave their comfort zone. Hire the first type of individual.
Following these seven principles will give you the best chance of building an enduring business.
Stan Silverman is founder and CEO of Silverman Leadership. He is a speaker, advisor and nationally syndicated writer on leadership, entrepreneurship and corporate governance. Silverman earned a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering and an MBA degree from Drexel University. He is also an alumnus of the Advanced Management Program at the Harvard Business School.


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Life Is A Many Splendour Thing
So here's the story – Back in July, I get this mail in my Inbox: AirAsia want me to jump onboard an Air Asia X flight, jet into the Gold Coast, and catch a music festival. You see, one of the region's coolest budget carrier wants to be the airline to get folks like you and me to the world's hottest festivals, and with their network of destinations now encompassing cities like London, Melbourne, Perth, Taipei, Mumbai, New Delhi and more (with further cities being lined up), there's nothing to stop any one of us from throwing our skinny jeans and rock tees in a duffel back, packing out passport and toothbrush and zipping across the world to hang at Latitude, Laneway or the Bollywood awards. The idea of AirAsia taking you there is very real. So real in fact they want to show me; I'm headed to I'm off to catch Australia's hottest tix right now – Splendour In The Grass. Woohoo!!!
Image: Splendour In the Grass 2009
I did drop a mention on Twitter a while back that I'll be making my way to the now sold out Splendour on Air Asia X, but now that I've got my ETA sorted (this was so easy, I am starting to get worried) and I have my flight tix in hand, I feel I can finally share.
Here in Malaysia, Air Asia RedTix has already established the brand as one to put you in the front row, first with tix to Zee Avi's concert in KL and now with tix to SINGfest in Singapore, which is set to be headlined by Mr (Kanye) West, Smashing Pumpkins and 30 Seconds To Mars. Big! A budget airline that then also wants to take you to festivals that are far flung and be your passport to entertainment – well that's just one big fat bonus. So back to the fest at hand – Splendour In the Grass here's what my invite said:
"Air Asia X would like to invite you to one of Australia's ultimate 3 day music festivals, Splendour in the Grass. Splendour 2010 is taking place from Friday July 30th to Sunday August 1st and will be held at Woodfordia in Woodford Queensland. The site is between the Brisbane Valley and Sunshine Coast Hinterland and is the traditional home of the Woodford Folk Festival. It is in a rural valley surrounded by natural bushland with plenty of native wildlife and a superb view of the Glass House Mountains from the hill-top above the festival grounds."
And if you think that sounds plum, howzabout the itinerary: I'll be jetting out on board Air Asia X on Wednesday 28th July and arriving in Gold Coast Thursday morning, where upon after meeting the gorgeous and genius-like group of people from Air Asia that invited me, I then get to board the Air Asia rock bus (I kid you not, this what the invite says!) to Woolford approximately 1 1/12 hrs away, check into the camp grounds and set up base in a private van, which will be my digs for the next 4 nights.
The next 3 days will be a whirlwind of bands and interviews, backstage hobnobbing and trying to procure way to many signatures on my body for possible tattoos later on. Unfortch there's no wireless access here so while I had planned on blogging from the venue, looks like I'll have to put that scheme on hold. Instead I'll do my utmost to tweet and tweet pic you. Just follow me and the rest of the JUICE crew at www.twitter.com/JUICEmy.
I'll be back on the Gold Coast on Monday August 2nd and ought to be able to post stories and pix then. After which I get turfed out in time to hit the flight back to KL on Tuesday. Except I won't be on that flight because that's when I go on holiday. Yeah, I know, like that wasn't a holiday already right? Ah well….
I tell you all about my digs and who's gonna be festing with me in the next post. More deets on Air Asia offers, Air Asia X flights and AirAsia RedTix dates at www.airasia.com.


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Saturate The East! Poland Revamps Its Military Strategy In Response To Russian Threat
Poland has a border with Russia and Belarus, so it is not just watching how the Ukraine war develops. Warsaw is rethinking its entire defense strategy.
KYIV — It will soon be exactly one year since the Russian Federation launched its large-scale invasion of Ukraine. During that time, neighboring Poland has been playing the role of a front-line country — NATO's eastern outpost.
Stay up-to-date with the latest on the Russia-Ukraine war, with our exclusive international coverage.Sign up to our free daily newsletter.
Polish government agencies have been hard at work on what to do if the country is attacked. In particular, a new defense directive. After all, Poland's Political and Strategic Defense Directive, which has been in effect since 2018, must be updated because it simply doesn't match today's reality.
Poland's Deputy Minister of National Defense, Wojciech Skurkiewicz, announced a change in defense doctrine with the defense forces set up on the Vistula River, located in northeastern Poland. Ukraine's experience shows the need to protect the country's entire territory as quickly as possible.
Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense Mariusz Blaszczak also announced the formation of another division of the army, which will operate near the border with Russia and Belarus.
Poland's plans for defense
"We are trying to saturate the eastern part of our country with troops; in this regard, we are implementing new units, which will be set in the territories bordering Belarus and coordinate with legions on the north and south of the country," Blaszczak said.
The former commander of the GROM (Polish special forces unit), General Roman Polko, explained that the doctrine that envisages defense on the newly established Vistula line, in the event of a possible Russian attack, "would lead to the flourishing of barbarism and terrorism in eastern Poland. "
His conclusion? "An enemy like this should not be allowed even a meter into our territory."
Skwierzyna, Poland. Polish Soldiers (Air Defense) singing the Polish National Anthem during a celebration ceremony in 2017.
U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Elizabeth Tarr on Flickr
Protecting classified information
Deputy Minister Skurkiewicz stated that politicians in Poland will plan a defense operation. Such an operation falls under the remit of the General Staff of the Polish Army, whose role, as we have recently seen, has been marginalized by government officials. Army staff themselves have been somewhat sidelined.
General Mieczyslaw Gocul, former Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Army, warned that the new defense strategy can be compromised by politics:
"Politicians no longer listen to the army."
There are also problems preserving classified information, which an aggressive terrorist country like Russia can undoubtedly use. After all, the Kremlin is looking for any weaknesses it can find in the security of Ukraine and other Western countries — and that starts with Kyiv's closest allies in the region.
- From The Baltics To Poland, Militias Rising Against Russian Threat ›
- The Next Big Move? What Would Happen If Belarus Enters War Against Ukraine ›
- NATO Prepares For War With Russia As If Inevitable ›
- Ardern Resigns, Chopper Crash Probe, French Strikes - Worldcrunch ›
- No Compromise: What's Driving Poland's New Hard Line On Russia - Worldcrunch ›
- Exploiting Auschwitz — How Poland's Ruling Party Reached A New Low - Worldcrunch ›
- Lex Tusk? How Poland's Controversial "Russian Influence" Law Will Subvert Democracy - Worldcrunch ›


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Technical Articles
SAP Cloud Platform Backend service: Tutorial [17]: CDS: ETag
This blog is part of a series of tutorials explaining the usage of SAP Cloud Platform Backend service in detail.
If you've never heard about ETag: this is a good blog for you
If you've always wanted to know about these ETags: continue reading
If you're familiar with ETags and only need to know the CDS syntax: do this hop
What is it, the ETag?
This name is so mystic…
But the meaning is quite down-to-earth
Abbreviation: entity tag
It is used for optimistic concurrency control
What is it, optimistic concurrency control?
It is not pessimistic concurrency control.
What is it, pessimistic concurrency control?
OK, in case of "pessimistic" we want to be 100% on the safe side.
Whenever a data entry in a backend (database) has to be modified, then first of all, a lock is applied.
Like that, only the current user (or application) is allowed to modify the data
Then the data is changed and safely written to the database.
Afterwards the lock is released.
This procedure is not very fast (and might cause deadlocks).
Especially, if the lock isn't really required, because the resource is not likely to be accessed by multiple users at the same time.
Furthermore, an OData service is anyways "stateless".
That's why "pessimistic" doesn't apply in our case, we have to look at "optimistic concurrency control":
When a resource, an entity, is requested, it doesn't get locked.
So it can be modified.
Nevertheless, it could be requested and modified by a second user at the same time.
If that occurs, changes can be overwritten or requests can fail, etc
To prevent such failure, we have the mighty ETag.
Being so great solution, it should be bold
To prevent such failure, we have the all-mighty ETAG.
The wonderful ETag provides concurrency control but doesn't lock
With other words, the ETag indicates the version of an entity.
With even other words, the ETag is used for conditional requests
Why do we need it, the ETag ?
Because it prevents concurrent modifications, without overhead.
In a web application, a user opens the details of whatever
e.g. a product?
Yes, e.g. a product
The UI allows to edit, so the user changes some details, but doesn't submit
At the same time a second users decides to delete that same product and submits the deletion.
When the first user finally decides to submit, the changed product doesn't exist anymore, so a crash is unavoidable
So what now?
To prevent such failure, we have the all-mighty ETAG.
Nicely bold, but being so great solution, it should be colorful
To prevent such failure, we have the wonderful ETAG.
Who needs it, the ETag?
ETag is not mandatory for a resource requested via HTTP.
It is not required for services used in demo scenarios
But it should be used in productive APIs
How does it work, the ETag?
Being an electric tag, it works magically.
We have to add a tag to the entity.
That tag can be anything.
For example an ETag?
Whenever an entity is changed, the tag is changed as well.
Furthermore, the HTTP protocol has few status codes reserved for ETag handling.
Example flow:
An OData service implementation decides to support ETag
Whenever such an entity is sent to the client (e.g. single GET), the ETag-header is sent
If the client sends a modification request (e.g. PATCH or DELETE) for that entity, it has to send the ETag value in a header called If-Match
Taking it literally: "I want to modify this entity, but only if the ETag matches the given value."
As such, the service implementation can check if the modification request is allowed.
If the client doesn't send that header, the server responds with an error Precondition required
If the ETag is sent, but doesn't match (entity has changed in the meantime), then the error is Precondition failed
If this is the case, then the client fetches the entity with GET and takes the new ETag to send a valid modification request
Another example flow:
Until now we've talked about concurrency control, I guess this scenario is now clear.
Quite clear, thanks
There's a second advantage which comes with ETag:
OData services are stateless, but nevertheless it would be an advantage to avoid redundant calls
Like this:
A client application calls an entity. A big entity.
Even a huge entity
The client reads and remembers the ETag
When the client app does another request to that entity, it will send that ETag
If the (huge) entity is NOT modified, then the server indicates it by returning Not Modified
And the good thing: the (huge) entity is NOT sent again.
Means I send the following wish to the server:
"Please send me that huge entity only, IF the current ETag does NOT MATCH the ETag which I'm sending"
This is the actual use case of conditional GET request.
We'll go through these examples in the Test-section below
How is it expressed in CDS, the ETag?
An entity has one property which is marked as ETag-relevant by adding the annotation
to that property
As such, whenever the entity changes, then this property will be changed as well.
Usually, such property can be a timestamp,indicating when it was last changed. Such ETag value can be automatically generated
How do we express our CDS, the ETag?w
Would be nice to see it in action
Sure, we're going to verify it all in an example.
To make life easier, let's use a version-property, a number which we manually change when we change the entity.
Below there will be a second example with timestamp
To create an example, I've once again thought of a Pet shop, because some pets are known to change their mind often, so if they liked their food today, it might turn to be absolutely uneatable the next day. So for such pets we need a version property…?
Example CDS:
service PetService {
entity Pets {
key id: UUID;
name : String;
species : String;
food : String;
version: Integer;
Have you seen it, the mighty ETag?
How does it look in OData, the ETag?
Well, it looks like an Excellent Tag, the ETag.
The contract of an OData service is written in stone, it is the metadata document and it has to show if and how ETag is used.
Because a client application has to be aware of it.
As such, the property which is used for ETag, has to be flagged.
In OData V2, it looks like this:
The ETag-property doesn't have an attribute called ETag, even not etag, not even et, the attribute is called: ConcurrencyMode="Fixed"
In OData V4, it doesn't look at all, currently, but I'm sure it will look as described in the OData specification, once it is supported
Our example:
Have you seen it, the mighty ETag?
How do we use it at runtime, the ETag?
With other words: how do we test it, the Endless Tag?
If not already done, create an API with the above sample CDS
Go to the cockpit and enable the OData V2 checkbox
Scroll down to API REFERENCE and select OData V2 in the drop down field
Create a sample entry
(See here for a description of the cockpit test tool )
Example payload:
"name": "kitty",
"species": "cat",
"food": "fish",
"version": 1
Test 1: PATCH request with ETag
First perform a single GET request to the created entry
Remember, the Guid-key in v2 has to be composed like this:
Scroll down to see the response headers and find the ETag value, sent by the server:
As expected, the ETag contains the value of the version property which we've given at creation: 1
Now try to modify the entry:
Go to the PATCH section, ignore the payload, enter the key like above
while pasting the guid, make sure you don't add a blank, as it would be interpreted as invalid character and would cause the request to fail
Execute the request and look at the expected error message.
Like described above, the HTTP response status is 428 Precondition Required
Yes, if we create an ETag-enabled service, then we cannot be surprised if it behaves like an ETag-enabled service
OK, we MUST send the ETag header in the PATCH request
So please go ahead and enter the header…
ohhhh, I've searched one hour and still don't know how to do
Yes, OK, OK, that was mean….. the cockpit doesn't allow to enter custom headers.
But don't be frustrated, luckily you have this great series of tutorials, you can go to this blog to learn how to send requests from REST client to Backend service API
Read it, like it, and follow the explanation to call the service from external REST client
Oh, so much work
Yes, it is a bit tedious, but we're happy that we can do it.
Actually, with Postman it is just few clicks to do
OK, our service works as designed, so we need a REST client to send a PATCH request with custom headers
Now let's go ahead
First execute a GET request in order to take a note of the ETag in the response-header
Example URL:
We knew that ETag already…
Anyways, take a note of it
Now compose the PATCH request
URL: the same
HTTP verb: PATCH
Request body:
"food" : "mouse",
"version" : 2
Request headers (raw format, copy&paste ready):
Content-Type: application/json
If-Match: W/"1″
Execute the request and verify the Result:
We should get the correct 204 status code for PATCH request
And in the response-header section, we can see the new ETag (it is 2, like specified it in the request body)
See screenshot:
You can verify with another GET request:
The picky cat has now a different food: currently it prefers mouse over fish.
That's life…
Next steps:
Verify the different cases of scenarios with ETag.
Please don't ask for a new screenshot every time
No – I don't want to take so many screenshots
Yes – only cats are allowed to be so picky….
Test 2: PATCH with invalid ETag
Send the same request like above, but this time with invalid ETag.
If-Match: W/"99″
Status Code 412 Precondition Failed
Response Body:
Error message: The Data Services Request could not be completed due to a conflict with the current state of the resource
Response Headers:
no ETag
That error was expected, since we sent a wrong ETag
In a productive scenario this would mean that the client application would issue another GET request to obtain the newest ETag value. Then the user might need to re-thing his modifications to the data, because the data has changed in the meantime. Then the PATCH request would be re-sent with new ETag and potentially modified request body
Test 3: PATCH with *
Send the same request like above, but this time with ETag value as *, meaning everything is acceptable.
If-Match: *
Result: success
So if you're too lazy to deal with correct values, e.g. in a test or demo scenario, then you can always just send a *
(If supported by the service)
Test 4: PATCH with no ETag
Same request, this time with no ETag at all
Status Code 428 Precondition Required
Response Body:
Error message: Precondition required
Response Headers:
no ETag
Test 5: GET with no ETag
Send a GET request to the same URL like above,
Request headers:
No special header, no ETag header
Just normal result of single GET request
Response headers:
Contain the current ETag
Test 6: GET with If-Match
Send a GET request to the same URL like above
This time, specify an ETag header with valid ETag
Request header:
Since the condition is met, we receive a normal result of a normal GET request, Status 200 and same ETag in the response headers
Test 7: GET with invalid ETag
GET request to same URL like above, this time with invalid ETag
As expected: 412
Test 8: GET with If-None-Match, invalidly-valid
A GET request with if-none-match is the actual use case of conditional GET request, as mentioned in the introduction
Send GET request to the same URL like above, this time with If-None-Match and invalid ETag
If-None-Match: W/"99″
Normal result like a normal GET request,
Status 200,
response payload in body,
valid ETag in response header
Test 9 : GET with If-None-Match, validly-invalid
Send GET request to the same URL like above, this time with If-None-Match and currently valid ETag
NOT normal result like a normal GET request,
Status 304 Not Modified
Response body:
Response header:
Valid ETag
This is the interesting scenario:
We can see that NO payload is sent.
Good, because it is anyways not modified
The client is informed about it: via the HTTP Status Code 304 Not Modified
Means, the client would not replace the current data in the UI-Table with the new – empty – payload.
No, no that would be wrong, obviously
But since the client does always interpret the response status code, everything's good:
The UI remains unchanged
Since the response status is not an error status code, the current ETag is sent along with the response
As you can see, this is the actual use case of conditional GET request:
Fetch data only if it has changed.
With other words:
If the data has NOT changed, we don't need to fetch it.
Save time.
Save network resources
Save money
Save the planet
As a consequence:
More time for playing with cat
More bandwidth for cat videos
More money to buy fish (or mice)
More greenery to entertain cats
Test 10: DELETE
Nothing new, to be short:
- With no ETag:
All the same, the result is as expected, 428
- With invalid ETag:
All the same, the result is as expected, 412
- With valid ETag:
Deletion successful, status 204 as expected, no ETag in the response, obviously
- With If-None-Match and valid Etag
- With If-None-Match and invalid Etag:
Successful deletion
Test 11: PATCH with If-None-Match
- If-None-Match and valid ETag: 412
- If-None-Match and invalid ETag: success
- If-None-Match with value null: success
- If-None-Match with value * : 412
Test 12: GET ALL
At the end, let's have a look at a new case:
As result of a QUERY operation, we get a list, so all the ETags cannot be sent as header
As such, they are included in the payload
Try it:
<entry m:etag="W/"2″">
<title type="text">Pets</title>
Are we done with it, the ETag?
No, we have missed a few scenarios with the Exhausting Tag…
No, please not, I'm tired…
OK OK, I was kidding, don't worry, we've gone through all relevant scenarios…
Thanks that sounds better…pouf
For me it has just started being great fun….
Sorry, I'm a bit picky sometimes….
BTW, why do we write a W/ in the ETag value?
Not tired anymore?
No, not at all, why tired???
What is the syntax for it, for the ETag?
There are 2 possibilities:
- The ETag value with quotes:
- The ETag value with quotes and preceeding W/:
Why are there 2 of them, of the ETags?
One is the so-called "weak" ETag. As the name indicates, it is less strict.
I'm a bit tired, so let me quote the OData spec:
"As OData allows multiple formats for representing the same structured information, services SHOULD use weak ETags that only depend on the representation-independent entity state. A strong ETag MUST change whenever the representation of an entity changes, so it has to depend on the Content-Type, the Content-Encoding, and potentially other characteristics of the response."
I don't get it
The background is that data can be represented as xml or json. As such, the value of an ETag-property can look different. But still the content is the same.
Therefore it makes sense to use weak ETags in OData
(See your next question for an example)
You can try a strong ETag as follows:
If-Match: "3"
How does a more meaningful ETag look like, the ETag?
A still very simple example, but this time using a meaningful ETag property:
Data type timestamp for a property like "last-modified", "changed-at" or similar:
service PetService {
entity Pets {
key id: UUID;
name : String;
species : String;
modifiedAt : DateTime;
Alternative notation: @(odata.etag)
It allows to add multiple annotations between the brackets
At runtime, do single GET request and try with different representations, by adding $format=json or $format=xml, which is the default in OData V2
You see that the value of the property "modifiedAt" looks different in json, compared to xml
However, have a look at the ETag header: it is the same in both cases
Try different requests
If-Match: W/"2019-05-15T15:51:04Z"
If-Match: "2019-05-15T15:51:04Z"
Change a second
If-Match: W/"2019-05-15T15:51:05Z"
Now try all 12 tests like before
Oh… I'm too tired
An ETag is like little version information, attached to an entity
More concrete, a property of an entity definition is annotated, to mark it as ETAg relevant
Whenever the value of this property changes, it means that the complete entity is different
When doing service requests, the value of ETag is sent in a header
With the help of ETag,
- a client can make sure not to fetch data which he already has
- a server can make sure that 2 clients don't do concurrent modifications to an entity
ETag in HTTP/1.1 specification
ETag in the OData specification:
Data modification with ETag
Response header with ETag
Request header If-Match
Request header If-None-Match
Optimistic Concurrency Control in Wikipedia
SAP Help Portal: ETag definition in CDS
Appendix 1: Quick Reference
The ETag value is taken from response header of a GET request
Required header names:
Workaround: Use * to avoid entering correct ETag
Appendix 2: The pet, the picky


text:
In today's poetry roundup we take a look at this year's Pulitzer poetry prize winner. We also have an article about the Bucharest International Poetry Festival and we also have a story about the recently selected young people's poet laureate of London.
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry Winner
One of the most respected poets in America, Wellesley College professor Frank Bidart, has been confirmed as the winner of this year's Pulitzer prize for poetry. The announcement came as a complete shock to him, he was actually watching the announcements when he discovered that he had won.
He thought that his book might have been under consideration, but he had not been given any indication that he was a finalist. His winning book is
Bidart won the National Book Award in November with the same book, a prize that he had been shortlisted for four times in the past.
The Pulitzer prize comes to Bidart late in life, but he is not alone in that many of the poets that he grew up admiring also won their Pulitzers when they were older like Wallace Stevens, who won at the age of 75, 3 years younger than Bidart.
He has no plans to give up teaching anytime soon, claiming that it forms a very integral part of his own writing.
Bucharest International Poetry Festival
The 9thannual Bucharest International Poetry Festival will be taking place between 14thMay and 20thMay this year in the Romanian capital.
It is expected that over 150 poets from over 30 countries will be attending the festival which will see members of the public attending a variety of events that will be taking place in cultural spaces all over the country and several of the larger bookshops
The scheduled program for the festival will include public poetry readings, debates, performances, book launches and even jazz recitals. There will also be a special program which is dedicated to high school students
The guest of honour at the festival will be António Lobo Antunes – the Portuguese writer.
Young People's Laureate for London
A Somali-British poet, 24, with a background in Biochemistry has been selected to be the second
Momtaza Mehri is hoping that during the year that she is to spend in the position she will be able to persuade younger people to view poetry as more of an everyday thing rather than dusty books in a library.
Mehri has been put on the shortlist for the coveted Brunel African prize this year, she was also the winner of last years Out-spoken Page prize.
A panel of judges made up of poets and arts organisations made the final selection and it is felt that Mehri is certainly the poet to be watched in the future. As a poet, she is not afraid to take on the bigger topics and it hoped she will bring this attention to her role.


text:
Pre-order MINE on all platforms now.
"I do."
Two words that signed over my soul to a monster, all to save a kingdom I knew little about. This isn't a fairy tale. No knights in shining armor, only kings fighting for power. And my heart is the key.
A game designed to shatter even the harshest of resolves.
My husband wants to debase me. To break me. To destroy my spirit. To possess every inch of my soul through acts so heinous, I can hardly breathe. And he's using six men to do it. Including him. Adrik, Prince of Noxia.
Such a wicked twist of fate. Happily-Ever-After may not exist here, but amorous energy rises after a night of unbridled passion. A night I should hate, but don't.. A night I long to repeat.
"I love you."
A statement I will never say. Not even to him--my dark prince who plays in the shadows, engaging me in a forbidden dance of hope and adoration. He promises me a new crown, in exchange for my heart.
I will not be owned.
I will rise above them all.
And the only crown I will wear is the one drenched in their blood.
A Halfling.
My designation. A plague. An essential death sentence in the underworld. Until I met him.
A Noxia Prince.
He's arrogant, a playboy, and the male who saved my life. Except he never gave me a choice, his blood tying me to him for an eternity of servitude. And I'm not sure I want to pay that price.
An unspeakable past.
Monsters haunt my nightmares. Most of them dead. But a few are still alive, and so I'll hunt them. Torture them. Slay them all. Even if it brings about an early demise.
A courtship signed in blood.
One bite sealed my fate.
Except someone is playing a dangerous game, and she'll stop at nothing to see me destroyed.
Life is a journey to Death.
Sometimes the only way to truly live is to die.
But I'm not going down without a fight.


text:
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What was new at Bad Astronomy in 2001?
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November 12, 2001: Will the Lion roar? On the evening of November 17/18, the annual Leonid meteor shower will peak. This year there may very well be a strong storm of meteors, as many as 7000 per hour in some locations! The favored locations/times are the U.S. west coast around 2:00 a.m. local time (10:00 Greenwich) on the 17/18, and the east coast of Asia about 7 hour later. The Asian peak should be the bigger of the two. However, no matter where you are, you should go out and look! The predictions may be off, and somewhere else will get a strong peak. For more info (including general meteor shower observing advice) check out the CCNET webpage (scroll down a bit). I also have a couple of Leonids pages from showers past: a general Leonids page (some of the links no longer work, but the main ones do), one about Leonids hitting the Moon, and another about a Leonid that exploded (no, there's no danger from something like that).
November 8, 2001 (2): I was interviewed on TechTV November 8th about this very website. See my calendar for more info.
November 6, 2001 (1): I am pleased and proud to announce that as of earlier today, this site has received 4 million page hits since January 1 of this year. I am amazed at the traffic levels! Much of this is due to the Fox Moon Hoax page, and from a Reuters interview in January. Thanks to all the folks out there who have supported this site and encouraged me to continue. [Note added January 2, 2002: The total number of page hits for the year 2001 was 4,540,498.]
November 1, 2001: An article of mine about aurorae was just placed on the FAZ website (in English).
October 30, 2001: If you came here from the Astronomy Picture of the Day, you may want to check out my description of crepuscular rays in an article I wrote about Sun Pillars. You can also search my site about crepuscular rays as well.
October 25, 2001: I am now writing a regular, monthly column for Astronomy magazine's website (I actually have the official title of "Contributing Editor"). The first column is now online, and is called "Everything's Under the Sun".
October 18, 2001: A Yahoo! news story is in the wrong orbit.
August 17, 2001: I will be making several local guest talks in the coming weeks. They are listed on my calendar.
August 14, 2001: I was interviewed in a local (for me) newspaper about this website; a sortof "local boy does good" story. It was really fun to do, and it's the first time that I have been interviewed specifically to do a story about the website (usually I am quoted about something else). This is strictly a blowing-my-own-horn thing, but what the heck. ;-)
August 8, 2001
August 7, 2001 BAD ASTRO ALERT! Tomorrow, on August 8, Apollo 16 astronaut Charlie Duke will be a guest on NBC's "The Today Show" as part of their series "Truth or Conspiracy?". He will be speaking about the Moon hoax. He emailed me and said he will be mentioning this site by name! Another guest on the show is Hoax Believer Bill Kaysing, featured in the execrable Fox show, so it should be an, um, interesting segment.
While you're at it, you can read an article I wrote for Space.com about the Moon hoax. It's a bit longer and has more detail than what was published in their magazine (see the next listing below for more about that).
July 26, 2001:
July 20, 2001: I will be interviewed on the RK Radio network in St. Paul, Minnesota on Monday, at 12:10 p.m. Pacific time. You can listen to the broadcast on the web by going to the Ruth Koscielak website, or if you are in the North Star state, here is a list of affiliates that broadcast Ruth's show. We'll be talking about-- of course!-- the Moon hoax.
July 12, 2001: Alert! I will be interviewed live on the Montreal radio station CJAD 800 AM at about 12:30 a.m. tonight (Eastern time). You can listen on the web as well by going to the CJAD website. It's a call-in program so throw me a few softballs. ;-)
July 10, 2001: I was interviewed in the Orlando Sentinel about the Moon Hoax. It's a pretty good article, actually, and is available online.
June 29, 2001: A new book about Hubble images by astronomer Mark Voit has been added to the Bad Astronomy Recommended Reading list.
June 12, 2001:
June 6, 2001:
April 23, 2001:
April 9, 2001:
March 25, 2001:
March 21, 2001:
March 20, 2001:
March 19, 2001:
March 14, 2001:
February 19, 2001:
February 17, 2001:
February 15, 2001:
February 8, 2001:
February 1, 2001:
January 27, 2001:
January 22, 2001:
January 10, 2001:
The wide coverage of the article means I am getting a lot of email right now. Feel free to email me and ask questions, but bear in mind it might take me a few days to catch up! Thanks.
January 2, 2001:
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