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This post started out as my attempt to understand an argument that John Wallis was making about institutions, but it kept expanding. I'm posting it now because fall semester is approaching and we are supposed to get the galleys for our book in the next couple of days. In other words, I need to stop messing around with this and get to work.
Thorstein Veblen (1899)
"The institutions are, in substance, prevalent habits of thought with respect to particular relations and to particular functions of the individual and of the community: and the scheme of life, which is made up of the aggregate of institutions in force at a given point in the development of any society, may on the psychological side be broadly characterized as a prevalent spiritual attitude, or theory of life." (Veblen, 1953, p.131)
John R. Commons (1931) called "collective action in control, liberation and expansion of
individual action."
Douglass North (2005)
"institutions―formal rules, informal norms, and their enforcement characteristics." (North 2005, 48)
"The institutional framework consists of the political structure that specifies the way we develop and aggregate political choices, the property rights structure that defines the formal economic incentives, and the social structure―norms and conventions―that defines the informal incentives in the economy. The institutional structure reflects the accumulated beliefs of the society over time, and change in the institutional framework is usually an incremental process reflecting the constraints that the past imposes on the present and the future." (North 2005, 49).
Elinor Ostrom (2005)
"Broadly defined, institutions are the prescriptions that humans use to organize all forms of repetitive and structured interactions including those within families, neighborhoods, markets, firms, sports leagues, churches, private associations, and governments at all scales." (Ostrom 2005, 3)
Avner Greif and Christopher Kingston (2011)
"Greif (2006, Chaps. 2 and 5) defines an institution as a system of 'institutional elements,'
particularly beliefs, norms, and expectations that generate a regularity of behavior
in a social situation. These institutional elements are exogenous to each decisionmaker
whose behavior they influence, but endogenous to the system as a whole."
John Joseph Wallis (2017)
"Institutions are the agreed upon rules of human interaction within a group or an
organization and the means and method of their enforcement. An organization can be an
organization of organizations, and rules can apply across organizations as well as within.
Norms of behavior are repeated patterns of human behavior within a group, no matter its
size, that occur regularly enough that individuals form expectations about the behavior of
others. The patterns are followed often enough that small or individual deviations do not
change expectations. All norms are subject to change if behavior changes.
Eric Alston, Lee Alston, Bernardo Mueller, and Tomas Nonnenmacher (2018)
"We define an institution as a rule that recognized entities (individuals or organizations) devise and enforce. Norms are longstanding patterns of behavior shared by a subset of people in a society or organization (e.g, governments, firms, universities, churches, and families.) (Alston et al 2018, 13)
Alesina and Giuliani
"we refer to culture as values and beliefs (one could say informal rules) and to institutions as formal institutions. (This approach is also followed in most of the empirical papers trying to disentangle the two concepts.)"
Joel Mokyr (2017)
"Culture is a set of beliefs, values and preferences, capable of affecting behavior, that are socially (not genetically) transmitted and that are shared by some subset of society." (Mokyr 2017, 8) "Institutions are socially determined conditional incentives and consequences to actions." (Mokyr 2017, 9)
It is widely, although not universally, accepted among economists that institutions are one of the most important determinants of long-term economic growth (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson 2005). But what are institutions? The definitions of institution provided by Veblen, North, Ostrom and Greif are very broad. Institutions are ideas or beliefs that are shared among a group of people. Some economists, however, argue that institutions are distinct from norms and culture. They don't argue that norms and culture are un-important, only that for purposes of analysis they should be distinguished from institutions. I'm not convinced that the narrower definition of institutions is a good idea.
Are institutions agreed upon rules but not norms?
John Wallis argues that the "logical relationships between the agreements, rules, and enforcement that sustain institutions are not the same as the logical relationships between behavior, rules, and enforcement that sustain norms of behavior. By their very nature, norms and institutions are necessarily different things." He goes on to explain that "A theory of institutional change cannot be a theory of everything about human behavior. From the beginning of modern institutional social science, the core focus has been deliberate attempts by organizations to formulate agreed upon rules (Wallis 2017, 42)." Finally, he suggests that "If we define institutions as norms, then it becomes too easy for some people to compare norms and outcomes and completely ignore agreed upon rules. If we abandon attempts to understand how changing agreed upon rules actually affect our norms of behavior, then we will never understand how deliberately to reach collective goals for our societies." (Wallis 2017, 43) Wallis also notes that agreed upon rules are often not enforced, while norms must be followed by a sufficient number of people or they are not norms. Alston et al credit Wallis with persuading them to distinguish between institutions and norms, although the do not adopt exactly the same definitions.
There are common themes in these rationales: a theory of institutions can't be everything, formal and informal rules are fundamentally different, the use of formal and informal institutions is confusing, and the use of these terms leads people to undervalue the influence of one of them.
Wallis tries to make the case that the essential nature of agreed upon rules and norms are different:
"With the exception of some types of criminal activity (defined in a multitude of
ways across times and societies), the enforcement of most agreed upon rules depends upon the people and their relationship to which the rule may apply. As a result, observed behavior often does not conform to the agreed upon rule.
Enforcement of norms is probabilistic, but also automatic. If you speak, dress, or act the
wrong way, you bear the consequences. Driving on the left in a society where the norm is
driving on the right can get you killed. Behavioral norms only matter if there are consequences, if there are not consequences to how we dress, we dress however we want. Enforcement of agreed upon rules is very often optional, it depends on the relationships supported by the rule. You and I write a contract containing a clause that you must deliver goods at a specific time and place or incur a penalty, a clause enforceable by a court. The time passes and you have not delivered the goods, do I take you to court? It depends on the value of our relationship. All of this is by way of saying that the essential nature of institutions as agreed upon rules and norms as patterns of behavior are different."
I think this argument exaggerates the differences between formal (agreed upon) rules and informal rules (norms). Wallis describes default rules like those in contract law, or divorce law that he argues are agreed to but frequently not followed. These are not actually example of people not following the law. Rules of this sort specify what injured parties may do, not what they must do. If someone does not pay their debt to me, the law says that I may try to garnish their wages; it does not say that I must garnish their wages. But this does not mean that garnishment law does not matter. Not using the law has been the rational for enacting a law. Proponents of the 1898 Bankruptcy Act claimed that one of the benefits of the law would be that people could avoid court (Hansen 1998). After the law was enacted the use of Credit Adjustment Bureaus expanded (Hansen and Hansen 2006 and Hansen and Hansen 2020). Choosing not to exercise your right does not in any way undermine the law.
There are agreed upon rule that declare what people must do rather than what they may do (they are prescriptive rules, not default rules) that are neither followed nor enforced. To be clear I am not talking about cases where the third party makes a choice within the bounds of the law not to enforce; I'm talking about situations in which there is a clear rule that is supposed to be enforced but is not (see Basu 2018). In the United States, for instance, many state and local governments did not end official segregation until the late 1960s, long after the Supreme Court had declared it unconstitutional (Rosenberg 2008).
So there are cases in which agreed upon rules are not followed and not enforced, but there are also cases in which norms are not followed or enforced? There is evidence that people frequently follow the norms of their society regarding things such as fairness, trust and cooperation (see Pseudoerasmus on pro-social institutions). But both ethnographic and experimental research find that norms are not always followed. Ellickson famously documented that people in Shasta County tend to follow norms rather than the law in dealing with stray cattle, but he also found that the norms were not always followed. Wiessner (2005) found numerous cases of punishment for norm violation among the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen, implying that there were numerous cases of norm violation. There is evidence that people are frequently willing to incur costs to punish people that violate social norms when dealing with them (Henrich et al), that third parties are also willing to incur costs to punish norm violators (Fehr and Fischbacher 2004), and that people also engage in anti-social punishment (Hermann et al 2008). Other studies suggest that enforcement of norms may be influenced by the severity of the violation, the cost of punishment, the circumstances under which the violation takes place (existence of mitigating circumstances), the identity of the norm violator, and the identity of the person injured by the norm violation. In general, people appear to respond to benefits and costs (including retaliation) of norm enforcement (Przepiorka and Berger 2016; Balafoutas and Nikiforakis 2012). The Ju/'hoansi Bushmen appear to have been particularly sensitive to the threat that punishment posed to ongoing relationships. In sum, enforcement of norms is not automatic, and, like agreed upon rules, enforcement can depend on relationships.
Proponents of a more restrictive definition of institutions also tend to argue that norms are stickier, harder to change, and change more slowly than institutions. Again, I don't think the evidence on this is entirely clear. There is some evidence that norms are not only subject to policy influence but capable of rapid change (Nyborg et al 2016). As mentioned previously, it took more than a decade to end state enforced school segregation. In my own research it took 100 years to obtain a lasting federal bankruptcy law in the United States; the 1898 Bankruptcy Act alone took nearly twenty years of organized lobbying. In contrast, social norms regarding women in the work force, marriage, and sexual preference have changed quite rapidly. Understanding, social norms can potentially increase the ability to promote change in them (Bicchieri 2016)
I am not arguing that we cannot distinguish between agreed upon rules and norms. I'm arguing that we should not exaggerate the differences between them. Nevertheless, it is possible to distinguish between agreed upon rules and norms. It is not clear, however, that this distinction is going to take us far in developing a general theory of institutions. Whatever, you call them there is a lot of variation within each of these two categories. We can develop theories that explain Congressional activity, the relationship between federal and state legislation, judicial decision making, or the interaction between legislative and judicial activity. We have a variety of theories for these different situations, but is it reasonable to expect a general theory to cover all of them? How much less likely is it that this general theory will also help us to understand changes in agreed upon rules in Canada, Israel, Switzerland, China, Burundi, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia? Can we develop a single theory that goes beyond some basic statement about individuals balancing the costs and benefits of attempting to change institutions given the set of institutions for changing institutions that they face?
Social norms are similarly variable. We tend to emphasize prosocial norms because of their connection to economic development, but there are plenty of norms that negatively affect well-being: female genital mutilation, racism, sexism, etc. People follow norms for a variety of reasons. There are beneficial and harmful formal rules that people follow or don't follow for a variety of reasons. They follow norms because they are in their self-interest narrowly conceived; they follow them because they have internalized the values associated with them; they follow them because they fear punishment by others, including supernatural beings. But all of these things are true of formal rules as well.
Are institutions formal rules but not culture.
Several of the definitions at the beginning of this post distinguish betwen institutions and culture. Alesina and Giuliano, for example, state that "Semantically speaking, we find it counterproductive and confusing to label culture (meaning values and beliefs) as informal institutions. We find it confusing to label "everything"—from, say, the level of reciprocal trust in a society to constitutional rules about voting systems—as institutions. Clearly—this is the crux of our paper—culture (or informal institutions) and formal institutions are interrelated, but the label "informal institutions" implies that formal institutions determine informal ones and that the latter are of secondary importance. Once we agree that formal and informal institutions interact, and that either one may cause the other, then identifying certain values and beliefs as culture or informal institutions becomes merely a matter of semantics. We prefer the term culture over informal institutions; we find it more appropriate and less confusing. Similarly, for brevity, we sometimes refer to formal institutions simply as institutions."
Parts of this argument simply do not make sense to me. For instance, Alesina and Giuliano believe that "the label "informal institutions" implies that formal institutions determine informal ones and that the latter are of secondary importance." How does the label informal imply that it determines formal, thereby rendering of secondary importance? Notice also this appears to be the opposite of Wallis's suggestion that "If we define institutions as norms, then it becomes too easy for some people to compare norms and outcomes and completely ignore agreed upon rules." Alesina and Giuliano suggest that political economists will fail to study informal rules, while Wallis suggests they will fail to study formal rules. Neither claim is supported.
What about the bigger issue of distinguishing between institutions and culture? The central problem with these attempts to separate institutions from culture is that it is inconsistent with the definitions of culture and the way the term is used by people working on cultural evolution.
Mokyr, for instance, relies upon Boyd and Richerson, but Boyd and Richerson do not treat institutions as separate from culture. In Boyd and Richerson (2008, 306) they follow Samuel Bowles definition of institutions as: "the laws, informal rules, and conventions that give durable structure to social interactions in a population." They explicitly describe how the sort of "agreed upon rules" that Wallis emphasizes are a part of an evolving culture:
Cultural evolution can also amortize slow, costly deliberate, conscious decisions
over many individuals. In law, for example, legislators, lawyers, and
judges expend much effort crafting legislation and interpreting it. To the extent
that they are successful, the entire society benefits. Most of us do not need to
participate in the costly process of legal decision making; we merely need to
know something of the laws that apply to us. Indeed, to the extent that everyday
mores and the formal law coevolve, individuals can acquire useful behaviors
economically by quite unconsciously imitating the behavior they see around
them. In this way, culture is analogous to habit formation in individuals. Variants
that were invented by deliberate reasoning and carried to dominance by
formal collective decision making may be acquired by subsequent generations
through unreflective imitation (Boyd and Richerson, 2008, 307).
Indeed, if one considers Boyd and Richerson's definition of culture as "a set of beliefs, values and preferences, capable of affecting behavior, that are socially (not genetically) transmitted and that are shared by some subset of society" it is hard to see how you could argue that it does not fit formal rules such as laws.
Back to Veblen
Veblen had the broadest definition of institutions. In his first book, The Theory of The Leisure Class (1899), he explained that, "The institutions are, in substance, prevalent habits of thought with respect to particular relations and to particular functions of the individual and of the community: and the scheme of life, which is made up of the aggregate of institutions in force at a given point in the development of any society, may on the psychological side be broadly characterized as a prevalent spiritual attitude, or theory of life." (Veblen 1912, 190) Veblen explicitly defined both as ideas that were shared by a group of people. "The physical properties of the materials accessible to man are constants; it is the human agent that changes-- his insight and appreciation of what these things can be used for is what develops (Veblen 1919, 71)." Consequently, "the evolution of society is substantially a process of mental adaption on the part of individuals under the stress of circumstances which will no longer tolerate habits of thought formed under and conforming to circumstances in the past." (Veblen 1912, 192)
To Veblen this process of mental adaptation should be the central concern of economists: "To any modern scientist interested in economic phenomenon the chain of cause and effect in which any given phase of human culture is involved as well as the cumulative changes wrought in the fabric of human conduct itself by the habitual activity of mankind, are matters of more engrossing and abiding interest than the method of inference by which an individual is presumed invariably to balance pleasure and pain under given conditions that are presumed to be normal and invariable (Veblen 1919, 240)."
Veblen's conception of institutions is the most consistent with the definitions of culture developed by people working on cultural evolution, and largely adopted by economists. Individual institutions, shared habits of thought correspond to memes or cultural elements (Mesoudi 2017). His "scheme of life" is essentially synonymous with culture, at least as it is used by some anthropologists. For instance, Richard Dunham suggests that "culture consists of shared ideational phenomena (values, ideas, beliefs, and the like) in the minds of human beings. It refers to a pooled body or "pool" of information that is both public (socially shared) and prescriptive (in the sense of actually or potentially guiding behavior) (Durham 1991, 3)." And "the new consensus in anthropology regards cultures as systems of symbolically encoded conceptual phenomena that are socially and historically transmitted within and between populations." (Durham 1991, 8) Henrich, defines culture as "the large body of practices, techniques, heuristics, tools, motivations values, and beliefs that we all acquire while growing up, mostly by learning from other people (Henrich 2016, 3)." But this view of culture isn't isolated to anthropologists who study the coevolution of genes and culture. The cultural anthropologist Eric Gable also describes culture as "ideas and their embodiment in artifacts and activities (Gable 2011, 6)." Like Veblen's definitions of institutions and scheme of life these definitions of culture are very broad and emphasize the role of shared ideas that are transmitted over time within a society. These definitions of culture include not just norms, but also legal and political institutions and technology. They include the influence of shared ideas on both the objectives that people deem worthy and the means to achieve those objectives.
The definitions provided by North, Ostrom and Grief are like Veblen's in defining institutions in terms of shared ideas or beliefs. Because of the emphasis on "rules" it is not clear that they are quite as broad as Veblen. Although the rules of games do not just tell people what they can and can't do; they also tell you what you should want to do. Modern institutional analysis, especially that reflected in the work of North from Structure and Change in 1981 to Understanding the Process of Economic Change in 2005, seemed to be moving toward a Veblen like approach. Institutions are shared ideas that influence human behavior.
Pulling formal rules out of culture creates two problems. First, to the extent that culture is defined in terms of ideas that are shared by members of a society, both at a point in time and over time, formal (agreed upon rules) fit within this definition. Unlike norms they agreed upon, written down, and not actually known to everyone. But these things are true of religion, science, and technology as well are these not part of our culture? In my reading of Henrich, the fact that because of culture not all of us have to carry all of the knowledge in our heads is the secret of our success.
Second, terms like "scheme of life" and "culture" tend to suggest that, while we can study particular institutions or memes, they add up to something that can also be considered as a whole. "When we use the word "culture," we are generally referring to a system of meanings, a system of ideas, present in a myriad of human actions, form the most mundane to the most exalted (Gable 2011, 8)". Pulling institutions out of culture leaves us without a concept for all the socially shared information and assumes away the possibility that the whole is more than the sum of the parts. It is not clear to me that this makes sense. Rosen (2006) makes an interesting case for viewing law as part of a culture. For instance, he notes that what counts as evidence in a court (trial by ordeal or DNA?) is not something that is separate from a society. Were coverture and Jim Crow laws not part of American culture? In our work, we find that bankruptcy laws and their use have evolved in response to interest group activity but also in response to changing beliefs about debt and failure (Hansen and Hansen 2020).
Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. "Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth." Handbook of economic growth 1 (2005): 385-472.
Alesina, Alberto, and Paola Giuliano. Culture and Institutions. w19750. National Bureau of Economic Research) "Culture and Institutions." Journal of Economic Literature 53, no. 4 (2015): 898-944.
Alston, Eric, Lee J. Alston, Bernardo Mueller, and Tomas Nonnenmacher. Institutional and organizational analysis: concepts and applications. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Balafoutas, Loukas, and Nikos Nikiforakis. "Norm enforcement in the city: A natural field experiment." European Economic Review 56, no. 8 (2012): 1773-1785.
Basu, Kaushik. The republic of beliefs: A new approach to law and economics. Princeton University Press, 2018.
Bicchieri, Cristina. The grammar of society: The nature and dynamics of social norms. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
―. Norms in the wild: How to diagnose, measure, and change social norms. Oxford University Press, 2016.
Boyd, Robert, and Peter J. Richerson. "Gene–culture coevolution and the evolution of social institutions." (2008).
Durham, William H. Coevolution: Genes, culture, and human diversity. Stanford University Press, 1991.
Fehr, Ernst, and Urs Fischbacher. "Third-party punishment and social norms." Evolution and human behavior 25, no. 2 (2004): 63-87.
Gable, Eric. Anthropology and egalitarianism: Ethnographic encounters from Monticello to Guinea-Bissau. Indiana University Press, 2010.
Greif, Avner, and Christopher Kingston. "Institutions: rules or equilibria?." In Political economy of institutions, democracy and voting, pp. 13-43. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011.
Hansen, Bradley. "Commercial associations and the creation of a national economy: The demand for federal bankruptcy law." Business History Review 72, no. 1 (1998): 86-113.
Hansen, Bradley A., and Mary Eschelbach Hansen. "The role of path dependence in the development of US bankruptcy law, 1880–1938." Journal of institutional Economics 3, no. 2 (2007): 203-225.
―. "Religion, social capital and business bankruptcy in the United States, 1921–. 1932." Business History 50, no. 6 (2008): 714-727.
Hansen, Mary Eschelbach, and Bradley A. Hansen. "Crisis and Bankruptcy: The Mediating Role of State Law, 1920–1932." The Journal of Economic History 72, no. 2 (2012): 448-468.
―. Bankrupt in America: A History of Debtors, Their Creditors, and the Law in the Twentieth Century. University of Chicago Press, 2020.
Henrich, Joseph. The secret of our success: How culture is driving human evolution, domesticating our species, and making us smarter. Princeton University Press, 2017.
Henrich, Joseph, Richard McElreath, Abigail Barr, Jean Ensminger, Clark Barrett, Alexander Bolyanatz, Juan Camilo Cardenas et al. "Costly punishment across human societies." Science 312, no. 5781 (2006): 1767-1770.,
Hermann, Benedikt, Christian Thöni, and Simon Gächter. "Antisocial punishment across societies." Science 319, no. 5868 (2008): 1362-1367.
Hoebel, E. Adamson, and Karl N. Llewellyn. Cheyenne Way: Conflict & Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983.
McNamara, Rita Anne, Aiyana K. Willard, Ara Norenzayan, and Joseph Henrich. "Weighing outcome vs. intent across societies: How cultural models of mind shape moral reasoning." Cognition 182 (2019): 95-108.
Mesoudi, Alex. "Pursuing Darwin's curious parallel: Prospects for a science of cultural evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (2017): 7853-7860.
Norenzayan, Ara, Azim F. Shariff, Will M. Gervais, Aiyana K. Willard, Rita A. McNamara, Edward Slingerland, and Joseph Henrich. "The cultural evolution of prosocial religions." Behavioral and brain sciences 39 (2016).
Nyborg, Karine, John M. Anderies, Astrid Dannenberg, Therese Lindahl, Caroline Schill, Maja Schlüter, W. Neil Adger et al. "Social norms as solutions." Science 354, no. 6308 (2016): 42-43.
North, Douglass Cecil. Structure and change in economic history. Norton, 1981.
―. Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton University Press, 2010.
Ostrom, Elinor. Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton University Press, 2009.
Przepiorka, Wojtek, and Joël Berger. "The sanctioning dilemma: A quasi-experiment on social norm enforcement in the train." European Sociological Review 32, no. 3 (2016): 439-451.
Rosen, Lawrence. Law as culture: An invitation. Princeton University Press, 2006.
Rosenberg, Gerald N. The hollow hope: Can courts bring about social change?. University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Veblen, Thorstein. The theory of the leisure class. Macmillan, 1912.
―. "Why Is Economics Not An Evolutionary Science" in The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and Other Essays. B.W. Huebsch, 1919.
Wallis, John Joseph. "What Institutions Are: The difference between Social Facts, Norms, and Institutions and their associated rules and enforcement." University of Maryland (2017).
Wiessner, Polly. "Norm enforcement among the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen." Human Nature 16, no. 2 (2005): 115-145.


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https://radioviceonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/rvo-logo-4-300x100.jpg 0 0 Steve McGough https://radioviceonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/rvo-logo-4-300x100.jpg Steve McGough2008-10-22 10:55:062008-10-22 10:55:06Would the last honest reporter please turn on the lights?
Would the last honest reporter please turn on the lights?
Orson Scott Card is a journalist that is not proud of the actions – and inactions – of his brethren in the media. Card is also a Democrat.
It's a moving description of how the media is failing and seem to be in the tank for Obama. Read the entire post, and thanks to Vicevich for the tip.

subset: commoncrawl


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Want to make your money stretch? Here are 6 grocery shopping tips to help you save time, money and even energy! Okay, maybe I'm over-selling here, but you sure can make your shopping trip more efficient.
1 – Know your budget
The first and most important point is to have a budget! If you don't have one yet then you may want to start by taking the 30-challenge of tracking your everyday expenses. This will give you a good idea of where and how you're currently spending your money. This is a great way to start your budget.
If you already have a budget; well-done!
2 – Make a list
Having a shopping list will not only clear your mind and take the "I'm forgetting something" feeling away, it can also speed up your shopping. You can keep a list on your fridge or on your phone and add to whenever you find you need something. Then, before your next shop, read it through and add any extra items you need. Be like Santa and check your list twice.
If you are doing a big shopping spree then categorize your groceries by the following (or something similar that works for you):
- Fruit & Veg (fresh fruit, vegetables, herbs)
- Frozen goods (anything in the freezers)
- Dairy (any dairy goods)
- Meat (if you eat it)
- Dry goods / Other (tins, spices, bread, juices and anything that you would store in your cupboard at home)
- Toiletries (not really groceries but needed)
- Cleaning products
Generally stores keep similar type items together and if you have a list of what you need from each area it saves you from walking around the store several times. You can categorize your items in whatever way makes the most sense to you, but don't make your system too complicated as you probably won't keep it up then.
3 – Don't shop when you are hungry
If you're hungry you'll probably pick things off the shelf that you want to eat now! You'll also over-cater for your next meal as your poor starving brain cannot deal with the sight of all the food. Another concern is that if you are really hungry and feeling that your blood sugar is low, then you will most likely rush to get through your shopping as quickly as possible. Saving money and sticking to a budget will be your lowest priority. Hangry is a real word!
Keep yourself from temptation and rather delay your shopping trip if you're hungry.
4 – Shop online
Depending on where you live, you may be able to shop online with free (or cheap) deliveries. Most stores are now offering same-day deliveries such as the Checkers 60 sixty and Woolies Dash. Firstly, make sure you know what the charge is (if there is any) and be sure to factor that in. However, shopping online makes one far more conscious of what you are buying as you're not distracted by thousands of products on shelves, the sweet aisle at checkouts, and the smell of delicious freshly baked goods. Also, you should have a kind of standard weekly list of items that you use. You kind of know what you need.
5 – Check prices per unit
Stores change their prices often and we're conditioned to think that the larger quantity "bulk buying" is always cheaper. Well, it isn't! Don't assume something is cheaper just because it's in a bigger box or because the packaging tells you to "buy in bulk and save". Always check the price per unit. Not all stores display the "per unit" price but that's when you need to take out a calculator and work out which size is best to buy.
6 – Use cash
If you only take cash to the store and no credit or debit cards then you really have no option to spend too much. The embarrassment of not having enough money will surely drive even the most out of control shopper to calculate exactly what they have in their trolley. It's amazing how good you become at shopping when you only have a set amount of cash and no more.
7 – Join the store loyalty program
Most stores have a loyalty card (points card) of some variety. The savings vary but it's generally worth joining a loyalty program and using whatever savings you get. Especially useful for stores that you frequent often.
Be aware of the marketing though and remember that they will try to entice you to spend more. So remember your budget and shopping list and don't be tempted to veer off.
Let me know if these grocery shopping tips help. And of course, let me know your best tips.


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Davin and Kimber York of Hurdland are the parents of a daughter, Hudsen Caroline York, born March 21, 2020 at Scotland County Hospital in Memphis. Hudsen weighed 6 lbs 13 oz and was 19.5 inches long. She has one siblings, Halle. Grandparents are Troy and Ronna Boyer of Canton; Ron York of Edina; and Carla Ausmus and Darrin Mihalovich of Greentop.


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Jan 21st, 2015
Bethlehem Awate presents: The Skin You're In
Habesha LA is excited to partner with YouTube vlogger Bethelem Awate! Here is her first video with Habesha LA, "The Skin You're In". Peep below.
"The topic of dark skin vs light skin, unfortunately, is still a problem today in 2105. But contrary to what many believe, it isn't something that affects every person who is darker in complexion. In this video I hope to shed light on that fact, and ask that we all start looking deeper than one's own skin. -Bethlehem Awate"


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Just the beginning of trouble
I think that has to be the most ludicrous thing I've ever heard. It's encouraging things that are un-necessary... What kind of gift is that anyway? It's like saying "Well, this brain you've been enriching for 12 or so years isn't going to do *anything* for you. You know what will? Breast implants!"
Completely ridiculous. (You asked for my opinion).
OMG is the only thing i can say... thats stupid
I think it is a really bad idea. The girl (and yes, she's still a girl even if she's 18! I considered myself a girl then and still do many times now when I am almost 25!) may not even be grown into her body and then there's the whole changing it just to be vain and self centered, really. That's not focusing on who the person is, but what many people want that person to look like. It's all vanity. It really shouldn't be done. No matter what some doctors say, there are dangers to this!
Besides the obvious health risks, I think that whoever gives the gift or even OK's the gift are sending an awful message to their daughter, granddaughter, neice whatever. They are telling her that she isn't fine the way GOD made her, rather than put this money in an account and draw interest to put towards something USEFUL, they are showing her and well, everyone else for that matter that it is okay to blow money on something that is just outrageously stupid and completely URGH....oh, i can even think anymore, this subject gets me fired up!!! I think it is demeaning, irresponsible and would be the last thing that a parent or grandparent should want their "girl" worrying about and then wasting money and risking her body for. Does that make sense? Oh well, I know what Im trying to say anyway....
You're kidding me right? That's just nuts. I would advocate it if she is flat-chested with something like an AA cup, and her breasts are unlikely to grow - however, I'd seriously think about doing even that, given the surgical health risks, the composition of the implant, the manner in which it will stretch the skin beneath, the possibility of bursting, as well as the possibility of problems should she become pregnant. You also need to look at why she wants the implants, if she has asked for them. Is this really a good way to make her feel better about herself? You really need to sit down with a health professional to discuss this idea.
If you are old enough for implants you should be old enough to pay for them yourself.
I have seen some bad boob jobs that had lumps in them because the stuff leaked out, I personal have big boobs that are natural that are Double D and they are perky as they can be at the size they are they give me back pain personaly. I would rather not be large chested, I dont ever like to wear a bra in my home they are uncomfortable to me. I think some boob jobs look nice in Beveral Hills Dr. 90210. I think guys just see you as a sexual toy and will not take you seariously if you have fake.I know guys like them but some lie and say they dont and I have seen them stare at the fake ones and say I dont like those and there mouths drop but I personaly dont like guys gaulking at me they use too do that too me all the time I couldnt go any where where with out. I like to be attractive but not not calling unwanted attition.I know allmost every woman in Las Vegas had fake ones and none of the girls I hung out with had fake ones they cost too much they are a health risk and I wouldnt take them if some one gave me a job for free.You decrease your life span when you go under the knife every time.There was this girl whos implant busted in a car crash. NO, I wouldnt give that too anyone for a gift., Get her an apparment or Car if you want instead...
Interesting idea. What is the message supposed to be? We support you in your education? Or something else? Most of us operate like Pavlov's dog. If we get a reward for doing something we will do it again. Does that mean that the giving of breasts will prompt the recipient to do well in college? What does she get upon graduation from college? A tummy tuck, or just a hair cut? Hard to top the boob job. Maybe, just maybe the boob job suggests a different direction to the recipient, different from the direction of academic achievement. So maybe with her new boobs she will seek a new business, trade or profession. Who knows?
Pathetic and anti-life. Grow a brain.
When I graduated high school it was common for a girl to get a hope chest .. usually cedar. Now some girls are getting the chest they hope for. In my opinion, if a girl gets her self esteem from the size of her breasts, (at great financial cost .. and possibly great cost to her health), womanhood has been sorely reduced even if they're breasts are the opposite. Any parent who would finance this needs to have their head examined!
It's a very silly idea, no wonder shrinks are making so much money
They should go for fake buttock implants so she has something to fall back on.
Only if she is going to work at "Big John's Dance and Massage Emporium". Better ideas 1) Pay for 1st year of college 2) Money into a trust fund for a house purchase 3) A good used car 4) etiquette lessons 5) A laptop
Plain creepy...
It's wrong, just plain wrong.
Er, seriously, what the hell? This just emphasizes how much High School children rely on physical appearence. In addition, this could be interpreted as a parental gesture that the child is ugly, which would be very demoralizing.
What a waste of money.
i think a car would be a better gift...or savings for college.
vulgar, in the extreme
Not the breast idea. Erm, I mean, best idea;)
I don't understand breast implants for any reason other than having had a breast removed. Why ruin a perfect thing?
It would either be funny as hell, incrediblely offensive, or very much appreciated depending upon whom it was given to.
Seems a bit over the top. But hardly worth all the excitement that's come up in this question.
I think finding good mates ,will do a lot better!
I would never give a gift like that for any reason. Why do some teenagers feel they have to surgically change their appearance, why weren't they ever taught to accept themselves? If someone was disfigured, that would be a different matter.
DO IT!!! i love fake boobies!
Copyright 2023, Wired Ivy, LLC


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Admittedly, we are not bonafide psychologists but let's face it when your business is gathering bits of information for the edification of the public, you're bound to wittingly or unwittingly become a studier of human behaviour.
Every Nigerian knows that a larger percentage of Nigerians are mad about football, the one the Americans call soccer. It is ostensibly a game played by 22 grown men divided into two teams. They kick about a round leather material, called a ball, around a gigantic grass field with the sole aim of seeing which team can put the ball past a small box called a goal post belonging to the opponent. The team which is able to do this the most in a given game wins the game. Of course, there are rules governing the game and an umpire to ensure a fair officiating.
Football is big practically in most countries and big money as well. And fans have been known to be humorous, amazing, boisterous, rancorous amongst other characteristics. The game is the one thing everyone agrees that unites the country. Wish that the country will agree on weighty issues as they do with regard to the Super Eagles. Who could ever forget the joys of Tunis 1994 or the Dream Team 1996? And more recently, South Africa 2013 and Rio 2016? Competitions in which Nigerians did remarkably well.
However, not everyone gets football whether at the national or club level. And for those who don't give a whit about the game, most of them don't really understand what the fuss is all about. In fact, most are unarguably bemused by it all. And for us, being that we are approaching the subject matter from a disinterested point of view, we are reporting what we have been told by non-fans of the things they find most irritating with regards to the behaviour of football fans.
Here goes:
What do you think of these observations? Do you agree? Share your thought in the comment section.


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Course Hero. "Arcadia Study Guide." Course Hero. 27 Feb. 2017. Web. 21 Sep. 2023. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Arcadia/>.
In text
(Course Hero)
Course Hero. (2017, February 27). Arcadia Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved September 21, 2023, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Arcadia/
In text
(Course Hero, 2017)
Course Hero. "Arcadia Study Guide." February 27, 2017. Accessed September 21, 2023. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Arcadia/.
Course Hero, "Arcadia Study Guide," February 27, 2017, accessed September 21, 2023, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Arcadia/.
In Act 1, Scene 1 of Arcadia, what does the opening dialogue between Septimus Hodge and Thomasina Coverly reveal about their personalities?
With intuitive mathematical and scientific comprehension beyond her years and time, Thomasina Coverly also shows curiosity about the world with her endless questions to Septimus Hodge. She demonstrates her ability to absorb information by pointing out details she has seen or overheard, such as the servants' discussion of being caught in a "carnal embrace." Though she is young and lacks life experience, Thomasina is clever and can be manipulative. She indirectly questions her tutor about his affair with Mrs. Chater by coyly pretending to not understand the servants' conversation. Thomasina is confident in her own thoughts and lacks intellectual inhibitions. She is unafraid to ask questions and is confident of getting an answer and seems to understand when manipulation and pretense are more effective paths to information. Septimus, on the other hand, often sidesteps Thomasina's uncomfortable questions by using double entendres and clever wordplay. He demonstrates his intellect by speaking in multiple levels of meaning to answer her questions without wading into inappropriate topics. However, if he is uncomfortable about the topic, he is at ease with language. For example, his answer to her questions about "carnal embrace" plays on different meanings stemming from the Latin root of carnal translated as "flesh." Septimus's duplicitous responses reveal he is a man who prefers to avoid conflict and uncomfortable situations. If he can worm his way out of difficulty, he will.
In Act 1, Scene 1 of Arcadia, why does Septimus Hodge call Richard Noakes a serpent?
Septimus Hodge calls Richard Noakes a serpent in the garden for his role in revealing Septimus's romantic liaison in the gazebo with Mrs. Chater. The gazebo is in Sidley Park's classically designed garden, which Lady Croom refers to as "nature as God intended" and which Mr. Noakes is planning to change completely. Septimus's claim that Mr. Noakes is the serpent in the garden is a biblical allusion to the serpent in the Garden of Eden, which also could be called "nature as God intended." The serpent tempted Eve into eating forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge. Her act, which implies carnal knowledge, as it does here, led to her being banished from the garden. Septimus is implying that Mr. Noakes is a person who, like the sneaky serpent, causes trouble for others.
In Act 1, Scene 1 of Arcadia, how does Thomasina Coverly's description of stirring jam into rice pudding relate to the theme of the flow of time?
Thomasina Coverly points out if one stirs a spoonful of jam into a dish of rice pudding, the swirls of red cannot be undone, and the more they are stirred, the more mixed they will become until the pudding is pink. Therefore, one cannot stir backward to undo the stirring. This description of stirring jam into rice pudding represents the consequences of certain actions, such as the flow of time, that move only in one direction. The stirring creates disorder after disorder until the disorder is complete (in the case of the jam, until the rice pudding is all pink), "unchanging and unchangeable."
How do poor critical reviews reflect the work of Ezra Chater, Hannah Jarvis, and Bernard Nightingale in Arcadia?
All three characters have been the subject of or have written poor reviews but for different reasons—mediocrity, jealousy, and shoddiness. First, the lack of critical acclaim for Ezra Chater's poetry stems from the mediocrity, or less than mediocrity, of the work itself. Chater is not much of a poet, and his work reflects a lack of originality and wit. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that critics like Septimus Hodge would say of "The Maid of Turkey" it is boring and not fit to "give ... to [a] dog for dinner." Dull-witted Chater is easy to fool, for Septimus dissuades him from a duel by offering to write a favorable review, which Chater doubts he would get elsewhere. According to Hannah Jarvis, the bad reviews of her book come from jealous male academics who resent her popular success. She attributes the bad reviews to chauvinism and her position outside the "fraternity" of Byron scholars, even though her research is scholarly and her information accurate. She is articulate in making her opinion of them known when she says, "The Byron gang unzipped their flies and patronized all over it." However, Hannah is reasonable enough to know she has come out ahead and consents to work with Bernard Nightingale for academic reasons. As "one of the Byron gang," Bernard Nightingale did write a dismissive review of Hannah Jarvis's book. Now, however, he expects glowing reviews for his own work when he publishes his theory that Lord Byron killed Ezra Chater. Because he publishes his work too hastily without verifying information, Hannah Jarvis will expose the errors of his shoddy research and embarrass him publicly. Unlike Bernard, however, Hannah will most likely stick to the facts; Bernard would rather be humiliated by her than by his own friends, who most likely will turn on him whereas Hannah is not in a position to do so.
In what ways does the tortoise serve as a symbol for time in Arcadia?
The tortoise is known for having a long life, so it is an easily recognizable symbol of longevity. The tortoise is Septimus Hodge's pet in the past timeframe and Valentine Coverly's pet in the present. That the symbol appears in a parallel fashion in a time span of more than 200 years indicates the continuity of time. In addition, by placing what looks like the same tortoise in both time periods, Stoppard effectively highlights this continuity. Slow but steady movement is also a key characterization of the tortoise; therefore, it is symbolic of the slow but constant flow of time. In Arcadia, the tortoise is always present but it does not take focus away from what is happening in the scene. Sometimes Plautus or Lightning simply sits and is ignored; at other times it is paid more attention, just as people might regard time. But whether in the background or foreground, being petted or fed, it is a constant reminder of the slow march of time.
How does Stoppard use humor in his characterization of Septimus Hodge in Act 1, Scene 1 of Arcadia?
Stoppard uses humor to emphasize the quick wit, ease with language, and broad knowledge of Septimus Hodge. Septimus repeatedly makes witty remarks using double meanings to confound or insult those around him. In Act 1, Scene 1, such an example is his initial definition of carnal embrace as "throwing one's arms around a side of beef," which reflects not only his wit but his knowledge of Latin as well. Another example is his description of Mrs. Chater's sexual reputation as "a readiness that keeps her in a state of tropical humidity as would grow orchids in her drawers in January." Other times his comments are full of verbal irony. For example, when Ezra Chater demands "satisfaction" for the wrong done against him and his wife's reputation, Septimus responds, "Mrs. Chater demanded satisfaction and now you are demanding satisfaction. I cannot spend my time day and night satisfying the demands of the Chater family." His use of humor reveals a superior intellect and often a contempt for others, but it is directed at those who seem to deserve his scorn or sarcasm, such as the Chaters. However, his humor with Thomasina seems much gentler, reflecting his own embarrassment and aiming more to protect her innocence than to mock her lack of knowledge.
In what ways is Ezra Chater a fool in Tom Stoppard's Arcadia?
With his dull wit, lack of talent, and weak character, Ezra Chater is easily the fool in any situation he is in. He is a flat character who never changes and never learns from his experiences. He is blind to his wife's infidelity and blustery in his demands for justice, but he is easily distracted with a few flattering, yet completely false, comments in Act 1, Scene 1. When Septimus Hodge implies he will not shoot Chater because he thinks Chater is one of the two or three best poets alive, Chater immediately wants to know who the others are and cannot sustain his anger once he hears Septimus is writing a review of Chater's latest poem. In Act 1, Scene 3, at the urging of Captain Brice, Chater challenges Septimus to a second duel for reasons that do not seem as clear to Chater as to Brice. Chater seems oblivious to the fact that Brice is in love with Chater's wife and equally oblivious to Brice's motives for putting him in harm's way. In Act 2, Scene 6, Lady Croom indicates Chater has been fooled into thinking it is a virtue that his wife is playing mistress to Captain Brice. Overall, Chater is a weak-willed man who is easily manipulated and usually the butt of jokes he does not understand.
How does Stoppard use other characters' reactions to develop the character of Lady Croom in Arcadia?
Lady Croom may be—or would like to be—the most powerful person on the estate. She is demanding and opinionated, but it is the way that other characters defer to her opinion and avoid contradicting her that reveals she most likely does not tolerate disagreement. The other characters allow her to have the appearance at least of getting her way, though some object in passive-aggressive ways, such as Thomasina's response to her mother's command that she wait in her bedroom, "It is plain that there are some things a girl is allowed to understand ... but there are others, such as embracing a side of beef, that must be kept from her until she is old enough to have a carcass of her own." Mr. Chater foolishly corrects Lady Croom on the author of a book, but she spells out her authority in the house and his role as guest to accept whatever she says as truth.
In Act 1, Scene 1 of Arcadia, how do Richard Noakes's and Lady Croom's visions for the garden represent different intellectual ideals?
Lady Croom prefers the classical, orderly garden marked by well-manicured landscaping, which appears to have nature under control. It is, in fact, the underlying plan of the present garden at Sidley Park, with its clear boundaries and strong hierarchical design. The present garden represents the intellectual ideal of Rationalism—orderly and linear. It is also the status quo, which reveals her desire to maintain her clear position of power. Richard Noakes, however, wants to transform the garden into a picture of wild, untamed nature, which represents the emotional, Romantic ideal of knowledge. The transformation of the garden is symbolic of the intellectual focus on Rationalism during the Enlightenment as it gave way to the idealization of instinctive, emotional understandings of truth in in the Romantic era. The two views represent different definitions of truth.
In Act 1, Scene 1 of Arcadia, how does the phrase "Et in Arcadia ego" support and contradict Lady Croom's viewpoint about her garden?
Lady Croom is fond of her garden as it is and uses the phrase to support her view that the garden is already in a state of perfection. She does not want to change it to a style she believes is characterized by chaos and decay. She says the classical garden is "nature as God intended" and asserts she is in paradise there. She translates the phrase as "Here I am in Arcadia." The statement is contradicted when Septimus Hodge later points out that death also exists in Arcadia with his translation of the phrase as "Even in Arcadia, there am I!" in response to Thomasina Coverly's observation about the constant hunting on the estate. "There am I" refers to the presence of death. Septimus is alluding to the painting by Nicolas Poussin titled "Et in Arcadia Ego" which shows shepherds gathered around a tomb.


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- 2 1/2 cup flour
- 1 cup sugar
- 3 eggs
- 1/2 cup toasted nuts
- 1/2 cup raisins
- 1 tbsp vanilla extract
- 1/4 tsp salt
Roast the nuts at 190 degress for 5 mins. Mixing them half way through
Pulse the nuts in a food processor or you can roughly chop them
Preheat oven to 180 degrees
Whisk all the dry ingredients(flour, sugar and salt)
Add eggs and vanilla extract. Mix well. If the dough is too sticky add a bit of flour
Add in the nuts and raisins
Cut the dough in half and shape into logs (2 1/2 inches wide)
Bake for 20 minutes. They should look a bit golden but still soft. Let cool for 30 minutes
Cut into 1/4 inch slices and bake again til they are brown and crispy all the way through (about 15 mind flip half way)
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37789 Baker Mill Road Purcellville, VA 20132
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Monthly Payment (Est.)$14,828
Welcome to Live Oak Farm. Nestled in the heart of Northern Virginia's wine country, this luxurious 10 acre estate offers refined living against the backdrop of the Blue Ridge Mountains. This unique property provides the privacy and tranquility of country living, while still being convenient to shopping, dining, transportation, and world-class equestrian facilities. An entertainer's dream, this 12,000+ square foot home offers plenty of space for large or intimate gatherings. The chef in your family will love the spacious kitchen featuring Wolf, Sub Zero & Miele appliances, new quartz countertops and two oversized islands. The butler's pantry provides additional storage space and a Sub Zero wine refrigerator. Upstairs, the primary suite features a large sitting room with gas fireplace, wet bar & private deck. The primary bath features a jetted tub, oversized shower, double vanity, and a towel warming drawer. All additional bedrooms are ensuite. When it's time to play, the lower level offers expansive entertainment spaces, a gaming area, gym, bar, theater, a wine storage room, and walkout to the patio. The resort-style backyard features a deep gunite pool with dive rock, sun ledge, waterfalls, and a 40 foot waterslide. A convenient outdoor shower and powder room will keep the wet footprints outside where they belong. For the equestrian in your life, this property includes a five stall barn with climate controlled tack room, laundry, and powder room. All stalls are rubber matted and feature overhead fans and outlets. Keep your equine babies clean in the wash stall featuring hot and cold water and overhead dryers. Upstairs you will find a spacious 1,700+ Sq. Ft. 2 bedroom, 2 bathroom apartment featuring a full kitchen with stainless steel appliances and granite countertops. The barn offers direct turn-out to three paddocks, each with water and electric. A 48 foot long garage with front and rear doors provides extra parking and storage space. Keep your hay and equipment protected in the spacious 24' x 48' utility barn. The 140' x 200' riding arena featuring Airfoot™ footing can accommodate any discipline. For the nature lover, there are plenty of mature specimen trees on the property that attract birds year-round. Enjoy the pleasure of picking fruit from your own mature fruit trees and berry bushes, including Asian pears, peaches, and apricots as well as blackberries. Come find your happy place at Live Oak Farm! Owner agent.
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This is a point series consisting of six races with one drop.
The series runs from March 22nd through May 3rd.
Classes running are 25.5 Vintage (US VTA Rules), 17.5 Touring, 13.5 1/12th and Mini.
The event begins Sunday, March 22nd (First day), Sunday, April 5th, Sunday, April 12th, Sunday, April 19th, Sunday, April 26th will be a double points race.
Sunday, May 3rd will be our trophy day race.
For more information visit our event page at Second Annual Spring Challenge Point Series.


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Wisconsin Watch is a nonprofit newsroom that focuses on government integrity and quality of life issues, and we always provide our news for free.
You can read all of our coronavirus/COVID-19 coverage by signing up for our Wisconsin COVID-19 Update newsletter, and please consider becoming a member to support our nonprofit journalism.
More than 1 million people in Wisconsin have received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose, and more than 500,000 have received two doses, Gov. Tony Evers announced Friday, touting a statewide vaccination campaign whose pace had frustrated some still waiting but is among the quickest in the country.
Within those numbers: More than one in four Wisconsinites ages 65 and older have been fully vaccinated and nearly three in five have gotten their first dose.
"While we still have a long way to go, the light is certainly at the end of the tunnel. And every day we are one step closer than yesterday to reaching community-wide immunity and getting back to our Wisconsin way of life," Evers said in a statement.
Wisconsin is racing to inoculate more residents as health officials flag additional infections from a more contagious coronavirus variant, David Wahlberg reports for the Wisconsin State Journal.
Top Stories
1 million Wisconsin residents have received first dose of COVID-19 vaccine, state builds network of vaccinators — Wisconsin State Journal
More COVID-19 variant cases reported in Wisconsin as vaccine supply grows — Wisconsin State Journal
By some indicators, Wisconsin's vaccine rollout remains one of the best in nation — Channel 3000
The Senate is debating Biden's COVID stimulus bill. When can you expect help? Here's what we know. — USA TODAY
Ron Johnson's quest to stall a $1.9 trillion COVID relief package: after marathon delay tactic, Democrats turn the tables — Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Vaccine eligibility for all Wisconsin adults in May 'a very realistic goal' — Cap Times
Wisconsin teachers were vaccine eligible starting March 1, but rollout has been uneven — WPR
Health Department: J&J shots will speed up county's vaccine push — Eau Claire Leader Telegram
Wisconsin health officials: Nursing homes are proof COVID-19 vaccines are working — FOX 11 News
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Data to note
Here's a look at the Department of Health Services' vaccine dashboard, which showed Wednesday that 59.8% of Wisconsinites ages 65 and older have gotten at least one dose — as have 17.6% of the state's overall population. Racial disparities persist in distributing vaccines. The shares of Black, Hispanic and Native American residents to receive a dose remain significantly below that of white residents. The disparity between Native Americans and white residents, however, has narrowed in recent weeks.
Public health officials continue to urge Wisconsinites to wear masks and practice physical distancing until vaccinations are more widely distributed.
DHS reported a seven-day average of 11 new deaths and 479 new infections Friday, Wisconsin's lowest infection average since June 30.
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text: Is there a way for SAG to save face? Negotiations between the actors guild and the majors resume this morning after a three-day recess. The sides return to the bargaining table amid pervasive uncertainty as to whether they can bridge the significant gaps between them and close a deal in the next four weeks. SAG's current feature-primetime deal expires June 30, but SAG's leaders, after talking tough for more than a year, still haven't taken the final step of seeking a strike authorization — which requires 75% support. For the full story visit http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117986758.html?categoryid=13 & cs;=1


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"I think the offer is fantastic and I'm sure there's lots of other WASPI ladies out there who would agree with me"
May Rookes, the 'WASPI' woman who exposed Boris Johnson in yet another lie during last week's BBC Question time leaders' special, has spoken out about Labour's plan to compensate 1950s-born women for the pension entitlement stolen from them by the government.
Ms Rookes skewered Johnson on the programme, forcing him to admit that he was not going to fulfil his promise made just in August to sort out the injustice – and she now says that having read Jeremy Corbyn's plan, she thinks it is 'a fantastic offer' and is sure other WASPI women will agree with her.
And she is quite clear that she hopes Labour win's the general election:
Ms Rookes' assessment of her sisters-in-arms' reaction seems to be correct. WASPI women in Derbyshire today sang 'Oh Jeremy Corbyn' as the Labour leader arrived to speak to them – and universally praised both the plan and the man, even though BBC News withheld coverage of their musical welcome.
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5 Never-Fail Travel Outfits
Anyone else have a closet full of clothes but nothing to wear?! Turns out I rotate the same 5 outfits when I fly or take a roadtrip and they truly never fail. I love to pack fun outfits but for traveling my outfits are a little more transitional and functional. And layered-always layered. Regardless of season or destination, I rotate these same outfits but will make minor changes or add a winter coat and boots if needed.
- My #1 Go-To
This is my go to because it it's comfortable enough to sleep but still nice enough to wear somewhere right off the plane. It's my favorite go-to because I never have to think about how to throw it together. These shoes are seriously amazing too-they feel like you're walking on a cloud and are great if you have to walk a lot through the airport.
2. Sporty Casual
This is my equivalent of "leggings and a t shirt" but make it athleisure. I have a few waffle crops I wear with it normally but really anything works and you could dress it up more or less as needed. Also love to wear the white sneakers with it because it frees up room in my suitcase.
3. Cozy Chic
This is my favorite outfit when I have a long flight because it's SO soft and cozy! It's easy to fall asleep in and you feel like you're wearing PJ's. This is the outfit for catching a red eye or curling up as best you can and reading a good book on the plane with a cup of something hot. ☕ Most all my two piece sets are from Riche Hippie and I've worn them to death! Other option is to do a jumpsuit which I love as well. I pair a sandal with this one because it is less clunky and you can take them off on the plane and slip on fuzzy socks for maximum comfort 🤗.
4. Runway 😉 Style
Did my joke land!? This one transitions well from one runway to the next! Haha okay i'm done. All jokes aside, wouldn't quite call this "runway" but it is a little more stylish and a great outfit if you want to feel trendy or won't have time to change once you arrive. Abi introduced me to the Spanx leggings and I absolutely love. Again with the layers, you can wear this shacket open, buttoned, around the waist-whatever works! I paired it with these dupe Dr. Martens that are SO comfy and I get a ton of compliments. And they were on sale for only $30!
5. The Road Tripper
I wouldn't wear this on a plane because I hate wearing shorts while flying. Personal preference, but I always get cold and something about pants just makes me feel more comfortable. This outfit is also super PJ-like, but can look put together if you accessorize well. I'd wear this on a road trip because it's easy for bathroom stops, car naps, and driving long hours because it's so non-restrictive. I have a great set from my friend's new boutique that I absolutely love and looks really similar to this one. Also, anyone who knows me knows-I LIVE in these Cabana Sandals. I linked up another I have from Riche Hippie that are the same brand that I also switch it up with. Cabanas are super comfy but you have to break them in first.
If you've noticed a theme there, its stretchy pants, soft fabrics and comfortable shoes! I've traveled too many times with blisters, goose bumps and uncomfortable pants to avoid it completely when I fly or drive. Did we miss any? Let us know your go-to outfits!
Happy Travels!


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Table of Contents
Anyone who has contracted the unsightly and unpleasant infection of nail fungus has several options for therapy.
Which nail fungus tablets are available for treatment?
When are they used, and do all tablets require a prescription?
You can find this and other information here.
Tablets help in severe cases.
In the initial stage, the affected nail can be treated with nail polish or cream for application.
However, suppose the disease is already advanced because treatment has been delayed or postponed. In that case, the doctor usually decides that the fungus must be fought with combination therapy of external and internal agents.
There are capsules or tablets against nail fungus, which are taken and act from the inside against the fungi on the nail. These are often combined with varnish or cream.
Antimycotics to be taken as medication against nail fungus are used if one has an enormously extended fungal infestation on the nail, the nail root or the nail bed is attacked, or several nails are affected at the same time.
The exact therapy is always decided and prescribed by the doctor.
Are there also tablets against nail fungus that are available without a prescription?
There are no over-the-counter tablets for nail fungus that you can buy without a doctor's prescription.
All standard nail fungus tablets and capsules used in onychomycosis treatment require a prescription and must be prescribed by a doctor.
These medications have a fungicidal effect during treatment and fight the fungus of the nail from the inside out.
With the prescription, one can then purchase the medication at a pharmacy or online pharmacy.
If one wants over-the-counter drugs for nail fungus treatment, for example, proclearz is possible:
Various active ingredients in tablet or capsule form
All antifungals in tablet or capsule form require a prescription and must be prescribed by a doctor (family doctor or dermatologist), depending on the symptoms, against the infection.
They cannot be purchased from a pharmacy without a prescription. In contrast, nail fungus nail polish and cream against nail fungus can be bought without a prescription.
This overview lists the active ingredients that are commonly prescribed for oral nail fungus treatment:
- Terbinafine
- Itraconazole
- Fluconazole
Terbinafine is an active ingredient that acts on the nail in diseases caused by dermatophytes and molds. Terbinafine is one of the tablets against nail fungus most often prescribed by doctors.
It is taken with up to 250 mg once a day (always at the same time of day) with a glass of water, regardless of meals, depending on the degree of onychomycosis.
It may be necessary to take the nail fungus tablets for up to three months until the affected nail with nail fungus is cured.
The most common side effects of treatment include loss of appetite, headache, gastrointestinal complaints, rash on the skin, and joint and muscle pain.
Necessary: people with liver disease should not use the drug. Also, as a precaution, the drug should not be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
The active ingredient itraconazole is used to treat nail fungus caused by dermatophytes, molds, and yeasts. The recommended dose is two capsules of 100 mg of the active substance (200 mg in total) twice a day (in the morning and the evening) with a glass of water after meals.
It is an interval therapy against nail fungus, i.e., one week of an intake, followed by three weeks of intake break.**
Since the application may be repeated no more than three times, the maximum duration of nail fungus treatment with itraconazole is three months.
The doctor may prescribe nail fungus treatment without a break: In this case, the dosage is 200 mg once a day for three months.
The most common adverse drug reactions are skin rashes, headaches, and indigestion.
Itraconazole should not be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
The active ingredient fluconazole is effective when the pathogens yeast fungi and dermatophytes have attacked the nail plate. One 150 mg capsule is taken once a week, always on the same day of the week, with a glass of water.
**Important: Application and dosages of the active ingredients depend on various factors and can be individually modified by the doctor depending on the type of disease.
It can take six months (on the fingers) to a year (on the toes) for the nail fungus to disappear. Treatment should be done until the infected nail has grown out completely, healthy, and renewed.
However, the duration of treatment for nail fungus varies greatly. The growth rate of nails can vary greatly depending on the individual and age (see this post about it: How fast do fingernails grow?).
However, the remedies cannot promise a sure cure for nail fungus.
The most common side effects are abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, elevated liver enzymes, rash on the skin, and headache.
Also, these capsules should not be taken during pregnancy, and when breastfeeding, the active ingredient passes into breast milk. For this reason, the drug should not be used during breastfeeding.
Tablets against onychomycosis: experience and side effects.
There are many different customer opinions and experiences about nail fungus treatment with the individual medications for taking.
I have briefly summarized the most important ones for you:
Experience with Terbinafine for nail fungus.
Several patients have reported a good tolerance of the treatment with Terbinafine. Also, many agreed that the therapy must first be carried out consistently until the first successes are seen. (4 – 6 weeks)
The effect against nail fungus was very satisfactory in patients with few to no adverse side effects.
- Muscle pain
- Headache
- Loss of taste
- Stomach discomfort
Some have complained of muscle pain, headache, and a loss of taste. Mild stomach discomfort may also occur.
Rarely, severe skin reactions have been reported. Allergic reactions vary from person to person—those who cannot tolerate the active ingredient form an allergic skin reaction.
Anyone who notices an allergic reaction should stop taking it and see a doctor as soon as possible.
Experience with itraconazole for nail fungus
Itraconazole is prescribed much less frequently for fungal infections of the nails than Terbinafine.
Some patients have reported experiencing almost no adverse effects.
- Intestinal problems
- Hair loss
- Shortness of breath
Others experienced bowel problems (constipation) and swollen legs. In addition, some patients experienced hair loss. However, hair should recover after therapy is stopped.
Shortness of breath has also been reported, like swelling of the bronchi may occur.
Experience with fluconazole for nail fungus.
Fluconazole is least commonly prescribed for nail fungus and is used only when other treatment options have failed.
Patients have reported good efficacy. However, there have also been some side effects.
- Allergic reactions
- Headache
- Fatigue
Many have experienced allergic reactions to the skin from the capsules. In addition, headaches and severe fatigue have occurred.
The higher the dose, the more severe the side effects.
There have also been customers who have not experienced any side effects.
Conclusion on tablets against nail fungus
If the fungal infection is already advanced, a doctor should always be consulted, prescribing tablets to take.
These then fight the fungus from the inside out.
If the nail fungus infection is still in its early stages, treatment can be carried out with over-the-counter medicines.
If one does not achieve success with the freely available remedies, a doctor should be consulted.
Unfortunately, however, all the remedies mentioned above cannot promise a safe cure for nail fungus.


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The Importance of the Technical SEO
Technical SEO refers to the work that is done aside from content optimization. In technical SEO we usually focus on website crawling and indexing. Any website that has good technical SEO is crawled well and indexed fast. Technical SEO keeps an important role while ranking the website so it is must to know for every SEO's and website owner to implement the Technical SEO activities completely for every website.
What are things included in Technical SEO?
Page Load Speed
This is very important part of technical SEO and most important activity to before starting the SEO for any website. Google has updated page speed algorithm recently. Page speed of any webpage is measured on basis of some metrics such as FCP and DCL.
First Paint (When a web page starts showing something at the very first time in a browser) or we can say when a browser starts rendering pixels.
It stands for First content full paint. In this part, the browser renders the first bit of content.
Is stands for First Meaningful Paint and the most important part of a webpage is rendered in this part.
Time to interactive. It means the application or page have rendered fully and ready to reply the user's input.
It stands for DOM content loaded
Web page speed is divided into 3 parts
If the median value of FCP and DCL is in top third then web page is considered fast.
If the median value of FCP and DCL is in Middle third then page speed is considered average.
If the median value of FCP and DCL is in bottom third then page speed is considered slow.
Crawling is also a very important part of technical SEO. To rank any website it is must that site should be crawled by search engine spiders without any issue. There are some errors that stops search engine spiders to crawl the particular webpage such as DNS errors, Server error, URL errors. If there is any page on website that is not available anymore, will be not found buy search engine robots. If you have used the wrong robots.txt file, it is confirmed those pages will not be visited by search engine robots. So finally keep your website neat and clean and error free so that search engine robots can crawl your site and index.
In this part, you need to keep your page URL's error free. It is recommended to use only one version of your URL. There are 4 types of different versions available of any URL such as
These all are four different types of URL for search engines. You need to implement any one of them. It is recommended if you use a secure URL. The best version to work is
Robots File
- Robots.txt file has a very important role in SEO. Robots.txt file is used to block search engine spiders visiting a webpage. Robots.txt file should be written carefully, a wrong rotobs.txt file can create a big problem for you site. The syntax of a robots.txt file
- To Allow the whole website for crawling
- To Disallow robots not to crawl the whole website
Disallow: /
- To Exclude Single Robot
User-agent: BadBot
Disallow: /
- To Allow Single robot – Put Following Code in the robots.txt File
User-agent: Google
User-agent: *
Disallow: /
January 10, 2019
Great article! That is the kind of info that should be shared across the net.
Shame on Google for not positioning this put
up upper! Come on over and talk over with my website . Thank you =)


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The Library
Synthetic nucleotides and their biological applications
Ademola, John I. (1980) Synthetic nucleotides and their biological applications. PhD thesis, University of Warwick.
WRAP_Theses_Ademola_1980.pdf - Submitted Version - Requires a PDF viewer.
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Official URL: http://webcat.warwick.ac.uk/record=b3157907~S15
The chemical synthesis and characterisation of the nucleotides, 2-5A and 8-azidoadenosine-5'-monophosphate was accomplished. The activity of both nucleotides was tested in appropriate biological systems.
(1) Synthesis and biological properties of 2-5A.
(a) The interferon messenger, pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A(2-5A) was synthesised in three stages. First, the 'core' A2'p5'A2,p5'A was chemically synthesised by Khorana's diester method. The core was then monophosphorylated first by wheat shoot phosphotransferase in the presence of ATP. This was followed by chemical phosphorylations, to yield 2-5A with a terminal triphosphate.
(b) During the synthesis of 2-5A, the rates of acid hydrolysis of nucleoside and nucleotide protecting groups were studied. Substituted trityl- and isopropylidene adenosine derivatives were found to have optimum properties for use during oligonucleotide synthesis. The efficiencies of various condensing agents were investigated and it was concluded that for the phosphodiester method, the use of sulphonyl imidazoles offered the best method for linking together alcohol function of nucleotides and nucleoside phosphomonoesters.
The synthetic 2-5A and related nucleotides were characterised by both chemical and enzymatic methods. In preliminary studies, 2-5A at mM concentrations was shown to inhibit protein synthesis in permeabilised MG63 cells, the replication of Semliki Forest virus in permeabilised MG63 cells, and the growth of MG63 and HFF cells. In one experiment 2-5A produced 50Z inhibition of protein synthesis, but with other preparations of permeabilised cells much higher concentrations were required. It was also observed that MG63 cells yielded high amounts of interferon following incubation with poly I.C.
(2) The properties of wheat shoot phosphotransferase were investigated, following its purification by several steps including affinity chromatography on Matrex Gel Blue A. The use of the enzyme in nucleo tide synthesis was investigated. The enzyme was immobilised on various insoluble supports and these forms of the enzyme were also used for the synthesis of nucleotides. Benzoquinone- immobilised phosphotransferase attached to Sepharose gave the highest yield of nucleotides under the conditions investigated.
(3) Finally, in the final chapter of the thesis, a study was made of the interaction between a photoactivated affinity labelling reagent, 8-azidoadenosine-5'-monophosphate and the enzyme staphylococcal nuclease. The kinetics of the inhibition of the enzyme by the reagent were studied and were found to be competitive with substrate treatment. Following cleavage of the enzyme into five peptides by cyanogen bromide treatment, it was observed that 80Z of the radioactive photolabel was recovered in one peptide, while a second peptide contained the remaining 20Z.
This later study was undertaken as a model for the type of work that would be required to identify the biological receptors for 2-5A in the cell. However, one receptor, endonuclease, which cleaves mRNA, is already known.
|Item Type:
|Thesis (PhD)
|Q Science > QP Physiology
|Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):
|Nucleotides, Interferon
|Official Date:
|August 1980
|University of Warwick
|Theses Department:
|Department of Biological Sciences
|Thesis Type:
|Publication Status:
|Hutchinson, D. W. (David Wesley)
|Association of Commonwealth Universities
|Format of File:
|v, 199 leaves : illustrations, charts
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This is where it all began! Scott Joplin was the first to write a ragtime piano score sheet, and his Maple Leaf Rag (1899) is the model piece of the old school original ragtime piano music – played here on a piano roll by .. Scott Joplin himself, it is told!
Swingin' Piano XMas – Day 10XMas Posted on 2011-12-10 14:00
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Taking the value of data lakes beyond storage
Written by GoodData Author |
With terabytes of data pouring in from billions of devices, companies have more information at their disposal than ever before, but most are still figuring out how to make their data work for them. In a recent interview with VMblog, I discussed how companies need to extract more value from these massive amounts of raw data.
The primary challenge many companies are facing is sifting through this data and finding the concrete recommendations that improve business value. AI has made a tremendous difference in this regard as data scientists use AI to help comb through all of this data and uncover trends that may otherwise be overlooked. As the AI industry matures further, I expect we'll quickly see the widespread use of advanced mining algorithms that will be able to find those trends at unprecedented speeds and produce better results for the business.
However, these capabilities have to make the leap from powerful technologies to powerful and affordable technologies to make a difference for most companies. The major players like Google and Amazon have already figured out how to get the most out of their data, and they have the scale behind them to be able to develop and introduce new ways of processing their data before most other companies. Most others are trying to figure out how to catch up and compete by building out data engineering pipelines and using machine learning to develop actionable insights.
I think we'll see companies start to catch up to the major players next year, as they begin to see many of the benefits of their investment come to fruition. Continuing to adopt cloud computing, machine learning architecture, and better analytics will be critical for these companies as they make workflows more streamlined and efficient and optimize business processes.
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Well I woke up this morning humming a Neil Diamond song; thought it was about time you all met Sweet Caroline!
And, may I say, how appropriate it is that Sweet Caroline works at Sweet Escapes! She gets to make cakes and pies and cookies all day long for the sugar starved citizens of Thunder Bay!
Ok, hold on a minute… The Neil Diamond song is over…
Up next, Men at Work, with their hit Land Down Under!
Caroline was born in Brisbane Australia. She and her younger brother, along with their parents, moved to Canada in 2005. They moved to Dryden (of all places) because they had family already living there.
After high school, Caroline moved to Toronto to study cooking at Bonnie Gordon College. She moved to Thunder Bay after completing her program and took a job as pastry chef/baker at Sweet Escapes, at the corner of Bay and Machar.
Caroline has two cats and an adorable red-headed boyfriend. I think we'll meet that boyfriend sometime next month…
Now, you might be surprised to know that, despite working at a bakery, Caroline's favourite foods are pizza and potatoes!
Pizza and potatoes?? Those aren't cookies! No, no, it's true. Caroline says she loves those foods because they are so versatile and there's pretty much nothing you can do to ruin them.
I'd also like to mention that I stumbled across Caroline in the laneway behind Sweet Escapes. She was taking a picture of that delectable cupcake she's holding.
I thought, this is a woman who has her priorities in life all figured out. Obviously I need a picture of her.
I'm very glad I stopped to talk; it was truly the highlight of my day! Thank you Sweet Caroline!


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Recognyte helps banks, investors and owners maximise visibility, value, and efficiency across their real estate, through unmatched AI technology. From data intelligence to portfolio and asset management, we remove uncertainty from the entire real estate life cycle, to achieve higher recoveries, improved NOI and better asset management. Operating across Europe, our expertise and experience is
trusted by the likes of Allianz Bank and Pimco. Our core value proposition revolves around five pillars, namely a complete visibility of assets, actionable intelligence, unmatched due diligence, complete control, and trusted industry expertise. Recognyte currently offers three products for intelligent real estate asset management: DataScout, AssetDynamics and ActiveEstate.
DataScout enables the remediation, enrichment, and analysis of large real estate portfolios for performing Real Estate portfolios as well as for Non-Performing Loans, Real Estate Owned and underwriting. The key capabilities of DataScout are as follows:
- Using Natural Language Processing, DataScout can collect, reconciliate, remediate, and cleanse granular real estate collateral assets.
- Real-time automated valuation and liquidity predictions for real estate and collateral portfolios.
- Automated assessment of asset characteristics, value, and liquidity in real time.
- Automated identification of target audience to enable quicker and easier sale of properties.
- Enrichment of data, including location analytics such as socio-economic data points, comparables, POIs (points of interest) and Open-Source Intelligence across real estate websites, land registries and other governmental sources.
- Analysis on a large scale, using Machine Learning models to predict audience type, liquidity, and AVMs (Automated Valuation Models).
AssetDynamics is Commercial Real Estate (CRE) asset management software built by asset managers for asset managers. The software solves data, analysis, and reporting problems by connecting all data providers such as lawyers, property managers and accountants onto one platform. Maximum transparency and efficiency allow for better understanding of real estate assets, and built-in workflows and forecasting engines guide clients on key tasks which are tracked daily to ensure smooth day-to-day running. The key capabilities of AssetDynamics are as follows:
- Built-in workflows for operational (property management) and financial management (asset management).
- Intelligent real time alert system which tracks data and events to focus users on key tasks.
- Standardised data entry from multiple users on all assets, all on the same platform.
- Adaptable financial modelling engine to automate forecasting and reporting.
ActiveEstate consolidates multidimensional real estate data across various projects and portfolios, enabling the management of assets via configurable business logic, delivering end user specific workstreams. The key capabilities of ActiveEstate are as follows:
- Understands and manages the diverse steps, components, and multidimensional data within the life cycle of large portfolios containing assets, as assets interchange within the process from collateral form to monetisation.
- Simplifies and methodically manages the asset through the journey using custom-made business logic defined by the client.
- Real-time dynamic management and Key Performance Indicator (KPI) reporting using Business Intelligence tools.
- Automated built-in notifications detailing the next step in the process and who is responsible for that next step.
- Fully configuration by a Super User. The user can customise the flow and content of how to manage their real estate portfolio through configuration.
- Acts as the single source of truth for real estate data, consolidating all data into one system.
- Supports both buy and sell side of the real estate management process.
- Acts as a virtual document store.


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Massive Lamp Clearance Starts February 01, 2019 A variety of table lamps, desk lamps, and floor lamps are priced to clear for the month of February. Cash and Carry Only. No Backorders. Visit our showroom for more selection. Winnipeg
Tag: bedroom
Sage Creek Custom Showhome | New Build
Avanti Custom Homes ALA Lighting Specialist: Donna Welz
Tourond Creek Showhome | New Build
Bluestone Homes ALA Lighting Specialist: Donna Welz