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Popular Science Monthly/Volume 84/March 1914/Water
By E. P. WIGHTMAN, Ph.D.
THALES, one of the Seven Wise Men, said:
There is no doubt that Thales thought he knew a great deal about water, but even the average man to-day probably thinks he knows much more. Yet, what does he know about it?
It would be difficult to overestimate its great value to the human race, and its far-reaching importance in matters scientific.
First of all, what is its source? According to the astronomers and geologists, the earth is nothing more than a condensed and cooled portion of a vast nebula, which must have been similar to many now adorning the heavens. This nebula was a mass of self-luminous, gaseous matter, very highly heated. Of course, water, as such, could not exist in this, but was dissociated, or separated into its constituent parts, the two gases hydrogen and oxygen. Above a temperature of 2,000° C. or 3,632° F., these gases do not combine to form water, whereas the earth, in the molten, to say nothing of the gaseous condition, must have had a temperature hardly less than 6,000° O. However, the earth finally cooled sufficiently for the water to form as steam and then to condense to the liquid state.
For a long time, in fact until about 130 years ago, it was thought that water was an element. Aristotle named it as one of the four elements, earth, air, fire and water. This view of the composition of so called matter held sway for several centuries. Even after the theory was broken up, water still remained as an element. It was not until 1781 that it was found to be a compound substance. Priestly, and likewise Lavosier, showed that when hydrogen is burned, water is the outcome. The ideas of the former, however, were in conformity with the phlogiston theory which held sway at that time. By the experimentation and study of later workers on this subject, this theory was overthrown and water was proved to be a combination of hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion of two parts by volume of the former to one part by volume of the latter, or by weight, 2.016 parts of the former to 16 of the latter. The proof is as follows: Known quantities of hydrogen and oxygen are exploded and the water formed is weighed or the amount of each gas used is measured. Also water is decomposed by electrolysis and the hydrogen and oxygen thus formed (the only things formed) are measured.
The heat given off in the combination of the gases is enormous, indeed, it is the most exothermic of all chemical reactions, 67,500 calories or heat units being evolved in the combination of 16 grams of oxygen with 2.016 grams of hydrogen—a calorie is that amount of heat which will raise one gram of water 1 degree centigrade. In the absence of indifferent gases, or an excess of one of the reacting gases, the reaction is not only so violent as to raise the gases to the combination temperature, 2,000° C, but to carry them beyond to 2,844° C, at which temperature only about one third of the gases combine, the remainder doing so gradually as the temperature falls. Almost any non-reactive (catalytic), highly heated substance, such as platinum sponge, or wire, stone, porcelain, glass, etc., will bring about a combination.
An oxy-hydrogen blowpipe is an arrangement for utilizing this heat energy, by bringing the two gases together in such a way that they will produce a sharp, intensely hot flame. The apparatus is so fashioned that the gases are conducted separately through the exit where they are to be lighted, thus avoiding any possibility of explosion, which otherwise takes place, if they are mixed. By means of such a flame, a temperature of 2,000° C. can be obtained.
Having learned that water (at least in the form of its components) is older than even the earth itself, that its constituent parts existed practically at the beginning of things, and also that it is not an element, but built up of two gases combined in a definite proportion, let us now take up the substance itself and study it in its various forms. These are quite numerous, but may all be classified under three fundamental heads: gaseous, liquid, and solid water.
The fact that it can exist in these three states is not so remarkable, since it is possible to transform every known substance, elementary or combined (provided the latter do not decompose) into these three states of aggregation; but that the three should all be within the range of ordinary temperatures is rather extraordinary. There are only a few common substances of which this is true, e. g., ammonia, benzene, etc. It will be seen, moreover, that water has a good many other noteworthy properties. As compared with other substances it is nearly always exceptional, and stands at the extremes.
Gaseous Water.—Steam and atmospheric water vapor belong in this category. It is not until we go to some of the arid desert regions of our earth that we realize the importance of the latter. Where there is no moisture in the atmosphere, there can be no clouds formed, and hence there can be no rain, which means, of course, that such a place must be devoid of life; for example, the Sahara, the deserts of Asia, of western United States, etc. Yet the presence of moisture can be very disagreeable, as in hot, humid climates. The amount in the atmosphere varies considerably, depending upon the complex condition of climate and topography, therefore no general data can be given.
Steam.—The very word signifies the sublime, the wonderful! What could we do at present without it? How many thousands of mills, shops, locomotives, etc., derive their power from it? Power? Let us stop and consider—1 gram of water in the form of steam occupies 1,700 times the space that a gram of water in the liquid form does. Is it any wonder that steam is a mighty agent? If a sufficient quantity is confined and superheated, as was the case when the volcanic mountain of Krakatoa was almost completely annihilated, there is nothing that can withstand it.
According to the theory of kinetic energy, the molecules of all substances are in rapid motion, and at the surface of liquids, water in particular, there is a tendency for some of the rapidly moving particles to be thrown off into the atmosphere and to form vapor. Likewise, some of the vapor molecules pass back into the liquid again. When the tendency of each to pass into the other is exactly counterbalanced, we have what is called a state of equilibrium between the two phases. This tendency of the molecules to pass off into the atmosphere, even at lower temperatures, gives rise to a certain amount of pressure, called "vapor tension." The atmosphere, or any artificial pressure which may be applied, tends to overcome this. At every temperature only a certain amount of water vapor can exist under a given external pressure, viz., the vapor tension of water at that temperature. At that pressure you have a "saturated vapor." Stronger pressure causes liquefaction; reduced pressure, an increase of vapor.
Steam is that condition or phase of water which is stable at temperatures above 100° C, at ordinary atmospheric pressure (760 mm. mercury). At this temperature and pressure the vapor tension of the liquid water is so great that none of it can remain in the liquid state. Increased pressure tends to drive back the steam into the liquid state again, the temperature of boiling being increased directly in proportion to the temperature. Up to a certain temperature, the "critical temperature," 360° C, water can be made to remain in the liquid state by applying sufficient pressure. Above that it can exist only in the form of a gas, no matter how great the pressure. It is possible, by using a small enough quantity of water and a sufficiently strong apparatus, to determine the critical temperature and pressure by experiment.
The amount of heat absorbed in the transformation of a unit quantity, 1 gram, of water at 100° C, into steam, that is, its heat of vaporization, is 537 calories (this is exactly the same in amount as its heat of condensation). It is easy to see, then, why it takes so long to boil away a large quantity of water. The amount of heat absorbed which is necessary to raise the water to its boiling point and keep it there is simply enormous. It may be said here that after the water once reaches the temperature 100° C, it remains there until the whole of the liquid boils away, even though the amount of heat applied is somewhat in excess of that required to keep it at the desired temperature.
Liquid Water.—Very much more interesting and important than any other form of water is liquid or "wet water." In this form it is the most fascinating of all chemical substances, besides being the most useful. In the first place it forms 75 per cent, of the human body and without it nothing could live. It covers about two thirds of the earth's surface to an average depth of about 12,500 feet. It is the best solvent known; as will be shown later, it is an essential to almost all chemical action. Here again life as well as nearly all branches of science would be at a standstill if it did not exist. It occurs as rain, fog, dew, river and ocean water, spring water, etc.
When the vapor of the atmosphere condenses around small particles of dust in the air, clouds are formed, or, if down near the surface, a fog. Whenever these small particles run together they produce drops which fall as rain. Dew is nothing more than water which has condensed out of the atmosphere on to cold objects. Only so much moisture can be held in the air at a given temperature if this is lowered, as would happen after the sun goes down, the dew separates out. If pure, water is an odorless, tasteless and in small quantities, colorless, transparent liquid. In bulk it becomes blue in color and very nearly opaque. It never occurs pure in nature, the nearest approach to it being rain-water after it has rained for some time (at first the rain gathers up a large amount of impurity from the atmosphere); and melting snow. Water can be readily purified by distillation. For ordinary purposes one distillation is enough, but for certain scientific work a special method of distillation must be resorted to. In this degree of purity it is almost a non-conductor of electricity.
Water is only slightly compressible. For every atmosphere (15 pounds per square inch) of additional pressure, it is made smaller by 0.0005 of its volume. The effect of pressure upon its freezing point is also exceedingly small—only 0.00757° C. lowering for each atmosphere. Nevertheless, it can be prevented from freezing by a pressure of 138 tons to the square inch at 1.11° C. Any further lowering of temperature requires a proportional increase of pressure. In passing from the liquid to the solid state there is an increase in volume equivalent to one eleventh that of the liquid.
The boiling point is affected to a much greater extent. Under a normal pressure of 760 mm., water boils at 100° C, or rather, this value is arbitrarily assigned to it under these conditions, and all other values of temperature are referred to this and to the freezing point, 0° C, as standards. If the pressure is changed, the raising or lowering of the boiling point is directly in proportion.
Egg albumen coagulates only very slowly at temperatures below 100° C, and since the atmospheric pressure on the top of high mountains is quite a bit lower than at their foot, we see from the above why an egg takes so very much longer to cook at such elevations, if it cooks at all.
Water is a powerful refractor of light. This can be best shown by holding a stick in it in a slanting position, so that part of it protrudes above the surface. The stick appears to be bent. An interesting curiosity which makes use of this principle is the fish-eye camera, which makes things in front of it appear just as they would to a fish under water, that is, instead of a limited view of the scenery, or whatever it may be, everything within a radius of 180° is shown in the picture. The camera is a box filled with water; in the back is placed the plate, and the light enters through a small hole in the front.
Most substances, when dissolved in water, lower its freezing point. That is one reason why salt is used in the freezing mixture when making ice cream, the temperature of the ice salt mixture surrounding the can in a "freezer" often reaching a temperature of—21° C. In this connection it may be said that the stirring which is carried on serves two purposes; it brings the entire contents of the can into contact with the cold walls of it, which radiate the heat very rapidly to the outside; it likewise causes a more rapid crystallization of the contents, and in consequence makes the crystals much smaller.
Mention should also be made here of the undercooling which takes place when a solution is cooled. Instead of ice forming at the freezing temperature of the solution, by keeping it quiet and out of contact with the air, the solution will remain in the liquid state several degrees below that point. A small crystal of the solvent, or a sharp-edged body, or even a jar, will cause it to freeze suddenly.
Similar to this is a supersaturated solution, or one in which more of the substance is dissolved than it can ordinarily hold, a crystal of the dissolved substance, or the other treatments spoken of, causing crystallization.
Besides lowering the freezing point, dissolving a substance in a liquid also raises the boiling point. Much could be written concerning both phenomena but space does not permit. It is enough to say that the relationships established by a study of them are some of the most important of all science. Of course every substance has its own effect and the amount of each dissolved, has to be taken into account as well.
When an acid, base or salt is dissolved in water, it is dissociated, that is, the molecules of the substance are split up into two parts, each part being charged with equivalent quantities of opposite kinds of electricity. These charged particles are called ions, and a compound which yields ions is called an electrolyte; all others, such as sugar, for instance, are called non-electrolytes. Solutions of the former will easily conduct an electric current, while solutions of the latter will do so no more than the pure water itself. Of all common liquids which dissociate substances, water has the highest power. It is dissociated itself only to the very slightest extent.
A fact which can be explained only by the theory of electrolytic dissociation is, that whenever an acid in solution is acted upon by an equivalent quantity of a base in solution, both solutions being dilute, and no matter what the acid or base, the same amount of heat is liberated in the reaction. The only thing here which can and does take place is for the hydrogen ion, which is the essential part of the acid, to combine with the so-called hydroxy 1 ion, the essential part of the base, to form a definite quantity of water, the same in every case, and hence giving off the same quantity of heat. The other parts of the acid and base remain unchanged, as ions, in the solution. In concentrated solutions, other factors come into play which necessarily cause the amount of heat to be variable.
We see from the above that water instead of being a side issue in chemical reactions, as we have been prone to place it, is really the most important and most fundamental thing in them. Moreover, it is made up of what constitutes both acid and base and yet has not the slightest trace of the properties of either. It is perfectly neutral.
When a soluble solid, no matter how great its specific gravity, is placed in the bottom of a vessel and is covered with water, it will in time diffuse through the entire liquid until the whole is perfectly homogeneous, even though the force of gravity is pulling continually against it, tending to keep it at the bottom. Diffusion is said to be due to osmotic pressure, but as this has never been explained satisfactorily, we are about as far from answering the question as to its cause as if we had left it alone. All we know of osmotic pressure is, that if we separate two solutions of different concentrations by a membrane, water will pass through the membrane from the more dilute to the more concentrated solution, which, if the latter side is enclosed, will set up a pressure on that side. This is called osmotic pressure, and there are certain laws governing it. These have been thoroughly studied and have been shown to correspond exactly to the laws of gases, but the cause for the pressure is as yet unknown. Diffusion is not a property of water only, but of all liquids. However, it has been studied in the case of water more thoroughly than in any other.
Another property of all liquids which has a special interest where water is concerned is surface tension. It is this property which causes a liquid to rise in a capillary tube and also aids in the formation of drops (pressure of the atmosphere likewise tending to reduce the liquid to the smallest, most stable geometric shape possible). It is due to capillarity that the minute blood vessels of living animals are supplied with blood, that a blotter sucks up ink, that moisture tends to come to the surface of the earth and that a good many other essential things of a similar nature take place. In fact we could not do without this important force.
Solid Water.—Here we have snow, hail, frost and ordinary ice.
Snowflakes are assemblages of minute crystals of ice formed from the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere. They vary in size from one fourteenth of an inch to one inch in diameter. The smaller ones are formed when the temperature is very low, but the larger ones not until it is near 0° C. They always assume a hexagonal shape and from each corner of the hexagon protrudes a ray at an angle of 60° to the ray on either side of it. This fundamental form is the same, no matter how much the crystals otherwise vary in shape.
Snow is only white to the eye because of the great refractive power of the crystals, which, when examined under the microscope, are seen to be transparent. It forms whenever a cold enough wave passes over a moist atmosphere, the water condensing out as crystals. Hail, on the other hand, is formed when the rain passes through a region of the atmosphere sufficiently cold to freeze it.
Just as the dew condenses out of the atmosphere on a summer night, on a winter night, when the temperature is below 0° C. frost forms. The action of frost as a geological agent need hardly be mentioned, it is so well known. Suffice it to say that it has played and continues to play a very important role in the changing of the earth's topography.
Water, when it cools, contracts until it reaches a temperature of 4° C, and then it begins to expand, slowly at first, until it very nearly reaches 0° C. and is about to freeze, then it increases very markedly and suddenly in volume. The specific gravity of ice is only 0.920, whereas at 4° C, pure water has a specific gravity of 1.000, that is, at 4° C, one cubic centimeter of pure water, in a vacuum, weighs one gram. Water is therefore used as a unit for specific gravity measurements. If water contracted all the way down to its freezing point, as most liquids do, in one cold winter every river, lake, etc., would be frozen up and would stay so, because of the ice being so much heavier than water and sinking to the bottom.
In freezing, water gives off a very large amount of heat, 79.06 calories for every gram of ice formed. The amount of heat liberated in freezing a gram of water, stating it in other words, is sufficient to raise the temperature of 79.06 times its weight of water from 0° C, to 1° C. Now we see why there is always a "warming up" just before a snowstorm.
When gases are allowed to expand suddenly, they cool themselves, taking heat from all surrounding objects. Also if a substance, like ammonia, which at ordinary temperatures is a gas, can be condensed by cooling and pressure to a liquid, and the pressure is removed, it will immediately begin to evaporate rapidly, and in so doing absorb a large amount of heat from everything around. Such a principle is used in the preparation of artificial ice.
Ice is often seen to have much dirt in it. If the water were stirred while freezing so that the crystals which separate are small, they would also be very nearly pure.
So much for solid, liquid and gaseous water. There are still one or two interesting things in connection with water, however, which do not bear directly on any one of these three heads.
Certain compounds have the power to crystallize with a greater or less amount of water—"water of crystallization," as it is called. Most of them can lose this water (or part of it) by heating them, and without detriment to the substances themselves. Examples of such are copper sulphate, sodium sulphate, alum, calcium chloride, etc. Some of these, like calcium chloride, if allowed to stand in the air, will attract moisture and become wet. They are said to be deliquescent. Others like sodium sulphate tend to lose their water of crystallization on standing open to the air. They are called efflorescent. There are still other compounds, called anhydrides, which take up water readily from the atmosphere, not as water of crystallization, but by so doing form a different compound, an acid. Phosphoric anhydride (phosphorus pentoxide) is an example of this kind, and it is the finest substance known for desiccating purposes. Dehydrated copper sulphate and calcium chloride likewise are extensively used.
Sugar, oxalic acid and a number of other substances lose water when being heated, but here the loss is quite a different one from that above. The compounds themselves are completely changed, showing that the water was in direct combination with them and that it was the fundamental part of them.
Many people know that water forms a large part of the human body and of the nourishment of the same, but few know what an enormous percentage of the whole this is. A human body weighing 150 pounds contains about 113 pounds of water (75 per cent., as was stated above), and requires daily for its sustenance, either as a liquid or combined with food, about 5.5 pounds of water. This equals more than half a gallon.
One can see from the following table from what source a large part of this water is derived:
|Per Cent.
|11 to 16
|Richest Milk
|25 to 50
|Apples and Grapes
It would take volumes to tell of all the effects of water as a dynamic agent in geology—of the action of frost, of percolating waters, of rain, of waves, of rivers, glaciers, lakes, oceans, subterranean waters, etc., of all these and more on the exterior and interior of the earth. As justice can not be done to any one of these topics in a few words, they can only be mentioned here.
The prime importance of water to chemical reactions has already been spoken of above, but in conclusion, one or two examples will help to further show how really essential it is.
Concentrated sulphuric acid and metallic sodium will react with the most explosive violence if brought together in the presence of only a trace of water, but if proper precautions are taken to exclude every particle of moisture, drying them first and then bringing them together as quickly as possible, there will be no reaction whatever. The fuming of hydrochloric acid and ammonia in the presence of each other is proverbial in the chemical laboratory. They combine to form ammonium chloride, which appears in the form of a white cloud. Here again there is no combination, if the two are perfectly dry. Soda and tartaric acid (both solids) can be intimately mixed together, in solid form, without undergoing any reaction. But as soon as water is added, a tremendous effervescence takes place.
Many other cases might be cited, but these, as well as what has gone before, will, I hope, give some idea, at least, of the all importance of this wonderful yet common substance.


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Texas gubernatorial candidate Beto O'Rourke just crashed Gov. Greg Abbott's press conference on the Ulvalde school massacre, where he and Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick was issuing the usual thoughts and prayers blather and even saying that the massacre could have been worse. Moments after O'Rourke approached the dais, multiple Abbott flacks began shouting at him, with one calling him a …Read More »
Tag Archives: Beto O'Rouke
Beto Won't Rule Out Challenging Abbott For Texas Gov
The Texas Tribune reports: Earlier Friday, The Dallas Morning News published remarks O'Rourke made that roused the Texas political class and suggested he no longer was interested in running for governor. "I've got no plans to run, and I'm very focused on the things that I'm lucky enough to do right now — organizing, registering voters and teaching," O'Rourke said …Read More »
Waiting Game: Beto's In No Hurry To Declare For 2020
The Associated Press reports: If the deep field of potential Democratic presidential contenders is on pins and needles as Beto O'Rourke decides his next move, it could be a long wait. The outgoing Texas congressman's team says he has no timeline or roadmap for deciding if he'd like to parlay a surprisingly close loss to Republican Sen. Ted Cruz into …Read More »
TEXAS: Cruz Lead Shrinks To +5 With One Week To Go
Quinnipiac Polling reports: Republican incumbent U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz clings to a narrow 51 – 46 percent likely voter lead over U.S. Rep. Beto O'Rourke, the Democratic challenger in the Texas Senate race, according to a Quinnipiac University Poll released today. This compares to a 54 – 45 percent Cruz likely voter lead in an October 11 survey. Today, O'Rourke …Read More »
TEXAS: Beto O'Rourke Down Six Points In Latest Poll
The Texas Tribune reports: Republican Ted Cruz leads Democrat Beto O'Rourke 51 percent to 45 percent in the Texas race for the U.S. Senate, according to the latest University of Texas/Texas Tribune Poll. Libertarian Neal Dikeman was the choice of 2 percent of likely voters and another 2 percent said they would vote for someone else. Democratic and Republican voters, …Read More »
Wingnuts Try To Fake Beto Endorsement By Rouhani
The Daily Beast reports: A neoconservative foreign policy group appeared to try and get audio recorded claiming erroneously that Rep. Beto O'Rourke's (D-TX) Senate campaign was endorsed by Iranian President Hassan Rouhani. "Hello, I am Hassan Rouhani, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran," the script read. "Today, it is my pleasure to endorse Beto O'Rourke for U.S. Senate. As …Read More »
TEXAS: Ted Cruz Dodges On 2020 White House Bid
The Texas Tribune reports: Asked in an interview with the Tribune whether he might run for president in 2020, Cruz said "I am focused on the United States Senate." "Can you commit to serving out your term?" the Tribune's Alana Rocha asked. In response, Cruz began: "You know, as we stand here today, the Texas Board of Education is getting …Read More »
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"A text message was sent out by a Democratic Senate hopeful down, where is this, in Texas. With this guy, what's his name — O'Rourke, everybody loves so much, Beto O'Rourke is the guy's name. Locked in a tight race, they say, with Ted Cruz — I think Ted Cruz will win. "Anyway, O'Rourke's race, it goes on to say, …Read More »
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subset: commoncrawl


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China releases first batch of research from Mars exploration
The China National Space Administration (CNSA) on Sunday released a batch of scientific research results from its Mars probe Tianwen-1 for the first time.
The Tianwen-1 orbiter had been operating for 780 days and the rover Zhurong had traveled 1,921 meters on the surface of the red planet as of Thursday, according to the CNSA's Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center.
Both the orbiter and rover have completed targeted scientific exploration missions, and acquired 1,480 gigabytes of raw scientific data, the center said.
Using data gathered by Zhurong, Chinese scientists revealed the relationship between the formation of geological features and water activities on Mars by conducting a comprehensive study of these geological features in the landing area.
Chinese scientists have also found hydrated minerals in platy-like rocks, a layer of "duricrust," proving that there has been substantial liquid water activity at the landing area since the Amazonian epoch, which was about 1 billion years ago.
Scientists have also found that the Martian soil has high bearing strength and low friction parameters, revealing the site where the rover landed must have experienced wind and possibly water erosion.
These results revealed the impact of wind and water activities on Mars' geological evolution and environmental changes, and provided support for the hypothesis that there was once an ocean in the Utopian Planitia, according to the CNSA.
In addition, Chinese scientists have obtained a number of scientific results on the relationship between the density of rocks on the Martian surface and the degree of surface erosion, the distribution of ions and neutral particles in the near-Mars space environment, and the gravity field of Mars.
Relevant studies were published in Nature Astronomy, Nature Geoscience and Science Advances.
Future missions will continue to conduct remote sensing surveys and accumulate scientific data, said the CNSA.
The Tianwen-1 probe, consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover, was launched on July 23, 2020. On May 15, 2021, it touched down at the pre-selected landing area in Utopia Planitia, a vast Martian plain, marking the first time that China has landed a probe on the planet.


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Gear Wash Pullover in Bovril
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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post1668742297478251958..comments2023-09-08T04:42:04.803-04:00Comments on Please Come Flying: How to Compost: The Sort-of Sun-Mar 200 Review Part TwoJosephine Cameronhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-80735003648081619512012-10-25T16:49:07.927-04:002012-10-25T16:49:07.927-04:00I have my 200 in direct sun for heating but have t...I have my 200 in direct sun for heating but have to add water more often this way. I am on the pacific coast of Mexico just inside the tropics and it doesn't get cold like in the states so I have better luck all year round than those NOB.I friend who has a little more money than sense sometimes brought it down several years ago but never put in enough effort. You do have to be dedicated and consistent with your tumbling and wetting and maintain a good balance of brown and green material. Anyway my buddy pawned the thing off on me because I have a sort of noteriety in the communities I have lived in down here (for 11 years now) for making super compost. I try to tell people at the little organic farmer's market that goes down throughout the fall and winter at a local park that I don't really make anything I just throw all of my kitchen scraps in and then balance it out with dry leaves , grass and mulchy stuff from the yard . I have got a fine silky dirt falling out the bottom of the tumbler when I rotate it every three to four days.I started up in late April 2012 . I have never used anything that I had to pay for to compost in the past but since my buddy just kinda left it with me I figured what the hay. I've learned over the years that you can compost in just about any sort of container so long as you have plenty of air openings,a method to turn your batch and some type of lid or covering that promotes heating and humidity. Your blend,mixing and wetting are the crucial steps to making a good fertilizer. When you first start up in whatever container you use you want to start with a pretty good sized load of greens and browns so that your batch is heavy so when wetted and left to sit it will press together in between tumblings. You want to layer your materials brown,green water brown,green,water etc. in the begining and it does help if the scraps are chopped or at least broken up some. On fruit peels and veggie skins any where the tissue is bruised or broken is where they decay is going to start first. If you have access to a wooded area with trees that shed their leaves every season and are left to rot naturally like in the forest there you will find a good natural starter helper . If you dig down into the leaf mulch you will find near the bottom a layer of leaves that are just about to become dirt . That spongy semi moist layer is mother nature's compost-active and in it's last stage of decomp. Mixing that in as a good portion of your brown material will speed up the process because you are using material that is so actively dacaying that it will help kick off the dacaying process in your new natch. As many of the commenters said already earth worms are a must. Worm castings are the best fertilizer known to man.If your have access to worms at a bait shop -buy some - or go out and dig some up is even better FREE Once you get some worms going you want to be throwing in some coffee grounds every so often because that is a favored food of the night crawler.Getting that decaying rot started is the tricky part but once you do then you just have to be patientand dedicated . I can usually start seeing results in 90-120 days from start up on a new batch but then if maintained properly you will get constant compost for as long as you continue to add material. It takes some practice but once you see it working keepm repeating the process that got you to that point. I add scraps and yard stuff almost everyday. I tumble every 3-4 days and add water as I do. Because I just open the thing throw in the material shut it and spin when it's time. Not everyone can be a super composter like me but I hope my advice can be of some help to a few of you out there.Good Luck and Good composting.El firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-76107742308985966202011-12-12T23:48:39.674-05:002011-12-12T23:48:39.674-05:00I've been using a Sun Mar 200 for about two ye...I've been using a Sun Mar 200 for about two years and it seems to work well. I bought it for the field office at the park where I work to reduce the amount of waste going away in a truck. The staff numbers about 25 people. I collect the usual food scraps and coffee grounds and add them about once a week. At the start, a coworker donated a dozen or so of her special "composting worms" - there are now numerous worms in the tumbler. When I need more browns I add oak leaves from the forest nearby the tumbler. The compost seems to happen slower in the winter so I have to divert some coffee grounds into the garbage or it's "grounds in, grounds out".

Every couple of weeks I remove the end cap and place a 5 gallon bucket under the center drum, reach in and pull out the compost. Anything that isn't ready, I throw back into the sliding door. I also pick out the worms and put them back into the door. I usually keep it about 2/3 full so it can aerate by tumbling, which I do by rotating 3 or 4 rotations about twice a week. It gets sun about half of the day.

Once, the door fell off at the bottom of the rotation, dumping the load on the ground, however I think this was operator error. Other than that, I've had no mechanical problems or critter problems or odor problems.

I'd buy one for home but I can't justify the $400. So instead I use one of the black plastic vertical box type units which works great as a rat food dispenser even though I sewed half inch hardware cloth on the bottom with baling wire......they still get in. I call it the "ratterie". Then my neighbor puts out rat poison, which is another story.........email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-51099685686123692222011-06-28T19:39:50.256-04:002011-06-28T19:39:50.256-04:00I've had my Sunmar 400 unit for almost 2 years...I've had my Sunmar 400 unit for almost 2 years. We got it late summer and only pulled a bit of compost out the following spring, despite being full. But in the past year since it has continued producing small amounts.

We inoculated it with the bacteria liquid that came with it, plus added worms from the garden. They survived the winter and seem to really help the composting.

We add browns. Should add more water because the compost is dry balls that can be easily broken up.
Still get some flies, but no stink. Not amazing, but works well enough with minimal effort.

Ours has the crank arm which I find easy to turn, but when heavy you have to be careful the weight settles on the bottom, or the crank will flip back with a lot of force.

Only problem: the plastic handle piece just broke. I've contacted the seller so we'll see what happens.James firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-17020246766877566322010-12-02T16:04:13.285-05:002010-12-02T16:04:13.285-05:00Sandie, thanks so much for sharing your experience...Sandie, thanks so much for sharing your experiences here. I'm glad to hear someone's had good luck with the Sun-Mar!Josephine Cameronhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-69437520015457204522010-11-28T19:20:26.806-05:002010-11-28T19:20:26.806-05:00I left a comment yesterday saying that I was reser...I left a comment yesterday saying that I was reserving judgement of the Sun Mar 200 until our second batch was completed. Actually we were looking at a bucket of compost that we created with the Sun Mar 200 today. And it looks very good. It is a rich black crumbly compost that we are very pleased with. I think it took longer than normal because we didn't have a good mix of greens and browns in the beginning. So anyway we are very pleased with the Sun Mar. We just got it in 2010 so we haven't had the problem of it breaking so I guess they fixed it!
Sandie Anne

www.gardeningwormcomposting.comSandie Anne Greenehttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-77291819255564379842010-11-28T00:41:36.653-05:002010-11-28T00:41:36.653-05:00Here is a review from Amazon with great instructio...Here is a review from Amazon with great instructions on using the Sun Mar:

http://www.amazon.com/Sun-Mar-200-50-Gallon-Rotating-Compost/product-reviews/B001CFJ50I/ref=cm_cr_pr_hist_5?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=0&filterBy=addFiveStar

Sandie Anne

www.gardeningwormcomposting.comSandie Anne Greenehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-12582147884785921972010-11-28T00:19:09.608-05:002010-11-28T00:19:09.608-05:00I bought the Sun Mar last June 2010 and got a batc...I bought the Sun Mar last June 2010 and got a batch of compost in October. I unloaded the inner cone several times between August and October with SMALL amounts that I put into my garden. My mix was too wet--not enough browns so I added leaves and peat moss and it got much better.

My composter was never full only half full. When I finally got out the compost (it never all came into the cone probably because it was only half full) I had to do it by putting my hand in and pulling it out. Though it was nice compost. Next time I will try what another reader said about leaving the door open when you spin it.

I am working on my second batch and hope to fill it up totally to see if it comes out through the inner cone.

It turns very nicely and that sure beats turning a pile by hand.

I still haven't decided if it works great or not. I am waiting to see how my second batch works out. Sandie Anne
www.gardeningwormcomposting.com
Sandie Anne Greenehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-64402599833119038332010-09-04T21:16:14.341-04:002010-09-04T21:16:14.341-04:00Thanks for the comments about the Sun Mar! I had b...Thanks for the comments about the Sun Mar! I had been considering buying one but after reading your comments, I am not interested any more. Does anyone have a recommendation for an outdoor composter that does work for small quantities and is rodest email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-45274229733193560382010-08-06T10:02:59.630-04:002010-08-06T10:02:59.630-04:00Mike: It was a *serious* fault. You should definit...Mike: It was a *serious* fault. You should definitely contact Sun-Mar and they will replace your unit. (See my letter here: http://www.pleasecomeflying.com/2008/09/how-to-compost-sun-mar-200-update.html)

Also, you could try screwing the inner drum to the outer drum. My husband and I put in about 3 screws and that seems to have done the trick. At least for now.Josephine Cameronhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-58305689115640641412010-08-05T11:28:57.061-04:002010-08-05T11:28:57.061-04:00Mike Cornwell said...... The matter of the drum fa...Mike Cornwell said......
The matter of the drum falling out of the frame is in my view a serious fault.The unit is levelled in but this still happened to me when it was being routinely rotated and could easily have fallen on my leg or foot.It required two people to get it back in the frame.It seems to me that the end caps need to be designed in a way that they stop the
frame from moving email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-45574172484420256042010-06-04T12:00:47.976-04:002010-06-04T12:00:47.976-04:00Thank you thank you thank you for all the comments...Thank you thank you thank you for all the comments. They have been most helpful. My search for an easy to turn composter will continue and in the meantime I will continue to use the old black composter.
Something I have always wondered was why there does not seem to be an easy way to chop the compost into smaller pieces in the garden - sort of like a hand-turned grinder/coarse blender kind of gaget that does not require electricity. I get very cranky when I have to spend time chopping my compost into smaller pieces at the end of a busy day feeding lots of vegetarians. Surely something with blades, hand turned, would be a good seller and then the 'black composters' would also work better. Chopping things small and just burying the contents in shallow ditches in the garden (if you have the space) would be good too. I have an old blender I purchased from the trift store for that but it is even more work since I have to plug it in in the house and then rinse it, etc. Thanks for all the good comments fellow email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-73358606118038779202010-05-01T13:06:31.743-04:002010-05-01T13:06:31.743-04:00Well, I'm sorry that this unit has turned out ...Well, I'm sorry that this unit has turned out to be such a flop for almost everyone. Thank you for this site - it really helped to cement my decision about the Sun Mar.

But I'm still in a pickle. I live in the city (Vancouver) and my current composter, while making fine compost, also is a critter (rats, mice etc.) magnet. That's what sparked my interest in the Sun Mar in the first place. Does anyone have any suggestions for an alternative, effective and critter resistant composter?Jameshttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-20292630013496368062009-11-02T12:54:45.711-05:002009-11-02T12:54:45.711-05:00You asked how to get the compost out of the big dr...You asked how to get the compost out of the big drum. Well, if the thing still has all its parts and is still turning, you put a tarp underneath it, making sure it extends all the way underneath and then out behind it. You can also use those big disposable aluminum pans that come in packages of ten or more- they're about 2'x1 1/2'. Then you sit on the ground and turn it forward towards you with the sliding door open, and a bunch plops out- some near the front, some in the middle, but most toward the back. So I take that and spread it. Then I close the sliding lid, turn it a couple of times and repeat the process.

In rereading all of the comments, I realized that I have never gotten it absolutely crammed full, so that's what I'm going to try next. Crammed full and really wet.

But the bottom line is that none of us who paid all that money should have to be doing this. I wonder if the reviews here have made it out to the larger world of product reviews- I certainly hope so.

By the way, I'm Gretchen (formerly anonymous just because I didn't know which thing to click.)firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-74546724428730232452009-10-12T10:25:01.901-04:002009-10-12T10:25:01.901-04:00After now, four years, I looked in the inner drum,...After now, four years, I looked in the inner drum, and
there are a few dry leaves, a couple of acorns, and a
few small twigs. The outer drum has several billion fruit flies, and a lot of dry leaves and wet fruit/vegetable peelings. And I have built up some ok bicepts from turning it twice weekly. But I'm afraid before the snow flies, it's going out on the email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-49252434786777033942009-10-12T09:16:15.818-04:002009-10-12T09:16:15.818-04:00Hi anon. Thanks for your comment. Just this week, ...Hi anon.
Thanks for your comment. Just this week, I peeked into my original sun-mar (the one that broke & was replaced), and it looks like everything in the big drum is *almost* compost! So how *do* you get it out of the big drum?

I've never had compost in the inner drum (where it's *supposed* to go).

I started blogging about this specifically because when I was looking for a composter, I couldn't find any consumer feedback at all about the Sun-Mar. It's been interesting to receive everyone's comments throughout the series. There are a select few who've loved the Sun-Mar, but a whole lot more like you and me who have not been able to get it to work the way it is supposed to.Josephine Cameronhttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-57411602510332221712009-10-11T00:27:42.143-04:002009-10-11T00:27:42.143-04:00Gee, and for the last- 2? 3? 4?- years I thought i...Gee, and for the last- 2? 3? 4?- years I thought it was just me. Decided I was finally going to devote serious time to getting it to work. I just assumed it was me because I have never been able to make any compost system work for me and this sounded foolproof.

I must say that with enough time, I do get good compost in the big drum, but it never makes it down to the one that's supposed to grind it out. (I also have never gotten anything except some small sticks and dried leaves from that drum, just like the other folks writing in.) Which means that you wait many months, and then it is terribly inconvenient trying to get the compost back out of the drum. I, too, have not heard the end of how I have been taken.

On the other hand, none of the parts ever broke, and it turns easily, even when full. It just doesn't do what it says it does, which, of course, is the only reason I bought it in the first place.

Don't know if I feel better or worse that it's obviously not firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-5548158116111761572009-05-11T09:16:00.000-04:002009-05-11T09:16:00.000-04:00The Sun Mar is junk. It won't hold any heat in ord...The Sun Mar is junk. It won't hold any heat in order to get the composting business done properly. This whole thing complicates the process, which, truthfully, you could do with 5 used pallets (free) and a pitchfork (to turn the pile every weekend)

Layer green material (grass, leftovers from your meals) with brown (leaves, straw, etc) and within two months you'll have FREE compost. NO need to buy this unit.

Seriously people, the sun-mar just complicates email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-10569026290374863232009-04-26T21:49:00.000-04:002009-04-26T21:49:00.000-04:00Hi Benjamin. What a bummer. Yes, Sun-Mar will send...Hi Benjamin.
What a bummer. Yes, Sun-Mar will send you a replacement even if you didn't buy it directly from them. You'll need to take pictures and send them to email@example.com with a description of the problem. You should get a prompt response and a replacement unit.

With my replacement unit, I am going to try to spray water in the inner drum once a week. I've heard that works wonders. We'll see...

Good luck & please keep us all posted!Josephine Cameronhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-25177060819533292982009-04-26T18:52:00.000-04:002009-04-26T18:52:00.000-04:00I am about 2 months shy of reaching the 1-year ann...I am about 2 months shy of reaching the 1-year anniversary of when I started using my Sun-Mar composter. Unfortunately, like many of you, I won't reach it, since my inner drum just fell out today, and try as I might, I can't get it back together. The drum is about 75% full and weighs about 100lbs. I have not gotten any compost out, just big dried hard dirt balls made mostly of newspaper shreds, which I typically throw back into the drum. Although I'm happy to have saved the landfills 10-months worth of our kitchen scraps, the whole experience has been definitely disappointing. Out of pride, I'm going to try again (my wife continues to have her laughs at my expense from this), can you tell me the best way to get a replacement from Sun-Mar? And will they replace it even if I didn't buy directly from their site? Thanks.Unknownhttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-36298112567379500422009-04-10T21:36:00.000-04:002009-04-10T21:36:00.000-04:00Thanks for all your input. Anonymous, I'm glad...Thanks for all your input.

Anonymous, I'm glad it's working for *somebody*.

Genesgirl, I know from experience that if you call Sun-Mar & tell them the drum falls out, they will send you a new one. But then you have both the old one and the new one to deal with. I've got two now. One broken & one in good shape. I figure I'll just keep filling them with garbage until *something* happens.Josephine Cameronhttps://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-38917342304760987682009-04-01T15:58:00.000-04:002009-04-01T15:58:00.000-04:00Re: the Sun-Mar 200 Composter - DON'T DO IT!!!I pu...Re: the Sun-Mar 200 Composter - DON'T DO IT!!!
I purchased this 3 years ago-still no compost. I purchased it from Gardeners' Supply, and I finally gave up e-mailing them. They have NEVER offered to replace it (which probably wouldn't make any difference) and all they could suggest was that I didn't understand the principles of composting. My drum constantly falls out of the cradle, and now it is so full of non-composted junk that I can no longer turn it. If it wouldn't cost a fortune to ship, I would ship it back, dried-up eggshells, soggy-smelling leaves, giant mud football and all. I constantly have to listen to my husbands snide remarks about how I got taken. I can't even put it out on the curb, because our community won't take anything left outside of our recycle bins. Unless I move, I will have to look at that piece of junk for the rest my life!genesgirl2https://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-72790225460727479382009-02-02T20:18:00.000-05:002009-02-02T20:18:00.000-05:00I HAVE DIRT! It took nearly 9 months and it didn'...I HAVE DIRT! It took nearly 9 months and it didn't happen exactly as the Sun Mar people said it would but it is there! The dirt is on the bottom of the barrel not on the inside drum like it apparently is supposed to be. It smelled like dirt and when I spun it dirt particles kept falling out so finally I put on gloves and reached in and dug around the bottom and found dirt! It was wet and stuck to the bottom so it wasn't falling into the drum?

Anyway, it works, sort of, but it does take time and things like egg shells don't decompose quickly enough (at least i don't think) for this apparatus. I also found that things such as bio bags (biodegradable bags) don't decompose quickly either and might clog up the drum. I have started to just empty those bags into the composter and then throw them into the garbage where they can decompose in the email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-24271972437968728462008-12-04T22:33:00.000-05:002008-12-04T22:33:00.000-05:00Thanks, everyone, for the comments. I was very int...Thanks, everyone, for the comments. I was very interested in the Sun-Mar but, as usual, if it seems too good to be true, it probably is. I use chicken wire (wire fencing works too) and a black plastic tarp for composting. Use a garden fork to turn and aerate the pile as needed. Don't let the pile get too wet or too dry and it will take care of itself. Total out-of-pocket cost, around $50.00. (And that's if you get a really expensive garden fork!)firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-71246666251437392672008-08-28T23:28:00.000-04:002008-08-28T23:28:00.000-04:00Hi all,no compost but it's steaming! I can see ric...Hi all,
no compost but it's steaming! I can see rich black rotting mass inside after turning :-) The inner drum doesn't have any compost, only dried garbage. Something is definitely going on because every time I think it's completely full, 2 weeks later it's only 3/4 full. May be next year :-) Is it doesn't break :-(email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5334436280392962893.post-379493965943988532008-08-26T10:38:00.000-04:002008-08-26T10:38:00.000-04:00I'm planning to call Sun Mar again later this ...I'm planning to call Sun Mar again later this week because now our inner drum is falling out, if you can believe it! I'll keep you posted on how it goes. & anonymous--I'm going to check in with our local sustainable goods store to see what they have had good luck with this summer. I'll do a post soon to let you know what I find out.Josephine Cameronhttps://email@example.com


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I'll be hard to reach today. (How to contact me)
After another day of public speaking, meetings, and talking pretty constantly on the phone about the "caravan," I'm more behind on work than ever. It won't get better today, as I'm spending the afternoon speaking at, and attending, a conference on gangs and migration at George Mason University out in the Virginia suburbs.
I'll try to catch up this website tonight, at least, if I don't fall asleep. In the meantime, I will hardly be in an office or easily able to talk on the phone today.


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Michael Lewis has written a book called Flash Boys. The basic premise of the book, inter alia, is that high frequency traders are able to profit from individuals and brokers trading stocks by moving quicker than a normal trade execution speed. Here is what I mean by this. Lewis (and many others) is concerned that Trader H can take advantage of Trader S, who wants to buy 1000 shares of Facebook. Trader H can purchase 1000 shares of Facebook and sell them to Trader S at a very small profit, because Trader H knows that there is a trader out there who is looking to make that purchase, can buy the shares, and "flip" them in microseconds. Doing this a million times a day can generate big profits over the long run.
Others also feel that there are larger risks to high frequency trading (HFT), such as the so-called "fat finger" executing a trade by mistake, and high frequency trading programs initiate multiple trades based on that error. This is possibly what caused the "flash crash" in 2010. Another issue with HFT is the production of "fake quotes" which can shift the price of a given security. If an HFT program can spit out bids for a stock that is $5.00 less than the actual price, and cancel those bids before they can be filled, the real price could theoretically drop. These are legitimate and serious concerns.
The range of reaction is from "who cares" to "it has been always rigged" to "we need to do something about it" and everything in between. These diverse opinions are all from smart people who raise good points on this issue. Where do we draw the line? We obviously want a free market, but we want to make sure that we don't have mini or major "flash crashes" (like the image above, courtesy of nanex.net) either caused by fake quotes from non-bona fide purchasers, right?
The foregoins is an very simplistic overview of HFT, of course, and I am not suggesting that I am reviewing all of the potential risks in this post. However, I wanted to draft an article from the perspective of the individual investor who might be hearing about high frequency trading for the first time and is concerned about his or her own long-term investments.
What can the average, small-time investor do? Ignore Mr. Market — especially when he's on speed.
Mr. Market is a parable of sorts told by Benjamin Graham in his seminal work The Intelligent Investor, the important part of which follows below. Here's an excerpt from the Revised Edition 2005, page 204-205:
"Imagine that in some private business you own a small share that cost you $1,000. One of your partners, named Mr. Market, is very obliging indeed. Every day he tells you what he thinks your interest is worth and furthermore offers either to buy you out or to sell you an additional interest on that basis. Sometimes his idea of value appears plausible and justified by business developments and prospects as you know them. Often, on the other hand, Mr. Market lets his enthusiasm or his fears run away with him, and the value he proposes seems to you a little short of silly.
"If you are a prudent investor or a sensible businessman, will you let Mr. Market's daily communication determine your view of the value of a $1,000 interest in the enterprise? Only in case you agree with him, or in case you want to trade with him. You may be happy to sell out to him when he quotes you a ridiculously high price, and equally happy to buy from him when his price is low. But the rest of the time you will be wiser to form your own ideas of the value of your holdings, based on full reports from the company about its operations and financial position.
"The true investor is in that very position when he owns a listed common stock. He can take advantage of the daily market price or leave it alone, as dictated by his own judgment and inclination. He must take cognizance of important price movements, for otherwise his judgment will have nothing to work on. Conceivably they may give him a warning signal which he will do well to heed—this in plain English means that he is to sell his shares because the price has gone down, foreboding worse things to come. In our view such signals are misleading at least as often as they are helpful. Basically, price fluctuations have only one significant meaning for the true investor. They provide him with an opportunity to buy wisely when prices fall sharply and to sell wisely when they advance a great deal. At other times he will do better if he forgets about the stock market and pays attention to his dividend returns and to the operating results of his companies."
How does HFT change Graham's analysis? It doesn't — if you're a long-term investor.
Graham, who was a mentor for Warren Buffett and countless others, stands for the proposition that the intelligent investor acquires shares of quality corporations at quality prices. Does it matter in the long run if you bought Coca-Cola for $25.00 or $24.99 in 1987, for example, if your time horizon is forty or fifty plus years? Hardly. The whole point of value investing, according to Graham (and I hardly do justice to the brilliant man), is that one is purchasing stocks with a margin of safety. This means that if we think Coca-Cola is worth $30.00, we might buy it up to $28.00 and have a $2.00 "wiggle room" in case our analysis was imperfect, or to account for an unexpected market or societal event.
In the long run, if we paid a fraction of a cent more for a stock because of HFT, is that any different than if we bought a stock at a slightly higher price but still within our margin of safety? No. In fact, the long-term investor might actually benefit from HFT if the price of a given stock is pushed down to give it a larger margin of safety — or a discount to what is deemed to be a fair value.
On the other hand, if we are trading (i.e., holding the stock for a short period of time to scalp a quick profit on a movement in one direction or another), then we might be more concerned about HFT.
In essence, if Mr. Market is hopped up on speed, it should not affect our analysis as an intelligent long-term investor. We determine the value of a security based on more static things such as cash flow, assets, pricing power, profit margins, and the like. Once the price of the given security enters our "buy" range, we take advantage of that and purchase the security.
Rather than banning HFT, democratizing the technology would likely level the playing field. Thirty years ago, individuals who bought stocks had to go through high-priced brokers and usually had difficulty obtaining information other than publicly filed SEC documents, which were accessible via snail mail. Today, the internet provides a lot more information to the small-time investor.
Bottom line: there certainly are concerns with HFT, especially if non-bona fide purchasers are using fake quotes to distort market prices. Also there is concern with respect to "flash crashes" or other market moving events. Small-time traders are certainly subject to a disadvantage when trading if their margin of safety is razor-thin. However, if one does his or her homework (as Ben Graham and Warren Buffett would recommend), I don't think investors with a long-term horizon should freak out over high frequency trading.
As always, free markets are better markets.
* * *
The second quarter earnings season kicks off Tuesday after the closing bell, with Alcoa reporting. Traders will also be looking at initial claims (projected at 318k) and producer price index to see if inflation is starting to pick up, which might be a factor in the Federal Reserve's monetary policy.


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About this Research Topic
Network pharmacology, which integrates information science and systematic medicine, is evolving as a frontier research field of drug discovery and development. The current merging of omics technologies and bioinformatics provide computational and experimental strategies toward network pharmacology. With a network-based insight, network pharmacology intends to systematically reflect and reveal the biological foundation of complex diseases and drug effects. At the same time, "network target", a key concept that derived from the multi-targets nature of traditional medicine has been proposed, shifting the current "single target" research paradigm. The network-target-based network pharmacology is a promising strategy for the next generation mode of drug research and development for traditional medicine.
Traditional medicine makes a feature of personalized, holistic and multicomponent therapy, and still plays a key role in modern health care. The systems thinking of traditional medicine have shared much with the core ideas of network pharmacology, which provided important insights for modern drug discovery and may serve as a foundation of future rational drug development against complex diseases. Compared with modern drugs with explicit mechanisms, the challenge for traditional medicine is to understand the molecular mechanism of multicomponent therapies. Moreover, the lack of scientific knowledge of the pharmacological action and the bioactive principle within the multicomponent therapies has already hindered the advance of traditional medicine. Network pharmacology has provided key reference for evidence-based efficacy standards and safety evaluation of traditional medicine.
Recently, there has been growing interest in using artificial intelligence and big omics data to study the "network target" underlying traditional medicine. Hopefully with the current progress in network pharmacology research techniques, more network-based analytical approaches could be assimilated into such a medical field in order to accelerate the comprehension of the nature of traditional medicine and promote the discovery processes of traditional medicine. The potentiality of network pharmacology arouses a future therapeutic strategy that involves integrated treatment of complex disorders through targeting a specific network. The boom in network pharmacology has prompted more clinicians and scientists to devote their attention and efforts in elucidating the possible mechanism of action underlying the traditional therapeutics in recent years.
In this Research Topic, we intend to publish high-quality research papers as well as review articles giving an overview of recent advances pertaining to network pharmacology and traditional medicine. In addition, submissions on the development of novel treatment guided by network pharmacology, including the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action, the aid in the design of effective integrative clinical trials, the discovery of biologically active compounds, biomarkers for complex diseases and optimizing traditional therapies, are welcomed.
Many thanks to Miss Zheng Jiahui for her role in the coordination and launch of this Research Topic.
Additional note from journal-
Studies with the specific aim to either improve local healthcare by developing products based on such knowledge or studies in the context of drug discovery / development from natural sources will be considered if they are based on biological resources with a clear and well-defined local or traditional use. Purely biodiversity-based screening studies and studies of established natural products and their mechanism of action are outside the scope of this section. Studies reporting such local and traditional uses will only be accepted if the comply with the ConSEFS standards (Heinrich et al. 2017) . Toxicological research and clinical studies on medicinal plants are welcome.
The following basic guidelines, focused on best practice in ethnopharmacology, should be followed by all submissions:
- This Specialty Section of Frontiers in Pharmacology subscribes to the taxonomic standards laid down most importantly at the Kew MPNS portal and also the Royal Botanic Gardens/Kew/Missouri Botanical Garden The Plant List initiative ``. Of course, full botanical documentation is essential (i.e. a voucher specimen deposited in a recognized herbarium).
- Antioxidant activity: here in vivo or in vitro studies using generally acceptable pharmaceutical models are essential. Simple in silico and pharmacologically irrelevant assays for antioxidant activity (e.g. the DPPH assay, FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) are not acceptable as a main tool for assessing an extract or a compound for activity. Such assays are commonly used in food chemistry and other fields, but are not of pharmacological relevance.
- Dose ranges must be pharmacologically relevant. While impossible to define an exact cut-off, studies testing extracts at implausibly high doses are increasingly common in the literature.
- Positive and negative controls must be included.
- Models must be pharmacologically relevant and plausible - a complex issue depending on the specific goals of the study. Authors must consider the ethical acceptability of further in vivo studies on an already well-studied species, demonstrating some common activity (e.g. an anti-inflammatory effect studied in the rat-paw oedema).
- The composition of the study material must be described in sufficient detail
- If 'pure' compounds are used information on the level of purity must be included
In case of ethnopharmacological field studies you must follow the ConSEFS standards
Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.


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Among the collectible Fords headed to Barrett-Jackson Las Vegas with No Reserve is this highly optioned 1966 K-Code Mustang (Lot #766) specially produced for Henry Ford II to use during his stay in France to watch Ford best Ferrari in the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. ‒ May 18, 2021 – Barrett-Jackson, The World's Greatest Collector Car Auctions, will auction some highly collectible Fords during the 2021 Las Vegas Auction, June 17-19, 2021, at the West Hall at the Las Vegas Convention Center (LVCC). Among them is a highly optioned 1966 K-Code Mustang (Lot #766) specially produced for Henry Ford II to use during his stay in France to watch Ford best Ferrari in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, and an ultra-rare 2015 Shelby GT350R (Lot #715) formerly owned by Jon Gruden, Las Vegas Raiders head coach and Super Bowl champion, one of only 37 total 2015 Shelby GT350Rs built.
Lot #715 in Las Vegas is Jon Gruden's ultra-rare 2015 Ford Shelby GT350R, selling with No Reserve.
"We have extraordinary examples of modern and classic Ford-powered collectibles headed to this year's Las Vegas Auction," said Craig Jackson, chairman and CEO of Barrett-Jackson. "Among the crown jewels in our Las Vegas docket are 'The Deuce's' '66 Mustang – which is said to have been driven by him to lap the racecourse during the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans opening ceremonies, and the 2015 Shelby GT350R once owned by Jon Gruden, a model with ownership originally limited to only Ford family and VIPs."
Powered by its matching-numbers 289ci K-code V8 engine, Henry Ford II's 1966 Mustang (Lot #766) features the GT Equipment Group and has an exclusive "HFII" logo prominently displayed on the steering wheel horn ring, seat belt buckles, exterior door badges and keys. Gruden's 2015 Shelby GT350R (Lot #715) is #10 in the series, has only 157 miles and is painted in Avalanche Grey with red-accented black racing stripes.
Also headed to Las Vegas with No Reserve: this 1967 Ford Mustang Eleanor Tribute Edition.
Classic Ford Mustang customs crossing the block in Las Vegas include a 1965 Ford Mustang Fastback (Lot #725). Powered by a 600-plus-horsepower Roush crate engine mated to a 6-speed manual transmission, this Mustang is painted in a unique black, white and red combination in honor of Ford's 1969 Trans Am cars. Also headed to Las Vegas is an officially licensed 1967 Eleanor Tribute Edition (preview), which started as a factory 1967 Ford Mustang and was hand-built from the ground up. It was built using all-new parts from the suppliers of the movie "Gone in 60 Seconds" and has
By: Barrett-Jackson
Title: Henry Ford II's 1966 K-Code Mustang and Jon Gruden's Rare 2015 Shelby GT350R Among Collectible Fords Headed to Barrett-Jackson Las Vegas
Sourced From: www.barrett-jackson.com/Media/Home/Reader/henry-ford-iis-1966-k-code-mustang-and-jon-grudens-rare-2015-shelby-gt350r-among-collectible-fords-headed-to-barrett-jackson-las-vegas/
Published Date: Tue, 18 May 2021 16:01:27 +0000


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5th graders Meghan Loeber and Ainsley Gray have each been training with STS for about two years. A defender for the NE Pride U10 Blue, Ains and three of her teammates recently won the TD Bank U10 Girls Mini 1-on-1 Tournament. Whoohoo!
Meghan, who recently celebrated her 11th birthday with a two-goal weekend, plays for the Boston Jr. Eagles U12 Gold and Waltham Girls U12/U14. Meghan thinks the STS coaches have done a great job pushing her. She really enjoys the drills that involve Joe Bender, and she doesn't feel bad calling him a dummy for blocking her shots. HAHAHA!
Both Meghan and Ains are excited and honored to be our December Snipers of the Month! Go, Meghan and Ains!!
We look forward to working with them, and you, in 2017!!
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Dennis Holdenwas in a major jam.
Holden, the owner of Las Vegas-based Ideal Supply, had a customer with an urgent need for valves and fittings used in conjunction with pumping chocolate syrup at a granola bar factory in New Mexico. Holden did not have the valves and fittings in stock. This was Friday afternoon and the items had to be on-site the next morning.
"They lose $50,000 an hour if they aren't pumping," Holden states.
Holden quickly turned to Los Angeles-based master distributor Industrial Valco. The valves and fittings left Industrial Valco's warehouse Friday night and arrived at the factory Saturday morning at 7:30. Crisis averted. Smiles abounded.
This type of success story has become a familiar refrain with PHCP wholesalers. As the economy continues its arduous climb out of a deep financial sinkhole, master distributors - by definition distributors who only or mainly sell to other wholesalers - are gaining influence by not only stocking those hard-to-find items, but by presenting a customer service package that ensures both the wholesaler and end user walk away satisfied.
Filling in the blanksIt's no secret why the importance of master distributors is more profound in current times. Look no further than the recent economic downturn, which has resulted in widespread inventory reductions.
"Due to the recent recession, pressure was put on the entire PVF industry to decrease inventory levels," statesBob Cooper, president of Commerce, Calif.-based industrial PVF master distributor Smith-Cooper International. "The same applies to master distribution, but it added another level of expectations by our customers. With low inventories at the wholesale level, master distributors were expected to have inventory available at all times."
Chip Devine, vice president of multi-channel business services at The Stock Market, sees lower wholesale inventories as one key factor, but also is noticing a trend where wholesalers are exploring new frontiers and thus relying more heavily upon master distributors to help with the transition.
"Many distributors are now diversifying and entering new businesses they were not involved in the past," he states. "The access to other products through master distribution has made these transitions easier."
In other instances, wholesalers may encounter vendors who require certain minimums on items. "What if the distributor doesn't need all that merchandise or has cut back on quantities?" asksDale Landy, owner of Great Neck, N.Y.-based Kolson, a master distributor of decorative hardware and bath fittings. "A vendor could be out of stock and it gets back ordered. Ordering from a master distributor is a good idea. Foremost, you want to satisfy the customer. You want happy customers and you want repeat customers."
David Spence, an inside salesman at Roanoke, Va.-based CMC Supply, ran into the vendor back order dilemma recently with a customer in dire need of a faucet. "I couldn't find it anywhere and the manufacturer was out of it. There was a long lead time of four to six weeks," he says. Spence turned to Moody, Ala.-based master distributor The Distribution Point.
"They had the faucet in stock, shipped it out that day and the customer had it in two days," he adds. "Master distributors make us look great."
New-age customer serviceJust like retailers, many master distributors are developing e-commerce programs designed to provide another way to connect with their customers and provide an added outlet to place orders.
"As long as master distributors are participating in e-commerce distribution and fulfillment, they are going to enjoy growth," statesMike Hogenmiller, general manager of Baton Rouge, La.-based master distributor Your "other" Warehouse. "It's all about how the Internet is going to grow and everybody is betting it is going to continue to grow."
Foxborough, Mass.-based Metropac Industries, like a growing number of master distributors, has a special web portal for customers where an ID and password are required to access line quantities and place orders.
"It's accounting for more than 50% of our sales," Metropac Vice PresidentBryan Cosentinostates. "Our Web order-entry system gives our customers another option to utilize in order to conduct business with us. It allows them to access our real-time inventories, pricing and images, cross-reference information and place orders. When our customers use the Web order-entry system, we pass along extra discounts. It's a win-win situation for everyone."
Mollie Donohue, The Distribution Point's director of marketing, says while e-commerce sites are helping tremendously, traditional ordering methods cannot be ignored.
"There is still the strong need for people to call and have that one-to-one contact," she notes. "We're customizing those different services and needs. Our job is to get info to the customers and help them the best way possible."
Landy, whose Long Island facility features two 5,000-sq.-ft.-showrooms, falls into that traditional customer contact category. Not a fan of e-commerce sites, she feels there is no substitute for human interaction with well-trained staff in a brick-and-mortar showroom environment.
"The human contact aspect is still very important. They can walk in here and comfortably select their merchandise," she says. "If a problem ensues afterward, we are here to help. People will remember how well you solve their problems."
Solving customers' problems includes having a wide variety of lines available through master distribution channels. "Master distributors are expected to have it in stock for immediate shipment. Our customers are supply houses. They usually have the A and B items, not many C's and no D's," saysErnie Coutermarsh, senior vice president at Amherst, N.H.-based CD Sales.
"As a master distributor, it is our business to stock A through D. We actually get more calls for D items. If you tout yourself as a master distributor and someone calls and asks for C's and D's and you don't have them, they will say, 'You are no better than me. We both don't have it.'"
Need it yesterdayPart of conquering the customer-service Rubik's Cube for master distributors is getting orders to customers in as short a time frame as possible, which entails providing competitive and efficient shipping programs.
"We had a plumber come in with specs for an American Standard flush-valve toilet," statesJudy Newman, owner of Covenant Plumbing Supply in Fayetteville, Ga. "They needed to get an inspection done and needed that toilet ASAP. We're not an American Standard dealer. We ordered it from The Distribution Point. These are the times for us that are most important. You don't want to send them somewhere else. If we are their supplier, they expect us to supply. Hopefully, our customers remember we went the extra mile."
Spence adds: "When there is a customer sitting in front of you asking when can I have it here, it's nice to know you can tell them you should have it for them tomorrow. It's a great benefit for that guy on the commercial job that has his back against the wall and needs something really fast."
Masters of the futureMost in the industry see more small glimmers of light at the end of the recessionary tunnel. As the economy continues its recovery, wholesale inventories figure to remain lean, leading to a continued reliance on master distribution.
"We work with big and small companies with different needs that are still dealing with this economy," Donohue says. "We're looking to develop stronger relationships with them and find their needs and provide them what they need as quickly and as effortlessly as possible so they can win a sale for themselves."
In a day and age where solutions are expected yesterday, master distributors also are staying ahead of the curve by heavily investing in their work forces.
"Our employees are our main priority," statesCharlie Roche, vice president of sales at Worcester, Mass.-based industrial PVF master distributor NAPAC. "We have a small group, but we have a very good group. We have the same core of people that have been here the last 10 years. There's familiarity. Customers know the person they are talking with. They know that same person is going to go out to the warehouse and follow up on their order."
Devine feels employee investment should never have a qualifier attached to it. "It's not just important to invest in your employees in these times," he says. "It's important to always invest in your employees all of the time. You can't have a great company without investing in your people."
Newman recalls a recent customer who came in with a broken plumbing fixture purchased at her supply house. Through her master distributor relationship, the problem was solved quickly and satisfactorily.
"You can't let a customer stand there with something broken," she says. "They paid for something and it broke three months later. Our job is to see they are satisfied and taken care of. That is where your master distributors are priceless. I wonder how we get by without them?"
Demand increases for PVF master distributorsMerit Brass Executive Vice PresidentAlan Lippsays look no further than metal prices to understand why industrial PVF master distributors are essential players in the industry.
"Intense price volatility, particularly in the stainless-steel side of our business, is the primary reason why many distributors continue to reduce their physical inventories," he states. "This general aversion to risk has been a catalyst for increased dependence on master distributors."
That means having a comprehensive menu of inventory available to wholesale customers. "The just-in-time inventories necessitate lower investment dollars, but it highly commoditizes inventory," notesRob Raban, president of Los Angeles-based Industrial Valco.
"When inventory is commoditized, it creates shortages on C and D items that are not able to be stocked to meet demand swings. Those demand swings, which happen every day, create the opportunity for master distributors to exist."
In addition to keeping an eye on metal prices, industrial PVF master distributors keep constant tabs on the swings in natural gas and oil prices.
"We would all like to see oil stabilize, but it's my belief that the oil industry is going to be a very volatile industry for many years to come," statesBob Cooper, president of Commerce, Calif.-based Smith-Cooper International. "While energy prices will continue to be a driving force in the industrial PVF market, we hope that metal prices stabilize. If recent years are any indication, I would anticipate increases in the future."
Lipp adds: "High oil prices continue to drive the industrial PVF sector's demand growth. Epic political dysfunction notwithstanding, the election year 2012 should prove to at least maintain healthy demand levels of the last couple of years. If $100-plus oil prices persist, it would not surprise me to see nickel prices defy most prognosticators' forecasts and beat last year's average price ($10.38/lb.)."
With demand fluid, industrial PVF master distributors are making sure they are seizing the opportunity with superior customer service.
"With the enhanced importance of master distributors have also come increased service expectations throughout the PVF distributor community," Lipp states.
Raban adds: "It's our job to be prepared to do business the way our customers want to do business."


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Ctg airport suspends flight operations
The Shah Amanat International Airport, Chittagong has suspended all of its flight operations due to Cyclonic storm Roanu.
ALSO READ: 5 killed in 3 districts as Cyclone Roanu nears coast
The last flight that left the airport was at 10:43am, our correspondent reports.
ALSO READ: Goods handling remains suspended at Chittagong port
All aircrafts have been taken to safe shelter, Wing Commander Riajal Kabir, manager of the airport, told The Daily Star.
ALSO READ: Roanu may cross Barisal-Ctg coast by morning or noon
Meanwhile, goods loading and unloading from all ships remain suspended at Chittagong seaport since the morning as Cyclone Roanu nears the Barisal-Chittagong coast.
The Met Office has issued cautionary signal-7 for Chittagong, Mongla and Payra ports, which means the port will experience severe weather.


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REC Solar is working with HICAPS, a Service Disabled Veteran Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) construction management firm to build two solar electric systems at US Department of Veteran's Affairs (VA) medical centers in Salem, Virginia and Las Vegas, Nevada. In total, these systems comprise nearly 7 MW of solar generation capacity across rooftops, carports and ground-mounted arrays.
REC Solar will serve as the engineering, procurement and solar system contractor, while HICAPS acts as the prime general contractor responsible for site civil construction and overall management and implementation of the projects. These arrays bring REC Solar's total installations with the VA up to 21.
The 5 MW system at the VA Las Vegas Medical Center will span carport and ground-mount structures, including a 200 kW structure that provides shade for water tanks. The project is expected to be completed in December 2015.
For the VA Salem Medical Center, HICAPS and REC Solar installed 1.8 MW of solar capacity. After successful completion of a 1.6 MW array in 2013, the VA selected HICAPS and REC Solar to construct an additional 200 kW system. By utilizing a ballasted mounting system that avoids ground penetrations, the companies were able to locate the system on a brownfield site next to the medical center.


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People come up with new ideas every day and release new movies. However, there is a website that you can stream them on. On this website, there's more you can do than just stream movies. You can also download the apk file on your device to stream or download movies. Snagfilms online website is a movie website whereby you can stream movies online. On SnagFilms watch free movies that you like anytime you want to. Also, you can get videos on demand, which means whatever movies you want to stream would be provided immediately for you.
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