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The Mifare Terminal
mfterm [-v] [-h] [-t tagfile] [-k keyfile] [-d dictionary]
mfterm is a terminal interface for working with Mifare tags. The program is used as an interactive shell to read and write Mifare tags using libnfc and a libnfc compatible reader or to simply manipu‐ late Mifare data dumps from files. See the COMMANDS section below for a description of the commands available. In mfterm, there are a number of global state variables. One for tag data, one for keys and some others. Data is read and loaded to this memory and written and saved from the same. The contents of the tag data variable is displayed using the print command. The keys in the key variable are displayed using the keys command. Both tag and key vari‐ ables are 4k, but only the first 1k is used for 1k tags. Please see the README and INSTALL files for further information.
These are the command line options of mfterm. -h, --help Displays a help message. -v, --version Display version information. -t tagfile, --tag=tagfile Load a tag from the specified file. Before starting the terminal. -k keyfile, --keys=keyfile Load keys from the specified file. Before starting the terminal. -d dictionary, --dict=dictionary Load dictionary from the specified file. Before starting the ter‐ minal.
These are the commands available from the mfterm prompt. Tag Commands: print [1k|4k] Print the current tag data. The data is formatted to show sec‐ tors and blocks in hexadecimal. Optionally specify tag size (de‐ fault is 1k). read [A|B] Read a tag. A libnfc compatible reader must be connected and a tag present. The keys in the key state variable will be used to authenticate each sector. Optionally specify witch key to use for reading (default is A). write [A|B] Write a tag. A libnfc compatible reader must be connected and a tag present. The keys in the key state variable will be used to authenticate each sector. Optionally specify witch key to use for reading (default is A). load Load tag data from a file. The file should be a raw binary file containing exactly 4k. If the tag data represents a 1k tag, the data should be padded. save Save tag data to a file. A raw binary dump of the data will be written. If the tag is a 1k tag, the data will be padded with zeroes to 4k size. clear Clear the current tag data in memory. print keys [1k|4k] Extract the key information from the tag loaded into memory and display it. This is not the same as the keys command. The later will print the keys stored in the keys variable, this prints keys from the tag. print ac Print the access conditions for each block. Possible values are A, B, A|B or '-'. Their meanings are, in turn, that the A or B or both A and B keys or neither key can be used. The columns R, W, I, D represents read, write, increment and decrement. They apply for all non trailer blocks. For the trailer blocks the columns AR, AW, ACR, ACW, BR, BW apply. They are permissions for; reading the A-key, writing the A-key, reading the access control bits, writing the access control bits, reading the B-key and writing the B-key. set block offset = xx xx xx Write some values to the tag variable in memory. Specify data as hexadecimal bytes separated by spaces. Key Management Commands: keys [1k|4k] Print the keys currently loaded. Optionally specify if keys for the full 4k tag should be displayed or just the ones for the first 1k. Default is 1k. keys load file Load keys from a file into memory. The key file is a regular bi‐ nary tag dump, but only the key fields are used. That means that any tag dump can be loaded as keys. keys save file Save the current keys in memory to a file. The keys will be saved as a normal binary tag dump with all values except the keys cleared. keys import Import keys from the current tag. keys clear Clear the keys in memory. keys set A|B sector key Set a specific key explicitly. Specify the key in hex, if it is an A- or B-key and what sector to set the key for. keys test Try to authenticate with the keys. Use this command to test a set of keys with a specific tag. Pirate Card Commands: These commands will only work on the back door:ed pirate cards (aka Chinese magic cards) with writable first block. read unlocked Read the card without using keys and disregard access control bits. write unlocked Write to a back door:ed 1k tag. This will write block 0 and pos‐ sibly modify the UID. Dictionary Attack Commands: dict load file Load a dictionary key file. This is a regular text file with one key written in hex per line. Loading multiple dictionaries will merge their contents and remove duplicates. dict clear Clear the key dictionary in memory. dict attack Find keys of a physical tag by trying all keys in the loaded dictionary. If any keys are found the current keys variable will be updated. dict Print the contents of the key dictionary currently loaded. Contents Specification Commands: spec load file Load a specification file. spec clear Unload the specification. spec Print the specification. MAC Commands: These are commands for creating and validating DES MACs (message au‐ thentication codes) to sign the contents of specific blocks. mac key [key] Get or set MAC key. mac compute #block Compute the MAC for a specified block. mac update #block Compute the MAC for a specified block, truncate it and write it back into the current tag data. mac validate [1k|4k] Validates MACs for every block of the tag. General commands: quit Exit the program. help Show a list of available commands and a short description of each.
The mac and spec command groups are experimental. They
Copyright (C) 2011-2016 Anders Sundman
Anders Sundman


text:
Lee Eel Eisler
VANJ Podcast #8: The Corey, Carl and Theo Story
(If the player isn't working click here)
In this episode we dive into Corey's life and find out what drove him to transition from house life to Carl the van. Theo is his dog by the way.
Follow Corey, Carl and Theo on instagram and youtube at: @anotheradvanture
Check out a tour of Carl the van here:
Check out the other podcasts here.

subset: commoncrawl


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4 tax-saving ways to celebrate Earth Day
Monday, April 22, 2019
Happy Earth Day 2019
Earth Day was created in 1969 by environmental activists in response to an oil spill in waters near Santa Barbara, California. Since then, it has expanded each year as a day to emphasize environmental issues and inspire an appreciation of our planet.
With this year's celebration falling on a weekday, many folks are looking for ways to incorporate their pro-Mother Earth efforts into their daily lives.
Well, nothing is as incorporated into our day-to-day existences as our taxes.
So on Earth Day 2019 and every day this year, here are 4 tax-saving environmental options.
1. Electric vehicle credits: Millions of folks drove to their offices this morning. In most cases, their vehicles are powered by fossil fuel.
But there is a growing trend toward electric vehicles. And Uncle Sam can help you buy one of these autos.
A federal tax credit of up to $7,500 is available for some electric vehicles, or EVs as they're referred to in official transportation and tax material. Similar to the tax break provided for hybrid autos back when they were the enviro-friendly rage, the electric vehicle credit starts phasing out once the manufacturer sells 200,000 of the plug-in vehicles.
That means you'll get a small tax credit if you want one the most popular EVs. That's the case for Elon Musk's Tesla makes, as well as EVs manufactured by General Motors.
A Tesla or GM EV buyer now will get a federal tax credit of just $3,750. Remember, though, that this is a tax credit, which means you get a dollar-for-dollar reduction of any tax you owe.
Tesla led sales, so its credit reduction kicked in sooner, meaning the halved credit amount is available through June 30. GM's $3,750 credit runs through Sept. 30.
After those dates, the credit amounts will be cut in half again, eventually phasing out altogether.
In addition to my earlier blog post on the reduced EV tax credit amounts, you can find more about the electric vehicle credit at the Department of Energy and Internal Revenue Service websites.
2. Home is where the energy savings are: Unfortunately, the tax break for some relatively easy home improvements to make your residence more energy efficient have expired.
But the Residential Energy Efficient Property Credit is available 2021.
This credit, again the best type of tax break out there, is worth a 30 percent tax credit of the cost of solar-powered systems, such as sun driven water heaters and photovoltaic panels that produce a house's electricity.
That maximum credit is available for qualifying energy systems installed in 2019. It's reduced a bit in 2020 and 2021.
EnergyStar.gov has details on the tax benefits of installing these environmentally friendly systems.
3. Giving instead of taking from Mother Nature: The adage about it being better to give that to receive also applies environmentally.
And in these cases, if you itemize instead of taking the standard deduction, you could get some of your charitable gift back as a tax break.
Donations to IRS-approved nonprofits are still allowed under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Your philanthropic gifts to 501(c)(3) approved environmental organizations count here.
If you don't have a favorite, just Google "environmental nonprofits" and get ready to be overwhelmed by how many green causes are out there.
You also can search the green giving groups listed in GuideStar and Charity Navigator for more charitable choices of the green variety.
If you have the name of a group and want to make sure it's IRS-approved since that's one of the tax deduction rules you must follow, use the agency's online Tax Exempt Organization Search tool.
4. Check out more local tax benefits: Finally, take to heart the "think globally, act locally" advice when it comes not only to energy saving situations, but also tax breaks.
There are myriad tax credits, rebates and other government-subsidized energy-related savings at state and local levels. You can find many of them in the directory at DSIRE, the acronym for Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency.
The site, according to its "About" Web page, is the most comprehensive source of information on incentives and policies that support renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States. It's been around since 1995, is operated by the North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center at North Carolina State University and is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE).
Speaking of DoE, there's the department's Energy.gov project. At that website, you can search, either nationally or by state, for programs that promote energy efficiency and offer rebates, savings and/or tax credits.
I hope you have enough energy left after celebrating this Earth Day to check out these environmentally conscious tax benefits. You deserve any and all you qualify for as a small reward for working to keep Mother Earth healthy.
You also might find these items of interest:
- China's new pollution tax excludes greenhouse gases
- Sweden looks at taxes to reduce wasteful consumerism
- Former GOP Treasury chief calls for global climate change action


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Budwig Protocol
Doctors' Endorsements of Dr. Budwig's Diet and Protocol
German holistic MDs recommend the Budwig approach for cancer patients
Courtesy of German original: www.oel-eiweiss-kost.de
Introduction and translation by Healing Cancer Naturally copyright © 2006
In addition to the clinics and doctors already quoted who endorse(d) Dr. Budwig's work such as Drs. Willner and Roehm, here is the testimonial of two "live" German physicians, Dr. Bernd Belles MD and Dr. Gerd Belles MD. Both specialise in cancer treatment and are strong proponents of Dr. Budwig's healing approach. Here is what they have to say:
"We are general practitioners specialising (among other areas) in Holistic Cancer Treatment. For our holistic approach, we use the acronym SKEEMRIE[1] Tumor Therapy, which stands for the (German) initials of systemic leap[2], conflict management, nutrition, detoxification, mitochondrial activation, redifferentiation, immune modulation and energy.
The one element which clearly stands out as having the greatest importance and forming the basis of all holistic tumor therapy is the oil-protein diet according to Dr. Johanna Budwig. If this nutritional regimen is implemented without deviation, there is a chance of recovery at every stage of tumor development (a fact we have personally witnessed in our practice!).
We now try to make all our tumor patients adjust their diet in accordance with Dr. Johanna Budwig's suggestions. It is crucial to stick to her dietary schedule exactly as stated, however. Any deviations will be severely punished by the renewed formation of tumors.
Dr. Johanna Budwig's discovery of the physico-chemical importance of the highly unsaturated fatty acids for both cellular biology and cancer therapy constitute the most brilliant advance in the field of tumor therapy since decades. It is our aim and objective to spread and disseminate the results of her research to eventually see them recognised."
German-language homepage: www.belles.de
1 German acronym for Systemsprung, Konfliktbewältigung, Ernährung, Entgiftung, Mitochondrienaktivierung, Redifferenzierung, Immunmodulation, Energie.
2 Regarding the possible meaning of "systemic leap" and observed beneficial effects on cancer patients, compare eminent alternative and conventional cancer treatment researcher Lothar Hirneise speaking on system change.
Is there a cure for cancer? After 20 years of research
Sponsored Links
Related section
For the most comprehensive and authoritative English-language coverage worldwide of the oil-protein diet & protocol developed by Dr. Johanna Budwig, see


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Network Awareness in Windows Vista and Windows 7
How to create network-aware applications that run on Windows Vista and Windows 7.
To download the complete code samples discussed in this topic, see Microsoft Windows Network List Manager (NLM) Samples in Code Gallery.
Network Awareness
Computing environments are more interconnected than ever before. Computers can connect over a large variety of networking technologies such as Ethernet, WiFi, WWAN, VPN, and dial-up, to name just a few. Well-designed applications are prepared for connectivity issues, because these applications are used in many different scenarios:
- One stable connected network. For example, a LAN connection to a desktop machine at a workplace.
- One network that is intermittently connected and disconnected. For example, a laptop user connecting to a WiFi network and roaming around an office or a building or any wireless hotspot falls into this scenario.
- Connections to different networks throughout the course of a day. For example, many PCs connect to a home network, then a work network, then a public network throughout the course of a single day. This type of connectivity not only spans multiple networks but may also include multiple types of connection media (WiFi at home, WWAN when in public) as well as situations where multiple connection media is used simultaneously, such as a public WWAN connection with a VPN connection.
- Disconnected entirely. Ten years ago this was the common case. Today it's becoming increasingly rare, and often is only used when someone turns off their networking hardware in order to do their work without interruption or to save power.
Beyond the simple connected/disconnected state of a network, additional network properties are often relevant to an application. You can use the state of each of these properties at decision points in your application to enable or disable features or perform or prevent from performing certain functionality. Your application may need to know:
- Is Internet connectivity available? Does your application pull data from the Internet?
- Is Intranet (domain) connectivity present? Is this a managed network, often maintained by a workplace?
- Is this a specific network (by name or id or category)? Maybe your application needs to present different UI or different features when it's on a specific network. Maybe the network name is a good way to determine if features should be enabled or disabled.
Windows Vista and Windows 7 provide interfaces that can be used to obtain detailed information about these network characteristics and more. With Windows INetworkListManager interface it is easy to enumerate all networks (INetwork) a machine has ever seen, or just the connected networks, or just the disconnected networks.
The INetwork interface is used to determine the properties of a network: name, description, network ID, category, managed/authenticated, connected/disconnected, and more. In Windows it is possible that a single network is connected to several interfaces, so through an INetwork you can also enumerate the INetworkConnection being used.
The INetworkConnection interface tells you the relevant properties of a specific connection: Connection ID, Adapter ID, Type (managed, authenticated), and connection properties (connected, disconnected, V4 Local, V4 Internet, V6 Local, V6 Internet). V4 Local means Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) local access. V4 Internet means IPv4 with internet access. V6 Local and V6 Internet mean IPv6.
Using the NLM API to make your applications network-aware
Understanding what type of decisions your application needs to make based on connectivity information will determine how you go about using the NLM API. Which of the following best describes your application needs?
- My application needs to be quickly informed of changing networking conditions.
- My application needs to perform a quick check of what the network conditions are just once.
- My application needs to do both.
Network connections and their connection characteristics change constantly. If you use the notification mechanism in NLM, it solves this problem by providing connectivity status changes as they occur. For example, an email application may want to know when connectivity is present so that it can either check for new mail or buffer outgoing mail until the next time connectivity is present. If this describes your application then read more on this in the "making your application network aware in real-time" section.
Some applications need only to perform quick checks of what the current networking conditions are. For example, an anti-virus program may poll for updated AV signatures from a central repository once per day. In this case it is only necessary to understand whether the PC is connected at that moment. If this describes your application then read ahead to the section about "checking for current network conditions".
Sometimes applications need to do both. Particularly in the case where an application needs to be aware of connectivity changes as they occur it is typical for an application to first query the current network state and then register for any changes that occur from that point forward.
Making your application network-aware in real time
To keep track of network changes asynchronously, your application needs to register for a callback. When a network or network property change occurs your callback will be invoked.
By registering for a callback your application will be able to handle all network changes as silently as possible.
It is also important to note that not only do network connections change over time but network connection characteristics may also change over time. Some characteristic are learned gradually as the connection is maintained while other characteristics may change dynamically due to changes in the quality of the connection. An example of the former is the following: both Internet (get_IsConnectedToInternet) and domain (GetDomainType) determinations are examples of properties that are learned over time after the initial connection is established. An example of the latter is that Internet connectivity may change due to connectivity issues further upstream than the directly connected connection, say several network hops away. So something like Internet connectivity may be present, may go down, and then may return. The event mechanism provided by the NLA API provides constant updates to reflect any changes in status but it is important to keep these principles in mind so that your application does not assume that connection properties are static in what can be a very dynamic system.
How to register for NLM events
Place the following code in the initialization sequence for your application or where you decide that network events are important to your application.
CComPtr<INetworkListManager> pNLM;
hr = CoCreateInstance(CLSID_NetworkListManager, NULL,
CLSCTX_ALL, __uuidof(INetworkListManager), (LPVOID*)&pNLM);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
CComPtr<IConnectionPointContainer> pCpc;
hr = pNLM->QueryInterface(IID_IConnectionPointContainer, (void**)&pCpc);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
hr = pCpc->FindConnectionPoint(IID_INetworkEvents, &m_pConnectionPoint);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
CComPtr<IUnknown> pSink;
hr = this->QueryInterface(IID_IUnknown, (void**)&pSink);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
hr = m_pConnectionPoint->Advise(pSink, &m_dwCookie);
After you have created the INetworkListManager object above you will receive INetworkEvents notifications from that point forward. pSink implements the INetworkEvent interface including those event processing methods such as NetworkAdded, NetworkDeleted, NetworkConnectivityChanged, and NetworkPropertyChanged.
Once you begin to receive these network events, your application is well on its way to being network-aware.
Events to register for
In the previous example, the application registered to receive INetworkEvents. When writing your application you need to decide which type of events really matter to your application. The NLM API notification mechanism is flexible and enables you to choose the types of events your application is interested in. You can register for events at three different levels:
- You can register for events describing machine level connectivity through INetworkListManagerEvents.
- You can register for per network connectivity and per network properties through INetworkEvents.
- You can register for per connection connectivity and per connection properties through INetworkConnectionEvents.
At the end of your application's execution the application should stop listening to events by performing the following instruction for each event sink.
if (m_pConnectionPoint != NULL)
hr = m_pConnectionPoint->Unadvise(m_dwCookie);
Checking for current network conditions
Sometimes an application need not concern itself with the network conditions until a particular user event requires network connectivity. An example of this could be an application that needs to check for updated information such as current local traffic conditions or weather updates. Only when that information needs to be periodically updated is the network connection status meaningful to the application.
To answer such contingency, the NLM API provides a set of common networking connectivity data, such as:
- Whether the computer is connected to the Internet through any networks.
- A list of all available networks.
- The capabilities of the network connected to.
- A list of network properties.
- Whether the computer is connected to the domain network.
- The connections that make up a particular network.
- The capabilities of the current connection.
The following code shows how to determine the characteristics of a network synchronously. It is important to keep in mind that you would not want to use this technique in a tight loop, but it is fine to use this to determine the current conditions. The reason for this is that after enumerating through the networks you can keep your application aware of changes to the set of networks without re-enumerating. Code that walks through all networks or all connected networks really only needs to occur a single time, such as on startup or initialization of the application. Subsequent network changes can be handled as shown in the earlier section, making your application network aware in real time.
You first need to obtain the INetwork you're interested in. To get this, enumerate the networks by using the INetworkListManager function. The following sample obtains and displays the list of connected networks and prints the name of each network.
// Enumerate connected networks
hr = pNLM->GetNetworks(NLM_ENUM_NETWORK_CONNECTED, &pEnumNetworks);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
INetwork* pNetworks[NUM_NETWORK];
ULONG cFetched = 0;
BOOL bDone = FALSE;
while (!bDone)
hr = pEnumNetworks->Next(_countof(pNetworks), pNetworks, &cFetched);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr) && (cFetched > 0))
for (ULONG I = 0; I < cFetched; I++)
CComBSTR szName;
hr = pNetworks[i]->GetName(&szName);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
wprintf(L"Network Name : %s\n", szName);
bDone = TRUE;
With the previous code, values for NLM_ENUM_NETWORK can be:
- NLM_ENUM_NETWORK_CONNECTED: connected networks only
- NLM_ENUM_NETWORK_DISCONNECTED: disconnected networks only
- NLM_ENUM_NETWORK_ALL: connected and disconnected networks
Within each INetwork you obtain the INetworkConnections and the network adapter ID that each is associated with, as shown in the following code.
INetworkConnection* pNetworkConnections[NUM_CONNECTION];
ULONG cFetched = 0;
BOOL bDone = FALSE;
while (!bDone)
hr = pEnum->Next(_countof(pNetworkConnections), pNetworkConnections, &cFetched);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr) && (cFetched > 0))
for (ULONG I = 0; I < cFetched; I++)
GUID gdAdapterId;
hr = pNetworkConnections[i]->GetAdapterId(&gdAdapterId);
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
BSTR szAdapterIDName = GetSzGuid(gdAdapterId);
wprintf(L" Adapter Id : %s\n", szAdapterIDName);
bDone = TRUE;
Finally, you obtain the connectivity information of each network provided through the NLM API, as shown in the following code sample.
HRESULT PrintNetworkConnectivity(INetwork* pNetwork)
HRESULT hr = S_OK;
if(pNetwork != NULL)
NLM_CONNECTIVITY nlmConnectivity;
hr = pNetwork->GetConnectivity(&nlmConnectivity);
CComBSTR szConnectivity = L"";
if( hr == S_OK)
if (nlmConnectivity == NLM_CONNECTIVITY_DISCONNECTED)
szConnectivity = L"network disconnected";
if (nlmConnectivity & NLM_CONNECTIVITY_IPV4_NOTRAFFIC)
if (szConnectivity.Length() != 0)
szConnectivity += L" | ";
szConnectivity += L"network no traffic";
if (nlmConnectivity & NLM_CONNECTIVITY_IPV4_LOCALNETWORK)
if (szConnectivity.Length() != 0)
szConnectivity += L" | ";
szConnectivity += L"IPv4 local connectivity";
if (nlmConnectivity & NLM_CONNECTIVITY_IPV4_INTERNET)
if (szConnectivity.Length() != 0)
szConnectivity += L" | ";
szConnectivity += L"IPv4 internet connectivity";
if (nlmConnectivity & NLM_CONNECTIVITY_IPV6_LOCALNETWORK)
if (szConnectivity.Length() != 0)
szConnectivity += L" | ";
szConnectivity += L"IPv6 local connectivity";
if (nlmConnectivity & NLM_CONNECTIVITY_IPV6_INTERNET)
if (szConnectivity.Length() != 0)
szConnectivity += L" | ";
szConnectivity += L"IPv6 internet connectivity";
if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
WCHAR result[MAX_LENGTH];
wcscpy_s(result, _countof(result), szConnectivity);
wprintf(L"Network Connectivity bitmask : 0x%08x %s\n", nlmConnectivity, result);
wprintf(L"failed to get connectivity from INetwork ");
return hr;
The samples provided offer a glimpse into the rich set of information that is available through the NLM API. The API answers even more common networking connectivity questions, such as:
- Am I connected to the Internet through any networks? (INetworkListManager. get_IsConnectedToInternet)
- How do I obtain a list of all networks? (INetworkListManager.GetNetworks)
- What are the capabilities of the network I'm connected to? (INetwork.GetConnectivity)
- How do I display a specific network property? (INetwork.GetNetworkId, and others)
- Am I connected to the PC's domain network? (INetwork.GetDomainType)
- What network connections make up this network? (INetwork.GetNetworkConnections)
- What are the capabilities of the network connection I'm connected to? (INetworkConnection.GetConnectivity)
- How do I display a specific network connection property? (INetworkConnection.GetAdapterId, and others)
Sample Code
Code samples are available as examples of coding against the Network List Manager (NLM) APIs for applications running on Windows Vista or Windows 7. The samples describe how to use the API set to obtain network connectivity information as needed and how to register for events so that applications can react to a changing state of networking connectivity. Samples are written for both C++ and C# and can be found on the Downloads tab at Microsoft Windows Network List Manager (NLM) Samples in Code Gallery.
Keep these general recommendations in mind when creating your network aware application:
- Cache data locally where possible to avoid disruptions to your users when network transitions occur.
- Do not poll in tight loops by repetitively calling NLM API, for example - get_IsConnectedToInternet; sleep 1 second; get_IsConnectedToInternet; sleep 1 second; and so on. If your application needs to know whether network connectivity has changed please register to receive notifications from NLM. This optimizes the performance of the computer and ensures that your application does not miss a network change event.
- When connectivity is resumed after being disconnected consider whether you need to perform a networking action immediately or whether your application can wait momentarily. On mobile PCs there may be numerous applications that utilize the network. If they were all to start utilizing the network immediately upon the resumption of connectivity they can consume the bandwidth available. Consider whether your app can wait briefly before utilizing the network.
- It is also important to note that not only do network connections change over time but network connection characteristics may also change over time. Some characteristic are learned gradually as the connection is maintained while other characteristics may change dynamically due to changes in the quality of the connection. An example of the former is the following: both Internet (get_IsConnectedToInternet) and domain (GetDomainType) determinations are examples of properties that are learned over time after the initial connection is established. An example of the latter is that Internet connectivity may change due to connectivity issues further upstream than the directly connected connection, say several network hops away. So something like Internet connectivity may be present, may go down, and then may return. The event mechanism provided by the NLA API will provide constant updates to reflect any changes in status but it is important to keep these principles in mind so that your application does not assume that connection properties are static in what can be a very dynamic system.
- If a network is disconnected, queue and defer data transfers until later, and determine whether user feedback is appropriate for your application.
Network transitions will happen frequently, especially if your application is running on a mobile PC. Consider the following when notifying your user of underlying connectivity transitions:
- Does this event directly impact the user's current task, and therefore demand the user's immediate attention, or can it be handled transparently by the application?
- There may be only certain events that are important to your application. For example, maybe you only care when a network with internet connectivity is connected or disconnected. Or perhaps your application will only run when connected to the PC's domain network. Connectivity to other types of networks may or may not be interesting to the user in some of these cases.


text:
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Surgical Steel Hinged Segment Ring. The hinge on this specific design allows the wearer to never lose a small segment piece again and it has that easy snap seamless fit. Can be worn in lobe, cartilage, septum & daith piercings. Made entirely from Surgical Steel.
16 gauge 5/16″
Hinged hoops are so easy to use!


text:
What Does Cabinet Test Mean?
A cabinet test is an experimental approach used to evaluate a material's response to a wide range of simulated environments of various conditions with the use of an enclosed vessel or system. These vessels are often cabinets or other vacuum containers.
Cabinet testing is used to emulate corrosion generating situations by varying particular mechanisms or contributing factors and observing their direct impact.


text:
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Click the "Accept Cookie Policy" button below to accept the use of cookies on your browser.
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Enjoy a 3.1 mile run on a certified course through beautiful Foundation Park in Centralia, IL. This road race has a few short hills and beautiful scenery. All proceeds benefit the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, so join us for a competitive run or a leisurely walk for a great cause. You can even come in support of a loved one. Little Legs 1-miler is available also.
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Hurricane Relief Support
We coordinated with corporate Guyana and we were overwhelmed with their positive responses and contributions. A lot of companies quickly jumped at the opportunity with donations for the islands. We are thankful for the support we've received from players like Demerara Distillers Limited, Massy Distribution, Nideca Investments, CIDI, Beepats, Imperial Manufacturers, Ramzan Trading and Southland International. It really shows the power of partnership when we pool our resources to lend a hand to our Caribbean neighbours who have been so terribly impacted by Hurricane Irma and Maria


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My faith in the Church of Steve is being tested…
This morning, my iPhone 3GS complained about a lack of memory while installing an application update, became quite sluggish and eventually just hung. The standard Power Off button trick did not work, so I tried the Hard Reset (keep Home+Power pressed for 10 seconds). Result: the Apple logo was displayed. That's all. No wait-cursor, no progress bar, nothing.
A couple of Hard Resets later, I was still looking at the Apple logo. So I started looking online for help in fixing my bricked iPhone.
The standard Master Reset trick (disconnect iPhone, Home+Power to switch off, connect via USB to iTunes with Home button pressed) did not seem to work: again, the Apple logo was my only reward. I followed the Youtube video instructions, but the iPhone wasn't recognized by iTunes. This got me a bit worried ;-)
According to the videos, you can let go of the Home button as soon as iTunes recognizes your iPhone in Recovery Mode. That did not happen for the first few attempts (holding the Home button for as long as a minute). Only after patiently keeping the Home-button pressed for what seemed to be several minutes the iPhone responded by showing the "USB-plug connected to iTunes" screen.
So now I need to wait while Restore and Sync are in progress… Oh Steve, why hast thou forsaken me?


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Does a Bigger Shoe Size Mean a Bigger Package? Does Porn Affect How Long a Man Lasts?
Wouldn't you like to you know? And wouldn't your guy? Believe it or not, most men are getting these and other questions about sex wrong, and we're here to set them straight. In the bedroom, knowledge is empowering. Plain and simple: Men who know the facts and know their options for combatting problems like premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction have better odds of enjoying sex. And, let's face it. If he enjoys it, so do you.
Hey guys, what do you know about sex, porn and premature ejaculation? Not much, it turns out.
According to research by Promescent, men are pretty confused about basic facts about sex and still believe myths that were debunked long ago. To clear up the misconceptions in the bedroom, here are the six sex questions that tripped up the most men. Take the test yourself, share it with your guy, and when you're done, check the answers at the bottom of the post. Oh, and let us know how sexually in the know you are. How many did you get right?
6 Facts About Sex Most Men Don't Know
1. Regularly viewing pornography can affect your erections and how long it takes to ejaculate/orgasm – TRUE OR FALSE?
Almost half of men got this one wrong – or did they? Various studies on the connection between porn, arousal, dopamine levels, erections and lasting longer are inconclusive and the jury is still out. Science can't say for sure, but it appears more and more likely that too much porn use can impact some people's arousal and sexual functioning. So find a happy medium with your porn viewing patterns.
Not sure if you're affected by too much porn? It may be hard (haha) but take a porn break and see how your sexual functioning responds.
2. The squeeze method is the only way to combat premature ejaculation – TRUE OR FALSE?
Scratching your head? Here's the deal. The squeeze technique: Stopping intercourse to squeeze the shaft between thumb and forefinger to reduce blood flow to the penis. Doing so is supposed to reduce the erection thereby preventing ejaculation. Few clinical studies have been performed using this technique with some uncontrolled studies having reported success with this method. Like the self-explanatory stop-start method, however, it causes an interruption to sex and may prevent you from reaching orgasm. While 11 per cent of men believe this is the only way to stop premature ejaculation, there are others.
3. What's the name of the brain chemical that spikes when you become sexually aroused?
More than 80 per cent of men got this question wrong. During the arousal stage, the neurotransmitter dopamine is activated in anticipation of the pleasure we experience during orgasm. Instead, men believe that testosterone, endorphins or serotonin are stimulated during arousal. The most popular answer was "testosterone," but T levels are associated with sex drive and erectile health, not the neurological response to sexual pleasure. Endorphins and serotonin are released during orgasm, not during arousal.
4. Men who wear briefs have fewer sperm – TRUE OR FALSE?
Good news, Gentlemen. You can wear briefs, tighty whities and all forms of nut huggers without fear of strangling your swimmers. About 46 per cent of men got this one wrong (and interestingly, men 45 to 60 were most likely to fall for this old tale). Hormonal imbalances, environmental pollutants, poor nutrition, smoking and alcohol can all affect sperm levels, but feel free to wear any underwear you (and your lady) would like.
5. The bigger a man's shoe size, the bigger his penis – TRUE OR FALSE?
As much as we'd like to believe this one is true, there is no correlation between foot size and penis length or girth. Just trying to find this correlation is actually a huge challenge, as temperature, touch, activity and stretch can all affect penis length. Researchers can't even agree on how much one should stretch the penis before measuring it. So do yourself a favour and don't judge a man by his shoes.
6. Premature ejaculation is the most common sexual health issue amongst men – TRUE OR FALSE?
Thanks to all the ad money being spent on erectile dysfunction meds, it's no wonder that 58 per cent of men got this one wrong. Here are the facts: Researchers at the Mayo Clinic have found that up to one in three men suffers from premature ejaculation. While erectile dysfunction becomes more prevalent with age and tends to develop in men between the ages of 40 and 70, premature ejaculation is evenly distributed across all age ranges and affects more men.
Suspect there's another sex 'fact' circulating that's really a myth? Share it here and we'll find out!
ANSWERS 1. True; 2. False; 3. Dopamine; 4. False; 5. False; 6. True


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New RI law eliminates criminal court costs for those unable to pay
On June 27, Governor McKee signed into law 2022-H7695 and 2022-S2774, which remove all state court fees, assessments, and costs for people convicted of criminal offenses who meet the criteria for indigent status (inability to pay), as well as those who spend more than 30 days in prison. Income Evaluation at Sentencing At the time…Read More
Rent Relief Closing Applications on June 1, 2022
IMPORTANT RENT RELIEF UPDATE: Rent Relief RI will only be accepting new applications and recertifications until June 1, 2022. Applications and recertifications MUST BE COMPLETED BEFORE JUNE 1, 2022. If you complete your new application or recertification before June 1, 2022 then you will still be processed for past due rent and utilities, security deposit, and three months of forward facing rent if you are eligible…Read More
Tenant Protection Against Evictions and Help Paying Rent
CDC Eviction Moratorium Overturned in August 2021 The United States Supreme Court struck down the CDC Eviction Moratorium on August 26, 2021, meaning it is no longer in effect and evictions may continue. Evictions in Rhode Island are carried out by a judge so you cannot legally be forced out of your home until after…Read More
"Tech Boosts" Program from Cox Communications Awards $10K Grant to the Rhode Island Center for Justice
Tech Boosts from Cox put technology equipment into the hands of community organizations that need it the most WEST WARWICK – (June 14, 2021) – Despite the important work nonprofits and community organizations do in the communities they serve, many are lacking the modern technology tools needed to perform their missions to the fullest. To…Read More
Center for Justice Closed on June 21st
The R.I. Center for Justice will be closed on Monday, June 21, 2021 in recognition of the historic first national holiday observance of Juneteenth. From President Biden's Proclamation: "On June 19, 1865 — nearly nine decades after our Nation's founding, and more than 2 years after President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation — enslaved Americans in Galveston, Texas,…Read More
Rental and Utility Assistance Now Available
Dear Neighbor, Rental and utility assistance is now available again in Rhode Island. The new Rent Relief RI (RRR) program has opened and is now accepting applications. This program is the successor to the Safe Harbor program and has taken on the responsibility of processing unfinished Safe Harbor applications. Although RRR will be prioritizing and processing…Read More
Thank you BCBSRI for a second year of BlueAngel Grant Support – Housing is Health!
The Rhode Island Center for Justice is excited to enter a second year in partnership with Blue Cross Blue Shield of Rhode Island through the BlueAngel Community Health Grant. The BlueAngel Grant supports our work to help Rhode Islanders remain stably housed and keep prevent utility disruption, a leading cause of housing insecurity. We are grateful…Read More
Au Pairs: Special Enrollment Period to Sign Up for Free/Low-Cost Health Insurance
Updated on April 10, 2021. If you are an au pair on a J1 visa with a valid DS-2019, living anywhere in the United States, you may be eligible for free or low-cost, comprehensive health insurance that covers primary care, prescriptions, pre-existing conditions, sports injuries, mental health care, vaccinations, COVID-19 care, emergency room visits, surgeries,…Read More
The R.I. Center for Justice Stands with Jose Batista for Transparency
The Rhode Island Center for Justice stands with Jose Batista, Executive Director of the Providence External Review Authority (PERA), established by the Providence City Council to function as a civilian police oversight board. On November 10th, Director Batista released two videos from an April 19, 2020 incident showing Sergeant Hanley handcuffing and being physically and…Read More
Rhode Island District Court Reluctantly Dismisses Suit Seeking to Establish Federal Constitutional Right to a Civic Education
Plaintiffs will appeal, saying the decision gives them a road map to the First Circuit PRESS RELEASE – OCTOBER 13, 2020 New York, NY — Judge William Smith of the U.S. District Court for Rhode Island today issued his long-awaited decision in Cook v. Raimondo. The case was filed in November 2018 by a group…Read More


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The Senior Services staff is currently working diligently from a remote location, providing casework based on referral and information to all seniors that reside within the City of Dallas. Seniors are invited to connect with us via our Senior Help Line at (214) 670-5227.
Due to the COVID 19 pandemic, staff continues monitoring the circumstances and work within the guidance of the CDC, our local health authority, and City of Dallas leadership in determining whether and when to re-schedule our in-person outreach events/activities.
Senior Services was created to help Dallas seniors maintain the highest quality of life possible by providing information / referrals on senior services, educational programming and other resources that support and promote financial and social well-being. Senior Services also provides staff support to the City of Dallas Senior Affairs Commission (SAC) and its five (5) working committees (Safety & Health, Budget, Social Needs, Transportation, and Housing).
The following services and programs are offered by the Senior Services:
The Office of Community Care Senior Services caseworkers provide referrals and information to at-risk seniors needing resources for elder abuse, housing, health and dental care, utility assistance, transportation and other social services.
Contact: (214) 670-5227
Educational materials, presentations, training and informational seminars are provided and/or facilitated by the Senior Services to community groups, neighborhood associations and senior centers to educate and inform the public on senior resources and issues affecting older adults. These issues include, but are not limited to, isolation, elder abuse, health care and housing.
The Senior Ombudsman Program is designed to give an official mandated voice to seniors in nursing home and assisted living facilities by addressing concerns and seeking resolutions to problems or issues to enhance the quality of life for residents in long term care facilities. The program also offers information to seniors and their families about nursing home facilities, selection and/or any related nursing home issues. The Senior Ombudsman Program is implemented by The Senior Source.
Contact: (214) 823-5700
Provides dental health services to low-moderate income seniors aged 60 and older residing within the City of Dallas. Dental health services include: exams, cleanings, fluoride treatment, sealants, flings, extractions, root canals, treatment for infections and oral health education.
To schedule an appointment for services, please contact North Dallas Shared Ministries or the Agape Clinic. Services are free to eligible residents and are provided by the Texas A&M University College of Dentistry at the following locations:
Free services include: Job readiness training, job placement assistance, case management, job retention & support, bus passes, forklift training. For more information, please see flyer:
Senior Services Employment Program Flyer.pdf
DART Rides is a rider assistance program for registered residents of qualified cities or ZIP codes who are age 65 or over OR have a certified disability. The
City of Dallas Senior Medical Transportation Program updated its client service model to provide clients an on-demand service in partnership with
Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) through its DART Rides Rider Assistance Program (RAP).
Please see the following Fact Sheet for additional information on the program:
DART Rides Fact Sheet (English)
DART Rides Fact Sheet (Spanish)
Volunteers of the Texas Ramp Project in the Dallas area build wheelchair ramps for the low-income and disabled in Dallas County and southern Collin County. The Office of Senior Affairs accepts ramp installation intake calls/applications for the Texas Ramp Project.
Provides assistance with Dallas Water Utilities to persons aged 60 and older facing financial hardships due to water leaks or other difficult circumstances.
Contact: (214) 670-5227
The Senior Services provides staff support to the Senior Affairs Commission (SAC). The Senior Affairs Commission is a 15-member advisory board appointed by the Mayor and City Council to help ensure the provision of services to the elderly.
Contact: (214) 670-5227
The City of Dallas is part of the Network of Age-Friendly Communities. The Age-Friendly Dallas Plan was supported by the Senior Affairs Commission and adopted by City Council in 2019. This roadmap was developed by City of Dallas citizens and community organizations in partnership with city leadership and staff. For the Age-Friendly Dallas Plan, please click here: Age Friendly Dallas Council Adoption 19-0773.pdf
A homestead exemption helps you save on taxes on your home. An exemption removes part of the value of your property from taxation and lowers your taxes. As approved by City Council on April 13, 1988, the City grants a homestead exemption of 20 percent of the market value (the maximum allowed by state law) of residence homesteads or $5,000 whichever is greater. Additionally, the City grants an additional exemption of $107,000 on homesteads of taxpayers who are disabled or age 65 or older. Contact your Appraisal District (below) to take advantage of these exemptions.
Dallas Central Appraisal District (214) 631-0910
Collin Central Appraisal District (866) 467-1110
Denton Central Appraisal District (940) 349-3800
The program is CLOSED for the 21-22 Fiscal Year.
HIPP provides an all-inclusive repair and rehabilitation program for eligible single-family owner-occupied housing units in the City of Dallas. It is a comprehensive program with the purpose of making needed improvements and preserving affordable housing. HIPP offers two programs: Major Rehabilitation and Housing Reconstruction.
For more information: https://dallascityhall.com/departments/housing-neighborhood-revitalization/Pages/Repair-Programs.aspx
This Program can help you manage your money, access public programs, and find new resources. For the flyer with more information please click here: Fin Nav Resident Flyer_Dallas_REV7132.pdf
311 Brochure - English (PDF)
311 Brochure - Spanish (PDF)
Dallas 311/City Hall on the Go QR Code
For a list of their upcoming classes, click here: Upcoming Classes 2022
COVID-19 exposed many vulnerabilities in assisted living and nursing homes, causing some seniors to reconsider moving in. The following link takes you to a guide that explores the federal and state regulations in place for these communities, especially regarding cost, health and safety. It also discusses enforcement and how to get data on how closely a facility follows regulations. These regulations are current as of 2021: Federal and State Nursing Home & Assisted Living Regulations - SeniorLiving.org.
Office of Community Care Dallas City Hall 1500 Marilla, Room 6BN Dallas, TX 75201
OCC Senior Services ProgramWest Dallas Multipurpose Center2828 Fish Trap Road(214) 670-5227
Senior Services Manager: Ana Y. Camacho Rodríguez, M.A. O: 214-670-4218
Email: email@example.com


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Medieval Textual Cultures of Central and Southeast Europe Series
Medieval Institute Publications at Western Michigan University publishes the Medieval Textual Cultures of Central and Southeast Europe Series for TEAMS: Teaching Association for Medieval Studies.
Series introduction
The Medieval Textual Cultures of Central and Southeast Europe is a peer-reviewed series that publishes modern English translations of medieval texts of diverse genres and content that focus on central and southeastern European lands in order to promote and make teaching and research of this region accessible to wider audiences. By making primary sources available and properly contextualized in contemporary academic discourse for use in the classroom and in research for medievalists working in a range of disciplines and linguistic traditions, the series strives to fill an important gap in the cohesive study of medieval European Latinity and related Slavonic traditions of Central and Southeast Europe.
In addition to an annotated English translation of a primary source, each volume of the series contains a critical introduction that provides relevant cultural and historical background, a balanced and inclusive overview of the state of scholarship about the published text, and select bibliography for further reading. In most cases, annotated English translations are accompanied by parallel original texts copied from a manuscript or a published edition, usually without full scholarly apparatus.
Editorial board
Proposals for new volumes should include samples of introductory material and annotated translation. Proposals or completed manuscripts to be considered for publication should be sent to Tyler Cloherty, acquisitions editor for the series, or the series editor, Julia Verkholantsev, University of Pennsylvania.
The advisory board comprises:
- Julia Verkholantsev, University of Pennsylvania, Series Editor
- Antoaneta Granberg, University of Gothenburg
- Paul W. Knoll, University of Southern California
- Petra Mutlová, Masaryk University, Brno
- Balázs Nagy, Eötvös Loránd University / Central European University
- Mateo Žagar, University of Zagreb, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts


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about the project
The Forum for Religious Social Responsibility (FRSR) project is implemented by the Community Engagement Department at Adyan Foundation, in partnership with the British Embassy, from April 2020 – March 2021, to amplify the voices of religious leaders to foster positive sociatal change. It creates an opportunity for 116 influential religious leaders and activists who have been trained in order to increase their skills in promoting messages of diversity and living together.
Lebanon, despite its diversity, has demonstrated a high level of social cohesion, particularly in recent months with the protests for improved governance and services. This national cohesion is a powerful counterpoint to the many divided countries in the wider Middle East North Africa (MENA) region. Despite the examples of social cohesion, Adyan's long experience of working on inter-religious coexistence and preventing violent extremism (PVE) in Lebanon has led to an informed awareness of the need to continually tackle the push and pull factors of radicalization in Lebanon, particularly among those at risk of recruitment to extremist ideologies. With the important role of religion in the country, religious leaders represent a strong voice of moral authority in communities.
In the light of the above, Adyan Foundation recognizes the FRSR project as a long-term PVE strategy, involving targeted interventions, both at the community and individual level. The forum does not only focus on capacity-building, but it also empowers its members to assume their role as change-makers in their local communities through the support of more than 25 community-based initiatives, especially in under-deserved areas such as the Southern Suburbs, Tripoli, the South, and Beqaa.
Impact: Improved attitudes and behaviours by communities across Lebanon towards diversity and living together in peace, including increased resilience to risks of sectarian-based conflicts and extremism.
Outcome 1: Community members demonstrate common values of peaceful inter-religious coexistence.
Outcome 2: Increased national public discourse in support of faith-based non-sectarian narratives of social cohesion.
Outcome 3: Increased community support for a positive, non-sectarian role for religion in public life.


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Vandermark 5 and Atomic at Vortex, 16 September. Review, and drawing of Atomic, by Geoffrey Winston(*).
Vandermark 5: Ken Vandermark (tenor sax/Bb clarinet), Tim Daisy (drums), Kent Kessler (bass), Fred Lonberg-Holm (cello/electronics), Dave Rempis (alto/tenor sax)
Atomic: Magnus Broo (trumpet), Ingebrigt Haker Fleten (bass), Fredrik Ljungkvist (reeds), Paal Nilssen-Love (drums), Havard Wiik (piano)
'Awesome' is an overused word these days, but in the case of this performance by Vandermark 5, it is justified. There was a palpable sense of anticipation at the tiny Vortex ahead of this exceptional double-header, and the evening's serious intent was evident with the array of music stands, scores and BBC recording mikes onstage. These two bands, bridging the Atlantic divide from the US to Scandinavian Europe, have a history of cross-fertilisation and collaboration, and it was with characteristic humility that Ken Vandermark put his quintet on first to allow Atomic the headline set.
He distributed tumblers of water to his musicians before they launched in to Friction, with its drum snap and hovering cello sharpening the senses for an extraordinarily fresh, fluent and muscular set. As the pace picked up the focus shifted from the rhythm section to the twin reeds blowing up such a storm that it could have been Roland Kirk in full flight. Vandermark's extended tenor solo was torrential in its intensity, and was matched by Rempis's equally dextrous and vigorous alto. Their duetting flowed with phenomenal confidence as Rempis switched to tenor and Vandermark to clarinet in Fables of Facts, a timely nod, surely, to Mingus's key political title, Fables of Faubus, and whose uncompromising orchestrations of the early 60s were always in the air.
Location, dedicated to painter Philip Guston, saw Vandermark's clarinet in dynamic tension with the dual plucked strings and delicate percussion before building to an explosive crescendo. Intermittently pulsating riffing was given full rein in the last number, Leap Revisited, with Lonberg-Holm's demonic brew of heavy cello and electronic distortion – more Jimmy Page than Hank Roberts. Daisy was loose, energetic, and creative throughout, and Kessler's bowed bass brought a resonant acoustic aspect to the set. Vandermark is an advocate of the power of the live experience, and this mesmerising set was testimony to his conviction, the music so much alive, never predictable and sewn together by remarkable musicianship and interplay.
On this form, they were a hard act to follow, and it took Atomic a while before they were truly in their stride. They came out all guns blazing with a blistering trumpet barrage from Broo, elegantly countered with a peaceful discordance. Nilssen-Love, initially restrained, got into his natural polyrhythmic flow, and propelled the ensemble with a light touch. Ljungkvist's wide spectrum of colour, painted on tenor, baritone and clarinet was an effective foil to Broo's intensity and Wiik's rich, flowing piano arpeggios.
Atomic chip away at the Scandinavian style, yet also derive a certain formality from their native genre – making for a truly rounded evening, which, as Jez Nelson announced, was recorded for two imminent broadcasts on Jazz on 3, and should not be missed.
Image copyright Geoffrey Winston 2010 . All Rights Reserved.
Categories: miscellaneous


text: Date: Thu, 3 Aug 89 14:36 EDT From: David A. Moon <firstname.lastname@example.com> Date: Thu, 3 Aug 89 10:56 PDT From: email@example.com It would be nice to have a one or two page list of all the changes that have been made to CLOS since we voted 88-002R. I believe changes like this are supposed to be flagged in the draft of the Common Lisp specification, so a list could be constructed that way. The one or two that I did were mailed to this mailing list. Here is a summary of the changes that I made while reviewing some of the CLOS function pages (other than strictly grammatical type improvements). I might have made some changes while reviewing the Types section (2.2) but it's too long ago to remember. Those would have been only changes to make it reflect cleanup issues that had been passed. Clarify that the arguments to CALL-METHOD are not evaluated. If the invocation of call-method is lexically inside of a make-method, the arguments are those that were supplied to that method. Otherwise the arguments are those that were supplied to the generic function. Clarify where MAKE-METHOD can be used. The form used with make-method is evaluated in the null lexical environment augmented with a local macro definition for call-method and with bindings named by symbols not accessible from the common-lisp-user package. The second argument to CALL-METHOD is now optional. Changed the value returned by DEFINE-METHOD-COMBINATION from a method combination object [which doesn't make any sense] to the name argument. In DEFINE-METHOD-COMBINATION: The effective method is evaluated in the null lexical environment augmented with a local macro definition for call-method and with bindings named by symbols not accessible from the common-lisp-user package. Rewrote the description of the :ARGUMENTS option to DEFINE-METHOD-COMBINATION to clarify how mismatch between these arguments and the generic function's arguments is handled, and to forbid modifying the arguments.


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What does it mean to be a member of BOLD?
Bulldogs of the Last Decade is an alumni organization affiliated with UMD Alumni Relations. The purpose of BOLD is to develop, maintain, and foster relationships with recent alumni, along with creating opportunities that enrich the personal growth and professional lives of our graduates.
Who is BOLD for?
BOLD is designed for alumni that identify as a recent graduate. Our programming focuses specifically on alumni having graduated in the last decade.
What do we do?
BOLD hosts a variety of annual events that will help you stay connected to UMD, classmates, and create opportunities for professional development. Some of these include service projects, networking nights, happy hours, and watch parties.
How can you be involved?
We know that life can be busy, which is why we offer a variety of ways for you to connect! Examples of how BOLD members are involved:
- Coordinate the annual BOLD Networking event
- Volunteer at Grad Party
- Coordinate a reunion for friends and classmates
- Co-host a Bulldogs on the Block party
BOLD was created for its members, we want to know how you would like to be involved! Email [email protected] for more information.
The BOLD Executive Committee
Mollie Kleven '12 - [email protected]
Charlie Gordon '16 - [email protected]
Jireh Mabamba '17 - [email protected]
Allegra Ceglar '18 - [email protected]
Janice Clarke '19 - [email protected]


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Abune Petros
A Martyr of the Millenium
A Short life
history of martyrbishop Abune Petros who became martyr on the 29th of July
1936, in Addis Ababa Ethiopia in the struggle against colonialism and oppression.
A Short life history of martyrbishop Abune Petros who became martyr on the 29th of July 1936, in Addis Ababa Ethiopia in the struggle against colonialism and oppression.
Fesseha Mekuria and Sven Rubenson (Lund, Sweden)
Abune Petros was born in 1892 in a farmer family in the city of Fiche, which is situated north of Addis Ababa. He got the baptismal name Hailemariam that means power of Maria. As the custom of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC) tradition he got a special bishop name, that is PETROS with the Ethiopian title for a bishop which is ABUNE. As a young boy Abune Petros was known as clever, helpful and humble disciple in the church and city of Fiche. He chose early to study the EOC diakon and priest education.
At the age of 24 he took the EOC oath and became a monk. He grew up and became a principled and well-known teacher around the monasteries in Fiche and Wolamo areas. In 1918 he was assigned by the EOC as the teacher and priest for the Debre-Menkrat monastery church in the region of Wolamo. Abune Petros continued to teach there when in 1924 he was assigned as the main teacher for the well-known island monastery-church of Mary, which is situated inside Lake Zewai in southern part of Ethiopia. He was well known for his teaching and preaching to the people around the region to seek first the kingdom of God: To put on a heart of compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience. (Colossians 3:12) His teachings and preaching were very popular and insightful to the people in the area and the disciples he teaches in the Monastery. In 1928 in connection with the nomination of Ethiopian bishops in the St. Marks Monastery in Alexandria, he was nominated to one of four bishops of Ethiopia, with the title and name ABUNE PETROS.
Abune Petros was nominated as bishop of the central and eastern part of Ethiopia. Half of his time he stayed in the City of Dessie and the surrounding monasteries, while the rest of his time he spent visiting and teaching in the monasteries around the Wereilu region. To help him in the administration of the churches and monasteries in the two regions, two priests were assigned to him one from each region. He continued to preach the gospel and teach in the churches. He was liked by many for his teachings and exhortation to stand-up for the belief, the truth and follow the example of our Lord Jesus Christ: For to you it has been granted for Christs sake, not only to believe in Him but also to suffer for His sake. (Philippians 1:29). As we read further we will see that Abune Petros exemplified this with his life.
When Italy with the leadership of fascist Mussolinis army invaded Ethiopia in 1932, Abune Petros followed with Emperor Haile Selassie and the Ethiopian defence forces to the northern front. He helped the wounded, prayed and consecrated the dead and preached the Gospel. During that time he saw the undiscerning terror and violence of the invading army: He saw how the invading army with the help of nerve gas and technologically advanced weaponry burned down the forest and villages with innocent civilians and at last won the war at Maichew. The patriots retreated and decided to continue guerrilla warfare against the fascist army.
Abune Petros, with all the impressions he got from the war and the burned villages of civilians, returned safely and took refuge in the well-known monastery church of Debre Libanos. In the monastery he urged the priests and monks to fast. He himself started to fast and pray for the mercy of God to the people of Ethiopia and prepared himself for the big challenge that is waiting ahead for him: My earnest expectation and hope, is that I will not be put to shame in anything, but my lord Jesus Christ will even now as always be exalted in my body, whether by life or by death.(Philippians 1:20).
During these difficult times he started to question in his preaching: How a Christian country as Italy could undertake such a hideous terror of occupation on another peaceful Christian country that is Ethiopia. For him all Christians were brother and sister pilgrims helping each other in this world on the way to meet God in Heaven. With that he began his crusade against the invading armys terror and killing machinery. He went further and condemned all the violent actions and killings of civilians by the invading army. The fascist army was by then committing undiscerning violent actions against innocent civilians because they had suspicion that the people are helping the patriots who were growing in both strength and manpower. During these times there were some EOC priests who out of fear of the terror of the army accepted the Italian leadership in Addis Ababa.
Through these priests the fascist army sent letters to win the support of the popular and respected bishop Abune Petros to its camp, to accept the powerful army of Italy as government and stop with his preaching against the violence of the army on civilians and the patriots. If he did this they promised him the best house quarters and a peaceful life in Addis Ababa. Abune Petros saw these letters as an incitement to commit sin against God, his Christian belief and consciousness. With that he refused to accept the offer and stayed in fasting and prayer in the monastery of Debre-Libanos. Choosing rather to endure ill-treatment with the people of God than to enjoy the passing pleasures of sin. (Hebrews 11:25).
The resistance against the encroachment and violence of the invading army kept on growing like wild fire over the whole of Ethiopia. The patriots began to win battles at different fronts. Abune Petros continued his teachings and preaching to the people to stand-up for their belief and conviction and that God would visit the downtrodden people of Ethiopia soon. He went on further and preached against Italys right to occupy Ethiopia with terror and violence. He exhorted the people not to be afraid of the terror and violence from the occupying army. I say to you my friends, do not be afraid of those who kill the body and after that have no more that they can do. But I will warn you whom to fear: fear the one who has the power to kill the body and after that has the authority to cast into hell; yes I tell you fear Him. (Luke 12:4-5).
The Italian authorities in Addis Ababa who saw and heard him preach wanted by all means to stop Abune Petros from preaching and inciting people to resistance. However, since he was a very popular and respected bishop, many in the Italian authorities would rather win his support to accept the Italian authority in Ethiopia than imprisoning or killing him. In the month of July 1936, the patriots planned and executed an attack on Addis Ababa. During that time one of the days Abune Petros clothed with his bishop garment and the ever-present hand cross rapped in a small blue scarlet cloth went into the capital city and began to preach to the people who were lamenting in the grips of the invading army. The soldiers were given order to arrest the Abune and bring him to court for treason against the Italian occupation. While he was in prison waiting for court appearance, both the priests in the city and the officers of Italy tried to convince him to accept the Italian occupation. And finally gave him the following ultimatum: To stop preaching against the occupying armys violence and terror against civilians and the patriots, accept the Italian authorities in Addis Ababa and finally condemn the patriots as bandits. Otherwise, he was told that he will lose his life.
Abune Petros refused to comply to the ultimatum set by his tormentors and through the (Italian) interpreter gave the following answer to the interrogating officers of the invading army: The cry of my country men who died due to your nerve-gas and terror machinery will never allow my conscious to accept your ultimatum. How can I see my God if I give a blind eye to such a crime. Listen to me, you who know righteousness, a people in whose heart is my law, do not fear the reproach of man, nor be dismayed at their revilings. For the moth will eat them like garment .(Isaiah 51:7-8). Blessed are those who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. (Matthews 5:10).
After this a quickly assembled court sentenced Abune Petros to death. The news of the death sentence on the popular bishop of Ethiopia spread over the whole country. People began coming to Addis to say farewell of their beloved bishop who stood-up for the righteous cause which God have called him, for the right of the people of Ethiopia to freedom and independence and against the terror and violence of the invading army. All this from the pulpit of a church and in the presence of a deadly ultimatum upon his head. Due to his popularity the fascist army was afraid of riot and attempts by the patriots to free him from prison, and decided that the execution of the death penalty should be done as soon as possible.
He was taken to his execution place where many people and the fascist army officers and generals were gathered, and were told to say his last speech. We cite the Ethiopian Orthodox church newspaper Vol. 1, No. 8.9.10, 1945 for the account: When Abune Petros came to the place execution and was given to say his last words, he took his hand cross and removed the blue cloth that was rapped around it and blessed the people at the four corners of the world and said the following last words: My country men do not believe the fascists if they tell you that the patriots are bandits, the patriots are people who yearn for freedom from the terrors of fascism. Bandits are the soldiers who are standing in front of me and you, who come from afar, terrorise and violently occupy a weak and peaceful country: our Ethiopia. May God give the people of Ethiopia the strength to resist and never bow down to the fascist army and its violence. May the Ethiopian earth never accept the invading armys rule. After that a swarm of bullets from the execution platoon pierced and killed our beloved bishop Abune Petros.
The fascist army wanted by any means to cover up the crime they did against Abune Petros and Ethiopia by forbidding everybody and all writings about his execution. Because of his popularity both inside and outside of Ethiopia they thought it might injure their policy of occupying Ethiopia due to the domestic and international opinion that grew against this act. However hard they tried to stop the publicity, the example of Abune Petros shines in all people who love the truth unto this day. Above all, the fascist army lost all credibility from the domestic opinion, many found courage after this to leave the occupying armys stronghold in the capital city to join the patriots and fight for independence. The patriotic resistance grew more in strength and lead to a sooner freedom of the country from the fascist occupation. The popular Ethiopian Poet-Laureate Tsegaye Gebremedhin has illustrated the last days of Abune Petros life by a theatre play called: Petros at that Hour.
A statue of Abune Petros was raised in the capital city Addis Ababa 10 years after his death, as a reminder to coming generations of: his unwavering stand for the truth, his unbending courage to stand up against every form of violence against humanity, his integrity and commitment not to give in for short term gain or threat. Above all his unwavering conviction and belief that we all will stand up one day and answer to our deeds in this life before God.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Sweden would like to thank the Church of Sweden. In particular bishop Jonas Jonson of the Strangnas Diocese, for all the help it got and the remembrance of our martyr bishop Abune Petros as one of the Martyrs of millennium.
Copyright Protected EthCITA_AB_FM_800. August 2000


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As most of you may know, it was announced earlier this week that Disney bought Lucasfilms Ltd. With this purchase comes the ownership of the both Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises. It also means that Disney now owns Lucasarts, maker of dozens of games over the last few decades.
So, with that, let us discuss one of their greatest games: Rebel Assault!
Released in November of 1993, Rebel Assault had the honor of being the first CD-ROM only game, set in the Star Wars Universe, to be released by Lucasarts. Following the September 1993 release of MYST, the game helped spur the rapid adoption of CD-ROM drives in desktop computers.
This CD-ROM exclusivity, as opposed to being simultaneously distributed on floppy disks, meant that games could be much larger and more graphically advanced than their predecessors. To give perspective, a floppy disk allowed 1.44 MB of storage, while a CD-ROM can hold 650 MB of data. That's the equivalent of 451 floppy disks! It should be noted that the largest SNES game of the time was only 6 MB in size. Optical Disk technology was the future, and with it came a slew of amazing games.
Rebel Assault utilized this expanded storage by providing pre-rendered environments for your spacecraft to fly through. Namely, this allowed the developers to create levels which were much more detailed than what the PC hardware could render in real time. Needless to say, the game was strikingly more beautiful than any other rail shooter at the time, and was graphically amongst the best in regards to what was on the market.
Now your first reaction may be that graphics aren't everything, and that they really have no effect on the quality of the game. While I agree with the fact that graphics don't make a game, I believe that evolving technologies allow the ability to tell a story, or present a scene, in greater detail and finesse. This allows the creator to realize their creative aspirations, and can lead to greater narrative accomplishments in video games.
That, and attacking a fully rendered Star Destroyer is freaking amazing.
From attacking the aforementioned Star Destroyer, to taking down Imperial Walkers on Hoth, the game let you experience the grandiose nature of the
Star Wars universe for the first time. While the story itself was a knockoff of the original game (you are a kid from tatooine, and you do all the missions from the movies), it was still a thrilling experience to fly through these familiar Star Wars environments.
If you're interested in playing the game, you can do so with the often mentioned DOSBox. Be warned though, the game can be punishingly hard. But that's part of the charm of an arcade style rail shooter, isn't it?


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The Hive Unites At The Coming User Group Conference in June 2019!
The Membee User Group Conference, hosted by a group of Membee users, is just around the corner and our staff at Membee are excited to announce that we will be attending and participating! The Membee User Group Conference is a great learning opportunity and experience for your organization whether new or experienced!
What is the Membee User Group?
The Membee User Group was formed in 2001 by a group of users who got together to share ideas on improving their organization by taking greater advantage of Membee's features. The self-organized and self-run group is designed as a community for all Membee peer users to connect about best business practices and ways to grow with Membee.
The Annual User Group Conference is organized specifically by the user group and invites Membee staff to the Conference to discuss ideas, implementation solutions, exclusive training opportunities, and more!
Why Attend?
Over the years, we've seen new faces and familiar faces come and grow from attending the annual Membee User Group conference. As guests of the Membee User Group Conference, we see this as an amazing space for new and experienced Membee users to come together to share their voice, ideas, and experiences! There are always new ways to use Membee more effectively – so your time will be invaluable!
The Perks of Attending
While our Membee team may be participants of the conference, we also provide an immense amount of knowledge to help you grow and succeed! There are several perks to attending the Membee User Group conference:
- Face to Face Interaction and Training
- An invaluable training opportunity from Membee's support and development team, including presentations!
- What's Been Buzzing In The Hive
- We share the new features have been buzzing around the hive since the last time we met
- Exclusive Sneak Peeks
- You get an exclusive sneak peek of upcoming future updates and releases before its seen by anyone else. Once it's released, you'll be able to hit the ground running with the new features
- Incredible Discussion Groups
- Participate in discussion groups with other fellow Membee users and share tips, tricks, and best practices with one another
- Share Your Improvement Ideas
- Get the chance to share your enhancement & improvement ideas directly to our Membee team
- Get Confident with Membee
- Best of all, leave the conference feeling more confident with Membee's features and capabilities. Whether you're a new Membee user or an existing expert, you'll be sure to leave with a deeper understanding and new ways to grow your organization!
What Our Past Attendees Have To Say
Interested in seeing what our past attendees have to say? You can also see more testimonials by clicking here.
" I attended last year's Membee Users Group, and found it to be a great experience. We had implemented Membee in our Chamber effective June 1st of that year, so I was completely new and feeling a bit overwhelmed. The conference provided me with practical information, access to experts, and a better understanding of what the software can do and how best to use it. Even more valuable was the interaction with the other users in the room – they were all very supportive and shared their challenges, best practices, ideas and tips for how to make the most of Membee with your organization. "Anna Murre – Executive Director, Lincoln Chamber of Commerce
"I look forward to attending this conference every year. It is extremely helpful being able to connect with other Membee users, find out what is happening behind the scenes, have a chance to ask questions and give suggestions on what we would like to see changed/improved and of course to get to spend some time with the Membee staff! While all the information covered does not necessarily apply to my Association and how we use Membee, I still wouldn't miss this incredible opportunity to learn and explore."Jodie Whitley – Canadian Reiki Association
"After attending the Membee conference last year I had a better understanding of Membee. We had only been using Membee for a little over 4 months at the time of the conference. It was great to see other chambers in our area that use Membee as well that I knew we could call on them if needed. I learned a great deal and liked the fact that Membee takes time to ask what our wish list is for the program. I would like to attend the conference again this year since I know we are still not using Membee to its full potential and want to learn more. "Kim Whitehead – General Manager, Woodstock District Chamber of Commerce
"For me, the best benefit was the direct contact with the Membee Help Desk Personnel. Being able to directly ask questions relating to our specific membership needs was invaluable. By attending the meeting, it absolutely allowed us to use Membee better. The hints and tips provided by the staff as well as other users were fantastic. After implementing the things we learned and discussed, certain items such as event planning have been streamlined and made more user-friendly. The meeting is an excellent opportunity to meet other Membee users and Membee staff to discuss common issues, ideas, and to learn about future upgrades to the user system"Nicole Bond – Membership & Registration Coordinator, Interferry
How Do I Attend?
If you're an active Membee user and are interested in attending this year's Membee User Group Conference, the first step is to join the Membee User Group Conference by joining the Facebook group. All the details of the Membee User Group Conference are posted in this Facebook group as an announcement.
Click here to request to join the User Group on Facebook
The seats are limited and it's on a first come, first served basis – don't wait to register!
A Thank You To The Host
For many years, we've been honored to have the Membee User Group chairperson, Kathryn Newell, plan and put together the Membee User Group Conference. Kathryn is the Membership Service Coordinator at the Burlington Chamber of Commerce. Without Kathryn's dedication, the Membee User Group Conference wouldn't be such an amazing experience! On behalf of the attendees and the Membee team, we'd like to thank you for your incredible efforts to create an invaluable experience for everyone!
Questions? Want to Share Your Story?
To learn more about Membee's User Group and see more testimonials, jump to our guide by clicking here
If you have any questions regarding Membee or if you would like to share your story with Membee for a chance to be featured in a blog, please contact Membee support staff at firstname.lastname@example.com.
I am looking forward to seeing old friends/users and meeting new ones this year!
Regarding Membee staff, we will miss Cory this year (he's still with Membee) but we will welcome Tyler again after a few years of user group hiatus. I wonder if he still has his bee toque! It will be nice to see Julie again, she got married last year and, as always, we love to have our Kathy with us.
I love getting ready for this conference, it's so informative and fun as well.
Please register soon!


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'Bodies are being eaten by hyenas; girls of eight raped'
Source: The Guardian
A nun working in war-torn Tigray has shared her harrowing testimony of the atrocities taking place
"After the last few months I'm happy to be alive. I have to be OK. Mostly we are going out to the IDP [internally displaced people] camps and the community centres where people are. They are in a bad way.
"In comparison to the other places, Mekelle is much better, although I consider it chaotic as we have 40 to 65 people sleeping in one room. For 3,000 to 6,000 people, there are four toilets for men and four for women. Sanitation is very poor, water is not always available. Food and medicines … they are difficult to find.
"People have been here for three or four months and still have no blankets, and the numbers of IDPs is increasing every day, maybe 100 come every day from the worst part of the region. So the demand does not match supply. The community, the people here, they are trying to help but they have very little to share themselves. No one can withdraw any money from the banks; there's no businesses operating. But still, whatever people have, they share.
"It happened so quickly. For us, it's so shocking. So sudden. We had a normal life, things were improving – health centres, lives and education programmes. We were reaching 24,000 children and had plans to expand the school feeding programme. But all that had to stop because of the coronavirus. Then as if in a day, there's a fully fledged war. For the past three months now we are trying to feed 25,000 IDPs in about 23 centres; some are 75 miles away from Mekelle. Many, many have been raped.
"There were some indicators late last year: the roads out were closed, the budget to this area had been cut and when we had the locust attacks, there was no support from central government. They were not allowing face masks for the schoolchildren. A lot of other humiliations were happening. So there was a lot of discrimination leading up to it, but war? War was so sudden.
"People are traumatised. Some of them have lost immediate family members. People are worried about where members of their family are. Some people are out in the bush. Their homes are occupied. People are worried, anxious, sad, angry. They are really worried about the future.
"I met an old person who had been displaced three times in their lifetime, all because of these ethnic wars, but for younger people, anyone aged 30, 40, this is all new. I'm 48 and I have never witnessed any war. It is very strange and very scary. It really puts you in darkness.
"When I think of our lives here a year ago, we had peace and signs of development in all areas, in water, communications systems. It was so inspiring, giving us hope. But now the hospitals have all been attacked, looted and destroyed.
"Now that feels like history. In just a few months.
"In Mekelle the shelling has now stopped but it is still going on not far from us. The bodies are being left to be eaten by the hyenas, not even having the dignity of burial.
"Rape is happening to girls as young as eight and to women of 72. It is so widespread, I go on seeing it everywhere, thousands. This rape is in public, in front of family, husbands, in front of everyone. Their legs and their hands are cut, all in the same way.
"You wonder if the people doing this are human. I don't know who is training these people.
"Wherever there are Eritrean or Ethiopian troops. Tragic. Every single woman, not only once. It is intentional, deliberate. I am confident in that from what I am witnessing. There are 70,000 civilians under attack. So much looting, fighting, raping. All targeting the civilians. The brutality, the killings, the harassing.
"This region has been closed off. Cut off from all the support that people deserve. We are isolated, lonely, neglected. If the world is not moved to take action against such terribleness, you wonder why. This suffering is appalling.
"I don't know what is worse, to die in the bush, starving, or in jail or by gun. The young people are so scared.
"The world should condemn the killing of civilians. People having to leave their homes and the sexual violence – so many woman and girls raped.
"I would like to say to the world: in the 21st century there should be no one dying of hunger when the world can take action. Whoever can do this, they must not wait for another second. Everybody in the world must act, they should condemn this.
"I know it can be done. There has to be someone who can do it and do it fast."
Mary's Meals is working closely with a trusted local partner in Tigray, providing 20,000 internally displaced people with food aid, serving daily meals at several schools across the region's capital, Mekelle, which have been turned into temporary shelters for more than 150,000 destitute and traumatised people – including children who have lost their parents.
If you would like to donate to Mary's Meals Crisis in Ethiopia appeal https://www.marysmeals.org.uk/crisis-in-ethiopia


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Wild Mantra, journey high up the mountains to the Tibetan monastery in this casino slot.
In this game: wilds will award a respin and turn sticky, land more wilds during the respin to nudge all sticky wilds up or down, 3+ scatters for up to 10 free spins where sticky wilds already on the reels will remain for the bonus and landing extra wilds during turn sticky.
Game details: An exclusive LeoVegas Originals casino slot, Wild Mantra by Yggdrasil features 5 reels and 25 paylines.


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Slovenia Promoting Honeybees in Brussels
Brussels, 16 April - The Beekeeping Association of Slovenia presented to MEPs in Brussels on Thursday two projects aimed at promoting the importance of honeybees for people and the environment. Organising a honey-dominated breakfast, about a hundred Slovenian beekeepers presented their initiative for World Honeybee Day.
The rest of this news item is available to subscribers.
The news item consists of 1.472 characters (without spaces) or 266 words words.
Buy the news item. Price: 2 tokens; on account: 0 tokens.


text: Swimmers from Oregon and Washington recently competed in the OMS Association Northwest Zone swimming championship April 1-3, 2022, at the Molalla Aquatic Center. This two- and half-day event had 119 swimmers from Oregon and eight swimmers from the Pacific Northwest who competed in the annual short course yard event. Twenty-six […] 2022 Oregon Masters Association / Northwest Zone Swimming ChampionshipApril 28, 2022 in Aqua Master Online / Events / Meet Summary / Records / Results by Tim Waud


text:
Requests the other machine to display a specific part of its user interface.
{UI} code ␑ param
- code - user interface item number
- 1 = Remote registration screen. This should only be used if some functionality is needed which is also dependent on the RemoteSign being registered. The other side is is most likely already aware of the registration status via the {AUTH} command, so this is typically only used if the functionality it critical or if a sufficient time period has passed for people to get a good understanding of how the software works before registering.
- 2 = Log screen. Param 0 = hide, 1= show.
- param - any parameters required
Overview and list of all RemoteSign commands: API reference
Supported by:
RemoteSign Windows 3.5.108
RemoteSign Sequencer 3.5.33
RemoteSign ESP 3.5.13
Arrivals & Departures 2.0.40


text:
Rick & Morty Funny Birthday Card
Colour: lcn wb rick and morty See all colours (45)
OnlineIn-StoreIn stock and ready to shipModel Wears: One SizePlease select a sizeModel Wears: One Size
Select Size
- Includes envelope
- Blank internal
- Made from certified paper
- Various styles available
Main: 100% Paper.
Size: Length x Width SOLID - 15.5 x 12.5 cm
Pick a card, any card! We have the right card for every occasion. Don't get stuck without a card, grab one now! Or two!
Wipe clean
Product Code: 136807-761
Standard: $6 or FREE on orders $60+
• North Island: 1-3 Business days.
• South Island: 2-5 business days.
• Please add an additional 5 days for personalised items.
Find your store
Please select your store for Deliver to Store or change delivery option.
Free In-Store
• Returns can be made at your nearest store or via post
• Personalised products, underwear, earrings, cosmetics, smile maker products, seconds, samples, charity items or gift cards cannot be returned unless faulty


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Dental Tape: Types, Uses, and Modifications
Almost all of us have visited a dentist, maybe for some dental issue or general routine dental check-up. And all of us know that brushing twice a day is necessary for healthy teeth and gums. But let me tell you that just brushing is not enough, flossing is also pivotal for proper oral hygiene maintenance. Most of us know about the flossing, but not everyone does it. Maybe due to laziness or improper technique or maybe lack of knowledge, people skip the step of flossing. But flossing your teeth is very important as it provides following benefits
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- It prevents the accumulation of bacterias over your teeth.
- It prevents bad breath by cleaning the bacterial substance.
- It prevents gum disease, as floss can deep clean the gums where the bristles of the brush are unable to reach.
You all must have used or heard about the dental floss. The dental floss is the thread like substance used to clean the space between two teeth (interdental space). The first patent dental floss was introduced by Johnson and Johnson. It is recommended to use dental floss daily to avoid any kind of problems related to increased bacterial plaque deposition on the teeth.
The increased awareness about oral health has made it quite common and almost everyone knows about the dental floss and its uses. But today we are here not to just explain about dental floss but its modified version which is known as dental tape.
Guys, it is easy to use the dental floss in normal teeth which are tightly placed. But for the people who are having spaces in between the teeth, it is quite difficult to use the dental floss to clean the interdental area. As the space between the teeth make it difficult to fit the floss and it is loose in between them and is inefficient in its work. So for those people, a modified version of the dental floss is made which is known as dental tape.
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What is Dental Tape
It is basically a wide floss which is used when the spacing is present in between the teeth, similar to the dental floss the dental tape is made up of nylon material or polythene material which are waxed to slide between the spaced teeth. It is wider and covers more surface area of teeth.
Types of Dental Tape
The dental tape can be of 2 types. One is waxed dental tape and another is a non-waxed dental tape.
The waxed dental tape has a layer of wax over it which make it easier to slide in between the teeth. And the opposite of this, the non-waxed dental tape lacks the layer of wax over it which cause bit rough movement of the dental tape in interdental space.
Difference between the Dental Tape and Dental Floss
Basically, both have the same functions of cleaning the interdental teeth. But the difference is present related to its shape and sizes.
As we know that the dental floss is very thin and can slide in between the teeth which are tightly bound also. But the dental tape is thick and wide because it is specially modified for the widely spaced teeth.
How to use Dental Tape
Dental tapes are also used in a similar manner as the floss. The dental tapes are more stretchable then the floss. The floss might break when increased pressure is applied over floss but dental tapes are much more reliable.
While using in upper teeth the dental tapes are pushed in the interdental area and then in a downward motion while touching the surface of the tooth. Similarly, it is pushed downwards in lower teeth and then in an upward motion. Never rub floss or dental tape in to and fro motion in the interdental area, as it can damage the gingival tissues.
How Often to Use It
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The American dental association has suggested that flossing once a day is optimal to keep your gums free of disease. So if you are using dental tape instead of floss it goes the same for that too.
Other Modifications of Dental Floss
Now you have an idea about the dental tapes and also know that this is a modified version of dental floss, let me tell you about some other modifications of dental floss which is helpful in different conditions.
Super Flosser
This is the floss in which there is one stiff end which helps to enter the floss at tight areas, then there is simple floss which extends into a thick floss which cleans under the bridges and on the braces very efficiently. This type of floss specifically modified for the people having bridges and braces as it is difficult to floss with normal floss.
Electric Flosser
In this, the floss is automatically vibrated in between the interdental space. This is very useful for the ones who have difficulties in using floss with proper technique. But has a disadvantage that if it is used excessively then it can alter the gum line and due to which it must be used carefully.
Water flosser
This is a good option for the patients having braces on. In this, a thin stream of water is used to clean the interdental space. This is very helpful for orthodontic patients and for persons who are unable to floss due to any condition. But it needs equipment and electric and water supply so may be unable to use while traveling.
So this was all about the dental tape. Hope it helped and if you have any query or suggestions you can ask in the comment section below. Remember to floss once daily either by dental floss or any of its modification products so that you can stay away from most of the oral problems.


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Peter Piekarczyk is a speaker, developer and entrepreneur interested in helping people make their lives easier whether its through code or conversation.
It's hard to believe but it is almost 10 years ago since #devopsdays happened for the first time in Gent. Back then there were almost 70 of us talking about topics that were of interest to both Operations and Development, we were exchanging our ideas and experiences `on how we were improving the quality of software delivery.
Our ideas got started on the crossroads of Open Source, Agile and early Cloud Adoption.