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Posts Tagged 'Breakfast'
Fantastic Fall Flavors to Spice Up Your Oatmeal
I love the sights, smells, and flavors of fall. With the changing of the weather enters an opportunity to take some of my favorite fall flavors and create some fun mix-ins for fall oatmeal. Whether you're hosting family for the holidays, or you just want something fresh for breakfast, try these twists on a classic…Read More
Top 5 Places to Visit in Stoneham, MA
For the last three years, my sister and her family have lived in a small town north of Boston called Stoneham, MA (pronounced "Stone-em"…no ham). When you live on Main Street, you can walk to dining, shopping, and entertainment. Stoneham is a beautiful town with some amazing places to visit. Here are my top 5 don't…Read More
Top 5 Sweet Healthy Snacks
I am a sucker for sweet snacks. I love cookies, cakes, ice cream…pretty much anything that you shouldn't eat in mass quantities, I am drawn to. Therefore, if I want to make better choices in my diet, I'd better have some sweet health snacks that are easy to whip up and tasty too! Here's my…Read More
Spinach and Roasted Red Pepper Breakfast Casserole
Every year growing up, we would have Breakfast Casserole for Christmas morning. It's a perfect holiday breakfast because you can prepare it the night before, and then cook it the next morning. This allows you to spend time with your family and not in the kitchen. I know it's not Christmas, but it is nice to…Read More
My Favorite Way to Eat Eggs
I am a sweets-for-breakfast girl. If I could, I would rotate cinnamon rolls, donuts, and anything covered in sweet syrup as my morning indulgence. However, as you can probably guess, when I do, by mid-morning I'm all out of patience for listening to a budding reader, creativity for re-explaining a math problem, or excitement for…Read More


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Apollo Beach is an unincorporated census-designated place in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. The population was 14,055 at the 2010 census,[4] up from 7,444 at the 2000 census.
Strategies For Finding a Reliable and Licensed Electrician in your neighborhood
Strategies for Getting a Reliable and Licensed Electrician in your neighborhood
Demand Recommendations
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Lincoln City vacation rentals
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Your guide to Lincoln City
All About Lincoln City
Like many of the small towns along the Oregon Coast, the Pacific Ocean exerts a powerful influence on Lincoln City. The town hugs the rocky shoreline, and you'll find people strolling on the sandy beaches, contemplating the roar of the waves, from sunny June through drizzly December. During the summer and fall kite festivals, whales and other fanciful creatures fill the sky, but you'll also see kites flying above beaches year round. Some visitors come here for the tribal casinos and the outlet stores, others to hike up to Cascade Head and around Siletz Bay. The city has become a hub for glassblowers, and you can watch the artists at work or even scour the beaches at certain times of year for colorful glass floats.
The best time to stay in a vacation rental in Lincoln City
The Oregon Coast is easy to visit all year, with mild winters and clear summer days that never feel too hot or muggy. However, clouds and drizzle are common from fall through late spring, and you'll want to bring outerwear and shoes that can block both rain and stiff ocean breezes.
During peak visitor season, from Memorial Day through September, the temperatures range between the 60s and the 80s Fahrenheit, and shorts and light dresses are the norm (bathing suits, less so — the Pacific Ocean is a little high drama for casual swimmers). From November through March, it rains most days. You'll rarely see frost or snow, but temperatures in the 40s and 50s call for sweaters and heavy rain jackets.
Top things to do in Lincoln City
Devil's Lake
Sea kayaking in the Pacific Ocean is best left to experienced paddlers, but this 680-acre freshwater lake east of town is an ideal spot for beginners to try kayaking or stand-up paddleboarding. The state stocks the lake with rainbow trout as well, so you may want to bring your rod and tackle boxes.
Depoe Bay Whale Watching
People bring their binoculars to the tiny harbor in Depoe Bay, just 12 miles south of Lincoln City, to look for orcas, humpback whales, and even blue whales. Pods of gray whales migrate past the bay in spring and winter, while other whales settle along this section of the Oregon Coast for the summer. Sign up for a cruise or, if it's open, visit the Whale Watching Center.
Roads End State Recreation Site
Roads End may be the most romantic beach in Lincoln City, if mist-covered waters, secluded nooks, and curious rock formations are your definition of romance. You may see sailboarders out on the waves, but the number of picnics and towels on the beach is sparse. Ask around for the route to the secret cove, and check the tide schedules — you can only explore it at low tide.


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In this 2020 AIMS Safety Seminar series video course, learn how to build an internal maintenance training program. Participants taking this program review the ASTM standard and how it is important for creating consistency in maintenance training. Participants will also outline what should be required in a maintenance training program and review real examples of a basic and expanded "Safety Critical Maintenance Manual". And lastly, learners wil recognize what a maintenance training process is and identify what documentation is required for a training process.


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How is an Etch A Sketch made? MAKE: Inventions host Steve Hoefer gives a bit of historical background on the classic toy, and then, with the original patent and some trial and error, tries to make his own.
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This Webby award-winning video collection exists to help teachers, librarians, and families spark kid wonder and curiosity. TKSST features smarter, more meaningful content than what's usually served up by YouTube's algorithms, and amplifies the creators who make that content.
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Our Malta restaurant concept will consist of having a unique Bistro experience with Breakfast, Lunch & Dinner.
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Nintendo is the latest well-known name to fall victim to a series of cyber-attacks that have been dominating the IT headlines in recent weeks.
The Lulz Security hacking group published what they said was an internal configuration file for one of Nintendo's US servers.
Other victims of LulzSec recently have included InfraGard, PBS, Fox TV, and – on multiple occasions – Sony.
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On Campus is the University's flagship student newsletter.
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If you would like to join the IEFG as a member please download and complete the application form available below and send it to
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Image courtesy of: ESPNcricinfo
Pakistan captain Sarfraz Ahmed has admitted that Babar Azam and Haris Sohail produced "some of the finest batting I have ever seen".
Sarfraz's comments come after Pakistan beat New Zealand, who were previously undefeated, by six wickets in their World Cup clash at Edgbaston on Wednesday.
Azam and Sohail played crucial roles in leading the men in green to victory as the former struck an unbeaten 101, which came off 127 balls and included 11 boundaries.
As for Sohail, he made 68, which came off 76 deliveries and included five boundaries and two sixes, before he was run out by Martin Guptill.
Pakistan were 110/3 when Sohail came out to the crease, and he and Azam proceeded to take Pakistan to the verge of victory with their 126-run partnership.
"The batting by Babar Azam and Haris Sohail was some of the finest batting I have ever seen," Sarfraz was quoted as saying by PakPassion. "This was a tricky pitch and we knew that 238 was not an easy target, so our message to the batsmen was to play the 50 overs.
"Credit goes to Babar Azam in the way he batted and excelled today. For me, he played one of the best innings I have ever seen.
"Also [credit goes to] the way Haris Sohail handled the pressure as it's not an easy task to bat here."
Pakistan's next World Cup match will be against Afghanistan at Headingley on Saturday.
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Sec. Extreme Microbiology
Volume 6 - 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00413
Actinobacterial diversity in limestone deposit sites in Hundung, Manipur (India) and their antimicrobial activities
- 1Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, India
- 2State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- 3Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
- 4Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
Studies on actinobacterial diversity in limestone habitats are scarce. This paper reports profiling of actinobacteria isolated from Hundung limestone samples in Manipur, India using ARDRA as the molecular tool for preliminary classification. A total of 137 actinobacteria were clustered into 31 phylotypic groups based on the ARDRA pattern generated and representative of each group was subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Generic diversity of the limestone isolates consisted of Streptomyces (15 phylotypic groups), Micromonospora (4), Amycolatopsis (3), Arthrobacter (3), Kitasatospora (2), Janibacter (1), Nocardia (1), Pseudonocardia (1) and Rhodococcus (1). Considering the antimicrobial potential of these actinobacteria, 19 showed antimicrobial activities against at least one of the bacterial and candidal test pathogens, while 45 exhibit biocontrol activities against at least one of the rice fungal pathogens. Out of the 137 actinobacterial isolates, 118 were found to have at least one of the three biosynthetic gene clusters (PKS-I, PKS-II, NRPS). The results indicate that 86% of the strains isolated from Hundung limestone deposit sites possessed biosynthetic gene clusters of which 40% exhibited antimicrobial activities. It can, therefore, be concluded that limestone habitat is a promising source for search of novel secondary metabolites.
Actinobacteria are major producers of secondary metabolites such as antimicrobial compounds, anticancer molecules and immunosuppressant agents (Takahashi and Omura, 2003). Since the beginning of antibiotic revolution, actinobacteria especially the genus Streptomyces have played major roles as antibiotic producers (Bérdy, 2005). However, the discovery of new antibiotics has not been in pace with the increase in demand for new antibiotics. The exhaustion of the usual terrestrial sources and the rise of resistant pathogens dictate the search for new antibiotics. To meet urgent clinical needs, screening for secondary metabolites from actinobacteria residing in unexplored habitats is warranted to, possibly, generate novel compounds.
Limestone habitats have high deposition of CaCO3 salts and may be considered a special habitat. Limited studies have been done for systematically exploring such habitats for novel actinobacterial strains (Kim et al., 1998; Groth et al., 1999a, 2001; Jurado et al., 2009; Nakaew et al., 2009; Niyomvong et al., 2012). Some reports are available on actinobacterial diversity in hypogean environments but the studies were focused on biodeterioration and conservation of paleolithic cave art. Actinobacteria implicated in deterioration of art work are considered serious risk factors if environmental changes promote their massive proliferation (Groth et al., 1999b; Portillo et al., 2009). To date, four new genera Beutenbergia, Fodinibacter, Hoyosella, and Knoellia have been reported from limestone habitats and related limestone ecosystems such as cave biofilms (Groth et al., 1999b, 2002; Jurado et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009).
Manipur has a huge reserve of good quality limestone suitable for use in the manufacture of cement. The major limestone reserves have been located by Geological Survey of India near Ukhrul district, Manipur. Other limestone deposit sites include areas in Hundung, Phungyar, Meihring, Mova, Khonggoi, Lambui, and Paoyi. This paper reports the actinobacterial diversity profiling of the Hundung limestone deposit sites using ARDRA as the molecular tool for preliminary classification. ARDRA has been originally designed to decrease selection of duplicate clones in molecular analysis. It has been less frequently used in the study of bacterial diversity profiling unlike techniques such as DGGE. The paper also incorporates the results of antimicrobial screening of the Hundung actinobacterial strains.
Materials and Methods
Samples for the isolation of actinobacteria were collected from limestone deposit sites, Manipur, India (25.05°N, 94.33°E). The samples included limestones from the quarry site and rice field soil from the adjoining areas. These samples were aseptically packed in polyethylene bags and taken to the laboratory at the earliest possible time. Samples were then kept refrigerated till processing for isolation.
Isolation of Actinobacteria
Two synthetic media, Gauze's Medium No. 1 (GM1, pH 5.3) (Atlas, 1997) and Starch Casein Nitrate Agar (SCNA, pH 8.5) (Kűster and Williams, 1964), were used for the isolation of actinobacteria. Isolation was done using the procedure as described earlier (Nimaichand et al., 2012). The strains were preserved as lyophilized cultures and as glycerol suspension (20% w/v) at −80°C.
Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA; Heyndrickx et al., 1996)
Genomic DNA extraction and amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was done as described by Li et al. (2007). The amplified products were checked and purified by HiPurA™ 96 PCR product purification kit (HiMedia, India). Restriction digestion of the amplified 16S rRNA gene product was done using the enzymes HhaI and HinfI (New England Biolabs, UK). The reaction mixture containing 10 μl amplified 16S rRNA gene product, 2 μl NEB buffer 4 (10X), 1 μl restriction enzyme (10 U/μl) and 7 μl deionized water was incubated at 37°C for 2 h and inactivated by heating at 70°C for 10 min. To 20 μl of the restriction digest, 4 μl loading dye (6X) (Promega) was added. Each sample was loaded in a well in agarose gel (3%, w/v) and the gel was run at 100 V for 90 min. In another well, 1 μl DNA ladder (100 bp) (Promega) was loaded to estimate the size of the restriction fragment. The gel was visualized in a gel documentation system (BIORAD Gel Doc EZ Imager). Bands between 100 and 1000 bp were used as reference points and banding patterns were analyzed by scoring the prominent bands. ARDRA band profiles for all the strains were scored with the help of GelBuddy software (Zerr and Henikoff, 2005) for the presence or absence of restriction fragments. A dendrogram was generated using the software package NTSYSpc version 2.02. The phylogenetic relationship was determined according to the method of unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA; Sneath and Sokal, 1973). Based on the similarity indices (70% and above) in the dendrogram, all the strains were clustered into different phylotypic groups.
Sequencing of 16S rRNA Genes
Sequencing of a randomly-selected representative strain for each phylotypic group was done. The partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was identified using the EzTaxon-e server database (Kim et al., 2012). The phylogenetic tree of these strains based on neighbor-joining method (Saitou and Nei, 1987) along with related type species were constructed using the software package MEGA version 5.2 (Tamura et al., 2011). Distances were calculated according to Kimura's two-parameter model (Kimura, 1983). To determine the support of each clade, bootstrap analysis was performed with 1000 resamplings (Felsenstein, 1985).
Nucleotide Accession Numbers
The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were deposited in GenBank with the following accession numbers: KP883248-KP883278.
Antimicrobial Screening
The indicator pathogens used for antimicrobial screening were: Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121, Escherichia coli MTCC 739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DN1, Candida albicans MTCC 227, Candida vaginitis CV, Curvularia oryzae MTCC 2605, Fusarium oxysporum MTCC 287, Helminthosporum oryzae MTCC 3717, Pyricularia oryzae MTCC 1477, Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae MTCC 2162 and Rhizoctonia solani MTCC 4633. All the test pathogens were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India except for DN1 (lab collection) and CV (clinical isolate gifted from the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad).
Antimicrobial assays against the bacterial and candidal strains were performed by agar well diffusion method (Hugo and Russell, 1983). Antifungal bioassay was done by dual culture technique (Khamna et al., 2009). The mycelial growth inhibition was calculated using the formula:
where, C = Radial growth of the test pathogen in the control plate, and T = Radial growth of the test pathogen in the test plate.
Screening for Biosynthetic Genes
Three sets of degenerate primers were used for amplification of PKS-I, PKS-II and NRPS specific domains (Metsä-Ketalä et al., 1999; González et al., 2005). The primers used are listed in Table 1. PCR amplifications were performed in eppendorf mastercycler in a final volume of 25 μl containing 5 μl reaction buffer (with Mg2+) (10x) (Bioline, USA), 0.5 μl of each primer (100 μM) (IDT, USA), 2.0 μl of dNTPs mixture (2.5 mM) (Bioline, USA), 0.15 μl of Taq DNA polymerase (2.5 U/μl) (Bioline, USA), 2.5 μl DMSO (HiMedia, India), 11.85 μl deionized water and 2.5 μl of extracted DNA. Amplification was done using the following protocol: one denaturation step of 94°C for 5 min; 30 amplification cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 57°C (for K1F-M6R and A3F-A7R) or 58°C (for KSαF-KSαR) for 1 min, and 72°C for 2 min; and a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. Amplification products were analyzed in agarose gel (1%) using DNA ladder (100 bp) (Promega) as reference.
Description of Sampling Sites
For the actinobacterial isolation, six Hundung samples were collected and used. The sample collection sites included: an abandoned cement factory site (Sample 1), quarry sites (Sample 2–5) and a rice field adjoining the quarry site (Sample 6). The limestones in Hundung, with color ranging from light gray to brown, are of good quality grade which are suitable for production of cement (Bhatt and Bhargava, 2005). The estimated reserve of this Hundung limestone is about 1.88 million tons (Sadangi, 2008; Lisam, 2011). The general characteristics of the samples used for isolation are highlighted in Table 2.
Table 2. Profile of the Hundung limestone samples and coding scheme for the actinobacterial strains.
Actinobacterial Isolation
Among the isolates obtained, 137 morphologically distinct putative actinobacterial strains were selected for further studies. These included 51 strains from Sample 1, 48 from Sample 2, 10 from Sample 3, 17 from Sample 4, 2 from Sample 5 and 9 from Sample 6. The coding scheme for the actinobacteria from the Hundung samples is shown in Table 2.
Diversity Analysis of Hundung Actinobacteria
Upon analysis of the ARDRA-based dendrogram (Supplementary Figure S1), the isolates were classified into 31 phylotypic groups (see Supplementary Table S1 for classification pattern of the Hundung actinobacteria based on ARDRA-dendrogram). The 16S rRNA gene sequence profile for these 31 phylotypic groups is given in Table 3. Fifteen of these phylotypes belong to the genus Streptomyces. In addition, four phylotypes belong to the genus Micromonospora, three each to Arthrobacter and Amycolatopsis and two to Kitasatospora. Remaining phylotypes comprise of the genera Janibacter, Rhodococcus, Nocardia, and Pseudonocardia. Among the different sites, sample 2 gave the highest diversity (16 phylotypes), followed closely by sample 1 (15 phylotypic groups). Sample 1 yielded the genera Streptomyces, Janibacter, Arthrobacter, Amycolatopsis, and Micromonospora while sample 2 generated Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, Amycolatopsis, Micromonospora, Arthrobacter, Nocardia, and Pseudonocardia. Sample 3 which contained 5 phylogenetic groups yielded the genera Streptomyces and Micromonospora. Four genera viz., Streptomyces, Janibacter, Amycolatopsis, and Kitasatospora were present in sample 4 while sample 6 contained 3 genera: Streptomyces, Amycolatopsis, and Arthrobacter. Sample 5 yielded Streptomyces strains only though this may not reflect the true actinobacterial diversity in this sample, as we have selected only 2 strains from the isolates obtained from this sample. Nonetheless, overall analysis of the Hundung sites (1–6) indicated Streptomyces to be the dominant genus in these habitats. Figures 1, 2 depict the dendrograms based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the Streptomyces and rare actinobacterial strains obtained from Hundung limestone habitats.
Figure 1. Dendrogram of the representative Streptomyces strains based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Numbers at nodes are levels of bootstrap support (%) for branch points (1000 resamplings). Bar, 0.002 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Figure 2. Dendrogram of the representative rare actinobacterial strains based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Numbers at nodes are levels of bootstrap support (%) for branch points (1000 resamplings). Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Antimicrobial Activities
Antibacterial and Anticandidal Activities
Antibacterial and anticandidal activity was assessed against a set of indicator organisms. The antibacterial and anticandidal profiles of the Hundung actinobacteria are shown in Table 4. Of 137 actinobacterial isolates, 19 exhibited antimicrobial activities against at least one of the test pathogens. In case of Bacillus subtilis, 18 strains showed inhibition, of which 5 (MBRL 5, MBRL 10, MBRL 201, MBRL 204, MBRL 251) showed inhibition zones above 17 mm diameter. Against Escherichia coli, 5 strains exhibited antagonistic activities of which 2 (MBRL 5, MBRL 10) showed inhibition zone sizes above 17 mm diameter. No strain had activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Against Candida albicans, 5 strains showed inhibitory activity and 4 against Candida vaginitis (See Supplementary Table S2 for complete antibacterial and anticandidal profile).
Biocontrol Activities
Several actinobacterial strains exhibited biocontrol potential against rice fungal pathogens. Forty five actinobacterial strains from Hundung limestone habitat showed biocontrol activities against at least one of the rice fungal pathogens. Frequencies of biocontrol activities against the indicator fungal pathogens were as follows: Helminthosporum oryzae MTCC 3717 (22.6%), Rhizoctonia solani MTCC 4633 (18.2%), Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae MTCC 2162 (16.8%), Pyricularia oryzae MTCC 1477 (14.6%), Curvularia oryzae MTCC 2605 (10.9%) and Fusarium oxysporum MTCC 287 (9.5%) respectively. Table 4 summarizes the biocontrol profile of the Hundung actinobacteria (See Supplementary Table S3 for complete biocontrol activity profile).
Screening for Biosynthetic Genes
It is well known that many bioactive metabolites in actinobacteria are produced by PKS and NRPS gene clusters. Screening for genes associated with secondary metabolism is helpful in evaluating the biosynthetic potential of actinobacteria. Of 137 Hundung actinobacterial strains, 118 possessed at least one of the three biosynthetic gene clusters. A total of 43 strains had a single type of biosynthetic gene cluster (PKS-I, 5 strains; PKS-II, 27; NRPS, 11). The remaining 75 strains had two or more of the biosynthetic gene clusters: 9 strains possessed both PKS-I and PKS-II; 8 had both PKS-I and NRPS; 36 had both PKS-II and NRPS while 22 strains had all the three biosynthetic gene clusters. Table 4 shows the amplication profile for biosynthetic genes in the Hundung actinobacteria (see Supplementary Table S4 for complete PCR profile of biosynthetic genes).
Diversity profiling focused on actinobacteria in limestone habitats started when Kim et al. (1998) reported the diversity of actinobacteria antagonistic to phytopathogenic fungi in caves of Korea. They reported the presence of Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Nocardioform actinobacteria, Actinomyces, Dactylosporangium, Saccharomonospora, and Streptosporangium in these habitats. Groth et al. (1999a) studied the actinobacterial diversity in Karstic caves (Altamira and Tito Bustillo) located in northern Spain and reported members of the genera Streptomyces, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Nocardioides, Amycolatopsis, Saccharothrix, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium, and coccocid actinobacteria of the family Micrococcaceae. Groth et al. (2002) reported the isolation of a new genus Knoellia from limestone caves. To the repertoire of the actinobacterial diversity in caves, Nakaew et al. (2009) added the genera Nonomuraea, Actinocorallia, Catellatospora, Microbispora, and Sprillospora. Jurado et al. (2009) reported the new genus Hoyosella from cave biofilms in Spain. Niyomvong et al. (2012) found the presence of the genera Streptomyces, Actinomadura, Actinoplanes, Gordonia, Microbispora, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Nonomuraea, and Saccharopolyspora in the tropical limestone caves of Khao No-Khao Kaeo karst in Thailand.
Considering the rich diversity of actinobacteria in limestone habitats, the present study on actinobacterial diversity of limestone deposit sites in Hundung, Manipur, India, has special significance. As per our findings, the genus Streptomyces is predominantly present in these limestone habitats. This is also indicated by the presence of phylotypic group III (represented by the genus Streptomyces) in all the six samples used for actinobacterial isolation. Apart from Streptomyces, we also observed the presence of rare actinobacteria Micromonospora, Arthrobacter, Amycolatopsis, Kitasatospora, Janibacter, Rhodococcus, Nocardia, and Pseudonocardia. This work forms the first report of the isolation of Janibacter and Kitasatospora from limestone and related habitats.
ARDRA is preferable to other molecular genome typing methods for preliminary phylogenetic grouping as it is faster and more cost effective than the other approaches. Moreover, as ARDRA is based on the presence of restriction sites within the ribosomal DNA, duplicate strains will most likely have the same restriction pattern. The use of ARDRA in this study, therefore, helped reduce the number of duplicate strains among the isolates from the community, indicating the true diversity of the community even when the sample size is small.
In the course of a screening program for novel antibiotics from strains obtained from Grotta dei Cervi, a cave in Italy, Herold et al. (2004) identified a bioactive complex, Cervimycins A–D, from a strain of Streptomyces tendae. Cervimycins are potent antibiotics against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) strains (Herold et al., 2005). Quadri and Agsar (2012) have investigated antimicrobial activities of actinobacteria of limestone quarries located at Deccan traps, India. Of 63 actinobacteria from this habitat, six strains (belonging to the genera Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Nonomuraea, Kribbella, Lechevalieria, and Saccharothrix) showed potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans. Carlsohn (2011) found novel strains of Amycolatopsis saalfeldensis, Kribbella aluminosa, and Streptomyces strains from a mine in Germany and they were strongly inhibitory to Stapthylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Candida albicans, and moderately antagonistic to Escherichia coli. Rule and Cheeptham (2013) reported some Streptomyces strains from a volcanic cave in Canada (Cheeptham et al., 2013) as antagonistic to Micrococcus luteus, MRSA, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.
In the present study, 5 Hundung actinobacteria were found to be potent antimicrobial strains. Of these, 2 Streptomyces species MBRL 201 and MBRL 251 showed strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, but less bioactivity against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Candida vaginitis. Besides these two, two other Hundung Streptomyces species (MBRL 5 and MBRL 10) also exhibited promising antimicrobial activities. MBRL 204, another Hundung Streptomyces strain, exhibited relatively lesser antimicrobial activity compared to the other 4 isolates (MBRL 5, MBRL 10, MBRL 201 and MBRL 251).
Soil actinobacteria have been proposed as promising biocontrol agents (Goodfellow and Williams, 1983; Chater, 1993). However, actinobacteria from limestone habitats have not been investigated for their biocontrol potential. Quadri and Agsar (2012) have reported that only 9.5% of the strains isolated from limestone habitats have antifungal activities against Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium solani. In the current investigation, many strains belonging to the genera Streptomyces and Amycolatopsis (e.g., Phylotypic group I, III and XII) were found to have biocontrol activities against selected rice fungal pathogens Curvularia oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Helminsthosporum oryzae, Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, and Rhizoctonia solani. Rare actinobacteria belonging to genera Janibacter and Pseudonocardia obtained from Hundung limestone habitats also exhibited significant biocontrol potential against some fungal pathogens.
The biosynthetic gene clusters play a crucial role in microbial natural product biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of cervimycin complex (metabolites reported from limestone related habitats) involved the type II PKS system. Other antibacterial metabolites such as Ravidomycins from Streptomyces rabidus are biosynthesized by type II PKS system (Kharel et al., 2010). Hence, it is imperative to screen for the presence of these biosynthetic gene clusters in the actinobacterial isolates. In our studies, 118 of the 137 actinobacterial isolates were found to have at least one of the three biosynthetic gene clusters. Of these 118 actinobacteria possessed the biosynthetic gene clusters, 47 exhibited antimicrobial and/or biocontrol activities indicating that less than 50% of the strains possessing biosynthetic gene clusters were bioactive under the screening condition. The findings of the various experiments indicate that 86% of the strains isolated from Hundung limestone rocks possessed biosynthetic gene clusters of which 40% exhibited antimicrobial activities. It can, therefore, be concluded that limestone habitats is a promising source for search of novel secondary metabolites.
Author Contributions
SN planned, conducted the experiments, analyzed the data, and prepared the manuscript, AD performed, analyzed and interpreted the ARDRA data, KT performed the biocontrol assay, DN and WL supervised the experiments.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors also wish to thank Dr. Reena Haobam, Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, for extending the gel documentation facility. SN wishes to thank the University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India (GOI), for offering him the Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship. AD wishes to thank UGC, GOI for Basic Scientific Research (BSR) fellowship. WL was supported by Guangdong Province Higher Vocational Colleges & Schools Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme (2014).
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00413/abstract
ARDRA, Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis; DGGE, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; GM1, Gauze Medium No. 1; NRPS, Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase; PKS, Polyketide Synthase; RFLP, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SCNA, Starch Casein Nitrate Agar.
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Keywords: actinobacterial diversity, limestone habitat, Hundung, antibacterial, biocontrol, biosynthetic genes, Streptomyces
Citation: Nimaichand S, Devi AM, Tamreihao K, Ningthoujam DS and Li W-J (2015) Actinobacterial diversity in limestone deposit sites in Hundung, Manipur (India) and their antimicrobial activities. Front. Microbiol. 6:413. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00413
Received: 29 March 2015; Accepted: 20 April 2015;
Published: 05 May 2015.
Edited by:Sheng Qin, Jiangsu Normal University, China
Reviewed by:Yu-Qin Zhang, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
Rabia Tanvir, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
Copyright © 2015 Nimaichand, Devi, Tamreihao, Ningthoujam and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Salam Nimaichand, Department of Biochemistry, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal – 795003, Manipur, India, firstname.lastname@example.com;
Wen-Jun Li, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China, email@example.com


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The Philosophy of Kazuo Inamori
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Hosting a website became a necessity for business owners over 15 years ago. Without a website today, your business is invisible to consumers, and it is similar to not having a telephone number. In this day, you can look around and see that almost every single successful business has a website on the Internet.
The desktop website trend took shape in the late '90s and grew-even exploded into the business world. As is the case with business, the economy and business environment are always changing. Indeed, today, there is a new trend that is taking off and changing the way that the business world works, and it is coming straight at the business world like a freight train! Mobile websites are becoming a necessity for business owners.
Not only is a desktop website necessary but now, even more high on the priority list of business necessities, is a mobile website. With over one billion smartphones, mobile websites have begun to saturate the entire mobile space, and it's powering advertisements and many other services – from weather to travel apps. This new trend has been coined the "Mobile Economy" and if you-the business owner-are foolish enough to ignore this, I assure you that you will not like the results.
How do we actually allow people to move through your mobile website? What are the navigation elements and the user interface that we can put on the screen to allow visitors to move through your mobile website easier?
Many mobile web experiences offer introductions, and even when you get through the "skip-introduction" phase, you get navigation options. What works better on mobile websites is content first and navigation second. Look at YouTube's mobile website, for example. You will see a minimal amount of navigation at the top.
Then content such as stories, videos, live streaming. Why should we put content first? Speed matters. Does your visitor have to tap a couple of times to see your content? There are constraints on mobile. The screen is smaller, and screen space is limited. What are you going to fill it with… five bars of navigation or content that people actually want to interact with?
Mobile Website Design Tips:
- Use "content first/navigate second" organizational structures optimized for small screens and mobile use cases
- Design for touch interactions with appropriate targets and gestures
- Construct forms and input fields to make input on mobile easier and more frequent
- Manage layouts across multiple devices with ruthless editing, device classes, and responsive/flexible designs
The point of mobile marketing is to give your customers quick and direct access to your business. The longer your message is, the less likely you will actually be to pull them in. Be clear and concise. Tell them only what they need to know, and it will be easier to pull people into your brand, entice them to stay at your site, and convert leads into sales.
Why the Sudden Growth in Mobile Websites?
Consumers gravitate to convenience. That's as true with payment technologies as it is with anything else. A prime example is a decades-old trend away from cash or checks and toward credit cards. Now, the mass adoption of smartphones and tablets has set the stage for a new move – away from fixed-point, card-based transactions and toward those completed on mobile.
The old dream of the "digital wallet" is coming true in a very particular mobile-led fashion. With over 770 million GPS-enabled smartphones and over one Billion cell phones worldwide, location data has begun to permeate the entire mobile space. It's powering commerce, and many other services, a wide range of which fuel the economy-from which restaurant to eat at to which doctor to see.
Google analyzed the opportunities emerging from this new local-mobile ecosystem and examined how location-enabled mobile ads have generated excitement. Look at how location-based features have boosted engagement for apps, explain how local data can connect hundreds of thousands of small and medium-sized businesses to the mobile economy, and de-mystify some of the underlying technologies and privacy issues. Local data can connect hundreds of thousands of small and medium-sized businesses to the mobile economy, via mobile search and other strategies.
- A Look at Steve Jobs – What Happens to the Apple When it Loses Its Core?
- How to Help Prevent Viruses and Spyware From Infecting Your Computer
- 10 Things to Hate About the iPhone
- Computer Performance – 7 Ways to Speed Up Windows Computers
- What Are Mobile Devices Teaching Your Kid?


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Local Scout Troop 205, sponsored by the Great River Fire Department, continuously support the beautification of the Great River community. Below are photos of the Scouts in action.
We thank the Scouts for taking an interest in our community.
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Transformations in
Business & Economics
- © Vilnius University, 2002-2017
- © Brno University of Technology, 2002-2017
- © University of Latvia, 2002-2017
About Author
- Virginijus Tamasevicius,
- PhD in Management. He is an Associate professor at the Faculty of Economics, Vilnius university, the author and co-author of 18 academic publications and participant of several international academic and research projects. Research interests cover the human side of knowledge management and organizations' strategic development.


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Cybersecurity news provided by NetworkTigers on Monday, 05 April 2021.
SAN MATEO, CA — Facebook users personal data leaked, Capital One confirms more data than previously thought leaked, DeepDotWed seized by the FBI, Accellion hack results in New York college data leak, data breach at Texas hospital, personal information for 3.5 million users posted for sale, whistleblower claims Ubiquiti's legal tean silenced data leak disclosure, student data leaked in Georgia county school district, over half Indian organisations hacked in the last year, DHS officials hacked in SolarWinds breach, Australian TV network and parliament under cyberattack.
Personal data from 500 million Facebook users found online
While the information appears to be from several years ago, Business Insider has reported that data from more than 500 million Facebook users covering 106 countries has been found online. The leaked information contains names and phone numbers, including the phone number for Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. While Facebook has stated that the data in question is old and resulted from a security issue that has long been resolved, the leak once more highlights the vast amount of personal user data the social network retains. Read more.
Capital One discloses updated research on 2019 hack
US bank Capital One experienced a hack in 2019 that impacted data associated with over 100 million people. According to Capital One, information related to this hack has been recently reanalyzed and findings have determined that more Social Security information was stolen than originally believed. The bank has issued a statement to clients thought to be affected and is offering free credit monitoring services. Read more.
Dark web news site administrator pleads guilty to conspiracy
DeepDotWeb, a site dedicated to news and current events regarding activity on the dark web, has been seized by the FBI. The site's administrator, Tal Prihar, has pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit money laundering in a US court after it was found that he was profiting by providing links to customers allowing them to make illegal purchases on the dark web. In total, it is reported that Prahar and his co-defendant Michael Phan made $8.4 million over the course of the site's life, using shell companies and various Bitcoin accounts to conceal the nature of their funds. Read more.
Accellion hack results in stolen information from New York college
The IT department of New York City's Yeshiva University has disclosed to students via email on April 1st that their network had sustained a "data security incident." The department explains that an unauthorized user has been sending emails to those associated with YU threatening to publish stolen sensitive information. It is understood that the hack took place due to YU's usage of third party Accellion, who recently suffered a major, widespread data breach. Read more.
Texas hospital experiences breach of patient data
Memorial Hermann hospital in Houston, Texas has informed its patients that their personal data may have been exposed in a breach involving Med-Data, Incorporated, a third party company used to provide solutions for Medicaid eligibility and patient billing. Due to human error, some of Med-Data's sensitive information was posted to a public-facing website. The data exposed includes Social Security numbers, names, addresses, and information regarding medical diagnoses and conditions. Med-Data, Incorporated has provided those affected with a credit monitoring service, implemented new security measures, and informed law enforcement of the nature of the breach. Read more.
Posting on dark web reveals giant data theft in India
A staggering 8.2TB of personal information affecting 3.5 million users has been posted for sale on the dark web. The data is allegedly from payment platform MobiKwik and contains names, addresses, credit card numbers, and more. MobiKwik has been receiving public admonishment over their handling of the situation due to their initial denial of being the source of the breach in spite of users being able to find information that is unique to their usage of the MobiKwik platform within the leak. Read more.
Breach of Ubiquiti said to be worse than officially reported
Earlier this year, cloud-enabled device vendor Ubiquiti reported that it had suffered a data breach due to third-party vendor exposing customer data. According to an anonymous whistleblower familiar with the situation, the third-party vendor aspect of the statement was deliberately misleading. The whistleblower claims that Ubiquiti's legal team worked to silence any disclosure of the fact that the company itself had actually suffered a "catastrophic" cybersecurity event. The whistleblower is accusing the company of being negligent with regard to customer data in order to avoid a drop in its stock price. Read more.
Student data in Georgia county school district leaked
PCS Revenue Control Systems, Inc. is emailing the parents of students in the Dekalb County School District regarding a December, 2019 security breach. According to PCS, unauthorized access was detected regarding files associated with its managed student meal programs. The data exposed includes names, Social Security numbers, and birth dates. PCS stated that it has found no evidence of any of the data being misused and has provided those affected with a credit monitoring survive. The Dekalb County School District has not reported any security breaches. Read more.
More than half of all Indian companies hacked in past year
Cybersecurity firm Sophos is reporting that 52% of all Indian organizations have been the victim of successful cyber attacks over the past year. A large majority of those businesses labeled their breaches as "severe" and a significant portion of those attacked were left scrambling to fix the damage for over a week. The report also details that company cybersecurity budgets in India have remained largely the same in spite of the increasing frequency of cyberattacks. Read more.
Highest ranking DHS officials were hacked in SolarWinds breach
Calling into question the US government's ability to protect itself and others against cyberattacks, it has been revealed that the email accounts of top DHS officials had been compromised in the SolarWinds intrusion. Sources say that the federal agencies that fell victim struggled to identify and mitigate the hack due to outdated technology that was not fully equipped to deal with modern, sophisticated threats. Both the SolarWinds hack as well as the recent hack of Microsoft Exchange were discovered not by the federal government but by private companies. Read more.
Australian TV network and parliament hit by cyberattacks
In what is being called the biggest hack of a media outlet in the country's history, Australian broadcaster 9 News was taken off the air for more than 24 hours as it sustained a "significant, sophisticated" attack. The breach is being investigated by the Australian Cyber Security Centre. Australia's federal parliament computer networks were also attacked, although authorities are not currently sure if the crimes are connected and have stated that the attack on the government network was not successful. Read more.
More cybersecurity news
Read more cybersecurity news and articles brought to you by NetworkTigers.
About NetworkTigers
NetworkTigers was founded in January 1996 as Andover Consulting Group, which built and re-architected data centers for Fortune 500 firms. Today, NetworkTigers provides consulting and network equipment to businesses and individuals globally. www.networktigers.com
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Organizing your garage.
January 8th, 2023 7:39 PM by Sam Kader
These tips will help you keep your garage organized for good:
Think like an organizer.
Go through your belongings and decide what you want and need to keep. Be homes with yourself and ruthlessly pare down what you don't need. De-cluttering is a liberating process and freeing up some space in your garage.
Prioritizing by size.
The biggest stuff should receive the most consideration. Freezer, secondary refrigerator and lawn mower/tractor take up the most space and are hardest to move. Determine where the big stuff foes and work around it from there.
Maximize wall space
Hang trimmers, extension cords, long-handled tools and even bikes on simple hooks to free floor space and assign each item a dedicated place. Mount a peg board on the wall to neatly store tools.
Raise the roof.
Use overhead storage to make the most of otherwise wasted space. Many garages have built-in attics that lend themselves perfectly to skyward storage. Many off-the-shelf storage solutions can stash your entire family's bicycle collection, camping gear or holiday decorations all above your parking space.
Spring for shelves
. Deep shelves are a must whether they are custom-built cabinets or a simple stand-alone rack. Ideally garage shelves should be at least 24 inches deep and strong enough to hold the weight of your stored belongings and more. Keep the items you use infrequently in the back and the tools and equipment you use most frequently in the front for easy access.
Put safety first.
Store hazardous items like engine oil, paints and household cleaners safely and out of reach of little hands. Dispose of them property and check with your local municipality regarding rules for potentially toxic waste.
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Snead sloppy in No. 21 Ole Miss' victory
Snead passed for three touchdowns to overcome his three interceptions as No. 21 Mississippi bounced back Saturday night with a 23-7 victory over Vanderbilt.
"I think he would be the first to tell you that we can't have some of those mistakes that he made in the second half," Nutt said. "We were executing the offense very well to start, then we started forcing things and he needs to either drop it off to the back or throw it away."
Snead threw for just one touchdown in last week's 16-10 loss to South Carolina, a game that dropped the Rebels (3-1, 1-1 SEC) from a No. 4 ranking that had been their highest since 1970. He matched his season high with three TDs against Vanderbilt in helping the Rebels to their best start since 2002 when they opened 5-1.
"Last weekend at South Carolina was very disappointing for us, so we had to pull it back together," Nutt said. "We needed this win tonight in the worst way."
The Commodores (2-3, 0-2) picked off four Snead passes a year ago in Oxford, Miss. They nearly matched that with Jamie Graham, Casey Heyward and Myron Lewis each intercepting a pass.
But Ole Miss' Marcus Temple intercepted Larry Smith in the end zone with 10:55 left to help preserve a 23-7 lead.
The Rebels host the Crimson Tide next Saturday in a crucial SEC West showdown.
Mississippi outgained Vanderbilt 397-240 and held the ball for nearly 36 minutes. The Commodores disintegrated twice inside the Ole Miss 20 in the first half. They missed two field goal attempts and finished with an uncharacteristic 12 penalties for 74 yards - their most since 14 on Oct. 12, 2003.
"It was disheartening for the team and our fans," Vanderbilt coach Bobby Johnson. "We have a lot of work to do."
Ole Miss did its part, sacking Smith four times. Nutt said he thought his defense was outstanding, though Vandy had scored only 12 points combined in its two previous SEC games.
"We put their offense in some bad situations tonight," Nutt said.
Snead came in having completed 49.3 percent of his passes and ranked 65th nationally in passing efficiency. He looked much more like the quarterback who led the Rebels to a Cotton Bowl win as he guided them to three scoring drives in the first half, and he did it against a Vanderbilt defense that came in ranked third nationally in passing efficiency defense.
He had two TD passes in the second quarter. His best throw of the night, a 48-yarder down the right sideline to Shay Hodge on third-and-16, set up his 12-yard TD pass to Brandon Bolden for a 17-0 halftime lead.
He made it 23-0 by capping the Rebels' opening drive of the third quarter with a 7-yard TD to Hodge, his second of the game. Snead finished 19 of 34 for 237 yards, all season highs. The three interceptions also were a season high, and Snead said he forced a couple.
"That's just something I will have to watch film for and just throw the ball away next time that happens," Snead said.
Johnson said Snead played much better than a year ago, making some tough throws into tight coverage.
"That's hard to beat when somebody's throwing that good. We switched up some coverages, and he didn't seem to adjust much and threw us three of them," Johnson said.
Vanderbilt came in with a defense ranked 19th nationally, giving up 266 yards, and nearly played its way back into the game with two interceptions after Ole Miss went up 23-0. Heyward's interception midway through the third set up Vandy's lone touchdown, a 7-yard pass from Smith to Udom Umoh for the receiver's first career TD catch.
When Smith had a chance to cut into the Ole Miss lead again after a 48-yard run by Warren Norman to the Rebels 6, Temple tipped and intercepted a pass to end the threat early in the fourth.


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Position open-loop control
This control loop allows you to move your motor to the desired angle in real time without using the position sensor. This mode is enabled by:
// set position motion control open-loop
motor.controller = MotionControlType::angle_openloop;
Voltage limiting Current limiting Current limiting with Back-EMF compensation
You can test this algorithm by running the examples in the
motion_control/open_loop_motor_control/ folder.
This control algorithm is very simple. User sets the target angle it wants to achieve ad. The algorithm only subtracts the current angle ac and the desired angle ad to find the direction it needs to move and goes in that direction with the highest velocity possible
motor.velocity_limit(max velocity). To set this velocity it uses the same algorithm as for velocity open-loop control. It integrates the velocity it in time to find out what is the angle it needs to set to the motor ac in order to achieve it. Then the maximal allowed voltage
motor.voltage_limit is going to be applied in the direction of the ac using
SinePWM or
SpaceVector modulation.
// calculate the distance from the target
d_angle = target_angle - past_angle;
// constrain the distance with maximal allowable displacement
d_angle = constrain(d_angle, -velocity_limit*d_time, velocity_limit*d_time)
// calculate the next angle
next_angle = past_angle + d_angle;
// choose FOC modulation (optional)
motor.foc_modulation = FOCModulationType::SpaceVectorPWM;
// maximal velocity of the position control
// default 20
motor.velocity_limit = 20;
// limiting voltage
motor.voltage_limit = 3; // Volts
// or current - if phase resistance provided
motor.current_limit = 0.5 // Amps
The angle open-loop control will (if not provided phase resistance) set the voltage to the motor equal to the
voltage = voltage_limit; // Volts
This is very inefficient, as for different motors with different phase resistances the same voltage values can produce wildly different currents. For gimbal motor, you can run it in the open loop with the voltage limits of 5-10 Volts and it will reach the currents of 0.5-2 amps as it has the phase resistance from 5-15 Ohms. For drone motors, the voltage limits should stay very low, under 1 volt. Because they have phase resisatnce of 0.05 to 0.2 Ohms.
Current limiting approaches
We suggest you to provide the motor class with the
phase_resistance value and set the
motor.current_limit instead of the voltage limit. This current might be surpassed but at least you will know an approximate current your motor is drawing. You can calculate the current the motor is going to be producing by checking the motor resistance
phase_resistance and evaluating:
voltage = current_limit * phase_resistance; // Amps
The best way to use this control strategy would be to provide both phase resistance value and KV rating of your motor. The the library would be able to calculate he back-EMF voltage and much more precisely estimate the consumed current. And with the current and the back-EMF current the library can set much more appropriate voltage to the motor.
voltage = current_limit*phase_resistance + desired_velocity/KV; // Amps
Velocity limit
The maximal velocity
motor.velocity_limit value is going to determine how fast your motor goes in between positions. The higher the value the faster the transition. But since we are turning the motor in open-loop we will not be able to know if the motor can follow the velocity. So make sure to put the
velocity_limit value that is achievable for your motor. Also beware that for higher velocities and more holding torque you will need to increase the
motor.voltage_limit or
motor.current_limit variable as well.
Changing limits in real-time
Also, you can change the voltage limit
motor.voltage_limit (
motor.current_limit) and transition velocity
motor.velocity_limit in real-time if you need this kind of behavior in your application.
Position open-loop control example
Here is one basic example of the velocity open-loop control with the complete configuration. The program will set the target position of
0 RAD and maintain it, and the user can change the target position using serial terminal.
// Open loop motor control example
#include <SimpleFOC.h>
// BLDC motor & driver instance
BLDCMotor motor = BLDCMotor(11);
BLDCDriver3PWM driver = BLDCDriver3PWM(9, 5, 6, 8);
// instantiate the commander
Commander command = Commander(Serial);
void doTarget(char* cmd) { command.scalar(&motor.target, cmd); }
void doLimitVolt(char* cmd) { command.scalar(&motor.voltage_limit, cmd); }
void doLimitVelocity(char* cmd) { command.scalar(&motor.velocity_limit, cmd); }
void setup() {
// driver config
// power supply voltage [V]
driver.voltage_power_supply = 12;
// link the motor and the driver
// limiting motor movements
motor.voltage_limit = 3; // [V]
motor.velocity_limit = 5; // [rad/s] cca 50rpm
// open loop control config
motor.controller = MotionControlType::angle_openloop;
// init motor hardware
// add target command T
command.add('T', doTarget, "target angle");
command.add('L', doLimitVolt, "voltage limit");
command.add('V', doLimitVelocity, "velocity limit");
Serial.println("Motor ready!");
Serial.println("Set target position [rad]");
void loop() {
// open loop angle movements
// using motor.voltage_limit and motor.velocity_limit
// user communication


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Release Scented candle - medium
Sorry, currently out of stock
Scent-Uplifting Essential Oil Blend
Uplifting Pure Essential Oil Blend is a rejuvenating pick-me-up. This highly stimulating blend helps to energise the central nervous system, invigorating and strengthening where there is weakness and exhaustion. Contains the essential oils clary sage, aniseed, lemongrass, bergamot, peppermint and grapefruit
This candle pairs perfectly with our Release tea
Oxford Tumbler made from high quality glass with a thick wall an excellent clarity
Comes in a gift box
Burn time approximately 35hr
Height: 8.7cm x Diameter: 7.4cm
Wax: 180g
Candles made in Australia using Australian sourced essential oils