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Boilers are the number one choice for heating systems among many property owners. This is mainly because they are reliable and last long. However, for your boiler to serve you better and last a really long time, it needs regular and proper inspection and maintenance. If even the smallest issue on your boiler is ignored or is not addressed immediately, it can grow into a bigger problem that can be very difficult or expensive to fix. So, how can you know if your boiler needs to undergo some major repairs or be replaced?
Below are some signs that you should be on the lookout for and know about:
- You've had your boiler for at least 15 years. Older models or systems of boilers have an average lifespan of around 15 years. Routine maintenance can actually prolong the life of your boiler beyond 15 years, but if you don't invest in certain suitable advances in technology, your system can become faulty once it reaches the 15-year mark. The good news is that there are many upgrades now available for most boiler models (even old ones) that can help you control your heating.
- You just need to do enough research for this. Your house doesn't feel warm enough. If your house still feels cold even if the heating is already switched on, then your boiler may already have some issues. If your radiators are in good working order, the low temperature in your home can be a sign that your boiler is no longer up to the job of suitably heating your home. In case there are issues with your radiator, it is best to call a plumber or a gas engineer to investigate the reason why your home isn't heating up as it should.
- There are issues with the boiler's pilot light. If the pilot light has gone out, your boiler will be unable to fire up and start heating water or central heating. You can try fixing this issue by following the manufacturer's instructions on how to remedy this. You will find these instructions on placed on the boiler door, the instruction booklet, or near the pilot light. If it still fails to light after following instructions, you need to call in experts since there might be some blockages or issues with the ignition that only qualified tradesmen can
fix or solve. Your boiler has been undergoing lots of regular maintenance and repair services lately. Lastly, if you find yourself frequently resetting or topping up the pressure in your boiler and calling in tradesmen to look at and fix some issues, it may be high time to replace it. Although a new boiler will require significant investment, you will still have to pay for various repairs, and the mounting cost of these services will simply be a huge source of frustration for you.
Why Service Your Home Boiler?
There are three main reasons why you need to service your boiler regularly:
Gas Safe Register (gassaferegister.co.uk) recommends that you have your boiler serviced annually. In doing this, you may prevent carbon monoxide from leaking into your house. Carbon monoxide is an invisible, odourless, deadly gas that can kill! Many tragedies happen because of carbon monoxide so don't let one of them happen in your household. When servicing your boiler, a qualified gas engineer will check that your boiler is running safely and he will detect if there is any carbon monoxide leaking into your house.
Having your boiler serviced at the recommended times will also help to keep your boiler working efficiently. Not having your boiler serviced annually could result in many problems with the running of your boiler.
If your boiler is serviced annually, you could be saving yourself a lot of money(corgihomeplan.co.uk). A boiler that is serviced regularly will run more efficiently and so this may prevent your boiler from breaking down, saving you the cost of getting it fixed. Some call-outs to boiler breakdowns are simply because some dust has got into the boiler causing it to stop working. Regular Servicing could have prevented this. Now you have to pay for the boiler to be fixed, plus the cost of a service. So with these 3 reasons to get your boiler serviced, you can't afford not to! The service should be carried out by a qualified gas engineer who is Gas Safe Registered.


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Danielle Carolan's Instagram Live Stream from April 7th 2020.
Who is Danielle Carolan?
Danielle Carolan (born September 20, 1998). She is an American YouTuber. Best known for her YouTube channel Themakeupbydanielle. She is posting makeup tutorial and tricks, beauty tips, product reviews and travel vlogs in her YT channel. She has more than 250K Followers on her IG.
IG | https://www.instagram.com/daniellecarolan | IG

subset: commoncrawl


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Two Cambodia-Laos border soldiers in Stung Treng province went missing on Thursday after a temporary bridge collapsed in Nhaingsu village in Siem Pang district's Thma Keo commune, sending them and their motorbike crashing into the torrential waters below.
Police identified the missing men as Sok Sovanndy and Phy Nidali, two artillery soldiers stationed in Siempang district's O'alay area.
Strung Treng provincial police chief Mao Dara told The Post that the incident occurred on Wednesday morning when one of the soldiers was riding a motorbike to take the other to receive treatment for malaria at the hospital.
The men fell into the strong-flowing water as they crossed the bridge, which Dara said had been constructed temporarily from wood and soil to allow border soldiers to access their station.
"While they were crossing, it suddenly collapsed. If there hadn't been any rain, there wouldn't have been a problem, because people often ride motorbikes along this road.
"But it had been raining for the last few days, and the water was flowing very strongly. People built a wooden bridge there while they were waiting for a concrete bridge to be built – it's not a strong bridge," he said.
A video capturing the incident showed that the 10m-long bridge was constructed from round logs with a metre-high layer of compacted soil on top of the timber.
In the video, the bridge suddenly collapsed when the two soldiers were more than halfway across.
The new concrete bridge, he said, was about 90 per cent complete.
The police had been hindered in their search and rescue efforts by the strength of the water, which flowed into the Mekong River, he said.
He ordered police in all districts to spread the word among villagers living along the Mekong River to help search for the two men. "This area has a lot of streams and water flows down from the mountains into the river. There are a lot of mountains and when it rains, water always flows into the streams.
"The streams start to flow so strongly that villagers all around the area don't dare to cross after it's been raining," Dara said.
Deputy Stung Treng province artillery commander That Sokhai confirmed he had not received any information that the missing soldiers had been found.


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Autoyos Private Limited
iRobo is an autonomous system for rapid eye diagnostics.
iRobo is a rapid eye diagnostics technology that is fully autonomous. The iRobo aims to provide comprehensive eye care in non-clinical settings and can be operated by non-skilled professionals. The device uses artificial intelligence to detect early stages of noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and Alzheimer's Disease. The product provides automated screening, remote diagnosis, and robotic treatment enabled by machine learning without requiring an operator.
Product is still in the prototyping phase.
Goal 3: Good health and well-being
Health care workers at eye clinics, hospitals, and eyewear stores
The product is manufactured in India.
The product is still in its early phases and not commercially available. However it will be distributed through distributor channels and strategic partners. Interview with designer, July 2020
50 products have been distributed as of July 2020Interview with designer, July 2020
The iRobo is a fully autonomous system with several components. The key characteristics of the product are: it is non-invasive, it generates a computerized screening report, it's autonomous features removes operator variability and the need for a skilled operator, a remote diagnosis can be provided, no pupil dilation required, and it offers real time audio guidance.
Provided by the manufacturer.
Manufacturer specified performance targets include: quick, user comfort, accuracy of readings, and high image quality.
Safety standard test IEC-60601-1. A pilot study with 450+ participants at Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital Mumbai has been completed and clinical trials are in progress.
TUV Rheinland performed a safety standard test.
S. Marmamula, J. E. Keeffe, U. Raman, and G. N. Rao, Population-based cross-sectional study of barriers to utilisation of refraction services in South India: Rapid Assessment of Refractive Errors (RARE) study, BMJ Open, vol. 1, no. 1, p. e000172, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000172.
J. S. Rahi, S. Sripathi, C. E. Gilbert, and A. Foster, Childhood blindness in India: Causes in 1318 blind school students in nine states, Eye, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 545–550, 1995, doi: 10.1038/eye.1995.137.
P. Keane and E. Topol, Reinventing the eye exam, Lancet, vol. 394, no. 10215, p. 2141, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33051-X.
IEC and ISO standards were considered in the design. IEC safety tests will be performed to ensure product safety.
Safety testing, clinical trials
Won 1st Prize in UpStart Indian Business Model Competition by IIT Kanpur.
Recognized as one of India's "Top 16 Ideas of 2019" by Falling Walls Lab India.
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From a legacy of industry leadership to a team of committed professionals, we're ready to help you run better and manage smarter.
Receive expert support for all your material handling equipment, technology and automation needs.
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Raymond's Lean Management System is designed to help reduce waste, minimize downtime and process orders faster. Through a proven process of visualization, organization and standardization, we'll show how to identify inefficiencies and implement changes designed to improve your workflows and save you time and money. Learn More.
As a total-solutions provider, Raymond understands how every lift truck, technology and solution needs to work together. From lift trucks to automated guided vehicles and operator assist technologies to robotics, Raymond is a single partner that offers knowledge on multiple warehouse solutions. Learn More.
If you're bringing on new workers, reassigning responsibilities or adjusting your processes to keep up with demand, education is vital to optimize efficiency. Raymond is built on principles of innovation and continuous learning. With this philosophy, we've pioneered cutting-edge training solutions incorporating Virtual Reality tools and e-modules to help your workforce thrive. Learn More.
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Ghatna Chakra 2017 PDF Download for Competitive Exams
Table of Contents
Ghatna chakra book for ssc in hindi pdf download
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Directed By: Chris Columbus
Written By: Matt Lieberman, Chris Columbus
In Theaters and Netflix: November 25, 2020
Runtime: 1Hr 52 Mins
Starring: Kurt Russell, Goldie Hawn, Darby Camp, Jahzir Bruno, Julian Dennison
Like its predecessor, The Christmas Chronicles, the sequel follows Kate Pierce (Darby Camp) and a new face, Jack (Jazhir Bruno), her mom's new boyfriend's son, as her family vacations in Cancun to celebrate Christmas. Kate, unhappy with the whole situation, attempts to sneak away from Jack and is duped by Belsnickel (Julian Dennison), a devious elf who has plans of his own to stop Christmas for once and for all. Kate and Jack find themselves in the North Pole and have to help Santa Claus (Kurt Russell) and Mrs. Claus (Goldie Hawn) save Christmas once again from Belsnickel.
Now, on paper, it's a straightforward story and call to action. Unfortunately, the elements introduced throughout the film bog down the call to action and make the second act more convoluted than the film already is. There are plenty of ingredients that make the film feel magical and full of fun, such as the production design of the North Pole and seeing Santa's inventions come to life, as well as a kick-ass Christmas song that plays halfway through the flick. As ridiculous as the scene is, I couldn't help but embrace the fun energy and suddenly felt a desire to pop on some Christmas music to boost the spirits. That's the heart of The Christmas Chronicles 2, and I so very wish it focused more on that rather than being overly convoluted with a plot of an elf that has gone rogue. It feels minuscule and like a side plot, even though it's an element throughout. Other aspects, such as the overuse of one-liners with awful dialogue and CGI'd elves, cloud any sense of character involvement and takes away what the heart of the film tries to say. That's not to say the performances aren't great, because they certainly are, and Russell brings a lot of magic to the character of Santa and holds the film together, and vice versa, Goldie Hawn as Mrs. Claus is near perfect casting.
Although the film is over-crowded with a lot of back noise about who Belsnickel is and how he came to be, it also offers some closure that had open ends from the first movie. There is a scene that moved me in a way I didn't expect. I may have shed a tear, or two, at how sweet that moment is, and director Chris Columbus hones in on his skill of bringing these characters to life in a relatable way. He attempts to give the same amount of attention to the antagonistic Belsnickel, but ultimately that story arc flatlines the second Belsnickel acts like the immature child that he is. His overbearing ways of being "decisive" and "clever" get old very quickly, and in the end, we are to wonder how we are supposed to care for him. Of course, the heart of the film is about embracing every single person and finding the good in them. With the movie clocking in at 112 minutes, it goes to show just how overstuffed the script is when we get tired of the antagonist and we aren't even halfway through the first act.
Due to the bloated script, there are a lot of details that slip through the cracks about the myth of Christmas, and we don't nearly get to see the fun side of the North Pole as we could have—especially that of the main village where Santa resides. Not spending a whole lot of time there takes away the magic it first showcased itself having, and to me, that's a huge bummer and doesn't quite do the production design enough justice. Instead, we are allowed to witness some awful CGI'd elves (and reindeer) who don't have a magical feel to them as one would think they should. The amount of CGI that is present in this sequel is gross. Even in the first entry, the CGI wasn't the best, and yet it feels like they thought that was the best element as they are saying, "go big or go home" with the animation in this entry. Even for being a cheesy premise in the first place, the CGI makes this extra.
Despite my negative notions on the flick, I think The Christmas Chronicles 2 makes for a great family film where you gather around the television and enjoy the holidays. Some scenes get you in the Christmas spirit, and by the end, it may bring a smile—if you can overlook some glaring flaws that present themselves from the second the film starts. The Christmas Chronicles 2 has a lot of heart and tries its best to wear that on its sleeve to help boost our spirits during 2020, but it ultimately suffers from an opaque script and substandard CGI that overstays its welcome on the long Christmas journey ahead. I would recommend this to families more so than individual people. As a standalone film, it suffocates itself and struggles to get its message across in a coherent manner near the second act. In the end, it finds its tone a little too late, but still offers some warm-hearted guidance for the Christmas season to come. Plus, it got me to cry during a scene if that says anything.
Overall, The Christmas Chronicles 2 gets 3/5 stars.


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"Now Son, Don't Touch That Cactus!"
June 11, 2018
While scrolling through the endless selection of suggested videos on Youtube, one might stumble across something rather peculiar. While only being 1 minute and 47 seconds long the first ASDF movie fills the viewer with many questions. Like, why does the cop in the opening comic strip open fire on a man who was playing that "got your nose" game with a child in the most "Looney Toons" like style of violence. Or why things like ties, parking meters and potatoes can talk as if alive and in a humane manner.
The series known to many, ASDF, is an ongoing collection of animated comic strips created by TomSka whose story of coming up with the name of his soon to be beloved series was simply typing random letters on his keyboard.
As of this year in 2018 the series has 10 videos to its name and is scheduled to add an 11th in August. The short clips within each video are random and don't progress in a normal fashion, meaning the segments don't build upon each other. Some segments are long running series within a series like, "I like Trains", "Everybody do the Flop!" and many more.
The "I like Trains" segment begins with a kid saying those very words, "I like Trains," then out of nowhere a train hits him at full speed. Several renditions have been created, sometimes the train doesn't hit the boy but hits the people in the next segment.
Then there is the "Everybody do the Flop!" This segment even has its very own music video, but basically it's this guy wearing a tall top hat and yells those very words and everyone within earshot falls face first onto the ground.
There are more sub-series that are less memorable but still unique in their own way. Whether it be a man stepping on a potato or a bear named Desmond, they all provide a quick laugh for the audience.
As mentioned earlier ASDF movie 11 is still in the making, but many worry that the series may be coming to a close. According to TomSka, he was aiming to make 10 videos but that ship has come and may be leaving soon.
However, TomSka also said that he would also keep making videos till he got bored. To dedicated viewers this prompts a sigh of relief, a hope for the continuation of the series still lives on.
I would recommend this series to all ages due to its easy to understand human and hilariously outrageous, unrealistic, violence. I wouldn't even call it violence, it could be described better as "physics gone haywire."


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Peaklass Prints & Canvases
Bring the beauty of the Peak District countryside into your home with photographic prints and high quality canvases. Featuring my own photographs, they celebrate the quiet lanes, stunning woodlands and windswept moors of this wonderful place.
My photographic prints are available to order immediately here, most in a range of sizes from 6×6″ to 24×24″. Larger sizes are available on request. They are reproduced on archival quality Fuji Pro DPII Lustre professional photographic paper, with a semi-matt finish. Please note that prints are supplied unmounted and unframed. If you would like information about mounted or framed prints, please drop me a line for details.
My canvases are individually printed onto 100% cotton canvas of 340GSM thickness, using a 12 colour process for rich, vibrant colours. They're hand-stretched onto European pine wood frames, and are ready to hang on your wall straightaway. Sizes from 8×8″ to 36×36″ are available to order instantly here, in a choice of two depths.
I'm so sorry, but I am only able to offer UK shipping.
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- Description
- Reviews
- Questions & Answers
This Mecanum Wheels Compatible with Lego blocks and TT Motor. The 60mm mecanum wheel made by High Quality Plastic and Rubber Matrials. 4pcs can load 5KG weight. Make four-wheel-drive smart car realize left and right translation, large-angle drift, oblique 45° direction movement, square track movement and other movement modes.
- Type: Mecanum Wheel
- Weight: 40g (single)
- Inner diameter: 6.7mm
- Outer wheel diameter: 60mm
- Thickness: 28mm
- Number of sub-wheels: 9
- Bearing capacity: can bear 5kg (4 together)
Questions & Answers


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"Buy glassware with painting in bulk, everyone can, but to buy a quality product, which will interest the end user - this is a matter of experience.
It is to such goods , which, without a doubt, will arouse a keen interest among a large target audience, it is possible to include a set of glassware decorated with artistic paintings on the painted glass. Such a product will definitely appeal to a large segment of customers, which will ensure a high level of sales and good profits.
The high quality of the above products, as well as prices from the manufacturer, are two more "for" in favor of the wholesale purchase of this set


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On Saturday 23 April 2016 the valued support of corporates, trusts & foundations, individuals, churches and schools who give so freely of their time, money and skills to make a difference in the lives of people with Cerebral Palsy.
Donor support impacts on the Association's continued ability to provide much needed health and rehabilitation services to children and adults with Cerebral Palsy.
The Association's Chairperson, Noor Osman expressed his heartfelt thanks to all those who have invested in the Association and the people we serve on behalf of himself and the Management Board.
Donors were presented with a token of appreciation which in part was manufactured by people with Cerebral Palsy at our Village Work Centre in Claremont.
The afternoon was enjoyed by all.


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The coastal town of Whitby boasts some of the best views in Yorkshire. Whether you've made the climb to the top of the famous 199 steps or you're simply taking in the view along the coast, it's a captivating place. This old fishing town will always have a place in our hearts and with good reason. It's cobbled streets and aroma of fish & chips is enough to draw tourists from around the world, and God's Own Country itself.
This beautiful house, currently on the market for buyers, has some of the best views this seaside town has to offer. Built by a returning mariner, the 20th century town house is situated at the top of the iconic 199 steps – and it has amazing panoramic views that allow you to take in the crystal waters and red rooftops of Whitby. The view itself is priceless and captivating, on both a bright sunny day, as well as during those crashing thunderstorms that make the winds howl and the rough sea flail.
The glorious town house boasts three floors, with five bedrooms and two reception rooms. It was built to allow occupants of all rooms a view out to the sea, harbour and town. Known as Fashoda, the property is on the market at the moment for a guide price of £465,000 – you know, if you've got a bit of extra change in your pocket.
The terraced garden has places to entertain north, south and west. The west side is a more private place away from the steps, with amazing access to the sun in the afternoons.
Said to be named after an incident that happened in East Africa on the White Nile in 1898, it has been on the property market since February and we are sure it will be snapped up real soon. I mean, come on, look at those views!
You can view the house here.
Read more: Whitby Has Been Named The UK's Most Popular Holiday Destination
[Featured image: Unsplash]


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Larimar is a blue gemstone only found in the Dominican Republic. Larimar is believed to have healing properties to soothe the body and the mind. Blue Larimar is extremely rare and can be very valuable. Blue Larimar is said to represent good luck and happiness. Blue Larimar is often cut into cabochons, bracelets, or earrings. In addition, it also makes great birthstones for February!
A variety of other minerals may be mixed with Larimar. These include quartz, calcite, feldspars, mica, and jade. Many people claim that their Larimar contains an opalescent quality. This means that it has a translucent appearance similar to glass.
The tranquility and beauty of water, the color sky, Larimar, is the blue color stone. It comes with Striking Whites, which describe the Caribbean sea from its origins. It is also known as the bluestone at Atlantis. This gem has the healing power of dolphins and can help you to heal your body, mind, and soul.
Pectolite makes up Larimar (fact - pectolite, a white-grey mineral composed of sodium-calcium hydroxyxide, is abundantly found worldwide). Larimar contains a rare type of pectolite that is usually only found in the Dominican Republic of the Caribbean. This makes it an unusual gemstone.
Los cheeses, in the Caribbean, is the only mine that has been found to produce Larimar. Larimar is a relic of the Dominican people due to its extreme rarity.
It stimulates the crown chakra, which facilitates inner wisdom and outer manifestation. People around the globe wear larimar rings and pendants because of their healing properties.
Larimar is more than a blue-colored stone. It is actually a turquoise-colored stone with white patterns that resemble the sun over the Caribbean. You can also get it in three colors: deep blue, green-blue, and white. It is rare to find the deep blue Larimar color, making it more expensive and precious than other colors. The Larimar with whitish colors is less valuable.
Larimar is the tranquility and beauty of water. It has a calm texture and a serene composure. Transparency can vary from translucent to transparent. The smooth, silky texture and elegance of larimar stones jewelry make it easy to feel calm and composed.
Larimar is a soft gemstone. It is rated 4.5 to 5. It is therefore difficult to make larimar jewelry. However, the fibrous ingrowth gives it strength which allows it to be used as jewelry. Although larimar comes in many sizes, it is most commonly found as a large-cabochon gemstone. It is the reason why it is loved by so many people around the world.
Amazonite, a low-cost stone that is often sold as a perfect imitation of Larimar, is one such example.
If you are looking to buy larimar jewelry or gemstones made from larimar, make sure that the stone is authentic and contact the seller directly.
Larimar was discovered for the first time in 1916 by Father Miguel Domingo Fuertes Loren from the Barahona Parish. However, due to a lack of resources, his request was turned down by officials of the Dominican Republic.
It was found again by Miguel Mendez, along with Norman Rilling, a volunteer from the bahoruko mountains. He named the stone after his daughter Larissa and gave it its name.
This is how Larimar was named and was discovered.
Larimar, as you all know, is well-known for its extraordinary healing properties. We list a few of these characteristics below.
In short, a larimar necklace will help you to forget your worries and alleviate your pains. It will also connect you with your higher self.
Larimar, a rare gem that can only be found in remote locations on the planet, is very expensive. This gemstone is rare and expensive, but it is not as costly as diamonds. This semi-precious gem can be found with registered sellers such as Sitara Jewelry.
This rare blue gem is delicate and soft. It is difficult to make jewelry from this soft gemstone, but it is becoming increasingly popular. Very few jewelry makers worldwide produce sterling silver larimar jewelry that looks good and makes a style statement.
You can use larimar in a beaded necklace, pendants, and rings, as well as stud earrings. The Larimar beads necklace is one of the most popular products in the world. A larimar stone necklace will make you stand out and make you unique.
We know for now that Larimar can be a soft and brittle gem. So always remember,
Larimar jewelry is delicate and pretty. Proper care will prolong the life of the stones.
Larimar stone jewelry users around the world make the biggest mistake. They clean the gemstones but forget to keep them safe. It is left out open, causing the larimar jewelry to tarnish, scratch, and even fall apart.
To avoid this, you can:
Larimar Stud earrings should be kept in a small container. These pretty earrings are small and could be lost. Do not wear a larimar stud while showering. Because it may become wet during this process, it might get dirty and discolored. You must never wear jewelry while sleeping or swimming. If you swim, remove your jewelry before going into the water.
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Eating healthy while you have to be in the office eight plus hours a day can be a challenge; I'm guessing you usually either grab a bite from your go-to deli down the block or just pack yourself some snacks to graze on throughout the day. However, you can eat healthy while you're at work, as YouTube personality Blair Fowler shows you.
I'm now a freelancer, but when I was in college, I struggled to have a healthy lunch, since I was usually on the go in between classes and work. Typically, I would go to my favorite coffee shop and campus and get a coffee and a pastry, which is not the healthiest lunch option out there. Looking back, I definitely had more energy and kept a more positive attitude when I took the time to eat something healthy and satisfying. Taking 10 minutes before you go to bed to make your lunch for the next day (because let's face it: you're not going to lose sleep in the morning for anything) can be a great investment in your health and wellbeing. Here are a few lunch ideas from Fowler.
Peanut Butter and Jelly Bites
PB&J is a classic lunch favorite. Fowler makes this kid-inspired lunch entree healthy by substituting classic white bread for a whole grain or a tortilla. To save yourself a stained blouse, she also has the clever idea to cut up the rolled tortilla into bite-sized pieces that you can then transfer to a reusable container, making it easy to eat.
Yogurt Parfait
Most of us will grab a Chobani on our way out the door, but pre-packaged yogurt cups are often filled with added sugar and preservatives. As a fun alternative that feeds your eyes as much as your stomach, Fowler suggests making a Mason-jar yogurt parfait. To do this, she starts with a thick layer of greek yogurt and then adds layers of granola, berries, and chia seeds until she reaches the top of the jar. I personally love to eat ice-cream with crunchy candy, so I'm going to be trying this as an alternative.
Spinach Salad
The problem with taking a spinach salad to work is that you often have to make a separate dressing or risk your leaves getting soggy as it sits in the liquid for hours until you're ready to eat. To avoid this pitfall, Fowler uses a Mason jar and puts the dressing into the bottom, followed by tomatoes, and mozzarella cheese, with the spinach leaves sitting on top. The genius of this is that when you open the mason jar and place your salad into a bowl, the spinach will come out first, followed by your toppings and dressing already mixed together.
If you want to see even more creative lunch ideas to take to work, watch the video below:
Images: Kurman, Kitchen Life of a Navy Wife, Rader, blair_25/Flickr


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Sat 31 December 2011
If you want to use coffee-script or node.js into a project using python virtual environments without having to fiddle with your entire system, here is a quick guide on how to do it.
Usually when developing I like to keep my projects self-contained, keep all dependencies in the same enviroment, this is where virtualenv and virtualenv_wrapper come in handy.
1. Activate the virtualenv:
$ workon test
2. Move inside the virtualenv directory:
(test)$ cdvirtualenv
3. Export the directory as the prefix for the installation:
(test)$ export PREFIX=`pwd`
4. Get the latest version of node.js from http://nodejs.org/ and unpack it e.g.
(test)$ wget http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.6.6/node-v0.6.6.tar.gz
(test)$ tar xvfz node-v0.6.6.tar.gz
5. Once inside the unpacked node directory:
(test)$ ./configure --prefix=$PREFIX
(test)$ make
(test)$ make install
6. Check that node.js was installed correctly:
(test)$ which node
7. Fortunately npm (node package manager) is installed with node.js as well, now we can proceed with the installation of coffee-script:
(test)$ npm install -g coffee-script
npm uses the PREFIX environment variable to determine where to install the node packages, bear this in mind in case you plan to install any other packages.
8. Check that coffe-script was installed successfully:
(test)$ which coffee
9. Play with node.js or coffee-script :)
If you found this useful or there is something not quite right let me know!
Photo credit: jenny-pics on flickr


text:
A Cascade H Bridge (CHB) is evaluated for both electric vehicle motor traction control and off-vehicle charging against the Power ElectronicsUK Automotive Challenge for cost and mass for the year 2035. By combining the power electronics with batteries using low-voltage MOSFET transistors in a series cascade arrangement the cost and mass targets could be met 12 years earlier (in 2023 and 20 times lighter if an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is used. A 200 kW peak reference car was used to evaluate cost and mass benefits using four different topologies of power electronics. Vehicle installation is shown to be simplified as only passive cooling is required removing the need for liquid cooling systems and the arrangement is inherently safe; no high voltages are present when the vehicle is stationary. The inherently higher efficiency of CHB increases vehicle range. The converter with integrated batteries can also behave as an integrated on-board battery charger delivering additional off-vehicle benefits by removing the need for costly external chargers.
Power Electronics, Electric Vehicles, Cascaded H Bridge, CHB, Modular Multi-Level Converter, MMC, MLC
Share and Cite:
1. Introduction
For the large-scale acceptance of Electric Vehicles (EVs), certain criteria must be met, not least of which is the cost and mass of the Power Electronics (PE) used in traction, high power ancillaries and fast battery chargers. In the aerospace sector, low vehicle mass is also of major importance to electric aircraft. The Power Electronics UK Automotive Challenge [1] has set a number of targets for the specific cost and mass of PE with the year 2035 targets being $3/kW and 50 kW/kg. One of the strategies to meet these targets is system topology. This paper examines the suitability of a Multi-Level Converter (MLC) that house the PE with batteries to gain cost, mass and efficiency benefits over conventional topologies. Chang compared a conventional IGBT inverter with a silicon carbide and multi-level silicon inverter over a simulated driving range [2] and found a 2% - 3% improvement in the high rpm range and 3% - 10% at lower operating speeds.
MLC in its various guises, Neutral-Point Clamped (or diode-clamped), Cascaded H-bridge, and Flying Capacitor are well-known topologies used for high voltage converters between AC and DC systems. A simplified drawing of the basic Cascaded H Bridge (CHB) concept is shown in Figure 1. The charge distribution in supercapacitors in a Modular-Multilevel-Converter (MMC) configuration was investigated in [3] , while in [4] usage of switched individual Lithium cells in a series cascade configuration was proposed. MLC, a well-known topology used for high voltage converters between AC and HVDC systems [5] and more recently have been investigated for vehicle use. The charge distribution in supercapacitors in an MLC configuration was investigated by Mukherjee and Tricoli [3] , Figure 2 who also proposed using switched individual Lithium cells
Figure 1. Simplified Multi-Level Inverter.
Figure 2. single cell MMC module.
in a series cascade configuration [4] . Tolbert investigated two MLC topologies, CHB as a natural fit for all-electric drives and back-to-back diode-clamped (NPC) converter for hybrid vehicles where a source of ac voltage is available for motor control [6] for EVs and later proposed a solution for equalising state of charge between batteries [7] . Chang investigated a non-standard multi-level configuration with PWM signals [8] on what we describe in this paper as the Module In Control (MIC). A simplified drawing of the basic concept of Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) operation is shown in Tolbert proposed using an MLC for motor control [6] and later proposed a solution for equalising state of charge between batteries [7] . Chang improved on the waveform with PWM signals on the Module In Control (MIC) [8] .
Until recently, these novel architectures were more expensive than centralised PE systems. However, with recent advances in miniature MOSFETs, distributed architectures are becoming more attractive, although relatively unknown outside academic circles. In this paper, the term Cascaded H Bridge or CHB is used where the functions of motor control, battery management and battery charging are incorporated in a single set of MLC power electronics and the different functions controlled by software alone.
Two main drivers for electric vehicle manufacturers and hence parameters important to optimise are cost and mass: the topic of this paper.
2. Road Vehicle Topology
Road vehicles almost exclusively use "lumped" Power Electronics (PE) and battery modules as shown in Figure 4. The batteries are located in one area, motors in a second and PE in a third. More recent designs have re-located these three elements on the floor and in between the road wheels but the basic topology remains the same. Cooling for all three modules is required usually by a liquid cooling system that adds cost and mass.
Figure 5 shows the modified topological arrangement. The batteries are segmented into 12 sections, three for each motor (assuming 4-wheel drive) and one for each motor phase. Each section comprises a multitude of low-voltage batteries with PE connected in series and using low-voltage high-current MOSFETs. The PE are assembled using micro-electronic surface mount techniques to reduce costs. Distributing the PE has two installation advantages, firstly, the MLC is more efficient than conventional PE [2] [9] and secondly, being distributed no additional heat management is required; the heat is dissipated through the assembly casing. In a future paper, we will also discuss how advances in Battery technology can also remove the heat management for batteries in such a distributed arrangement.
The CHB Power electronic topology can also function as a battery charger without any additional Power electronics, and charging supply may be single or 3 phase AC, or DC as shown in Figure 6. In the DC configuration, if required, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for solar cells can be achieved via a
Figure 3. Module options, top left single I-bridge, the full cascade CIB is shown right in a section configuration. Bottom left H-bridge.
Figure 4. Typical automotive functional EV layout with chargers.
Figure 5. Distributed power electronics EV drivetrain.
Figure 6. Functional description of CHB.
standard software algorithm [10] .
3. Module Configurations
The complete reference system used for comparisons is shown in Figure 7 for each of the four motors. One module in each phase controls the motor and receives signals from the vehicle control system. The battery management, vehicle and motor control costs and mass are excluded from the analyses below for a correct comparison with targets.
There are various configurations of PE available in the vehicle. As well as the standard two-level three-phase converter that is used in nearly all EVs nowadays, other multi-level options are summarised in Figure 3. Top left is a single I-bridge of low voltage MOSFETs with the cascade labelled CIB (Cascaded "I" bridge)on the right that control half cycle waveforms, the high voltage IGBT H-Bridge on the top right provides the uni-polar function. Bottom left is a MOSFET H-Bridge used in each cascaded module of Figure 7.
Figure 7. Reference system diagram.
There are a number of benefits with the new topology shown in Figure 7; no high voltages are present when the vehicle is stationary (lower skilled maintenance personnel and first accident responders needed) and better optimisation of cost and mass as shown in the analysis paragraphs.
4. Theory/Calculation
4.1. Reference Design
For cost, heat flow and mass comparisons, a reference design for a car is chosen with the following characteristics:
1) Peak vehicle power 200 kW;
2) Four-wheel drive;
3) Peak battery voltage per phase of 600 V (at nominal battery voltage);
4) Giving a battery phase current of 28 A average.
The design is evaluated at these key points in the operating envelope:
1) Hill climb, where torque is modulated at near zero motor speed;
2) Maximum converter fundamental frequency taken as 250 Hz, (4 ms per rev for single pole);
3) Maximum rate of acceleration, zero to full speed in 10 seconds.
The waveform is closely controlled, with one module operating in pulse width modulation (PWM) designated the Module In Control (MIC). Other modules are either in the "off" (short circuit state) or "on" (full battery voltage) state.
4.2. Target Costs
In order to normalise cost calculations, Table 1 shows various configurations. Using Li-Ion cells with a nominal 3.6 V per cell, the bottom two rows of Table 1 shows a how the Power Electronics UK automotive challenge targets for the year 2035 of 50 kW/kg and $3/kW (peak power) relate to the reference car design and is used as the target costs in subsequent calculations. It should be noted that the higher the number of cells in each module in the cascade, the higher the cost and weight target and the fewer modules needed per vehicle, although the overall cell count is the same. Also note that the table contains some rounding to allow an integer number of cells to be used. The I-Bridge configuration was only analysed for heat flow and rejected because of the power dissipation from the IGBT, as described in section 4.
4.3. PE Cost
As the cost of components changes over time, the baseline for cost comparisons was the £GBP price in quantities shown in the volume column in Table 2 as published in the last quarter 2018 by vendors such as Mouser, On-semiconductors and Digikey and are shown below. Costs are split into three main areas:
1) Power MOSFETs;
2) Balance of micro-electronics components (BEC);
3) Vehicle installation costs.
Table 1. Module cost targets.
Table 2. Comparison of various semiconductors based on the introduced figure of merit
Marked * are two devices in one package.
De-rating rules
There is a trade-off between the amount of de-rating, reliability and cost that is outside the scope of this paper.
A derating of 80% is assumed for the voltage of all semi-conductor devices and a maximum cell voltage of 4 V, i.e. 40 V devices can work with 8 cells and 80 V with 16 cells at 80% derating. Passive components were de-rated at 65%.
In order to obtain comparisons across different MOSFET voltages and on resistance, a figure of merit
is defined:
= maximum drain source voltage.
= on resistance at 25˚C in mΩ;
£ = volume cost as defined in the cost column.
A higher
is better and means that the device has a lower contribution to system cost.
calculation is shown in Table 2. The volume column shows the "numbers off" for the price shown in the cost column (where known). Neglecting BEC, the IRLS3034PbF has the highest
at 70.6 but at only 40 V
. At the higher voltages, the NVMFS6H801N at an
= 44.2 performs best.
The TO220 packages require through-hole mountings increasing assembly and hence BEC costs. The other packages are surface mounted at a lower cost but require a more detailed analysis of heat flow as the copper plane forms an integral part of calculations, as described in later sections.
For the I-Bridge configuration, high voltage transistors are required for the uni-polar H-bridge completion circuit shown in Figure 3. An IGBT gives the best performance for the completion circuit. Table 3 gives a selection of IGBT costs. Each phase would require 4 IGBTs, 48 per vehicle. This option was not taken any further due to the relatively high heat dissipation (see section 4) requiring liquid cooling or expensive air-cooled heat sinks.
4.3.1. Balance of Electronic Components
The Balance of Electronic Components (BEC) costs comprise the following:
1) MOSFET drivers (For the topology in Figure 3 right, IGBT drivers are also needed);
2) Micro-controller (if required);
3) Module power supply;
4) Isolated communications circuitry;
Table 3. Comparison of IGBT completion circuit costs.
5) Bare printed circuit board (PCB) cost per module is estimated at £0.50 for most options;
6) Assembly costs per module estimated at £0.50 for most options;
7) Miscellaneous costs calculated as 10% of the costs of 1 to 6.
4.3.2. Module Configuration Options
The four-module configuration options chosen are summarised in Table 4, overall motor control function of Figure 7 is derived from series connected H bridges in Figure 3. There are a multitude of components on the market that would accomplish the BEC function. Each option affects the detail of the system design with merits and de-merits and so a high-level analysis using selected options are shown. Finally, an Application Specific IC (ASIC) design is proposed with a set of requirements needed to meet the 2035 targets. Each option is described in more detail in section 18.104.22.168.
The possibility of an MMC [4] configuration, Figure 2 whereby each cell has its own power MOSFETs was explored, however, the current range of MOSFET devices is not optimised for low voltage and hence the costs of this configuration are much higher so the option was not pursued.
Inter-module communication (Coms)
As the battery negative of each module varies with the output wave form, any communications (coms) between modules must be isolated. There are several methods available to do this.
1) Coms via the power lines;
2) Wireless;
3) Near field;
4) Opto-isolation;
a) For direct PWM control
b) For communications via a serial coms line
5) Capacitor isolation with suitable communications protocol;
6) Silicon dioxide isolation layer.
The choice of coms will affect the suitability of each option and so is included early in the analysis. Coms via the power lines may be subject of a later paper. The various driver isolation performances have been evaluated in these references [11] [12] [13] [14] . In terms of cost and mass: coms 4a would require at
Table 4. Module format options considered.
*Coms = the method of communications considered.
least 2 wires per module from the central controller to each module; 24 in total adding to vehicle installation cost and was not considered further for a production version. The minimum coms cost is dependent on the BOC chosen and is dealt with in each option below.
Option O1
An example of an O1 implementation is shown in Figure 8. Coms are very low bandwidth comprising Module in command (MIC), Voltage (V) and frequency (F) demand.
Control can be performed by devices such as the MC33033 (normally used for "brushless DC" motors), have a high level of integration and the ability to drive High and Low side 3 phases H bridges if required. Such devices operate by comparing the demanded voltage versus winding current on two phases, and control current in an analogue feedback loop from rotor position sensors. Although potentially a cheap solution, this option was not pursued as it was deemed unsuitable for larger automotive traction motors.
Option O2
A typical arrangement for O2 is shown in Figure 9. A centralised motor controller senses all three-phase currents and compares with the demanded torque from the vehicle control. Using a standard motor control algorithm [15] , Motor Control sends information to each module to generate the appropriate voltage waveform.
The Data Bus sends duty cycle time from Motor Control to each module and the modules return their internal battery state of charge (SOC). A simple
Figure 8. Option 1 module schematic.
Figure 9. Option 2 configuration.
Table 5. Costs for option 2 split into 8 and 16 cell derivatives.
microcontroller computes the SOC for each battery and communicates with the Motor Control via the Data Bus.
The system cost is compared with the targets computed earlier and as can be seen from Table 5, the 16 cell configuration is closest to the target but still 221% above target cost.
Option O3
By incorporating all the control elements into each module and with common software, the motor control unit of Figure 9 can be removed to save cost. In this option we assume that a more powerful microcontroller can code coms signals using Manchester or similar techniques so that inter-module communications is via simple capacitor isolation, thus removing the need for expensive isolators as shown in Table 6. Again the 16-cell configuration is cheaper at 203% above target cost.
The target EV market is very large making the viability of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) possible. An outline system drawing for an ASIC option is shown in Figure 10.
The ASIC would contain the MOSFET drivers, power supplies, battery management and encoding for the inter-module coms link via low-cost capacitors C4, C5, C6, each 1 nF costs are shown in Table 7. The ASIC cost is based on confidential discussions with a large silicon IC supplier, based on their previous experience the £1.50 cost in very large volume quoted should be achievable. Indeed, large volume manufacturers can negotiate ASIC prices, so the figures below are likely to be an upper price bound.
Table 6. Costs for option 3 split into 8 and 16 cell derivatives.
Figure 10. ASIC outline design.
The 16-cell design provides the lowest cost and is below the target. Additionally, all the individual cell management features are included, further reducing system cost. An outline ASIC design is shown in Figure 11 and was used to assess the ASIC cost.
4.4. Heat Flow
Heat management calculations assume that the entire lower surface of the combined battery pack/PE assembly is made from 3 mm thick aluminium plate that
Table 7. ASIC costs for 16 cell derivative.
Figure 11. Outline ASIC design used for cost comparisons.
acts as both battery housing and a surface from which the heat is dissipated to ambient air. A reference air speed of 30 m/s (near the speed limit on an up-hill motorway) is assumed in computing the convective thermal resistance from aluminium to ambient. It is assumed air is drawn through rectangular ducts of height 50 mm and width 300 mm. For all MOSFETs a PCB copper track is added to the drain in a configuration shown in Figure 12 and H-Bridge placement in Figure 13. It is conservatively assumed that all the heat flow is passed via the metallised drain terminal (shown in grey, Figure 14) and none through the top of the package. The parameters used are: for the MOSFET = NTMFS6H800N data sheet [16] and thermally conductive adhesive = AS1803 [17] .
The four H-Bridge MOSFETs are shown in Figure 13, the grey areas are the metallised drain and black the epoxy case.
This value is so close to the value for the thermally conducting silicone filler that it was assumed that the filler covers the entire underside, and hence the effect of Td was ignored.
Each copper square has an area of 2 cm2 and the aluminium plate 80 × 40 mm with uniform air flow in the direction indicated by the arrows.
The thermal resistance from MOSFET to ambient is given by:
Figure 12. Physical component structure, showing heat flow elements (cross-section representation).
Figure 13. Transparent view of the H-Bridge layout of SO-8FL MOSFET packages. Dimensions shown are in mm.
where the thermal resistances are:
device (junction) to case = 0.75˚C/W (from data sheet);
average resistance from case to copper;
copper through filler,
filler to Aluminium plate and
is the convective thermal resistance from the aluminium plate to ambient.
At full power and Ron typical = 2.1 Ω at 28 A average with i2R = 1.6 Wth thermal per device gives 3.3 Wth per H-bridge, (Wth = heat flow in Watts thermal.) with a junction temperature of 25˚C. At the working junction temperature Ron = 4.2 Ω giving 6.6 Wth of heat.
wcu = width of the copper layer = 70 μm;
wal = width of aluminium casing = 3 mm;
Acu = area of the copper underneath each MOSFET = 2 cm2.
Metal thermal resistances were evaluated using a worst-case approximation as shown in Figure 14.
The central grey area is assumed to be at a uniform temperature, and the arrows length L show half the distance from this central region to the metal periphery.
where T is the metal thickness and W is the width of the upper (grey) metal. The beneficial effects of the outer 4 squares are ignored, so there are 4 thermal paths in parallel hence the 0.25 constant.
For the copper layer ρCu = 401 W/m∙K, L = 1.675 W = 4 T = 0.075 mm giving
For the filler layer, ρF = 2 W/m∙K.
L = 1, W = 4 T = 3 mm giving
and aluminium ρAl = 237 W/m∙K.
L= 8, W = 28 T= 3 mm giving
Figure 14. Heat flow approximation.
Thermal resistance from MOSFET junction to aluminium plate = 5.2 C/W.
Thermal resistance from plate to air was computed assuming a duct with fully developed flow (being the worst-case condition). Input data is shown in Table 8 and results in Table 9.
At 30 m/s h = 91.3 W/m2K and assuming the convective surface is a square of 40 mm × 40 mm,
Total thermal resistance from junction to air is therefore 12 C/W and with 6.6Wth gives a junction temperature of 139˚C under the assumed worse case condition at 40˚C ambient temperature. This is well within the maximum of 175˚C quoted in the NTMFS6H800N data sheet.
4.4.2. I-Bridge Completion Circuit
Heat flow per device is given by:
Table 8. Duct input data used in computations.
Table 9. Results of air flow thermal analysis.
Where Re = Reynolds number; NuD = Nusselt number; h = the average thermal conductivity; using the Dittus Boelter [18] method.
where VCEsat is the transistor saturation voltage at the average current Iav.
For the STGP15H60DF IGBT, this give a heat flow of 22.4 W. As this would require a significant heat sink, and nullify some of the benefits of the concept, this option was not taken any further.
4.5. Mass
In order to make mass comparisons, the following assumptions were made:
1) Module interconnections were excluded as conventional systems also require battery interconnects.
2) Because the interconnections are dual function, current/heat spreader no allowance is made for heat management off the PCB.
3) PE aluminium casing (the passive heat sink) is excluded.
4) Battery management connections are excluded.
5) Only PCB and component masses are included.
A PCB for option O2a (the best non-ASIC solution) was built (this being typical of all the options) and weighed at 35 g. A mock-up of an ASIC PCB weighed 5 g. There are 10 modules per phase and 4 motors in the reference design giving 120 modules in total, the mass is shown in Table 10 and it can be seen that the ASIC solution is nearly 7 times lighter than the target and assuming air cooling.
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Cost and Mass
A number of system configuration options were designed to compute overall costs and compared with the 2035 target costs to give a percentage of target as summarised in Table 11. Devices currently available for BEC tend to be cheaper for system voltages up to 40 V (8 cells), above that costs increase due to considerations in the basic silicon design. However, it is clear from the results that the reductions are insufficient to offset the increased number of modules required
Table 10. Mass comparison with target (2035 target = 50 kW/kg, number of modules = 120).
Table 11. Cost summary across options.
for the lower voltage modules. In all cases the 16-cell option gives the cheaper overall system cost.
In the ASIC option, the PCB and assembly costs are reduced as the components are minimal so saving costs. In addition, the ASIC contains all the BMS circuitry further reducing system costs below and beyond the 2035 cost targets.
5.2. General Discussion
So far, this paper has concentrated on the impact of CHB on the vehicle. CHB has many other benefits external to the vehicle; under certain circumstances, battery charging can be from single or three-phase mains, DC low impedance source (for example a fast charger) and Photovoltaic arrays (PV) [19] . There is also considerable interest in using vehicle batteries for mains grid stabilisation [20] .
If the minimum battery voltage is greater than the peak mains voltage and the CHB is synchronised with the mains, then batteries can be charged with single or three-phase supplies without the need for additional chargers. In addition, if the software includes MPPT algorithms, then batteries can be charged directly from PV cells as long as the PV array voltage is higher than an individual module voltage.
Wide use of CHB would then remove the need for external chargers and enable more rapid adoption in developing countries where mains supplies are sporadic but there is plenty of sunlight for PV vehicle charging. These country wide cost reductions would make a significant contribution to EV uptake.
This paper has only concentrated on traction control of EV motors, vehicle also has to power ancillaries. There are many techniques available to do this but are outside the scope of this paper.
6. Conclusions
Electric Vehicles are seen as a major contributor to reducing carbon emissions and hence global warming. The Power ElectronicsUK Automotive Challenge road map outlines reductions in cost and mass for the power electronics that control EV motors as on driver for longer range and hence quickening EV uptake. This paper has shown that from a cost and mass perspective of the vehicle alone, CHB can meet the 2035 targets with a special ASIC. Design houses quote about 18 months to 2 years to make prototype ASICs, meaning that a solution could be available in 2023 if funds were made available, 12 years earlier than the target date. Additionally, vehicle installation is simpler due to passive cooling, EV range is increased due to the higher efficiency of CHB and power electronics in external charging facilities are not required reducing off-vehicle costs by more than an order of magnitude.
The paper shows that the new topology itself reduces mass and cost becoming even more beneficial when the effects of cooling systems are removed.
We thank The Power Electronics UK Automotive Challenge network funded by EPSRC for this work through the BIPED feasibility study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


text: A dynamic duo in the ranks of the Gujarat Fortunegiants, Sachin Tanwar and Parvesh Bhainswal complement each other's techniques to floor the opponent. Even though their vivo Pro Kabaddi journey began a season apart, their kabaddi journey started together in the junior nationals! Get to know more about their shared interests, friendship over the years, and much more!


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Each page is broken down into easy-to-see color charts, organized by food groups. For example, if you're in the produce section, scroll to the Vegetables and Fruits pages and easily see which foods to purchase and which to avoid!
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The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or treatment. You should consult with a health care professional before starting any diet, exercise, or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. You should not stop taking any medication without first consulting your physician.
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Enhance the clarity and extraction quality of your Bellman espresso brews with the addition of their optional paper filters.
Sized and cut to fit the Bellman Espresso Maker & Steamer brew basket, the addition of these paper filters can help produce a cleaner body and flavour profile while also promoting greater extraction evenness and yield. Simply rinse and place the filter above and/or below your coffee bed to explore even greater depths of your coffee.
Available in increments of 20 or 100 oxygen-bleached paper filters.
Oxygen-bleached paper filters; cut to size to fit CX25/CX25P brew basket.
Made in Taiwan
Since 1984, Bellman has been dedicated to the design and production of high-quality coffee brewing equipment. Particularly renowned for their classic stovetop espresso & cappuccino makers—and the home barista favourite stovetop steamer—they manufacture and test each and every unit for quality from their headquarters in Taiwan before sending on to be enjoyed by coffee lovers everywhere.


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My question to all who reads this piece is, What can we do to bring HBCU programs and schools back to the top? In a beautiful written piece by theUndefeated's Donavan Dooley, "Transferring to Power 5 schools is a path to the pros for HBCU basketball players" gives insight to what makes a HBCU player leave his HBCU for a PWI. The answer is exposure. HBCUs do not get the exposure they deserve. Most HBCU games are not televised to the masses like their PWI counter parts. One most of the players in the article liked the HBCU atmosphere but because of the lack of exposure, many top players leave.
Final on the Highest Of 7 Hills!#FAMU– 31 SSU- 13 Rattlers Win! Rattlers Win! Rattlers Win!#FAMUly #BloodSweatandTears #FAMUFootball #Willienium pic.twitter.com/ROgBqamla0— Penalty Talk (@PenaltyTalk) September 23, 2018
What would it take for HBCU Sports programs to get recognized?
In the world we live today, major sports programs in college are Alabama, Oklahoma, Clemson for football and North Carolina, Duke, Syracuse for major basketball, but what about the other programs in major college athletics. For quiet some time now, we have come accustom to these teams being labeled the cream of the crop, getting sponsorship deals and major t.v. time. It's almost guaranteed these programs will get the best athletes coming out of high school year in and year out. But why? Most of the players on these teams are, let's just say it, black. For many years, Black athletes could not play for any of these programs let alone go to the school. So what changed. Back in the 60s, southern teams began to integrate their athletic programs mainly because schools in the north and in the west had started to recruit black athletes. These athletes were faster and more athletic to say the least. Two of the biggest schools at the time Auburn and Alabama, had a decision to make. Before 1968, neither team had an black player. After USC crushed Alabama 42-21, coach Bear Bryant knew he had to change or Alabama as we know it today would have probably never existed. Before desegregation of collegiate sports, most Black players went to HBCUs. Many of the greatest athletes ever in sports attended an HBCU. Jerry Rice, the greatest wide receiver of all-time, attended Mississippi Valley State. Even the great Shannon Sharpe attended HBCU Savannah State. The Brown vs The Board of education had a severe impact on HBCUs academically and athletically. This decision at the time did not seem as if it would change HBCUs too much, but it did. Because of the Brown decision, more black students began to attend predominantly white institutions or PWI's. Many HBCUs felt this change in student population on both the field and in the classrooms. The best and brightest athletes who were black no longer considered HBCUs because they believe their road to success was at an PWI. Now in 2018, the Brown vs Board decision is still being felt 64 years later. Most recently, North Carolina A&T, arguably the best HBCU football program in the country suffered their first loss after winning 15 straight games. NC A&T had beaten a few FBS programs along their journey of 15 consecutive wins. Most would applaud the streak, but some wonder if it will have a bigger affect on the perception of HBCU programs. Many reporters and athletic programs view HBCU athletics as second their to the Alabama's and the national powers. One top high school recruit, who is rated in the top-10 by most, visited FAMU. FAMU is arguably one of the top-3 HBCU schools in the country. Their band is second to none. The highly recruited player conceded the MEAC team because of how the feel of the community at the school was. Like most players, the only thing that drags them away from playing at a HBCU is the their goal of playing in the pros. Whether it's football or basketball, many players choose PWI's because the knowledge they will have a better chance at going pro.


text: Complete with all mint stamps and miniature sheets inserted inside book. Smoke and pet free home. The item "GB Royal Mail Year Book Special Stamps 2016 Complete With Mint Stamps" is in sale since Monday, August 23, 2021. This item is in the category "Stamps\Great Britain\Presentation Packs".The seller is "mun2431c" and is located in Surrey. This item can be shipped to all countries in Europe, United States, Canada.


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Moses Malone will go down in history as one of the most under-appreciated players the NBA has ever seen. Malone was found dead in his bed on Sunday at the age of 60. He leaves behind a long legacy as one of the greatest NBA players of all time.
Moses Malone was 60 years old. Found in bed this morning after appearance in Va. miss you Moses, but will always have memories. #Sixers
— Howard Eskin (@howardeskin) September 13, 2015
Malone was the first player to go straight to the professional ranks out of high school. He played 20 seasons in the NBA and helped lead the Philadelphia 76ers to the 1983 championship where he was named Finals MVP. He was named to the All-Star team 12 times and averaged 20.6 points and 12.2 rebounds over his career. He ranks eighth on the NBA's all-time scoring list with 27,409 points.
Malone spent three seasons in Atlanta as a member of the Hawks helping them to 52 wins during the 1989 season. He played in 244 games for the Hawks averaging 16.5 points and 10.0 rebounds per game.


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I was asked by a young convert once, when they would be able to enjoy the new Heaven and the new Earth spoken of in Revelation. I believe that before that can come to pass, a great change must come about in our lives. One of these first changes must be, or rather should be, a new heart and a new spirit, before any can have a part in the new Heaven and the new Earth. Ezekiel 36: 26, "A new heart also will I give you…." I believe God wants to give us a new heart when He looks down and sees our old heart, a place He cannot dwell in. What sort of heart did we have before the gospel touched us? We could have had a proud heart, a fearful heart, or a double heart. But now God can change our heart; instead of giving us a proud heart, He takes it away and gives us a humble heart. Instead of a double heart, He gives us a single heart; instead of a deceitful heart, He gives us a pure heart. God changes our hearts so His work can be done in us.
I believe that is the first step God takes in making us fit for that New Heaven and New Earth. Then He says, "I will give you a new heart and a new spirit." If God doesn't give us a new heart, there isn't much hope we'll ever enjoy the new Heaven or new Earth.
2nd Corinthians 5:17, "Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature; old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new." So isn't that the next step God takes to change our hearts? We have become like Paul says, "a new creature in Christ Jesus." All the old things have passed away and everything has become new. When we look back, we can see that all the old things have passed away and everything has become new.
I remember young converts asking me why they couldn't do this, or that, and the other thing. Why couldn't they do them? Well friends, we can do them. We can do just as we please, there's no law against it, but if our human nature is not changed, and these old things have not passed away and become new, it shows us this old nature of ours is still with us and God hasn't been able to do anything with our lives.
In Revelation 3, another new thing is mentioned that God will give us. The 12th verse says, "Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I shall write unto him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name." I love that thought of God, that after He has changed us and given us a new heart and a new spirit, He wants to give us a new name, too. We often think of a bride and a bridegroom. On the wedding day, the bride signs her name for the last time, for she now belongs to her bridegroom. The bridegroom takes away her old name, just the same as God does when He gives His name to His bride.
There are many sects and parties and creeds in the world today, and each one wants to have their own name. Go back to the tower of Babel. Didn't the people say, "Let us make us a name?" Someone said to us in Ceylon, "You're just like a dog without a collar. You have no owner and you have no name." Didn't God say He would give us a new name? Revelation 3:12, "Him that overcometh." When I look back and see all the things that God gives us, we have every reason to rejoice. The world looks upon God's children differently and asks, "Who do you belong to?" The world will never know it's His people who have this new name given to them. He gives His name to us when we become new creatures in Christ Jesus. Our name belongs to Him. I believe you may sometimes have difficulty explaining this new name when you go to the hospital, etc. Just remember, we bear the name of our Father.
Hebrews 8:10 speaks of a new worship. "For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel up to those days …… I will put my laws into their minds and write them in their hearts." Now I have often thought of this as the new worship. After God gives us a new name, He gives us a new worship. How wonderful what this way of God has changed for us. Things that the world looks upon today, these little meetings and conventions, etc., is the way God has planned and has blessed. Isn't it also good when we realize that and we come together? We all know the Lord. I remember going to a church and thinking that the only man who stood knew the Lord. God said He would write His laws on their hearts. There would be no need for any other man to teach these things to us.
I think it is Peter who speaks about the new heaven and the new earth. We according to His promise look for the new heavens and the new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness. I noticed that the word heavens is used here and not heaven. I have often wondered about that verse and why it says the new heavens, and not the new heaven? When I thought about this, I believed that heaven is only a supply base for the earth we live on. Take away heaven, and how long would the Earth exist? It wouldn't exist for two minutes. I feel that is a little picture of God destroying the earth one day — heaven will be destroyed, for God will have no more use of it. He will make a new heaven and a new supply base.
What about the new heaven and new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness? What about it, the new earth God gives to the righteous? We can turn to Revelation 21:2, "And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband." I love to think of that picture John saw that day. He saw God letting down from heaven something that encouraged him. He also said in verse 1, "…. there was no more sea. When he said he saw no more sea, I believe he saw no more death and no more mystery. From heaven, he saw the New Jerusalem, a bride adorned for her husband. I don't know whether you have ever noticed that in this chapter and the next chapter seven things are mentioned that will be no more. There will be no more death, no sorrow and crying, no pain, no more night, no more tears and no more curses. These things are of this old earth and are not of the new that God wants for His people. These are the things that help us enjoy what God is giving us.
There was another thing I noticed about the New Jerusalem which came down from heaven adorned as a bride for her husband. There is lots of preparation before a bride can meet her bridegroom, and aren't we preparing for that day when we, too, will appear before our Bridegroom, Jesus Christ.
Then I enjoyed thinking of that building in the city of the New Jerusalem. It speaks of the foundation first and the precious stones. It says that the apostles are the foundation. When I think of those precious stones, I think first of their gathering, of the miner going out and collecting those precious stones from the earth to put into the foundation. When a miner goes out to gather these precious stones, he has more to do than just find them, he must cut and polish and chisel them. That is the foundation God builds upon. Our foundation is a beautiful foundation — it is wonderful.
Then I noticed it says that the gates were pearls, each gate having several pearls. Each was the same. In Ceylon, there are many real pearls. A lady once had a fine collection of jewelry, which she showed me. I asked her about her pearls and how she procured them. Sometimes, just a little grain of sand gets into an oyster shell and causes the oyster to suffer. It puts out a little secretion around that grain of sand to protect it and it forms a precious pearl. The pearl is formed because the oyster suffers. Just a little grain of sand brings suffering to an oyster. Jesus went through a great deal of suffering before He became the Pearl of great Price. In New Jerusalem, there are pearly gates. This gate is like Jesus, there is no other gate that goes into that city. He is the only One and there is no other.
It also says that the city will be measured by a reed. Jerusalem will be measured by Christ, just as the friends will be measured by Him on that great eternal morn. We're told the city's dimension is 1500 miles square. Not only is it square, but its length, breadth and height are equal. That is far beyond our comprehension. New Jerusalem will be measured by the Golden Reed, by Christ. There is no Temple, either. We do not look for any temples here. The world continues to look for temples yet the new Jerusalem has no temple or light. Its Temple is God, and its light is God.
As I thought upon that city, I thought of its dependency upon God. Its supply base is the new heaven, you might say, because it comes from God. Can we think of adding anything else? God will supply that city completely.
Nothing is mentioned of any food in this city, so I don't think it's necessary. Our place is in that city, whose builder and maker is God. I feel its new supply base might be God and God alone who gives us a place in His kingdom.
Unless we have this new spirit and new heart, this new name and new covenant and new worship in this new way, we will have no place in this new earth and new heaven, wherein dwelleth the righteous.
I would like to one day have a part in this new Earth and new heaven. May God see us preparing for that place now. I pray each will stand the test. I also pray that we are building on that foundation of the prophets, for God is its light, He is the Temple and He is the supplier of it. God will judge us accordingly on that great eternal morn.


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Tonian Period
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- Related Topics:
- Cryogenian Period Neoproterozoic Era
Tonian Period, earliest of the three periods of the Neoproterozoic Era, extending from 1 billion to approximately 720 million years ago. It immediately followed the Stenian Period of the Mesoproterozoic Era (which lasted from 1.2 billion to 1 billion years ago) and was succeeded by the Cryogenian Period (approximately 720 million to approximately 635 million years ago). The starting and ending points of the interval were defined arbitrarily, with the end date roughly corresponding to the onset of the first recorded glacial episode after the (equally arbitrary) date of 750 million years ago.
The Tonian Period marked the last interval of relative inactivity of the planet's atmosphere and geology. Earth's landmasses were consolidated into a single supercontinent called Rodinia at the beginning of the Stenian Period. However, near the end of the Tonian Period, the supercontinent began to rift and break apart. In addition, Earth's atmosphere was largely devoid of oxygen during the interval, according to evidence gathered from chromium isotopes in rock. Concentrations of atmospheric oxygen seem to have begun to rise during the interval, increasing to 1 percent relative to present-day concentrations sometime between 900 million and 800 million years ago.
The ancestors of green algae and seaweed first appeared as unicellular and primitive multicellular forms near the end of the Tonian Period. Scientists suggest that these organisms survived the end-Tonian glaciation in isolated habitats on the seafloor before diversifying during the Cryogenian Period.


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46th Annual Fair on the Square and Run for the Books
January 9, 2020 @ 8:00 am - 5:00 pm| Free to spectators
Enjoy a charming small-town fair in rural Buchanan, Georgia around a restored landmark courthouse. Games, entertainment, local crafts and food, food, food. Local artist and vendors from around the southeast gather to give you their best in food, gifts ,and entertainment.
Parade at noon.
Annual 5K Run for the Books (Friends of the Library)
Library Book Sale
Arts & Crafts
Lots of Great Food
Live Entertainment
Sponsored by the Haralson County Historical Society and Friends of the Library
Join us for our annual Run for the Books 5K with all proceeds going to benefit the work of the Buchanan-Haralson Public Library. We have a 5K registration starting at 7:30 am and the run beginning at 8:30 am. Participants of all ages and experiences are welcome to attend. All pre-registered participants are guaranteed a t-shirt. Payment should be made at the library.


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Milk Alternatives for Toddlers
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As per the 'old-school' way of parenting, giving cow's milk or buffalo's milk to toddlers is common, especially in India. Whenever a mother decides to wean her baby off breast milk, she is usually suggested to introduce cow's milk as the main drink to her toddler, and for good reasons, of course. Milk is known to strengthen the bones and teeth in children and is a very nutritious drink. But many new parents today consider giving milk alternatives to their kids for various reasons. And medical reasons might make milk alternatives necessary, however, the worry of balanced nutrition is pretty real in parents' minds. Not every milk alternative can provide the same nutrition that a child can get from cow's milk, but if you have to give milk alternatives to your child for one reason or the other, find out what milk alternatives would be the best.
When to Give Milk Alternatives to Your Child
Doctors usually suggest milk alternatives for toddlers with allergies or lactose intolerance. Kids who are allergic to milk proteins or are lactose intolerant may have trouble synthesizing the nutrition present in the milk, and can even face various side effects. In these cases, parents may have no choice but to give milk alternatives to their toddlers.
Best Milk Alternatives for Toddlers
Today, you will find a range of options in milk alternatives to choose from and it can be difficult for you to decide which would be the best for your child. Each alternative has some benefits to offer over traditional milk, but they are not a complete solution and might fall short in different ways. We have suggested some milk alternatives for toddlers (with their pros and cons to help you make an informed choice), which you can consider after checking with your child's paediatrician.
1. Rice Milk
This type of milk is a popular milk that is derived from the grains of rice.
For children who suffer from numerous allergies and are susceptible to reactions from different types of milk, rice milk is the safest option in that regard. There are extremely rare chances of any child developing any allergy towards rice milk. Furthermore, the majorly neutral taste that it has allows it to be used in various preparation as well.
Rice milk doesn't have any particular taste as such and hence kids may throw tantrums when rice milk is offered to them. At the same time, when compared with the same quantities of other milk alternatives, rice milk has a far larger amount of carbohydrates but quite a low amount of fat and proteins.
2. Coconut Milk
Coconut milk is a popular option in India. Coconut milk is acquired from grating and pulping a matured coconuts.
Coconut milk is a great choice for kids who suffer from traditional milk allergies. This creamy milk is rich in calcium, magnesium, and manganese.
While coconut milk is rich in fats and other vitamins, the proportion of proteins and calcium in its constitution is not as much as it should be, when compared with the traditional milk. This can put kids at a risk of deficiency, which makes it necessary to complement the intake of coconut milk with other sources that provide the missing elements.
3. Almond Milk
A highly prized type of milk-based on plant sources, almond milk, is generally obtained by blending almonds and water.
The ease of preparation of almond milk is the greatest advantage it brings. If you want to give it to your child, you should give homemade almond milk.
Since the only source of nutrition in this milk is from almonds, there is a huge gap when it comes to satisfying the daily requirement of proteins and even saturated fats. While many commercial milk brands fortify their products with these elements, it becomes essential to complement them via other sources in the child's diet.
4. Soy Milk
Soy milk is one of the highest-selling and popular alternatives to traditional milk. Soybeans are soaked and ground together, then boiled and filtered to obtain the milk.
The popularity of this milk has made it the go-to choice for many people, and its ease of availability makes it easy to give it to your child at any point in time. The constitution of this milk is quite close to that of the traditional milk from the cow, which is why many families opt for using this milk in other preparation items as well.
Soy allergies are not unheard of, and if your child suffers from it as well, this milk will obviously be a bad choice. Although many brands fortify their soy milk products with calcium and Vitamin D, the amount of fortification may not be enough for your kid. Checking the value on the label should help you ascertain what's right for your child.
5. Lactose-Free Milk
By introducing an enzyme in traditional milk that helps break down that protein, lactose-free milk is obtained easily.
There is barely any difference between cow's milk and the lactose-free equivalent of it. The nutritional constitution is identical, and the taste is usually a tad sweeter than the original.
Many commercial brands market their milk products as "lactose-free" but make use of plant-based sources or other elements for the actual milk. Furthermore, this milk is not useful for children who are allergic to other elements present in the milk or are lactose-intolerant.
How to Decide Which Is the Best Milk Alternative for Toddlers
When deciding the right type of milk alternative for your little one, here are some factors you should keep in your mind.
- The nutritional requirement based on his age
- The typical diet of the child
- Financial choice of opting for fortified milk
Choosing among different milk alternatives for babies or toddlers should be governed by the very reason why you are opting for one. It is best to go with a choice that is as close as possible to the cow's milk. The best option would be consulting a nutritionist or doctor for the same and making the right choice for your child.
Also Read: How to Make your Child Drink Milk?


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Welcome to Bethesda Therapeutic Massage Center.
Are you in search of a non-pretentious atmosphere and a no-nonsense massage? Bethesda Therapeutic Massage Center is the place for you. For over 18 years, Bethesda Therapeutic Massage Center has been offering the best massage in town at an affordable price. At Bethesda Therapeutic Massage Center, our skilled therapists can ease away tension and soreness, help reduce stress, and improve well-being. We are conveniently located in Downtown Bethesda, MD right off the Wisconsin Ave. (MD355) at Montgomery Ave, Only 1 minute away from Public Parking Garage. Quality and personal attention. If you know you like Swedish, Deep Tissue, Sport, or any other specific technique, you are welcome to request it when you book - at no additional charge. So rather than suggesting a simple Swedish or even a more advanced Deep Tissue session, we encourage clients to come in and tell therapist how they are feeling that day. Armed with that knowledge the therapist can create a session that draws on a range of techniques, each used where it is most appropriate.


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A few days after Ice Universe teased an upcoming Vivo smartphone with a curved glass display and a screen-to-body ratio of "over 100%," Oppo has begun showing images and photos of a phone that appears to have a similar design.
That's not surprising, since Oppo and Vivo are both subsidiaries of Chinese tech company BBK.
Anyway, Oppo's "Waterfall Screen" wraps around the sides of of a phone, allowing the screen to extend to the sides of the device. This isn't a brand new idea — Samsung started offering "Edge" series phones with curved displays way back in 2014. But Oppo's version stands out for a few reasons.
First, Oppo's iteration features significantly slimmer top and bottom bezels. And second, Oppo's waterfall display curves at an 88 percent angle, making the part that wraps around the sides almost perpendicular to the front.
Whether this is useful remains to be seen. Literally.
Sure, the design would allow phones to have physically larger displays and higher screen-to-body ratios. But it's not like you can view the front, left side, and right side all at once — so I'm not entirely sure that this type of display gives you much more usable space.
One possibility is that Oppo or other phone makers could use the sides for touch-sensitive buttons, eliminating the need for physical power and volume buttons. Buttons could also change depending on the context — if you're playing a game in landscape mode, for example, the top left and right corners could work as shoulder buttons.
But I'm not sure I'd want to watch videos, look at pictures, or read websites that wrap around the display.
So I guess the utility of waterfall-style screens may depend on how device makers adopt software to take advantage of them. We'll likely see a number of implementation sin the coming months.
Ice Universe reports Huawei, Vivo, Oppo, and Xiaomi may all be working on devices with similar displays.
Taking borderless smartphone innovation to new heights, we're thrilled to give you a first look at 'Waterfall Screen' technology. 🤯
What do you think the screen-to-body ratio is on this prototype? 😏 pic.twitter.com/99AQKh9ZgH
— OPPO (@oppo) July 29, 2019