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|Roman Republican Coins and Books by Andrew McCabe
PRORAE and the CORVUS The Roman boarding bridge on Prow Bronzes. Antonio Morello
PRORAE - The first Punic war and the victory of Gaius Duilius
PRORAE - What Polybius wrote on the Corvus
PRORAE - The later first Punic war, naval upsets, and ship design
PRORAE - The Corvus on Roman Republican bronzes
PRORAE - The First Punic War, Gaius Duilius, the First Aes Grave Prow Bronzes of the Roman Republic, and the CORVUS or boarding bridge of the Romans.A web-essay by Antonio Morello
© Antonio Morello, 2012
In this web-essay I wish to outline some key points from my book PRORAE, La Prima Prua di Nave sulle Monete della Repubblica Romana, Origine di un simbolo imperituro del potere di Roma, un inno a Caio Duilio; Antonio Morello, Liberia Classica Editrice Diana, 2008.
The main purpose of the book PRORAE has been to make some new proposals for the types and dating of the aes grave series RRC 35, with the support of coins reviewed in a census taken over the last few years in addition to the corpus of Haeberlin. I will show that the series RRC 35 was produced shortly after 260 BC (in fact in 258 BC).
The first Punic war and the victory of Gaius Duilius
Before 260 BC Rome had few ships. Only for the first time, in 260 BC, Rome became involved in a naval engagement of some importance, with Mediterranean implications. From that date Rome became aware that she had the potential capacity, and opportunity for expansion, in the Mediterranean through use of a military fleet, and that she could be competitive with the strategic alliance game-playing of that time. The conquest of Antium, the establishment of Duumviri Navales in 311 BC (extraordinary officers appointed for the equipping of a fleet), the sporadic reports of raids along the coast of Campania, and of ships passing in front of Tarentum, were not by themselves sufficiently newsworthy to induce the issue of coins with naval types (that is, in place of the regular aes grave types showing a wide variety of reverse designs that were issued from about 300 BC onwards).
However a link between the first prow bronzes, RRC 35 (above example, McCabe coll.) with Gaius Duilius, the Roman politician and admiral involved in the first Punic war, is strong. It is worth noting in detail the prow pictured on these coins. We see that over the fighting bridge there is always an object that is absent on the other similar representations on coins and ships of other Mediterranean countries . Polybius has sometimes been accused of exaggerating the facts in his stories, and has not been very reliable on numismatic details, but he has never been criticized for the technical and strategic aspects that he gave us. Writing in the second century BC, living among the aristocratic and military elite of Rome, and with access to archival material and veterans whom he could interview, he was in a position to describe military matters in great detail. This included weapon systems, such as the famous corvus, which was a long-remembered system that had become famous in the minds of the Romans. Gaius Duilius was well known for his brilliance in the use of this weapon, which by tradition allowed the Romans to defeat the Carthaginians in their first great naval battle, the battle of Mylae in 260 BC. For this reason, in my view the corvus must be the item depicted on the deck of the coins, on top of the fighting bridge. In fact I have attempted to prove this point technically, in my book PRORAE, and to show that the prow bronzes, from the aes grave series RRC 35 onwards, were designed to perpetuate this epochal event for the Romans.
After winning the battle of Mylae, with the help of this device, Gaius Duilius returned to Rome triumphant with a large amount of booty (as is stated on an inscription on a rostral column, which says that the booty was distributed to the people in the form of bronze money). In fact, two years later, in 258 BC, Gaius Duilius was appointed censor, which role also included the management of the wealth of the state (a position that lasted 5 years). It is likely that at that time he coined the spoils of the battle of Mylae, with the aes grave series showing a prow on the reverse. Gaius Duilius' colleague in the censorship was Lucius Cornelius Scipio, who in 259 BC also won a major naval battle in the sea of Sardinia against the Carthaginians. The type of Janus can also be linked to Gaius Duilius, and in fact he built the temple at the Forum Holitorium (vegetable, herb and oil market) to thank Janus. The largest denomination, the As of RRC 35, shows the Janus type.
A comparison with iconographic depictions of ships in the Mediterranean shows, in other places, almost the same type of ship that appears on the Roman coins, and at the same time (mid-third century BC), but, significantly, without the items on top of the fighting platform which I belive represent the corvus.
I would like to briefly digress on the subject of weight, because it helps to support a terminus-post-quem for the prow bronzes. RRC 35 was produced on a weight standard 240 scruples, which is consistent with the various aes grave series dated by Crawford in RRC to the first Punic war onwards. Aside from RRC 35 and RRC 36, both produced to a 240 scruple standard, other large volume, aes grave series had previously been produced at an average weight of 300 scruples (337 grams, RRC 18), 288 scruples (324 grams, RRC 14), and 240 scruples (270 grams, RRC 24, 25, 27, which are dated by Crawford in RRC from the first Punic war onwards). Marcus Terentius Varro wrote that the as weighed one pound, of 288 scruples, prior to the start of the first Punic war (264 BC). Perhaps this specification meant that before the first Punic war the pound weighed a different amount, or that Varro did not know how much it weighed. In my view, before 264 BC, the pound weighed 300 scruples. There is some evidence for this (the weight of the as of RRC 18 as well as the aes grave series of Luceria and Venosa. All are clearly heavier than the traditionally assumed Roman pound of 288 scruples. Dionysius of Halicarnassus also mentions this figure). In order to standardise its weight system so as to be interchangeable with other measures, in particular with those in Magna Graecia, I believe that Rome adopted the, now generally accepted, pound weighing 288 scruples after the Pyrrhic war, which was quite close to their prior standard of 300 scruples. Further discussion on this topic can be found in my book PRORAE on page 123, but the important point to note is the reduction in weight of the As from 288 scruples to 240 scruples from the first Punic war onwards, a point which is in agreement with Crawford's dating of the 240 scruple-weight aes grave series from 265 BC onwards.
What Polybius wrote on the Corvus
Later in this essay I will lay out the evidence for my views, but first, let us read the words of Polybius (Polybius, I, 22, 3-11, trans. H.T.Wallinga, The Boarding Bridge of the Romans, 1956). "Because their ships were inferior in build and slow-moving, someone suggested to them, as a help in the battle, the machines that afterwards were named 'corvus', of which the construction was like this: A round pole stood on the prow, four fathoms long and three palms in diameter. That pole had a tackle-block at the top. Round it was put up a ladder, on which cross-planks had been nailed, so the result was a gangway, four feet wide and six fathoms long. The aperture in the planking was oblong and it went round the pole right after the first two fathoms of the ladder. The gangway also had a railing along each of its long sides, as high as a man's knee. At its end something like a pointed pestle was attached, made of iron, at the upper end of which there was a ring, so that the whole looked like the machines used in the working of corn. To that ring was fastened a rope, with which, as soon as the ships charged, they raised the corvus by means of the tackle-block on the pole and dropped them on the deck of the enemy ship, sometimes forward, sometimes bringing them around to meet flank attacks. As soon as the corvus was fixed in the planks of the decks, and joined the ships together, if they met side-to-side they sprang on board from all sides, but if they met prow-to-prow, they made their attack over the corvus itself, two abreast. The men who led the way protected the front by holding up their shields, and those who followed covered the flanks by resting the rims of their shields on the railing. Having, then, adopted this device, they waited for an opportunity to give battle."
I now would like to give some specific extracts from my book PRORAE, which focus on the corvus as depicted on Roman coins.
PRORAE (page 34)
Medas, in La Marineria Cartginese, le Navi, gli Uomini, la Navigazione (2000), p. 198, often refers to 'Polybian exaggerations' in describing the battles of the First Punic War, while supporting the validity of some stories and justifying the reasons for the exaggerations in the uproar that the war caused to the Romans who had, for the first time, the ability to prevail at sea over the Carthaginians. The same scholar, referring to the 'corvus' and summarising his thoughts, considering also the views of other scholars, adds: "It is certainly true that the Carthaginians seemed excessively surprised when faced with this war machine, considering that other boarding systems had already existed for some time and were probably well known even to the Punic fleets". But we can hardly attribute to Polybius the construction of a completely fake story, accompanied by names, details and measures. It seems difficult to believe that Polybius would have drawn up a false narrative only a century later, given that the memory of the events of the first Punic War, including the victory of Gauis Duilius, occupied a very prominent place in the memory of the Roman people, and not only in the official historical records. We might speculate, however, that on this occasion Polybius has amplified reality, presenting what was a normal action of boarding as an extraordinary operation that left stunned even the most expert Carthaginian captains. The presence of the 'corvus' could be read as an absolute novelty by considering its most novel element. The real news, was perhaps, merely the fact that for the first time the new runways (the corvus) allowed for armed boarding parties to reach the enemy ship in a stable manner, with a maneuvering system that allowed for a more secure deployment than the previously used ladders.
The later first Punic war, naval upsets, and ship design
PRORAE (pages 37-38)
The naval victory of Mylae marked a memorable turning point in the history of Rome: "The Romans, contrary to all expectations, could conceive the hope of obtaining supremacy at sea" (Polybius, I, 24). The victory of Gaius Duilius made the Romans aware of the importance of having a competitive military fleet. By this time Rome had expended much energy in the preparation of military ships; the battles that followed allowed the Romans to gain experience so as to be able to seriously compete with Carthage. After Mylae, the Romans made naval expeditions to Sardinia and Corsica, where the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio defeated the Carthaginians in 259 BC. Then he made for Africa, facing the enemy fleet off Cape Ecnomus (location on the headland of the southwest coast of Sicily, near modern Licata) in the summer of 256 BC. According to Polybius (I, 26): "Even without being an eyewitness, but just hearing about, I felt affected by the severity of the battle and the extraordinary power that both cities demonstrated by fielding such a multitude of men and ships". This was the greatest naval battle ever recorded by the ancient history, both in the number of vessels involved (680, according to estimates by Polybius), and number of men on board (about 290,000). Even if the absolute numbers quoted by Polybius were probably exaggerated, this sea battle was considered in ancient times to have been one of the largest. The tactics adopted by the consuls Marcus Atilius Regulus and Lucius Manlius Vulso are described in detail by Polybius. In the end, the battle ended in favor of the Romans who lost 24 ships. They sank 30 enemy ships and captured, complete with crews, as many as 64, while no Roman ships fell into enemy hands.
The same year the Romans landed in Africa, achieving important successes, but, coming to Carthage, the Roman army was defeated and Atilius Regulus was captured . In 255 BC the Romans won another major naval battle at Cape Hermes. The winners went to Africa to collect the survivors of the expedition of 256 BC. When ships were in sight of the coast of Sicily they were caught by a storm of exceptional violence and of 364 ships, they were left with 80. Polybius said that "there is no example in history of a single maritime disaster more serious than this." In 254 BC the Romans took Panormus. At the beginning of 253 BC they attempted another expedition to Africa with 260 ships but on their return they were overtaken by a storm that caused a loss of more than 150 ships.
During this period, in the view of Polybius, the Romans had grown to consider themselves invincible at sea and thus acted irresponsibly. Their proud attitude went well against human opponents, but the Roman commanders did not listen to warning signs and inauspicious omens against the forces of nature, and thus chose to cross to Sicily to Africa "between the rising of Orion and Sirius" (Polybius, I,37).
The years that followed were not favorable to the Roman fleet: the suffered shipwrecks and even a defeat in Trapani. The high costs for construction of ships prompted the Senate to suspend construction, and limit the fleet size to only 60 units, in support of the army and to patrol the coast. The disastrous shipwrecks of these years caused more losses than in all the naval battles faced by the Romans in that war. The warships were built for the sole purpose of fighting, so a light weight was required for maneuverability. This meant that the submerged part of the hull was minimal, jeopardizing the stability. Furthermore, the heavy weight of the forward superstructure (the fighting platform including various combat forces and required armor, and perhaps also the corvus) compromised stability as well as maneuverability. Therefore, although these weapons may have been deadly in battle, they were a very bad arrangement for long voyages or in stormy seas.
In all likelihood the workers involved in the construction of ships, mindful of these negative experiences, built their ships as safe as possible, eliminating technical defects where they could, and reducing the weight of the forward structure, probably, among other things, eliminating the corvus, which now fell into disuse. The corvus, given its effectiveness in battle, might have been redesigned to make it lighter and more manageable, but it certainly disappeared over time. Pictures of ships on coins from the late second century BC onwards no longer show it.
The Corvus on Roman Republican bronzes
PRORAE (pages 68-69 and 71)
Consider the earlier illustrated example of a so-called libral as of RRC 35 with prow right (coll. McCabe), or indeed the above illustrated RRC 36 as with prow left (British Museum examples). You can see there is an instrument on top of the fighting platform that has, towards the rear of the ship, an inverted U-shaped object (on RRC 35) or a pin (on RRC 36). This instrument, iconographically unique, is represented on almost all the prow bronzes of the Roman Republic from the third and second centuries BC. It consists of a central part that on the coins is usually quadrangular in shape and sometimes has a triangular top, thus making it pentagonal. I illustrate two examples below, with and without the peak. To this element are apparently connected two bars. The one towards the stern is longer, and is always horizontal. The shorter bar at the prow end is sometimes portrayed at an angle. This object has hardly been considered before by scholars, however it is important, from a technical and numismatic point of view, because it also helps to define the terminus post quem of the earliest coins issued with the type of prow, the aes grave bronzes of RRC 35.
Some scholars have suggested other solutions. Zehnacker thinks it may be a capstan. But how can a capstan of this size, occupying the whole deck of the bow, in the highest part of the ship, that used for attacks on the enemy, be of such a large size in a ship designed to fight? Various weight reductions of the prow bronzes result in the depiction of the instrument becoming gradually more stylized, so that in the end it might be taken for a capstan, but the earlier representations of the instrument are of more historical significance.
The most accurate representation then must certainly be that on the earliest cast aes grave coins, and later representations on struck bronzes must represent only a stylized version of the object shown on the aes grave. The uniqueness of this depiction, which is seen only on coins of the Roman Republic, and not on images of ships from other ancient regimes, suggests an object that was in use only among the Romans. The fact that the object disappeared from the coins over time suggests that only the earliest and most accurate representations should be considered in deciding what the object is.
Starting from the consideration that it is located on the fighting deck, it can be assumed to be an object that either had to be removed during the battle to make way for the soldiers and, therefore, something useful for navigation, or else it had to be a necessary instrument in the battle, i.e. a weapon. It seems to be too small an object to be a foresail, placed on the bridge with its mast, especially considering that it was normal to leave the foresail on shore, if at all possible (as it would be an obstacle in battle), rather than on deck. So a laid-down mast and sail would not be a normal configuration, either when sailing or during battle. It can also hardly represent an anchor.
The object is most clearly visible in semilibral coins, RRC 38, such as shown above, however, I do not think that this 'best' representation can give the real image of that object. Carefully comparing coins of the semilibral series RRC 38 with what appears on the prows represented in the aes grave series RRC 35 and RRC 36, we notice some differences (which do not substantially change the technical aspects). I would conclude that its most faithful reproduction is on the RRC 35 or RRC 36 aes grave issues, and propose that the instrument is the famous corvus, described by Polybius.
Fusi Rosetti, 'Le Zecche Militari Romane nel III sec. a.C.', in RIN 1989, reaches the same conclusion; 'on the bridge of the prow series of aes grave, which commemorated the naval victory at Mylae in 260 BC, you see for the first time the corvus' ... 'the prow was to remain the dominant motif on the bronze coins throughout the Republican period, a witness to the absolute dominion of Rome on the seas, the great efforts of the Roman people, and the strong psychological attachment that the people had to these naval victories'. Avila, 'Atlante delle Navi Greche e Romane', 2002, also notes that "on the coins of the Republican era, representing the prow of the ship and probably symbolising the victory of Mylae, we see clearly on the prow a small forecastle that hosted the corvus". Note also that this instrument does not appear on Greek coins, except that of Antigonus Gonatas, after his victory in 258 BC at Cos, and thus also of this time period.
So, if this object is the corvus, it would be placed on the bridge ready to be used in case of attack. This deduction, which must be considered merely a proposal (in my opinion quite likely), likely relates to the commemorative aspect of the RRC 35 aes grave coins issued for the first time after the Roman victories over Carthaginian ships at Mylae in 260 BC. In later coin issues the object was sometimes misrepresented, at times far from the early portrayals, perhaps because the corvus was by then unknown, in its original form, by the next generation of engravers.
PRORAE pag. 118-119
A quinquereme (a typically large ship that we would expect to carry the corvus) was less than 40 meters long (from the rostrum to the aplustre or stern decoration) and about 6 meters wide (including the width of the protruding oar protections). The corvus described by Polybius was a little more than 10 meters, and supposedly located at the prow. So this instrument must have a length of about one-third of the ship itself. Looking at the coins and other representations, it can be deduced that the length of the fighting deck (at the prow) was about one-third of the vessel. The fighting deck was the highest point on the ship, except for the small superstructure aft where the pilot steers, and was used by soldiers to hurl objects at the enemy and to have a dominant position on the ship, in case of boarding. It also avoided cluttering the deck below, where other maneuvers needed to take place. The fighting deck is best represented on coins of the semilibral standard, however by that time, and on all later coins, the depiction of the corvus had already been profoundly stylized so as to look like a small house or turret.
Recent reconstructions of the corvus (such as by Wallinga, 1956), performed on the basis of the detailed description of Polybius, put it at prow, suspended by a pulley system to a wooden beam. Such a structure, with its size and weight, would clearly have been uncomfortable to have in place whilst sailing. Imagine how much instability, in the navigation and maneuvering of the ship, could be created by a structure so heavy, if it were erected at the prow during sailing. Note however that Polybius never wrote that it was kept erected during sailing, although modern reconstruction often inaccurately show it in that manner.
The corvus, if kept erected, would also would have been a hindrance during engagements, when the soldiers on the fighting deck had to throw all possible missiles onto the enemy ships, prior to boarding. So it is my opinion that the corvus is depicted on Roman coins in a horizontal position on the fighting deck, in its entire length, and it was raised only when needed in the case of a boarding action. Analyzing the figure of the alleged corvus on the coins, one can easily observe a kind of planking, represented by a bold line, which is supported by a relatively small pin, which would be the fulcrum of rotation. The long arm of the plank, on the left of the fulcrum in its coin representations (except for the prow-left RRC 36 or RRC 41 types where of course everything is reversed), represents about two-third its length. The remaining third (possibly weighted as a counterbalance) could be used to operate the corvus, to swing it around and throw it on the deck of the enemy ship. On the RRC 35 aes grave series the pin, or fulcrum, is generally represented by a small robust pole or an inverted U-shape. In subsequent coin series the pin or fulcrum appears as a kind of box, , but even on the latest bronzes, such as the above As issued by C.Fonteius in 114 BC, the idea of a fulcrum, a long boarding platform to the left, and a operating counterbalance at right, can still be seen.
Perhaps originally the corvus was effectively supported and driven by an elevated pulley arrangement, but space limitations on a ship might have suggested a better and less cumbersome instrument, using a fulcrum to rotate the corvus onto the enemy ship. Of course we should consider that Polybius may have himself devised the idea of the elevated arrangement, which might never have corresponded to reality. The rotating corvus, on a fulcrum, is certainly simpler, and that is what seems to be shown on the coins. Note, finally, that in the passage of Polybius on the description of the corvus, at one point he says "... the instrument as a whole was similar to those machines that are used to grind corn". Of course this brings to mind a rotating device. Any other comment I leave to the reader's thoughts.
Antonio Morello © 2012
Comments by Andrew McCabe
I would like to first thank Antonio, very sincerely, both for the excellent work he has done on this subject and the book he as written, but also for sharing with me, through a long series of personal correspondence, his views on the prow design bronzes. He did so in a very gentle and persuasive manner, acknowledged the degree of doubt that remained, and urged me to be cautious about giving definitive answers on this subject. But I think Antonio should be less modest; he has, in my view, hit on a simple solution for a topic that has baffled numismatists for centuries, and done so through very careful research and the examination of large number of coins. The solution feels right to me, as regards the mechanical engineering of the original design, the correspondence with coin types, and the graphic design elements. To help illustrate the solution, I have created a couple of diagrams which I show below. These are my interpretations of Antonio's good work, so if misinterpreted, then the mistakes are mine alone, but these diagrams are how I now visualise the designs on all Roman Republican bronzes. It feels as if my eyes have been opened for this first time.
Andrew McCabe
PRORAE - The first Punic war and the victory of Gaius DuiliusPRORAE - What Polybius wrote on the Corvus PRORAE - The later first Punic war, naval upsets, and ship design PRORAE - The Corvus on Roman Republican bronzes Comments by Andrew McCabe
All content copyright © 2004-2012 Andrew McCabe unless otherwise noted. If you've any questions or comments please contact me on the Yahoo Group RROME: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RROME.
Alternately you can leave comments against any coin picture, just click on the picture and write in the comment box.
See my rarity estimates for Roman Republican Bronzes: Roman Republic Bronze Rarities..


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Coffee overnight oats
Make mornings flavour-packed and oh-so healthy with this coffee overnight oats recipe!
Caffeinate your breakfast oats with our make-ahead coffee overnight oats recipe. This six-ingredient recipe is simple to make and upgrades classic oats with a tasty coffee twist! Learn how to make coffee overnight oats, and you'll forever be a morning person…
What are coffee overnight oats?
If you've been anywhere near Instagram over the past few years, you'll know that overnight oats are BIG business. We're talking cornflake contender kind of stuff here.
Overnight oats are simply oats and liquid mixed together and left to soak in the fridge overnight. This makes them easier to digest and lovely and creamy. It also gives you the best-ever grab-and-go breakfast to kick start your morning. Go you!
Once you've got to grips with how to make coffee overnight oats, you can move on to the best bit – personalisation! You can adapt your oats in countless ways. Spices for winter, frozen berries for summer… and coffee for, well, every season.
Sooo… can I add COFFEE to my oats?
Yes – you can add coffee to overnight oats! Oat aficionados soak their oats in various liquids, from coconut milk to cranberry juice, so why not coffee? Don't want it missing out on the latest trend now, do we?
Adding coffee to your oats gives them a luscious, rich flavour and extra caffeine hit. We've used milk in this recipe to make sure they don't disappoint on texture, and chia seeds to help the mixture thicken.
Remember that bit about overnight oat possibilities being endless? Well, let me introduce you to coffee overnight oatmeal and its limitless new flavours! Because each time you try a new coffee in your oat soak, you'll experience a different coffee flavour. Light roast coffees bring a bright acidity; dark roasts give a classic roasty taste… 7am has never been so scrumptious!
Are coffee overnight oats healthy?
Take a look at your coffee overnight oats ingredients. It's music to the ears of any doctor…
The humble oat. It's the small superhero with a powerhouse of health benefits. Packed with fibre (90% of us don't get enough fibre, did you know?) and chock-full with vitamins and minerals, healthy oats will keep you energised all morning. Scientists have also found them to help lower blood pressure and reduce the bad kind of cholesterol, too.
Whether you go for dairy or a plant-based alternative, no doctor is going to say no to milk. Cow's milk is high in calcium and a good source of (are you ready?) potassium, protein, vitamin B12, iodine, magnesium and more. Each milk alternative brings a different set of nutrients, so do a bit of research before deciding on the best one for you.
Chia seeds
Small but oh-so-strong, chia seeds thicken your oats while giving it one almighty health kick. Alongside their gold-star protein content, these little black seeds are a top source of omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, iron, magnesium and potassium.
The scientists know that coffee can sit proudly in a healthy lifestyle. As well as tasting top-notch, coffee is high in antioxidants and a good source of vitamin B2 (Riboflavin). Studies also show that drinking coffee can help to keep your heart healthy, your brain active and your risk of liver disease nice and low. Great stuff!
Can I eat my coffee overnight oats warm?
Feeling a bit chilly this morning? In need of something warm? No fear – you can eat your coffee oats warm! Simply spoon your oats into a microwavable bowl and cook for around two minutes. All the easy digestibility of soaked oats, just warm. Gorgeous!
How long will they keep in the fridge?
Overnight oats… the original superstar of meal prep success.
Make double/triple/quadruple/whatever five times something is and enjoy caffeinated oats all week! Overnight oatmeal keeps for five days in the fridge, so why not whip some up on a Sunday night and look forward to ready-made deliciousness in the morning? The days of missed breakfast are gone, my friends, they really are.
Just make sure you store your oats in a bowl or tub with a lid to prevent them from taking on any flavours from foods already in the fridge.
Also (just so you know), your overnight oats will be much softer and creamier by day four or five. This is ideal if you prefer something more Ready Brek-style, but if you like porridge with a bit of oaty texture, you might be better making smaller batches and only storing for a day or two.
Storing for a bit longer? Don't fret if the liquid starts to separate from the oats after a few days – just give it a quick stir before tucking in!
Mix things up… coffee oats adaptations!
More twists! More customisations! Oh, we do know how to treat you…
Tailor this make-ahead recipe to suit your tastes. Check out our ideas:
- Make it vegan by simply switching the milk and yoghurt to your fave dairy-free alternatives and using maple syrup or agave in place of the honey.
- Make mocha overnight oats by mixing in a tbsp of cocoa powder before leaving to soak in the fridge. Then top with chunks of chocolate (what else?)
- Get your favourite consistency by adding a little less milk for thicker oats and a little more (or some water) for a thinner consistency.
- Up the protein by adding a tbsp of nut butter or a scoop of your go-to protein powder. Vanilla or chocolate would be ace!
How to make coffee overnight oats
- 50g rolled oats
- 80ml brewed coffee
- 150ml milk
- 2 tsp chia seeds
- 2 tbsp natural yoghurt
- Good drizzle honey
Place all of the ingredients in a clean jam jar or bowl and mix until fully combined.
Cover, and pop in the fridge overnight.
The following day, remove your oats from the fridge, add your favourite toppings and enjoy!
Hungry for more breakfast ideas? Try our recipe for banana smoothie recipe!
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subset: commoncrawl


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- Engineering services during construction
- Updating FERC Supporting Technical Information (STI) documents
"I just finished reading through the final basis of design report for the Cabinet Gorge Spillway modifications project and I have one comment: JOB WELL DONE! The revisions made from the 90% version are excellent, especially in the sections of Dam Safety."
Guy Paul, PE
Project Manager, Avista Utilities
Recent Projects
Dam Remediation Using High and Low Mobility Pressure Grouting
Logan Martin Dam, owned and operated by Alabama Power Company, is a hydroelectric generation site located on the Coosa River in Vincent, Alabama. Since construction in the late 1960's, ongoing remedial pressure grouting projects have targeted significant seepage flow reduction beneath the embankment dam which is founded on karst, a limestone geology characterized by underground aquifers, caverns, and the potential for sinkholes, particularly as seepage flow erodes the underlying limestone and continually changes its distribution. Alden and Alabama Power have partnered to design and construct a large scale enclosed pressure grouting test chamber (3' wide by 3' tall by 30' long) and an associated test protocol to evaluate and optimize grout mix design performance in geo-materials that simulate the fractured, cavernous geology at Logan Martin Dam.
This first-of-a-kind test approach uses a small production scale grout plant to prepare and inject the high mobility grout mixtures into the test chamber. The test chamber is designed with discharge ports along its length to allow water initially occupying the test chamber—and subsequently grout—to be displaced as newly batched grout is injected. Throughout the grout injection process, pressure and temperature measurements within the test chamber, as well as discharge flow rate and discharge flow specific gravity measurements out of the test chamber, are used to monitor and evaluate grout dispersion characteristics within the chamber.
Grout injection criteria used to govern test advancement and later termination includes displaced grout quality (i.e., displaced grout specific gravity relative to that of the freshly batched grout) and the internal test chamber pressure. After grout injection, various performance metrics are evaluated to quantify mix effectiveness. The normalized grout take, for example, evaluates the overall mix efficiency by relating the injected grout volume to the volume available within the geo-material for grout to occupy.
Since conception, updates to the test facility and protocol have been made to facilitate low mobility grout testing, as well as grout performance testing in the presence of water cross flow. Results from this ongoing research program are being used to reduce grouting cost through grout mix design and bore hole spacing optimization, while also improving dam safety by increasing knowledge on how grout penetrates rock fractures without in-situ excavation.
Contact us if you would like to learn more.}', 13='{type=image, value=Image{width=1500,height=575,url='https://20952198.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/20952198/PROJECTS/ALDEN/Grout-testing/Grout-Performance-Testing-Chamber.jpeg',altText=''}}', 14='{type=string, value=Alden and Alabama Power have partnered to design and construct a first-of-its-kind grout performance testing chamber }', 15='{type=image, value=Image{width=1600,height=575,url='https://20952198.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/20952198/PROJECTS/ALDEN/Grout-testing/Grout-Performance-Testing-Rock-Side-View.jpeg',altText=''}}', 16='{type=string, value=A side view of grouted rock after the grout injection process aids in evaluation of grout dispersion characteristics within the chamber}', 25='{type=number, value=0}', 27='{type=number, value=1}', 28='{type=number, value=1627657814000}', 29='{type=number, value=10}'}
Civil Infrastructure
Grout Performance Testing – Logan Martin Dam
An innovative large scale enclosed pressure grouting test chamber is being used to evaluate and optimize grout mix design performance at Logan Martin Dam
As part of project/dam surrender and removal efforts at the Saccarappa Hydroelectric Project (Saccarappa), Alden provided S. D. Warren Company d/b/a Sappi North America (Sappi) with the final design and fish passage analysis for nature-like fishways in the upper channels at Saccarappa Falls. The final design involves reshaping the existing bedrock channel into a form that is more conducive to fish passage while mimicking the morphology of a natural bedrock channel. Alden provided agency consultation while developing the design and will ultimately provide construction support. The proposed design complements a proposed double Denil fishway over the lower portion Saccarappa Falls designed in partnership with Acheron Engineering.
Alden conducted a site visit and reviewed existing geotechnical, hydrologic, site constraints, and other site data prior to developing the final design for the nature-like fishways. The final design was achieved by way of iteration between a 3D CAD representation of the proposed bathymetric surface and a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Expected small-scale roughness of the channel bed was incorporated into the CAD surface through a novel texturizing technique based on a high resolution laser scan of the existing bedrock surface. The CFD model was used to simulate proposed conditions at four discrete design flow rates. Hydraulic data output by the CFD model (e.g., depth and velocity) informed subsequent improvements of the proposed surface in CAD. Sappi and agency review and feedback was provided at 30%, 60%, 90%, and final drafts of the design. Fish passage effectiveness of the final design was analyzed by Alden biologists and engineers using USFWS's SMath models developed for assessing velocity impediments by estimating fatigue, survivorship, and work. Alden also provided engineering consultation and inspections to support project construction.}', 13='{type=image, value=Image{width=2000,height=905,url='https://www.verdantas.com/hubfs/PROJECTS/Saccarappa-Falls-Nature-Like-Fishway-Design.jpg',altText=''}}', 14='{type=string, value=3D CFD modeling was used to aid in the design and evaluation of the nature-like fishway}', 15='{type=image, value=Image{width=1623,height=826,url='https://www.verdantas.com/hubfs/assets/news/saccarappa-dam-removal-iso-rendering.jpg',altText=''}}', 16='{type=string, value=CFD Modeling helped guide the engineering of two channels in the upper falls and the Denil ladder at the lower falls.}', 17='{type=image, value=Image{width=1500,height=750,url='https://www.verdantas.com/hubfs/IMAGES/Alden/Imported_Blog_Media/CFD-Nature-Like-Fishway.jpg',altText=''}}', 18='{type=string, value=CFD-based design provided an innovative approach to create the Nature-Like Fishway}', 25='{type=number, value=0}', 27='{type=number, value=1}', 28='{type=number, value=1633352533000}', 29='{type=number, value=350}'}
Civil Infrastructure | Natural Resources & Environmental Planning
Saccarappa Falls Nature-Like Fishway Modeling and Design
Innovative 3D CFD modeling was used to design a fishway to mimic natural bedrock following removal of tow spillway dams.


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Serving Victoria & Vancouver Island
General: 250-920-3605 | Commercial/Condo: 250-516-6447
Mechanical systems are the heart of your condo development because they determine how comfortable a living space feels. Hot water on demand, even heat and cooling, and adequate water pressure are all expected outputs of our quality workmanship.
You benefit from our passion for quality and use of leading-edge technology for construction efficiency and productivity.
A dedicated Foreman & Project Manager mean the job is done right, with the least amount of management time required of you. Full-service access to a Measurement Specialist, AutoCAD designers, and Hilti Profis Services.
The project: 124 units over 2 new-build wood frame apartment buildings with 3 levels of parking.
Our role: Oceanview completed a full-scale mechanical scope including CAD layout, plumbing, gas, fire sprinklers, full HVAC and air conditioning, Controls, mechanical insulation, Commissioning, and fire stop. Oceanview also completed the well injection system for stormwater.
Developer: Western Canadian
The project: This innovative in-fill development has transformed into a collection of 12 one and two-bedroom homes in the James Bay Legislature district.
Our role:
Full mechanical management, plumbing, gas installation, gas fireplaces, sprinklers, HVAC, air conditioning, insulation, rooftop kitchen, and firepits.
General Contractor: Aryze Contractors
The project: 364 units over 3 new-build steel and concrete towers over a 3-year projected construction period.
Our role: Oceanview is currently working on a full-scale mechanical scope including CAD layout, plumbing, gas to each unit, hydronic heating using the neighbourhood energy plant, utilizing recycled water, full HVAC and air conditioning, Controls, mechanical insulation, and Commissioning.
Developer: Bosa Development
Oceanview is truly a leader in the mechanical services trade in multi-family buildings on Vancouver Island. Whether it's office staff, ownership or site personnel, we've always experienced the highest level of professionalism.
Aryze Developments
Damian Clow


text:
Co. Cavan → Clankee → Enniskeen Civil Parish → Enniskeen Electoral Division → Bracklin
Bracklin is in the Electoral Division of Enniskeen, in Civil Parish of Enniskeen, in the Barony of Clankee, in the County of Cavan
Bracklin is on Logainm.ie: Bracklin.
It is located at 53° 55' 25" N, 6° 54' 15" W.
Bracklin has an area of:
Nationwide, it is the 10707th largest townland that we know about
Within Co. Cavan, it is the 131st largest townland
Bracklin borders the following other townlands:
We don't know about any subtownlands in Bracklin.
Curious to see who lived in Bracklin in the past? Maybe even seeing scans of their handwritten census returns?
Bracklin was added to OpenStreetMap on 26 Nov 2015 by Stephen_Co_Antrim.


text:
Central Indiana
Market leaders in the installation of mechanical insulation, proudly located in Central Indiana and serving customers nationwide.
We Are Here
For Company
years of insulation experience
insulation projects completed
Read More
Read More
Read More
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Midwest, Central Indiana Insulation
About Us
Central Indiana Insulation approaches every commercial, industrial, and institutional project with assurance and confidence. We use our decades of experience to ensure quality, safety, and attention to detail – so all projects are completed with precision.
We offer a wide range of insulation for Ammonia, HVAC, Plumbing, and Industrial systems. We use the most current and up-to-date technological applications. We take pride in giving the customer upfront detailed information about our insulation products. We arm our customers with the facts needed to make the most educated and cost-effective choices for their insulation needs.
We Specialize In
Commercial, Industrial, & Institutional Insulation
CII Safety


text:
Co. Laois → Upperwoods → Offerlane Civil Parish → Castletown Electoral Division → Danganroe
Danganroe is in the Electoral Division of Castletown, in Civil Parish of Offerlane, in the Barony of Upperwoods, in the County of Laois
The Irish name for Danganroe is An Daingean Rua
Danganroe is on Logainm.ie: Danganroe.
It is located at 52° 59' 2" N, 7° 31' 4" W.
Danganroe has an area of:
Nationwide, it is the 38555th largest townland that we know about
Within Co. Laois, it is the 803rd largest townland
Danganroe borders the following other townlands:
We don't know about any subtownlands in Danganroe.
Curious to see who lived in Danganroe in the past? Maybe even seeing scans of their handwritten census returns?
Danganroe was added to OpenStreetMap on 24 Feb 2015 by Teester.


text:
Kemplay Adhikari, Joanna Elizabeth Victoria (2018) The Assessment of Impulsivity and Aggression and Their Contribution to Risk in Domestic Abuse. PhD thesis, University of Leeds.
Identifying those at risk of harm is a critical issue in safeguarding victims and their children from domestic abuse. Research shows that aggression and impulsivity relate to domestic abuse perpetration, however there is a gap in the literature in how those constructs could be applied to victim-perception risk assessments. Furthermore, considering the high numbers of children that are present within families experiencing domestic abuse, there is a gap regarding the potential contribution these children could make in risk assessment procedures, particularly to ensure their voices are included. The aim of this project was to provide an original contribution to knowledge by exploring these gaps with a view to informing the risk assessment literature and practice in the UK. Through use of mixed methods, this project conducted three phases of study. Analysis from the first study revealed a complexity of domestic abuse lived experience via five superordinate themes, within them showing participants could recognise their abusive partners' aggressive and impulsive behaviours, as well as revealing that they could recall an array of risk management techniques they used in order to minimise risk, these recollections were more tangible than recalling their feelings of risk. The second phase of study measured impulsivity using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and aggression levels, using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) and the Aggressive Acts Questionnaire (AAQ; Barratt, Stanford, Dowdy, Liebman, & Kent, 1999) in 113 participants' self-reports and their reports on their partners. Important differences were found, with those who experienced domestic abuse measuring their abusers as significantly higher on the BIS-11, the BPAQ and the AAQ, than those who had not experienced domestic abuse. The family case study phase revealed powerful themes regarding a family's shared experience of domestic abuse. The use of sand tray and art-based play with children, aided by rapport building techniques, provided them with the tools they needed to explore their experiences and talk about them in a non-direct and non-intrusive way. This resulted in their disclosures of witnessing abuse between their parents, as well as internalising and externalising behaviours being apparent. Taken together, the findings from the three phases of study expand our knowledge of domestic abuse victims' perceptions of risk, impulsivity and aggression in their abusive partners. It is suggested that victim-perception risk assessments would benefit from the addition of impulsivity and aggression items, as well as rapport building and play techniques being an ideal method for practitioners to elicit important risk assessment information from children.
|Smith, Paul and Elmer, Susan
|Domestic abuse, coercive control, aggression, impulsivity, risk assessment, mixed methods
|Awarding institution:
|University of Leeds
|Academic Units:
|The University of Leeds > Leeds Trinity University
|Identification Number/EthosID:
|Depositing User:
|Joanna E.V. Kemplay Adhikari
|Date Deposited:
|10 Jul 2018 11:57
|Last Modified:
|11 Sep 2023 09:53
Final eThesis - complete (pdf)
Filename: PhD Thesis - Joanna Kemplay Adhikari.pdf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License
You do not need to contact us to get a copy of this thesis. Please use the 'Download' link(s) above to get a copy.
You can contact us about this thesis. If you need to make a general enquiry, please see the Contact us page.


text:
In June 2016, Lucia crossed the border with her 3-year-old daughter into Texas. Their journey from Santa Eulalia, Guatemala — on foot and by bus — took nearly a month to complete.
For Lucia — who now lives in Champaign and said she was fleeing an abusive relationship — it was worth it. "Aqui la vida es bien," she said, in halting, imperfect Spanish. Here life is good.
Lucia, who asked that her last name not be used because she is living in the United States illegally and is in deportation proceedings, is one of about 550 people in the Champaign-Urbana area who speak Q'anjob'al, one of Guatemala's more than 20 indigenous Mayan languages. But with interpreters of uncommon languages like Q'anjob'al in short supply, effectively representing native speakers in immigration court can be challenging.
"When we don't have a decent interpreter who can communicate with them, and then you know you have to rely on a family member or someone in the community and you're asking these questions about prior gender violence or family violence, you're not necessarily going to get the correct information or the full picture," said Ashley Huebner, an attorney at the National Immigrant Justice Center in Chicago, a program with the Heartland Alliance that provides legal assistance to immigrants. "So it really does impede the ability to fully represent these individuals and for these individuals to have access to protection."
The National Immigrant Justice Center began noticing an uptick in Q'anjob'al-speaking immigrants within the last eight months. While they attend immigration court hearings in Chicago, most of them live in the Champaign-Urbana area or in southern Indiana. In immigration courts across the country, Q'anjob'al was the 17th-most popular language in 2016, up from 25th just two years before, according to statistics from the Department of Justice. Two other indigenous Mayan languages — Mam and Quiche — were the ninth- and 10th-most popular languages, respectively, last year.
Attorneys often scramble to find interpreters to help them prepare cases before arriving in court. In one act of desperation, Hillary Richardson, a staff attorney at the National Immigrant Justice Center, found a radio DJ in Guatemala who agreed to translate for her client via Skype.
"There is a Guatemalan community in Chicago, but as far as being able to find anyone who speaks Q'anjob'al and Spanish or Q'anjob'al and English to be able to help, it's been difficult," Richardson said.
In interviews with law enforcement officers when they're detained and at U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement check-ins, immigrants must bring their own interpreters. They often rely on their imperfect Spanish instead.
"We'll come across kids where maybe their initial intake information was done in Spanish because they can speak enough Spanish to get through some initial questioning, but ultimately they figure out they can't go forward in Spanish, or there's just not enough Spanish there for effective representation," Richardson said.
Relying on a friend or family member to interpret, when it's allowed, also can pose problems for immigrants trying to attain asylum. If they are fleeing domestic or sexual violence, they may not want to share their story with someone they know, particularly if it's a man, said Rebekah Niblock, a lawyer who represents Lucia and other Q'anjob'al-speaking immigrants in the Champaign-Urbana area.
For immigration court hearings — for which the government is required to provide interpreters for defendants — Q'anjob'al interpreters are often flown in from other parts of the country. Sometimes two interpreters are required, complicating the situation further.
Huebner said she has been in court proceedings with Q'anjob'al speakers when the court had to rely on "relay interpretation," in which one person interprets from Q'anjob'al to Spanish and another person interprets from Spanish to English. Sometimes one of them interprets by phone instead of in person, Huebner said.
President Donald Trump has made immigration policy one of his top priorities, vowing to increase deportations and reduce border crossings. And some don't think providing interpreters should be the court's responsibility.
"I think it's saying quite a bit that the American taxpayer has to pay for a translator, given the fact that removal proceedings are civil proceedings. They're not criminal proceedings," said Hans von Spakovsky, a senior legal fellow at the Washington-based conservative think tank the Heritage Foundation. Many states, including Illinois, leave it up to the courts to determine whether interpreters are needed in civil proceedings.
Lucia, 25, was detained by ICE officials at the U.S. border in Texas when she arrived last year. Authorities released her with an immigration hearing scheduled for December 2018. She is applying for asylum with her daughter, claiming domestic abuse and fear for her life in Guatemala, according to Niblock, her attorney. If Lucia is not granted asylum in court, she will be deported. In the meantime, Lucia checks in with ICE every two or three months in Chicago, Niblock said.
Today, many Central American immigrants — like Lucia — come to the U.S. to escape gang or domestic violence. But in the 1980s, immigrants fleeing civil wars in Guatemala and El Salvador began arriving in Champaign-Urbana and seeking sanctuary in churches that agreed to protect them from deportation.
While the close-knit community of Q'anjob'al speakers in Champaign-Urbana may not be able to assist one another in legal proceedings, they do help one another assimilate and make their way in a new country. Little by little, they've helped one another to learn English and Spanish and get jobs. Most of the Q'anjob'al-speaking immigrants in the area today work in construction or lawn service or in restaurants, where Lucia hopes to work too.
To assist immigrants with language acquisition and to help educate the rest of the local community about their Q'anjob'al neighbors, the linguistics department at the University of Illinois has created alphabet books and posters in Q'anjob'al for classrooms and booklets with simple translations for medical words for local hospitals. The Church of St. Mary in Champaign, which was part of the sanctuary movement in the 1980s, also has a weekly Q'anjob'al-language Mass.
It's unclear whether the Q'anjob'al-speaking community in Champaign-Urbana will continue to grow under the Trump administration and whether those already there will be allowed to stay. Looking to the future, Lucia says she doesn't want to return to Guatemala. She wants to get a job and stay in Champaign.
"Solo Champaign. Esta bien. Es bonito tambien," she said. Only Champaign. It's good here. It's beautiful too.
Twitter @ColleenMConn
[ Spike in legal representation for immigrants in Chicago is attributed to $1 million city fund ]
[ Chicago's history as a sanctuary city ]
[ Judge in Chicago refuses to change ruling on sanctuary cities ]


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The 4 members of The Firm (Shane Christensen, Brian Jensen, Stephen Heywood & Michael T. Schmidt) are all MFA graduates of Edinboro University of Pennsylvania. All are active in ceramics as well as teaching. Although each member exhibits individually, we have been showing as a group under the name "The Firm" for several years.
Images & Content © The Firm. All rights reserved. Site design by Michael T Schmidt using Apple iWeb X.x


text:
Houston Fashion It Girl Goes Jet Setting With Joie
Traveling With Style Requires a Stopover in River Oaks District — Your Top Flight Picks From Margret RojasBY Promoted Series Correspondent // 05.13.19
Margret Rojas is planning her summer travel wardrobe with Joei's new collection in mind.
The Caelen The go-everywhere top is an essential piece that pairs with linen shorts, a skirt or white denim.
Style the Girl's Rojas says Joie's Asian-inspired print isn't your typical floral.
Diradine high-waist stripes shorts are a definite summer must for Rojas.
This article is part of a promoted series and not produced by the editorial staff.
Style the Girl's Margret Rojas has summer travel on her mind. With trips planned to Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris and Spain on her agenda, this Houston fashion blogger's wardrobe needs to be chic and versatile, so she's looking to Joie's new summer collection to effortlessly take her from the Grand Place in Brussels to the Sagrada Familia in Spain and all points in between.
Rojas is drawn to pieces that span day-to-night and can be easily updated with accessories, shoes, jewelry and hats. She takes into consideration how her wardrobe addresses each part of her life, so if her day is stacked with meetings, an after school event with her kids, a trip to the grocery store and date night with her husband, Rojas always has a stylish go-to plan.
"How many ways can I wear something? I want to maximize my spending," Rojas says. "The great thing about fashion and style, is that is can be anything you make it."
That's the idea behind her summer travel wardrobe too. It's one of the reasons she's drawn to Joie at River Oaks District. Joie's fabrics are lightweight, which works for Houston's warm temperatures, but they can also be layered for trips beyond the Bayou City.
Rojas is planning on wearing Joie's stripes in Spain and floral patterns in Paris, both gathered from the season's soft palette.
"The oranges, pinks and creams can be dressed up and down and will look against tanned skin," Rojas says. "People think that summer has to be so vibrant, but these colors take you right through summer and into fall."
The Diradine high-waist stripes shorts are a definite summer must for Rojas. Worn with a body suit or a linen T-shirt and a casual sandal, the shorts are sure to be a summer staple.
Another vacation-ready fave from Joie is the Ambroise silk dress, which is smocked and fitted on top, but the skirt below offers volume and length. Rojas loves slipping into white tennis shoes and donning her favorite white felt hat and grabbing a small clutch to complete the look.
Rojas won't be leaving with the Caelen silk top either. The go-everywhere top is an essential piece that pairs with linen shorts, a skirt or white denim.
"You want to be comfortable and cute, and this top is both. I will take a denim jacket to cover my shoulders from the sun, but it's a great basic," Rojas says.
Joie's fresh take on floral is a trend that Rojas simply can't get enough of. Delicate in design and muted in shade, the print is an elegant nod to blooms but with a twist.
"Floral is always big, but Joie's Asian-inspired print isn't your typical floral," Rojas notes.
And whether heading to beach or the south of France, Rojas won't leave without The Little Market Palm Shopper. Hand-woven from palm fronds and trimmed with cognac leather, each purchase of the bag empowers women artisans at Bolga Basket Weavers in Ghana.
"Ninety percent of my bags for spring and summer are straw. It's an easy grab and go bag that I take with me everywhere," Rojas says.
Jet-setting this summer? Pack that bag with Style the Girl's must-haves for an elegant and easy trip. When you want to travel the world in style, a stopover in River Oaks District is just the ticket.
Joie River Oaks District is at 4444 Westheimer Road. For more information call 346-718-4010 or visit www.riveroaksdistrict.com/joie.


text:
Covid Resources
Fountain Hills Chamber
of Commerce COVID-19 Resources
Our Facebook Page dedicated to keeping you up do date in regards to any new COVID-19 information which could specifically affect Fountain Hills businesses.
Town of Fountain Hills
COVID-19 Page
Due to concerns about the health and safety of its residents and employees relating to the COVID-19, also known as the Coronavirus, it is our responsibility to minimize the public exposure to the disease. Fountain Hills is working with partner agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maricopa Department of Public Health and the Arizona Department of Health Services, to follow their guidance as the situation evolves.
Arizona Together
As we work to get through COVID-19 and support public health in Arizona, we are committed to making sure Arizonans have access to the resources they need to stay healthy and be part of our state's recovery. We're in this together and we will return stronger.
Centers for Disease Control:
COVID-19 Information
CDC works 24/7 to protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and in the U.S. Whether diseases start at home or abroad, are chronic or acute, curable or preventable, human error or deliberate attack, CDC fights disease and supports communities and citizens to do the same.


text:
Phil Galfond Suing Bluefirepoker
September 21, 2012
Bluefire Poker, online poker coaching site, is being sued by US poker pro Phil Galfond, who had contributed to the site as a lead instructor until the two parted ways in 2011. His videos being the most popular on the Bluefire Poker site at the time.
Twenty-seven-year-old Galfond is one of the most successful Internet poker players in the history of the industry, profiting more than $7.8 million on Full Tilt and then is currently up nearly $2 million on PokerStars, and is advice on poker is well revered in the poker community, so it was a shock to many when he announced his separation from Bluefire in a post titled, "A Sad Day." He explained in the post:
"As of today, BluefirePoker.com and I are parting ways. It's very hard to walk away from something I helped build from the ground up. Please know that it was a very difficult decision that I struggled with for a long, long time. I'm sorry that I can't elaborate further."
Now, the reason for the breakup is more apparent as Galfond has announced that he is suing his former partner William F. Murphy, who Galfond alleges did not pay him his rightful part of the profit shares from Bluefirepoker.com.
When the site launched in 2009, Galfond apparently agreed to a joint partnership in which he would be paid up to 38.33% of Bluefire profits in return for video postings, blogging, and assisting the overall operations of the company by offering input on major decisions of the company. Galfond has revealed that he was paid $179K for 2009 and more than $238K for 2010 by Murphy, but has yet to be paid for last year. Furthermore, Galfond claims that he was not even shown any accounting history or tax returns to verify the amounts he was paid.
Galfond's claim states:
"Blue Fire has been immensely successful, having thousands of members who pay an initial enrollment fee of $100 in addition to a subscription fee of $30 per month. Upon information and belief, the defendant Murphy has misappropriated and converted to his own use and possession the assets of MGH."