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Many epidemiological studies have indicated that coffee consumption may reduce the risks of developing obesity and diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood. Our previous study revealed the changes on gene expression profiles in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet containing three types of coffee (caffeinated, decaffeinated and green unroasted coffee), using DNA microarrays. The results revealed remarkable alterations in lipid metabolism-related molecules which may be involved in the anti-obesity effects of coffee. We conducted the present study to further elucidate the metabolic alterations underlying the effects of coffee consumption through comprehensive proteomic and metabolomic analyses. Proteomics revealed an up-regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (a key enzyme in the TCA cycle) and its related proteins, suggesting increased energy generation. The metabolomics showed an up-regulation of metabolites involved in the urea cycle, with which the transcriptome data were highly consistent, indicating accelerated energy expenditure. The TCA cycle and the urea cycle are likely be accelerated in a concerted manner, since they are directly connected by mutually providing each other's intermediates. The up-regulation of these pathways might result in a metabolic shift causing increased ATP turnover, which is related to the alterations of lipid metabolism. This mechanism may play an important part in the suppressive effects of coffee consumption on obesity, inflammation, and hepatosteatosis. This study newly revealed global metabolic alterations induced by coffee intake, providing significant insights into the association between coffee intake and the prevention of type 2 diabetes, utilizing the benefits of multi-omics analyses.
Citation: Takahashi S, Saito K, Jia H, Kato H (2014) An Integrated Multi-Omics Study Revealed Metabolic Alterations Underlying the Effects of Coffee Consumption. PLoS ONE 9(3): e91134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091134
Editor: Julie A. Chowen, Hosptial Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, CIBEROBN, Spain
Received: October 11, 2013; Accepted: February 11, 2014; Published: March 11, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Takahashi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was partly supported by a grant from the All Japan Coffee Association. No additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Lines of evidence have shown that the chronic consumption of coffee may reduce the risk of some diseases such as obesity and diabetes [1], [2]. However, despite the abundance of epidemiological studies indicating such beneficial effects [3], [4], the information on the underlying mechanisms is limited. Considering the fact that coffee is now one of the most popular beverages in the world, biomolecular studies of the health benefits of coffee should be of great significance to the maintenance and promotion of human health. The goal of the present study was to reveal in an exhaustive manner the fundamental metabolic alterations caused by coffee consumption.
More strategic and more systematic approaches to studies of the functionality of food and food components are needed, since the mechanisms underlying their effects are poorly understood in many foods, including coffee. Since food components affect the status of the whole body by influencing arrays of transcripts, proteins and metabolites, new research areas have been developed based on the studies of such groups of molecules. These research areas are called by the name of object or field studied, suffixed by "omics," such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics [5], [6]. These various 'omics' technologies enable researchers in the field of food and nutrition to comprehensively understand the response of the body to diets, to discover novel functions of food factors, and to elucidate unknown mechanisms of the effects of nutrients. These technologies also proved themselves to be effective for investigating safety issues related to foods [7]. Transcriptomic analyses using DNA microarrays are widely used due to their efficiency and comprehensiveness in omics research [8].
Although many studies have addressed the impact of food components at the transcriptomic level, their findings should be interpreted with reservation since they provide information only on changes in mRNA abundance. Proteomic analyses reveal the changes at the protein level, which are the direct players in cellular regulation and homeostasis. In addition to transcriptomics and proteomics, metabolomics, the use of which is still relatively limited in the field of food science, is of importance for the comprehensive understanding of the influence of food factors. Metabolomics using CE-TOF MS aims at determining as many metabolites present in organisms as possible [9].
These omics studies enable us to understand physiological information at the respective levels of mRNA, protein, and metabolite. Considering the highly distinct and diverse features of information obtained from each omics platform, one could expect that combinations of different omics should provide highly comprehensive views on the effects of, for instance, nutrition and diets. Such an attempt of combining different omics is referred to as multiple omics or "multi-omics," integrated omics. Since the number of examples of integrated omics research is limited — especially in the field of food science — the first nutritional omics study of the effects of coffee by a combination of three omics analyses is of high significance. The study will also be valuable as a precedent for future studies of the functionality of foods whose mechanisms are as yet unknown.
There is a need for comparisons of laboratory findings with the epidemiological data concerning the anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects of coffee. In our previous study examining the effects of three types of coffee (caffeinated, decaffeinated, and green unroasted coffee) on the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet, we obtained transcriptome data using a DNA microarray [2]. The three types of coffee suppressed the overweight and fat accumulation induced by a high-fat diet throughout the experimental period, without affecting calorie intake. The transcriptomics results suggested the alterations in lipid metabolism-related molecules as one of the factors mediating the anti-obesity effect of coffee, which may lead to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
We conducted the present study to delve further into the effects of coffee, and the results revealed the alterations at the levels of proteome and metabolome by coffee. We further interpreted the results through the integration with the previous transcriptome data to more extensively clarify the metabolic alterations underlying the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of coffee consumption via a multi-omics study.
Body weights, organ weights, biochemical tests and the DNA microarray were previously reported [2]. Briefly, the results showed that the three types of coffee suppressed the weight gain and fat accumulation induced by a high-fat diet, and the amount of triacylglycerol in the liver of all coffee groups showed significant decreases. Furthermore, decreased hepatic expression of the genes for proteins that play pivotal roles in hepatic steatosis were revealed by DNA microarray. All microarray data have been submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus (accession number GSE53131).
TCA cycle-related proteins were up-regulated in the coffee groups
To broadly identify proteins whose levels were significantly affected by the intake of coffee, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) differential analyses of mouse livers of the HF group and coffee groups. We detected the proteome maps in 2DE gels by Flamingo gel staining dye (Fig. 1A). The detected spots were quantitatively analyzed with PDQuest software, and statistical comparisons were made by Student's t-test (p<0.05, n = 3).
(A) Representative 2DE images obtained from livers of each groups. 2DE was performed using dry strips with a pH range of 3–11 for the first dimension and SDS-PAGE for the second dimension using 450 µg of protein extract. The gels were then stained using Flamingo gel staining dye. Calibration of molecular weight and pI was performed using PDQuest software. (B) Changes in TCA cycle-related proteins are shown in the boxes.
Among the differentially expressed spots in 2DE, the numbers of identified proteins whose expression was affected by the intake of each type of coffee are shown in Table S2. Successfully identified proteins in the HFCC (high-fat diet with caffeinated coffee), HFDC (high-fat diet with decaffeinated coffee) and HFGC (high-fat diet with green unroasted coffee) groups as well as the HF (high-fat diet) group are listed in Tables 1–3. In the HFCC group, alterations in several proteins related to glucose metabolism were observed compared to the HF group, including the up-regulation of glycine N-methyltransferase, isoform CRA_a (GNMT) and the down-regulations of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) and regucalcin (Table 1). The consumption of DC (decaffeinated coffee) influenced many TCA cycle-related proteins, including alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, isoform CRA_b, L-aspartate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 alpha, isoform CRA_d, which is a rate-limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle (Table 2). The protein alteration in one of the rate-limiting enzymes in TCA cycle was found in HFDC group, but the similar tendency of increment in isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 alpha was observed in HFCC and HFGC group.
Proteins related to the electron transport system, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex 10, isoform CRA_f and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 3 were also up-regulated in the HFDC group compared to the HF group (Table 2). The consumption of GC (green unroasted coffee) caused the same changes in L-aspartate dehydrogenase and alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 as DC did, and it resulted in the up-regulation of a subunit of another TCA cycle enzyme, ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase beta subunit (Table 3). The relationship among these changes in TCA cycle-related proteins is shown in Figure 1B.
Since mitochondrial proteins including TCA cycle-related proteins were up-regulated in the livers of the coffee-consuming mice, we measured the expression levels of mitochondrial DNA by quantitative real-time PCR, which give an indication of the number of mitochondria. The results showed no significant differences among the diet groups (Fig. 1C).
Metabolome analysis revealed alterations in the urea cycle
We performed a metabolome analysis to explore the hepatic metabolic alterations underlying the effects of coffee consumption. Among the peaks obtained from the CE-TOF MS analysis, 287 peaks were identified according to the value of m/z and MT from metabolite database. Of these metabolites, 165 peaks were detected by cationic mode and 122 peaks were detected by anionic mode. The numbers of identified metabolites whose expression was affected by the intake of different types of coffee are shown in Table S3.
A PCA (principal component analysis) was performed using all peaks in order to grasp the rough picture of the impact of each diet on the metabolome (Fig. 2A). The results revealed that principle component 1 tended to distinguish the ND (normal diet) group and the high-fat diet groups, including the HF group and coffee groups. Principle component 2 tended to separate the HF group and coffee groups. The coffee groups — especially the green coffee group — were separated from the HF group.
(A) PCA (principal component analysis) of metabolomics datasets of the livers in each group. The PCA analysis was performed with the detected peaks by using SampleStat ver.3.14. (B) Relative peak areas of coffee-derived metabolites. Mean values with their standard errors of the relative peak areas of these metabolites are shown. (C) Relative peak areas of urea cycle-related metabolites. Mean values with their standard errors of the relative peak areas of these metabolites are shown.
Among the identified metabolites, caffeine, trigonelline and quinic acid derive from coffee powder. The relative peak areas of these metabolites are shown in Figure 2B. Caffeine was detected only in the livers of the mice in the HFCC and HFGC groups. Trigonelline was detected in all coffee groups, among which the HFGC group had a higher content than the other coffee groups. Quinic acid was detected only in the HFCC and HFDC groups.
Since the principle component 2 separated the HF group and the coffee groups in the PCA, we focused on the metabolites related to the second component, and we found that several metabolites related to the urea cycle were consistently affected by HF and coffee. The relative peak areas of these metabolites are shown in Figure 2C. N-acetylglutamate (N-AcGlu), which is a positive regulator of the urea cycle, was decreased by the high-fat diet but increased by GC mice compared to the HF group. Similar changes were found in the abundance of ornithine, citruline, argininosuccinate (ArgSuccinate), and arginine, which are the intermediates of the urea cycle, and the final product, urea.
Integrated analysis revealed the overview of metabolic status induced by coffee intake
When previous transcriptomic data and metabolome data were uploaded together and visualized in the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) pathway, the alterations within and around the urea cycle were found to be highly consistent between transcripts and metabolites (Fig. 3A). From these results, it is apparent that the expressions of the genes related to the urea cycle were down-regulated by the high-fat diet and up-regulated by coffee consumption, although we had not paid much attention to these changes when highly represented gene groups were sorted out by using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The data shown in Figure 3A are the representative data of the HFGC group, and the HFCC and HFDC mice showed similar alterations (data not shown). The mRNA expression changes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (Fig. 3B), which was consistent with the microarray data.
(A) Transcriptome and metabolome data were mapped onto KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) pathways on the web. (B) Effects of coffee on the mRNA expression of urea cycle genes analyzed by qPCR. The total RNA samples obtained from mice fed a high-fat diet with or without coffee were subjected to qPCR. Mean values with their standard errors of relative mRNA expression are shown. Mean values with asterisks are significantly different compared to the HF group by the Tukey-Kramer test (*p<0.05, **p<0.01). (C) "Whole picture" of the metabolic alterations in the TCA cycle and the urea cycle. The relationship among these changes in the TCA cycle- and urea cycle-relevant molecules is shown. (D) Summary of the findings from the present study.
The overview of metabolic changes caused by coffee consumption is shown in Figure 3C, based on the relationship among urea cycle-related alterations shown by metabolomics and transcriptomics, and the TCA cycle-related alterations obtained by proteomics.
Nowadays coffee is of rising interest to scientists as a food with broad-ranging functionalities, and it is well known that the chronic intake of coffee could reduce the risk of obesity and diabetes [10]. Recently it has been reported that pure chlorogenic acids and pure caffeine are the compounds which have the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effect [18], [19], although there are a large variety compounds in coffee probably in bioactive concentrations. The result of the present study suggests that caffeine is neither necessary nor sufficient to induce lower body weight, decrease adipose depots, and decrease hepatic lipids, since decaffeinated coffee with low caffeine concentrations also had great effect similarly to caffeinated coffee. On the other hand, approximately 0.42% of chlorogenic acids in HFGC group had similar effects to the previously reported study, in which 0.5% of pure chlorogenic acids had anti-obesity effect on C57BL/6J mice. It was suggested that there are certain contribution of chlorogenic acids to the effect of coffee.
The present study was conducted to reveal the fundamental metabolic alterations related to the beneficial effects of coffee through comprehensive analytical technologies. Hepatic fat accumulation, which is one of the important upstream events of type 2 diabetes, was suppressed by the intake of coffee in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet [2]. In order to also explore the changes in adipose tissue, the mRNA expression levels of some genes relating to lipid metabolism, including FAS, SCD1, ACC1, ACC2, SREBP1c, were measured using total RNA extracted from the white adipose tissue sample. Inconsistent with the results in previously reported studies [1], [18], there were no alterations in the mRNA expression levels of these genes in adipose tissue (data not shown). It is well known that hepatic TG accumulation induced by high-fat diet causes VLDL release from liver, and fatty acids are taken up by adipose tissue via the action of lipoprotein lipase. Although remarkable mRNA expression changes in adipose tissue were not observed in the previous study, it is considered that the remarkable metabolic alterations in the livers must have certain effects on adipose tissue. In the present study, the liver tissue was first analyzed considering the fact that liver functions and hepatic lipid composition are strongly affected by food factors, and also liver steatosis and adipose tissue disorder are deeply related.
In proteomics using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we focused on proteins that exhibited significant changes, although the numbers of identified proteins were limited in the present proteome analysis (Tables 1–3). Our results indicate that the expressions of many identified proteins involved in the TCA cycle were increased by the intake of coffee. Thus, it can be considered that the production of ATP via the TCA cycle was enhanced by the intake of coffee. L-aspartate dehydrogenase, which was increased in all coffee groups compared to the HF group (Tables 1–3), is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aspartate to oxaloacetate. The deamination of aspartate results in oxaloacetate, an intermediate of the TCA cycle (Fig. 1B). Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, isoform CRA_b, increased in the HFDC and HFGC groups, is a transferase that catalyzes alanine and glyoxylate to produce pyruvate and glycine. The protein abundance of isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 alpha is known as one of the rate-limiting enzymes of the TCA cycle. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex 10, isoform CRA_f and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 3 (Table 2) are the proteins known to catalyze the reaction of electron transport from NADH to ubiquinone. The up-regulation of these proteins suggested that the consumption of NADH produced in the TCA cycle were increased through the intake of coffee. These results suggested that coffee consumption enhanced energy production. The rate of TCA cycle turnover, which is related to important energy metabolism, has been reported to be reduced in the liver of mice fed high-fat diet [15], and the present study revealed the preventive effect of coffee on it, which might play a pivotal role in the effect of coffee intake on energy metabolism.
However, although many proteins related to mitochondrial proteins were up-regulated, there were no significant differences in the number of mitochondria (Fig. 1C). It therefore appears that the intake of coffee had an influence on the alterations in mitochondrial proteins without affecting the number of mitochondria. On the other hand, no significant alterations in the mRNA levels of TCA cycle-related genes (data not shown) were found in the transcriptome data. These observations exemplify the importance of combining analyses at the levels of proteins and transcripts.
From the results of principle component analysis in the metabolomics through CE-TOF MS (Fig. 2A), we observed that the high-fat diet had a significant influence on the metabolite profiles of the mouse livers, since the ND group and HF group were clearly distinguishable. The intake of coffee also had a strong influence on the hepatic metabolite profiles, especially the green unroasted coffee. The relative peak areas of the coffee-derived metabolites in Figure 2B showed the reliability of this metabolome analysis, since the results were consistent with those expected from the difference of ingredients.
Urea production is reported to be decreased due to dysfunction of liver enzymes in diet-induced obese animals [11], and urea cycle-related metabolites were significantly affected by the consumption of the high-fat diet and coffee (Fig. 2C). These alterations in metabolites include arginine, ornithine, citruline, and urea. N-AcGlu, a positive regulator of the urea cycle, also showed similar changes. The similar tendency of increment in N-acetylglutamate and other metabolites in urea cycle were observed (Fig. 2C). Since HFGC group showed the largest increases in their abundance, these changes is likely to be attributable to coffee polyphenol. These data, highly consistent with the transcriptomic data (Fig. 3A), are suggesting that the depressed urea cycle in the HF diet groups was enhanced by coffee consumption. An acceleration of energy expenditure is thought to have occurred in all of the coffee groups.
The TCA cycle and the urea cycle are directly connected as they mutually provide the other's intermediates [12]. Therefore, the up-regulation of both the TCA cycle and the urea cycle in this study resulted in increased ATP turnover, which may be related to the alterations of lipid metabolism (Fig. 3C). The mechanism may play an important part in the suppressive effects of coffee consumption on obesity, and eventually diabetes. These global metabolic alterations in the TCA cycle and the urea cycle induced by coffee intake provided significant insights into the association of coffee intake and enhanced energy consumption, and they may contribute to a reduction in the risk of obesity which may ultimately lead to the prevention of type 2 diabetes. It also demonstrated the benefits of combined omics approaches in food and nutrition science.
Although the alterations in lipid metabolism related molecules were revealed in the experiment of DNA microarray, the changes were not observed in protein level or metabolite level. One of the reasons for this discrepancy is much lower comprehensiveness of proteomics and metabolomics techniques as compared with transcriptomics using DNA microarray. Therefore the number of proteins identified to be differentially changed was not so large compared with that of trancripts. However, the clues from each analysis complemented each other, successfully leading to the crucial findings of the present study Furthermore, the results from different omics analyses do not necessarily consistent partly because the timelines for the alterations of mRNA, protein, and metabolites are different. The present study showed the potency of the combination of different omics even with limited comprehensiveness. In addition to the insights obtained by transcriptomic analysis, other patterns of regulations have emerged in our study, some of which were unique to proteome data — the TCA cycle, and another common to all — the urea cycle (Fig. 3D). Our integrated approach on the effects of coffee intake using multiple omics techniques is a pioneering study, especially in regard to the effect of food factors. The complete elucidation of the mechanisms of functional foods may prove to be challenging, since the effects of food factors are relatively mild. As such, the integration of multiple layers of information provided by the multi-omics approach will continue to gain importance.
Materials and Methods
Animal experiments
We conducted an animal experiment to evaluate the effects of the intake of coffee, as described [2]. Briefly, 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice purchased from Charles River Laboratories Japan (Yokohama) were divided into the following five groups (n = 8−9). The normal diet group (ND group) was fed D12450B (10 kcal% fat, Research Diets, New Brunswick, NJ, USA). The high-fat diet group (HF group) was fed D12492 (60 kcal% fat, Research Diets, New Brunswick, NJ, USA). The caffeinated coffee group (HFCC group) was fed a high-fat diet containing 2% caffeinated freeze-dried coffee. The decaffeinated coffee group (HFDC group) was fed a high-fat diet containing 2% decaffeinated freeze-dried coffee. The green unroasted coffee group (HFGC group) was fed a high-fat diet containing 2% unroasted caffeinated freeze-dried coffee. The 2% coffee powder is equivalent to approximately 4 cups (2 g coffee powder/140 mL/cup) of coffee per day in humans, which was calculated using a formula for dose translation based on body surface area [16]. This dose was employed since epidemiologic data have noted that 3–4 cups of coffee suppresses the risk of type 2 diabetes [17]. The content of caffeine in caffeinated, decaffeinated, and green unroasted coffee powder are 2.5, 0.1 and 2.5 g/100 g, and the content of total polyphenols are 15, 14, and 21 g/100 g, respectively [2]. The mice had ad libitum access to their diets and drinking water. After 9 weeks, mice were sacrificed and the livers were then excised. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Usage Committee of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Tokyo, and were verified by the committee (Approval number, P09-374).
DNA microarray data
The DNA microarray data used in the present study were obtained in our previous study, which was carried out with the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) [2].
Proteome analysis
We performed the differential proteomic analysis of the mouse livers using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry in the same manner as in our previous study [13]. Briefly, 2DE was performed using dry strips with a pH range of 3–11 for the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for the second dimension using 450 µg of protein extract. The gels were then stained using Flamingo gel staining dye.
The calibration of molecular weight and pI was performed using the PDQuest 2-D analysis software package (Version 8.0.1, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The spots showing significant changes in expression level were manually excised from the 2-DE gels and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting method. Using the MASCOT search program (http://www.matrixscience.com), we matched peptide masses with theoretical peptides of all proteins in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database.
Metabolome analysis
Frozen mice liver samples (n = 2 in the HF group, n = 3 in the other groups) were transferred into 500 µL of methanol containing 50 µM of external standard. After homogenization by BMS-M10N21 (bms, Tokyo) at 1,500 rpm, 120 s five times, 500 µL of chloroform and 200 µL of ultra-pure water were added to the homogenate and mixed well and centrifuged at 2,300 g for 5 min at 4°C. The resultant water phases were ultrafiltrated by the Millipore Ultrafree-MC PLHCC HMT Centrifugal Filter Device, 5 kDa (Millipore, Billerica, MA). The filtrates were dried and dissolved in 50 µL of ultra-pure water.
We then subjected the samples obtained to capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) analysis using the Agilent CE-TOFMS system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) at 4°C. The alignment of detected peaks was performed according to the m/z value and normalized migration time. We performed a principal component analysis (PCA) with the detected peaks using the statistical analysis software SampleStat ver.3.14 (Human Metabolome Technologies Inc., Tsuruoka, Japan), and we performed a hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) using PeakStat ver.3.18 (Human Metabolome Technologies). The relative area value of each peak was calculated and used for the intergroup comparison. Samples that were obviously characterizing outliers were eliminated from the analysis.
Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis
Total RNA was used for am mRNA analysis by quantitative real-time PCR. Primers were designed using a web application (PRIMER3), and their sequences are shown in Table S1. SYBR Green EX (Takara Bio, Madison, WI) was used on a real-time PCR detection system (Takara Bio). The relative amounts of mRNA were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and are expressed as the fold-change value.
Integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics
We used the web-based tool Keggle (http://keggle.jp), a novel tool for the visualization of omics-data created by the author's group [14]. Transcriptome and metabolome data were mapped onto KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) pathways on the web.
Statistical tests
Data are presented as the means with standard errors for the metabolomics analysis, and the standard error of the mean for the RT-PCR results. Three randomly selected mice from each group were used for the three omics experiments. Statistical significance in the quantitative RT-PCR analysis was assessed using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer test for multiple comparisons. Significance was accepted at p<0.05.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
PCR primer sequences of interest genes for detecting levels of mRNA expression.
Table S2.
The number of identified proteins whose expression was affected in the HFCC, HFDC and HFGC groups compared to the HF group.
Table S3.
The number of identified metabolites whose expression was affected in the HFCC, HFDC and HFGC groups compared to the HF group.
Table S4.
Diet information: Trigonelline, caffeine and polyphenol profile of coffee powder. CC, Caffeinated coffee; DC, decaffeinated coffee; GC, green unroasted coffee.
We are grateful to Dr. Keiko Abe for the valuable discussion during this study. We also wish to thank the staff members of Human Metabolome Technologies for metabolite extraction, CE-TOFMS analysis, data analysis of CE-TOF MS analysis.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: ST HJ HK. Performed the experiments: ST KS. Analyzed the data: ST KS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ST KS. Wrote the paper: ST HJ.
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Post Q-fever fatigue syndrome
Post-Lyme disease syndrome
Chronic pain
Functional paralysis
Lightning process
Mickel Therapy
MindBody Reconnect
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Graded exercise therapy
ANS Rewire
Stress management
Activity management
Other methods
Viewing 48 of 84 stories
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Alice Bowley
Our brains are physical and they play a big part in how we react to viruses and diseases.
Jan Rothney
"I had to retrain the body that it is safe to recover, that I didn't need protecting or to be put into survival mode"
Kate Hollins-Davies
"Instead of feeling guilty and tired out, I feel confident to live my life, because I now know how to manage my emotions better"
Lotte Lockert Johansen
"Eight years of sickness is history. My son once again has a mother, my husband has a wife, and I've got a life!"
Jan Even Raastad
From a nursing patient to a mountain climber: "For four years I lay completely helpless and motionless in bed"
Mother of 10-year-old girl
The best thing I have done is to say, "no way will I accept that my daughter will just lie there and suffer indefinitely, without us being able to do anything"
Torill Sorkmo and May Elin Game interviewed by Sophie Helbig
Beating ME: Interview with Sophie Helbig on The Puzzle of Healing
Turid Spildo
"I made many mistakes and I did some things right. I had bad luck as well as good luck, but it turned out well in the end" – a mother´s story
Alex Bermingham
"My whole world and understanding of things had been turned upside down, in the best way possible"
Anette Veisten Lie
I was a mother with ME and two children sick with ME – There is hope!
Ann Kristin Kjærnli
"At last, there was somebody who understood. This is why I was on the phone, crying because of the kindness of these strangers"
Vilde Thorsen
«From having to sit in a wheelchair, I can now be active again and go training»
May Elin Game
"I now had the knowledge to understand, the will to accept, and the tools to adjust"
Simon Pimenta
"Never, never give up hope that you can make progress towards your goal of recovery"
Polina Chernomordik
"No magic was involved, no pills or medical stuff. Just my inner power and the power of my brain."
"I was 13 years, and had no energy at all, but now I live my life the way I want to"
Dan Neuffer
"My message to all ME/CFS, Fibromyalgia and POTS sufferers is 'don't lose hope!'"
Stine Toppe Andersen
"I had a shower stool and a wheelchair, but today I am proud and extremely happy to say that I have recovered"
Mother of girl
My daughter's ME recovery story
Torill Sorkmo
"It has been important for me to feel ownership to my own process. I've been my own coach all the way"
Mother of a boy
"When school started after the summer holiday, it was as if he'd never been ill"
Eilen Sør-Reime
"Much of what made me ill, was probably the expectation that I would get ill"
Woman in her 30s
"The symptoms often made me feel stressed and worried, as I saw them as a sign that something was wrong with my body"
"If I had believed all the negative things I read on the net, I would not have recovered"
Benedicte Viggen Fintland
"Luckily I am stubborn, and so I decided to disprove the idea that you just have to live with this diagnosis"
Celina, Silje og Rune Fylkesnes
"Our daughter learnt how to shift her focus away from the illness, and to replace 'sickness thoughts' with 'healthy thoughts'"
Thomas Overvik (by Randi Størseth)
Documentary: An undeniable truth – a contribution to living free of ME/CFS
Woman (23)
"It is hard to put aside principles you have set up because you so desperately want to be believed"
Emil, Leif og Lucie Størmer
"Emil learnt to control his focus by himself, and then things improved very quickly"
"Step by step I took my life back. My life's big turnaround, I call it"
My journey into ME
Aina Elisabeth Tandberg-Bråthen
"I tricked my body into believing I would get well"
Hanne Namsvatn
"I was one of the most severe cases of ME, but recovered completely"
Tina Røe Skaar
"The illness experience, and the tools I learnt, made me an Olympic athlete"
Rosi Lovdal
What is ME? A spiral down into unwellness
Monica Kristin Hansen
"If I could sleep for a hundred years…"
Kirsti Dahl Johansen
"For me it became vital to think that I was well, to say I was well"
David Jameson
"The key was realising that my illness and relapses had all happened during times when I didn't have any work to do, usually after a period of stress"
Camilla Wiede Hellerud
"So, here I am, never better!"
Thomas Overvik
"I was transferred to a nursing home, laid out in darkness, not leaving bed for 15 months. But then my world view changed radically"
Arild Berg
"To me ME is no great mystery"
Ann Kristin Grøntjernet
"It is awfully demanding when you are seriously ill, but it is well worth the effort!"
Espen Utaker (father)
«Our daughter felt that she was more in control over her own situation, that she could now play an active part in her own recovery»
Woman in her 30s
I want to recover – but how?
Mari Hofsøy Pettersen
From ME to MMA
Woman (29)
"I got my life back!"
Aftur Spildo
«This illness will last for a long time. And why is that? Because I am already prepared to die – inside»
Nina og Svein Erik Høst
"At that moment it was absolutely essential that I was there"
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This futon takes on the elegant tuxedo design with rigid track arms and button tufted everything. Deep tufting encases the seat, sides, and back of this futon to show case its padding and makes for a stunning contrast to the clean lines. It converts into an equally stylish bed when you need extra sleeping space.
Item # CM2604
Color: Gray
- Linen
- Transitional Style
- Deep Button Tufting
- Track Arms
- Nailhead Trim
- Converts into Bed
Sofa: 78″L X 37″W X 35 1/4″H, (Seat HT: 18″, Seat DP: 21 1/2″)
Flat: 78″L X 70″W X 25 1/2″H
Some Assembly Required


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Watch and weep as Ken Block drifts the 1,400bhp Mach-E
Seven electric motors, much horsepower, one heavy right foot
The Ford Mustang Mach-E 1400 is a car, sure; there is everything you'd expect to find, like seven electric motors, a high-performance battery, a hydraulic handbrake, 1,000kg of downforce at 160mph and a nice, clean, 1,400bhp.
The Ford Mustang Mach-E 1400 is also not a car, for sure; there is nothing you'd expect to find, like rationale, usability, and tyre life. Especially not in the hands of Ken Block. As you will witness from the video above, the Ford Mustang Mach-E 1400 is quite adept at crippling your local tyre supplier.
Of course, the Mach-E 1400 was designed exactly for this purpose – drifting, not keeping tyre companies in business for the next decade – and few do it better than Block. "It is a beast," his latest video proclaims.
Yes, but it doesn't sound like any beast we've ever heard, those seven motors whining away like a horde of ethereal spirits being tortured by listening to the worst performers on Pop Idol.
Despite admitting his brain couldn't 'calibrate' to the throttle, the big man does his level best – while keeping the world's best poker face – to set each and every tyre on fire.
Have a watch, and a listen, above, and then click here for the full story on Ford's New 'Car'.
Top Gear
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Georgina Bustelo Piano Studio offers quality and professional instruction whether you are in a serious track toward music study at university or taking piano lessons for your own enjoyment.
Private piano lessons to children as young as age 4, elementary age, teens, and adults.
All levels are accepted, from beginners to advanced.
Enrollment is always open and you can start anytime!
Student´s testimonials
I used to play the piano during my childhood and stopped for many years until I met Georgina. She brought back to me the joy of playing the piano through her highly personalized classes, where I was stoked to be learning how to play my favorite music well and having lots of fun and laughs in the process! Every lesson with her I find myself improving not only technically, but also deepening my love for the music. Georgina is such a warm person and her lessons were always a highlight of my week. And all those activities together, concerts and group classes that she organized for us were a bonus— so many fond memories!''
I'm a brand new student in piano lessons at my age 30s. Georgina really guides me through practicing and understanding of the music. I start to feel it and benefit from it for my life more than I expected. Although it could be a life long road to get it properly skilled, I'm happy to have her as my first teacher. -- Hao, a Chinese living in the Netherlands"
I much enjoyed the lessons of Georgina. She gave the freedom to choose the pieces I wished to play, in my case mainly Nocturnes of Chopin, and gave inspiring advice to improve the musicality of my performance in an enthusiastic, clear and modest way. Lessons were something I looked forward to. Moreover, Georgina organized specific classes about composers to better understand their music, and also student recitals. Performing in front of the public was both a challenge and a joy. And, it was also a natural way to get to know one another. Once more: thanks Georgina"
Request a free consultation
The free consultation takes around 45 minutes and includes a meeting with the student (and parent/s) to discuss the goals of the lesson and do a brief assessment to the student. I explain the material and methods I use and any concerns or questions that may arise.
The student or parents will need to complete a brief questionnaire with important information about the student. We will also discuss the best lessons plan to follow.
Refer a friend and get $20 discount!
Do you have a friend who is interested in piano lessons? Refer your friend to Georgina Bustelo Piano Studio. If he/she enrolls and takes at least one month of lessons, you will receive $20 off for your next month tuition!
IMPORTANT! The referred student must register including your name (as the referrer) on the registration form.
There is no limit to the amount of referrals you can give and savings you can receive!
How do multiple referrals work if they all register and complete one full month of lessons?
If you make two or more referrals and those referrals register for lessons, a $20 discount coupon will apply for your next month tuition and the following $20 discounts will apply for the consecutive months.
NOTE: Discount coupons only apply to students currently enrolled in Georgina Bustelo Piano Studio and taking lessons.
All Rights Reserved 2023
Rolling Hills Dr. Moscow, Idaho, USA


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Shane Dawson
A top YouTuber slammed Dasani over additive conspiracy theories. Experts say they don't hold water.
A trend of dunking on the taste and ingredients of Dasani bottled water. Here's what to know about the Dasani water controversy.
Shane Dawson just terrified everyone on the internet with a new video that shows how tiny cameras hidden in everyday objects could be filming you at any time
Dawson apologized in advance for how people would feel after watching the video, as filming it had ruined his life.
An artist made a Furby inspired by Jeffree Star, and Shane Dawson bought it for over $450
Artist Sunny Biss told Insider she was so blown away by the interaction that she's sending Shane Dawson a second custom Furby for free.
Shane Dawson revealed the '30% rule' that some influencers use to determine who they can be friends with based on follower count
Morgan Adams learned of the rule when she went on a brand trip to Hawaii with several beauty influencers.
Shane Dawson says he previously received 'hairy' lipstick from Jaclyn Hill's makeup brand
YouTuber Jeffree Star also comments on Jaclyn Hill's failed lipstick launch in Shane Dawson's latest YouTube video.
Shane Dawson released terrifying footage of someone trying to break into his house in bonus scenes from his Jeffree Star series
In the first real upload on his new makeup channel, ShaneGlossin, Shane Dawson included new footage of an attempted break-in at his house.
Shane Dawson said he asked Kat Von D to stop sending him free makeup while working with Jeffree Star
YouTuber Jeffree Star also makes a joke about Kat Von D "needing work" as a tattoo artist in Shane Dawson's latest YouTube video.
Shane Dawson told fans he has 2 hours of deleted scenes from his Jeffree Star docuseries, and they're begging him to release it all
The footage will likely share more behind-the-scenes looks at the Shane Dawson x Jeffree Star Cosmetics makeup line.
YouTuber Safiya Nygaard's wedding vlog is full of internet easter eggs like a table of famous influencers at her reception
Shane Dawson, Jenna Marbles, and Cristine from 'Simply Nailogical' were all seated at the same table for Nygaard's wedding to Tyler Williams.
Shane Dawson quietly started a new makeup YouTube channel while on hiatus after his 'Conspiracy' palette launch with Jeffree Star
The top YouTuber revealed his new channel while responding to stan criticisms of him not seeming to use makeup anymore after his Jeffree Star series.
The 10 most popular YouTubers at the beginning of the decade — and where they are now
YouTube's most popular creators at the beginning of 2010 featured names like NigaHiga, Fred, and KevJumba.
YouTube stars rarely break into mainstream entertainment despite being worshipped by millions of fans. Here's why they might be better off online.
YouTube is no longer a stepping stone to better things. Some creators are more famous than some of the world's biggest mainstream celebrities.
YouTube is trying to keep up with genre-bending influencers like James Charles and MrBeast, who defy traditional categorization
In YouTube Rewind 2019, James Charles' "No More Lies" wasn't categorized as a beauty video. It's because YouTube sees him as a celebrity now.
YouTube hinted that its 'Rewind 2019' video will include PewDiePie and other stars the platform left out of last year's much-hated video
Last year's Rewind video was criticized for failing to include some of YouTube's most controversial stars, like PewDiePie and the Paul brothers.
Inside the life and career rise of YouTube star Shane Dawson's video editor, Andrew Siwicki
Andrew Siwicki, 27, is a full-time video editor for one of YouTube's most popular creators, Shane Dawson.
Jeffree Star and Shane Dawson are answering fans' prayers by rereleasing one of their eye-shadow palettes with a new shade
The color Cry On My Couch from the Mini-Controversy palette will be swapped out for a vibrant green color called Put It Back!
Jeffree Star says it's 'not fair' to compare his recent makeup launch to Jaclyn Hill's disastrous lipstick line
According to Jeffree Star, a "few dozen people" out of 1.1 million received eye shadow with ribbon fibers from a factory machine embedded inside.
People say they're receiving broken eye-shadow palettes from Jeffree Star and Shane Dawson's makeup line
Many of the allegedly damaged items appear to have been sent by Beauty Bay, a UK retailer that sells Jeffree Star Cosmetics.
The rise of Shane Dawson, the veteran YouTuber who's been embroiled in multiple controversies and is worth an estimated $12 million
Here's everything you need to know about YouTuber Shane Dawson, who has more than 22 million subscribers on the platform.
I tried Jeffree Star and Shane Dawson's new makeup that sold out almost immediately after it was launched, but it doesn't live up to the hype
I had high hopes for the Jeffree Star Cosmetics x Shane Dawson collection. Unfortunately, in my experience, most of the products didn't work out.


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Germany Verdi, Falstaff: Staatsopernchor, Staatskapelle Berlin / Zubin Mehta (conductor), Staatsoper Unter den Linden, Berlin, 29.1.2020. (JMI)
Director – Mario Martone
Sets – Margherita Palli
Costumes – Ursula Patzak
Lighting – Pasquale Mari
Falstaff – Lucio Gallo
Alice Ford – Barbara Frittoli
Ford – Alfredo Daza
Mrs. Quickly – Daniela Barcellona
Nannetta – Slávka Zámecnikova
Fenton – Francesco Demuro
Meg Page – Cristina Damian
Doctor Cajus – Jürgen Sacher
Bardolfo – Stephan Rügamer
Pistola – Jan Martinik
This Mario Martone staging of Falstaff premiered here in Berlin a couple of years ago. The production sets the action in current times, which marries awkwardly with the character of Sir John Falstaff, and even more so when the protagonist is cast as a younger, thinner man. Falstaff has always been Il Pancione, and allusions to his girth occur throughout the opera. To this one might add that the final act and the presence of witches, nymphs and a whole series of fantastic beings may make some sense for the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries, but they are totally out of place in the twenty-first century.
The sets range from a rundown inn with wooden benches to the attractive Ford mansion with garden and pool. It's not clear that the final scene takes place in Windsor Park since some sort of tower appears in the middle of the stage, and there is a large staircase on each side. The costumes suit the modern setting of the production.
Heading the musical direction was none other than Zubin Mehta. It is known that he has had serious health problems in recent years, and he moves with some difficulty, but he is still one of the great conductors from the last 40 years – and the audience made their admiration clear. His reading was brilliant musically, although somewhat short on joyousness. Under his baton was the great Staatskapelle Berlin and the excellent Staatsoper chorus.
Lucio Gallo as Sir John Falstaff did very well vocally, although his performance was not especially suited to the traditional character Il Pancione. His voice is wide, and his interpretation was somewhat exaggerated.
Alice Ford was sung by Barbara Frittoli, who performs less frequently now than in the past – I had not seen her on stage in four years. She was in good voice although there is a vibrato, which was clearly present in the first part of the opera. Alfredo Daza's interpretation of Ford was good but lacked some brightness. He too exaggerated a bit in his 'le corna' aria.
Daniella Barcellona as Mrs. Quickly was correct in terms both of singing and acting. In my opinion, she lacks a bolder sense of humor, and she fell somewhat short at the bottom of the range in her 'Reverenzas' addressed to Falstaff.
A very good impression was left by young soprano Slávka Zámecnikova in the part of Nannetta, where she demonstrated an attractive voice and sang with gusto. Due to the modern updating, she performed a good part of the opera wearing a bikini.
Francesco Demuro gave a strong performance as Fenton, with a beautiful voice and an appealing presence on stage. Christina Damian was fine in the role of Meg Page, as were Jürgen Sacher as Doctor Cajus, Stephan Rügamer as Bardolfo and Jan Martinik as Pistola.
José M. Irurzun


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Stanford forward Rosco Allen, who led the Cardinal in scoring in 2015-16 has declared for the 2016 NBA Draft. This does not necessarily mean, however, that Allen is leaving Stanford. NCAA basketball players are allowed to register for the NBA Draft, attend the NBA Combine and participate in one team workout without losing their college eligibility.
NBA prospects coming out of college actually have until 10 days after the NBA combine to remove their name from draft consideration (this year's deadline is May 25). If they do remove their name from consideration by the deadline they are able to return to college play. If the player hires an agent, however, the situation changes.
This rule allows college basketball players the option to test the NBA waters first before making a decision about their future. Rosco Allen has opted to test the NBA waters but has not hired an agent therefore preserving the option to return to the Farm for his final year of eligibility. Allen is a senior and has been with the Cardinal for four seasons but he still has a year of eligibility left because he received a medical hardship his sophomore year(the 2013-14 basketball season).
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Philip Hempleman, the manager of Ardsley Partners, has decided to reduce his exposure to Saba Software, Inc. (OTCMKTS:SABA) and has sold 25,000 shares in one transaction at a price of $13.07 per unit, as reported in a recent Form 4 filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). As a result, Ardsley Partners is left holding 3.19 million shares of Saba Software, Inc. (OTCMKTS:SABA). In another move, Daniel J. Donoghue, the manager of Discovery Group, has boosted his investment in Agilysys, Inc. (NASDAQ:AGYS), a provider of software solutions for for the hospitality and retail markets. According to a recent filing with the SEC, the fund has acquired 460,280 shares, taking its investment to 1.19 million shares or 5.2% of Agilysys, Inc. (NASDAQ:AGYS)'s total number of shares outstanding.
P.A.W. Capital Partners is the only other fund we track that has a stake in Saba Software, Inc. (OTCMKTS:SABA). During the second quarter of 2014, Peter A. Wright, the fund's manager, has boosted their stake by 34% to amass 266,600 shares valued at roughly $3 million. Since the start of the year, the stock has slumped to a low of $9.2 per share in May and has been tending higher since then. With a current price of $13.56 per share, Saba Software, Inc. (OTCMKTS:SABA) has a market cap of $404 million and does not pay a dividend. On September 25, the company and two former executives were charged with accounting fraud involving the falsification of timesheets by the Securities and Exchange Commission. They have allegedly overstated their income by $70 million in the time span between 2007 and 2012 to reach quarterly targets.
Agilysys, Inc. (NASDAQ:AGYS) is also on the radar of Michael Kaufman, the manager of MAK Capital One. Kaufman has made no adjustment to his fund's stake during the second quarter so MAK Capital One continues to hold approximately 7.05 million shares reportedly worth $99.3 million. Chuck Royce is also keeping an eye, with his fund, Royce & Associates, reporting ownership of roughly 335,700 shares valued at $4.72 million in its latest 13F filing. Hedge fund guru Jim Simons expects the stock to grow and has boosted his fund's investment by 18%. Renaissance Technologies now holds 37,800 shares worth approximately $533,000.
Disclosure: none.


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This week, Oval Space's monthly series Ovation will be presenting an evening of live music in East London.
Ben Frost will be presenting his A U R O R A show alongside visual artist MFO, reprising their audio visual performance that made its debut last year at Poland's Unsound festival. Based around hijacked digital technology, Frost promises it should "feel like being inside a particle accelerator". Check out a taster below.
A firm favourite of tQ office, Laurel Halo is also set to perform. Of her excellent 2013 album Chance Of Rain, Emily Bick wrote "you can dance to parts of this album until you dissolve". Read our interview with her from 2012 here.
Berlin-based Jacques Gaspard Biberkopf will also be putting in a shift, and tQ's own Sophie Coletta will be DJing throughout the evening. Head to Oval Space's website for tickets.


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Nikki Vianna and Vasco Discuss
Their Latest Single, "Two Shots"
Presented by
Artisans Restaurant
The shot has always been a party starter, and when done right, it can lead to some good times. Being able to pregame with friends before a big night is very common. A Buttery Nipple or a Pineapple Upside Down Cake shot can ease you into a party mood with something sweet, but with a kick. Then there's the date shot. You're on a date and you need an icebreaker. You and your plus one are feeling carefree, so two shots of Hot Damn are ordered to get the conversation going.
Danish Electro House producer Vasco understands how shots can bring people together. In September, he released his latest single "Two Shots" featuring Nikki Vianna. The beach-ready "Two Shots" is a melodic track with Vasco delivering mid-tempo synths that blend well with Vianna's sultry voice. In the song, Vianna is longing for her lover as she sings, "I don't want to be without my babe; one more shot without my babe."
Vasco and Vianna are both artists on the rise at Atlantic Records. Vianna has generated 28 million streams on Spotify and she's highly favored on Instagram with 3.2 million followers. Vianna has collaborated with other artists that include Flo Rida, Cash Cash, and most recently, Matoma.
Recently, I spoke with Vasco and Vianna about "Two Shots" and their careers. You can stream the full interview with Vasco and Nikki on the JMG Live! Music Lounge podcast below.
The podcast is also available on iHeartRadio, Apple Podcasts, Spotify and Google Play Music.


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News about maps
Digital cartography and GPS navigation
Mapstor news
This Day in History
Travelling with mapstor.com
Digital cartography and GPS navigation
115 years of flight
Next-generation of GPS satellites are headed to space
DJI Phantom 4 RTK - cartography of a new generation
Earthquake prediction systems
OneSoil map
World historical maps available in the format of Google Maps
Employees of the University of Portsmouth (England) launched an online project called Old Maps Online, which represented approximately 60,000 ancient world maps. The oldest map of the project is dated 1551 year.
The site is interesting because it is not just a collection of graphic pictures, but it contains maps that comply with a standard Google Maps API. This means that a user has the opportunity to explore a certain area, using the zoom, or find a town by using the search form.
After entering geographical area of interest in the search string, on the right side you'll see the map that covers this area. When you click on the icon with the map, appears a window, which shows the full info of the map and a link clicking on which you can see the full version of this map. It should be noted that most of the maps are not located on the server of the University of Portsmouth.
Maps for the project were provided by David Rumsey, the British library, library of Moravia, etc. It is expected that by the beginning of 2013 the database will be enlarged due to the maps of Harvard University, New York Library, etc.Digital cartography and GPS navigation 17-05-2012


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Supernatural New Year
Jordan Rubin Had Lost Nearly Half His Body Weight!
Battling 19 illnesses including Crohn's disease, young Jordan Rubin cried out to God. At 104 lbs. he embraced Bible-based nutrition and thrived! Later, God showed Jordan three secrets to health, wisdom and intimacy — the power of God to heal and bless!
Support It's Supernatural!
Jewish people are more open to the gospel than at any time in history. Please pray about our work and consider partnering with us. Your support helps make our TV and radio broadcasts possible, and helps us share the good news of the Messiah.Donate Now!


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Matthew 28:19
Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,
What is the Significance of Water Baptism?
The word "baptism" comes from the Greek word "baptizō" which means "to immerse" in water.
Being baptized in water is an "outward sign of an inward change". While being baptized does not make a person saved (in right relationship with God), or cause the forgiveness of sins (faith in Christ alone does this), people who are saved and forgiven should be water baptized out of obedience to Jesus (Matthew 28:19).
1: Baptism demonstrates faith
Salvation comes by faith and before baptism. In this way we show others that we believe 1 Corinthians 15:3-4 "that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures,". Baptism is an expression of faith.
2: Baptism is about repentance
Jesus said to follow Him we need to "take up our cross". This means we must be willing to put to death our "old self" (old habits, ungodly speech, selfishness, pride, sin). Repentance means to change our way of thinking. We once thought one way about the world, how we should live our lives, and treat others. Now we think a new way, according to the Bible. Baptism draws a clear line that just as we believe Jesus died and rose anew, so we too are dying to self to live as new creations. Romans 6:4 We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life.
3: Baptism is about new life
Romans 6:4 is not just about our dying to self, it is about our new life! Once we were slaves to sin, stuck in habits and negative ways of thinking. Now we are freed by Jesus to live for Him and experience love, joy, and real peace. By being baptized we are pledging not just that the old is gone, but that the new is here!
4: Baptism is a proclamation
Our being baptized is not just for us, it also is a witness to friends, family, and the world that we now belong to Christ. Whatever we once were, we are no longer. We are forgiven, and in right relationship with God and we plan on living accordingly. It speaks to how we all can be forgiven, and make the decision to follow Jesus.
Who should be baptized?
Often in scripture believers were baptized immediately after they decided to follow Jesus.
For this reason, we believe baptism is for individuals who:
- Understand what baptism means
- Chose to be baptized to show their obedience to Jesus
If you have not been water baptized as an act of your faith, or would just like more information, please let us know!
34 Fox Manor Rd.
Hazle-township, PA 18202


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Here are some events happening around the area for September! Is anyone planning on going to any of these?
Social Links Widget
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Events Near You • September 1, 2015
September Events
by Mike Elliott
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PASADENA, Calif. -- Jedd Fisch wanted to take a chance. His team was in the process of erasing a monumental 44-10 third-quarter deficit, so Fisch, in his first game as UCLA's offensive coordinator, decided to roll the dice on third-and-5 from the Texas A&M 10-yard line.
Forget that there were 48 seconds left in Sunday's game at the Rose Bowl and history was on the line. Fisch figured that in that moment, the best answer was to get cute. He was about to ask his superstar quarterback to fake a spike and heave a prayer on a fade to the end zone to pull off the unthinkable.
It's a chance that typically ends in ecstasy or calls for a job search in the morning.
Seconds later, that chance turned into triumph. Josh Rosen's split-second hesitation at the line froze A&M's already exhausted defense and gave him enough time to look up, set and float a perfectly lofted pass to Jordan Lasley's back shoulder, giving out-of-position defensive back Myles Jones no shot to make a play.
As Lasley tip-toed into the corner of the end zone and later collapsed into the padded wall behind him from sheer exhaustion and elation, Rosen ripped his helmet off and jumped into the arms of teammates galloping toward him. Later, he did the same on the sideline with head coach Jim Mora, who for most of that game looked like a dead man walking, thanks to the gargantuan hole his Bruins had found themselves in.
But they managed to climb out, completing the biggest comeback in school history for a 45-44 victory.
"Breaking in a new offense, took a little time to get rolling. It's a unique way to start off with a new OC and a new relationship, but I'm happy how it went," said Rosen, who finished the game with 491 passing yards (third most in school history) and four touchdowns on 35-for-59 passing.
"The chips just fell in our favor tonight."
Boy, did they.
The Bruins were finished, trailing 31-10 at halftime. UCLA was embarrassed at 44-10 late in the third quarter. But as the dirt was being tossed on UCLA's grave and fans marched for the exits, Rosen showed the world why he is projected to be one of the first players taken in next year's NFL draft.
For the better part of three quarters, Rosen looked lost and defeated. He was popped, punished and flung around like a rag doll by an A&M defense that was trying to find new legs without former stars Myles Garrett and Daeshon Hall. It was more of the same from one of the nation's worst offensive lines a year ago, as UCLA's big men allowed the face of its program to get clobbered.
Thanks to a nonexistent running game, Rosen had to champion this astonishing comeback with that golden arm of his, and he didn't disappoint. After throwing for 114 yards on 9-for-23 passing in the first half, Rosen found more of a groove in the third quarter, as A&M's defense began to tire and its offense dug its feet into the grass, unable to move once freshman Kellen Mond took over for injured starter Nick Starkel.
Then the fourth quarter came, and Rosen and his receivers fell into perfect harmony. In those final 15 minutes, Rosen threw for 292 yards and tossed a touchdown on all four drives, reasserting himself as one of the nation's best players, rather than a player known more for what he says off the field.
"That's a good quarter," said Fisch, who basked in his first victory as UCLA's new OC.
It was a great quarter -- historic, really -- and Rosen was the main catalyst, but his play fueled his team and his coaches. When Fisch went to Rosen, Rosen simply told his coach to give him the ball, and he'd score.
As the offense clicked, the defense fell back into place, switching to its base look at halftime -- after not practicing it for more than a week. The more UCLA pushed, the more A&M -- which collapsed in typical A&M fashion over the past few grueling years under Kevin Sumlin -- sank.
"You could see that Texas A&M had kind of thought that the game was over, and our guys never quit, and you never sensed that on the sideline," UCLA defensive coordinator Tom Bradley said.
The Bruins won with a little luck. There was Braden Mann's fourth-quarter field goal that would have sealed the game for the Aggies but was somehow blocked. There was Rosen cutting A&M's lead to 44-31 with a bullet of a 42-yard pass over the middle of the field that slipped right through defender Deshawn Capers-Smith's hands to Darren Andrews. Rosen later admitted that he shouldn't have thrown that pass and should have hit a wide-open Lasley on a better read.
The touchdown to cut the game to one score in the fourth was a fluke, too. As he was being chased, Rosen tried to throw the ball out of bounds, but his arm was hit, and the ball awkwardly sailed to a falling Theo Howard in the end zone for a 16-yard score.
Oh, and that game winner? Yeah, Lasley bobbled that one as he stepped out of bounds, but the play wasn't reversed.
"We are an inch away from losing that game probably 10 times," Rosen said. "For God's sakes, that field goal would have put us out, and we just had an incredible surge and effort to put probably a centimeter of a finger on the ball. The things that had to go right to win this game were incredible."
Rosen was incredible. On a weekend when top quarterbacks Sam Darnold and Josh Allen, who are jockeying with Rosen for the top pick in next year's draft, looked flat, Rosen went from slouch to mythical beast in one quarter. He was the centerpiece of one of college football's greatest comebacks, and though UCLA can't let the euphoria of this epic win mask the plethora of flaws it has, Rosen's performance should give this program hope that even when the outcome seems impossible, he's just a few throws away.
"There's no fear in him. He's not afraid," Mora said.
"He's becoming a man, and he's starting to act like a man."


text:
who is best Shahrukh or Amitabh? Shahrukh is known for his acting abilities and has given hits in rows while Amitabh Bachhan has northing to prove as an actor and is still entertaining the masses successfully and whatever he does is liked by the audience.So here is the question which actor do you think is the best so far Shahrukh Khan or Amitabh Bachhan?
Submitted by ajay
Category: Movies and Entertainment
Published 30 November -0001Created 09 March 2011
Last modified 09 March 2011
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The standard narrative is to get a job, buy a house, work until you're 65 and get a pension. Be loyal to the company and they will take care of you in your old age. You have to throw out that outdated advice and create a new rulebook." Kristy Shen (Author of 'Quit like a millionaire).
Freedom is never free. Becoming financially independent from a 9-to-5 job requires a lot of planning, commitment and discipline. Over decades lucky people who managed to escape from office slavery have been inspiring the rest of us by sharing their success stories and recipes how to build financial wealth and live off income from investments. This is how the FIRE movement was born. FIRE, which stands for Financial Independence, Retire Early, offers an alternative lifestyle strategy that allows a "normal person" to retire after 20–25 years of work instead of working until the rest of the life.
In FIREDAO we make a few steps further: we combine the same vision and strategy with cutting-edge financial technologies to fast track people to financial freedom by achieving alpha-returns. We create new products, new rules and offer a new playbook of how to become financially free.
FIREDAO is a community-run organization that develops DeFi (decentralized finance) products capable to generate much higher returns than a stock market index. These extra returns come from smart-contracts (autonomous programs) that run 24/7 and serve a highly liquid cryptocurrency market generating fees from lending, borrowing and exchanging digital assets.
Though DeFi products are based on blockchain technology their financial performance is not linked to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies' prices as they use stablecoins, which price is pegged to $1. This feature of DeFi products allows users to make long-term savings without speculating on coin prices.
FIRE movement for financial freedom.
Financial freedom is a choice that we encourage our community members to make and achieve together. It is a lifestyle movement that unites people committed to achieve financial freedom by making savings and investments early in our professional careers and living off the investments after early retirement instead of depending on a typical 9 to 5 job.
Originally FIRE movement became popular in early 1990s when the global economy did not have the challenges that it faces today, so investing all savings in bonds and stock index funds was a safe and a rational choice.
Yet we believe the global economy is on the verge of another "Great Depression": the stock markets are all time-high while productivity, employment and the GDP decline due to the coronavirus pandemic. Unlike stock market crashes in 2000s and 2007–08, which took the markets 4 years to recover, the current crisis brings long-term negative consequences: unemployed people lose their qualifications, people suffered from COVID-19 have long-term productivity disorders, massive bankruptcies among SMEs makes access to capital for entrepreneurs more difficult in the future. So, in case the current crises gets worse, it could take the stoсk market a very long time to recover. For comparison after the Great Depression in 1929–39 the markets took 25 years to recover to their pre-crisis levels. So, if you plan to retire early and keep most of your savings in stocks or corporate bonds you must diversify your portfolio.
However, the current economic system does not work for all and new investing vehicles are needed. Radically better ones.
FIRE protocol is a solution to current economic crisis and challenges enabling to generate a much higher returns than stock market indexes thanks to revolutionary innovations in blockchain and DeFi industries.
Yield aggregator: High ROI, 0% volatility
Our first product — the yield aggregator — enables savings in stable crypto assets like USDT, USDC and DAI (pegged to $1) which have near zero volatility. This means that the value of deposits is not affected by Bitcoin and other crypto assets. The yield aggregator generates much higher annual returns than stock market indexes by eliminating all intermediaries and automatically deploying capital to audited smart-contracts, which make money from trading, lending and liquidity mining events.
All the strategies we develop with the help of FIREDAO community have to focus on 4 key values:
Profitability. FIREDAO constantly monitors the market for the best yield generation opportunities and automatically allocates your capital to the most profitable DeFi protocols.
Safety. Before we add new earning strategies our technical team reviews the code to make sure your funds can be deployed safely.
Efficiency. By pooling funds of many users together and deploying them at once we help small investors save on Ethereum transaction fees (gas) and achieve high returns, which otherwise won't be possible.
Decentralized Governance. Every community member can propose and vote on new earning strategies.
At launch the yield aggregator has three deposit programs:
DAI deposit program:
This program accepts DAI for deposits and allocates DAI to dForce DAI Yield Market, farms dForce Token (DF), sells DF for DAI and redeposits DAI back to the program.
USDT deposit program:
This program accepts USDT for deposits and allocates USDT to dForce USDT Yield Market, farms dForce Token (DF), sells DF for USDT and redeposits USDT back to the program.
USDC deposit program:
This program accepts USDC for deposits and allocates USDC to dForce USDC Yield Market, farms dForce Token (DF), sells DF for USDC and redeposits USDC back to the program.
After we receive a feedback from FIREDAO community we will add more deposit programs.
In contrast to the current financial system, FIRE protocol is governed by the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). It allows every community member to participate in protocol's development by making necessary proposals and voting on protocol's changes with the protocol's governance token — FIRE token.
FIRE Token
FIRE token is a governance and profit-sharing token, which means that FIRE token holders can propose and vote on yield-generating strategies as well as receive a share of total profit made by deposit holders.
Details about FIRE token will be announced in the future.
Profits generated by deposit programs are distributed as follows:
- 80% are distributed directly to depositors.
- 20% are given to the team to cover gas costs and fund the development of FIREDAO.
Join FIREDAO movement and follow us on:
Twitter: https://twitter.com/FIREDAO_
Telegram: https://t.me/firedao
To learn more about FIREDAO please check:
Website: firedao.com
Documentation: docs.firedao.com
FAQ section: https://docs.firedao.com/about-firedao/faq


text:
In this episode, we chat with Bailey McCall (Jenna in the National Tour of Waitress, Sally Bowles in the National Tour of Cabaret) about life on the road, an unexpected pause on tour, and allowing ourselves to experience grief, joy and everything in between.
Episode 2- Everything changes with Bailey McCall
In This Episode
Read Full Transcript
We are currently working on uploading full transcripts for all episodes. Please email us at: email@example.com & request this episode be moved to the top of the queue.


text:
God knows that living in a world of wolves is challenging and even dangerous. That is why He gave us Jesus as our Redeemer and Shepherd to guide us through whatever we are facing. When the wolves are circling, we can pray and communicate with God and Jesus. They will help us be wise and harmless as we deal with the wolves in our lives!
Don't get eaten by the wolves. Pray and listen for guidance to be wise and harmless in your actions!
Dear God-
Thank You for loving me and being willing to help me be both wise and innocent as I deal with the wolves in my life. In Jesus' name I pray, amen.


text: Be a leaders. Support the anti-bullying efforts of STOMP Out Bullying™. Blue Shirt Day® World Day Of Bullying Prevention is Monday, October 5th. The S4A club will be ordering t-shirts for anyone who wants one as part of the club's kickoff of this anti-bullying effort. If you want a t-shirt, get an order form from the bulletin board near Mrs. Hayhurst's room and email Student Support Specialist Jen Brannon for a time to turn in the $15 with the form. These shirts are to promote anti-bullying and tolerance between different groups. Deadline: Friday, 9/25. If you have any questions email Jen Brannon (email@example.com). You do not have to be a member of S4A to participate. Blue Shirt Day website


text:
Those adorable pictures set on wood transfer photos look great, but did you know that you can print on wood yourself? There are quite a few ways to ensure that your pictures print on wood and turn out great. Here's what you need to know about printing on wood to get the best results every time.
Decide What You Want To Print
To print on wood, regardless of your chosen method, isn't going to print photo quality, high contrast images. You'll want to select an image to print on wood with clear boundaries between colors or highlights and shadows so that you can see the photo once you're done.
If you're transferring a color image, make sure there are big blocks of color without a lot of small details. For black and white, choose images that have simple, clear boundaries. The key here is ensuring that you have a simple, large enough image to make out the different print boundaries of color.
Other than that, the concept or style depends on you. These image transfers work well with simple portraits or vintage images mainly, but you could print where your heart wants to take you.
Consider your images carefully for the print on wood. The more time you spend choosing the perfect photo for this particular technique, the less you'll be disappointed in the result later. You might also want to experiment with smaller pieces of wood just to get the print on wood technique right.
Find Your Wood Piece
Lighter wood is the way to go here for a good print. You want a solid piece of wood to print, no particle board or MDF woods here. Instead, choose a solid wood piece in lighter colors to ensure that your print on wood is bright enough.
One of the biggest things to remember is the print requires a light or white background to provide highlight and contrast. Printers don't use white ink, just the absence of ink on the white paper, so the same principle will apply to your wood.
A darker wood could muddy the print and make details hard to discern. Choose a wood that will highlight the lighter areas of your photo so that you have better contrast overall.
You'll also need to choose a wood that can take transfers. It should be a natural wood with no additives or finishes that can chip your final print on wood. You'll add a finish later to ensure that your print is well protected, so take some time choosing your wood piece.
Add Your Picture
Now it's time to build your perfect wood printed piece. There are several different options for ensuring you get the best print available. Some are fast, while others are convenient. Some produce a lasting image, and others provide clarity and contrast. Here's what you need to know.
Before you get started on the wood, you need to find the "reverse picture" settings in whatever photo editor you use. The image transferring process requires the photo to print backward. When you're transferring photos to wood, it's right side again. Use an ink jet printer or laser.
Once you've mastered that, you can start figuring out which of the following wood print methods below is the right one for your particular project.
Gel Medium Wood Prints
The gel medium is very similar to the polyurethane finish like mod podge, but the gel medium may be more suitable if you want a less messy method. The gel medium is a little easier to control for application, so use this one if you aren't used to getting polyurethane everywhere.
- Foam brush
- Gel medium
- A toothbrush
- A card or good edge tool
- Water
- Photo
- Wood piece
- Take the gel medium and apply it to the surface of your wood with the foam brush.
- Carefully apply the photo face down on the surface of the wood, taking care to get the right placement. You won't be able to adjust it much.
- Press the paper from the center outward to remove any bubbles or imperfections.
- Once you've used the gel medium, allow the photo to dry completely before you peel the paper from the wood print.
- Wet the back of the photo just a bit and begin to peel the pieces of the paper off the wood print carefully.
- Use the toothbrush to brush away any remaining paper to reveal the image underneath.
- Wipe with a soft cloth to finish the image.
The gel medium still takes a bit of time to dry, but it does produce a quality image. However, you'll have to be more patient with removing the paper and the gel medium from the surface. It will take more time and more scrubbing to remove the paper.
The used finish will be a little rougher than acetone or polyurethane, but you can recover some of the smoothness with a lacquer finish. You'll get a deeper, more vibrant photo, but it's still going to be rougher.
Clothes Iron Wood Prints
If you don't want to deal with acetone when you print onto wood, a simple household appliance could help you get the photo on wood that you want. Your iron and some heat help get the image on your wood. The photos aren't quite as crisp, but it can help in a pinch.
- Clothes iron
- Photo
- Wood piece
- Place the photo on the wood piece face down and ensure it's in the right place.
- Run the iron over the image gently, trying not to move the photo around.
- Check that the image has transferred by carefully peeling back the corner. If not, rub the image with the iron for just a bit more.
Be sure you watch your hands so that you don't accidentally burn yourself. This method is straightforward and allows you to get a quick transferring without using any chemicals that irritate your skin or airways.
It's helpful to have a really hot iron. You might also get a better photo using wax paper if your printer can handle it. Be very careful moving your photo as you're ironing because it's easy to smudge the edges.
This method is best for an aged or vintage look because you're going to lose a lot of detail in the heat transfer. A finish will darken it a bit but won't recover the details. Go with a simple photo here.
Polycrylic Wood Prints
A water-based polyurethane can also help you apply an image to the wood. You'll need to allow prints to dry thoroughly. However, it does produce wildly good prints in most cases with crisp edges and good boundaries.
- Polyurethane
- A small brush
- Stiff toothbrush
- Water
- Photo
- Wood piece
- Brush the polyurethane onto wood on the surface.
- Attach the photo onto the wood face down. Take care that you place your photo exactly where you want it.
- Smooth the paper from the center outward to ensure that you've smoothed out any imperfections or bubbles.
- Wait until the photo is completely dry.
- Gently wet the back of the photo and remove the paper with your fingers.
- Take the toothbrush and gently scrub away any remaining paper to ensure a smooth finish.
- Wipe the wood print surface with a soft towel to reveal the final finish.
This mod podge style option is an excellent option for clear, crisp pictures. It takes a bit longer once used, and you have no room for error in placing the photo since the image goes on first. However, it's a reliable method for getting a clear photo.
Polyurethane based prints also darken and deepen with a finish. You may end up with a beautiful photo with plenty of depth, especially if you've chosen black and white.
Acetone Wood Prints
Acetone is our first option. It uses this solution to help ensure that your print is transferred. It requires just a few supplies and a steady hand. Take the proper precautions to ensure that you're working safely when printing on wood.
- Acetone
- Paper Towel
- Nitrile gloves
- Old credit card or other stiff (not sharp) edge
- Photo
- Wood piece
- Print your photo on a laser or inkjet printer using a mirror print setting on your computer.
- Wrap the credit card in a thin piece of material just so that it will soak up the acetone efficiently.
- Place the print face down on your wood block or piece and ensure that it's in exactly the right place.
- Dip the fabric-covered card in acetone (remember your gloves!) and begin gently applying the acetone, placing a bit of pressure as you spread the acetone.
- Go over the photo for a little bit and gently remove the paper at the corner to check.
- If you've done it correctly, the paper will peel away, leaving the image behind.
- Allow the print to dry in a safe place until it's fully ready.
This is an excellent method for getting a reliable wood print, but it requires you to protect your hands and breathing pretty carefully. Ensure you take the proper precautions when working with acetone.
If you don't have acetone itself, you might experiment with a similar medium, lacquer thinner. With a similar texture and composition, this could also transfer your photo using the same process above.
This method produces a nice print that highlights the boundaries of light and dark areas. It will also deepen when we finish the wood piece below.
CNC Laser Wood Prints
If you're looking for a more permanent method of wood print, a laser could be the best option. It will require an investment on your part, so be sure you plan to do more than one.
Printers for wood are designed to work on a variety of non-traditional surfaces, including some plastics and leather. Do your research to find a printer that fits with your budget and also delivers the performance you're used to.
- Laser printer
- Wood piece
- Choose your settings for your image.
- Line up the wood piece with the positioning dot or the edge of the boundary for your particular machine.
- Leave the printer to do its thing and be sure that nothing bumps or knocks the wood print.
- When the laser is finished, you have your photo.
Laser printers produce a more permanent print on the wood because you're burning the print into the surface. The laser does have a few limitations, however.
Text pictures and simple graphics are going to do a lot better than photos or complex portraits. Choose your print based on a great deal of clear white space and few details. Block prints and text do best.
A laser printer can be a significant investment, as well. If you tend to gravitate towards new hobbies, this could be a good investment. It may be too much to get used to for one job.
Waxed Paper Wood Prints
Waxed paper is another simple option if you aren't used to chemicals or heat. Wax paper holds ink just long enough to transfer to something else, so this is a quick method for getting a more vintage image.
- laser printer (not an ink jet)
- waxed paper
- desired image to print
- credit card or another edge tool
- wood piece
- Set your computer to reverse the photo and carefully place your wax paper into your printer.
- Begin printing and keep an eye on the wax paper as it moves through. Guide it through so that it doesn't touch itself and smear the ink or get caught up in the printer gears.
- Once your wax photo is finished, place it carefully on the piece of wood. Try to get the placement right the first time because moving the wax paper later only smears the print and blurs lines.
- Begin rubbing the back of the wax paper with your card or edging tool. Do it hard enough to transfer the image but not so hard that you end up tearing the wax paper. Check carefully every once in a while to see if the image has transferred. This may take a few passes.
- Remove the paper entirely and allow your print to stand for a few minutes before touching it.
Wax paper is a simple solution, but it's hard to get a vibrant, crisp photo. It's best to use it when you want something that looks a little more aged or vintage. You'll get the best result when you go slow and place your photo with assurance.
The finish with wax paper will require a lacquer to protect it in most cases, considering that the image transfer is already light. It will take on a vintage look, but you'll be able to keep the wood print from fading or smudging while in use.
Finishing Your Wood Prints
After you print on wood, finishing the wood print with a finish to seal in the picture helps longevity. There are a few different finishes you can try but choose carefully, especially with delicate pictures like. However, by far the most comfortable option is spray lacquer.
The lacquer is going to darken the finish of acetone, polyurethane, and gel finishes, giving them a crisp, deep finish that really stands out.
It's not going to do much for the iron-on transfer, unfortunately, but it will help the wax paper transfer last longer. Be sure you allow the ink to dry thoroughly before spraying the lacquer and avoid brushing the surface.
Spray lacquer is a better option than liquid because you'll get a smooth, professional finish. The liquid is nearly impossible to apply without having some kind of lines or imperfections in the finish. If that's what you're going for, do it. Otherwise, stick to the spray.
Allow the lacquer to dry for longer than you think, and then add some more time. Be very, very careful about touching it because you'll cause a foggy spot if it isn't dry and you can't fix it easily.
Displaying Your Wood Picture
The print on wood display is the fun part. You could attach a string and hang it if it's small enough. You could use an easel if your picture is big enough or even figure out how to frame it in a shadow box. The possibilities are endless.
Take care to secure your print on wood wherever you decide to display it. Some wood pieces are no heavier than standard wood frames, but others are significantly heavier. You'll have to consider weight when you're deciding where to put it all.
Heavier pieces do well on an easel or other support. Alternately, find a stud in the wall to anchor the weight of your wood photo so that it doesn't come crashing down on you. Finishing right is how transfer photos to wood come to a close.
Printing on Wood — Final Thoughts
Printing on wood is possible using a number of different mediums, and you can use each one to get a different effect. Whether you're looking for crisp black and whites or you need something more vintage and worn, now you know how to transfer photos on wood.
The biggest takeaway is to be mindful of how and where you place your picture while transferring. The more you move the photo piece, the more likely you are to smudge the final result. Patience and determination are key.
You'll be able to get a unique art piece with a photo you treasure or uplevel a boring wooden piece to something unique. These processes aren't that difficult, so you could find yourself with plenty of new conversation starters in wood.


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