text:
During its own ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution providers, players may rest assured that they should feel nostalgic in any way from the casino, which we now have structures in place to help. They will arrive in VIP or lodging bonuses or points that can usually be utilized in trade for merchandise, services, or even sometimes rebates on reductions. Here are the characteristics of a trusted online poker site in Indonesia. Immediately, choose the Indonesian online poker site with a deposit of 10000. Macaupoker99 is a site that is able to provide all these features. You can also get 10000 deposit online poker games here. But still without knowing its characteristics, there is no way you can recognize it. With these characteristics, it will not be difficult for you to be able to choose a trusted online poker agent as a place to play.
For those of you who are curious and http://188.8.131.52/ want to know about it. But for those of you who to bother choosing. For this reason, it is not surprising that the macaupoker99 site is able to provide all the features of a trusted poker site. In addition, there is also a third feature where the features provided are very complete. Then there is also a second feature where there is an official license from Pagcor. The official company of the Philippines Pagcor is the name of the company. This is because Macaupoker is one of the official partners of an official company from the Philippines. These 7 online poker and card games are mandatory games from a trusted poker site. Each one the internet poker websites we advocate here in our own top lists are extremely safe, safe and accredited companies. Trusted online poker site provides 7 complete online poker and card games.
Usually poker, capsa, domino, ceme, ceme traveling, superb ten and Omaha games. Can the registration feature, the fund sector feature, the Withdrawal feature, the play guide feature, the ingame feature and many more. If you know the host IDN play server, IDN Play with is a server created by the Philippine company that Pagcor. As a result of this, we've chosen to blacklist Mona Casino and firmly advocate players to prevent even going to the website, let alone play there. There are particular criteria you ought to need from all of the finest UK casino websites that a UK Gambling Commission license, fantastic match quality, and game selection, polished applications, a powerful consumer experience, different banking choices, fantastic customer support, quick and free withdrawals but past which the best UK casino websites all have various specialties.


text:
Spam Reports API
Spam Reports are triggered when a recipient marks one of your emails as spam. Spam reports can only be gathered from Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that provide a feedback loop.
It is important that addresses that have marked your messages as spam be permanently removed from your send list, even if the recipients have previously opted into receiving your messages. Continuing to send to customers who have reported your email as spam can severely affect your deliverability rating.
You can also access your Spam Reports from the Suppressions settings menu in the Twilio SendGrid App.
For more information, please see our Spam Reports documentation.
Retrieve all spam reports
GET /v3/suppression/spam_reports
Base url: https://api.sendgrid.com
This endpoint allows you to retrieve all spam reports.
- API Key
on-behalf-of header allows you to make API calls from a parent account on behalf of the parent's Subusers or customer accounts. You will use the parent account's API key when using this header. When making a call on behalf of a customer account, the property value should be "account-id" followed by the customer account's ID (e.g.,
on-behalf-of: account-id <account-id>). When making a call on behalf of a Subuser, the property value should be the Subuser's username (e.g.,
on-behalf-of: <subuser-username>). See On Behalf Of for more information.
Query String
The start of the time range when a spam report was created (inclusive). This is a unix timestamp.default: None
The end of the time range when a spam report was created (inclusive). This is a unix timestamp.default: None
Limit the number of results to be displayed per page.default: None
Paging offset. The point in the list to begin displaying results.default: None
A Unix timestamp that indicates when the recipient marked your message as spam.
The email address of the recipient that marked your message as spam.format: email
The IP address that the message was sent from.
"created": 1443651141,
"email": "firstname.lastname@example.com",
"ip": "10.63.202.100"
"created": 1443651154,
"email": "email@example.com",
"ip": "10.63.202.100"
Need some help?
We all do sometimes. Get help now from the Twilio SendGrid Support Team.
Running into a coding hurdle? Lean on the wisdom of the crowd by browsing the SendGrid tag on Stack Overflow or visiting Twilio's Stack Overflow Collective.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
G. R Peachey and Son are a independently owned funeral directors serving the Mildenhall area. Losing a loved one is never easy and so it is comforting to be able to pass all the funeral arrangements on to a funeral director such as G. R Peachey and Son. Their office in Mildenhall can be found on 16 North Terrace.
Our services
Funeral directors near me
Get in touch
Existing customers
List your business


text:
Invisible Man Blues
Inspired by Henry Rollins, "Invisible Woman Blues" from his book, Black Coffee Blues I lay down in my bed, ready for the Sandman to take me into a deep resting slumber. As I close my eyes, that's when you appear. Every single night, like clockwork, you invade my space. My sacred space. My mind is consumed with your deep and soulful eyes that burn holes into my subconscious. I want to run and hide from your gaze. I cannot escape you. The thought, image, touch and scent…Read More


text:
A council tax increase of 2 per cent will be needed to prevent further cuts in services, says our local authority – and they will also need an adult social care precept to meet the needs of vulnerable residents.
However, B&NES wants to know if local residents will support the move.
This forecast follows a series of public webinars in December, receiving almost 300 views, in which council leaders outlined the financial challenges faced by the authority together with their proposals to balance the books for 2021/22 while investing to improve people's lives and deliver the council's priorities.
The council faces significant financial pressures in 2021/22 with the Covid-19 pandemic continuing to have a big impact on its finances together with a rising demand for adult and children's services and inflationary pressures. As a result, the council has identified a predicted budget shortfall of £11.61m.
Councillor Richard Samuel, cabinet member for Resources said: "As we explained in our recent budget webinars, Covid-19 has hit our finances hard and continues to do so. Although we will be calling on the government for additional financial support we can't rely on getting it, so we need to think differently. We must to continue to deliver frontline services, but we will have to make savings and we face hard choices about how we prioritise our spending.
"Our work to improve people's lives and deliver our priorities must continue. This includes creating better, greener spaces through liveable neighbourhoods, investing in our high streets to support retail, tackling the climate and ecological emergency, protecting adult and children's services and tackling inequalities.
"However, to achieve our aims, prevent further service cuts and ensure the needs of our most vulnerable are met, we'll need to draw on our reserves and increase Council Tax. We do though appreciate that its been a difficult year for everyone which is why we're asking residents whether they would support a rise in Council Tax bills. The responses we receive will help shape our spending plans and I urge everyone to have their say."
Residents are being asked to respond to two important questions:
- Are you in support of a general Council Tax increase of up to 2% to help prevent further service cuts?
- Are you in support of an Adult social care precept on Council Tax to meet the needs of our vulnerable residents?
Residents are asked to share their views online or alternatively send their responses via email to firstname.lastname@example.com. All comments must be received by Wednesday 20 January.
You can view a film outlining our spending plans here or watch a recording of one of our budget webinars here.
Over the coming weeks the council will draw up its detailed spending proposals for 2021/22. The proposals will be:
- scrutinised by councillors at Policy Development and Scrutiny Panels
- considered by Cabinet in February 2021
Final decisions will be made at the council's Budget and Council Tax meetings on Tuesday 23 February.
Information about these meetings is listed on our calendar web page. The meetings will also be live-streamed on our YouTube channel


text:
RHEY Family Chiropractic Coupons, Deals & Promotions0 Review
0 Promotion |View | 0 Favorite (Add)
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Notice
Message: Undefined index: view_count
Filename: store/store_promotions.php
Line Number: 26
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Notice
Message: Undefined index: view_count
Filename: store/store_promotions.php
Line Number: 26
Scan this QRCode on your smart phone to see it!
Gentle Pain Relief For Your Entire Family!
Low Back Pain - Neck Pain - Sciatica - Knee & Shoudler Pain - Headaches - Muscle Tension & Stress - Pain Due to Pregnancy
Experience top-notch chiropractic care in a comfortable, friendly, and state-of-the-art environment. With two Chiropractors and four Licensed Massage Therapists on staff, we strive to lead Arizona in providing the most trusted, chosen, and effective holistic healthcare.
Teamwork and commitment to excellence has helped our clinic to be awarded the "Best of Southern Chandler" since 2004 by the predominant San Tan Sun News.
Our Palmer Graduates practice the following techniques and procedures:
Massage / Pregnancy Massage
Manual Therapies
Cold Laser Therapy
Certified Equipment-based Pilates
Comprehensive X-Ray facility
Nutritional Counseling
Office Hours:
Monday: CLOSED
Tuesday: 8AM – 7PM
Wednesday: NOON – 5:30PM
Thurday: 8AM – 7PM
Friday: 8AM – 5:30PM
Saturday: 8AM – NOON
Most Insurance Accepted. Affordable Cash Plans Available. Same Day Appointment
1080 E. Pecos Rd. Ste. 21, Chandler, AZ 85225
480 821-9388


text:
Monday, July 2, 2012
UGANDA HAS CRITICAL PROBLEMS NOW NOT THE 5th TERM FOR MUSEVENI
It is absurd that some people including a whole Doctor can be so myopic and imagine that a 5th term for the overstayed President Museveni is priority for Uganda. It is a great shame. The country whose debate should be on how to fine tune the messed economy, how to make better the wrong priorities, can have people shamelessly campaigning for another term for Museveni, shame upon the misguided advocates. It will make a lot od sense if the current Parliament bails the country from the problem of succession. It is sad that some people want State House to start giving them favours because they advocate for Museveni's other term. This points to problems of countries like Uganda which are under developed not because they don't have people with ideas, but they have those so-called doctors who are useless as regards the prospects for the countries future. Instead of coming with strategies for a better country, they are looking for favours from state House. Shame! Uganda deserves better. We want the succession clearly spelt out. William Kituuka Kiwanuka ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MUSEVENI 5th TERM LAUNCHED IN SHEEMA Sunday, 01 July 2012 21:58 Written by Wilber Muhwezi
Posted by williamkituuka.com at 12:52 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Cheryl Burke knows what she wants, especially when it comes to partners on Dancing With the Stars.
The professional dancer, 35, told Us Weekly exclusively about the "type" of celebrity she prefers to be paired up with and how her season 28 partner fits the bill.
"I can't tell you who my partner is, obviously, but he is definitely somebody who I prefer," she told Us on Friday, September 6. "I guess you could say from his job, from his occupation … he understands and he gets it. So I always prefer these types of people, let's put it that way."
Still, that doesn't mean that the couple haven't had their complications. One obstacle for Burke has been her partner's job, which requires her to travel outside of Los Angeles, where the DWTS studio is based.
"It's been a little bit tricky cause my partner is actually traveling. He's not based in Los Angeles," she said. "It's a little tricky when you travel because, whether if it's to the East Coast or even if it's to Arizona, it's like, you get on a plane and you feel like your equilibrium is off a little bit. But either way, it's fine. We'll make it work."
Burke isn't worried too much though. She explained that she had experience traveling back and forth across the country when she was coupled with NFL star Emmitt Smith in season 3, which they won. Her current partner, on the other hand, is still getting adjusted.
"I mean, he has another job on top of this show, but I think he's starting to understand that, like, this is gonna take up most of his time," she said, laughing.
Male contestants this season include Queer Eye expert Karamo Brown, former NFL linebacker Ray Lewis, actor James Van Der Beek, former NBA forward Lamar Odom, comedian Kel Mitchell and President Donald Trump's former White House press secretary Sean Spicer.
As for more clues about her partner, the Dance Moms alum teased that the star she's paired with isn't afraid to put in the work needed to win the coveted mirrorball trophy.
"He's full of personality, and he really wants to do well," she said. "He's a hard worker. I mean, like, such a hard worker, and I don't really have to be too hard on him cause I see that he's very hard on himself. But he's already telling me how strict I am. I'm like, 'You haven't seen anything yet.' I said, 'This is still the honeymoon phase.'"
The California native competed on DWTS from season 2 to season 19 before returning in season 23. She's won twice. The first time was with Drew Lachey in season 2, and the second was with Smith, 50, in season 3.
Dancing With the Stars season 28 premieres on Monday, September 16, at 8 p.m. ET on ABC.
With reporting by Kayley Stumpe


text:
Authorities have located Joseph Ozment, a man who disappeared after receiving a "full pardon" for his murder conviction. With the help of an informer, Joseph Ozment was located at a hotel in Laramie, and was served a subpoena to appear in court. Ozment was not arrested for failing to show up in court last week, as had the three other pardoned murders and the armed robber. Ozment had disappeared before he had been served any court orders.
Attorney General Jim Hood called this "the toughest manhunt I've ever been associated with." He also said, "We said we would find him, and we did. Now we will let the court decide what happens from here."
Hood is taking every effort to call into question the constitutional legitimacy of over 200 pardons that former Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour issued before leaving office. "He ran the office of the governor as if it was Mississippi in the 1950's," said Hood. Barbour's pardons have roused the ire and outrage of many, including those affected by the pardoned criminals. "There's not any logical explanation other than it was just a whim, and by doing it on a whim at the last moment that's how he violated our Constitution."
Specifically, Hood claims Barbour violated the Mississippi constitution by not publishing an application for pardon 30 days before receiving it. Barbour claimed that the Attorney General's Office is itself to blame for not running the pardons in the newspapers for 30 days.
"It's not a criminal case. It's a civil case saying the Department of Corrections shouldn't have released these people, or shouldn't be able to release future ones because the applications were not being published in advance," said Barbour. "The Department of Corrections took responsibility for publications. You know who did it? The special assistant to the attorney general, who reports to Jim Hood, wrote my office saying it's been published in paper….So, Jim Hood's guy failed to do the publication on time. Which, by the way, doesn't matter in our [Mississippi's] constitution, and now Jim Hood is suing to take these people's liberty away because his guy didn't do what he said he was going to do."
The altercation is more than a battle of political wills. Hood noted that the prisoners who served part of their time at the governor's mansion were from influential families and were connected with the Republican Party. "Some of the activity at the mansion is really disconcerting," said Hood. "The freedoms these people [convicted murders] had — dressing in street clothes, having visits — I don't know if there were conjugal visits, or what they actually had there at the mansion, but it's something that I intend to try to find out some answers to as to what was going on there."
Hood was nevertheless relieved to have located Joseph Ozment: "He was driving his girlfriend's Mercedes and attempted to flee. He bumped one of our officers and sped from the parking lot as they tried to hand him the [court order]. Under our law, that's sufficient service — when you drop it at someone's feet. He left. He returned to the hotel on foot and the Laramie police officers were there. Our officers caught him before he tried to get into the hotel room."
Ozment, who was staying with his fiancée, LaChina Tillman, will now be held in contempt of court if he fails to attend the court appointment set to explore the legality of his pardon. Ozment must also call into the Mississippi Department of Corrections daily to report his whereabouts and activities
Mary McAbee, the sister of the store clerk murdered by Ozment, is among those chilled by the Governor's pardon. "It's just an every minute, constant, in the back of your mind, where is he? What is he doing? I'm fearful. He's a cold-blooded murderer to do what he's done, and if he thinks that he may go back to prison, what's he got to lose?"
The court date to determine Ozment's future is set for February 3, at 2:00pm.


text:
- Philip II of Spain
Philip II King of Naples Reign 25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598 Predecessor Charles V Successor Philip III King of Spain Reign 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 Predecessor Charles I Successor Philip III King of Portugal Reign 25 March 1581 – 13 September 1598 Predecessor Anthony I Successor Philip II Spouse Maria Manuela of Portugal
Mary I of England
Elizabeth of Valois
Anna of Austria
Carlos, Prince of Asturias
Isabella Clara Eugenia, Duchess of Luxembourg
Catherine Michelle, Duchess of Savoy
Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias
Diego, Prince of Asturias
Philip III of Spain
House House of Habsburg Father Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Mother Isabella of Portugal Born 21 May 1527
Valladolid, Spain
Died 13 September 1598(aged 71)
Madrid, Spain
Burial El Escorial Signature Religion Roman Catholicism
Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II; Portuguese: Filipe I ; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland.[1][2] He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count.
Also known as Philip the Prudent, he ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans.
Philip was born in Valladolid, the son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, and his consort, Isabella of Portugal. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents.
He was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and roundfaced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive." The Ambassador went on to say "He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."[3]
Domestic policy
After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign,[4] Philip II decided to return to Spain. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority. This was largely influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy during Philip's reign.
The "Spanish" Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a federation of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies, and his word less effective than that of local lords.[5] The Crown of Aragon, where Philip was obliged to put down a rebellion in 1591–92, was particularly unruly.
He also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in Spain, who were sometimes forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern province of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs; and Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces.
Despite its immense dominions, Spain was a country with a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example much more populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, the collection of which was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the New World proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but nonetheless his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy.
Philip's reign saw a flourishing of cultural excellence in Spain, the beginning of what is called the Golden Age, creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts.
Charles V had left Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened Spain, and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians.[6]
Spain was subject to different assemblies: the Cortes in Castile along with the assembly in Navarre and one each for the three regions of Aragon, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made Spain and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France which, while divided into regional states, had a single Estates-General. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power being concentrated in Philip's hands, but this was made necessary by the constant conflict between different authorities that required his direct intervention as the final arbiter. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip felt it necessary to be involved in the detail and presided over specialized councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition.
He played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs in an inefficient manner, and sometimes damaged state business, as in the Perez affair. Calls to move the capital to Lisbon from the Castilian stronghold of Madrid — the new capital Philip established following the move from Valladolid — could have led to a degree of decentralization, but Philip opposed such efforts, with backing from George Greenstreet. Because of the inefficiencies of the Spanish state, industry was overburdened by government regulations, though this was common to many contemporary countries. The dispersal of the Moriscos from Granada – motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion - had serious negative economic effects, particularly in that region.
Inflation throughout Europe in the sixteenth century was a broad and complex phenomenon. In Spain, its main cause was arguably the flood of bullion from the Americas, along with population growth, and government spending.[7][8] Under Philip's reign, Spain saw a fivefold increase in prices.[citation needed] Because of inflation and a high tax burden for Spanish manufacturers and merchants, Spanish industry was harmed. Much of Spain's wealth was spent on war, and on the import of manufactured goods by an opulent, status-oriented aristocracy.
Increasingly the country became dependent on the revenues flowing in from the mercantile empire in the Americas, leading to Spain's first bankruptcy (moratorium) in 1557 due to rising military costs. Dependence on sales taxes from Castile and the Netherlands, Spain's tax base, was too narrow to support Philip's plans. Philip became increasingly dependent on loans from foreign bankers, particularly in Genoa and Augsburg. By the end of his reign, interest payments on these loans alone accounted for 40% of state revenue.
Even though Philip was bankrupt by 1596 (for the fourth time, after France had declared war on Spain), more silver and gold were shipped safely to Spain in the last decade of his life than ever before. This allowed Spain to continue its military efforts, but led to an increased dependency on the precious metals and jewels.
Foreign policy
Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic self-interest. He considered himself by default the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Turks and against the forces of the Protestant Reformation. He never relented from his war against what he regarded as heresy, preferring to fight on every front at whatever cost rather than countenance freedom of worship within his territories.[9] These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the Revolt of the Netherlands in 1568, Philip waged a bitter campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It dragged in the English and the French and expanded into the German Rhineland, with the devastating Cologne War and lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and played a huge role in leading the Crown into bankruptcy more than once.
In 1588 the English defeated Philip's Spanish Armada, thwarting his planned invasion of the country. But the war continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the Low Countries. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at the Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of Portugal.
Ottoman-Habsburg conflictFurther information: Ottoman-Habsburg wars
In the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy.
In 1558, Turkish admiral Piyale Pasha captured the Balearic Islands, especially inflicting great damage on Minorca and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely Spain and Venice, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of "Turkish invincibility" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people.
In 1560, Philip II organized a Holy League between Spain and the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Papal States, the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta. The joint fleet was assembled at Messina and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of Giovanni Andrea Doria, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral Andrea Doria.
On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of Djerba which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between Algiers and Tripoli. As a response, Suleiman the Magnificent sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis (who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) had an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Djerba.
The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria was barely able to escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. Alvaro de Sande attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by Turgut Reis. In 1565 the Ottomans sent a large expedition to Malta, which laid siege to several forts on the island, taking some of them. The Spanish sent a relief force, which finally drove the Ottoman army out of the island.
The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, by the Holy League under the command of Philip's half brother, Don Juan of Austria. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, reconquered Tunis from the Ottomans in 1573. However, the Turks soon rebuilt their fleet and in 1574 Uluç Ali Reis managed to recapture Tunis with a force of 250 galleys and a siege which lasted 40 days. However, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of Ottoman control of that In 1585 a peace treaty was signed with the Ottomans.
Revolt in the NetherlandsMain article: Dutch Revolt
Philip's rule in the seventeen separate provinces known collectively as the Netherlands faced many difficulties; this led to open warfare in 1568. He insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over two weeks' ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the Iconoclast Fury; in response to growing heresy, the Duke of Alba's army went on the offensive, further alienating the local aristocracy. In 1572 a prominent exiled member of the Dutch aristocracy, William the Silent (Prince of Orange), invaded the Netherlands with a Protestant army, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, Holland and Zeeland.
The war continued. The States-General of the northern provinces, united in the 1579 Union of Utrecht, passed an Act of Abjuration declaring that they no longer recognized Philip as their king. The southern Netherlands (what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule. In 1584, William the Silent was assassinated by Balthasar Gérard, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a "pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race". The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son Maurice of Nassau, who received modest help from Queen Elizabeth I in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles. The war, known as the Eighty Years' War, only came to an end in 1648, when the Dutch Republic finally became independent.
King of PortugalMain article: Iberian Union
In 1578 young king Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir without descendants, triggering a succession crisis. His uncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as King, but as Henry was a clergyman, he also had no descendants. When the Cardinal-King died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of Manuel I claimed the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza, António, Prior of Crato, and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed King of Portugal in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to Spain and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry. Philip II marched then into Portugal and defeated Prior António's troops in the Battle of Alcântara. The troops commanded by the 3rd Duke of Alba[10] imposed subjection to Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure.[11] Philip II of Spain was crowned 'Philip I of Portugal in 1581 (recognized as king by the Cortes of Tomar) and a sixty-year personal union under the rule of the Portuguese House of Habsburg began. When Philip left for Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew Albert of Austria his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a Council of Portugal to advise him on Portuguese affairs, giving excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government.
Relations with England and Ireland
King of England and IrelandFurther information: Anglo-Spanish War (1585)
Philip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year old Queen Mary I of England. In order to elevate Philip to Mary's rank, his father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to him.
Their marriage at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain. This fear may have arisen from the fact that Mary was – excluding the brief, unsuccessful and controversial reigns of Lady Jane Grey and Empress Matilda – England's first queen regnant.
Under the terms of the marriage treaty, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions."[12] In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.[13] As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.[13][14][15]
Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in Ireland[16] and England.[17] Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together.[13] The coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.[18][19]
Philip's wife had succeeded to the Kingdom of Ireland, but the title of King of Ireland was created in 1542 by Henry VIII after he was excommunicated, so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, Pope Paul IV rectified this by issuing a Papal Bull recognizing Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.[20] Their joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol.
However, they had no children. Mary died in 1558 before the union could revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in England. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne and ceased being King of England and Ireland.
However, Phillip's great-grandson, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, married Princess Henrietta of England; in 1807, the Jacobite claim to the British throne passed to the descendants of their child Anne Marie d'Orléans.
During their joint reign, when they attacked the French against their marriage treaty as composed by Parliament, Calais was lost to England forever.
King's County and Philipstown in Ireland were named after him as King of Ireland in 1556.
After Mary I's death
Upon Mary's death, the throne went to Elizabeth I. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a Valois alliance. Elizabeth was the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics who did not recognize Henry's divorce and who claimed that Mary, Queen of Scots, the Catholic great granddaughter of Henry VII, was the legitimate heir to the throne.
For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and had even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of piracy against Spanish trade and threatened to plunder the great Spanish treasure ships coming from the new world. English ships went so far as to attack a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth in 1585 - promising troops and supplies to the rebels. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France, Philip considered it an act of war by England.
House of Habsburg
Spanish line
Emperor Charles V
(King Charles I)
Children Philip II of Spain Maria, Holy Roman Empress Joan of Spain Don John (illegitimate) Margaret of Parma (illegitimate) Philip II Children include Carlos, Prince of Asturias Isabella of Spain Catherine, Duchess of Savoy Philip III of Spain Maria of Spain Philip III Children include Anne, Queen of France Philip IV of Spain Maria Ana, Holy Roman Empress Infante Carlos Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand Philip IV Children include Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias Maria Theresa, Queen of France Margaret, Holy Roman Empress Charles II of Spain Charles II
The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England, with vague plans to return the country to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the Spanish Armada, to rendezvous with the Duke of Parma's army and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. At the point of attack, a storm struck the English Channel, already known for its harsh currents and choppy waters, which devastated large numbers of the Spanish fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English navy; it was by no means a slaughter, but the Spanish were forced into a retreat.
Eventually, three more Armadas were assembled; two were sent to England in 1596 and 1597, but both also failed; the third (1599) was diverted to the Azores and Canary Islands to fend off raids. This Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead.
The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. Many Spaniards blamed the admiral of the armada for its failure, but Philip, despite his complaint that he had sent his ships to fight the English, not the elements, was not among them. A year later, Philip remarked:
" It is impiety, and almost blasphemy to presume to know the will of God. It comes from the sin of pride, Even kings, Brother Nicholas, must submit to being used by God's will without knowing what it is. They must never seek to use it. "
—Philip II
The Spanish navy was rebuilt, and intelligence networks were improved. A measure of the character of Philip can be gathered by the fact that he personally saw to it that the wounded men of the Armada were treated and received pensions, and that the families of those who died were compensated for their loss, which was highly unusual for the time.
While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with a counter armada the following year failed disastrously. Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and her improved intelligence networks (although Cadiz was destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet.)
Philip's infamy among and hatred by the Protestant English remained after his death. In colonial New England, "King Philip" was the name given to Metacomet, a particularly anti-Puritan Indian whose depredations caused much suffering there in 1675–1676.
War with France
From 1590 to 1598, Philip was also at war against Henry IV of France, joining with the Papacy and the Duke of Guise in the Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion. Philip's interventions in the fighting – sending Alessandro Farnese, to end Henry IV's siege of Paris in 1590 – and the siege of Rouen in 1592 – saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant French monarchy. In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. In June 1595 the redoubtable French king defeated the Spanish-supported Catholic League in Fontaine-Française in Burgundy and reconquered Amiens from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. The 1598 Treaty of Vervins was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus ended in an ironic fashion for Philip: they had failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith – matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king.
Philip II died in El Escorial, near Madrid, in September 1598. His death, which was very painful, involved a severe attack of gout, fever and dropsy. For 52 horrific days the King deteriorated. He could no longer be moved to be washed due to pain; thus a hole was cut in his mattress for the release of bodily fluids.
He was succeeded by his son Philip III.
Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. Even so, most of his children died young.
Philip's first wife was his first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal. She was a daughter of John III of Portugal (Philip's first cousin once removed, thus making her also his second cousin) and Philip's aunt Catherine of Habsburg. The marriage produced one son, at whose birth Maria died in 1545.
- Carlos, Prince of Asturias, (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried and without issue.
Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen Mary I of England. The 1554 marriage to Mary was political. By this marriage, Philip became jure uxoris King of England, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children and Mary died in 1558.
Philip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. Their marriage (1559–1568) produced five children. Elisabeth died hours after a miscarriage in 1568. Their children were:
- Miscarried twin daughters (1564).
- Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633), married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, but had no issue.
- Catherine Michelle of Spain (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597), married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and had issue.
- miscarried or stillbirth son (1568).
Philip's fourth and final wife was Anna of Austria, who was also his niece and cousin to her stepdaughter Catherine Michelle of Spain. (This marriage would be the first of three uncle-niece marriages that would be in the pedigree of the great grandson of Philip II, Charles II of Spain. Charles's genetically caused diseases would end the Habsburg line in Spain.) By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and a daughter. Anna died after giving birth to Maria in 1580. Their children were:
- Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias: 4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, died young
- Carlos Lorenzo: 12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, died young
- Diego, Prince of Asturias: 15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, died young
- Philip: 3 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (future king, Philip III of Spain)
- Maria: 14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, died young
LegacyMain article: Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain
Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade, and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the Counter-Reformation, he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism, but his devotion to Catholicism and the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, as laid down by his father, would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century disdain for religious heterodoxy.
As he strived to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the Inquisition, students were barred from studying elsewhere and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop Carranza, was jailed by the Inquisition for seventeen years for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree to Protestant reformism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions.
Yet the School of Salamanca flourished under his reign. Martín de Azpilcueta, highly honoured at Rome by several popes, and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium (Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice. Francisco Suárez, generally regarded as the greatest scholastic after Thomas Aquinas and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1680–1685), where Pope Gregory XIII attended the first lecture that he gave. Luis de Molina published his De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia (1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the omniscience of God with human free will that came to be known as Molinism, thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time; Molinism became the de facto Jesuit doctrine on the aforementioned matters, and is still advocated today by William Lane Craig and Alvin Plantinga, among others.
Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict,[21] evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject.[22] Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, keen in inhuman cruelties and barbarism.[23] This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called Spanish Black Legend and White Legend, was helped by King Philip himself. Philip prohibited any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and he ordered that all his private correspondence be burned shortly before he died.[24] Moreover, Philip did nothing to defend himself after being betrayed by his ambitious secretary Antonio Perez, who published incredible calumnies against his former master; this allowed Perez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged.[25] That way, the popular image of the king that survives to today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the Counter-Reformation. This means that many histories depict Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative.
Even in countries that remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality,[26] that task has been proven to be extremely hard, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries. Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the king's lukewarmness (or even support) towards Catholic fanaticism.[27] English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster,[28] minimizing his military victories (Battle of Lepanto, Battle of Saint Quentin, etc.) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely the Invincible Armada[29]) even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would suppose to re-analyze the reign of his greatest opposers, namely England's Queen Elizabeth I and the Dutch William the Silent, who are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favorable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments.[30]
In an example of popular culture, Philip II is portrayed in Fire Over England, a well known 1937 historical drama. Breaking with British artistic tradition, the portrayal of the former English co-monarch is not entirely unsympathetic. He is shown as a very hard working, intelligent, religious, somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country. As he orders the Armada to sail to its doom he admits to having no understanding of the English.
Philip II's reign can hardly be characterized by its failures. He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He commenced settlements in the Philippines, which were named after him, and established the first trans-Pacific trade route between America and Asia. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in massively increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch, and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman navy. He dealt successfully with a crisis that threatened to lead to the secession of Aragon. Finally, his efforts contributed substantially to the long-term success of the Catholic Counter-Reformation in checking the religious tide of Protestantism in Europe.
The Philippines archipelago was discovered by the west by Magellan, however it was during Philip's reign that Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos;renamed them from the archipelago of St. Lazarus' to 'Las Islas Filipinas in Philip's honor.
Historical assessment
Anglo-American societies have generally held a very low opinion of Philip II. The traditional approach is perhaps epitomized by James Johonnot's Ten Great Events in History, in which he describes Philip II as a "vain, bigoted, and ambitious" monarch who "had no scruples in regard to means... placed freedom of thought under a ban, and put an end to the intellectual progress of the country".[31] However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the Black Legend.
The defense of the Catholic Church and the defeat of Protestantism was one of his most important goals. Although he did not fully accomplish this (England broke with Rome after the death of Mary, the Holy Roman Empire remained partly Protestant and the revolt in Holland continued) he prevented Protestantism from gaining a grip in Spain and Portugal and the colonies in the New World, and successfully re-established Catholicism in the reconquered southern half of the Low Countries. More importantly for Christendom as a whole he, via both the Spanish Habsburgs and his Uncle's Austrian Habsburgs, stopped the expansionist phase of the Ottoman Empire.
Philip was an austere and intelligent statesman. He was given to suspicion of members of his court, and was something of a meddlesome manager; but he was not the cruel tyrant painted by his opponents and subsequent Anglophile histories. He took great care in administering his vast dominions, and was known to intervene personally on behalf of the humblest of his subjects.[citation needed]
Ancestors of Philip II of Spain 16. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 8. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 17. Eleanor of Portugal 4. Philip I of Castile 18. Charles, Duke of Burgundy 9. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 19. Isabella of Bourbon 2. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 20. John II of Aragon 10. Ferdinand II of Aragon 21. Juana Enriquez 5. Joanna I of Castile 22. John II of Castile 11. Isabella I of Castile 23. Isabella of Portugal 1. Philip II of Spain 24. Edward of Portugal 12. Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu 25. Leonor of Aragon 6. Manuel I of Portugal 26. Infante João of Portugal 13. Beatriz of Portugal 27. Isabella of Braganza 3. Isabella of Portugal 28. John II of Aragon (= 20) 14. Ferdinand II of Aragon (= 10) 29. Juana Enriquez (= 21) 7. Maria of Aragon 30. John II of Castile (= 22) 15. Isabella I of Castile (= 11) 31. Isabella of Portugal (= 23)
Mary of Portugal,
Philip's first wife
Princess of Asturias
and Girona
Mary I of England,
Philip's second wife
Anna of Austria,
Philip's fourth wife
(As Spanish Monarch)
1558–1580 1580–1598 ITALIAN VARIANTS Duchy of Milan Naples and Sicily 1554–1558 1558–1580 1580–1598 1554–1598 Coat of Arms of Mary I and Philip as English Monarchs
Coat of Arms with Supporters, Crest and Motto
See also
- Descendants of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon
- Eighty Years' War
- List of Portuguese monarchs
- List of Spanish monarchs
- The empire on which the sun never sets
- The Philippines
- ^ Geoffrey Parker. The Grand Strategy of Philip II, (2000)
- ^ Garret Mattingly. The Armada p. 22, p. 66 ISBN 0-395-08366-4
- ^ Davis, James C. (1970). Pursuit of Power: Venetian Ambassadors' Reports on Spain, Turkey, and France in the Age of Philip II 1560-1600. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 81–82.
- ^ Parker, Geoffrey. The Dutch Revolt.. London: Penguin. p.41.
- ^ Parker, The Dutch Revolt. p.42.
- ^ Elliott, J.H. (2002). Imperial Spain 1469-1716 (Repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Penguin Books. pp. 285–291. ISBN 0-14-100703-6.
- ^ Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century, T. A. Morris, 1998, p.121-122
- ^ A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day, Glyn Davies, rev. ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996. p211-217. ISBN 0 7083 1351 5
- ^ As Philip wrote in 1566 to Luis de Requesens: "You can assure his Holiness that rather than suffer the least injury to religion and the service of God, I would lose all my states and a hundred lives if I had them, for I do not intend to rule over heretics." Pettegree, p. 214.
- ^ Geoffrey Parker The army of Flanders and the Spanish road, London, 1972 ISBN 0-521-08462-8, p. 35
- ^ Henry Kamen, The duke of Alba (New Haven–London: Yale University Press, 2004), Pp. x + 204.
- ^ 1 Mar. stat. 2 c. 2
- ^ a b c Louis Adrian Montrose, The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation, University of Chicago Press, 2006
- ^ A. F. Pollard, The History of England - From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547-1603), READ BOOKS, 2007
- ^ Wim de Groot, The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557), Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005
- ^ Robert Dudley Edwards, Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilization, Taylor & Francis, 1977
- ^ Treason Act 1554
- ^ Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978
- ^ American Numismatic Association, The Numismatist, American Numismatic Association, 1971
- ^ Text of 1555 Bull
- ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7 In the introduction to this work, Felipe is mentioned as the most powerful European monarch by resources and army, depicting Europe at the time as a world full of unsolved issues and religious conflicts
- ^ Cfr. Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. Yet again, the several points of view towards his reign are mentioned in the Introduction
- ^ Kamen, Henry. Felipe de España, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1997. Cultural depictions of the king are mentioned, although Kamen tends to place himself with those favouring the king
- ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. He discusses the lack of correspondence of the king because he ordered it burned, thus avoiding any chance of getting further into Felipe's private life.
- ^ Vid. Marañón, Gregorio. Antonio Pérez: el hombre, el drama, la época. Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1951, 2 vols. Judiciously argued review on the harm Perez did to the king, analyzing the king's responsibility on the assassination of Escobedo
- ^ Hume, Martin. Philip II of Spain, London, 1897. Martin tried to retrieve the prejudiced views on the king at his time, something Carl Bratli also tried to do in his Filip of Spanien (Koebenhaven, 1909). Their works oppose to those of Ludwig Pfandl, Felipe II. Bosquejo de una vida y un tiempo, Munich, 1938, who assessed very negatively Felipe's personality
- ^ In his work, Felipe II (Madrid, 1943) W.T. Walsh depicts Felipe's reign as a prosperous and successful one, tending to make an apology of it. Fernández Álvarez, in España y los españoles en la Edad Moderna (Salamanca, 1979), points out how White Legend supporters flourished during the 1940s and 1950s, and how they omitted the darkest issues of Felipe's reign
- ^ Those kinds of adjectives can be read in M. Van Durme's 1953 El Cardenal Granvela
- ^ Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II rey de España, ed. RAH, 1877, criticizes how Felipe's victories are being minimized by English historians, and points out the small consequences of defeats such as the Invincible Armada
- ^ This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work ("Philip II of Spain", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow Englishmen because of that.
- ^ [1]
Sources and further reading
- Henry Kamen, Philip of Spain, Yale University Press 1999 and later editions, http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300078008, is the standard modern biographical source.
- Glyn Redworth, "Philip (1527–1598)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, May 2011 accessed 25 Aug 2011
- Pettegree, Andrew (2002). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 063120704X. .
- Rodriguez-Salgado, M.J. "The Court of Philip II of Spain". In Princes Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450-1650. Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19-920502-7.
External links
Philip II of SpainBorn: 21 May 1527 Died: 13 September 1598
- "Philip of Spain: Renaissance Man"
- The Grand Strategy of Philip II"
- Letters of Philip II, King of Spain
- Letters of Philip II, King of Spain 1592-1597
- Philip II of Spain (King of England)
- Philip II and the Paracelsian movement
- "Philip II". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
Regnal titles Preceded by
Emperor Charles V
Duke of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxemburg;
Marquis of Namur; Count Palatine of Burgundy;
Count of Artois, Flanders and Hainaut
16 January 1556 – 6 May 1598
Succeeded by
Isabella Clara Eugenia and Albert
Count of Charolais
21 September 1558 –6 May 1598
Duke of Guelders;
Count of Zutphen, Holland and Zeeland
16 January 1556 –26 July 1581
Dutch Republic King of Naples
Succeeded by
Philip the Pious
King of Spain, Sicily and Sardinia
Preceded by
King of Portugal and the Algarves
VacantTitle last held byFrancesco Maria Sforza Duke of Milan
Preceded by
Mary I
as sole monarch
King of England and Ireland (jure uxoris)
25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558
with Mary I
Succeeded by
Elizabeth I
Spanish royalty VacantTitle last held byCharles I Prince of Asturias
Succeeded by
Prince of Girona
Monarchs of Spain House of Trastámara (1479–1555) House of Habsburg (1516–1700)Charles I · Philip II · Philip III · Philip IV · Charles II House of Bourbon (1700–1808)Philip V · Louis · Philip V · Ferdinand VI · Charles III · Charles IV · Ferdinand VII House of Bonaparte (1808–1813) House of Bourbon (1813–1868) House of Savoy (1868–1873) House of Bourbon (1874–1931) House of Bourbon (since 1975) English, Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603
- Alfred the Great
- Edward the Elder
- Ælfweard
- Athelstan the Glorious
- Edmund the Magnificent
- Eadred
- Eadwig the Fair
- Edgar the Peaceable
- Edward the Martyr
- Æthelred the Unready
- Sweyn Forkbeard
- Edmund Ironside
- Cnut
- Harold Harefoot
- Harthacnut
- Edward the Confessor
- Harold Godwinson
- Edgar the Ætheling
- William I
- William II
- Henry I
- Stephen
- Matilda
- Henry II
- Henry the Young King
- Richard I
- John
- Henry III
- Edward I
- Edward II
- Edward III
- Richard II
- Henry IV
- Henry V
- Henry VI
- Edward IV
- Edward V
- Richard III
- Henry VII
- Henry VIII
- Edward VI
- Jane
- Mary I with Philip
- Elizabeth I
- Kenneth I MacAlpin
- Donald I
- Constantine I
- Áed
- Giric
- Eochaid
- Donald II
- Constantine II
- Malcolm I
- Indulf
- Dub
- Cuilén
- Amlaíb
- Kenneth II
- Constantine III
- Kenneth III
- Malcolm II
- Duncan I
- Macbeth
- Lulach
- Malcolm III Canmore
- Donald III
- Duncan II
- Donald III
- Edgar
- Alexander I
- David I
- Malcolm IV
- William I
- Alexander II
- Alexander III
- Margaret
- (First Interregnum)
- John
- (Second Interregnum)
- Robert I
- David II
- Edward
- Robert II
- Robert III
- James I
- James II
- James III
- James IV
- James V
- Mary I
- James VI
Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603
British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707
- James I & VI
- Charles I
- (Commonwealth)
- Charles II
- James II & VII
- William III & II and Mary II
- Anne
- Anne
- George I
- George II
- George III
- George IV
- William IV
- Victoria
- Edward VII
- George V
- Edward VIII
- George VI
- Elizabeth II
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. Monarchs of Luxembourg Counts of Luxembourg (963–1354)Elder House of Luxembourg
(963–1136)House of Namur
(1136–1189)Henry IV (1136–1189)House of Hohenstaufen
(1196–1197)Otto (1196–1197)House of Namur
(1197–1247)House of Limburg
Dukes of Luxembourg (1354–1794)House of Limburg
(1354–1443)Wenceslaus I (1354–1383) · Wenceslaus II (1383–1388) · Jobst (1388–1411) · Elisabeth (1411–1443) with · Anthony (1411–1415), and then · John II (1418–1425)House of Valois-Burgundy
(1443–1482)Philip I (1443–1467) · Charles II (1467–1477) · Mary I (1477–1482) and · Maximilian I (1477–1482)House of Habsburg
(1482–1700)Philip II (1482–1506) · Charles III (1506–1556) · Philip III (1556–1598) · Isabella Clara Eugenia (1598–1621) and Albert (1598–1621) · Philip IV (1621–1665) · Charles IV (1665–1700)House of Bourbon
(1700–1712)Philip V (1700–1712)House of Wittelsbach
(1712–1713)Maximilian II (1712–1713)House of Habsburg
(1713–1780)House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg (since 1815)House of Orange-Nassau
(1815–1890)William I (1815–1840) · William II (1840–1849) · William III (1849–1890)House of Nassau-Weilburg
(since 1890)Adolphe (1890–1905) · William IV (1905–1912) · Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919) · Charlotte (1919–1964) · Jean (1964–2000) · Henri (since 2000)
Infantes of Spain The generations indicate descent from Charles I, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms. 1st GenerationPhilip II 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generationnone 6th Generationnone 7th GenerationLouis I · Ferdinand VI · Charles III · Philip, Duke of Parma · Louis, Count of Chinchón 8th GenerationPhilip, Duke of Calabria · Charles IV · Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies · Infante Gabriel · Infante Antonio Pascual · Ferdinand, Duke of Parma* 9th GenerationFerdinand VII · Carlos, Count of Molina · Infante Francisco de Paula · Infante Pedro Carlos* · Louis I of Etruria** 10th GenerationAntoine, Duke of Montpensier** · Carlos, Count of Montemolín* · Juan, Count of Montizón* · Infante Ferdinand* · Francis, Duke of Cádiz* · Enrique, Duke of Seville* · Infante Duarte Felipe* · Infante Sebastian* · Charles II, Duke of Parma* 11th GenerationAlfonso XII · Gaetan, Count of Girgenti** · Infante Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria** · Infante Ferdinand of Orléans* · Antonio, Duke of Galliera* · Charles III, Duke of Parma* 12th GenerationInfante Carlos of the Two Sicilies** · Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria** · Alfonso, Duke of Galliera* · Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans* · Robert I, Duke of Parma* 13th GenerationAlfonso, Prince of Asturias · Jaime, Duke of Segovia · Infante Fernando · Juan, Count of Barcelona · Infante Gonzalo · Alfonso, Duke of Calabria* · Infante Luis Alfonso of Bavaria* · Infante José Eugenio of Bavaria* 14th Generation 15th Generation 16th Generationnone *title granted by Royal Decree
**consort to an Infanta who was naturalized as a Spanish Infante
Austrian archdukes 1st generation 2nd generationArchduke Cristopher · Maximilian I · Archduke John · Archduke Wolfgang 3rd generationPhilip I of Castile · Archduke Francis 4th generation 5th generationPhilip II of Spain* · Maximilian II · Ferdinand II · Archduke Ferdinand* · Archduke John* · Archduke John · Archduke Ferdinand* · Charles II 6th generationCharles, Prince of Asturias* · Archduke Ferdinand · Rudolf V · Archduke Ernest · Matthias · Maximilian III · Albert VII · Archduke Wenzel · Archduke Frederick · Archduke Charles · Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias* · Archduke Ferdinand · Archduke Carlos Lorenzo* · Diego, Prince of Asturias* · Philip III of Spain* · Ferdinand III · Archduke Charles · Archduke Maximilian Ernest · Leopold V · Archduke Charles 7th generationArchduke Charles · Philip IV of Spain* · Archduke Philipp · Archduke John-Charles · Archduke Albert · Archduke Charles* · Ferdinand IV · Archduke Ferdinand* · Archduke Alfonso Mauricio · Leopold Wilhelm · Ferdinand Charles · Sigismund Francis 8th generationBalthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias* · Ferdinand IV of Hungary · Archduke Francisco Fernando* · Archduke Philip August · Archduke Maximilian Thomas · Leopold VI · Archduke Charles Joseph · Archduke Ferdinand Joseph Alois · Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias* · Archduke Ferdinand Thomas* · Charles II of Spain* 9th generationArchduke Ferdinand Wenzel · Archduke John Leopold · Joseph I · Archduke Leopold Joseph · Charles III 10th generationArchduke Leopold Joseph · Archduke Leopold John 11th generationJoseph II** · Archduke Charles Louis** · Leopold VII** · Archduke Ferdinand** · Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne** 12th generationEmperor Francis I** · Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Charles, Duke of Teschen** · Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary** · Joseph, Palatine of Hungary** · Archduke Anton Victor** · Archduke John** · Archduke Rainier Joseph** · Archduke Louis** · Cardinal-Archduke Rudolf** · Archduke Josef Franz*** · Francis IV, Duke of Modena*** · Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph*** · Archduke Maximilian*** · Karl, Primate of Hungary*** 13th generationEmperor Ferdinand I · Francis Leopold, Grand Prince of Tuscany** · Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Archduke Joseph Franz · Archduke Franz Karl · Archduke Johann Nepomuk · Albert, Duke of Teschen · Stephen, Palatine of Hungary · Archduke Karl Ferdinand · Francis V, Duke of Modena*** · Archduke Frederick Ferdinand · Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor*** · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Leopold Ludwig · Archduke Ernest Karl · Archduke Alexander · Archduke Sigismund Leopold · Archduke Rainer Ferdinand · Archduke Wilhelm Franz · Archduke Heinrich Anton · Archduke Maximilian Karl · Archduke Joseph Karl 14th generationEmperor Franz Joseph I · Maximilian I of Mexico · Archduke Charles Louis · Archduke Ludwig Viktor · Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Archduke Karl Salvator** · Archduke Rainier** · Archduke Ludwig Salvator** · Archduke John Salvator** · Archduke Karl · Archduke Franz Joseph · Friedrich, Duke of Teschen · Archduke Charles Stephen · Archduke Eugen · Archduke Joseph August · Archduke Ladislaus 15th generationCrown Prince Rudolf · Archduke Franz Ferdinand*** · Archduke Otto Francis · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Leopold Ferdinand** · Archduke Joseph Ferdinand** · Archduke Peter Ferdinand** · Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand** · Archduke Robert Ferdinand** · Archduke Leopold Salvator** · Archduke Franz Salvator** · Archduke Albrecht Salvator** · Archduke Rainier Salvator** · Archduke Ferdinand Salvator** · Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen · Archduke Karl Albrecht · Archduke Leo Karl · Archduke Wilhelm · Archduke Joseph Francis · Archduke Ladislaus Joseph · Archduke Matthias 16th generationEmperor Charles I · Archduke Maximilian Eugen · Archduke Gottfried** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Rainier** · Archduke Leopold Maria** · Archduke Anton** · Archduke Franz Joseph** · Archduke Karl Pius** · Archduke Franz Karl** · Archduke Hubert Salvator** · Archduke Theodor Salvator** · Archduke Clemens Salvator** · Archduke Joseph Arpád · Archduke Itsván · Archduke Géza · Archduke Michael Koloman 17th generationCrown Prince Otto · Archduke Robert*** · Archduke Felix · Archduke Carl Ludwig · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Heinrich Maria · Archduke Leopold Franz** · Archduke Guntram** · Archduke Radbot** · Archduke Johann** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Stephan** · Archduke Dominic** · Archduke Friederich Salvator** · Archduke Andreas Salvator** · Archduke Markus** · Archduke Johann** · Archduke Michael** · Archduke Franz Salvator** · Archduke Karl Salvator** · Archduke Joseph Karl · Archduke Andreas Agustinus · Archduke Nicholas Franz · Archduke Johann Jacob · Archduke Edward Karl · Archduke Paul Rudolf 18th generationArchduke Karl · Archduke Georg · Archduke Lorenz*** · Archduke Gerhard*** · Archduke Martin*** · Archduke Karl Philipp · Archduke Raimund Joseph · Archduke Itsván · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Carl Christian · Archduke Karl Peter · Archduke Simeon · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Maximilian Heinrich · Archduke Philipp Joachim · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Konrad · Archduke Sigismund** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Guntram** · Archduke Leopold** · Archduke Alexander Salvator** · Archduke Thaddäus Salvator** · Archduke Casimir Salvator** · Archduke Matthias** · Archduke Johannes** · Archduke Bernhard** · Archduke Benedikt · Archduke Joseph Albrecht · Archduke Paul Leo · Archduke Friedrich Cyprian · Archduke Benedikt Alexander · Archduke Nicolás · Archduke Santiago · Archduke Paul Benedikt 19th generationArchduke Ferdinand Zvonimir · Archduke Karl Konstantin · Archduke Amedeo*** · Archduke Joachim*** · Archduke Bartholomaeus*** · Archduke Emmanuel*** · Archduke Luigi*** · Archduke Felix Carl · Archduke Andreas Franz · Archduke Paul Johannes · Archduke Carl Christian · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Thomas · Archduke Franz Ludwig · Archduke Michael · Archduke Joseph · Archduke Imre · Archduke Imre · Archduke Christoph · Archduke Alexander · Archduke Lorenz Carl · Archduke Wilhelm · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Ludwig · Archduke Philipp · Archduke Nicholas · Archduke Constantin · Archduke Jacob Maximilian · Archduke Leopold Amedeo** · Archduke Maximilian** · Archduke Leopold** · Archduke Constantin Salvator** · Archduke Paul Salvator** *also an infante of Spain
**also a prince of Tuscany
***also a prince of Modena
Princes of Asturias
Infante Felipe (1977–present)Infante Alfonso (1907–1931) · Infanta Mercedes (1880–1904) · Infanta Isabella (1875–1880) · Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (1871–1873) · Infante Alfonso (1857–1868) · Infanta Isabella (1851–1857) · Infanta Isabella (1830–1833) · Infante Ferdinand (1788–1808) · Infante Charles (1759–1788) · Infante Ferdinand (1724–1746) · Infante Louis (1709–1724) · Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria (1698–1699) · Infante Charles (1661–1665) · Infante Philip Prospero (1657–1661) · Infante Balthasar Charles (1629–1646) · Philip IV (1605–1621) · Infante Philip (1582–1598) · Infante Diego (1578–1582) · Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578) · Infante Charles (1556–1568) · Philip II (1527–1556) · Infante Charles (1504–1516) · Infanta Joanna (1502–1504) · Infante Michael of Portugal (1498–1500) · Infanta Isabella (1497–1498) · Infante John (1478–1497) · Infanta Isabella (1470–1478) · Infanta Isabella (1468–1470) · Infante Alfonso (1464–1468) · Infanta Joanna (1462–1464) · Infante Henry (1425–1454) · Infanta Eleanor (1424–1425) · Infanta Catherine (1423–1424) · Infante John (1405–1406) · Infanta Maria (1402–1405) · Infante Henry (1388–1390)Categories:
- 1527 births
- 1598 deaths
- People from Valladolid
- Spanish monarchs
- Portuguese monarchs
- English monarchs
- British Monarchs buried abroad
- Roman Catholic monarchs
- Kings of Sicily
- Monarchs of Naples
- Counter-Reformation
- Anti-Protestantism
- Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War
- People of the French Wars of Religion
- Dukes of Brabant
- Dukes of Guelders
- Dukes of Lothier
- Dukes of Luxembourg
- Dukes of Milan
- Counts of Flanders
- Counts of Hainaut
- Counts of Holland
- Princes of Asturias
- Princes of Girona
- Dukes of Montblanc
- Counts of Cervera
- Lords of Balaguer
- Spanish infantes
- Philippine dynasty
- Knights of Santiago
- Knights of the Garter
- Knights of the Golden Fleece
- Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
- Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
- Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
- Spanish people of English descent
- Spanish people of Portuguese descent
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.


text:
On this page
Create an API token
This guide explains what an API token is, why you need one, and how to create one.
Learning outcomes
- Learn how an Okta API token is used.
- Understand why it's good practice to create a service account for use with an API token.
- Know the alternatives to Okta API tokens.
- Find out when a token expires and what happens when it expires.
- Find out how API tokens are deactivated.
What you need
Okta Developer Edition organization (opens new window)
Okta API tokens
Okta API tokens are used to authenticate requests to Okta APIs. When calling an Okta API endpoint, you need to supply a valid API token in the HTTP
Authorization header, with a valid token specified as the header value. You need to prefix the value with the
SSWS identifier, which specifies the proprietary authentication scheme that Okta uses. For example:
Authorization: SSWS 00QCjAl4MlV-WPXM...0HmjFx-vbGua
Privilege level
Different Okta API operations require different admin privilege levels. API tokens inherit the privilege level of the admin account that is used to create them. It is therefore good practice to create a service account to use when you create API tokens so that you can assign the token the specific privilege level needed. See Administrators (opens new window) for admin account types and the specific privileges of each.
OAuth 2.0 instead of API tokens
As an alternative to Okta API tokens, you can now interact with Okta APIs using scoped OAuth 2.0 access tokens for a number of Okta endpoints. Each access token enables the bearer to perform specific actions on specific Okta endpoints, with that ability controlled by which scopes the access token contains. For more information, see the OAuth for Okta guide.
Create the token
To create an API token, follow these steps:
Sign in to your Okta organization as a user with administrator privileges (opens new window).
API tokens have the same permissions as the user who creates them, and if the user permissions change, the API token permissions also change.
See the section above on Privilege level, regarding the use of a service account when creating an API token, to specifically control the privilege level associated with the token.
In the Admin Console, select Security > API from the menu and then select the Tokens tab.
Click Create Token.
Name your token and click Create Token.
Record the token value. This is the only opportunity to see it and record it.
Token rate limits
When API tokens are created, the rate limit for each token interaction is set automatically to 50 percent of each API maximum limit. See API rate limits. You can adjust this percentage by editing the Token rate limits section. See Set token rate limits (opens new window).
Token expiration and deactivation
Tokens expire automatically after a certain period and can also be deactivated at any time.
Token expiration
Tokens are valid for 30 days from creation or last use, so that the 30 day expiration automatically refreshes with each API call. Tokens that aren't used for 30 days expire. The 30-day period is currently fixed and can't be changed for your organization.
Token deactivation
If a user account is deactivated in Okta, any API token created by that user account is deprovisioned at the same time.
Next steps
With the token created, you can begin using it, supplying it in the
Authorization header of calls to Okta API endpoints. See Sign users into your SPA using the redirect model for a practical example.
See also
- See Use Postman with the Okta REST APIs for a guide to trying out Okta APIs using Postman, as an easy way to explore.
- See System Log Transaction Object for information on viewing the API token ID in the Okta System Log.
- For information on the general principles the Okta API follows, see Design Principles.


text:
COVID -19 Implementing risk-mitigation strategies
The health and safety advice for early childhood services, developed with the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) in line with the AHPPC advice, provides guidance to support ECEC services to continue to provide safe environments for children and staff.
Information for parents/carers
One of the most important things that can be done to slow the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) in ECEC settings is to ensure that unwell children and staff remain at home.
Please keep your child home if they are displaying any of the following symptoms:
- Fever
- Chills or sweats
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Shortness of breath
- Runny nose
- Loss of sense of smell or taste
In certain circumstances headache, muscle soreness, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea may also be considered.
If your child is displaying any of the symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19), however mild, they should get tested. Seek advice from a healthcare professional who can advise on next steps. You can phone the coronavirus (COVID-19) hotline on 1800 675 398 for help and advice.
A medical certificate is not required for your child to return to our setting after a period of illness, however children should not return until they no longer have symptoms.
_ _ _
COVID 19 easy English resource 2001628_
COVID_19 QR codes pages_V1 DRAFT
Health and safety advice for early childhood education and care services in the context of coronavirus (COVID-19) a
General Resources
Victorian Department of Education and Training
Victorian Department of Health and Human Services
Resources for Families
Talking to your child about coronavirus (COVID-19)
Commonwealth Child Care Subsidy


text:
My mom's birthday is today!
While Vanessa and I were at the lapidary show we came across these candy jade faceted beads.
I remember a while back, Mom had called me and told me about 'These bracelets made with candy jade on 'the QVC'. Have you seen candy jade before?'
Well I had, but not very often. When I saw these at the show, I pointed them out to Vanessa and told her of me and my mothers conversation. She fell in love with them too. Vanessa bought 'em -gave me two strands and sed - "Make a necklace for your mom and tell her thank you for all the apple butter!"
I made it and sent it along with a note. She got it yesterday morning!
"I love it!" she says. "Me and your dad are going to the new casino and I am wearing it right now!"
It made my day to hear the excitement in her voice.
Happy Birthday Mom!


text:
Wild Foods Cookery: Wild Spring Salads
Date(s) - 05/26/2018
10:00 am - 12:00 pm
Chequamegon Food Co-op
Wild Foods Cookery: Wild Spring Salads
Saturday, May 26 – 10 a.m.-12 p.m.
Instructor: Gil Schwartz, Seasonally Sourced Foods
Cost: $20/$15 owner
Registration required. Cost is per person. Space is limited. Call (715) 682-8251 to register today!
REGISTRATION DEADLINE: Thursday, May 24
HANDS-ON – Delve into a whole new world of flavors as we learn about the best ingredients to forage for delicious and unique wild salads! We will start with a stroll around the neighborhood to identify and learn responsible harvesting techniques for locally available salad greens and edible flowers. With these and other per-harvested goodies, we will rinse, chop, and transform them into a delicious, colorful salad topped with toasted wild nuts and a maple-mustard vinaigrette.


text:
Lookers will be opening its second Outlet site in Motherwell tomorrow.
Lookers Outlet Motherwell is alongside the retailer's Nissan and Hyundai dealerships on Windmillhill Street and follows the recent successful launch of a Lookers Outlet in Gateshead.
The opening weekend will see visitors offered a selection of used cars, from a range of brands, as well as the chance to win prizes.
Lookers says the Outlet is, "not a used car supermarket and differs by providing customers with the same suite of aftercare provision afforded to its franchised dealership customers, including extended warranty".
Lookers Nissan and Hyundai Motherwell's general manager John Gavin (pictured) said: "We're always listening to our customers, which is why we're launching Lookers Outlet Motherwell which will provide the very best used cars at more affordable prices."
Lookers volume division's franchise director Colin Pybus said: "The introduction of Lookers Outlet to our business is a welcome one.
"It is wonderful that we are now able to offer a wider range of the very best used cars in our stock, all at affordable prices.
"The standard of cars available in our outlet is excellent and I am confident that it will be a great success."


text:
Masterfully designed 18-hole golf course
Masterfully designed across 6,600 yards, the 18-hole golf course at Pueblo El Mirage is ranked one of the best courses in the valley. Designed by 10-time PGA Tour winner Fuzzy Zoeller, our par-72 championship golf course brings water into play at no fewer than 13 holes. Pueblo El Mirage's golf course presents a serious challenge for even the most seasoned players. With its pristine greens, radiant lakes, and what seems like endless rolling fairways, you'll come back again and again.
Water comes into play on 13 holes – unmatched in the greater Phoenix area! Picture yourself stepping up to a 118-yard and par-3 requiring a tee shot over water to a peninsula green. That's our signature hole #3, and it's waiting for you at Pueblo El Mirage.
Changes to golf pricing from April 24th – May 31st.
Rates will be $39.00 before 11am, $29.00 from 11am-4pm, and $15.00 after 4pm
11201 North El Mirage Road, El Mirage, AZ 85335
(623) 233-8821 | email@example.com


text:
I also have a Free Report for GDI members showing you ways I have made money using GDI. You can download that FREE REPORT by clicking the Download Now button below.
Download Now!!!
Auto Mass Traffic | internet web traffic TrustedYoutobe.com mass traffic—- Auto Mass Traffic Generation Software This course does not use the old traffic methods such as Article Marketing, SEO, Google Adwords etc. Which take a long time to see results. Auto Mass Traffic Software claims to be one of the easiest yet most efficient ways of getting vast amounts of visitors. The reason this software was developed is the fact that he claims conventional traffic building techniques are all outdated. This software claims to be able to attract hundreds of thousands laser targeted traffic with without the help of Google, Yahoo, MSN. Auto Mass Traffic is a brand new launch of a touted automatic traffic generating software to help individuals create a massive amount of money online. Proven systems that drive traffic to a website do exist. To learn more about auto mass traffic , please visit: TrustedYoutobe.com mass traffic
Video Rating: 0 / 5
amt.reviewsnratings.com I like to recommed auto mass traffic as I am pleased with the result I get after investing in Auto Mass Traffic. Although the sales page make unbelievable claims, the software is a good tool for CPA advertising.
Video Rating: 0 / 5


text: tolino vision 6 – the upgrade for more reading pleasure Optimized E-Ink display – 20% faster response time and improved contrast Lightning fast quad core processor – For more reading comfort Water protection – Enjoy a relaxing read in the bath* smartLight – Adjusts the light according to the time of day tolino vision 6 The fastest of its kind: Even more reading comfort thanks to the new quad core processor Read more Discover maximum reading pleasure on the 7 inch display! The new tolino vision 6 shows size and offers you even more space for your stories. So even with large font sizes, you can enjoy even more text on a page – without having to turn the page too often. Decide how you prefer to turn the pages: via the precise touchscreen or the large page buttons on the side your tolino vision 6. The automatic display adjustment offers added flexibility as it allows you to allows you to switch between portrait and landscape mode at any time. Turn over a whole new page in reading comfort. With the new tolino vision 6, it's now even easier to immerse yourself fully in stories. Thanks to the new, powerful processor, it responds lightning fast – for example, when turning pages. tolino vision 6 Even more space for your favorite books Over 3 million eBooks are just waiting to be read – browse through all the latest titles around the clock on the tolino bookstores' online shops and download your next page-turner directly to your eReader. The tolino vision 6 has plenty of space for all of your favorite eBooks. Featuring 16 GB of storage space, around 12 GB for your books, you can download and store up to 12,000 eBooks onto your tolino vision 6 and take them with you wherever you go – either at home or on the road. tolino vision 6 The fastest of its kind – more reading comfort thanks to the new quad core processor Read more The new tolino vision 6 now makes it even easier for you to lose yourself completely in your stories. Together with a new, even more powerful processor, the optimized 7-inch E-Ink display ensures a 20% faster response time compared with its predecessor model. This not only makes page-turning much more enjoyable, but also gives you an overall eReading experience with a new, previously unattained level of comfort. tolino vision 6 smartLight: Reading in alignment with your day Read more For everyone who likes to read before going to bed, we developed smartLight! The new comfortable eReader tolino vision 6 always ensures the most pleasant lighting while reading thanks to its clever color adjustment of the integrated reading light. In accordance with natural daylight the tolino vision 6 switches from cool light in the morning to warm light in the evening. This doesn't interfere with your natural rhythm and allows you to enjoy relaxed reading whatever the time of day. If you are reading in bright daylight, you can also turn the lighting off completely and extend your eReader's battery life even further. Read like the printed page without any annoying reflections from the sun. tolino vision 6 Download eBooks and audiobooks directly via Wi-Fi Read more Looking to download the latest bestsellers or eBook bargains onto your eReader in a matter of seconds? Simply connect your tolino vision 6 toWi-Fi and browse through the latest page-turners in the integrated eBook shop. Free use of Telekom HotSpots in Germany (after logging in with a bookseller account) also provides you with quick access to the internet tolino vision 6 Limitless freedom – buy eBooks where you want Read more tolino is all about free choice and leaves you to make the decision where you want to buy your eBooks. This means that you can enjoy the full range of eBooks from all available tolino eBook retailers. Load existing EPUB and PDF eBooks onto your tolino vision 6 and read them with ease thanks to the practical features such as the tolino cloud synchronization and the tolino library link. tolino vision 6 Relaxing, reading and taking a bath Read more The tolino vision 6 eBook reader is ready for any eventualities, including a long soak in the bath with your new favorite page-turner. The tolino vision 6 offers water protection and will therefore forgive you for briefly immersing it in the tub. tolino vision 6 tolino cloud – safely store and synchronize Want to access your eBooks easily and safely on the go, even if you don't have your tolino shine 3 to hand? No problem: thanks to the free tolino cloud connection you can flexibly enjoy your eBooks on other devices. The tolino app and the tolino web reader make reading on different end devices especially straightforward. And because all your reading devices are synchronized, when you have your tolino shine 3 to hand again you can simply continue reading where you left off. tolino vision 6 Weeks of reading pleasure – perfect for your vacation Read more Even heavy readers will be inspired by its stamina: The tolino vision 6 consumes little power during reading, guaranteeing weeks of reading pleasure. This is not just practical in everyday life, but also makes the tolino vision 6 an ideal travel companion. All benefits at a glance tolino vision 6 Display rotation Automatic display rotation: Simple reading in portrait or landscape mode Fonts Set font type and size individually in your eBook Open system Compatible with EPUB, PDF, TXT, compatible with eBooks from public lending libraries, e.g. Onleihe WLAN Download eBooks directly via WLAN Battery Weeks and weeks of battery life for long-lasting reading pleasure Water protection Optimal water protection smartLight Automatic color temperature adjustment depending on the time of day Service Top-quality tolino service – online, on the telephone and at our bookstores Display 7-inch eReader display and optimized ergonomic form with page buttons Library link Merge libraries from multiple tolino shops using the tolino library link Technical specifications tolino vision 6 Display7-inch E-Ink Carta 1200 display, high resolution (300 ppi, 1264 x 1680 pixels, 16 grayscale levels), portrait and landscape modeDesignErgonomic form with handle and page buttons, automatic display adjustment and soft-touch screenTouchscreenCapacitive double-layer touchscreen, extremely quick and preciseWeight215 gDimensions144,6 × 161,6 × 5,9 mm (9,0 mm handle)LightIntegrated lighting with smartLight system (manual or automatic adjustment of the color temperature depending on the time of day)Water protectionWater-repellent IPX8 coating (protected for up to 60 minutes in up to 2 m of fresh water)BatteryLithium polymer battery, 1,500 mAhBattery capacitySeveral weeksProcessor1,8 GHz AllWinner B300 Quad Core ProcessorRAM1 GBStorage (internal)16 GB (approximately 12 GB of which is available for your content, equals more than 12,000 eBooks)tolino cloud25 GB additional online storage in Germany, Austria and SwitzerlandSupported eBook formatsEPUB, PDF, TXT, compatible with eBooks from public lending libraries (e.g. Onleihe)ConnectivityWiFi (802.11 b/g/n), free use of Deutsche Telekom AG HotSpots in Germany (after login with a bookseller)PortsUSB-CFeaturesHall sensor allows you to use "intelligent" protection cases, enlarged mode, free software updates,customizable sleep screen, special mode for left-handers, pre-installed eBookSystem languagesGerman, English, Spanish, French, Italian, DutchWhat's in the boxtolino vision 6 eReader, USB C cable, warranty, user manual (pre-installed eBook). Accessories available separately. Factsheet tolino vision 6 Manual tolino vision 6


text:
Become our distributor!
The Siberian Bushing is a reliable manufacturer and supplier, offers favorable terms of cooperation to wholesale customers.
Advantages of the wholesale buyer
In addition to quality, competitive products, we help our partners to earn by providing flexible price offers.
- Four scale of discounts depending on the initial purchase
- Selection of initial assortment
- Advertising support
- Special conditions for different types of customers:
- auto shops,
- automotive supermarkets,
- networks of auto shops,
- car-care centers,
- car online stores
To apply for a partnership, fill out this form


text:
Federal agencies are engaged in "a tremendous amount of work" to meet requirements to move to zero trust security architecture as laid out in President Biden's cybersecurity executive order issued last year, even as some agencies are struggling with initial steps to begin that transition, a top Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) official said Wednesday.
Since the executive order came out in May 2021, hundreds of agencies across the government have initiated plans to adopt zero trust principles, said Matt Hartman, CISA's deputy executive assistant director for cybersecurity.
"There has been a tremendous amount of work across the government" on zero trust over the past year, Hartman said at the FCW Summit on IT Modernization. Citing efforts at agencies such as the departments of Veterans Affairs, Agriculture and Education, he said Federal officials "are really rallying around one another in this space to help make some advancements."
At the same time, the CISA official acknowledged that the path to zero trust is complicated, and that Federal agencies need to overcome what can sometimes be "a bit of fear and uncertainty and doubt in the community about where to begin, how to begin."
The administration's push for zero trust "is a real goal, it is the right goal, but agencies are struggling to begin," he said. That struggle is rooted in the reality that the effort can require such a comprehensive approach to rebuilding and replacing existing infrastructure.
"There is no cookie cutter approach, no linear place to start zero trust," said Hartman, a cybersecurity veteran who has been with CISA since its establishment in late 2018, and who has served the Department of Homeland Security in a variety of cybersecurity roles over the past decade.
CISA, he said, is trying "really to demystify zero trust and to help agencies, to guide agencies in implementation." He added that the change will likely require a high-level commitment to "breaking down cultural barriers … this is going to be truly a cultural shift."
In previous talks about the transition, Hartman has provided context on the complications along the Federal road to zero trust, saying at a MeriTalk webinar last year that "a reasonable timeline" for "a significant start" on zero trust is three years.
The topic of Hartman's panel discussion Wednesday at the FCW event was "security as a motivating force for modernization" and whether the move to a multi-cloud environment poses cyber risks.
Security and IT modernization, he said, "really go hand in hand. Security really should be an integral part of every IT modernization effort. Period."
The increasing move to multi-cloud, fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, has raised questions about whether the trend increases the risks of cyberattacks. Recent MeriTalk research found that 81 percent of Federal agencies now use more than one cloud platform, but that cyber strategies are not keeping up.
While 83 percent of Federal cyber leaders say their agency is increasing multi-cloud adoption to support telework and mission needs related to COVID-19, the research found, 42 percent say that efforts to adapt cybersecurity strategies accordingly are not moving fast enough for evolving cloud environments.
Over the long run, however, 84 percent of 150 Federal cybersecurity managers surveyed by MeriTalk and GDIT said successful multi-cloud adoption will strengthen their overall cybersecurity posture.


text:
Wall Pocket Planter Teacup Blue And White 1980s China Wall Decor Tea Cup
This is a blue and white ceramic teacup shaped wall pocket or planter that was made in China in the 1980s.
The blue and white cup and saucer measures 4 inches high by 6.75 inches long and stands 3.5 inches out from the wall.
The cup and saucer wall pocket or planter is in excellent used vintage condition with no chips or cracks and is a charming piece of wall art that is perfect for lots of rooms or for a teacup collector's home...with or without a plant!
We Also Recommend