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Fall Protection and Leading Edges: What You Need to Know
Falls from leading edges are among the greatest risks facing construction workers.
Unprotected leading edges account for about one-third of all fatalities in construction, and leading edge work remains one of the most dangerous tasks in the industry (learn more about OSHA's Fatal Four).
Employers need to protect workers by ensuring that leading edges on their worksites are secure. And according to OSHA, anyone working on a leading edge six feet or higher should be protected by a personal fall arrest system, a safety net, or guardrails. But how do you know what type of leading edge protection is the best fit?
What Are Leading Edges?
Leading edges are simply the unprotected edge of a horizontal surface. It could be the edge of a roof, a deck, or a scaffold platform. Since these edges often lead to a significant drop, they pose a serious fall hazard to those working near them.
Floors, roofs, and other surfaces can pose a special challenge while they're under construction, since the leading edges can change location as the structure is being built. Leading edge protective equipment, then, must be moved or able to accommodate these changes to ensure that workers remain protected throughout the course of the entire project.
Keeping Workers Safe on Leading Edges
Before starting any construction work, it's essential to draft a thorough safety plan. It should include a description of all the tasks that workers will need to perform near leading edges, as well as the hazards associated with leading edge operations. All relevant safety measures should be outlined, including how workers and tools will be secured to reduce the risks associated with falls from leading edges.
Performing a hazard assessment will help you determine what kind of protection you'll need to use for leading edge work.
The First Step: Training
Proper training is the first step to keeping workers safe around leading edges. Workers should be trained to recognize leading edges, the fall hazards they pose, and any risk of collapse associated with them. They should also be taught how to use fall protection equipment, erect barriers and guardrails, and know what kind of signage is required.
Areas with leading edges should be considered control zones, and only trained workers should be allowed to access them. Bystanders and workers without the requisite training should not be allowed near leading edges.
Personal Fall Arrest System
A personal fall arrest system is a good way to provide protection for a single worker who faces a fall hazard. Workers need to ensure that their fall arrest gear is properly worn and that they are securely connected at all times to a proper anchor point.
If others are working nearby, using a self-retracting lifeline rather than a standard lanyard will keep the lifeline spooled, eliminating tripping hazards.
Keep in mind that the location of leading edges can change over the course of the project. Workers relying on a personal fall arrest system to keep them safe must always have suitable anchorage available, even as the fall hazard changes location. Reusable anchors provide a convenient way to ensure that a fall arrest system provides continued protection.
Note also that as leading edges move, the fall distance might change. Make sure that there is always enough clearance for the fall protection system to activate and keep the worker from being injured (learn about Fall Arrest Force and Clearance).
Unlike a personal fall arrest system, guardrails will provide protection to multiple workers. Anyone coming near the leading edge will be safer with the presence of a secure barrier.
They also do not protect a falling worker. Instead, they are designed to prevent the fall in the first place by preventing workers from getting too close to the leading edge or providing a constant visual and physical reminder of the leading edge's presence.
Note that guardrails can be used in concert with personal arrest equipment to provide additional protection.
Safety Net
Safety nets combine some of the advantages of these other fall protection systems. Like a personal arrest system, they can protect a worker who has fallen. And like guardrails, they can offer protection to multiple workers at once.
Safety nets can also give a certain amount of protection to those who are working underneath a leading edge. By catching falling tools, materials, or debris before they can injure those below, a safety net can act as an important line of defense against dropped objects.
|Free Download: Construction Fall Safety Checklist
Proper signage should be used to indicate the presence of a leading edge and to specify whether personal fall protection is required before approaching it.
According to OSHA, signs should be placed at least three feet from the leading edge operation. This allows workers sufficient time to react after seeing the sign and before reaching the unprotected edge.
Your Responsibilities
As an employer, you are responsible for identifying the hazards on the work site, including the presence of leading edges. You are also responsible for assessing whether fall protection is required and, if so, to provide employees with the necessary equipment to perform their work safely.
Workers must be provided with training that is appropriate to the hazards they will be facing. Workers without the requisite training must not be assigned to perform work near leading edges.
When leading edges are present on your work site, make sure workers have the equipment needed to keep them safe. Leading edge protection, after all, does more than prevent injuries – it saves lives.
For all things Fall Protection, check out our Fall Protection Knowledge Center.
Related Terms
Written by Safeopedia Staff
At Safeopedia, we think safety professionals are unsung superheroes in many workplaces. We aim to support and celebrate these professionals and the work they do by providing easy access to occupational health and safety information, and by reinforcing safe work practices.
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Elite Force Live from Nutz Camp (Burning Man 2011)
Straight from Burning Man 2011, here is an awesome set from one of my favorite DJ/Producers, Elite Force!
In his own words...
"It's 8am. Black Rock Desert. The previous evening had been electric. It began with a demented set of pure excess on the aptly named Purgatory Cruiser with it's Exocet flame guns and rocket-powered propane ... and then moved onto an epic, spiritual sunrise set on the Robot Heart ... and it ended up at the fabulous Nutz camp, surrounded by gorgeous Playa-friends, getting lowdown & dirty until around 11.30am.
So this is my 3-hour set, live direct and raw, as it happened. Not my typical fayre perhaps, but none of my Burning Man sets are ever 'typical', and this perhaps gives you a different angle on my musical tastes. Big up to all the Nutz who once again welcomed me with open arms "
Elite Force Live from Nutz Camp (Burning Man 2011) by Elite Force
Download it HERE!!
Elite Force Soundcloud!

subset: commoncrawl


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Staying Negative aims to emotionally engage, inspire and facilitate imagination in sexual health practices. The campaign profiles the real life stories of gay, bisexual and trans men who have sex with men (MSM). Men talk about all aspects of their life from coming out, relationships, sexuality and a broad range of other topics. While HIV and safe sex is an important part of all stories, it is not the exclusive focus.
Prior HIV prevention campaigns have traditionally focused on providing gay men with information that will encourage them to adopt safe sex behaviours. In reality, safe sex practices are influenced by a whole range of environmental and cultural factors. The campaign also provides an opportunity for HIV positive men to talk about their lives and discuss how their strategies to staying HIV negative were not successful. We understand that there is more than one way practice safe sex and adopt healthcare seeking behaviours, so let's be creative about it!
There are no real criteria for participants other than that they are MSM and happy to have their stories appear as part of the campaign. In addition to the personal stories, the website provides information on HIV/AIDS, sexual health, relationships and broad of the other relevant topics including domestic violence, drugs and alcohol and depression.
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I was born in Canberra and I lived there for a few years but then in 1991 I moved to Bangkok, Thailand. I spent four years there attending a British International School. My dad worked for the Department of Immigration so he was placed at different Australian Embassies around the world. Our family went from Canberra, to Bangkok, to Perth, to Washington DC, and then back to Canberra when I was 14. I had this incredibly American accent. I was also incredibly camp and I got teased so horribly at high school.
I'm not sure when I realised I was gay because even as a child I was very effeminate and very unafraid to do what I wanted (like playing with dolls, leotards, and rhythmic gymnastic ribbons). If someone said that's not for boys I just wouldn't listen. I remember during prepubescent years, when I was nine or ten or something,
I had a sleepover at my friend's house and I didn't bring a towel so I had to use one of his but he said, "don't use that towel, that's my older brother's and he's rubbed his dick on it." I remember thinking to myself, what's the problem?
Even before puberty, there was something about dick-rubbing that I was very okay with.
When I was in the US doing lots of musical theatre, dance and drama, I had a few role models who were teenagers, they were around 17 or 18 and they were gay. They were very visible so I kind of knew that that was an option as an identity. It was during this time at around 12 or 13 years old that I actually had desire in me towards a friend. I used to go over to his house to rehearse. We would sit on his bed facing each other sort of straddling our legs as we practiced. We never had sex or anything at the time, we kind of just got close, although, two years later when I went back to the US we ended up kissing at my friends bar mitzvah!
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I ended up moving back Canberra with my family. I have an older brother and sister who are very supportive as well as my parents who are wonderful. I think they always suspected that I was gay so when I came out at 16 they weren't really that surprised. They were more like, "okay, I guess it's official now." (Coming out)
Canberra is a weird place to be a teenager – there is no beach, there are lots of shopping centre and bus interchanges. I was really into ballet and musical theatre when I lived there. There was a bit of community theatre and dance in Canberra, but it also really had a small town syndrome. There are some very special and unique things about Canberra though, like the National Art Gallery, National Library and the National Film and Sound Archives.
There was this one gay club in Canberra that I started going to when I was 14. The clientele was a mix between lesbians and gay men. You'd have these sassy queens dancing it up in their tight tops and these lesbians playing pool and drinking beer. The thing we all had in common was blonde frosted spikey hair. We all kind of dressed the same with the blue checkered shirts and flared pants. It was the early 2000's and fashion was not good. There was smoke from fog machines being blasted at you from all directions, so sometimes you couldn't actually see who else was there.
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I grew up very Catholic, went to a private Catholic school and had a pretty bad time in Year 9 and 10. It was a co-ed school and there was lots of bullying. (Bullying) I was targeted at me because I was effeminate and because I had an American accent – the combination was something totally to ridicule.
I used to get smashed into the lockers every day and get beaten up on the bus going to and from school. It was all pretty traumatic, even my PE teacher called me a faggot under his breath.
I used to go home and cry on the floor and think, 'is this what life is like?'
Another thing that happened was in Year 10, we had religion class and our teacher, who meant no harm, said we'd go around the room and everyone was going to talk about bullying and slurs or a hate swear word directed at a type of person, usually a minority. He said, "I'm just going to get it out of the way and then we're going to talk about how damaging these words can be." As we went around the room people kept saying words like, "faggot, poofter, pillow biter, fudge packer", and they were all directing them at me. When the teacher was turned around they would shout them in my direction. There were about 22 kids in the class and so there were 21 homophobic hate words on the board. When it was my turn I said, "breeder – it means a straight person who only exists to reproduce but has no ambition of their own." He said that was not really a swear word so didn't put it up on the board.
I wasn't ready to be publicly out as gay so I wasn't ready to admit that I was being bulled because the question would be, 'why are you being bullied?' I'd have to say it's because they were calling me gay and the next question would be, 'well, are you?' I just wasn't ready to confront that with teachers and parents yet. I had such a bad time in Year 9 and 10 but I kind of just moved. (Isolation)
I focused on school work and I tried to be invisible. I had this one female friend and we really needed each other at the time. We used to just hide a lot in bushes and just hang out. In year 11 I ended up changing school and had the time of my life. It was a public school and the system was different, so you'd call teachers by their first name and if you missed class you'd just fail but you weren't going to be expelled or have your parents called.
There were multiple other queer kids walking around and they were very visible. You could wear your own clothes so people could kind of be more comfortable in themselves and it was in a suburb that was surrounded by a lot of international embassies so there were quite a lot of international kids. There was a huge amount of diversity and a high standard of academia. There were a lot of smart and creative people all in one place, there was also no popularity structure.
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My first sexual experience was when a guy gave me a blowjob and I thought it was really weird. I remember thinking, 'what's the big deal, this is overrated.' It with a guy older than I was. It was someone who would give me rides home a lot and sometimes we'd just drop by his house before he dropped me home. The first time, we were watching the concert version of Les Miserables with Lea Salonga singing On My Own.
Then we had unprotected sex. I didn't know any better and my friends weren't having sex at that age. Sex with this guy continued for about two months and then it kind of petered out. I realised the age gap was quite weird when I got a bit older. We certainly didn't get any education about gay sex in high school, so I was a little in the dark about it all. I wish I could tell my younger self to be more careful. (First time) (Safe sex)
That was the first time I went to get an HIV test. It was at this free clinic which was like a shack with wooden slats and these old couches in the waiting room. It was anonymous, free and you didn't need a Medicare card. The nurse took my bloods, an anal swab, an oral swab and I had to pee in a cup. She asked me several questions about how many guys I had slept with, which was just one, as well as how many guys I think he had slept with. She said I most likely have a sexually transmitted infection. (HIV testing) (Sexual Health)
It turned out I didn't, which was a relief for my young self. I guess from then on I researched a lot, and taught myself what risks I would and wouldn't take. I researched HIV and AIDS, and became more aware of the impact it had on the gay community. I started to realise that a terrible crisis had plagued the community I was just becoming a part of. I think that's when the seed was planted for me to want to address HIV through the arts one day. I realised it was something that affected every single gay man. I realised that positive and negative people needed to work together to end this terrible thing. To end stigma, ignorance, and apathy. I realised this when I was a teenager, but it wasn't until I was into my 20's that it really came to the forefront.
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I moved to Melbourne when I was 17 and did my Bachelor of Dance at the Victorian College of The Arts and it was very different because all of a sudden I was independent and living out of home. I lived with a male/female couple from Canberra. I just felt great, I had a really clear goal with an intense dance course and I was very focused and hardworking. I never missed a day of university and there were plenty of gay people in my course and it just kind of became the norm.
I've been with my current boyfriend for five years. He's the cutest, I am so attracted to him. I think he's a real babe and insanely talented. We met at Melbourne fringe festival in 2009, he was performing in a show and I was performing in a show. I saw him across the room and my heart sang and I was like, 'who is that?! Oh my God, I'm going to marry him.' He's a circus performer and travels around the world so he's overseas a fair bit. He's so good at what he does.
I've been in Melbourne now for around 10 years. I love the dance and queer communities here. I've been lucky enough to work as a professional dancer, and to get to make my own work. My most challenging and rewarding production is called "Hex."
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My generation will never know what it's like to see our peers dying in numbers. That is such a profound privilege and it comes with profound responsibility.
We have to continue the work of the brave activists before us. We have to serve our community and nurture it. What unites the gay community is desire, and bravery in the face of discrimination. I'm interested in inter-generational dialogues because no generation ever exists in a vacuum. All generations overlap with other generations to some degree, and I'm interested in how desire and bravery manifest in different ways.
As a gay person you have a desire in you. You're not taught how to be gay, but it develops organically, and through seeking it out yourself. How to be gay is not controlled, regimented or containable. People engage with culture at different levels. There are so many aspects that need to be considered. I was aware of the AIDS crisis as a kid, but it wasn't until I was a teenager and started having sex that I became aware that it was something very serious.
Right now I'm working on my show, Hex which premiered in May as part of Next Wave festival. It was developed through the Next Wave Kick Start Program which creates new works and the artists get together and present how the work is developing at different points. The show is about Generation Y's interpretation of the early years of the AIDS epidemic as a tribute from one generation to another.
There is a lineage of queer activism that speaks of a demand to be heard, to be respected, to be included. I engage with that lineage as an artist, and that lineage has directly made me more comfortable with who I am. That's how I could come out at 16 and how I can imagine a life dating men without shame or fear. It's not perfect, but it's getting better.
When people watch my show 'Hex' I want them to ask themselves, 'is gay history inherited, or is it generational?' I'm looking at the AIDS crisis before effective treatment was available. During the time when homophobia was more intense, when people in the gay community was dealing with homophobia from churches, the medical field, the society at large and the mother fucking epidemic that was causing so much nightmarish destruction.
That history of activism and ACT UP and TAG and the mix between high camp and high serious protests, I find politically and artistically very interesting. I have an ACT UP tattoo because it means a lot to me. Due to AIDS activism, treatment was demanded and social norms have changed. The gay agenda is pushing in a very visible way for same sex marriage which I support on one hand but on the other hand I see as quite conservative. (HIV and the law)
My dad said to me once, "when I was your age, if you were progressive at all you were anti-marriage completely and now your generation, with many more comfortably gay people, they're fighting for marriage.
That is the visible gay agenda of this time. When you think about gay liberation we are fighting for our rights, fighting to come out of the closet and fighting to be an individual. Then AIDS activism came from a need to fight for your life. The third big queer movement is around same sex marriage, fighting to fit in and fighting for full equality. It's interesting that some parts of the world have really embraced that and people have full equality and it's just no big deal and other parts of the world it is punishable by death – there is such a huge disparity.
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I'm interested in relationships in the queer community. I'm interested in people sharing their stories. I'm interested in addressing issues through the arts.
I want to encourage people to be brave, educated, and to take artistic risks. I feel like anyone who feels compelled to make public responses to HIV/AIDS really should be able to, whether they're negative or positive and whether their responses are academic or artistic. People are affected in so many different ways, and everyone's voice deserves to be heard.
There are so many stories from people who are gay, and not gay, positive, and not positive, etc. I really think it takes a lot of bravery to present publicly, but I think that through a series of small narratives you get a grand narrative. A quilt.
I'm very spiritually connected with musicians like Freddie Mercury, Sylvester, Peter Allen, Klaus Nomi, who all passed away due to AIDS related illness. I listen to their music all the time and I make performance to their music. They and their generation live on by younger people engaging with their history. I think it's important that we collectively find the space between suffering and celebration.
James moved back to Canberra when he was 14 and attended highschool here.
James spent some time in Thailand when he was younger and attended an British International School.
James spent a little time in the States in his early teenage years where he ended up picking up an American accent.


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Marco Pierre White Jr admitted stealing Chanel shower gel and lotion from a department store after falling on troubled times.
The former Celebrity Big Brother star appeared before Bath Magistrates' Court on March 13 to answer the charges of stealing one bottle of Chanel Gabrielle shower gel and one bottle of Chanel Gabriel body lotion on October 20, 2018 from the department store in Bath, Somerset.
Pierre White Jr, 23, who gave his address as a hotel in Corsham, Wiltshire, indicated a plea of guilty to stealing and has been fined £255.
The heavily tattooed model, who is the son of chef Marco Pierre White , was already subject to a six-month conditional discharge for common assault committed in November 2017, which he admitted.
Somerset Live reports he has been fined for committing an offence within this period.
The 23-year-old was also made to pay compensation of of £90 to Debenhams, a victim surcharge of £30 and £115 to the Crown Prosecution Service.
The appearance in court comes after the ex-reality star was arrested in February after a bust-up with his famous father.
Marco Jr allegedly smashed windows and threatened assault at the Rudloe Arms, according to the Sun , his father's country hotel near in Wiltshire where he has been living.
The troubled reality star has a long history of problems with addiction and petty crime having publicly spoken on social media about his drug use .
Marco Senior, 56, supported his son during a battle with drink and drugs which saw him blow £250,000 on a binge in Ibiza when he was just 16.
Marco Junior swapped his party lifestyle for the country life at his dad's Wiltshire farm last year, but in September he was seen snorting a white substance on a park bench with his girlfriend Francesca Suter close by.
Do you have a story to sell? Get in touch with us at firstname.lastname@example.com or call us direct 0207 29 33033


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Best Polytechnics in Nigeria
Nigerian polytechnics has done well enough to take some pressure off Nigerian universities in terms of admission of prospective undergraduates.
Polytechnics is more of skills imparting higher institution.
In this blog post, list of best ranking polytechnics in Nigeria will be discussed.
There exists many polytechnics in Nigeria, ranging from federal and state government owned polytechnics to private ones.
Some of these polytechnics are so equipped and structured that they can compete with some universities in Nigeria.
Every year, a great number of prospective undergraduates ends up at polytechnics.
It is one of the most attended institution of higher learning alongside Nigerian universities.
Ranking of these polytechnics helps to promote healthy competition among them, while also presenting prospective students with the best polytechnics to choose from in Nigeria.
In this post, Nigerian Informer will be listing ten(10) best polytechnics in Nigeria.
This ranking will put into cognizance, learning facilities, academic infrastructure, staff quality and overall students performance especially at the labour market.
Nigerian Best Polytechnics
Below is the list of best polytechnics in Nigeria according to current ranking.
Yaba College of Technology (YABATECH)
Yaba College of Technology is one of the most popular Nigerian polytechnics. It is also one of the oldest and most prestigious polytechnics in Nigeria established in 1947.
This institution of higher learning is located at Lagos State. As a result of great performances in infrastructure and academic excellence, there have been numerous calls to upgrade the institution to university of technology.
YABATECH center for entrepreneurship studies is one of the best in Nigeria.
Federal Polytechnic Oko
Another polytechnic in the rating of best polytechnics in Nigeria is Federal Polytechnic Oko.
Federal Polytechnic Oko, situated at Oko town Anambra State is one of the best in the country.
The institution took off as college of art and science in 1979, until 1985 when it was upgraded to polytechnic of Anambra State and would later be taken over by federal government of Nigeria.
The polytechnic is one of the most preferred polytechnics by prospective undergraduates in unified tertiary matriculation examination.
The institution has three campuses located at Oko, Ufuma and Atani.
Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic
Awka Ibom State polytechnic is one of the best state polytechnics in Nigeria. The institution was established in 1991 and situated Ikot Ekpene city of Akwa Ibom State.
Learning facilities at the polytechnic is top-notch.
Lagos State Polytechnic
Lagos State Polytechnic Popularly called LASPOTECH, is located at Ikorodu town of Lagos state.
The polytechnic run over 32 departments. Administration of former governor Ambode, gave the polytechnic huge support which impacted on its infrastructure and learning facilities.
Auchi Polytechnic
Auchi Polytechnic was established in 1964 by federal government of Nigeria. It is one of Nigerian's oldest polytechnics.
Learning facilities like libraries and laboratories at the institution is of high standard.
The polytechnic has quality staff which helps improve the institution overall performance.
Federal Polytechnic Ede
This is a federal government owed polytechnic located at Ede town, in Osun State. The institution was established in 1992.
It is one of most respected polytechnics in south west Nigeria with great learning infrastructure.
Federal Polytechnic Nekede
Federal Polytechnic Nekede, located in Imo state, southeast Nigeria is a polytechnic of high repute.
The institution has distinguished itself in academic excellence and administration. It is one of polytechnics with huge Population.
Federal Polytechnic Offa
Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State was established by administration of Ibrahim Babangida in 1992.
Fed Poly Offa offer both OND and HND to its students upon graduation. The institution is in a very serene and large expanse of land which makes it conducive for academic activities.
Federal Polytechnic Bauchi
Federal Polytechnic Bauchi is situated at Gwallameji village Bauchi. It is one of the best polytechnics in northern Nigeria.
The management of the institution has taken bold steps in improving existing infrastructure as well as putting in place new ones in the institution.
Federal Polytechnic Idah
Federal Polytechnic Idah, located in Kogi state is formerly Idah College of Technology. The institution was founded in 1977.
The institution is approved by the National Board for Technical Education. Fed Poly Idah offers National Diploma and Higher National Diploma courses at undergraduate levels with the aim of "training competitive manpower for development".


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Dirt Kanza 200: It's a story about People, Not Bikes
Last weekend we sent one of our most trusted and talented test riders to the Dirty Kanza 200. He rolled into town on a Foundry Overland built specifically for the challenge. What follows is the blow-by-blow account of his day covering over 200miles of Kansas gravel against the strongest field…
Heading out the door? Read this article on the new Outside+ app available now on iOS devices for members! Download the app.
Last weekend we sent one of our most trusted and talented test riders to the Dirty Kanza 200. He rolled into town on a Foundry Overland built specifically for the challenge. What follows is the blow-by-blow account of his day covering over 200miles of Kansas gravel against the strongest field in Dirt Kanza history. A story more about the people behind the event, and the riders in the event than his battle at the front to win the 40-44 field and finish 3rd overall.
Mike Easter/Images Gravel Guru
RELATED: Big Thanks to Gravel Guru for the image. Check out their Facebook page and podcast here.
I didn't take long after arriving in Emporia, KS, to fall in love with the event and the city. The residents and businesses had Dirty Kanza signs for the riders and there was a noticeable welcoming as you drove into town. Registration and the Expo had a laid back feel as 100's of riders milled about. Check-in was easy, well-staffed, and full of people there to encourage the riders. My primary goal at check-in was to find a support crew to take my supplies to the three checkpoints. As I was walking through the venue I found a booth that was taking donations for "Never Let Go," (scroll down to the bottom to learn more about this non-profit fighting childhood cancer) which were volunteering as support crews to raise money for four local families with children battling cancer. The ladies that were at the booth were so amazing, despite being at capacity they graciously offered to help me. Standing there I was struck by their heart to serve others in order to help care and support those in their community. Every rider at Kanza will have a story, my story of Kanza and the City of Emporia was more about People than it was Bikes and Gravel. The people of Emporia and "Never Let Go" reminded this SoCal kid of the importance of community, encouragement, and the endurance to overcome the journey.
The Start
I got up at 3am to eat a real breakfast (oatmeal/coffee) and start the caloric intake early. I ate another meal at 4:30am (eggs, toast, and banana) and then sipped on Clif Hydration and Water until the start at 6am. The buzz and excitement of hundreds of gravel riders in the pre-dawn hours was contagious. The start was corralled based on expected finishing time. It started at the front with 12 hours and continued in 2 hour increments back further than I could see. I corralled in the 12 hours section and enjoyed the pre-ride atmosphere and that nervous excitement where you begin reassuring yourself, "You got this!". They called up numerous riders to the front to recognize their contributions to the cycling community and/or their past performances. Not expecting a call up, I was sure to stay close to the front and see who the top contenders were.
To Checkpoint 1 (0 to 48 miles)
The start was neutral to the first gravel section and surprisingly it actually was neutral! A nice easy roll out. Then after a couple miles we made a right turn onto the first gravel… I mean mud and 3 inch deep water section. It went from excitement to survival in one right turn. Bikes and riders began to fall apart, so I began bike survival mode and made sure to keep light on the power and remain very cautious of my line and drivetrain. As we exited the mud onto dry gravel I looked around and the 30 or so riders who made the front group looked like we just finished 206 miles and we had just done the first 10 miles. This lead group was comprised of some seasoned riders, with Ted King, Tim Johnson, Neil Shirley and Yuri Hauswald. There was a noticeable feeling of relief amongst the groups as we were thankful to have made the front group with bikes and body still moving. The group rolled on at a good pace, but each rider was still conservative in their effort at this stage.
At Checkpoint 1
I knew getting in and out of Checkpoint 1 quickly was going to be important. The group still had a lot of nervousness and desire to push the pace. As I came into to checkpoint 1 I had no idea where my support crew would be or even who they might be. Amazingly they recognized me, yelling and waving me into their tent. They had my supplies ready, filled my 4 bottles, and then they did something more. What they did was Encourage me, one lady rubbed my back as I frantically stuffed food in my jersey. She told me, "You are doing great, you can do it." Her encouragement brought me back to my Kanza story and it reminded me to enjoy my Kanza journey.
Checkpoint 1 to Checkpoint 2 (48 to 107.5 miles)
The group was noticeably smaller coming out of Checkpoint 1, we lost several riders in that transition. About 2 miles outside of the checkpoint we hit another mud section, this one was rutted, off camber, and super sticky. This section claimed another several rider's drivetrains and they lost contact with the lead group. As we continued on leg two, multiple-Kanza winner Yuri Hauswald called for a pee break. No one in the group either had to go or didn't thinking stopping was a good idea. I normally would pee off the bike, but remembered that my Kanza story wasn't about bikes, but People. I told Yuri I would stop with him, little did I know that he would pee for what seemed like an eternity. I couldn't see the lead group and thought, "Well at least I am still with Yuri and together we will ride the group back." As we began our chase back, I could see Ted King was keeping the group slow so we could get back on.
After Yuri and I latched back on to the group, the group continued to ride together until we hit the Kanza rollers of death. Here the group began to splinter with a couple riders making solo efforts to get away from the group. Nothing was working, until Brian Jensen (2014 Winner) made a move and quickly put some distance on the group. Ted said we may want to go with that, but it was obvious that there were not many who had the legs to make that effort. Then, Ted attacked and rode across to Brian. It felt like a bomb went off in our group. Suddenly we had Ted and Brian up the road with two riders chasing them, and our reduced group of about 8 riders containing Shirley and Johnson.
Despite Shirley's wisdom of saying stay together, I got anxious and rode across to the two chasers. This proved to be my first mistake, I burned a lot of energy going across, only to get caught by the group a short time later. As the group linked up with the chasers, we saw Ted King on the side of the road fixing a rear flat. Which meant only Brian Jensen was still up the gravel road. The group again started to splinter over the tough rollers and I found myself in a three man group, chasing Brian Jensen. During the chase I made my second mistake, I hit a cattle crossing very hard and cut both front and back tires. I could hear them losing air, but hoped they would seal. I continued on in mostly disbelief, but ultimately stopped since the tire pressure was too low to safely continue. Third mistake, I took out a Co2 and just refilled both tires. I know it was not the right decision, but I was hoping it would be a quick fix. I continued on solo at this point and quickly realized both tires were almost flat again. I stopped and put a tube in each tire, as I watched Ted, Neil, Tim, and others ride by. I filled the tubes to max pressure and figured I would rather have limited traction than a pinch flat. I told myself to remember there is still over 100 miles of riding and to settle in for a chase. As I road on to Checkpoint 2 I passed 4 riders, one being Tim Johnson who was helping a friend with a flat repair.
At Checkpoint 2
Entering checkpoint 2 I was alone and a bit foggy headed already. I rolled through the timing area and continued all the way through the checkpoint, then realized I missed my support crew. I turned around and found my crew and I was in need of some encouragement. They took such great care of me, filling bottles helping me clean the bike, cleaning my glasses, and giving me a much needed "You are doing great, you are in 6th place!" That really perked me up, since I thought I was much further back after my flat fixing mistakes.
Checkpoint 2 to Checkpoint 3 (107.5 to 161.5 miles)
I had stuck to my pre-ride meal plan, but was feeling like I needed something more. I remembered I stuffed a Clif Organic Energy Food in my jersey. The package said "Before," and I thought well that is before a criterium or road race. I am going to take "Before" to mean before the next 100 miles of gravel I want some Banana Maple Oatmeal. I squeezed the maple goodness into my mouth and became the happiest I had been in 100 miles of riding ever. It was the perfect meal.
I was alone still and figured I was going to solo the next 100 miles, but as I came over one of the big rollers I could see two figures several minutes ahead. Chasing them became my motivation, and I took time markers as I rode them down over the next 10 miles, chipping slowing away at the gap.
After catching them all I wanted to do was sit in the draft and relax. The wind in the second half of the ride was absolutely brutal. Instead, I could tell they also needed help battling the wind and the three of us shared duties at the front, with the strongest rider being Michael Sencenbaugh (2nd Overall). Unfortunately Michael is about 5'6" and about 130lbs. Riding behind him at 6'2" and 185lbs. was not my idea of drafting. After riding together until approximately 120 miles, we lost the one rider whose name I didn't catch. Sencenbaugh and I continued on together and encouraged each other through the wind and hills. This section of the course was the most difficult for me. I ran out of water in this longer stretch of the course. It also caught up with Neil and another unnamed rider as we caught and passed them as they dismounted to rest. I was at my lowest in the ride through this leg of the course. The head wind, heat, humidity, and terrain were breaking me. Had Sencenbaugh not been there to encourage me on, I too would have stopped to rest on the side of the road.
At Checkpoint 3
As we entered Checkpoint 3, Sencenbaugh and I agreed to wait for each other at the exit and continue to share the ride to the finish. Once again the "Never Let Go" support crew were excellent and gave me the final encouragement to leave Checkpoint 3 and ride on to the finish.
Checkpoint 3 to finish (161.5 to 206.4 miles)
Sencenbaugh and I linked up and I felt relieved to know we had just 45 miles left. Sencenbaugh became an even more vital friend during the last 45 miles. I had been running a Garmin for navigation and a Lezyne for distance, time, and speed. My Garmin ran out of power and I became absolutely dependent on Sencenbaugh for navigation. In the last 20 miles I was also becoming a wheel sucker and Sencenbaugh never once complained or even told me to help more. He even told me it was okay and he would take the pulls into the head wind. As I sat behind him I was reminded again of my Kanza story. A story about People and not about Bikes, Sencenbaugh didn't know what my Kanza story was, but over the last half of the route he became the poster boy of my Kanza story. He selfishly rode in the wind, he gave me encouragement, and when I told him he didn't have to wait, that he could ride on, Sencenbaugh said he wouldn't leave me, he enjoyed having the company.
As we came into the final couple of miles, Sencenbaugh and I thought we would be 3rd and 4th . He asked if I was going to sprint for 3rd , I laughed and said, "No, because I would beat you and you deserve 3rd." It appeared he didn't believe me and I reassured him that there is absolutely no way I would sprint. He was still a bit reluctant to accept and as we came into the finishing chute I told him ride ahead and enjoy the finish for yourself and I will slow down to ride in behind.
The excitement of seeing town again was slightly emotional, especially since I "Found my Limit." I enjoyed the high-fives of the crowd and road in to hear I had finished 3rd and Sencenbaugh was 2nd . He reached out to shake my hand and I hugged him, he seemed surprised but without Sencenbaugh, and the support crew at "Never Let Go" my story would have been about how I almost finished Kanza. Instead, my Kanza story is about how community, encouragement, and endurance to overcome can change one's journey from an 'almost' to a 'complete success'.
Thank you Emporia, Dirty Kanza, Sencenbaugh, and "Never Let Go" for your community and encouragement that allowed me to "Find my Limit," but still find the endurance to finish well.
Look for a detailed review of Mike's Foundry Overland in the next issue of peloton, including all the numbers, from calorie intake to average watts.
To Learn more about the 'Never Let Go Fund' and its work fighting childhood cancer check them out on Facebook: Never Let Go


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Anxiety Conditions
Being anxious or worried is part of everyday life; anxiety can help us to be alert and ready for challenges.
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders, women are more likely to develop anxiety than men. There are many forms of anxiety disorders, but the one thing they have in common is their impact on day-to-day activities.
Anxiety is the most common mental health disorder that can affect the ability to concentrate, sleep and carry out ordinary tasks.
People with anxiety disorders may be unable to stop worrying about seemingly unimportant things, and they can perceive situations as much worse than they actually are. Anxiety interferes with the enjoyment of life and disrupts work, relationships, and self-perceptions.
Social anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, means social anxiety affects your life and prevents you from participating in everyday social events in your personal or work life.
It is not uncommon to feel nervous in some social situations. For some people, having to do a presentation at work or host a function where they become the center of attention can cause acute and overwhelming anxiety. Others find that meeting new people or having to confront someone about an issue can be distressing.
Agoraphobia is often thought to mean that people are afraid of 'open spaces', but this is only half the story. Many people with panic disorder avoid situations because of their fears. This avoidance is known as agoraphobia.
Agoraphobia is linked to panic disorder and also belongs to a group of conditions called specific phobias. People with specific phobias might also practice avoidance in less noticeable ways like avoiding exercise or sex. Panic and related phobias like agoraphobia can seriously impede an individual's ability to go to work or socialize with friends and family.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
We all have unwanted thoughts from time to time, but mostly we can push them aside and move on. However, for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, unwanted negative thoughts can be constant and can start to take control of their lives.
OCD usually develops in late childhood or early teenage years and without proper treatment can become a chronic condition. As the name suggests, there are 2 kinds of symptoms:
• obsessions – an unwanted thought, image or urge that repeatedly comes into the mind
• compulsions – repetitive behaviors or rituals, that are difficult or impossible to resist doing, which are carried out to reduce anxiety
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a treatable anxiety disorder, it happens when fear, anxiety, and memories of a traumatic event don't go away. The feelings last for a long time and interfere with how people cope with everyday life.
PTSD can be a long-lasting and disabling condition. It can have a devastating impact on individuals, relationships, and families. It can also lead to other conditions such as depression or substance abuse.
Panic attack
Panic attack symptoms can strike at any time. They come on very rapidly and usually peak within a few minutes.
Panic attacks are very common, with up to 40% of people experiencing a panic attack at some stage in their life. During a manic episode, someone is overwhelmed and disabled. A panic episode leaves the person feeling temporarily exhausted and drained. While common and debilitating, panic attacks are distinct from but a feature of the panic disorder.


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It's time to raise the retirement age again
Since the election, we Americans have engaged in a healthy debate about the Electoral College. My instincts in this debate are those of an institutional conservative: Writing our Constitution from scratch today, we would not have designed the Electoral College as it has evolved. However, institutions become embedded in societies. To further this debate, consider these three contentions often heard today about the Electoral College.


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River Women's DrymaxX Shell Jacket
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- Designed in Finland with over 40 years of experience
- International shipping
- Nordic by nature
This women's versatile River shell jacket is an excellent choice for varying weather conditions. The jacket is made of windproof, waterproof and breathable DrymaxX® Classic material.
Reflective detailing adds extra visibility in the dark season. The jacket is made of recycled polyester (58%), and the water-repellent treatment on the surface of the jacket is completely fluorine-free.
Main purpose of use: Every Day Use and Outdoors
- Windproof, waterproof and breathable DrymaxX® material
- Fixed hood with drawstrings
- Adjustable hem *
- Ventilation under arms
- Zippered lower pockets
- Reflective details
- This jacket is made using recycled and bluesign® certified material and has a completely fluorine-free water-repellent treatment
- Material: DrymaxX Classic RPF. Strong ripstop material
- Waterproofness: 9500 mm
- Breathability: 9500 g/m2/24h
- Material content: 58% Recycled Polyester, 42% Polyester
- Lining: Mesh lining
- Technologies: DrymaxX® Classic
- Certificates & Eco Labels: Certified bluesign® approved fabric, PFC free treatment, Recycled fabric
- Material: DrymaxX Classic RPF. Strong ripstop material
- Available sizes: 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48
- Weight: 0,4 kg
- Regular fit
Halti size guide can be found HERE.
Washing symbols: AhfXe
- normal process 30 °C
- do not bleach
- do not tumble dry
- do not iron
- do not dry clean
- Wash separately
- Wash inside out
- Do not soak
- Close zippers before washing
- Colors might change
Care instructions
Lowest price last 30 days: 129,00 € (September 05, 2023)


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Your O+ Blood Is Important
As an O Positive donor you are important to maintaining the blood supply in our community. Annually more than 120,000 units of blood, platelets, and plasma are required to meet the needs of the hospitals we serve, and your blood type is critical in saving the lives of patients in your community.
Why Your O+ Blood is Important
- 1 in 3 (37.4%) people need O+ blood.
- The most common blood type.
- People with O+ blood can only receive blood from O+ blood donors, as well as O-negative (universal) donors.
Your Optimal Donation
- Automated Donation (Platelet/Plasma/Red Cell Combination as needed)
- Platelets
- Platelets/Plasma
- Whole Blood
Fun Facts About O+ Blood
- Personality Characteristics – Some Asian countries, like Japan & South Korea, put importance on a person's blood type. They believe that blood types are connected with a person's traits & personality.
– Are usually the "cheerleader" of the group;
– Tend to be more followers than leaders, accepting whatever the plan is and going alone with it without protest.
– Very generous and kindhearted.
– Generally well-liked by most people.
– Very flexible, and adapt easily to change.
– They are easily influenced by others, as well as perceived authorities, such as television personalities.
– Generally trustworthy, but can sometimes make mistakes due to lapses of focus.
- Famous Type O personalities: Queen Elizabeth II, John Lennon or Paul Newman.


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The end of LIBOR approaches. While for EUR denominated loans, one can already rely on term rates that will stay after the LIBOR phase out, in other instances a more pragmatic approach will be required to replace the currently used term reference rates.
As announced by the ICE Benchmark Administration ("IBA"), LIBOR will be discontinued as of 31 December 2021. Therefore, starting from 2022 almost all LIBOR rates (with the exception of USD LIBOR, which will continue until June 2023) will no longer be published.
For further information on what the LIBOR discontinuance entails and what impact it might have on companies, please refer to our previous post here.
Current alternatives to LIBOR
Following the communication of the LIBOR discontinuance, alternative risk-free rates ("RfRs") have been introduced for various currencies.
Such RfRs, however, are mostly published as overnight rates and due to the lack of liquidity on their derivative markets this situation will likely persist for the foreseeable future. This is a major change compared to the LIBOR rates that are published in various terms (e.g. 1 month, 3 months, etc.).
In order to account for different terms even with RfRs, it is possible to calculate compound rates. This can be accomplished in two ways:
- Ex-post approaches. The general guidance is to follow one of the ex-post approaches, which implies calculating the compound rate of a certain period of time (e.g. 3 months) by looking back at the actual daily overnight rates and calculating a 3-month compound rate; and
- Ex-ante approaches. The ex-ante approaches lead to less precise results but has the benefit of providing certainty on the interest rate to be paid in a future period.
As one group (i.e. the ex-post approaches) is based on actual results while the other (i.e. the ex-ante approaches) is based on market expectations, there will likely always be divergences between the two results.
US Dollar (IRS Guidance)
Further guidance is provided by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"), in the United States. Although, as mentioned, the publication of the USD LIBOR has been extended to 30 June 2023, the IRS has provided some guidelines in relation to the use of alternative RfR.
According to the IRS Guidance, the new RfR must meet the definition of a ''qualified rate'' which includes any rate endorsed by a central bank or similar authority, as long as the currencies of the original and replacement benchmarks match.
One additional criterion for a qualified rate is that the fair market value of the financial instrument post-modification must be ''substantially equivalent'' to its fair market value prior to the modification. Alternatives for fair market compensations for ongoing loan agreements include:
- One time payments;
- Change in timing and frequency of interest payments;
- Margin adjustment;
- Safe-harbor rule: For related-party instruments, a replacement rate is qualified if, on the date of modification, the historic average of the LIBOR-based rate does not differ from that of the replacement rate by more than 25 basis points (taking into account any one-time payments).
As of June 2021, it is not yet clear when term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") (i.e. the alternative USD RfR) rates will be published.
Swiss Franc
The official position of the Swiss National Working Group ("NWG") is that "a forward-looking Swiss Average Rate Overnight ("SARON") term rate would have to be based on the SARON derivative market, which is not liquid enough. Having a sufficiently liquid underlying market is a core requirement for determining robust benchmarks."
Although this market is expected to become more mature, it is unlikely that the bulk of transactions will match the maturity of the forward-looking SARON term rates desired to be constructed. Such circumstances would thus require a rather complex methodology for term rate construction.
Consequently, the NWG stated in its October 2018 meeting that a forward-looking CHF term rate was currently not feasible and compounded SARON should be used instead.
Regarding the Euro, the European Central Bank has already been publishing term rates for the Euro Short-Term Rate ("ESTER").
Other currencies
For currencies other than USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, CHF, it is still uncertain how the transition should be managed.
It is reasonable to assume that these currencies will have to rely for a longer period on calculations based on RfRs, with the respective term adjustments.
What to do with financing agreements?
In case financing agreements are in place which are linked to LIBOR, there are various approaches that could be applied to deal with the transition.
If such agreements expire before 31 December 2021, no action will be required.
In case financing agreements are signed after 31 December 2021, or have an interest update starting from 1 January 2022, two options can be considered:
- a new agreement is signed in 2022, which makes reference to the new RfR instead of LIBOR; or
- a switch is made from LIBOR to the new RfR.
What can you do?
Companies should ensure they have an overview of their current financing agreements, as well as a strategy in place to deal with those that do not expire before 1 January 2022.
Should some financing agreements based on LIBOR be valid beyond 31 December 2021, then one should implement one of the solutions previously outlined and verify what the potential tax consequences are.
From a practical perspective, most of the companies not involved in the financial sector will likely not experience a material impact from a transfer pricing point of view. Nonetheless, there is still a difference between the two rates (i.e. LIBOR and new RfRs) and it is important for companies to manage this transition carefully
Our services and further information
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Hii~ ❀‿❀ Tis been a while.
I've been pretty busy this past month. I ended up getting an offer for the job I interviewed for last month, and day 3 on the job I tested positive for covid so I've been out the past 10 days (╥_╥) It's an on-call position so I don't get any benefits and I'm no longer part of the union like I had before. So of course right when I transfer and lose everything and start a new job is when I get sick for the first time in like 5 years lol
I go back to work tomorrow and I'm nervous. I'm going to be floating to different clinics so I won't know anyone each time & am shy ๏̯͡๏ The first clinic I went to was literally 5 minutes from my house and everyone was really nice, so I'm hoping the other clinics have a similar atmosphere lol. Since I've been out the last 10 days, I've been doing a lot of drawing, reading and gaming lol. I started listening to a new podcast called Morbid. I guess it's a little reminiscent of MFM, but I like that they have more spooky stuff in their episodes. I also started/finished a couple otome games on the switch. I started Ayakashi: Romance Reborn, which I actually originally played on my phone a while back until I found out it was on the switch lol Story line is okay, but the characters are beautiful so 10/10 for that lol. I finally got to the point where I can choose my route so I think I'll be done soon :> I also completed The Charming Empire, which I enjoyed. The route I went ended with the normal ending, which was kinda tragic?? Lol. I think I'll replay some other routes soon to see the different endings.
Current games in progress:
Gakuen Club; I don't really like the story line/characters for this one so it's taking me a while to finish.
Café Enchanté; Another one where I can't really get into the storyline. The art is pretty though so I'll bear through it.
To Be Played:
This is mostly just a list for myself but half of these are here bc I hear they have an amazing story line, or simply bc hot lol.
Code: Realize Guardian of Rebirth
Collar X Malice
Steam Prison
Olympia Soiree
From here on the artwork looks amazing but also not sure if its in the US shop;
Ikemen Sengoku Toki wo Kakeru Koi Aratanaru Deai
Koroshiya to Strawberry Plus
Kamigami no Asobi Unite Edition
Hakuoki Shinkai Reimeiroku [Limited Edition]
Shiro to Kuro no Alice
Hakuoki Shinkai Tsukikage no Sho
Mojyutsukai to Ojisama
I also actually finished 2 books! Back to back. It's the first time I've started and finished a book in one sitting in a while. My smooth brain feels accomplished. The books I read last week were:
- The Last House On Needless Street by Catriona Ward;
This book was a rollercoaster from start to finish lol. It's written in several povs which I actually thought was done incredibly well. I was very surprised at the second character pov that was introduced & wasn't entirely sure what direction the book was going lol. It took me a minute to put some things together. I think it could be categorized as a psychological thriller/murder mystery so if that's your jam I'd recommend. I think it took me 5ish hours? to finish it so it's not too time consuming.
2. Sharp Objects by Gillian Flynn;
This was 🤌 The childhood trauma x unhinged women combo is just ugh. So good. I don't want to spoil bc I read it not having any idea what it was about and it was a pleasant experience. It explores toxic maternal bonds & how women/young girls are treated/expected to behave and their relationship with men. I noticed on Goodreads some people were recommending trigger warnings so, the razor blade on the cover is self explanatory. Cutting is discussed throughout the book and is significant to the mc. Some of the other TWs mentioned were murder and abuse, but it is a murder/psych mystery novel so I would not recommend if that is a general issue for you. I don't think it's particularly explicit, but I think some parts will potentially make you feel uncomfortable. It's really dark with well written and disturbing characters. It's honestly an amazing story and I actually loved the ending. I've never read/watched Gone Girl (same author) but I guess it has a similar feel. So if you liked Gone Girl maybe you'd like Sharp Objects? She also wrote a book called Dark Places that I think I'm gonna read next, apparently it is just as vile so I'm excited lol. If you have any good psych/thriller book recs pls tell me! I want to read 12 books this year, 10 more to go. I have a looong tbr list already but more recs never hurt lol. If you guys wanna take a look at all my tbr and other lists you can check my Goodreads here :>
I've also been doing a lot of reorganizing. I donated 3 trash bags worth of clothes and shoes, and I just did this the beginning of the year ◔_◔ I'm trying not to be such a clothes hoarder. I bought a lot of new clothes for work so I needed space. And of course, I am still on my journey of having a fully sustainable wardrobe and transitioning towards slow fashion so I've spent a lot of monies this month buying quality clothes ಥ_ಥ but it's worth the investment. Is what I keep telling myself.
But anyway, bc I've had to rearrange and make space I put together a giant shelf/wardrobe thing yesterday. Took a couple hours and my legs are bruised from being on the floor lol But I'm happy with how everything turned out. It's pretty sturdy and overall decent quality and happens to match one of my other shelves in my room. And I actually ended up having excess shelf space now so that's nice.
On another note the tension between me and anime lashes have been stroooong. It started a while back with a post @wink.bar made and I've been obsessed ever since. Pony Syndrome and Michelle Vu have also made tutorials the past couple years on applying individual lashes to get the look as well. I finally got some motivation and bought a bunch of wispy lash sets & individual lashes. I don't have the heart to cut up any of the lashes from my current collection :< I tried, couldn't do it lol. So instead impulse bought a shit ton of new ones for cheaps on Amazon. I bought both the sets and individuals bc in the mornings before work I don't always want to deal with gluing on a bunch of separate lashes. I have to wake up early now so meh lol. I think the sets are really cute and aren't too crazy for work. I wore a pair today and they were cute. It's been a while since I've worn lashes. I've had extensions a few times over the years but I always come back to falsies lol. Also, excuse the ugly photos I forgot to change the focal length so it's not completely in focus :< I couldn't see very well taking an aerial shot lol.
But that about sums up everything I've been doin lately. I'm sad bloglovin is still down so I can't really keep up with all the other blogs I follow :< Their site has been funky like, all year I think. Hopefully they fix it soon.
I'll also try to link everything that I mentioned as well. That's all for now :>
《 ▸ 》c u r r e n t l y p l a y i n g :
Ozuna // el farsante ♫


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Landowner Liability for Attacks by Wild Animals
On Thursday, October 8, 2009, a 77-year-old man lost his lower arm after he was bitten by an alligator on a coastal South Carolina golf course. The Fripp Island man was playing the Ocean Creek Golf Course about 3 p.m. Thursday when he was attacked. The man was picking up his ball when a 10-foot alligator pulled him into a nearby pond. The man's golf partners were able to free him. Workers from Tracks Wildlife Control in Beaufort killed the alligator and removed the man's arm. He was taken to the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston in hopes of reattaching his arm. His condition was unclear early Friday.
Although there are no South Carolina cases directly on point, general principles of common law provide a basis for the analysis of this issue. "Wild animals" are known in legal terms as "ferae naturae." This terminology refers to animals "of a wild nature" which are undomesticated and untamed.[1] According to the doctrine of ferae naturae, a landowner may not be held strictly liable for the acts of wild animals on his or her land.[2]
The doctrine of ferae naturae, however, does not bar liability for claims based on a landowner's negligence.[3] In negligence cases, courts have applied the doctrine for the general proposition that wild animals exist throughout nature, they are generally not predictable or controllable, and therefore, without more, they are neither the property nor the responsibility of the owner or occupier of land on which they are found.[4] Thus, where a landowner does not "keep" a wild animal, but, rather, the animal naturally exists on his property the traditional rules of standard of care in premises liability apply. As such, where a landowner is aware of the incidence of wild animals on his property that may pose danger to others on his land, it is in the best interest of the landowner to warn of the presence of those wild animals.[5]
[2] 4 Am. Jur. 2d Animals § 62 (2009); see also Estate of Hilston ex. Rel. Hilston v. State, 160 P.3d 507 (Mont. 2007); Gamble v. Peyton, 182 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. App. 2005).
[3] Id.
[4] Id.
[5] See Palumbo v. State Game & Fresh Water Comm'n, 487 So.2d 352 (Fl. App. 1986) (holding that (1) State and university not taking measures to prevent alligators from moving from state park to adjoining recreational park and not providing alligator spotters were clearly discretionary decisions, not supporting liability, and (2) student's total disregard of clear warnings and regulations present at recreational park was sole proximate cause of his injury).


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Leviticus 11-12
New International Version
Clean and Unclean Food(A)
11 The Lord said to Moses and Aaron, 2 "Say to the Israelites: 'Of all the animals that live on land, these are the ones you may eat:(B) 3 You may eat any animal that has a divided hoof and that chews the cud.
4 "'There are some that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof, but you must not eat them.(C) The camel, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is ceremonially unclean for you. 5 The hyrax, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you. 6 The rabbit, though it chews the cud, does not have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you. 7 And the pig,(D) though it has a divided hoof, does not chew the cud; it is unclean for you. 8 You must not eat their meat or touch their carcasses; they are unclean for you.(E)
9 "'Of all the creatures living in the water of the seas and the streams you may eat any that have fins and scales. 10 But all creatures in the seas or streams that do not have fins and scales—whether among all the swarming things or among all the other living creatures in the water—you are to regard as unclean.(F) 11 And since you are to regard them as unclean, you must not eat their meat; you must regard their carcasses as unclean.(G) 12 Anything living in the water that does not have fins and scales is to be regarded as unclean by you.(H)
13 "'These are the birds you are to regard as unclean and not eat because they are unclean: the eagle,[a] the vulture, the black vulture, 14 the red kite, any kind(I) of black kite, 15 any kind of raven,(J) 16 the horned owl, the screech owl, the gull, any kind of hawk, 17 the little owl, the cormorant, the great owl, 18 the white owl,(K) the desert owl, the osprey, 19 the stork,(L) any kind(M) of heron, the hoopoe and the bat.(N)
20 "'All flying insects that walk on all fours are to be regarded as unclean by you.(O) 21 There are, however, some flying insects that walk on all fours that you may eat: those that have jointed legs for hopping on the ground. 22 Of these you may eat any kind of locust,(P) katydid, cricket or grasshopper. 23 But all other flying insects that have four legs you are to regard as unclean.
24 "'You will make yourselves unclean by these;(Q) whoever touches their carcasses will be unclean till evening.(R) 25 Whoever picks up one of their carcasses must wash their clothes,(S) and they will be unclean till evening.(T)
26 "'Every animal that does not have a divided hoof or that does not chew the cud is unclean for you; whoever touches the carcass of any of them will be unclean. 27 Of all the animals that walk on all fours, those that walk on their paws are unclean for you; whoever touches their carcasses will be unclean till evening. 28 Anyone who picks up their carcasses must wash their clothes, and they will be unclean till evening.(U) These animals are unclean for you.
29 "'Of the animals that move along the ground, these are unclean for you:(V) the weasel, the rat,(W) any kind of great lizard, 30 the gecko, the monitor lizard, the wall lizard, the skink and the chameleon. 31 Of all those that move along the ground, these are unclean for you. Whoever touches them when they are dead will be unclean till evening. 32 When one of them dies and falls on something, that article, whatever its use, will be unclean, whether it is made of wood, cloth, hide or sackcloth.(X) Put it in water; it will be unclean till evening, and then it will be clean. 33 If one of them falls into a clay pot, everything in it will be unclean, and you must break the pot.(Y) 34 Any food you are allowed to eat that has come into contact with water from any such pot is unclean, and any liquid that is drunk from such a pot is unclean. 35 Anything that one of their carcasses falls on becomes unclean; an oven or cooking pot must be broken up. They are unclean, and you are to regard them as unclean. 36 A spring, however, or a cistern for collecting water remains clean, but anyone who touches one of these carcasses is unclean. 37 If a carcass falls on any seeds that are to be planted, they remain clean. 38 But if water has been put on the seed and a carcass falls on it, it is unclean for you.
39 "'If an animal that you are allowed to eat dies,(Z) anyone who touches its carcass(AA) will be unclean till evening. 40 Anyone who eats some of its carcass(AB) must wash their clothes, and they will be unclean till evening.(AC) Anyone who picks up the carcass must wash their clothes, and they will be unclean till evening.
41 "'Every creature that moves along the ground is to be regarded as unclean; it is not to be eaten. 42 You are not to eat any creature that moves along the ground, whether it moves on its belly or walks on all fours or on many feet; it is unclean. 43 Do not defile yourselves by any of these creatures.(AD) Do not make yourselves unclean by means of them or be made unclean by them. 44 I am the Lord your God;(AE) consecrate yourselves(AF) and be holy,(AG) because I am holy.(AH) Do not make yourselves unclean by any creature that moves along the ground.(AI) 45 I am the Lord, who brought you up out of Egypt(AJ) to be your God;(AK) therefore be holy, because I am holy.(AL)
46 "'These are the regulations concerning animals, birds, every living thing that moves about in the water and every creature that moves along the ground. 47 You must distinguish between the unclean and the clean, between living creatures that may be eaten and those that may not be eaten.(AM)'"
Purification After Childbirth
12 The Lord said to Moses, 2 "Say to the Israelites: 'A woman who becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son will be ceremonially unclean for seven days, just as she is unclean during her monthly period.(AN) 3 On the eighth day(AO) the boy is to be circumcised.(AP) 4 Then the woman must wait thirty-three days to be purified from her bleeding. She must not touch anything sacred or go to the sanctuary until the days of her purification are over. 5 If she gives birth to a daughter, for two weeks the woman will be unclean, as during her period. Then she must wait sixty-six days to be purified from her bleeding.
6 "'When the days of her purification for a son or daughter are over,(AQ) she is to bring to the priest at the entrance to the tent of meeting a year-old lamb(AR) for a burnt offering and a young pigeon or a dove for a sin offering.[b](AS) 7 He shall offer them before the Lord to make atonement for her, and then she will be ceremonially clean from her flow of blood.
"'These are the regulations for the woman who gives birth to a boy or a girl. 8 But if she cannot afford a lamb, she is to bring two doves or two young pigeons,(AT) one for a burnt offering and the other for a sin offering.(AU) In this way the priest will make atonement for her, and she will be clean.(AV)'"
- Leviticus 11:13 The precise identification of some of the birds, insects and animals in this chapter is uncertain.
- Leviticus 12:6 Or purification offering; also in verse 8
Mark 5:21-43
New International Version
Jesus Raises a Dead Girl and Heals a Sick Woman(A)
21 When Jesus had again crossed over by boat to the other side of the lake,(B) a large crowd gathered around him while he was by the lake.(C) 22 Then one of the synagogue leaders,(D) named Jairus, came, and when he saw Jesus, he fell at his feet. 23 He pleaded earnestly with him, "My little daughter is dying. Please come and put your hands on(E) her so that she will be healed and live." 24 So Jesus went with him.
A large crowd followed and pressed around him. 25 And a woman was there who had been subject to bleeding(F) for twelve years. 26 She had suffered a great deal under the care of many doctors and had spent all she had, yet instead of getting better she grew worse. 27 When she heard about Jesus, she came up behind him in the crowd and touched his cloak, 28 because she thought, "If I just touch his clothes,(G) I will be healed." 29 Immediately her bleeding stopped and she felt in her body that she was freed from her suffering.(H)
30 At once Jesus realized that power(I) had gone out from him. He turned around in the crowd and asked, "Who touched my clothes?"
31 "You see the people crowding against you," his disciples answered, "and yet you can ask, 'Who touched me?' "
32 But Jesus kept looking around to see who had done it. 33 Then the woman, knowing what had happened to her, came and fell at his feet and, trembling with fear, told him the whole truth. 34 He said to her, "Daughter, your faith has healed you.(J) Go in peace(K) and be freed from your suffering."
35 While Jesus was still speaking, some people came from the house of Jairus, the synagogue leader.(L) "Your daughter is dead," they said. "Why bother the teacher anymore?"
36 Overhearing[a] what they said, Jesus told him, "Don't be afraid; just believe."
37 He did not let anyone follow him except Peter, James and John the brother of James.(M) 38 When they came to the home of the synagogue leader,(N) Jesus saw a commotion, with people crying and wailing loudly. 39 He went in and said to them, "Why all this commotion and wailing? The child is not dead but asleep."(O) 40 But they laughed at him.
After he put them all out, he took the child's father and mother and the disciples who were with him, and went in where the child was. 41 He took her by the hand(P) and said to her, "Talitha koum!" (which means "Little girl, I say to you, get up!").(Q) 42 Immediately the girl stood up and began to walk around (she was twelve years old). At this they were completely astonished. 43 He gave strict orders not to let anyone know about this,(R) and told them to give her something to eat.
- Mark 5:36 Or Ignoring
Psalm 38
New International Version
Psalm 38[a]
A psalm of David. A petition.
1 Lord, do not rebuke me in your anger
or discipline me in your wrath.(A)
2 Your arrows(B) have pierced me,
and your hand has come down on me.
3 Because of your wrath there is no health(C) in my body;
there is no soundness in my bones(D) because of my sin.
4 My guilt has overwhelmed(E) me
like a burden too heavy to bear.(F)
5 My wounds(G) fester and are loathsome(H)
because of my sinful folly.(I)
6 I am bowed down(J) and brought very low;
all day long I go about mourning.(K)
7 My back is filled with searing pain;(L)
there is no health(M) in my body.
8 I am feeble and utterly crushed;(N)
I groan(O) in anguish of heart.(P)
9 All my longings(Q) lie open before you, Lord;
my sighing(R) is not hidden from you.
10 My heart pounds,(S) my strength fails(T) me;
even the light has gone from my eyes.(U)
11 My friends and companions avoid me because of my wounds;(V)
my neighbors stay far away.
12 Those who want to kill me set their traps,(W)
those who would harm me talk of my ruin;(X)
all day long they scheme and lie.(Y)
13 I am like the deaf, who cannot hear,(Z)
like the mute, who cannot speak;
14 I have become like one who does not hear,
whose mouth can offer no reply.
15 Lord, I wait(AA) for you;
you will answer,(AB) Lord my God.
16 For I said, "Do not let them gloat(AC)
or exalt themselves over me when my feet slip."(AD)
17 For I am about to fall,(AE)
and my pain(AF) is ever with me.
18 I confess my iniquity;(AG)
I am troubled by my sin.
19 Many have become my enemies(AH) without cause[b];
those who hate me(AI) without reason(AJ) are numerous.
20 Those who repay my good with evil(AK)
lodge accusations(AL) against me,
though I seek only to do what is good.
- Psalm 38:1 In Hebrew texts 38:1-22 is numbered 38:2-23.
- Psalm 38:19 One Dead Sea Scrolls manuscript; Masoretic Text my vigorous enemies
Proverbs 10:8-9
New International Version
8 The wise in heart accept commands,
but a chattering fool comes to ruin.(A)
Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
NIV Reverse Interlinear Bible: English to Hebrew and English to Greek. Copyright © 2019 by Zondervan.


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Hoping to drive more business to its 18 different travel brands, the majority of which are hotels, Marriott International has announced plans to open an international content creation studio. The travel chain giant believes that by bringing the content creation and content marketing process in-house, they can produce top of the line content that will pull consumers to their brands.
According to a new report from AdWeek, Marriott International already has several projects in development. The projects range from low budget works, like The Navigator Live independent music series for Renaissance Hotels, to a high octane, high budget fusion of action and comedy called The Two Bellmen. Some of the new production company's content will find a home on the increasingly popular YouTube service, while others will be exclusive content, only available when consumers stay with certain hotel chains or take part in the Marriott Rewards consumer loyalty program.
Red Bull, Playstation, Others Successfully Drive Business Using in-House Content Marketing and Development Strategies
Marriott International's foray into the world of content production signals recognition of the success of similar strategies used by others. Red Bull is primarily a producer of energy drinks, but from 2012 onward, the company has expanded into a content production firm focused on web videos, commercials, and text-based content centered on adventure sports. Most famously, the company garnered a lot of attention by sponsoring Felix Baumgartner, the Australian freefaller who made a suborbital jump from 128,000 feet, breaking the sound barrier in the process. Red Bull produced web content to follow the process from start to finish. The content creation strategy paid dividends, and Red Bull has sought to repeat its success ever since, as Variety reports.
Sony has made similar attempts, though with less success, for their popular Playstation gaming systems. The company produced four seasons of a popular reality show, The Tester, and published them exclusively through the online content storefront, Playstation Network. Today, as The Motley Fool points out, the Japanese electronic giant is again producing in-house content in the form of "Powers," a fantasy drama based on a graphic novel of the same name. The goal is to drive sales of its Playstation systems and games by making high quality content exclusively available to Playstation users. By aping Sony and Red Bull, Marriott is banking on its ability to do the same.
Do you think the type of content marketing strategy employed by Red Bull, Sony, and now Marriott International marks a shift in the way content marketing will be done going forward? Tell us why or why not in the comments below.
By: Charles Hayward


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The crisp fall mornings showed up last week, and I think it might be safe to say that they are here to stay (fingers crossed!). Will leaves the house well before the sun comes up in the morning. I usually get up with him, and recently have been enjoying the early morning start with the chilly weather and a few colorful leaves making their debut on nearby trees. Since the leaves started changing this past week, I sit a chair by the window, cozy up in a sweater, and wait for the sunrise to peek above the houses and scatter golden light on the orange and yellow leaves, creating the most amazing fall scene. The perfect pairing for this is a cup of coffee and a tasty breakfast item – bonus points if it is a pumpkin breakfast item to really complete the fall vibes. Pumpkin bread is my go-to, but I also love keeping pumpkin scone dough in the freezer so I can pop one or two in the oven when I'm in the mood. I have been searching for even more breakfasts to have up my sleeve for these mornings, or for fall brunches with family and friends. Below is a roundup of 15 pumpkin breakfast recipes that I love or can't wait to try!
Overnight Pumpkin French Toast Casserole with Apple Cider Syrup (coming soon!)
Pumpkin Cider Doughnut Holes with Hot Fudge
Pumpkin Bread with Chai Crumble
Pumpkin Coffee Cake with Cinnamon Streusel
Pumpkin Coffee Cake Muffins with Cinnamon Honey Butter
Pumpkin Pie Oatmeal with Maple Roasted Pecans
Pumpkin Cinnamon Rolls with Maple Icing
Pumpkin Poptarts with Brown Butter Maple Frosting
If you are enjoying these fall mornings and want some seasonal breakfast items to go along with them, these 15 pumpkin breakfast recipes are a great place to start!


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Thousands of people came together to cheer on the horses and root for the jockeys at the 76th annual Iroquois Steeplechase in Nashville, and the winner was Scorpiancer.
Gates opened at 8 a.m. Saturday, and the first race took place at 1 p.m.
Race day consisted of seven races with approximately 40 minutes between each one, and of course the races ended with the featured race, the Iroquois, around 5:30 p.m. with the win going to horse number four, Scorpiancer.
According to reports, a jockey was injured during the first race. Reports stated Jack Fisher fell on the final jump while racing on With Rhythm. The extent of his injuries was unknown.
The event has been around since 1941, and a whole lot has changed since then.
The crowds have grown. Officials said they were expecting up to 35,000 people at the race.
Nancy Dillon has been coming to the #TNSteeplechase for 50 years. I love her energy. @TNSteeplechase #TNSteeplechase pic.twitter.com/wBe5gkDm4g
— Matthew Torres (@NC5_MTorres) May 13, 2017
It's also gone international and high-tech - Steeplechase, there's an app for that.
If you want to know how to navigate the sprawling grounds of the Iroquois Steeplechase, where to park, how to get to the grandstands, or even the track conditions of the lush green grass, you can find out through the app.
Of course, for many people the races have become a chance to show off their fashion.
You can't talk @TNSteeplechase without the fashion! #TNSteeplechase pic.twitter.com/xSZv9oacAR
— Matthew Torres (@NC5_MTorres) May 13, 2017
Each year, experts believe the horses and the competitions get a little better, partly due to a budding international partnership with England, where jumping races have been insanely popular.
For more information, click here.