text:
The history of Wisconsin encompasses the story not only of the people who have lived in Wisconsin since it became a state of the U.S., but also that of the Native American tribes who made their homeland in Wisconsin, the French and British colonists who were the first Europeans to live there, and the American settlers who lived in Wisconsin when it was a territory.
Since its admission to the Union on May 29, 1848, as the 30th state, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous, with Yankees being among the first to arrive from New York and New England. They dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Large numbers of European immigrants followed them, including German Americans, mostly between 1850 and 1900, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian Americans) and smaller groups of Belgian Americans, Dutch Americans, Swiss Americans, Finnish Americans, Irish Americans and others; in the 20th century, large numbers of Polish Americans and African Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee.
Politically the state was predominantly Republican until recent years, when it became more evenly balanced. The state took a national leadership role in the Progressive Movement, under the aegis of Robert M. "Fighting Bob" La Follette and his family, who fought the old guard bitterly at the state and national levels. The "Wisconsin Idea" called for the use of the higher learning in modernizing government, and the state is notable for its strong network of state universities.
The first known inhabitants of what is now Wisconsin were Paleo-Indians, who first arrived in the region in about 10,000 BC at the end of the Ice Age. The retreating glaciers left behind a tundra in Wisconsin inhabited by large animals, such as mammoths, mastodons, bison, giant beaver, and muskox. The Boaz mastodon and the Clovis artifacts discovered in Boaz, Wisconsin show that the Paleo-Indians hunted these large animals. They also gathered plants as conifer forests grew in the glaciers' wake. With the decline and extinction of many large mammals in the Americas, the Paleo-Indian diet shifted toward smaller mammals like deer and bison.[1]
During the Archaic Period, from 6000 to 1000 BC, mixed conifer-hardwood forests as well as mixed prairie-forests replaced Wisconsin's conifer forests. People continued to depend on hunting and gathering. Around 4000 BC they developed spear-throwers and copper tools such as axes, adzes, projectile points, knives, perforators, fishhooks and harpoons. Copper ornaments like beaded necklaces also appeared around 1500 BC. These people gathered copper ore at quarries on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan and on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. They may have crafted copper artifacts by hammering and folding the metal and also by heating it to increase its malleability. However it is not certain if these people reached the level of copper smelting.[2] Regardless, the Copper Culture of the Great Lakes region reached a level of sophistication unprecedented in North America. The Late Archaic Period also saw the emergence of cemeteries and ritual burials,[3] such as the one in Oconto.[4]
The Early Woodland Period began in 1000 BC as plants became an increasingly important part of the people's diet. Small scale agriculture and pottery arrived in southern Wisconsin at this time. The primary crops were maize, beans and squash. Agriculture, however, could not sufficiently support these people, who also had to hunt and gather. Agriculture at this time was more akin to gardening than to farming.[5] Villages emerged along rivers, streams and lakes, and the earliest earthen burial mounds were constructed.[6] The Havana Hopewell culture arrived in Wisconsin in the Middle Woodland Period, settling along the Mississippi River. The Hopewell people connected Wisconsin to their trade practices, which stretched from Ohio to Yellowstone and from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico. They constructed elaborate mounds, made elaborately decorated pottery and brought a wide range of traded minerals to the area. The Hopewell people may have influenced the other inhabitants of Wisconsin, rather than displacing them.[7] The Late Woodland Period began in about 400 AD, following the disappearance of the Hopewell culture from the area. The people of Wisconsin first used the bow and arrow in the final centuries of the Woodland Period, and agriculture continued to be practiced in the southern part of the state. The effigy mound culture dominated Southern Wisconsin during this time, building earthen mounds in the shapes of animals. Unlike earlier mounds, many of these were not used for burials.[8] Examples of effigy mounds still exist at High Cliff State Park and at Lizard Mound County Park. In northern Wisconsin people continued to survive on hunting and gathering, and constructed conical mounds.[9]
People of the Mississippian culture expanded into Wisconsin around 1050 AD and established a settlement at Aztalan along the Crawfish River. While begun by the Caddoan people, other cultures began to borrow & adapt the Mississippian cultural structure.[10] This elaborately planned site may have been the northernmost outpost of Cahokia, although it is also now known that some Siouan peoples along the Mississippi River may have taken part in the culture as well.[11][12] Regardless, the Mississippian site traded with and was clearly influenced in its civic and defensive planning, as well as culturally, by its much larger southern neighbor. A rectangular wood-and-clay stockade surrounded the twenty acre site, which contained two large earthen mounds and a central plaza. One mound may have been used for food storage, as a residence for high-ranking officials, or as a temple, and the other may have been used as a mortuary. The Mississippian culture cultivated maize intensively, and their fields probably stretched far beyond the stockade at Aztalan, although modern agriculture has erased any traces of Mississippian practices in the area. Some rumors also speculate that the people of Aztalan may have experimented slightly with stone architecture in the making of a man-made, stone-line pond, at the very least. While the first settler on the land of what is now the city supposedly reported this, he filled it in and it has yet to be rediscovered.[13]
Both Woodland and Mississippian peoples inhabited Aztalan, which was connected to the extensive Mississippian trade network. Shells from the Gulf of Mexico, copper from Lake Superior and Mill Creek chert have been found at the site. Aztalan was abandoned around 1200 AD.[14][15] The Oneota people later built agriculturally based villages, similar to those of the Mississippians but without the extensive trade networks, in the state.
By the time the first Europeans arrived in Wisconsin, the Oneota had disappeared.[16] The historically documented inhabitants, as of the first European incursions, were the Siouan speaking Dakota Oyate to the northwest, the Chiwere speaking Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) and the Algonquian Menominee to the northeast, with their lands beginning approximately north of Green Bay. The Chiwere lands were south of Green Bay and followed rivers to the southwest. Over time, other tribes moved to Wisconsin, including the Ojibwe, the Illinois, the Fauk, the Sauk and the Mahican.[17] The Mahican were one of the last groups to arrived, coming from New York after the U.S. congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
See also: History of Northern Michigan
The first European known to have landed in Wisconsin was Jean Nicolet. In 1634, Samuel de Champlain, governor of New France, sent Nicolet to contact the Ho-Chunk people, make peace between them and the Huron and expand the fur trade, and possibly to also find a water route to Asia. Accompanied by seven Huron guides, Nicolet left New France and canoed through Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and then became the first European known to have entered Lake Michigan. Nicolet proceeded into Green Bay, which he named La Baie des Puants (literally "The Stinking Bay"), and probably came ashore near the Red Banks. He made contact with the Ho-Chunk and Menominee living in the area and established peaceful relations. Nicolet remained with the Ho-Chunk the winter before he returned to Quebec.[18]
The Beaver Wars fought between the Iroquois and the French prevented French explorers from returning to Wisconsin until 1652–1654, when Pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers arrived at La Baie des Puants to trade furs. They returned to Wisconsin in 1659–1660, this time at Chequamegon Bay on Lake Superior. On their second voyage they found that the Ojibwe had expanded into northern Wisconsin, as they continued to prosper in the fur trade. They also were the first Europeans to contact the Santee Dakota. They built a trading post and wintered near Ashland, before returning to Montreal.
In 1665 Claude-Jean Allouez, a Jesuit missionary, built a mission on Lake Superior. Five years later he abandoned the mission, and journeyed to La Baie des Puants. Two years later he built St. Francis Xavier Mission near present-day De Pere. In his journeys through Wisconsin, he encountered groups of Native Americans who had been displaced by Iroquois in the Beaver Wars. He evangelized the Algonquin-speaking Potawatomi, who had settled on the Door Peninsula after fleeing Iroquois attacks in Michigan. He also encountered the Algonquin-speaking Sauk, who had been forced into Michigan by the Iroquois, and then had been forced into central Wisconsin by the Ojibwe and the Huron.
The next major expedition into Wisconsin was that of Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet in 1673. After hearing rumors from Indians telling of the existence of the Mississippi River, Marquette and Joliet set out from St. Ignace, in what is now Michigan, and entered the Fox River at Green Bay. They canoed up the Fox until they reached the river's westernmost point, and then portaged, or carried their boats, to the nearby Wisconsin River, where they resumed canoeing downstream to the Mississippi River. Marquette and Joliet reached the Mississippi near what is now Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in June, 1673.[19]
Nicolas Perrot, French commander of the west, established Fort St. Nicholas at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in May, 1685, near the southwest end of the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway. Perrot also built a fort on the shores of Lake Pepin called Fort St. Antoine in 1686,[20] and a second fort, called Fort Perrot, on an island on Lake Peppin shortly after. In 1727, Fort Beauharnois was constructed on what is now the Minnesota side of Lake Pepin to replace the two previous forts. A fort and a Jesuit mission were also built on the shores of Lake Superior at La Pointe, in present-day Wisconsin, in 1693 and operated until 1698. A second fort was built on the same site in 1718 and operated until 1759.[21] These were not military posts, but rather small storehouses for furs.
During the French colonial period, the first black people came to Wisconsin. The first record of a black person comes from 1725, when a black slave was killed along with four Frenchmen in a Native American raid on Green Bay. Other French fur traders and military personnel brought slaves with them to Wisconsin later in 1700s.[citation needed]
None of the French posts had permanent settlers; fur traders and missionaries simply visited them from time to time to conduct business.
Main article: Fox Wars
In the 1720s, the anti-French Fox tribe, led by war chief Kiala, raided French settlements on the Mississippi River and disrupted French trade on Lake Michigan. From 1728 to 1733, the Fox fought against the French-supported Potawatomi, Ojibwa, Huron and Ottawa tribes. In 1733, Kiala was captured and sold into slavery in the West Indies along with other captured Fox.
Before the war, the Fox tribe numbered 1500, but by 1733, only 500 Fox were left. As a result, the Fox joined the Sauk people.[22]
The details are unclear, but this war appears to have been part of the conflict that expelled the Dakota & Illinois peoples out onto the Great Plains, causing further displacement of other Chiwere, Caddoan & Algonquian peoples there—including the ancestors of the Ioway, Osage, Pawnee,[23] Arikara,[24] A'ani,[25] Arapaho, Hidatsa, Cheyenne & Blackfoot.
The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761, gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763, and annexing the area to the Province of Quebec in 1774. Like the French, the British were interested in little but the fur trade. One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present day Marinette. The first permanent settlers, mostly French Canadians, some Anglo-New Englanders and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles Michel de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764.[27] In 1766 the Royal Governor of the new territory, Robert Rogers, engaged Jonathan Carver to explore and map the newly acquired territories for the Crown, and to search for a possible Northwest Passage. Carver left Fort Michilimackinac that spring and spent the next three years exploring and mapping what is now Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota.
Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to the town as "La Bey", however British fur traders referred to it as "Green Bay", because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of "Green Bay" eventually stuck. The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and French residents. The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the state were established at this time as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities.[28]
The United States acquired Wisconsin in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Massachusetts claimed the territory east of the Mississippi River between the present-day Wisconsin-Illinois border and present-day La Crosse, Wisconsin. Virginia claimed the territory north of La Crosse to Lake Superior and all of present-day Minnesota east of the Mississippi River. Shortly afterward, in 1787, the Americans made Wisconsin part of the new Northwest Territory. Later, in 1800, Wisconsin became part of Indiana Territory. Despite the fact that Wisconsin belonged to the United States at this time, the British continued to control the local fur trade and maintain military alliances with Wisconsin Indians in an effort to stall American expansion westward by creating a pro-British Indian barrier state.
The United States did not firmly exercise control over Wisconsin until the War of 1812. In 1814, the Americans built Fort Shelby at Prairie du Chien. During the war, the Americans and British fought one battle in Wisconsin, the July, 1814 Siege of Prairie du Chien, which ended as a British victory. The British captured Fort Shelby and renamed it Fort McKay, after Major William McKay, the British commander who led the forces that won the Battle of Prairie du Chien. However, the 1815 Treaty of Ghent reaffirmed American jurisdiction over Wisconsin, which was by then a part of Illinois Territory. Following the treaty, British troops burned Fort McKay, rather than giving it back to the Americans, and departed Wisconsin.[29] To protect Prairie du Chien from future attacks, the United States Army constructed Fort Crawford in 1816, on the same site as Fort Shelby.[30] Fort Howard was also built in 1816 in Green Bay.[31]
Significant American settlement in Wisconsin, a part of Michigan Territory beginning in 1818, was delayed by two Indian wars, the minor Winnebago War of 1827 and the larger Black Hawk War of 1832.
Michigan Territory (Wisconsin)
Territory (Iowa)
|Map of Black Hawk War sites
Symbols are wikilinked to article
The Winnebago War started when, in 1826, two Winnebago men were detained at Fort Crawford on charges of murder and then transferred to Fort Snelling in present-day Minnesota. The Winnebago in the area believed that both men had been executed. On June 27, 1827, a Winnebago war band led by Chief Red Bird and the prophet White Cloud (Wabokieshiek) attacked a family of settlers outside of Prairie du Chien, killing two. They then went on to attack two keel-boats on the Mississippi River that were heading toward Fort Snelling, killing two settlers and injuring four more. Seven Winnebago warriors were killed in those attacks. The war band also attacked settlers on the lower Wisconsin River and the lead mines at Galena, Illinois. The war band surrendered at Portage, Wisconsin, rather than fighting the United States Army that was pursuing them.[32]
In the Black Hawk War, Sac, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans, otherwise known as the British Band, led by Chief Black Hawk, who had been relocated from Illinois to Iowa, attempted to resettle in their Illinois homeland on April 5, 1832, in violation of Treaty. On May 10 Chief Black Hawk decided to go back to Iowa. On May 14, Black Hawk's forces met with a group of militiamen led by Isaiah Stillman. All three members of Black Hawk's parley were shot and one was killed. The Battle of Stillman's Run ensued, leaving twelve militiamen and three to five Sac and Fox warriors dead. Of the fifteen battles of the war, six took place in Wisconsin. The other nine as well as several smaller skirmishes took place in Illinois. The first confrontation to take place in Wisconsin was the first attack on Fort Blue Mounds on June 6, in which one member of the local militia was killed outside of the fort. There was also the Spafford Farm Massacre on June 14, the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on June 16, which was a United States victory, the second attack on Fort Blue Mounds on June 20, and the Sinsinawa Mound raid on June 29. The Native Americans were defeated at the Battle of Wisconsin Heights on July 21, with forty to seventy killed and only one killed on the United States side. The Ho Chunk Nation fought on the side of the United States. The Black Hawk War ended with the Battle of Bad Axe on August 1–2, with over 150 of the British Band dead and 75 captured and only five killed in the United States forces. Those crossing the Mississippi were killed by Lakota, American and Ho Chunk Forces. Many of the British Band survivors were handed over to the United States on August 20 by the Lakota Tribe, with the exception of Black Hawk, who had retreated into Vernon County, Wisconsin and White Cloud, who surrendered on August 27, 1832. Black Hawk was captured by Decorah south of Bangor, Wisconsin, south of the headwaters of the La Crosse River. He was then sold to the U.S. military at Prairie du Chien, accepted by future Confederate president, Stephen Davis, who was a soldier at the time. Black Hawk's tribe had killed his daughter. Black Hawk moved back to Iowa in 1833, after being held prisoner by the United States government.[33]
The resolution of these Indian conflicts opened the way for Wisconsin's settlement. Many of the region's first settlers were drawn by the prospect of lead mining in southwest Wisconsin. This area had traditionally been mined by Native Americans. However, after a series of treaties removed the Indians, the lead mining region was opened to white miners. Thousands rushed in from across the country to dig for the "gray gold". By 1829, 4,253 miners and 52 licensed smelting works were in the region.[35] Expert miners from Cornwall in Britain informed a large part of the wave of immigrants. Boom towns like Mineral Point, Platteville, Shullsburg, Belmont, and New Diggings sprang up around mines. The first two federal land offices in Wisconsin were opened in 1834 at Green Bay and at Mineral Point.[1] By the 1840s, southwest Wisconsin mines were producing more than half of the nation's lead, which was no small amount, as the United States was producing annually some 31 million pounds of lead.[36] Wisconsin was dubbed the "Badger State" because of the lead miners who first settled there in the 1820s and 1830s. Without shelter in the winter, they had to "live like badgers" in tunnels burrowed into hillsides.[37]
Although the lead mining area drew the first major wave of settlers, its population would soon be eclipsed by growth in Milwaukee. Milwaukee, along with Sheboygan, Manitowoc, and Kewaunee, can be traced back to a series of trading posts established by the French trader Jacques Vieau in 1795. Vieau's post at the mouth of the Milwaukee River was purchased in 1820 by Solomon Juneau, who had visited the area as early as 1818. Juneau moved to what is now Milwaukee and took over the trading post's operation in 1825.
When the fur trade began to decline, Juneau focused on developing the land around his trading post. In the 1830s, he formed a partnership with Green Bay lawyer Morgan Martin, and the two men bought 160 acres (0.6 km2) of land between Lake Michigan and the Milwaukee River. There they founded the settlement of Juneautown. Meanwhile, an Ohio businessman named Byron Kilbourn began to invest in the land west of the Milwaukee River, forming the settlement of Kilbourntown. South of these two settlements, George H. Walker founded the town of Walker's Point in 1835. Each of these three settlements engaged in a fierce competition to attract the most residents and become the largest of the three towns. In 1840, the Wisconsin State Legislature ordered the construction of a bridge over the Milwaukee River to replace the inadequate ferry system. In 1845, Byron Kilbourn, who had been trying to isolate Juneautown to make it more dependent on Kilbourntown, destroyed a portion of the bridge, which started the Milwaukee Bridge War. For several weeks, skirmishes broke out between the residents of both towns. No one was killed but several people were injured, some seriously. On January 31, 1846 the settlements of Juneautown, Kilbourntown, and Walker's Point merged into the incorporated city of Milwaukee. Solomon Juneau was elected mayor. The new city had a population of about 10,000 people, making it the largest city in the territory. Milwaukee remains the largest city in Wisconsin to this day.
Wisconsin Territory was created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding Milwaukee were occupied by New England farmers.[38] The new territory initially included all of the present day states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa, as well as parts of North and South Dakota. At the time the Congress called it the "Wiskonsin Territory".[39]
The first territorial governor of Wisconsin was Henry Dodge. He and other territorial lawmakers were initially busied by organizing the territory's government and selecting a capital city. The selection of a location to build a capitol caused a heated debate among the territorial politicians. At first, Governor Dodge selected Belmont, located in the heavily populated lead mining district, to be capital. Shortly after the new legislature convened there, however, it became obvious that Wisconsin's first capitol was inadequate. Numerous other suggestions for the location of the capital were given representing nearly every city that existed in the territory at the time, and Governor Dodge left the decision up to the other lawmakers. The legislature accepted a proposal by James Duane Doty to build a new city named Madison on an isthmus between lakes Mendota and Monona and put the territory's permanent capital there.[40] In 1837, while Madison was being built, the capitol was temporarily moved to Burlington. This city was transferred to Iowa Territory in 1838, along with all the lands of Wisconsin Territory west of the Mississippi River.[41]
Wyman calls Wisconsin a "palimpsest" of layer upon layer of peoples and forces, each imprinting permanent influences. He identified these layers as multiple "frontiers" over three centuries: Native American frontier, French frontier, English frontier, fur-trade frontier, mining frontier, and the logging frontier. Finally the coming of the railroad brought the end of the frontier.[42]
The historian of the frontier, Frederick Jackson Turner, grew up in Wisconsin during its last frontier stage, and in his travels around the state he could see the layers of social and political development. One of Turner's last students, Merle Curti used in-depth analysis of local history in Trempeleau County to test Turner's thesis about democracy. Turner's view was that American democracy, "involved widespread participation in the making of decisions affecting the common life, the development of initiative and self-reliance, and equality of economic and cultural opportunity. It thus also involved Americanization of immigrant."[43] Curti found that from 1840 to 1860 in Wisconsin the poorest groups gained rapidly in land ownership, and often rose to political leadership at the local level. He found that even landless young farm workers were soon able to obtain their own farms. Free land on the frontier therefore created opportunity and democracy, for both European immigrants as well as old stock Yankees.[44]
By the mid-1840s, the population of Wisconsin Territory had exceeded 150,000, more than twice the number of people required for Wisconsin to become a state. In 1846, the territorial legislature voted to apply for statehood. That fall, 124 delegates debated the state constitution. The document produced by this convention was considered extremely progressive for its time. It banned commercial banking, granted married women the right to own property, and left the question of African-American suffrage to a popular vote. Most Wisconsinites considered the first constitution to be too radical, however, and voted it down in an April 1847 referendum.
In December 1847, a second constitutional convention was called. This convention resulted in a new, more moderate state constitution that Wisconsinites approved in a March 1848 referendum, enabling Wisconsin to become the 30th state on May 29, 1848. Wisconsin was the last state entirely east of the Mississippi River (and by extension the last state formed entirely from territory assigned to the U.S. in the 1783 Treaty of Paris) to be admitted to the Union.
With statehood, came the creation of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, which is the state's oldest public university. The creation of this university was set aside in the state charter.
In 1847, the Mineral Point Tribune reported that the town's furnaces were producing 43,800 pounds (19,900 kg) of lead each day. Lead mining in southwest Wisconsin began to decline after 1848 and 1849 when the combination of less easily accessible lead ore and the California Gold Rush made miners leave the area. The lead mining industry in mining communities such as Mineral Point managed to survive into the 1860s, but the industry was never as prosperous as it was before the decline.
By 1850 Wisconsin's population was 305,000. Roughly a third (103,000) were Yankees from New England and western New York state. The second largest group were the Germans, numbering roughly 38,000, followed by 28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland and Wales. There were roughly 63,000 Wisconsin-born residents of the state. The Yankee migrants would be the dominant political class in Wisconsin for many years.[45]
A railroad frenzy swept Wisconsin shortly after it achieved statehood. The first railroad line in the state was opened between Milwaukee and Waukesha in 1851 by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. The railroad pushed on, reaching Milton, Wisconsin in 1852, Stoughton, Wisconsin in 1853, and the capital city of Madison in 1854. The company reached its goal of completing a rail line across the state from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River when the line to Prairie du Chien was completed in 1857. Shortly after this, other railroad companies completed their own tracks, reaching La Crosse in the west and Superior in the north, spurring development in those cities. By the end of the 1850s, railroads crisscrossed the state, enabling the growth of other industries that could now easily ship products to markets across the country.
Nelson Dewey, the first governor of Wisconsin, was a Democrat. Born in Lebanon, Connecticut,[46][47] Dewey's father's family had lived in New England since 1633, when their ancestor, Thomas Due, had come to America from Kent County, England.[47] Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state government.[47] He encouraged the development of the state's infrastructure, particularly the construction of new roads, railroads, canals, and harbors, as well as the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers.[47] During his administration, the State Board of Public Works was organized.[47] Dewey was an abolitionist and the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of slavery into new states and territories.[47] The home Dewey built near Cassville is now a state park.[48]
Between 1848 and 1862, Wisconsin had three Democratic governors, all of whom were in office prior to 1856, four Republican governors, all of whom were in office after 1856, and one Whig governor, Leonard J. Farwell, who served from 1852 to 1854. Under Farwell's governorship, Wisconsin became the second state to abolish capital punishment.
In the presidential elections of 1848 and 1852, the Democratic Party won Wisconsin. In the elections of 1856, 1860, and 1864, the Republican Party won the state.
Between the 1840s and 1860s, settlers from New England, New York and Germany arrived in Wisconsin. Some of them brought radical political ideas to the state. In the 1850s, stop-overs on the underground railroad were set up in the state and abolitionist groups were formed. Some abolitionist and free-soil activists left the Whig and Democratic parties, running and in some cases being elected as candidates of the Liberty Party and Free Soil Party. The most successful such group was the Republican Party. On March 20, 1854, the first county meeting of the Republican Party of the United States, consisting of about thirty people, was held in the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. Ripon claims to be the birthplace of the Republican Party, as does Jackson, Michigan, where the first statewide convention was held. The new party absorbed most of the former Free Soil and Liberty Party members.
A notable instance of abolitionism in Wisconsin was the rescue of Joshua Glover, an escaped slave from St. Louis who sought refuge in Racine, Wisconsin in 1852. He was caught in 1854 by federal marshals and put in a jail at Cathedral Square in Milwaukee, where he waited to be returned to his owner. A mob of 5,000 people led by Milwaukee abolitionist Sherman Booth, himself a "Yankee" transplant from rural New York,[49] sprung Glover from jail and helped him escape to Canada via the underground railroad.
In the 1850s, two-thirds of immigrants to Wisconsin came from the eastern United States, the other one-third being foreign-born. The majority of the foreign born were German immigrants. Many Irish and Norwegian immigrants also came to Wisconsin in the 1850s. Northern Europeans, many of whom were persecuted in their home countries because of their support for the failed bourgeois Revolutions of 1848, often chose Wisconsin because of the liberal constitution of human rights such as the state's unusual recognition of immigrants' right to vote and rights to citizenship.[50]
Yankee settlers from New England started arriving in Wisconsin in the 1830s spread throughout the southern half of the territory. They dominated early politics. Most of them started as farmers, but the larger proportion moved to towns and cities as entrepreneurs, businessmen and professionals.
Historian John Bunker has examined the worldview of the Yankee settlers in the Wisconsin:
Main article: Wisconsin in the American Civil War
Wisconsin enrolled 91,379 soldiers in the Union Army during the American Civil War. 272 of enlisted Wisconsin troops were African American, with the rest being white. Of these, 3,794 were killed in action or mortally wounded, 8,022 died of disease, and 400 were killed in accidents. The total mortality was 12,216 men, about 13.4 percent of total enlistments.[52] Many soldiers trained at Camp Randall currently the site of the University of Wisconsin's athletic stadium.
The draft implemented by President Lincoln in 1862 was unpopular in some Wisconsin communities, particularly among German and Luxembourgish immigrants. In November 1862, draft riots broke out in Milwaukee, Port Washington, and West Bend, which were quelled by deploying U.S. troops in the cities.[53]
Most Wisconsin troops served in the western theater, although several Wisconsin regiments fought in the east, such as the 2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and 7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which formed part of the Iron Brigade. These three regiments fought in the Northern Virginia Campaign, the Maryland Campaign, the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Gettysburg Campaign, the Battle of Mine Run, the Overland Campaign, the Siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign.
The 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which fought in the western theater of war, is also worthy of mention, having fought at the Battle of Iuka, the Siege of Vicksburg, the Red River Campaign, and the Battle of Nashville. The 8th Wisconsin is also known for its mascot, Old Abe.
See also: Wisconsin dairy industry
Agriculture was a major component of the Wisconsin economy during the 19th century. Wheat was a primary crop on early Wisconsin farms. In fact, during the mid 19th century, Wisconsin produced about one sixth of the wheat grown in the United States.[54] However, wheat rapidly depleted nutrients in the soil, especially nitrogen, and was vulnerable to insects, bad weather, and wheat leaf rust. In the 1860s, chinch bugs arrived in Wisconsin and damaged wheat across the state. As the soil lost its quality and prices dropped, the practice of wheat farming moved west into Iowa and Minnesota. Some Wisconsin farmers responded by experimenting with crop rotation and other methods to restore the soil's fertility, but a larger number turned to alternatives to wheat.[55]
In parts of northern Wisconsin, farmers cultivated cranberries and in a few counties in south central Wisconsin, farmers had success growing tobacco, but the most popular replacement for wheat was dairy farming. As wheat fell out of favor, many Wisconsin farmers started raising dairy cattle and growing feed crops, which were better suited to Wisconsin's climate and soil.[55] One reason for the popularity of dairy farming was that many of Wisconsin's farmers had come to the state from New York, the leading producer of dairy products at the time. In addition, many immigrants from Europe brought an extensive knowledge of cheese making. Dairying was also promoted by the University of Wisconsin–Madison's school of agriculture, which offered education to dairy farmers and researched ways to produce better dairy products. The first test of butterfat content in milk was developed at the university, which allowed for consistency in the quality of butter and cheese. By 1899, over ninety percent of Wisconsin farms raised dairy cows and by 1915, Wisconsin had become the leading producer of dairy products in the United States,[56] a position it held until the 1990s.[57] The term America's Dairyland appeared in newspapers as early as 1913 when the state's butterfat production became first in the nation.[58] In 1939 the state legislature enacted a bill to add the slogan to the state's automobile license plates.[59][60] It continues to be the nation's largest producer of cheese, no longer focusing on the raw material (milk) but rather the value-added products. Because of this, Wisconsin continues to promote itself as "America's Dairyland", Wisconsinites are referred to as cheeseheads in some parts of the country, including Wisconsin, and foam cheesehead hats are associated with Wisconsin and its NFL team, the Green Bay Packers.[61]
The first brewery in Wisconsin was opened in 1835 in Mineral Point by brewer John Phillips. A year later, he opened a second brewery in Elk Grove.[62] In 1840, the first brewery in Milwaukee was opened by Richard G. Owens, William Pawlett, and John Davis, all Welsh immigrants.[63] By 1860, nearly 200 breweries operated in Wisconsin, more than 40 of them in Milwaukee. The huge growth in the brewing industry can be accredited, in part, to the influx of German immigrants to Wisconsin in the 1840s and 1850s.[64] Milwaukee breweries also grew in volume due to the destruction of Chicago's breweries during the great Chicago fire.[65] In the second half of the 19th century, four of the largest breweries in the United States opened in Milwaukee: Miller Brewing Company, Pabst Brewing Company, Valentin Blatz Brewing Company, and Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company. In the 20th century Pabst absorbed Blatz and Schlitz, and moved its brewery and corporate headquarters to California. Miller continues to operate in Milwaukee. The Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company opened in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin in 1867 and continues to operate there to this day.
Agriculture was not viable in the densely forested northern and central parts of Wisconsin. Settlers came to this region for logging. The timber industry first set up along the Wisconsin River. Rivers were used to transport lumber from where the wood was being cut, to the sawmills. Sawmills in cities like Wausau and Stevens Point sawed the lumber into boards that were used for construction. The Wolf River also saw considerable logging by industrious Menominee. The Black and Chippewa Rivers formed a third major logging region. That area was dominated by one company owned by Frederick Weyerhaeuser. The construction of railroads allowed loggers to log year round, after rivers froze, and go deeper into the forests to cut down previously unshippable wood supplies. Wood products from Wisconsin's forests such as doors, furniture, beams, shipping boxes, and ships were made in industrial cities with connects to the Wisconsin lumber industry such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, and Manitowoc. Milwaukee and Manitowoc were centers for commercial ship building in Wisconsin. Many cargo ships built in these communities were used to transport lumber from logging ports to major industrial cities.[66] Later a growing paper industry in the Fox River Valley made use of wood pulp from the state's lumber industry.
Logging was a dangerous trade, with high accident rates. On October 8, 1871, the Peshtigo Fire burned 1,875 square miles (4,850 km2) of forest land around the timber industry town of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, killing between 1,200 and 2,500 people. It was the deadliest fire in United States history.
From the 1870s to the 1890s, much of the logging in Wisconsin was done by immigrants from Scandinavia.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, logging in Wisconsin had gone into decline. Many forests had been cleared and never replanted and large corporations in the Pacific Northwest took business away from the Wisconsin industry. The logging companies sold their land to immigrants and out of work lumberjacks who hoped to turn the acres of pine stumps into farms, but few met with success.[67]
Wisconsin is known in the 18th century to have discovered gold deposits in western Wisconsin. Such discoveries occurred around the town of St. Croix Falls where a settler stumbled across a gold nugget valued to be worth lots at the time. It's no surprise Wisconsin's western region was once the site of volcanic eruptions so it makes sense that minerals that weren't commonly found in other parts of the state would be present here.
Wisconsin was a regional and national model for innovation and organization in the Progressive Era in the early 20th century. The direct primary law of 1904 made it possible to mobilize voters against the previously dominant political machines. The first factors involved the La Follette family going back and forth between trying control of the Republican Party and third-party activity. Secondly the Wisconsin idea, of intellectuals and planners based at the University of Wisconsin shaping government policy. LaFollette started as a traditional Republican in the 1890s, where he fought against populism and other radical movements. He broke decisively with the state Republican leadership, and took control of the party by 1900, all the time quarrelling endlessly with ex-allies.[68]
The Democrats were a minor conservative factor in Wisconsin. The Socialists, with a strong German and union base in Milwaukee, joined the progressives in statewide politics. Senator Robert M. La Follette tried to use his national reputation to challenge President Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912. However, as soon as Roosevelt declared his candidacy, most of La Follette's supporters switched away. La Follette supported many of his Wilson's domestic programs in Congress. However he strongly opposed Wilson's foreign policy, and mobilized the large German and Scandinavian elements which demanded neutrality in the World War I. He finally ran an independent campaign for president in 1924 that appealed to the German Americans, labor unions, socialists, and more radical reformers. He won 1/6 of the national vote, but carried only his home state. After his death in 1925 his two sons took over the party. They serve terms as governor and senator and set up a third party in the state. The party fell apart in the 1930s, and totally collapsed by 1946
The Wisconsin Idea was the commitment of the University of Wisconsin under President Charles R. Van Hise, with LaFollette support, to use the university's powerful intellectual resources to develop practical progressive reforms for the state and indeed for the nation.[69]
Between 1901 and 1911, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[70] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[71] and the first state income tax,[72] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The key leaders were Robert M. La Follette and (in 1910) Governor Francis E. McGovern. However, in 1912 McGovern supported Roosevelt for president and LaFollette was outraged. He made sure the next legislature defeated the governor's programs, and that McGovern was defeated in his bid for the Senate in 1914. The Progressive movement split into hostile factions. Some was based on personalities—especially La Follette's style of violent personal attacks against other Progressives, and some was based on who should pay, with the division between farmers (who paid property taxes) and the urban element (which paid income taxes). This disarray enabled the conservatives (called "Stalwarts") to elect Emanuel Philipp as governor in 1914. The Stalwart counterattack said the Progressives were too haughty, too beholden to experts, too eager to regulate, and too expensive. Economy and budget cutting was their formula.[73]
The progressive Wisconsin Idea promoted the use of the University of Wisconsin faculty as intellectual resources for state government, and as guides for local government. It promoted expansion of the university through the UW-Extension system to reach all the state's farming communities.[74] University economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves enabled Wisconsin to create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932.[75] Other Wisconsin Idea scholars at the university generated the plan that became the New Deal's Social Security Act of 1935, with Wisconsin expert Arthur J. Altmeyer playing the key role.[76] The Stalwarts counterattacked by arguing if the university became embedded in the state, then its internal affairs became fair game, especially the faculty preference for advanced research over undergraduate teaching.[77] The Stalwarts controlled the Regents, and their interference in academic freedom outraged the faculty. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner, the most famous professor, quit and went to Harvard.[78][79]
Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. The state became a leader in welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s.[80] The state's economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the 20th century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.
In 2011, Wisconsin became the focus of some controversy when newly elected governor Scott Walker proposed and then successfully passed and enacted 2011 Wisconsin Act 10, which made large changes in the areas of collective bargaining, compensation, retirement, health insurance, and sick leave of public sector employees, among other changes.[81] A series of major protests by union supporters took place that year in protest to the changes, and Walker survived a recall election held the next year, becoming the first governor in United States history to do so.[82] Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law,[83] abortion restrictions,[84] and legislation removing certain gun controls.[85][86][87] Walker's administration also made critical changes to Wisconsin's election process, enacting one of the most aggressive legislative gerrymanders in the country[88] and replacing Wisconsin's nonpartisan state elections board with a commission of political appointees.[89] When Walker lost re-election in 2018, he collaborated with the gerrymandered Republican legislature to strip powers from the incoming Governor and Attorney General.[90] Since 2011, Wisconsin has seen increasing governmental dysfunction and paralysis, as the durable gerrymander insulates the legislature from electoral consequences.[91][92][93][94][95]
Further information: History of Milwaukee § Further reading


text:
YQ – Thoughts Ft. M33ch
Thoughts By YQ Ft. M33ch
YQ, Nigerian Afrobeat/Rapper Singer, Made His Debut On His New Songs, Which Are Now Available For Download On Eastnobs.com. On Eastnobs, You Can Download All Of YQ Latest Songs, Mp3, Albums, And Eps.
YQ, A Multi-talented Artiste Singer, And Songwriter, Has Released Another Great Song Titled "Thoughts"
Listen And Enjoy YQ New Song Featuring "M33ch". More Tracks YQ May Be Found On Eastnobs. However, If You Appreciate Great Music, The Wonderful New Blockbuster Is A Tremendous Banger That Will Undoubtedly End Up On Your Playlist.
Listen And Drop Comment Below!
Do you find EastNobs useful? Click here to give us five stars rating!
Related Posts
No one has commented yet. Be the first!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sierra Cascade Environmental Resource Fund Education Auction
All sales are considered cash sales. The credit card used to register on EZ2BID.com will NOT be charged. If you have problems registering to bid, please email [email protected].
Please make sure you have registered with EZ2BID in order to participate. Click on HERE if you are not registered.
Welcome to the Annual Sierra-Cascade Education Auction! We are excited to be able to continue supporting; Scholarships for graduating high school students entering a timber industry related educational program or related training program and scholarships for continuing college students, all our educational events and non-profit partners who educate the public regarding the timber and related construction industries in support of best practices and wise forest management. We maintain a 501 (3) (C) non-profit status.
This online auction features an extended bidding format. Any bid placed on any lot within the final 2 minutes of the auction will automatically reset the countdown timer by 2 minutes. This allows for all bidders the opportunity to competitively bid on all lots. For example, the auction is scheduled to end at 6:00pm and a bid on any lot is placed at 5:59 pm, the countdown timer resets to 2 minutes, which resets the ending of the auction to 6:01pm. Extended bidding remains active and continues to reset the countdown timer to 2 minutes with each bid in extended bid time, until no further bids are placed within the last 2 minutes. Upon no further bids, the auction will then close for all lots.
We are so grateful to our sponsors, donors and winning bidders.
Your generous support is AMAZING ! Thank you.
When viewing the lots click on the image and it will take you to a larger view, click again, it will enlarge the image and give you the option to view more images, if there are more. In the first view of a Lot, click on DETAILS button then click on the SEE MORE link for a full and complete description of the lot item. Winning bidders will be invoiced by the Sierra-Cascade Environmental Resource Fund. All gun transactions will be handled by: Olde West Gun & Loan Co. Inc. 568 N Market St. Redding CA.
KEY ITEM: If you purchased one of the five key items, you will be part of a drawing at the end of the auction (which will be taped on video to ensure honesty). The Auction Committee will have the current President of SCLC, select the Key Item winning number 1,2,3 4, or 5 from a Make Logging Great Again HAT…because "This is how we do it."
The successful key holder will win:
Weatherby Mark V Bunt Bronze Weathermark 6.5 X 300 Weatherby Mag.
Old West currently has in possession the firearms for LOT'S 1,4,7,11,14,16,25 & 35 all other firearms are still on order. A winning bidder can choose to wait for a firearm to come in or receive equal value credit to purchase another firearm at Olde West Gun & Loan.
In order to pick up items winning bidders will need to call Chris Chitwood at (530) 524-6149 to make arrangements for gun paperwork, certificates and actual items. Please have I.D available when picking up items. Guns will all be handled through Olde West Gun and Loan. Winning bidders must be the California legal age to claim lot items involving guns or alcohol.
Thank you and have fun !!
All sales are final The credit card used to register on EZ2BID.com will NOT be charged. Winning bidders will be invoiced by the Sierra Cascade Environmental Resource Fund.


text:
It's National Mother Goose Day! To celebrate I've teamed up with some friends to share crafts and activities inspired by our favorite fairy tales.
We decided to make a simple Jack and the Beanstalk craft to share, I've also included a free printable to go with it!
- White construction paper
- Green construction paper
- Castle printable, download here: Castle Printable
- Cotton balls
- Green paint
- Glue
- Crayons or markers
First we read Jack and the Beanstalk then we did the steps below to create our Jack and the Beanstalk Craft.
- Roll green construction paper to form beanstalk base and glue in the middle of white paper.
- Cut out and color in the castle printable (download it above.)
- Glue finished castle to very top of beanstalk (rolled up construction paper.)
- Have your child make leaves and stems on the beanstalk with the green paint (we did little finger print dots) and let dry.
- Glue cotton balls on top of the paper to create clouds in the sky.


text:
Peer reviewed
Direct link
Direct link
ERIC Number: EJ1082417
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2015-Nov
Pages: 3
Abstractor: As Provided
Demonstration of the Coagulation and Diffusion of Homemade Slime Prepared under Acidic Conditions without Borate
Isokawa, Naho; Fueda, Kazuki; Miyagawa, Korin; Kanno, Kenichi
Journal of Chemical Education, v92 n11 p1886-1888 Nov 2015
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) precipitates in many kinds of aqueous salt solutions. While sodium sulfate, a coagulant for PVA fiber, precipitates PVA to yield a white rigid gel, coagulation of PVA with aluminum sulfate, a coagulant for water treatment, yields a slime-like viscoelastic fluid. One type of homemade slime is prepared under basic conditions with borate. The method reported in this paper is carried out under acidic conditions with materials that are used for water treatment. Through this demonstration, students can learn about chemical interactions through the coagulation and diffusion of slime. This demonstration can be carried out in 30 min.
Descriptors: Science Instruction, Chemistry, Secondary School Science, High Schools, Scientific Concepts, Plastics, Science Activities, Science Experiments, Demonstrations (Educational)
Division of Chemical Education, Inc and ACS Publications Division of the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20036. Tel: 800-227-5558; Tel: 202-872-4600; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Web site: http://pubs.acs.org/jchemeduc
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Education Level: Secondary Education; High Schools
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A


text:
Today I want to talk to you about the Replica Gucci Handbags. After all, this bag once beat all other bags and won Mr. Bag's 2016 New Bag King! Two years later, is Sylvie still worth buying? Compared to then, what new sizes and designs are there now?
Replica Gucci Bags Sylvie is a bag that I have seen with my own eyes. As soon as this bag was launched, it won the love of many people with the girl's ribbon, and it once became the most difficult to buy explosive bag!
In fact, the ribbon design is not the most iconic design of this series. It symbolizes the design of Svlvie, which is actually a three-color webbing and a metal ring buckle that goes down vertically. As long as there are bags, handbags and wallets with this element, they belong to the Sylvie series.
Regarding Gucci Sylvie, there are many girls who like the design of ribbons, and many people think that the design of ribbons is not practical enough, so later Replica Gucci Handbags also launched Sylvie without ribbons, still using the design of three-color strips. Among them, this one with a white body and a red and blue webbing is the most popular!
If you still like the Sylvie with ribbon shoulder straps, you can still buy it now, but the mini version of the nylon twisted rope shoulder strap "twisted" with three colors of red, white and blue ribbons is also very cute, and it comes with a single The design of the handle is very good on the back.
Or there's a smaller Sylvie size with a tri-color bow and a classic metal chain for the shoulder straps. When I was shopping at Replica Gucci Bags recently, I saw a smaller Gucci Sylvie. This bag has removed all handles and ribbon design, leaving only the simplest golden shoulder strap.
The price of this one is the best in the Sylvie range, just a little more than the wallet. If you like ultra-small bags, or you don't have that much budget to buy a bag, this is more suitable to start with.
In addition to bags, in fact, this series also has a wallet design, especially the small one is very beautiful and practical. Now I don't carry much cash with me, so a small wallet is enough!
I actually just summed up some of the styles of Replica Gucci Handbag Sylvie, there are many different colors, and even special styles with patterns, there are so many choices! So no matter what style you usually wear, as long as you like the design of Sylvie, you will basically be able to find one that suits you.


text:
BitTornado Bittorrent Client kommentieren !
BitTornado T-0.3.02==========================================I am pleased to finally release a new version of BitTornado. This release includes a number of important bugfixes, a new mode of UPnP pinholing and fixes to the original version. Still waiting on new graphical code.
Current plans are:
T-0.3.x - continued bugfixes on current code base
T-0.4.x - new graphical engine, will look almost identical to current code, but will be the basis for the new "skin"
T-0.5.x - multi-torrent GUI with queueing and all the fun stuff.
BitTornado T-0.3.01==========================================A bugfix release of BitTornado is out, T-0.3.1, which cures many of the ills people have been suffering from. The only new feature is the addition of a checkbox in Prefs so people can disable UPnP.
BitTornado T-0.3.0==========================================I am pleased to announce that BitTornado T-0.3.0 has just been released. It has many features, including UPnP port forwarding access, engine improvements, a pretty per-file priority system hiding in the Details view, a fast-resume system that will make restarting torrents a breeze (and is helpful for those of you running seed servers, since you only have to hash-check once)... Other new functionality includes an option to flush data to disk every 5 minutes, for those of you using Windows 98 who want to run BitTorrent despite having problems with crashes... A download-rate limiter (I shoehorned it into the Advanced window since the main UI is going to be redesigned) for people with bandwidth quotas and problems with downstream flooding... An option to auto-save in the default directory, and a feature that automatically resumes files you've started downloading without needing your input... I think there's more, but you'll just have to go look!
Okay. I'm bogged down in engine improvements, and the new GUI won't be ready for the next release, though one of the features needed for it will be implemented. Just wanted to give you a few details about the next major release...
* File priority and selection - You'll be able to select files from a multi-file torrent and decide which you want first and which you don't want at all.
* Download rate limiting - you'll be able to put a brake on that incoming data.
* Fast resume - Assuming you've run the torrent recently, you'll be able to start seeding or continue downloading immediately.
I'll also be working on fixing that freeze/high-CPU problem and I may be able to get UPnP auto-pinholing working as well.


text: Join us this Thursday at 5pm ET for the Future-Proof Workplace show! Why are some leaders in high-stakes situations and crisis highly effective, while others disappoint, and some utterly fail? What is the difference? Why are some able to not only survive but thrive, even in tumult? The answer is, that high-stakes leaders demonstrate three critical aspects that ensure […]Read more


text:
Antique ceramic match striker and holder in one (a pyrogène) made in Belgium by Nimy Lez Mons at the end of XIX or beginning of XX Century. Very rare and collectible piece, with a marbelized pattern in cream, black and blue. Those items were usual at bistros and cafes around that time.
Height – 9.5 cm | 3.7 inches
Width – 7.5 cm | 2.9 inches
Condition – very good.
Marks – Nimy Lez Mons mark.


text:
Prompt Images
This was an idea conceived over too many half-priced watermelon martinis at Houlihan's, as all good/bad ideas tend to be.
I love Love Actually. It's true. Back in 2003, when I was still receiving DVDs from Netflix, Entertainment Weekly (my pop culture Bible) was talking about this sweet (probably even saccharine) movie about Christmas and love. How could a movie about CHRISTMAS and LOVE go wrong?! Would there be puppies? There should be puppies in every movie about Christmas and love… and I would soon learn, movies about Christmas and love also need to feature Rodrigo Santoro in only tight black boxer briefs.
Here we are, 15 years later, and I still watch this movie every holiday season. My friends know to expect one single tear to trickle down my cheek at the conclusion of the infamous "cue card" scene with a pre-Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln. I bawl into my oversized caftan like Emma Thompson any time I hear Joni Mitchell's "Both Sides Now."
Sorry. Those are spoilers. But if you haven't seen Love Actually yet, your heart is cold and dead and you don't deserve to celebrate Christmas with me.
I can't help but realize that for every wonderful person in this Christmas classic, the movie is REPLETE with HORRIBLE people. I was rewatching it this Thanksgiving to get into the holiday spirit, and perhaps it's the cynicism of the unending trash fire that is 2017 seeping into my heart, but for such a heart-warming movie, some characters are just THE WORST. However, since we can't always have nice things, I present to you the 25 Worst People in Love Actually.
Let's get on, shall we? (sounds very British in my head)
Uncle Jamie, played by Colin Firth, heads home for Christmas. His hands are FULL of bags FULL of gifts, probably for his nieces and nephews.
I'm going to assume Uncle Jamie is an introvert. He enjoys alone time in his quaint French cabin. He looks utterly mortified as his family descends on him once he enters the house. I can imagine him thinking "I just want to sit in front of the fire in my chunky knit Fair Isle sweater and contemplate life and drink cocoa (spiked with brandy, obvi) and plan revenge on my girlfriend and brother for sleeping together behind my back." Christmas will take everything out of him.
So, I respect that Uncle Jamie decides he'd rather be in Portugal with the housekeeper with whom he has fallen in love and I respect his decision to leave the introvert's nightmare that is his Mom's house on Christmas. At the end of the day, he wants to shoot his shot (look it up…it's a millennial term, and the entirety of Love Actually is people just trying to shoot their shot, to be honest.)
So, HOW DARE YOU GIRL IN PINK WHO DECIDES TO CELEBRATE THE BIRTH OF BABY JESUS BY SAYING "I HATE UNCLE JAMIE" EVEN AFTER HE HAS BROUGHT YOU PRESENTS. DO YOU ALSO HATE YOUR OTHER UNCLE WHO SLEPT WITH UNCLE JAMIE'S GIRLFRIEND!? I BET YOU DON'T BECAUSE HE BOUGHT YOUR AFFECTION WITH A NINTENDO.
So, nameless girl in the pink who hates her kind, introverted, heartbroken, handsome, in love Uncle Jamie… you are the 25th worst person in Love Actually.
Imagine you are a French housekeeper. Imagine you have a British author for whose house you are responsible. Imagine you find yourself unable to serve as that British author's housekeeper when he makes an unexpected return to his writing cabin. You are now responsible for finding an adequate replacement.
When you find that "adequate" replacement, the French housekeeper you have selected doesn't speak a lick of English. Your author client doesn't speak a lick of French. Tell me, dear Eleonore, how the hell this seems like a good business decision? And what is with all the extra vowels in your name?
Although you may have single-handedly been responsible for one of the sweetest love stories in Christmas-themed cinema, your hiring decisions are trash and you should be fired as the French Housekeeping Human Resources manager, or whatever it is you actually do, immediately.
You could probably argue at this point that I am taking the easy way out by picking on small, potentially nameless, inconsequential characters in Love Actually and naming them the worst.
One may think I'm merely doing this for attention (let's be honest, I kinda am) and this countdown will have no pay-off, because the #1 most horrible person will be "Airport Security Manager"—who, real talk, he does a pretty piss poor job by letting Sam run through the whole of Heathrow Airport.
Perhaps a reader is saying I don't want to offend any of my two readers by targeting the main characters.
Does Hugh Grant have a fandom? If he does, do I risk offending them by saying he is absolutely the worst? He probably isn't, mainly because of his dance to The Pointer Sisters. It is written in some ancient text that thou shalt not hate a British man dancing in his slacks to one of the best songs of all time.
Well, friends, no risk, no reward. Here we go. I'm going for the big guns today.
Peter and Julia are the WORST.
As a perpetual third wheel, I do relate to Mark on a visceral level. And yes, I've conceived doing the cue card thing in my own sad love life. But I imagine that it goes something like this—
Me, standing at Kyle and John's door (names changed to protect the innocent and because of a likely restraining order).
I knock. And old man dressed as Santa and smelling like peppermint schnapps answers. "Who the hell are you?"
Me: Oops, wrong house.
Old Man: Well, you're cute.
I run away.
I knock again. This time at the correct door.
John answers. "Eric, what are you doing here?"
Me: Actually, ummm, I was hoping to speak with Kyle.
John: Oh, he's actually in the shower. Why are you holding a boom box and oak tag?
Me: Oh, ummm… I meant to leave these in the car.
I drop the boom box and "Silent Night" starts playing.
John: Wait…are you…are you doing the Love Actually cue card scene?
Me: Ummm… no… I mean, I don't even know what that is.
John: Oh my GOD. KYLE, COME DOWN HERE. ERIC IS DOING THE CUE CARD SCENE FROM LOVE ACTUALLY FOR YOU. Do you need me to run upstairs and pretend it's carol singers?
Anyway, we can save that for therapy. Back to Peter and Julia being horrible.
Are they so in love that they are completely oblivious to Mark's insanely huge unrequited crush on Julia?!
I'm all about being extra, but neither of them thought it weird he went out of his way to book such an extravagant wedding surprise?!
Even painfully oblivious Laura Linney picks up on what Mark is putting down… and his best friend can't?!?!
And then when he believes there are carol singers at the door, Peter tells Julia to give them a quid and tell them to bugger off. So, not only are you a horrible friend, you don't mind taking a giant shit on those who are just trying to spread some Christmas cheer!!!
Love Actually… more like "Emotional Manipulation Actually." Aaaaand I'm going to go cry in a corner and process how I feel after this roller coaster of feelings."
Guys. In terms of real presidents, Trump sucks.
In terms of fictional presidents, Billy Bob Thornton as presidents sucks real hard. Holy hell, he's bad.
Ugh. What a skeeze.
Not only have I learned that Love Actually is just a movie about people trying to shoot their shot… It's also a movie about people who are horrible at their jobs.
I've never been to a wedding reception, no matter how casual, where the caterer has the luxury of standing in the corner looking sad. Although we've established that Peter and Julia are the WORST, they still deserve a caterer who is going to make sure the day is perfect.
But here we have Nancy. She's not running around. She's not taste-testing the food. She's not screaming at the kitchen staff and calling them donkeys. Sorry, TV has conditioned me to believe that's what British chefs do. She's literally doing nothing.
So, I can understand Colin Friggin' Frissell's (oh, dear reader, you know his moment of reckoning is coming soon) confusion about her role in the festivities. And although Colin's come-ons are painfully awkward, and Nancy shouldn't have to tolerate it…
Perhaps she should take some of his constructive criticism about the food and not cater a wedding with hors d'oeuvres that look and taste like, and I quote, "dead baby's finger."
Nancy, do your job.
#19 – Tony (Who???)
You know you're pretty horrible when I literally have to Google "Tony Love Actually" to see if I'm talking about the right guy.
First, this guy is friends with Colin Friggin' Frissell. Second, I'm not even sure what he does for a living. He shows up as a production something-or-other in the "fluffer" John and Just Judy scenes. Third, he supports Colin Friggin' Frissell. Fourth, he does a piss poor job of keeping Colin Friggin' Frissell from unleashing his sexual terror on the United States.
And then he shows up at the airport at the end, is given the chance to make out Denise Richards, and it looks like he is stork pecking at birdseed.
Who are you, Tony? And why do you contribute so little to one of the best Christmas movies of all time?
At least he has smolder.
You know you're pretty horrendous when the writers don't even bother giving you a name. And it's even worse when the descriptor they use is the word "bad."
Now, as I understand it, all the ladies (and some men—we're equal opportunity here) swoon over Colin Firth as Mr. Darcy in Pride and Prejudice. My tastes in literature are not nearly as refined, so I have no idea.
But, if you trade in Colin Firth for this Tom Green lookalike—
You're pretty dumb.
"Hurry up, big boy. I'm naked and I want you at least twice before Jamie gets home" is a quote that has cemented Jamie's girlfriend as the absolute worst in the annals of film history.
The only saving grace is that it appears Jamie's Bad Brother isn't invited over for Christmas. Perhaps the nameless girl in pink is his equally horrendous and ungrateful offspring.
Wait. Wrong Christmas movie. Too much Egg Nog.
Eh. She's still the worst.
Meet Natalie.
We love Natalie. Look at that sassy smirk and that sense of style. Works for the Prime Minister but still manages to BRING.IT! She's also recently heartbroken and had to move back with her family in the "dodgy end."
Sister is doing it for herself. She is vibrant… glowing… HEALTHY.
Natalie, the perfect, proportional, body positive angel is one of the BEST people in Love Actually. Hands down. No question. Don't @ me.
Meet Annie.
Annie also works for the Prime Minister. Annie wants to help the Prime Minister fix the country.
Annie is mean. Annie describes Natalie as "chubby" and having a "sizeable ass" right before she agrees to redistribute dear Natalie at the request of the Prime Minister. Annie is not blind. Annie must realize the attraction between the Prime Minister and Natalie. Annie is lucky she wasn't named in Natalie's sexual harassment lawsuit.
Stacey, Jeannie, Carol-Anne, Harriet "The Sexy One," Carla "The Real Friendly One"
Ladies. To quote one of my favorite ad campaigns in recent history:
"That's not how this works. That's not how ANY of this works."
To my lady readers, when's the last time you all descended upon a marginally attractive British man just because he says "bottle" the way Brits do?
And ladies, is it common practice for you to let your heat bill lapse to the point where you need to cuddle naked with each other? Are you THAT cold you invite a strange, horny foreigner back to your house to sleep with all three of you?
I get it. Everyone in this damn movie is trying to shoot their shot. But let's talk about unrealistic expectations for British men traveling to Wisconsin.
And it's Colin Friggin' Frissell. These ladies aren't going to look past his utter creep factor just because he speaks funny?!?!
And since we're talking about speaking funny… Shannon Elizabeth and Denise Richards may just have the worst.southern.accents in all of film history.
Nope, no American stereotypes to see here. #RollsEyes
Wait, you're trying to tell me neither of them received Oscar nominations for their award-winning characterizations of southern women in charge of their sexuality? #RollsEyesAgain
And why do they have SOUTHERN ACCENTS WHEN THEY ARE FROM WISCONSIN?!?! THIS DOESN'T MAKE ANY SENSE.
For writing and performing a song that makes me ugly cry in the car whenever it comes up on my iPod because it made Emma Thompson ugly cry when she realizes her jerk husband is sleeping with his evil secretary.
I bet you think I'm going to rip into Mark because of the cue card scene.
Nope. I'm not gonna do it.
I think it's romantic. If you think the cue card scene makes him a stalker, YOU ARE WRONG AND YOU DON'T BELIEVE IN LOVE.
The ONLY reason Mark even has a spot on this listicle is because HE IS STUPID.
Now, this is fresh in my mind because I'm literally watching the movie on Comedy Central… But, just in case you forgot—
Horrible Juliet: I stopped by unexpectedly and am going to force you to like me by bringing Banoffee Pie and letting myself into your flat because me and Peter made a horrible choice in videographer for our wedding so I want to see the video you took for free!
Stupid Mark: Nope. No idea where that video went. Can't find it.
Mark, dude, you're an idiot. You played yourself.
For letting Laura Linney's character wear this hat to a wedding.
(Side note, I watched this movie twice on Saturday. I never knew a purple hat could cause me such rage.)
I know. I'm counting them as one person. But, they are pretty interchangeable.
This spot almost went to Miss Dunkin' Donuts 2003, but I love that bish.
And she gives great face.
So… like I said, Ant and Dec. Oh, I cannot tell a lie. This is really just a Miss Dunkin' Donuts 2003 appreciation post in disguise. See, I'm not a completely cynical bastard!
But if I must give a reason for Ant and Dec, let's just say Seacrest and Dunkleman you are NOT.
I feel like Billy Mack did when he beat Blue for the #1 Christmas hit in that movie Love Actually.
According to something I read on the Internet (and if you read it on the internet, it must be true), it was meant to be revealed that Rufus was, in fact, an angel.
Wait, wut?! Richard Curtis must've been smoking some pretty potent mistletoe laced with hallucinogenic reindeer antler if he thought that was going to be a good idea. Let's take a story (relatively) grounded in reality and add an angel. If he had done that, Rufus could've done all types of things to make this movie less sad. He could've resurrected Liam Neeson's wife. He could've messed with Sarah's phone signal so she could make sweet, passionate love to Karl. He could've written Colin Friggin' Frissell out of the script.
However, the internet is forever, and I just can't get the idea of a what a spectacularly crappy angel Rufus turns out to be.
I don't know. I like to think that the man upstairs would be a bit more direct with a man who is cheating on his wife with his secretary who literally DRESSES AS THE DEVIL FOR THE OFFICE HOLIDAY PARTY. Instead of making a Broadway-worthy performance of wrapping a horrifically ugly heart necklace, perhaps Rufus could've sprouted his wings, grabbed Alan Rickman by the coat lapels and screamed some sense into him.
Now, I know what you're going to say. "Eric, Rufus redeems himself by distracting the gate agent so Sam can run past and profess his love to Joanna."
Yes. Rufus does do that. However, his actions would theoretically have led to a complete security lockdown at Heathrow, thus disrupting MILLIONS of travelers' holiday plans… just so a kid can tell a girl he likes her.
Is he going to use his divine powers to get everyone to Grandma's house on time for her last Christmas when all of their flights are cancelled just so Sam can tell Joanna he loves her!?!?!
Yet again, another character who is pretty crappy at their job.
Let's set the scene.
It's 2003.
A college senior is on the cusp of discovering his sexuality.
A new company called Netflix will send DVDs (digital video discs) directly to this student's dorm room.
So, he requests Love Actually, a feel-good Christmas romance.
He gets comfy in his Twin XL bed to enjoy the fact that a DVD got sent DIRECTLY to his college mailbox AND he won't have to worry about insane Blockbuster late fees.
SPOILER ALERT – this college student is ME! Shocking twist, right?
I am also a die hard romantic at 21. I think my heart blackened and died around age 23?
So, I cannot WAIT for Laura Linney's Sarah to have her Dawson's Creek moment with the SMOLDERING and SEXY Karl, played by the SMOLDERING AND SEXY Rodrigo Santoro.
Who didn't realize they were a little bit, if not totally, gay after this?
But, NO. We don't get our happy ending. Sarah doesn't get her happy ending. Colin Friggin' Frissell gets his happy ending (in fact, it would appear he gets at least four). But not poor Sarah.
Why does Karl suck so much?
One, in this scene, he puts his clothes back on, rather than taking more off.
Two, he proceeds to totally disregard the fact that Sarah has taken an urgent phone call. Mid-hook up, when an emergency call has come in, at least have the heart to make sure everything is OK. But nope! nary a "How can I help?" to the woman who was just straddling you moments before.
Then, a few scenes later, Karl rolls up to Sarah's desk, when they are all alone in the office and merely says "Good night." That's it. Nothing more.
In a movie where pretty much everyone else gets who and what they want, Karl is absolutely one of the freakin' worst. What he should've done is figured out from Alan Rickman's Harry where Sarah was always going, and in a grand romantic gesture, show up to Sarah's brother's hospital to HELP HER. RIGHT?!??!
You know that's how you wanted that story to end. Admit it.
The one saving grace is he is still pretty with his shirt off, but pretty damn useless in Lost as Paolo. So, I guess if you want to ruin a TV show or movie with a useless character, hire Rodrigo Santoro.
Guys, you had to have known this was coming. Every time Colin Frissell is on screen, it's like nails on a chalkboard. I understand he is meant to provide some comic relief, but holy hell, it's evident that subtlety is not his strong suit. His main story line is that he is going to travel to America (Madison, Wisconsin specifically) to unleash his unique brand of sexual terror upon the masses. Mainly because no woman in Britain will sleep with him.
Let's review a sampling of some of the things he says to or around the women of Britain—
"I am Colin. God of sex. I'm just on the wrong continent, that's all."
In the middle of the airport: "Watch out, America. Here comes Colin Frissell… and he's got a big knob."
"I'm on shag highway heading west."
"Try my lovely nuts." This is said to a woman in the office where he delivers sandwiches.
"Beautiful muffin for a beautiful lady." Said, again, in the same office.
Not to mention his horrible attempt at picking up Nancy, the horrible wedding caterer. And he even tries to hit on Mia, and you know she isn't having it.
How is ANY of this acceptable? Sure, 2003 was a simpler time… but sexual harassment was still a thing.
I hate you Colin Friggin' Frissell. You make me cringe. You're not charming. You're not funny. Your accent DOES NOT make you more attractive. You are the farthest thing from what I imagine a God of Sex to be like. The only God of Sex in Love Actually is Karl. Or at least we are all left imagining what he would be like in bed because of Sarah's damn phone.
Colin Friggin' Frissell, go say "bottle" and "straw" somewhere else.
I don't think I need to go too much in this one. But this right here is why he's the worst—
Not to mention, he did THIS to Emma Thompson. And whenever I watch the damn scene, I ugly cry too. So, congratulations Alan Rickman as Harry, you made us ALL ugly cry for Christmas.
And the necklace he got for Mia was ugly as sin. I'm not going to condone cheating, but if you are getting something for your mistress, maybe it shouldn't look like a piece of papier mache noodle art. But that's just me I guess.
Harry is so horrible, I actually feel sympathy for Professor Snape and Hans Gruber.
Sure, Harry is bad but MIA IS THE ABSOLUTE WORST.
Look at her. She's just so… smug… and homewreck-y. If you haven't seen the movie, in this scene, she opens her legs to convince her boss that she wants a "Christmas gift." Real subtle there, Mia.
Now, I know full well that Harry and Mia both choose to engage in this affair and ruin a marriage. Perhaps you may think I am clearly allowing my gender bias to influence my rankings.
I OBJECT! A lady friend of mine turned to me immediately during this scene and outright demand that Mia be #1 on this list. SO THERE. I dislike homewreckers equally. And if this ranking really ruffles your candy canes, feel free to switch them up in your mind. Feel free to debate it over Christmas dinner with your drunk Republican uncle!
Let's also review the fact that she dresses up as SATAN for the office Christmas party. First, Halloween was two months ago, lady. Second, don't @ me trying to defend a woman who cosplays as the Prince of Darkness to celebrate the holidays with her co-workers.
We are going to ignore the fact that MARK—yes, cue card MARK—is her date to the party. She completely ignores him so she can make her move on Harry, in plain sight of Karen.
What the HELL, lady?! You.are.horrible!
Apparently, Harry did give her the gold spray-painted macaroni necklace, and she wears it like a predator proudly displaying the teeth of her victims around her neck.
She even flirts a little with the Prime Minister when he accidentally shows up at her door. Girrrrrrrlllllll…I'm all about being confident in your sexuality, but you've already ruined one marriage, try not to the ruin the whole of Great Britain.
Thank you for sticking with me. It's good to know I have, like, two people across the far reaches of the Internet universe who enjoy my writing AND Love Actually as much as I do. But it's time to wrap this up, because come 2 P.M., I'll be as drunk and tired as Mariah Carey at an egg nog tasting. Sometimes, when I drink too much holiday cheer, I find the nearest gingerbread village and pretend I'm Godzilla…and then pass out in the ruins.
So whether you love or hate Love Actually, you need to admit there are some pretty horrible people peppered through the Christmas classic. I am firmly in the "love" category, but as mentioned, the cynicism that comes with living through the dumpster fire that is 2017 has made this all possible.
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year!
A candy cane for Glenn Coco and all of you…and none for Gretchen Wieners (or Mia)… bye.


text:
Just a few days before the end of the year, U.S. President Donald Trump signed into law the Agriculture Improvement Act, best known as the "2018 Farm Bill". This new piece of legislation is set to allow American farmers to plant and harvest hemp plants without restrictions, making hemp and hemp-derived CBD products federally legal across all 50 states.
While a 2014 provision was the first to distinguish between industrial hemp and marijuana, allowing universities and agricultural programs to grow and study hemp in controlled environments, several states have passed less strict regulations that have allowed CBD companies to enter the market even while their activities remained illegal under federal law.
The 2018 Farm Bill is set to eliminate the conflict between federal and state law, opening the door to a multi-million-dollar market in the United States. According to Forbes, it is expected that the CBD market will grow up to 4000% of its current size by 2022. With more scientific studies backing the effectiveness of this hemp derivate, the growth of online sales channels and this new legislation, the future seems more brilliant than ever before for hemp farmers and CBD manufacturers across the U.S.
CBD vs Marijuana
The legal difference between marijuana and hemp is that, while both are derivates from the cannabis plant, the latter contains less than 0.3 percent of Tetrahydrocannabinol. This component, best known as THC, is responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis. Hemp, therefore, does not cause the "high" sensation commonly associated with marijuana but has nonetheless being caught in the wide federal prohibition of the plant.
In 2005, Raul Grijalva, Jim Dermott and other members of the United States House of Representatives submitted the Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2005 with the objective of excluding industrial hemp from the federal definition of marijuana. While the bill was rejected at the time, it was re-introduced under the Agricultural Act of 2014 and can be considered the basis of the most recent legislation.
What Changes with the 2018 United States Farm Bill?
While some have defined the bill as the final step towards the legalization of hemp, it is important to keep in mind that several restrictions are still in place. From January 1, 2019, prospective growers must submit a request to the United States Department of Agriculture stating their cultivation plans and guaranteeing that their crops do not contain more than 0.3% THC.
On the positive side, hemp growers registered in the USDA will be eligible to receive insurance coverage under the Federal Crop Insurance Act. Cited by the Boston Globe, NORML Deputy Director Paul Armentano defined the 2018 United States Farm Bill as the first change in the federal definition of cannabis since World War II.
Boosting a Booming Industry
While the recently passed Farm Bill is a huge step for hemp to be legal at a federal level, it is no secret that CBD is already a big business in many states of the U.S. In California, companies such as Eaze are already shipping hemp-derived CBD products to more than 40 states. According to the Brightfield Group, the CBD industry in the United States is worth $591 million in 2018. Keeping in mind that hemp was being grown in a gray area between state and federal laws, this number is expected to grow substantially with the introduction of the 2018 Farm Bill.
Everything considered, 2019 seems to be a bright year for the CBD industry. Not only is federal legislation responsible for this, but it also increased social awareness on the properties of cannabidiol. More people around the world and in the United States are starting to realize the potential of hemp and the differences between CBD and marijuana. While long overdue, the passing of the 2018 Farm Bill is a step in the right direction which will not only allow the legal growth of industrial hemp but also add to the ongoing awareness of it by the American society.


text:
Circa 1971, home for sale in Free Union, VA. Blue Ridge Mountain views on two sides. Keep this quaint home as multiple units or turn it back into one large home. The brick rancher consists of 2 units; with easy access to open up into one home. The left side has 1 bedroom on the main level with 3 bonus rooms in the basement, of which 2 are being used as bedrooms, 2 full bathrooms, 2 kitchens, and laundry. The right side has 2 bedrooms with attached bathrooms. One bedroom is currently being used as a den. The land is a great space for cattle, horses, grazing, and farming. $1,200,000.
Always use a savvy Charlottesville realtor (since 2003) and get the correct comps when you decide to make an offer on any Charlottesville homes.
Toby Beavers Charlottesville Realtor


text:
Journal of Curriculum Studies (ISSN: 1735-4986)
PublisherThe Curriculum Studies Association
IF(Impact Factor)2023 Evaluation Pending
DescriptionJournal of Curriculum Studies (J.C.S) is the first scientific research journal in the field of curriculum planning in Iran. The journal's owner is the Curriculum Studies Association. The first issue of the journal was published in winter 2005. In this fourteen-year period, Dr. Mahmoud MehrMohammadi first served as editor-in-chief from 2005 to 2009 (Nos. 1 to 14) and then Dr. Nematollah Mousapour from 2009 to the present (Nos. 15 to 55).
Frequency of publication and language of publication:
The periodicity of the publication is quarterly. The editors of the journal receive and publish original and complete scientific-research articles and review articles that have been in line with the journal's priorities and have not yet been published in any other journals, conferences, or books, following an initial review and adjudication precise process. Also, the introduction and critique of curriculum textbooks is accepted if presented in the journal template. The main language of publication is Persian including detailed abstract in English. Therefore, this journal is ready to receive articles from various researchers from all over the country in their respective fields. However, due to the policies of the journal's authorities for the presence of the journal in prestigious scientific bases, the journal is prepared to receive and review complete scientific articles in English to obtain permission to publish them in a special letter and or publish specific numbers.
The most important policies of the Journal:
To accomplish the mentioned goals, they were announced under three titles: "Trying to Review Works," "Focusing on Scientific Criteria for Reviewing Articles," and "Announcing Priorities and Areas of Priority for Paper Production."
Priorities (areas) of the journal in attracting articles:
The writing priorities of the journal are presented under three general titles and twenty-five sub-titles.
General main Topics:
ـ Priorities related to the curriculum area
- Priorities related to different areas of education
ـ Priorities related to social trends or issues
Last modified: 2020-03-27 19:58:17


text:
14 May 2019 08:02

Want Your Carpet Cleaned? An ideal Firm May help

Generally, the best cleaning brokers and most time put in to scrub a carpet will not be enough. If you find yourself preventing towards stains that you can't get out, strive calling a carpet cleaning business! Read this article to help discover the precise folks for you, and get the carpet you want!

Vacuum and shampoo your carpets ceaselessly: a minimum of as soon as every 5 - 7 days. Nearly all of dirt and debris that's visible on your carpets continues to be loose and will be easily eliminated with a fast run of the vacuum cleaner. The longer you depart it on the flooring, the harder will probably be to take away.

Inquire in regards to the charges they cost to move furniture. Many companies won't tell you this right away, however lots of them charge fees if they have to move your furniture in order to scrub your carpet. It will save you a bit of cash in the event you take away all of the furnishings your self before they get there.

Before hiring an organization to wash your carpets, be sure that they've a solid fame. Ensure that the corporate has references and people who can again them up. An excellent carpet cleaner will have interior designers, realtors and a handful of different sources that will be capable to make a suggestion.

When hiring a carpet cleansing company, make sure you perform some research and discover one which has a superb fame. Speak to your folks and family to seek out one who worked for them. That is an efficient place to start. If you happen to do not know anybody who has used a carpet cleansing firm, search online for opinions from others who have used a service up to now.

When you have a grease stain in your rug, sprinkle some flour on it and place a chunk of paper over the flour. This course of will pull the grease out of the carpet and onto the paper inside 30 minutes. Act instantly when this happens, as you do not want the grease to set in.

Most carpet cleansing corporations don't get business by making telephone calls to individuals they have no idea. Subsequently, in Using Inexperienced Alternatives On your Carpet Cleaning receive a name, remember to completely examine the corporate to guantee that they are respected. Look on-line to see if they have a web site and if there are any buyer testimonials listed.

Examine your vacuum repeatedly. Your vacuum will be more environment friendly if you keep it clear and exchange bags or filters as often as needed. Take you vacuum apart to wash the dust that accumulates inside and verify how full the bag is. In case you have had the identical vacuum for years, consider changing it with a more recent model.

On the subject of how your carpets are cleaned, companies will differ on the strategies they offer. For example, some companies use a dry chemical to extract dirt from carpet fibers, allowing it to then be vacuumed up by their powerful tools. That is greatest for pure carpets, like cotton.

At all times compare the costs of carpet cleaning firms earlier than selecting one to wash your carpets. Most companies offer competitive pricing, nevertheless it doesn't mean they're your most beneficial or best reviewed. Take Successful Specialists Share Their Hiring A Carpet Cleaner Recommendation With You of minutes to compare corporations on different ranges earlier than making your last determination of who to rent.

Prior to hiring a sure company to clean your carpets, do as much research on them as you'll be able to. Learn to Make Your Tired Carpet Look New means checking them out on the BBB's website and on the lookout for online evaluations. You need to make sure you might be getting the best service potential for the cash you'll spend.

Never use a brand new product in your carpeting with out testing it first. Some chemicals could cause staining on sure carpets, and others may degrade the material. Always test a spot in a nook and let it sit for a few hours earlier than you utilize it to scrub a stain so that you do not danger ruining your carpet completely.

When you find yourself steam cleansing your carpet, fill the water container with scorching water. This can help the device to create steam sooner, whereas saving you time as properly. When you find yourself done cleansing, rinse out your device with hot water to disinfect and get rid of all germs and bacteria.

When creating your record of inquiries to ask, you'll must touch on all the essential bases. For example, does the corporate have insurance coverage and can they provide you proof when they arrive? What are Providing you with The recommendation You Need About Carpet Cleansing With An awesome Article Below cost, each fundamental and for extra companies, and will they offer you a written list of them?

Ask your skilled carpet cleaners to pre-deal with any drawback spots in your home. This pre-treatment is a special stain remover that may get deep into the fibers of the carpet and permit them to be cleaned simpler. While there is typically an additional value for this service, it results in much cleaner carpets and is properly value your money.

Stay alert for bait and change strategies that sure carpet cleansing corporations employ. Some cleaning firms gives you a very good value, but once they're done with the job they add on extra fees and charges. You're certain to be shocked by these unexpected expenses.

Earlier than you consider replacing stained or in any other case broken carpet, name a carpet cleaning enterprise to see if they may also help. They are experts in the world, and may prevent some money! Remember these tips subsequent time you end up with a carpet that you just cannot clear by yourself.