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OOP vs type classes
(this is just a sketch now. feel free to edit/comment it. i will include information you provided into the final version of this tutorial)
I'm almost not used type classes in my application programs, but when I'd gone to implement general-purpose libraries and tried to maintain as much flexibility as possible, it was natural to start build large and complex class hierarchies. I tried to use my C++ experience when doing this but I was many times bitten by the type classes restrictions. Now I think that I have better feeling and mind model for type classes and want to share it with other Haskellers, especially ones having OOP backgrounds.
Brian Hulley provided us the program that emulates OOP in Haskell - as you can see, it's much larger than equivalent C++ program. Equivalent Haskell to C++ translation should be even longer :)
Everything is object?
You all know this OOP motto - "everything is object". While I program in C++, it was really hard to do it without classes. But when I, the same John de Mac-Lee programmer, use Haskell, it's hard to find open vacancies for type classes. Why it is so much difference?
C++ classes pack functions together with data and make it possible to use different data representations via the same interface. As long as you need any of these facilities, you are forced to use classes. Although C++ supports alternative ways to implement such functionality (function pointers, discriminated unions), these are not so damn handy as classes. Classes also the sole method to hide implementation details. Moreover, classes represent handy way to group related functionality together, so i found myself sometimes developing class containing only static functions just to group them into some 'package'. It's damn useful to browse structure of large C++ project in terms of classes instead of individual functions.
But Haskell provides another solutions for all these problems.
Type with several representations: use algebraic data type (ADT)
For the types with different representations, algebraic data types (ADT), an analog of discriminated unions, are supported:
data Point = FloatPoint Float Float
| IntPoint Int Int
Haskell provides very easy way to build/analyze them:
coord :: Point -> (Float, Float)
coord (FloatPoint x y) = (x,y)
coord (IntPoint x y) = (realToFrac x, realToFrac y)
main = do print (coord (FloatPoint 1 2))
print (coord (IntPoint 1 2))
So ADTs in general are preferred in Haskell over the type class-based solution of the same problem:
class Point a where
coord :: a -> (Float, Float)
data FloatPoint = FloatPoint Float Float
instance Point FloatPoint where
coord (FloatPoint x y) = (x,y)
data IntPoint = IntPoint Int Int
instance Point IntPoint where
coord (IntPoint x y) = (realToFrac x, realToFrac y)
You can also imagine all the C++ machinery what is required to implement analog of our 5 lines ADT-based solution to say that objects are not so great as you thought before :D Of course, C++ classes are usually much larger but that's again Haskell benefit - it's so easy to define types/functions that you may use much finer granularity.
#include <algorithm> #include <iostream> using namespace std; struct Point { pair<float,float> coord(); }; struct FloatPoint : Point { float x, y; FloatPoint (float _x, float _y) { x=_x; y=_y; } pair<float,float> coord() { return make_pair(x,y); } }; struct IntPoint : Point { int x, y; IntPoint (int _x, int _y) { x=_x; y=_y; } pair<float,float> coord() { return make_pair(x,y); } }; main () { cout << FloatPoint(1,2).coord(); cout << IntPoint(1,2).coord(); }
As you see, ADTs together with type inference makes Haskell program about 2 times smaller than its C++ equivalent.
Packing data & functions together: use (records of) closures
Another very typical classes usage is to pack data together with one or more functions to proceed them and pass this bunch to some function. Then this function can call these functions to implement some functionality and don't bother how it is internally implemented. Hopefully Haskell provides better way to implement this - you can directly pass any functions as parameters to other functions. Moreover, you can construct passed functions on-the-fly and capture in these definitions values of identifiers available at the call place, creating so-called closures. In this way, you construct something like object on-the-fly and don't even need a type class:
do x <- newIORef 0
proc (modifyIORef x (+1), readIORef x)
Here, we passed to proc two routines - one that increments value of counter and another that reads its current value. Another call to proc that uses counter with locking, might look as:
do x <- newMVar 0
proc (modifyMVar x (+1), readMVar x)
Here, proc may be defined as:
proc :: (IO (), IO Int) -> IO ()
proc (inc, read) = do { inc; inc; inc; read >>= print }
i.e. it receive two abstract operations whose implementation may vary in different calls to proc and call them without any knowledge of implementation details. The equivalent C++ code look as:
struct Counter { void inc(); int read(); }; struct SimpleCounter : Counter { int n; SimpleCounter () { n=0; } void inc() { n++; } int read() { return n; } }; void proc (Counter c) { c.inc(); c.inc(); c.inc(); cout << c.read(); }
And again, Haskell code is much more simple and straightforward - we don't need to declare classes, operations, their types - we just pass to the proc implementation of operations it need. Look at http://haskell.org/haskellwiki/IO_inside#Example:_returning_an_IO_action_as_a_result and following sections to find more examples of using closures instead of OOP classes.
Hiding implementation details: use module export list
One more usage of OOP classes is to hide implementation details, making internal data/functions inaccessible to class clients. Unfortunately, this functionality is not part of type class facilities. Instead, you should use the sole Haskell method of implementation hiding - module export list:
module Stack (Stack, empty, push, pop, top, isEmpty) where
newtype Stack a = Stk [a]
empty = Stk []
push x (Stk xs) = Stk (x:xs)
pop (Stk (x:xs)) = Stk xs
top (Stk (x:xs)) = x
isEmpty (Stk xs) = null xs
Since the constructor for the data type Stack is hidden (the export list would say Stack(Stk) if it were exposed), outside of this module a stack can only be built from operations empty, push and pop, and examined with top and isEmpty.
Dividing whole program into classes and using their hierarchy to represent entire program structure is a great instrument for OOP languages. Unfortunately, it's again impossible in Haskell. Instead, program structure typically rendered in module hierarchy and inside module - in its export list. Although Haskell language don't provide facilities to describe hierarchical structure inside of module, we had another tool to do it - Haddock, a de-facto standard documentation tool.
module System.Stream.Instance (
-- * File is a file stream
-- ** Functions that open files
openFile, -- open file in text mode
openBinaryFile, -- open file in binary mode
-- ** Standard file handles
-- * MemBuf is a memory buffer stream
-- ** Functions that open MemBuf
createMemBuf, -- create new MemBuf
createContiguousMemBuf, -- create new contiguous MemBuf
openMemBuf, -- use memory area as MemBuf
) where
Here, Haddock will build documentation for module looking at its export list. The export list will be divided into sections (whose headers given with "-- *") and subsections (given with "-- **"). As the result, module documentation reflect its structure without using classes for this purpose.
Type classes is a sort of templates, not classes
At this moment C++/C#/Java languages has classes and templates/generics. What is a difference? With a class, type information carried with object itself while with templates it's outside of object and is part of the whole operation.
For example, if == operation is defined in a class, the actual procedure called for a==b may depend on run-time type of 'a' but if it is defined in template, actual procedure depends only on template instantiated (and determined at compile time).
Haskell's objects don't carry run-time type information. Instead, class constraint for polymorphic operation passed in form of "dictionary" implementing all operations of the class (there are also other implementation techniques, but this don't matter). For example,
eqList :: (Eq a) => [a] -> [a] -> Bool
translated into:
type EqDictionary a = (a->a->Bool, a->a->Bool)
eqList :: EqDictionary a -> [a] -> [a] -> Bool
where first parameter is "dictionary" containing implementation of "==" and "/=" operations for objects of type 'a'. If there are several class constraints, dictionary for each is passed.
If class has base class(es), the dictionary tuple also includes tuples of base classes dictionaries:
class Eq a => Cmp a where
cmp :: a -> a -> Ordering
cmpList :: (Cmp a) => [a] -> [a] -> Ordering
turns into:
type CmpDictionary a = (eqDictionary a, a -> a -> Ordering)
cmpList :: CmpDictionary a -> [a] -> [a] -> Bool
Comparing to C++, this is like the templates, not classes! As with templates, typing information is part of operation, not object! But while C++ templates are really form of macro-processing (like Template Haskell) and at last end generates non-polymorphic code, Haskell's using of dictionaries allows run-time polymorphism (explanation of run-time polymorphism?).
Moreover, Haskell type classes supports inheritance. Run-time polymorphism together with inheritance are often seen as OOP distinctive points, so during long time I considered type classes as a form of OOP implementation. But that's wrong! Haskell type classes build on different basis, so they are like C++ templates with added inheritance and run-time polymorphism! And this means that usage of type classes is different from using classes, with its own strong and weak points.
Type classes vs classes
Here is a brief listing of differences between OOP classes and Haskell type classes
Type classes is like interfaces/abstract classes, not classes itself
There is no data fields inheritance and data fields itself (so type classes more like to interfaces than to classes itself)....
For those more familiar with Java/C# rather than C++, type classes resemble interfaces more than the classes. In fact, the generics in those languages capture the notion of parametric polymorphism (but Haskell is a language that takes parametric polymorphism quite seriously, so you can expect a fair amount of type gymnastics when dealing with Haskell), so more precisely, type classes are like generic interfaces.
Why interface, and not class? Mostly because type classes do not implement the methods themselves, they just guarantee that the actual types that instantiate the type class will implement specific methods. So the types are like classes in Java/C#.
One added twist: type classes can decide to provide default implementation of some methods (using other methods). You would say, then they are sort of like abstract classes. Right. But at the same time, you cannot extend (inherit) multiple abstract classes, can you?
So a type class is sort of like a contract: "any type that instantiates this type class will have the following functions defined on them..." but with the added advantage that you have type parameters built-in, so:
class Eq a where
(==) :: a -> a -> Bool
(/=) :: a -> a -> Bool
-- let's just implement one function in terms of the other
x /= y = not (x == y)
is, in a Java-like language:
interface Eq<A> {
boolean equal(A that); boolean notEqual(A that) { // default, can be overriden return !equal(that); }
And the "instance TypeClass ParticularInstance where ..." definition means "ParticularInstance implements TypeClass { ... }", now, multiple parameter type classes, of course, cannot be interpreted this way.
Type can appear at any place in function signature
Type can appear at any place in function signature: be any parameter, inside parameter, in a list (possibly empty), or in a result
class C a where
f :: a -> Int
g :: Int -> a -> Int
h :: Int -> (Int,a) -> Int
i :: [a] -> Int
j :: Int -> a
new :: a
It's even possible to define instance-specific constants (look at 'new').
If function value is instance-specific, OOP programmer will use "static" method while with type classes you need to use fake parameter:
class FixedSize a where
sizeof :: a -> Int
instance FixedSize Int8 where
sizeof _ = 1
instance FixedSize Int16 where
sizeof _ = 2
main = do print (sizeof (undefined::Int8))
print (sizeof (undefined::Int16))
Inheritance between interfaces
Inheritance between interfaces (in "class" declaration) means inclusion of base class dictionaries in dictionary of subclass:
class (Show s, Monad m s) => Stream m s where
sClose :: s -> m ()
type StreamDictionary m s = (ShowDictionary s, MonadDictionary m s, s->m())
There is upcasting mechanism, it just extracts dictionary of a base class from a dictionary tuple, so you can run function that requires base class from a function that requires subclass:
f :: (Stream m s) => s -> m String
show :: (Show s) => s -> String
f s = return (show s)
But downcasting is absolutely impossible - there is no way to get subclass dictionary from a superclass one
Inheritance between instances
Inheritance between instances (in "instance" declaration) means that operations of some class can be executed via operations of other class, i.e. such declaration describe a way to compute dictionary of inherited class via functions from dictionary of base class:
class Eq a where
(==) :: a -> a -> Bool
class Cmp a where
cmp :: a -> a -> Ordering
instance (Cmp a) => Eq a where
a==b = cmp a b == EQ
creates the following function:
cmpDict2EqDict :: CmpDictionary a -> EqDictionary a
cmpDict2EqDict (cmp) = (\a b -> cmp a b == EQ)
This results in that any function that receives dictionary for Cmp class can call functions that require dictionary of Eq class
Downcasting is a mission impossible
Selection between instances are done at compile-time, based only on information present at this moment. So don't expect that more concrete instance will be selected just because you passed this concrete datatype to the function which accepts some general class:
class Foo a where
foo :: a -> String
instance (Num a) => Foo a where
foo _ = "Num"
instance Foo Int where
foo _ = "int"
f :: (Num a) => a -> String
f = foo
main = do print (foo (1::Int))
print (f (1::Int))
Here, the first call will return "int", but second - only "Num". this can be easily justified by using dictionary-based translation as described above. After you've passed data to polymorphic procedure it's type is completely lost, there is only dictionary information, so instance for Int can't be applied. The only way to construct Foo dictionary is by calculating it from Num dictionary using the first instance.
There is only one dictionary per function call
For "eqList :: (Eq a) => [a] -> [a] -> Bool" types of all elements in list must be the same, and types of both arguments must be the same too - there is only one dictionary and it know how to handle variables of only one concrete type!
Existential variables is more like OOP objects
Existential variables pack dictionary together with variable (looks very like the object concept!) so it's possible to create polymorphic containers (i.e. holding variables of different types). But downcasting is still impossible. Also, existentials still don't allow to mix variables of different types in a call to some polymorhic operation (their personal dictionaries still built for variables of one concrete type):
data HasCmp = forall a. Cmp a => HasCmp a
sorted :: [HasCmp] -> Ordering
sorted [] = True
sorted [_] = True
sorted (HasCmp a : HasCmp b : xs) = a<=b && sorted (b:xs)
This code will not work - a<=b can use nor 'a' nor 'b' dictionary. Even if orderings for apples and penguins are defined, we still don't have a method to compare penguin with apple!
Other opinions
> Roughly Haskell type classes correspond to parameterized abstract > classes in C++ (i.e. class templates with virtual functions > representing the operations). Instance declarations correspond to > derivation and implementations of those parameterized classes.
There is a major difference though, in C++ (or java, or sather, or c#, etc..) the dictionary is always attached to the value, the actual class data type you pass around. in haskell, the dictionary is passed separately and the appropriae one is infered by the type system. C++ doesn't infer, it just assumes everything will be carying around its dictionary with it.
this makes haskell classes signifigantly more powerful in many ways.
class Num a where
(+) :: a -> a -> a
is imposible to express in OO classes, since both arguments to + necessarily carry their dictionaries with them, there is no way to statically guarentee they have the same one. Haskell will pass a single dictionary that is shared by both types so it can handle this just fine.
in haskell you can do
class Monoid a where
mempty :: a
in OOP, this cannot be done because where does the dicionary come from? since dictionaries are always attached to a concrete class, every method must take at least one argument of the class type (in fact, exactly one, as I'll show below). In haskell again, this is not a problem since the dictionary is passed in by the consumer of 'mempty', mempty need not conjure one out of thin air.
In fact, OO classes can only express single parameter type classes where the type argument appears exactly once in strictly covariant position. in particular, it is pretty much always the first argument and often (but not always) named 'self' or 'this'.
class HasSize a where
getSize :: a -> Int
can be expressed in OO, 'a' appears only once, as its first argument.
Now, another thing OO classes can do is they give you the ability to create existential collections (?) of objects. as in, you can have a list of things that have a size. In haskell, the ability to do this is independent of the class (which is why haskell classes can be more powerful) and is appropriately named existential types.
data Sized = exists a . HasSize a => Sized a
what does this give you? you can now create a list of things that have a size [Sized] yay!
and you can declare an instance for sized, so you can use all your methods on it.
instance HasSize Sized where
getSize (Sized a) = getSize a
an exisential, like Sized, is a value that is passed around with its dictionary in tow, as in, it is an OO class! I think this is where people get confused when comparing OO classes to haskell classes. _there is no way to do so without bringing existentials into play_. OO classes are inherently existential in nature.
so, an OO abstract class declaration declares the equivalent of 3 things in haskell: a class to establish the mehods, an existential type to carry the values about, and an instance of the class for the exisential type.
an OO concrete class declares all of the above plus a data declaration for some concrete representation.
OO classes can be perfectly (even down to the runtime representation!) emulated in Haskell, but not vice versa. since OO languages tie class declarations to existentials, they are limited to only the intersection of their capabilities, because haskell has separate concepts for them, each is independently much much more powerful.
data CanApply = exists a b . CanApply (a -> b) a (b -> a)
is an example of something that cannot be expressed in OO, existentials are limited to having exactly a single value since they are tied to a single dictionary
class Num a where
(+) :: a -> a -> a
zero :: a
negate :: a -> a
cannot be expressed in OO, because there is no way to pass in the same dicionary for two elements, or for a returning value to conjure up a dictionary out of thin air. (if you are not convinced, try writing a 'Number' existential and making it an instance of Num and it will be clear why it is not possible)
negate is an interesting one, there is no technical reason it cannot be implemented in OO languages, but none seem to actually support it.
so, when comparing, remember an OO class always cooresponds to a haskell class + a related haskell existential.
incidentally, an extension I am working on is to allow
data Sized = exists a . HasSize a => Sized a
which would have the obvious interpretation, obviously it would only work under the same limitations as OO classes have, but it would be a simple way for haskell programs to declare OO style classes if they so choose.
(actually, it is still signifigantly more powerful than OO classes since you can derive many instances, and even declare your own for classes that don't meet the OO consraints, also, your single class argument need not appear as the first one. it can appear in any strictly covarient position, and it can occur as often as you want in contravariant ones!)
Type classes correspond to parameterized abstract classes (Gabriel Dos Reis)
| > Roughly Haskell type classes correspond to parameterized abstract | > classes in C++ (i.e. class templates with virtual functions | > representing the operations). Instance declarations correspond to | > derivation and implementations of those parameterized classes. | | There is a major difference though, in C++ (or java, or sather, or c#, | etc..) the dictionary is always attached to the value, the actual class | data type you pass around.
I suspect that most of the confusion come from the fact that people believe just because virtual functions are attached to objects, they cannot attach them to operations outside classes. That, to my surprise, hints at a deeper misappreciation of both type classes and so-called "OO" technology. Type classes are more OO than one might realize.
The dictionary can be attached to the operations (not just to the values) by using objects local to functions (which sort of matierialize the dictionary). Consider
// Abstract class for a collection of classes that implement // the "Num" mathematical structure template<typename T> struct Num { virtual T add(T, T) const = 0; };
// Every type must specialize this class template to assert // membership to the "Num" structure. template<typename T> struct Num_instance;
// The operation "+" is defined for any type that belongs to "Num". // Notice, membership is asserted aby specializing Num_instance<>. template<typename T> T operator+(T lhs, T rhs) { const Num_instance<T> instance; return instance.add(lhs, rhs); }
// "Foo" is in "Num" struct Num_instance<Foo> : Num<Foo> { Foo add(Foo a, Foo b) const { ... } };
The key here is in the definition of operator+ which is just a formal name for the real operation done by instance.add().
I appreciate that inferring and building the dictionary (represented here by the "instance" local to operator+<T>) is done automatically by the Haskell type system. That is one of the reasons why the type class notation is a nice sugar. However, that should not distract from its deerper OO semantics.
| in haskell you can do | | class Monoid a where | mempty :: a | | in OOP, this cannot be done because where does the dicionary come from?
See above. I believe a key in my suggestion was "paramaterized abstract classes", not just "abstract classes".
Haskell emulation of OOP inheritance with record extension
Brian Hulley provided us the code that shows how OOP inheritance can be emulated in Haskell. His translation method supports data fields inheritance, although don't supports downcasting.
> although i mentioned not only pluses but also drawbacks of type > classes: lack of record extension mechanisms (such at that implemented > in O'Haskell) and therefore inability to reuse operation > implementation in an derived data type...
You can reuse ops in a derived data type but it involves a tremendous amount of boilerplate. Essentially, you just use the type classes to simulate extendable records by having a method in each class that accesses the fixed-length record corresponding to that particular C++ class.
Here is an example (apologies for the length!) which shows a super class function being overridden in a derived class and a derived class method (B::Extra) making use of something implemented in the super class:
module Main where
{- Haskell translation of the following C++
class A {
String s;
Int i;
A(String s, Int i) s(s), i(i){}
virtual void Display(){
printf("A %s %d\n", s.c_str(), i);
virtual Int Reuse(){
return i * 100;
class B: public A{
Char c;
B(String s, Int i, Char c) : A(s, i), c(c){}
virtual void Display(){
printf("B %s %d %c", s.c_str(), i, c);
virtual void Extra(){
printf("B Extra %d\n", Reuse());
data A = A
{ _A_s :: String
, _A_i :: Int
-- This could do arg checking etc
constructA :: String -> Int -> A
constructA = A
class ClassA a where
getA :: a -> A
display :: a -> IO ()
display a = do
A{_A_s = s, _A_i = i} = getA a
putStrLn $ "A " ++ s ++ show i
reuse :: a -> Int
reuse a = _A_i (getA a) * 100
data WrapA = forall a. ClassA a => WrapA a
instance ClassA WrapA where
getA (WrapA a) = getA a
display (WrapA a) = display a
reuse (WrapA a) = reuse a
instance ClassA A where
getA = id
data B = B { _B_A :: A, _B_c :: Char }
constructB :: String -> Int -> Char -> B
constructB s i c = B {_B_A = constructA s i, _B_c = c}
class ClassA b => ClassB b where
getB :: b -> B
extra :: b -> IO ()
extra b = do
putStrLn $ "B Extra " ++ show (reuse b)
data WrapB = forall b. ClassB b => WrapB b
instance ClassB WrapB where
getB (WrapB b) = getB b
extra (WrapB b) = extra b
instance ClassA WrapB where
getA (WrapB b) = getA b
display (WrapB b) = display b
reuse (WrapB b) = reuse b
instance ClassB B where
getB = id
instance ClassA B where
getA = _B_A
-- override the base class version
display b = putStrLn $
"B " ++ _A_s (getA b)
++ show (_A_i (getA b))
++ [_B_c (getB b)]
main :: IO ()
main = do
a = constructA "a" 0
b = constructB "b" 1 '*'
col = [WrapA a, WrapA b]
mapM_ display col
putStrLn ""
mapM_ (putStrLn . show . reuse) col
putStrLn ""
extra b
{- Output:
> ghc -fglasgow-exts --make Main
> main
A a0
B b1*
B Extra 100
(If the "caseless underscore" Haskell' ticket is accepted the leading underscores would have to be replaced by something like "_f" ie _A_s ---> _fA_s etc)
Type class system extensions
Brief list of extensions, their abbeviated names and compatibility level
- Constructor classes (Haskell'98)
- MPTC: multi-parameter type classes (Hugs/GHC extension)
- FD: functional dependencies (Hugs/GHC extension)
- AT: associated types (GHC 6.6 only)
- Overlapped, undecidable and incoherent instances (Hugs/GHC extension)
The paper that at first time introduced type classes and their implementation using dictionaries was Philip Wadler and Stephen Blott "How to make ad-hoc polymorphism less ad-hoc" (http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/papers/class/class.ps.gz)
You can find more papers on the Type classes page.
I thanks Ralf Lammel and Klaus Ostermann for their paper "Software Extension and Integration with Type Classes" (http://homepages.cwi.nl/~ralf/gpce06/) which prompts me to start thinking about differences between OOP and type classes instead of their similarities


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Real Property Management Seacoast New Hampshire provides each property owner a password-protected online account for easy access to financial reports any time you need.

subset: commoncrawl


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Privacy Policy
About Us
Audience Store Limited ("We") are committed to protecting and respecting your privacy.
This policy (together with our terms of use and any other documents referred to on it) sets out the basis on which any personal data we collect from you, or that you provide to us, will be processed by us. Please read the following carefully to understand our views and practices regarding your personal data and how we will treat it. By visiting www.audiencestore.co.uk you are accepting and consenting to the practices described in this policy.
For the purpose of the Data Protection Act 1998 (the Act), and any applicable laws which replace the Data Protection Act 1998, including but not limited to the General Data Protection Regulation (the GDPR), the data controller is Audience Store Limited of Sheraton House, 14 Great Chapel Street, London W1F 8EL.
Information we collect from you
We will collect and process the following data about you:
- Information you give us. This is information about you that you might provide us by filling in forms on our site www.audiencestore.co.uk or by corresponding with us by phone, e-mail or otherwise.
- Information we collect about you.With regard to each of your visits to our site we will automatically collect the following information:
- Technical information, including the Internet protocol (IP) address used to connect your computer to the Internet, browser type and version, time zone setting, browser plug-in types and versions, operating system and platform,
- Information about your visit, including the full Uniform Resource Locators (URL), clickstream to, through and from our site (including date and time), products you viewed or searched for, page response times, download errors, length of visits to certain pages, page interaction information (such as scrolling, clicks, and mouse-overs), methods used to browse away from the page, and any phone number used to call our customer service number.
Our website uses cookies to distinguish you from other users of our website. This helps us to optimise your user experience when you browse our website and also allows us to improve our site. For detailed information on the cookies we use and the purposes for which we use them see our cookies policy.
Uses made of the information
We use information held about you in the following ways:
- Information you give to us. We will use this information:
- To carry out our obligations arising from any contracts entered into between you and us and to provide you with the information, products and services that you request from us;
- To provide you with information about other goods and services we offer that are similar to those that you have already purchased or enquired about;
- To notify you about changes to our service;
- To ensure that content from our site is presented in the most effective manner for you and for your computer.
- Information we collect about you. We will use this information:
- To administer our site and for internal operations, including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, research, statistical and survey purposes;
- To improve our site to ensure that content is presented in the most effective manner for you and for your computer;
- To allow you to participate in interactive features of our service, when you choose to do so;
- As part of our efforts to keep our site safe and secure;
- To measure or understand the effectiveness of advertising we serve to you and others, and to deliver relevant advertising to you;
- To make suggestions and recommendations to you and other users of our site about goods or services that may interest you or them.
- Information we receive from other sources.We will combine this information with information you give to us and information we collect about you. We will use this information and the combined information for the purposes set out above (depending on the types of information we receive).
Disclosure of your information
You agree that we have the right to share your personal information with:
- Any member of our Group, which means our subsidiaries, our ultimate holding company and its subsidiaries, as defined in section 1159 of the UK Companies Act 2006.
- Selected third parties including:
- Business partners, suppliers and sub-contractors for the performance of any contract we enter into with them or you;
- Advertisers and advertising networks that require the anonymised data to select and serve relevant adverts to you and others. We do not disclose information about identifiable individuals to our advertisers, but we will provide them with aggregated and anonyimised information about our users (for example, we may inform them that 500 men aged under 30 have clicked on their advertisement on any given day). We may also use such aggregate information to help advertisers reach the kind of audience they want to target (for example, women in SW1). We may make use of the personal data we have collected from you to enable us to comply with our advertisers' wishes by displaying their advertisement to that target audience;
- Analytics and search engine providers that assist us in the improvement and optimisation of our site;
We will disclose your personal information to third parties:
- In the event that we sell or buy any business or assets, in which case we will disclose your personal data to the prospective seller or buyer of such business or assets.
- If Audience Store Limited or substantially all of its assets are acquired by a third party, in which case personal data held by it about its customers will be one of the transferred assets.
- If we are under a duty to disclose or share your personal data in order to comply with any legal obligation, or in order to enforce or apply our terms of use and other agreements; or to protect the rights, property, or safety of Audience Store Limited, our customers, or others. This includes exchanging information with other companies and organisations for the purposes of fraud protection and credit risk reduction.
Where we store your personal data
The data that we collect from you may be transferred to, and stored at, a destination outside the European Economic Area ("EEA"). It may also be processed by staff operating outside the EEA who work for us or for one of our suppliers. By submitting your personal data, you agree to this transfer, storing or processing. We will take all steps reasonably necessary to ensure that your data is treated securely and in accordance with this privacy policy.
All information you provide to us is stored on our secure servers. Where we have given you (or where you have chosen) a password which enables you to access certain parts of our site, you are responsible for keeping this password confidential. We ask you not to share a password with anyone.
Unfortunately, the transmission of information via the internet is not completely secure. Although we will do our best to protect your personal data, we cannot guarantee the security of your data transmitted to our site; any transmission is at your own risk. Once we have received your information, we will use strict procedures and security features to try to prevent unauthorised access.
Your rights
You have the right to ask us not to process your personal data for marketing purposes. We will usually inform you (before collecting your data) if we intend to use your data for such purposes or if we intend to disclose your information to any third party for such purposes. You can exercise your right to prevent such processing by checking certain boxes on the forms we use to collect your data. You can also exercise the right at any time by contacting us s at firstname.lastname@example.com
Our site may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of our partner networks, subsidiaries advertisers and or affiliates. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. Please check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.
Access to information
The Act (and the GDPR when in force) gives you the right to access information held about you. Your right of access can be exercised in accordance with the Act (or the GDPR when in force). Any access request will be subject to a fee of £10 to meet our costs in providing you with details of the information we hold about you.
Changes to our privacy policy
Any changes we make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on this page and, where appropriate, notified to you by e-mail. Please check back frequently to see any updates or changes to our privacy policy.
Questions, comments and requests regarding this privacy policy are welcomed and should be addressed to email@example.com


text: This custom handmade pop shown features this classic scene ✨ These items are all handmade to order. Email or message me for updates/questions. **WARNING: Small chockable parts.** *All Pop are made with a solid plastic shape. -All Pop Sockets are the new swappable design that separates from the base. The base stays adhered to the phone/case. -Pop Socket pops, tilts, prop, collapse, grip -Easily collapsible and can be repositioned and popped multiple times -Allows your hand to relax while securely holding your phone -Great for propping phone -Remove your Pop Socket by pulling slowly on the base; you can re-position and reattach time and time again. -Item is NOT waterproof but IS water resistant Give your phone a little bit of inspired MAGIC!


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Green Valley, Az
Green Valley, Az Properties
Average Listing Price
Active Listings
Price/Sq Ft.
Foreclosures / REO
About the Neighborhood
There are community events
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The data relating to real estate listings on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange (IDX) program of Multiple Listing Service of Southern Arizona. IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Listings provided by brokerages other than Tierra Antigua OPB are identified with the MLSSAZ IDX Logo. All Information Is Deemed Reliable But Is Not Guaranteed Accurate. Listing information Copyright 2023 MLS of Southern Arizona. All Rights Reserved.


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An always-on video channel featuring programming hand selected by Art21
Curated by Art21 staff, with guest contributions from artists, educators, and more
Explore over 700 videos from Art21's television and digital series
Kerry James Marshall
December 6, 2023
Look for the plus icon next to videos throughout the site to add them here.
Save videos to watch later, or make a selection to play back-to-back using the autoplay feature.
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Giá 12.000 US$
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Jump-start a new or stalled Power BI project by working with professionals who review, model, and visualize your data.
IronEdge will build a proof of value Power BI report that will consist of a data model, front-end report with visualizations and as-built documentation for future development.
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text: Harvard Art Museums > BR50.81: Wall Hanging (1924) Photographs Collections Search Exit Deep Zoom Mode Zoom Out Zoom In Reset Zoom Full Screen Add to Collection Order Image Copy Link Copy Citation Citation"Wall Hanging (1924) (Lucia Moholy)(Designed by Anni Albers) , BR50.81," Harvard Art Museums collections online, Dec 10, 2023, https://hvrd.art/o/220372. This object does not yet have a description. Identification and Creation Object Number BR50.81 People Lucia Moholy, British (Prague, Czech Republic 1894 - 1989 Zurich, Switzerland) Designed by Anni Albers, American (Berlin 1899 - 1994 Orange, Conn.) Title Wall Hanging (1924) Classification Photographs Work Type photograph, documentary Date c. 1924, printed c. 1950 Period Modern Culture German Persistent Link https://hvrd.art/o/220372 Physical Descriptions Medium Modern gelatin silver print Technique Gelatin silver print Dimensions 18.3 x 13.2 cm (7 3/16 x 5 3/16 in.) Acquisition and Rights Credit Line Harvard Art Museums/Busch-Reisinger Museum, Gift of Walter Gropius Copyright © Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Accession Year 1950 Object Number BR50.81 Division Modern and Contemporary Art Contact firstname.lastname@example.com Permissions The Harvard Art Museums encourage the use of images found on this website for personal, noncommercial use, including educational and scholarly purposes. To request a higher resolution file of this image, please submit an online request. Descriptions Description Printed by Busch-Reisinger Museum ca. 1950 from original glass-plate negative. Subjects and Contexts The Bauhaus Verification Level This record was created from historic documentation and may not have been reviewed by a curator; it may be inaccurate or incomplete. Our records are frequently revised and enhanced. For more information please contact the Division of Modern and Contemporary Art at firstname.lastname@example.com


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|New and improved site shopping cart installed. OzSuper can be enjoyed up to a point as a GUEST, as a paid viewer you will enjoy: better site viewing, numeric suppressions will be lifted, column sorting and filtering etc. will become available.
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Commercial Auto Insurance
Commercial auto insurance can cover a combination of vehicle types (trucks, cars) and drivers, as well as some types of motorized equipment.
It provides for bodily injury liability and property damage while operating a company automobile, medical payments or Personal Injury Protection (PIP) for the driver and passengers of the policyholder's car. Injuries or damage to someone else are also covered.
Hired/Non-owned Auto Liability
Are you renting cars or are your employees using their own vehicles? This particular coverage provides business insurance coverage for certain liabilities arising from the use of a rented or leased vehicle (hired), or a non-owned vehicle (employee using their own vehicle on company business). Oftentimes this coverage can be added inexpensively to a business auto policy, or in some cases, a general liability policy.
Use of Personal Vehicles
Insurance policies for privately owned vehicles may not cover damage to your privately owned car or truck when it is used for business, even home cosmetics, jewelry sales or a pizza delivery business.
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EDITLINE(3) NetBSD Library Functions Manual EDITLINE(3)Powered by man-cgi (2021-06-01). Maintained for NetBSD by Kimmo Suominen. Based on man-cgi by Panagiotis Christias.
editline, el_init, el_init_fd, el_end, el_reset, el_gets, el_wgets, el_getc, el_wgetc, el_push, el_wpush, el_parse, el_wparse, el_set, el_wset, el_get, el_wget, el_source, el_resize, el_cursor, el_line, el_wline, el_insertstr, el_winsertstr, el_deletestr, el_wdeletestr, history_init, history_winit, history_end, history_wend, history, history_w, tok_init, tok_winit, tok_end, tok_wend, tok_reset, tok_wreset, tok_line, tok_wline, tok_str tok_wstr -- line editor, history and tok- enization functions
Command Line Editor Library (libedit, -ledit)
#include <histedit.h> EditLine * el_init(const char *prog, FILE *fin, FILE *fout, FILE *ferr); EditLine * el_init_fd(const char *prog, FILE *fin, FILE *fout, FILE *ferr, int fdin, int fdout, int fderr); void el_end(EditLine *e); void el_reset(EditLine *e); const char * el_gets(EditLine *e, int *count); const wchar_t * el_wgets(EditLine *e, int *count); int el_getc(EditLine *e, char *ch); int el_wgetc(EditLine *e, wchar_t *ch); void el_push(EditLine *e, const char *str); void el_wpush(EditLine *e, const wchar_t *str); int el_parse(EditLine *e, int argc, const char *argv[]); int el_wparse(EditLine *e, int argc, const wchar_t *argv[]); int el_set(EditLine *e, int op, ...); int el_wset(EditLine *e, int op, ...); int el_get(EditLine *e, int op, ...); int el_wget(EditLine *e, int op, ...); int el_source(EditLine *e, const char *file); void el_resize(EditLine *e); int(); el_cursor(EditLine *e, int count); const LineInfo * el_line(EditLine *e); const LineInfoW * el_wline(EditLine *e); int el_insertstr(EditLine *e, const char *str); int el_winsertstr(EditLine *e, const wchar_t *str); void el_deletestr(EditLine *e, int count); void el_wdeletestr(EditLine *e, int count); History * history_init(); HistoryW * history_winit(); void history_end(History *h); void history_wend(HistoryW *h); int history(History *h, HistEvent *ev, int op, ...); int history_w(HistoryW *h, HistEventW *ev, int op, ...); Tokenizer * tok_init(const char *IFS); TokenizerW * tok_winit(const wchar_t *IFS); void tok_end(Tokenizer *t); void tok_wend(TokenizerW *t); void tok_reset(Tokenizer *t); void tok_wreset(TokenizerW *t); int tok_line(Tokenizer *t, const LineInfo *li, int *argc, const char **argv[], int *cursorc, int *cursoro); int tok_wline(TokenizerW *t, const LineInfoW *li, int *argc, const wchar_t **argv[], int *cursorc, int *cursoro); int tok_str(Tokenizer *t, const char *str, int *argc, const char **argv[]); int tok_wstr(TokenizerW *t, const wchar_t *str, int *argc, const wchar_t **argv[]);
The editline library provides generic line editing, history and tokeniza- tion functions, similar to those found in sh(1). These functions are available in the libedit library (which needs the libtermcap library). Programs should be linked with -ledit -ltermcap.
The line editing functions use a common data structure, EditLine, which is created by el_init() or el_init_fd() and freed by el_end(). The wide-character functions behave the same way as their narrow counter- parts. The following functions are available: el_init() Initialise the line editor, and return a data structure to be used by all other line editing functions, or NULL on failure. prog is the name of the invoking program, used when reading the editrc(5) file to determine which settings to use. fin, fout and ferr are the input, output, and error streams (respectively) to use. In this documentation, references to ``the tty'' are actually to this input/output stream combination. el_init_fd() Like el_init() but allows specifying file descriptors for the stdio(3) corresponding streams, in case those were created with funopen(3). el_end() Clean up and finish with e, assumed to have been created with el_init() or el_init_fd(). el_reset() Reset the tty and the parser. This should be called after an error which may have upset the tty's state. el_gets() Read a line from the tty. count is modified to contain the number of characters read. Returns the line read if successful, or NULL if no characters were read or if an error occurred. If an error occurred, count is set to -1 and errno contains the error code that caused it. The return value may not remain valid across calls to el_gets() and must be copied if the data is to be retained. el_getc() Read a character from the tty. ch is modified to contain the char- acter read. Returns the number of characters read if successful, -1 otherwise, in which case errno can be inspected for the cause. el_push() Pushes str back onto the input stream. This is used by the macro expansion mechanism. Refer to the description of bind -s in editrc(5) for more information. el_parse() Parses the argv array (which is argc elements in size) to execute builtin editline commands. If the command is prefixed with ``prog'': then el_parse() will only execute the command if ``prog'' matches the prog argument supplied to el_init(). The return value is -1 if the command is unknown, 0 if there was no error or ``prog'' didn't match, or 1 if the command returned an error. Refer to editrc(5) for more information. el_set() Set editline parameters. op determines which parameter to set, and each operation has its own parameter list. Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure. The following values for op are supported, along with the required argument list: EL_PROMPT, char *(*f)(EditLine *) Define prompt printing function as f, which is to return a string that contains the prompt. EL_PROMPT_ESC, char *(*f)(EditLine *), char c Same as EL_PROMPT, but the c argument indicates the start/stop literal prompt character. If a start/stop literal character is found in the prompt, the character itself is not printed, but characters after it are printed directly to the terminal without affecting the state of the current line. A subsequent second start/stop literal character ends this behavior. This is typically used to embed literal escape sequences that change the color/style of the terminal in the prompt. 0 unsets it. EL_REFRESH Re-display the current line on the next terminal line. EL_RPROMPT, char *(*f)(EditLine *) Define right side prompt printing function as f, which is to return a string that contains the prompt. EL_RPROMPT_ESC, char *(*f)(EditLine *), char c Define the right prompt printing function but with a literal escape character. EL_TERMINAL, const char *type Define terminal type of the tty to be type, or to TERM if type is NULL. EL_EDITOR, const char *mode Set editing mode to mode, which must be one of ``emacs'' or ``vi''. EL_SIGNAL, int flag If flag is non-zero, editline will install its own signal handler for the following signals when reading command input: SIGCONT, SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGQUIT, SIGSTOP, SIGTERM, SIGTSTP, and SIGWINCH. Otherwise, the current signal handlers will be used. EL_BIND, const char *, ..., NULL Perform the bind builtin command. Refer to editrc(5) for more information. EL_ECHOTC, const char *, ..., NULL Perform the echotc builtin command. Refer to editrc(5) for more information. EL_SETTC, const char *, ..., NULL Perform the settc builtin command. Refer to editrc(5) for more information. EL_SETTY, const char *, ..., NULL Perform the setty builtin command. Refer to editrc(5) for more information. EL_TELLTC, const char *, ..., NULL Perform the telltc builtin command. Refer to editrc(5) for more information. EL_ADDFN, const char *name, const char *help, unsigned char (*func)(EditLine *e, int ch) Add a user defined function, func(), referred to as name which is invoked when a key which is bound to name is entered. help is a description of name. At invocation time, ch is the key which caused the invocation. The return value of func() should be one of: CC_NORM Add a normal character. CC_NEWLINE End of line was entered. CC_EOF EOF was entered. CC_ARGHACK Expecting further command input as arguments, do nothing visually. CC_REFRESH Refresh display. CC_REFRESH_BEEP Refresh display, and beep. CC_CURSOR Cursor moved, so update and perform CC_REFRESH. CC_REDISPLAY Redisplay entire input line. This is useful if a key binding outputs extra information. CC_ERROR An error occurred. Beep, and flush tty. CC_FATAL Fatal error, reset tty to known state. EL_HIST, History *(*func)(History *, int op, ...), const char *ptr Defines which history function to use, which is usually history(). ptr should be the value returned by history_init(). EL_EDITMODE, int flag If flag is non-zero, editing is enabled (the default). Note that this is only an indication, and does not affect the operation of editline. At this time, it is the caller's responsibility to check this (using el_get()) to determine if editing should be enabled or not. EL_UNBUFFERED, int flag If flag is zero, unbuffered mode is disabled (the default). In unbuffered mode, el_gets() will return immediately after processing a single character. EL_GETCFN, int (*f)(EditLine *, char *c) Define the character reading function as f, which is to return the number of characters read and store them in c. This function is called internally by el_gets() and el_getc(). The builtin function can be set or restored with the special function name ``EL_BUILTIN_GETCFN''. EL_CLIENTDATA, void *data Register data to be associated with this EditLine structure. It can be retrieved with the corresponding el_get() call. EL_SETFP, int fd, FILE *fp Set the current editline file pointer for ``input'' fd = 0, ``output'' fd = 1, or ``error'' fd = 2 from fp. el_get() Get editline parameters. op determines which parameter to retrieve into result. Returns 0 if successful, -1 otherwise. The following values for op are supported, along with actual type of result: EL_PROMPT, char *(*f)(EditLine *), char *c Return a pointer to the function that displays the prompt in f. If c is not NULL, return the start/stop literal prompt character in it. EL_RPROMPT, char *(*f)(EditLine *), char *c Return a pointer to the function that displays the prompt in f. If c is not NULL, return the start/stop literal prompt character in it. EL_EDITOR, const char ** Return the name of the editor, which will be one of ``emacs'' or ``vi''. EL_GETTC, const char *name, void *value Return non-zero if name is a valid termcap(5) capability and set value to the current value of that capability. EL_SIGNAL, int * Return non-zero if editline has installed private signal han- dlers (see el_get() above). EL_EDITMODE, int * Return non-zero if editing is enabled. EL_GETCFN, int (**f)(EditLine *, char *) Return a pointer to the function that read characters, which is equal to ``EL_BUILTIN_GETCFN'' in the case of the default builtin function. EL_CLIENTDATA, void **data Retrieve data previously registered with the corresponding el_set() call. EL_UNBUFFERED, int Return non-zero if unbuffered mode is enabled. EL_PREP_TERM, int Sets or clears terminal editing mode. EL_GETFP, int fd, FILE **fp Return in fp the current editline file pointer for ``input'' fd = 0, ``output'' fd = 1, or ``error'' fd = 2. el_source() Initialise editline by reading the contents of file. el_parse() is called for each line in file. If file is NULL, try $HOME/.editrc. Refer to editrc(5) for details on the format of file. el_source() returns 0 on success and -1 on error. el_resize() Must be called if the terminal size changes. If EL_SIGNAL has been set with el_set(), then this is done automatically. Otherwise, it's the responsibility of the application to call el_resize() on the appropriate occasions. el_cursor() Move the cursor to the right (if positive) or to the left (if nega- tive) count characters. Returns the resulting offset of the cursor from the beginning of the line. el_line() Return the editing information for the current line in a LineInfo structure, which is defined as follows: typedef struct lineinfo { const char *buffer; /* address of buffer */ const char *cursor; /* address of cursor */ const char *lastchar; /* address of last character */ } LineInfo; buffer is not NUL terminated. This function may be called after el_gets() to obtain the LineInfo structure pertaining to line returned by that function, and from within user defined functions added with EL_ADDFN. el_insertstr() Insert str into the line at the cursor. Returns -1 if str is empty or won't fit, and 0 otherwise. el_deletestr() Delete count characters before the cursor.
The history functions use a common data structure, History, which is cre- ated by history_init() and freed by history_end(). The following functions are available: history_init() Initialise the history list, and return a data structure to be used by all other history list functions, or NULL on failure. history_end() Clean up and finish with h, assumed to have been created with history_init(). history() Perform operation op on the history list, with optional arguments as needed by the operation. ev is changed accordingly to opera- tion. The following values for op are supported, along with the required argument list: H_SETSIZE, int size Set size of history to size elements. H_GETSIZE Get number of events currently in history. H_END Cleans up and finishes with h, assumed to be created with history_init(). H_CLEAR Clear the history. H_FUNC, void *ptr, history_gfun_t first, history_gfun_t next, history_gfun_t last, history_gfun_t prev, history_gfun_t curr, history_sfun_t set, history_vfun_t clear, history_efun_t enter, history_efun_t add Define functions to perform various history operations. ptr is the argument given to a function when it's invoked. H_FIRST Return the first element in the history. H_LAST Return the last element in the history. H_PREV Return the previous element in the history. H_NEXT Return the next element in the history. H_CURR Return the current element in the history. H_SET Set the cursor to point to the requested element. H_ADD, const char *str Append str to the current element of the history, or perform the H_ENTER operation with argument str if there is no cur- rent element. H_APPEND, const char *str Append str to the last new element of the history. H_ENTER, const char *str Add str as a new element to the history, and, if necessary, removing the oldest entry to keep the list to the created size. If H_SETUNIQUE has been called with a non-zero argu- ment, the element will not be entered into the history if its contents match the ones of the current history element. If the element is entered history() returns 1; if it is ignored as a duplicate returns 0. Finally history() returns -1 if an error occurred. H_PREV_STR, const char *str Return the closest previous event that starts with str. H_NEXT_STR, const char *str Return the closest next event that starts with str. H_PREV_EVENT, int e Return the previous event numbered e. H_NEXT_EVENT, int e Return the next event numbered e. H_LOAD, const char *file Load the history list stored in file. H_SAVE, const char *file Save the history list to file. H_SAVE_FP, FILE *fp Save the history list to the opened FILE pointer fp. H_SETUNIQUE, int unique Set flag that adjacent identical event strings should not be entered into the history. H_GETUNIQUE Retrieve the current setting if adjacent identical elements should be entered into the history. H_DEL, int e Delete the event numbered e. This function is only provided for readline(3) compatibility. The caller is responsible for free'ing the string in the returned HistEvent. history() returns >= 0 if the operation op succeeds. Otherwise, -1 is returned and ev is updated to contain more details about the error.
The tokenization functions use a common data structure, Tokenizer, which is created by tok_init() and freed by tok_end(). The following functions are available: tok_init() Initialise the tokenizer, and return a data structure to be used by all other tokenizer functions. IFS contains the Input Field Sepa- rators, which defaults to <space>, <tab>, and <newline> if NULL. tok_end() Clean up and finish with t, assumed to have been created with tok_init(). tok_reset() Reset the tokenizer state. Use after a line has been successfully tokenized by tok_line() or tok_str() and before a new line is to be tokenized. tok_line() Tokenize li, If successful, modify: argv to contain the words, argc to contain the number of words, cursorc (if not NULL) to contain the index of the word containing the cursor, and cursoro (if not NULL) to contain the offset within argv[cursorc] of the cursor. Returns 0 if successful, -1 for an internal error, 1 for an unmatched single quote, 2 for an unmatched double quote, and 3 for a backslash quoted <newline>. A positive exit code indicates that another line should be read and tokenization attempted again. tok_str() A simpler form of tok_line(); str is a NUL terminated string to tokenize.
sh(1), signal(3), termcap(3), editrc(5), termcap(5)
The editline library first appeared in 4.4BSD. CC_REDISPLAY appeared in NetBSD 1.3. CC_REFRESH_BEEP, EL_EDITMODE and the readline emulation appeared in NetBSD 1.4. EL_RPROMPT appeared in NetBSD 1.5.
The editline library was written by Christos Zoulas. Luke Mewburn wrote this manual and implemented CC_REDISPLAY, CC_REFRESH_BEEP, EL_EDITMODE, and EL_RPROMPT. Jaromir Dolecek implemented the readline emulation. Johny Mattsson implemented wide-character support.
At this time, it is the responsibility of the caller to check the result of the EL_EDITMODE operation of el_get() (after an el_source() or el_parse()) to determine if editline should be used for further input. I.e., EL_EDITMODE is purely an indication of the result of the most recent editrc(5) edit command. NetBSD 7.0 December 25, 2014 NetBSD 7.0


text:
Stance+ Street Coilovers Suspension Kit Audi A5 B8 8T 2WD Sportback Cabrio. Height adjustable front and rear. Top mounts not included, uses existing top mounts.Bump stops may need to be shortened. Front wheel spacers may be required. For safety reasons, coilover kits should be fitted by a qualified vehicle mechanic/technician. Coilover collar threads should be copper greased prior to fitting to prevent seizure. Stanced UK are one of the Uk's top aftermarket parts retailers specializing in Coilover suspension kits, Lowering springs, Air suspension systems, Alloy wheels & more! Offering our customers the top brands available from the Uk & European market at competitive prices. Our customer feedback online shows our dedication & high level of customer service. You can send us a message by using the "Questions and answers" section towards the bottom of the page. The item "Stance+ Street Coilovers Suspension Kit Audi A5 B8 8T 2WD Sportback Cabrio" is in sale since Monday, December 2, 2019.
This item is in the category "Vehicle Parts & Accessories\Car Tuning & Styling\Performance Suspension\Performance Coilovers". The seller is "stanced-uk" and is located in READING. This item can be shipped to United Kingdom, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Liechtenstein.


text:
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
(the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
$Id: RELEASE-NOTES 612940 2008-01-17 19:22:26Z markt $
Apache Tomcat Version 6.0.20
Release Notes
* Dependency Changes
* JNI Based Applications
* Bundled APIs
* Web application reloading and static fields in shared libraries
* Tomcat on Linux
* Enabling SSI and CGI Support
* Security manager URLs
* Symlinking static resources
* Enabling invoker servlet
* Viewing the Tomcat Change Log
* When all else fails
Dependency Changes:
Tomcat 6.0 is designed to run on JSE 5.0 and later.
In addition, Tomcat 6.0 uses the Eclipse JDT Java compiler for compiling
JSP pages. This means you no longer need to have the complete
Java Development Kit (JDK) to run Tomcat, but a Java Runtime Environment
(JRE) is sufficient. The Eclipse JDT Java compiler is bundled with the
binary Tomcat distributions. Tomcat can also be configured to use the
compiler from the JDK to compile JSPs, or any other Java compiler supported
by Apache Ant.
JNI Based Applications:
Applications that require native libraries must ensure that the libraries have
been loaded prior to use. Typically, this is done with a call like:
static {
in some class. However, the application must also ensure that the library is
not loaded more than once. If the above code were placed in a class inside
the web application (i.e. under /WEB-INF/classes or /WEB-INF/lib), and the
application were reloaded, the loadLibrary() call would be attempted a second
To avoid this problem, place classes that load native libraries outside of the
web application, and ensure that the loadLibrary() call is executed only once
during the lifetime of a particular JVM.
Bundled APIs:
A standard installation of Tomcat 6.0 makes all of the following APIs available
for use by web applications (by placing them in "lib"):
* annotations-api.jar (Annotations package)
* catalina.jar (Tomcat Catalina implementation)
* catalina-ant.jar (Tomcat Catalina Ant tasks)
* catalina-ha.jar (High availability package)
* catalina-tribes.jar (Group communication)
* el-api.jar (EL 2.1 API)
* jasper.jar (Jasper 2 Compiler and Runtime)
* jasper-el.jar (Jasper 2 EL implementation)
* jasper-jdt.jar (Eclipse JDT 3.3 Java compiler)
* jsp-api.jar (JSP 2.1 API)
* servlet-api.jar (Servlet 2.5 API)
* tomcat-coyote.jar (Tomcat connectors and utility classes)
* tomcat-dbcp.jar (package renamed database connection pool based on Commons DBCP)
You can make additional APIs available to all of your web applications by
putting unpacked classes into a "classes" directory (not created by default),
or by placing them in JAR files in the "lib" directory.
To override the XML parser implementation or interfaces, use the endorsed
mechanism of the JVM. The default configuration defines JARs located in
"endorsed" as endorsed.
Web application reloading and static fields in shared libraries:
Some shared libraries (many are part of the JDK) keep references to objects
instantiated by the web application. To avoid class loading related problems
(ClassCastExceptions, messages indicating that the classloader
is stopped, etc.), the shared libraries state should be reinitialized.
Something which might help is to avoid putting classes which would be
referenced by a shared static field in the web application classloader,
and putting them in the shared classloader instead (JARs should be put in the
"lib" folder, and classes should be put in the "classes" folder).
Tomcat on Linux:
GLIBC 2.2 / Linux 2.4 users should define an environment variable:
export LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.2.5
Redhat Linux 9.0 users should use the following setting to avoid
stability problems:
export LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.4.1
There are some Linux bugs reported against the NIO sendfile behavior, make sure you
have a JDK that is up to date, or disable sendfile behavior in the Connector.
6427312: (fc) FileChannel.transferTo() throws IOException "system call interrupted"
5103988: (fc) FileChannel.transferTo should return -1 for EAGAIN instead throws IOException
6253145: (fc) FileChannel.transferTo on Linux fails when going beyond 2GB boundary
6470086: (fc) FileChannel.transferTo(2147483647, 1, channel) cause "Value too large" exception
Enabling SSI and CGI Support:
Because of the security risks associated with CGI and SSI available
to web applications, these features are disabled by default.
To enable and configure CGI support, please see the cgi-howto.html page.
To enable and configue SSI support, please see the ssi-howto.html page.
Security manager URLs:
In order to grant security permissions to JARs located inside the
web application repository, use URLs of of the following format
in your policy file:
Symlinking static resources:
By default, Unix symlinks will not work when used in a web application to link
resources located outside the web application root directory.
This behavior is optional, and the "allowLinking" flag may be used to disable
the check.
Enabling invoker servlet:
Starting with Tomcat 4.1.12, the invoker servlet is no longer available by
default in all webapps. Enabling it for all webapps is possible by editing
$CATALINA_HOME/conf/web.xml to uncomment the "/servlet/*" servlet-mapping
Using the invoker servlet in a production environment is not recommended and
is unsupported. More details are available on the Tomcat FAQ at
Viewing the Tomcat Change Log:
See changelog.html in this directory.
When all else fails:
See the FAQ


text:
With this Personalized Christmas Tree Unisex Watch, its always time for Christmas! Whimsical Watches are made by a team of Artists and Graphic Designers using hand-crafted Miniatures. All Miniatures are specially placed under the domed crystal turning this fashionable watch into a wearable work of art. The Unisex size is 1 1/2" and Classic size 1 1/4" in diameter and compliments a colorful face with easy-to-read analog dial. Whimsical Watches are Seiko time pieces with Quartz movements; comes with an Italian Leather Band and placed in a gift box with a limited 1-year warranty. Best of all, you can fully customize this watch with 15 characters!
Availability: This Personalized Christmas Tree Watch takes approximately 1-2 business days to leave the warehouse plus transit time.
Sku: WHW-1220002
Regular Price: $51.95
Sale Price: $44.95


text:
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My name is Juraj Svajdlenka and I am owner of this web. I hope that, you will be satisfied with content of this web.
If you have any questions about our products, please write me on my e-mail:
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text:
Peruvian hair closure with bundles: 3 bundles and 4x4 lace closure with water wave
- Description
- Youtube Review
- Exchange and Return Policy
- delivery
【12A 3PCS+ 4*4 Closure】Peruvian Water Wave Virgin Human Hair 3 Bundles with 4*4 Lace Closure Unprocessed Ula Hair Free Shipping
|Brand Name
|Ula Hair
|Peruvian Water Wave
|12''-34''inch in stock available
|95-100g/pcs(about 3.2-3.5oz/pc)
|Natural Color
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|Life Time
|Last more than 12 months
|Hair Weft
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|DHL 2-5 days, Fedex 3-5 days.
Ulahair.com specializes in hair extension sales, we try our best providing high quality and competitive price hair extensions to the customers. In order to service the customers better, we accept the customers to return or exchange the products.
About Return and Exchange:
Without any quality problem, if you want to return an item, please contact us first by sending an email to email@example.com . You are required return the item within 10 days once it is received.
1 Return for exchange: you are supposed to pay the shipping fee and the price difference
2 Return for refund: you are supposed to pay the shipping fee and 5% restocking fee will be deducted from your account.
If you find some quality problems after getting the parcel, such as: wrong color, wrong size, wrong style, and so on. Please send an email to contact us first. It will be more persuasive if you attach a picture of the packing box containing the shipping information and a picture of the item you received in the email. We will check it at once and offer you some solutions.
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We can cancel the order for you if you contact us in time after your purchase.
1 Contacting us with 24 hours after you finish the payment, you are charged freely.
2 Contacting us after 24 hours, 3% of the order total will be charged as transaction and handling fee.
3 Orders can't be canceled once the parcel is dispatched or the hair extensions are being customized.
No matter returning and exchange the products or cancelling the order, you shall be contact us first by service email:email@example.com . We will not provide any exchange, return or repair service on returned hair extension without our permission, and all loss will be afforded by customers.
When you placed an order, you may be worried about how long the hair can be arrived to your hands....
Processing time:
Within 24 hours for stock products.
Delivery time:
--- USA, Canada, Australia : 2-3 working days.
--- UK, France, Germany, Italy, etc. : 3-4 working days
--- Africa: 4-6 working days.
The other countries has not been mentioned, please consult customer service.
We are able to delivery the package to all over the world.
The express we use:
1. We are not responsible for any duties, taxes, or additional charges that may be charged by Customs for any International deliveries.
2. P.O. box address is unacceptable.
3. Orders returned to us due to incorrect or missing address information will be subject for customer payment in order to reship order or cancel order.
You May Like
【12A 3PCS+ 4*4 HD Lace】Malaysian Hair Weave 3pcs With 4*4 HD Lace Closure Straight Hair Bundles With Closure Free And Fast Shipping$79.45
【12A 3PCS+ 4*4 HD Closure】Body Wave Brazilian Virgin Hair 3pcs with 4*4 Lace Closure Unprocessed Human Hair$79.45
【12a 3pcs+ 4*4 HD Lace】Ulahair Brazilian Hair Bundles With Closure|3pcs And 4x4 HD Lace Closure With Straight$79.45


text:
|Random quote: "MAN! WHEN YOU PRAY, WHEN YOU ASK THE FATHER TO SHOW YOU SOMETHING, ASK HIM TO SHOW YOU A LOT! DON'T ASK FOR JUST A LITTLE BIT. ASK HIM TO REVEAL THE MAXIMUM THAT YOU CAN BEAR." ~~ Raj
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text: |The validity of this information is not guaranteed. Such validity should be done by the user. Daycare.com suggests verifying all listed daycare facility information by contacting your state childcare licensing department. This information is posted at the State Licensing Standards Section. Daycare.com does not endorse, license, nor otherwise recommend listings found on Daycare.com. Please read our disclaimer before continuing.


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i discovered accidently that alpha chymotrypsin oral has areal good effect on spastic colon IBS
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text:
Quote for 068-1011-01 of Honeywell Inc
Part Number: 068-1011-01
Alternate P/N: 068101101
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Item Name :Adapter
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Sold Separate
You may call +1 561 629 5153, visit our shop, or use the button below to enquire.
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text:
- Amazon Returns Outpost
- In-Store Pickup
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Kohl's Willimantic Department & Clothing Store
Your Kohl's Willimantic store, located at 95 Storrs Rd, stocks amazing products for you, your family and your home – including apparel,shoes, accessories for women, men and children,home products, small electrics, bedding, luggage and more – and the
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Arihant Trading Co is the best company for Acrylic Pipe In Upper Dibang Valley. Our team of engineers and skilled professionals have allowed us to enhance our products consistently only to win the trust of our clients again and again. If you're looking for the most dependable Acrylic Pipe Manufacturers In Upper Dibang Valley, go no further than us.
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Tonga's climate can be described as warm, tropical climate. Temperatures are warm all year round and can get hot in the summer, but seldom reaches above 35°C. Trade winds from the east southeast bring year long cooling breezes late afternoon and early evening.
The tropical rain season is from December through February coinciding with the warmest summer months. Tonga is situated in the southern Hemisphere, so "Summer" lasts from November to February and "Winter" from April to September. However, there are no significant Differences in Temperature; in general, the Temperatures between April and September are only slightly cooler than from November to February.
Typhoons can sometimes hit Tonga from end January to Mid March, and can cause heavy rainstorms, Flash floods and erosion. However, these Storms are mostly not a danger for Tonga, because the usual routes of these Storms are often too far south in the Southern Hemisphere Typhoon Season, and not every Typhoon that hit Tonga is a strong one.
Required clothing:
Lightweight cotton clothing is advised throughout the year, with an umbrella or raincoat for sudden cloudbursts. No matter where you go, be prepared for high temperatures and humidity.
Koeppen-Geiger classification:
The Climate of Tonga can be classified as Af climate, a hot, humid tropical climate with all months above 18°C.


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Price: $875 (EX. VAT)RHSP:
Estimated Delivery by Tuesday 26th December 2023
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WB706Set European Engagement Ring
This item can be customized in other metals, two tone metals and metal purity, as well as with other shapes, qualities, size and kinds of stone for the center and side stones.
For pricing and details or to create a new custom style, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 212-840-1417.
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Since designwebsite.us is offering non-tangible irrevocable goods we do not issue refunds once the order is accomplished and the product is sent. As a customer you are responsible for understanding this upon purchasing any item at our site. Please note that our bonuses are offered on behalf of our respected partners and are not an issue for a refund or chargeback.
However, we realize that exceptional circumstance can take place with regard to the character of the product we supply.
Therefore, we DO honor requests for the refund on the following reasons:
- non-delivery of the product: due to some mailing issues of your e-mail provider or your own mail server you might not receive a delivery e-mail from us. In this case we recommend contacting us for assistance. Claims for non-delivery must be submitted to our Billing department in writing within 7 days from the order placing date. Otherwise the product will be considered received and downloaded;
- download and unzipping issues: it may happen so that you are having problems while downloading the product or its unzipping. Claims regarding such issues must be submitted to our Technical Support department. If you do not properly contact us during this period, you agree that we may construe silence as a successful download of the product with no further right of redress or refund for a "download issue" reason. Failure to receive assistance for downloading or unzipping within 3 days may result in a refund decline;
- major defects: although all the products are thoroughly tested before release, unexpected errors may occur. Such issues must be submitted for our Technical Support Team's approval. We keep the right to rectify the error or defect within 72 hours. If any deficiency is approved and we fail to correct it within 72 hours from the date of the initial complaint letter or any other notification provided by a Customer, the refund will be issued to the customer in full without any compensations or reimbursements. OR, at customer's choice, replacement of the product of the same or around the same value can be offered; Please be advised that temporary access to your server can be requested by our technicians in order to identify and fix the possible issues with our Products. Failure to provide such access in a timely manner may result in a delayed resolution of the issue. Refusal to provide access to your sever will result in your inability to qualify for a refund.
- product not-as-described: such issues should be reported to our Technical Support Department within 7 days from the date of the purchase. Clear evidence must be provided proving that the purchased product is not as it is described on the website. Complaints which are based merely on the customer's false expectations or wishes are not honored.
Please note that we do not bear any responsibility and therefore we do not satisfy any refund/return/exchange requests based on incompatibility of our products with some third-party software (plug-ins, add-ons, modules, search engines, scripts, extensions etc) other than those which are specified as compatible in a description available on the preview page of each product. We don't guarantee that our products are fully compatible with any third-party programs and we do not provide support for third-party applications.