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By Smedley D. Butler
Major General, United States Marines (Retired)
New York 1935
Chapter One
War is a racket. It always has been. It is possibly the oldest, easily the most profitable, surely the most vicious. It is the only one international in scope. It is the only one in which the profits are reckoned in dollars and the losses in lives.
A racket is best described, I believe, as something that is not what it seems to the majority of people. Only a small "inside" group knows what it is about. It is conducted for the benefit of the very few, at the expense of the very many. Out of war a few people make huge fortunes.
In the World War a mere handful garnered the profits of the conflict. At least 21,000 new millionaires and billionaires were made in the United States during the World War. That many admitted their huge blood gains in their income tax returns. How many other war millionaires falsified their income tax returns no one knows.
How many of these war millionaires shouldered a rifle? How many of them dug a trench? How many of them knew what it meant to go hungry in a rat-infested dugout? How many of them spent sleepless, frightened nights, ducking shells and shrapnel and machine gun bullets? How many of them parried the bayonet thrust of an enemy? How many of them were wounded or killed in battle?
Out of war nations acquire additional territory, if they are victorious. They just take it. This newly acquired territory promptly is exploited by the few—the self-same few who wrung dollars out of blood in the war. The general public shoulders the bill.
And what is this bill?
This bill renders a horrible accounting. Newly placed gravestones. Mangled bodies. Shattered minds. Broken hearts and homes. Economic instability. Depression and all its attendant miseries. Back-breaking taxation for generations and generations.
For a great many years, as a soldier, I had a suspicion that war was a racket; not until I retired to civil life did I fully realize it. Now that I see the international war clouds again gathering, as they are today, I must face it and speak out.
Again they are choosing sides. France and Russia met and agreed to stand side by side. Italy and Austria hurried to make a similar agreement. Poland and Germany cast sheep's eyes at each other, forgetting, for the nonce, their dispute over the Polish Corridor. The assassination of King Alexander of Jugoslavia complicated matters. Jugoslavia and Hungary, long bitter enemies, were almost at each other's throats. Italy was ready to jump in. But France was waiting. So was Czechoslovakia. All of them are looking ahead to war. Not the people—not those who fight and pay and die—only those who foment wars and remain safely at home to profit.
There are 40,000,000 men under arms in the world today, and our statesmen and diplomats have the temerity to say that war is not in the making.
Hell's bells! Are these 40,000,000 men being trained to be dancers?
Not in Italy, to be sure. Premier Mussolini knows what they are being trained for. He, at least, is frank enough to speak out. Only the other day, Il Duce in "International Conciliation," the publication of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said:
"And above all, Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace…. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have the courage to meet it."
Undoubtedly Mussolini means exactly what he says. His well trained army, his great fleet of planes, and even his navy are ready for war—anxious for it, apparently. His recent stand at the side of Hungary in the latter's dispute with Jugoslavia showed that. And the hurried mobilization of his troops on the Austrian border after the assassination of Dollfuss showed it too. There are others in Europe too whose sabre rattling presages war, sooner or later.
Herr Hitler, with his rearming Germany and his constant demands for more and more arms, is an equal if not a greater menace to peace. France only recently increased the term of military service for its youth from a year to eighteen months.
Yes, all over, nations are camping on their arms. The mad dogs of Europe are on the loose.
In the Orient the maneuvering is more adroit. Back in 1904, when Russia and Japan fought, we kicked out our old friends the Russians and backed Japan. Then our very generous international bankers were financing Japan. Now the trend is to poison us against the Japanese. What does the "open door" policy in China mean to us? Our trade with China is about $90,000,000 a year. Or the Philippine Islands? We have spent about $600,000,000 in the Philippines in thirty-five years and we (our bankers and industrialists and speculators) have private investments there of less than $200,000,000.
Then, to save that China trade of about $90,000,000, or to protect these private investments of less than $200,000,000 in the Philippines, we would be all stirred up to hate Japan and to go to war—a war that might well cost us tens of billions of dollars, hundreds of thousands of lives of Americans, and many more hundreds of thousands of physically maimed and mentally unbalanced men.
Of course, for this loss, there would be a compensating profit—fortunes would be made. Millions and billions of dollars would be piled up. By a few. Munitions makers. Bankers. Ship builders. Manufacturers. Meat packers. Speculators. They would fare well.
Yes, they are getting ready for another war. Why shouldn't they? It pays high dividends.
But what does it profit the masses?
What does it profit the men who are killed? What does it profit the men who are maimed? What does it profit their mothers and sisters, their wives and their sweethearts? What does it profit their children?
What does it profit anyone except the very few to whom war means huge profits?
Yes, and what does it profit the nation?
Take our own case. Until 1898 we didn't own a bit of territory outside the mainland of North America. At that time our national debt was a little more than $1,000,000,000. Then we became "internationally minded." We forgot, or shunted aside, the advice of the Father of our Country. We forgot Washington's warning about "entangling alliances." We went to war. We acquired outside territory. At the end of the World War period, as a direct result of our fiddling in international affairs, our national debt had jumped to over $25,000,000,000. Our total favorable trade balance during the twenty-five-year period was about $24,000,000,000. Therefore, on a purely financial bookkeeping basis, we ran a little behind year for year, and that foreign trade might well have been ours without the wars.
It would have been far cheaper (not to say safer) for the average American who pays the bills to stay out of foreign entanglements. For a very few this racket, like bootlegging and other underworld rackets, brings fancy profits, but the cost of operations is always transferred to the people—who do not profit.
Chapter Two
The World War, rather our brief participation in it, has cost the United States some $52,000,000,000. Figure it out. That means $400 to every American man, woman, and child. And we haven't paid the debt yet. We are paying it, our children will pay it, and our children's children probably still will be paying the cost of that war.
The normal profits of a business concern in the United States are six, eight, ten, and sometimes even twelve per cent. But war-time profits—ah! that is another matter—twenty, sixty, one hundred, three hundred, and even eighteen hundred per cent—the sky is the limit. All that the traffic will bear. Uncle Sam has the money. Let's get it.
Of course, it isn't put that crudely in war time. It is dressed into speeches about patriotism, love of country, and "we must all put our shoulders to the wheel," but the profits jump and leap and skyrocket—and are safely pocketed. Let's just take a few examples:
Take our friends the du Ponts, the powder people—didn't one of them testify before a Senate committee recently that their powder won the war? Or saved the world for democracy? Or something? How did they do in the war? They were a patriotic corporation. Well, the average earnings of the du Ponts for the period 1910 to 1914 were $6,000,000 a year. It wasn't much, but the du Ponts managed to get along on it. Now let's look at their average yearly profit during the war years, 1914 to 1918. Fifty-eight million dollars a year profit, we find! Nearly ten times that of normal times, and the profits of normal times were pretty good. An increase in profits of more than 950 per cent.
Take one of our little steel companies that so patriotically shunted aside the making of rails and girders and bridges to manufacture war materials. Well, their 1910-1914 yearly earnings averaged $6,000,000. Then came the war. And, like loyal citizens, Bethlehem Steel promptly turned to munitions making. Did their profits jump—or did they let Uncle Sam in for a bargain? Well, their 1914-1918 average was $49,000,000 a year!
Or, let's take United States Steel. The normal earnings during the five-year period prior to the war were $105,000,000 a year. Not bad. Then along came the war and up went the profits. The average yearly profit for the period 1914-1918 was $240,000,000. Not bad.
There you have some of the steel and powder earnings. Let's look at something else. A little copper, perhaps. That always does well in war times.
Anaconda, for instance. Average yearly earnings during the pre-war years 1910-1914 of $10,000,000. During the war years 1914-1918 profits leaped to $34,000,000 per year.
Or Utah Copper. Average of $5,000,000 per year during the 1910-1914 period. Jumped to average of $21,000,000 yearly profits for the war period.
Let's group these five, with three smaller companies. The total yearly average profits of the pre-war period 1910-1914 were $137,480,000. Then along came the war. The yearly average profits for this group skyrocketed to $408,300,000.
A little increase in profits of approximately 200 per cent.
Does war pay? It paid them. But they aren't the only ones. There are still others. Let's take leather.
For the three-year period before the war the total profits of Central Leather Company were $3,500,000. That was approximately $1,167,000 a year. Well, in 1916 Central Leather returned a profit of $15,500,000, a small increase of 1,100 per cent. That's all. The General Chemical Company averaged a profit for the three years before the war of a little over $800,000 a year. Came the war, and the profits jumped to $12,000,000. A leap of 1,400 per cent.
International Nickel Company—and you can't have a war without nickel—showed an increase in profits from a mere average of $4,000,000 a year to $73,500,000 yearly. Not bad? An increase of more than 1,700 per cent.
American Sugar Refining Company averaged $2,000,000 a year for the three years before the war. In 1916 a profit of $6,000,000 was recorded.
Listen to Senate Document No. 259. The Sixty-Fifth Congress, reporting on corporate earnings and government revenues. Considering the profits of 122 meat packers, 153 cotton manufacturers, 299 garment makers, 49 steel plants, and 340 coal producers during the war. Profits under 25 per cent were exceptional. For instance, the coal companies made between 100 per cent and 7,856 per cent on their capital stock during the war. The Chicago packers doubled and tripled their earnings.
And let us not forget the bankers who financed this great war. If anyone had the cream of the profits it was the bankers. Being partnerships rather than incorporated organizations, they do not have to report to stockholders. And their profits were as secret as they were immense. How the bankers made their millions and their billions I do not know, because those little secrets never become public—even before a Senate investigatory body.
But here's how some of the other patriotic industrialists and speculators chiseled their way into war profits.
Take the shoe people. They like war. It brings business with abnormal profits. They made huge profits on sales abroad to our allies. Perhaps, like the munitions manufacturers and armament makers, they also sold to the enemy. For a dollar is a dollar whether it comes from Germany or from France. But they did well by Uncle Sam too. For instance, they sold Uncle Sam 35,000,000 pairs of hobnailed service shoes. There were 4,000,000 soldiers. Eight pairs, and more, to a soldier. My regiment during the war had only a pair to a soldier. Some of these shoes probably are still in existence. They were good shoes. But when the war was over Uncle Sam had a matter of 25,000,000 pairs left over. Bought—and paid for. Profits recorded and pocketed.
There was still lots of leather left. So the leather people sold your Uncle Sam hundreds of thousands of McClellan saddles for the cavalry. But there wasn't any American cavalry overseas! Somebody had to get rid of this leather, however. Somebody had to make a profit on it—so we had a lot of McClellan saddles. And we probably have those yet.
Also somebody had a lot of mosquito netting. They sold your Uncle Sam 20,000,000 mosquito nets for the use of the soldiers overseas. I suppose the boys were expected to put it over them as they tried to sleep in the muddy trenches—one hand scratching cooties on their backs and the other making passes at scurrying rats. Well, not one of these mosquito nets ever got to France!
Anyhow, these thoughtful manufacturers wanted to make sure that no soldier would be without his mosquito net, so 40,000,000 additional yards of mosquito netting were sold to Uncle Sam.
There were pretty good profits in mosquito netting in war days, even if there were no mosquitoes in France.
I suppose, if the war had lasted just a little longer, the enterprising mosquito netting manufacturers would have sold your Uncle Sam a couple of consignments of mosquitoes to plant in France so that more mosquito netting would be in order.
Airplane and engine manufacturers felt they, too, should get their just profits out of this war. Why not? Everybody else was getting theirs. So $1,000,000,000—count them if you live long enough—was spent by Uncle Sam in building airplanes and airplane engines that never left the ground! Not one plane, or motor, out of the billion dollars' worth ordered, ever got into a battle in France. Just the same the manufacturers made their little profit of 30, 100, or perhaps 300 per cent.
Undershirts for soldiers cost 14¢ to make and Uncle Sam paid 30¢ to 40¢ each for them—a nice little profit for the undershirt manufacturer. And the stocking manufacturers and the uniform manufacturers and the cap manufacturers and the steel helmet manufacturers—all got theirs.
Why, when the war was over some 4,000,000 sets of equipment—knapsacks and the things that go to fill them—crammed warehouses on this side. Now they are being scrapped because the regulations have changed the contents. But the manufacturers collected their wartime profits on them—and they will do it all over again the next time.
There were lots of brilliant ideas for profit making during the war.
One very versatile patriot sold Uncle Sam twelve dozen 48-inch wrenches. Oh, they were very nice wrenches. The only trouble was that there was only one nut ever made that was large enough for these wrenches. That is the one that holds the turbines at Niagara Falls! Well, after Uncle Sam had bought them and the manufacturer had pocketed the profit, the wrenches were put on freight cars and shunted all around the United States in an effort to find a use for them. When the Armistice was signed it was indeed a sad blow to the wrench manufacturer. We was just about to make some nuts to fit the wrenches. Then he planned to sell these, too, to your Uncle Sam.
Still another had the brilliant idea that colonels shouldn't ride in automobiles, nor should they even ride horseback. One had probably seen a picture of Andy Jackson riding on a buckboard. Well, some 6,000 buckboards were sold to Uncle Sam for the use of colonels! Not one of them was used. But the buckboard manufacturer got his war profit.
The shipbuilders felt they should come in on some of it, too. They built a lot of ships that made a lot of profit. More than $3,000,000,000 worth. Some of the ships were all right. But $635,000,000 worth of them were made of wood and wouldn't float! The seams opened up—and they sank. We paid for them, though. And somebody pocketed the profits.
It has been estimated by statisticians and economists and researchers that the war cost your Uncle Sam $52,000,000,000. Of this sum, $39,000,000,000 was expended in the actual war period. This expenditure yielded $16,000,000,000 in profits. That is how the 21,000 billionaires and millionaires got that way. This $16,000,000,000 profits is not to be sneezed at. It is quite a tidy sum. And it went to a very few.
The Senate (Nye) committee probe of the munitions industry and its wartime profits, despite its sensational disclosures, hardly has scratched the surface.
Even so, it has had some effect. The State Department has been studying "for some time" methods of keeping out of war. The War Department suddenly decides it has a wonderful plan to spring. The Administration names a committee—with the War and Navy Departments ably represented under the chairmanship of a Wall Street speculator—to limit profits in war time. To what extent isn't suggested. Hmmm. Possibly the profits of 300 and 600 and 1,600 per cent of those who turned blood into gold in the World War would be limited to some smaller figure.
Apparently, however, the plan does not call for any limitation of losses—that is, the losses of those who fight the war. As far as I have been able to ascertain there is nothing in the scheme to limit a soldier to the loss of but one eye, or one arm, or to limit his wounds to one or two or three. Or to limit the loss of life.
There is nothing in this scheme, apparently, that says not more than 12 per cent of a regiment shall be wounded in battle, or that not more than 7 per cent in a division shall be killed.
Of course, the committee cannot be bothered with such trifling matters.
Chapter Three
Who provides the profits—these nice little profits of 20, 100, 300, 1,500, and 1,800 per cent? We all pay them—in taxation. We paid the bankers their profits when we bought Liberty Bonds at $100 and sold them back at $84 or $86 to the bankers. These bankers collected $100 plus. It was a simple manipulation. The bankers control the security marts. It was easy for them to depress the price of these bonds. Then all of us—the people—got frightened and sold the bonds at $84 or $86. The bankers bought them. Then these same bankers stimulated a boom and government bonds went to par—and above. Then the bankers collected their profits.
But the soldier pays the biggest part of the bill.
If you don't believe this, visit the American cemeteries on the battlefields abroad. Or visit any of the veterans' hospitals in the United States. On a tour of the country, in the midst of which I am at the time of this writing, I have visited eighteen government hospitals for veterans. In them are a total of about 50,000 destroyed men—men who were the pick of the nation eighteen years ago. The very able chief surgeon at the government hospital at Milwaukee, where there are 3,800 of the living dead, told me that mortality among veterans is three times as great as among those who stayed at home.
Boys with a normal viewpoint were taken out of the fields and offices and factories and classrooms and put into the ranks. There they were remolded; they were made over; they were made to "about face"; to regard murder as the order of the day. They were put shoulder to shoulder and, through mass psychology, they were entirely changed. We used them for a couple of years and trained them to think nothing at all of killing or of being killed.
Then, suddenly, we discharged them and told them to make another "about face"! This time they had to do their own readjusting, sans mass psychology, sans officers' aid and advice, sans nation-wide propaganda. We didn't need them any more. So we scattered them about without any "three-minute" or "Liberty Loan" speeches or parades. Many, too many, of these fine young boys are eventually destroyed, mentally, because they could not make that final "about face" alone.
In the government hospital at Marion, Indiana, 1,800 of these boys are in pens! Five hundred of them in a barracks with steel bars and wires all around outside the buildings and on the porches. These already have been mentally destroyed. These boys don't even look like human beings. Oh, the looks on their faces! Physically, they are in good shape; mentally, they are gone.
There are thousands and thousands of these cases, and more and more are coming in all the time. The tremendous excitement of the war, the sudden cutting off of that excitement—the young boys couldn't stand it.
That's a part of the bill. So much for the dead—they have paid their part of the war profits. So much for the mentally and physically wounded—they are paying now their share of the war profits. But the others paid, too—they paid with heartbreaks when they tore themselves away from their firesides and their families to don the uniform of Uncle Sam—on which a profit had been made. They paid another part in the training camps where they were regimented and drilled while others took their jobs and their places in the lives of their communities. They paid for it in the trenches where they shot and were shot; where they went hungry for days at a time; where they slept in the mud and in the cold and in the rain—with the moans and shrieks of the dying for a horrible lullaby.
But don't forget—the soldier paid part of the dollars and cents bill too.
Up to and including the Spanish-American War, we had a prize system, and soldiers and sailors fought for money. During the Civil War they were paid bonuses, in many instances, before they went into service. The government, or states, paid as high as $1,200 for an enlistment. In the Spanish-American War they gave prize money. When we captured any vessels, the soldiers all got their share—at least, they were supposed to. Then it was found that we could reduce the cost of wars by taking all the prize money and keeping it, but conscripting the soldier anyway. Then the soldiers couldn't bargain for their labor. Everyone else could bargain, but the soldier couldn't.
Napoleon once said,
"All men are enamored of decorations … they positively hunger for them."
So, by developing the Napoleonic system—the medal business—the government learned it could get soldiers for less money, because the boys liked to be decorated. Until the Civil War there were no medals. Then the Congressional Medal of Honor was handed out. It made enlistments easier. After the Civil War no new medals were issued until the Spanish-American War.
In the World War, we used propaganda to make the boys accept conscription. They were made to feel ashamed if they didn't join the army.
So vicious was this war propaganda that even God was brought into it. With few exceptions our clergymen joined in the clamor to kill, kill, kill. To kill the Germans. God is on our side … it is His will that the Germans be killed.
And in Germany, the good pastors called upon the Germans to kill the allies … to please the same God. That was a part of the general propaganda, built up to make people war conscious and murder conscious.
Beautiful ideals were painted for our boys who were sent out to die. This was the "war to end wars." This was the "war to make the world safe for democracy." No one told them that dollars and cents were the real reason. No one mentioned to them, as they marched away, that their going and their dying would mean huge war profits. No one told these American soldiers that they might be shot down by bullets made by their own brothers here. No one told them that the ships on which they were going to cross might be torpedoed by submarines built with United States patents. They were just told it was to be a "glorious adventure."
Thus, having stuffed patriotism down their throats, it was decided to make them help pay for the war, too. So, we gave them the large salary of $30 a month!
All they had to do for this munificent sum was to leave their dear ones behind, give up their jobs, lie in swampy trenches, eat canned willy (when they could get it) and kill and kill and kill … and be killed.
But wait!
Half of that wage (just a little more in a month than a riveter in a shipyard or a laborer in a munitions factory safe at home made in a day) was promptly taken from him to support his dependents, so that they would not become a charge upon his community. Then we made him pay what amounted to accident insurance—something the employer pays for in an enlightened state—and that cost him $6 a month. He had less than $9 a month left.
Then, the most crowning insolence of all—he was virtually blackjacked into paying for his own ammunition, clothing, and food by being made to buy Liberty Bonds. Most soldiers got no money at all on pay days.
We made them buy Liberty Bonds at $100 and then we bought them back—when they came back from the war and couldn't find work—at $84 and $86. And the soldiers bought about $2,000,000,000 worth of these bonds!
Yes, the soldier pays the greater part of the bill. His family pays it too. They pay it in the same heart-break that he does. As he suffers, they suffer. At nights, as he lay in the trenches and watched shrapnel burst about him, they lay home in their beds and tossed sleeplessly—his father, his mother, his wife, his sisters, his brothers, his sons, and his daughters.
When he returned home minus an eye, or minus a leg or with his mind broken, they suffered too—as much as and even sometimes more than he. Yes, and they, too, contributed their dollars to the profits that the munitions makers and bankers and ship-builders and the manufacturers and the speculators made. They, too, bought Liberty Bonds and contributed to the profit of the bankers after the Armistice in the hocus-pocus of manipulated Liberty Bond prices.
And even now the families of the wounded men and of the mentally broken and those who never were able to readjust themselves are still suffering and still paying.
Chapter Four
Well, it's a racket, all right.
A few profit—and the many pay.
But there is a way to stop it. You can't end it by disarmament conferences. You can't eliminate it by peace parleys at Geneva. Well-meaning but impractical groups can't wipe it out by resolutions. It can be smashed effectively only by taking the profit out of war.
The only way to smash this racket is to conscript capital and industry and labor before the nation's manhood can be conscripted. One month before the Government can conscript the young men of the nation—it must conscript capital and industry and labor. Let the officers and the directors and the high-powered executives of our armament factories and our steel companies and our munitions makers and our ship-builders and our airplane builders and the manufacturers of all the other things that provide profit in war time as well as the bankers and the speculators, be conscripted—to get $30 a month, the same wage as the lads in the trenches get.
Let the workers in these plants get the same wages—all the workers, all presidents, all executives, all directors, all managers, all bankers—yes, and all generals and all admirals and all officers and all politicians and all government office holders—everyone in the nation be restricted to a total monthly income not to exceed that paid to the soldier in the trenches!
Let all these kings and tycoons and masters of business and all those workers in industry and all our senators and governors and mayors pay half of their monthly $30 wage to their families and pay war risk insurance and buy Liberty Bonds.
Why shouldn't they?
They aren't running any risk of being killed or of having their bodies mangled or their minds shattered. They aren't sleeping in muddy trenches. They aren't hungry. The soldiers are!
Give capital and industry and labor thirty days to think it over and you will find, by that time, there will be no war. That will smash the war racket—that and nothing else.
Maybe I am a little too optimistic. Capital still has some say. So capital won't permit the taking of the profit out of war until the people—those who do the suffering and still pay the price—make up their minds that those they elect to office shall do their bidding, and not that of the profiteers.
Another step necessary in this fight to smash the war racket is a limited plebiscite to determine whether war should be declared. A plebiscite not of all the voters but merely of those who would be called upon to do the fighting and the dying. There wouldn't be very much sense in having the 76-year-old president of a munitions factory or the flat-footed head of an international banking firm or the cross-eyed manager of a uniform manufacturing plant—all of whom see visions of tremendous profits in the event of war—voting on whether the nation should go to war or not. They never would be called upon to shoulder arms—to sleep in a trench and to be shot. Only those who would be called upon to risk their lives for their country should have the privilege of voting to determine whether the nation should go to war.
There is ample precedent for restricting the voting to those affected. Many of our states have restrictions on those permitted to vote. In most, it is necessary to be able to read and write before you may vote. In some, you must own property. It would be a simple matter each year for the men coming of military age to register in their communities as they did in the draft during the World War and to be examined physically. Those who could pass and who would therefore be called upon to bear arms in the event of war would be eligible to vote in a limited plebiscite. They should be the ones to have the power to decide—and not a Congress few of whose members are within the age limit and fewer still of whom are in physical condition to bear arms. Only those who must suffer should have the right to vote.
A third step in this business of smashing the war racket is to make certain that our military forces are truly forces for defense only.
At each session of Congress the question of further naval appropriations comes up. The swivel-chair admirals of Washington (and there are always a lot of them) are very adroit lobbyists. And they are smart. They don't shout that "We need a lot of battleships to war on this nation or that nation." Oh, no. First of all, they let it be known that America is menaced by a great naval power. Almost any day, these admirals will tell you, the great fleet of this supposed enemy will strike suddenly and annihilate our 125,000,000 people. Just like that. Then they begin to cry for a larger navy. For what? To fight the enemy? Oh my, no. Oh, no. For defense purposes only.
Then, incidentally, they announce maneuvers in the Pacific. For defense. Uh, huh.
The Pacific is a great big ocean. We have a tremendous coastline on the Pacific. Will the maneuvers be off the coast, two or three hundred miles? Oh, no. The maneuvers will be two thousand, yes, perhaps even thirty-five hundred miles, off the coast.
The Japanese, a proud people, of course will be pleased beyond expression to see the United States fleet so close to Nippon's shores. Even as pleased as would be the residents of California were they to dimly discern, through the morning mist, the Japanese fleet playing at war games off Los Angeles.
The ships of our navy, it can be seen, should be specifically limited, by law, to within 200 miles of our coastline. Had that been the law in 1898 the Maine would never have gone to Havana Harbor. She never would have been blown up. There would have been no war with Spain with its attendant loss of life. Two hundred miles is ample, in the opinion of experts, for defense purposes. Our nation cannot start an offensive war if its ships can't go farther than 200 miles from the coastline. Planes might be permitted to go as far as 500 miles from the coast for purposes of reconnaissance. And the army should never leave the territorial limits of our nation.
To summarize: Three steps must be taken to smash the war racket.
We must take the profit out of war.
We must permit the youth of the land who would bear arms to decide whether or not there should be war.
We must limit our military forces to home defense purposes.
Chapter Five
I am not such a fool as to believe that war is a thing of the past. I know the people do not want war, but there is no use in saying we cannot be pushed into another war.
Looking back, Woodrow Wilson was re-elected president in 1916 on a platform that he had "kept us out of war" and on the implied promise that he would "keep us out of war." Yet, five months later he asked Congress to declare war on Germany.
In that five-month interval the people had not been asked whether they had changed their minds. The 4,000,000 young men who put on uniforms and marched or sailed away were not asked whether they wanted to go forth to suffer and to die.
Then what caused our government to change its mind so suddenly?
An allied commission, it may be recalled, came over shortly before the war declaration and called on the President. The President summoned a group of advisers. The head of the commission spoke. Stripped of its diplomatic language, this is what he told the President and his group:
"There is no use kidding ourselves any longer. The cause of the allies is lost. We now owe you (American bankers, American munitions makers, American manufacturers, American speculators, American exporters) five or six billion dollars.
"If we lose (and without the help of the United States we must lose) we, England, France and Italy, cannot pay back this money … and Germany won't.
Had secrecy been outlawed as far as war negotiations were concerned, and had the press been invited to be present at that conference, or had the radio been available to broadcast the proceedings, America never would have entered the World War. But this conference, like all war discussions, was shrouded in the utmost secrecy.
When our boys were sent off to war they were told it was a "war to make the world safe for democracy" and a "war to end all wars."
Well, eighteen years after, the world has less of democracy than it had then. Besides, what business is it of ours whether Russia or Germany or England or France or Italy or Austria live under democracies or monarchies? Whether they are Fascists or Communists? Our problem is to preserve our own democracy.
And very little, if anything, has been accomplished to assure us that the World War was really the war to end all wars.
Yes, we have had disarmament conferences and limitations of arms conferences. They don't mean a thing. One has just failed; the results of another have been nullified. We send our professional soldiers and our sailors and our politicians and our diplomats to these conferences. And what happens?
The professional soldiers and sailors don't want to disarm. No admiral wants to be without a ship. No general wants to be without a command. Both mean men without jobs. They are not for disarmament. They cannot be for limitations of arms. And at all these conferences, lurking in the background but all-powerful, just the same, are the sinister agents of those who profit by war. They see to it that these conferences do not disarm or seriously limit armaments.
The chief aim of any power at any of these conferences has been not to achieve disarmament in order to prevent war but rather to endeavor to get more armament for itself and less for any potential foe.
There is only one way to disarm with any semblance of practicability. That is for all nations to get together and scrap every ship, every gun, every rifle, every tank, every war plane. Even this, if it were at all possible, would not be enough.
The next war, according to experts, will be fought not with battleships, not by artillery, not with rifles and not with machine guns. It will be fought with deadly chemicals and gases.
Secretly each nation is studying and perfecting newer and ghastlier means of annihilating its foes wholesale. Yes, ships will continue to be built, for the shipbuilders must make their profits. And guns still will be manufactured and powder and rifles will be made, for the munitions makers must make their huge profits. And the soldiers, of course, must wear uniforms, for the manufacturers must make their war profits too.
But victory or defeat will be determined by the skill and ingenuity of our scientists.
If we put them to work making poison gas and more and more fiendish mechanical and explosive instruments of destruction, they will have no time for the constructive job of building a greater prosperity for all peoples. By putting them to this useful job, we can all make more money out of peace than we can out of war—even the munition makers.
So … I say, "TO HELL WITH WAR!"


text:
Monday, October 19, 2009
What Do You Wear While You Sew?
In my opinion, the best thing to wear while sewing is whatever you slept in the night before. I'm modeling this look above, which includes my husband's pirate t-shirt and a pair of voile pajama shorts. This ensemble is best paired with fuzzy striped socks.
Even if I come home from work and decide to sew before dinner, I immediately put on whatever I slept in the night before. Even if it has stains on it, as demonstrated above. I highly recommend this route.
The second option is to sew in your underwear! This is very practical, as you can do frequent fittings without a lot of fuss. You should close your curtains first, though.
The third option is to wear a white lab coat (clothing underneath optional), like they do in the Dior couture workrooms. This is perhaps overkill, but it might be fun to pretend that you're a head dressmaker in Paris.
I'm sure I'm missing some possibilities here. So, tell us: what do you wear while you sew?
49 comments:
I am glad to hear I am not the only one who sometimes sews in their underwear! It's just so much easier to jump in and out of your project that way.ReplyDelete
(p.s. - I have been following your blog for a little while now, and I figured it was about time I got my own so I could finally comment on other people's entries. In short - love your work, keep it up!)
Hi Gertie. I know people who sew in their underwear - not for fitting purposes so much as because it's five minutes to eight and they're furiously finishing the dress they're planning to wear out to dinner that night .... so it's out of the machine, pulled on fast and they're out the door!ReplyDelete
I too usually sew in my pj's. I find it easiest and I don't feel bad when I decide to use my pants as a pin cushion or if I have threads all over me. I did want to ask though about your dress form... its so professional! I don't really sew clothes because I don't have one and I have looked at the adjustable ones in my sewing store, but I can't bring myself to buy something that is so much plastic... and expensive plastic! Where did you get yours? Does she have a name? = )ReplyDelete
i sew in my pants an bra! i m forever trying on my latest desing for the perfect fit!ReplyDelete
my boyfriend loves it when i sew, i set up my sewing machine in the living room and he sits on the sofa playing his xbox. with me walking around in my bra and pants!
ais xx
I usually sewing in boxers and bra. So much easier to try things on and also comfy. :-)ReplyDelete
Doesn't matter what I sew in, I must sew with a bra on. Shoot, I must do most things with a bra on. It's easier to try stuff on and do all the walking and squatting that I tend to do without a lot of clothes on.ReplyDelete
I love this post--such a fun topic! I often wonder if other seamstresses do wacky things (like sew in their underwear) too, or if I'm just the oddball. haha! I usually opt for comfort:ReplyDelete
- Comfy tshirt/tank and soft yoga pants. Things that are easy to take on and off if I'm doing a lot of fitting. Bonus is I can also comfortably sprawl out on the floor if I'm cutting out things! Plus, if it's a late night of sewing, all I have to do is crawl into bed and not change. haha!
- Full slip. Terribly comfortable (and cool for summertime sewing!). Somewhat modest (just in case... haha!). Make fitting dresses a breeze.
- Comfortable dress. If I'm in one of my favorite, bum-around-the-house dresses, I don't mind sewing in those either. Tends to be a bit more of a hassle change out of, but if I'm squeezing in sewing before going out somewhere, I do what I have to. ;)
I think my most common sewing look incorporates favorite clothes that are no longer ok to wear out of the house but that I just can't get rid of yet. Like shirts with stains or that my husband threw in the dryer and are now too short for public consumption and the jeans with ENORMOUS holes and shreddin on the inner thighs. They're the most comfy jeans ever and I refuse to get rid of them, so I made a deal with my husband that they just won't ever leave the house.ReplyDelete
Also, definately an underwear sewer, which my husband finds incredibly funny
Pajamas are a favorite of mine. If I take time to get dressed in the morning before starting to sew the sewing doesn't usually happen until after 12.ReplyDelete
I used to like to wear my long prairie skirt while I sewed. It made me feel old fashion while I worked on my 1950s Singer.
Haha! Yes! My pajamas if I just got up or after I come home i put on my old jazz pants and a t-shirt (so more pajamas but not what i slept in!) Comfy comfy comfy! Around the house that is usually what i go for. Though i do sew for employment as well so i do need to get dressed for that!ReplyDelete
I usually either sew in my pajamas or comfy sweats, shorts and a t-shirt. Underwear is out since I have children around, with two of them being boys.ReplyDelete
What a fun question! I also prefer to sew in my pjs, but I prefer to do most things at home in them. Sometimes when I am doing multiple fittings I'll sew in my underwear for a bit. I have a vintage Singer sewing book that makes a case for sewing in your pretty clothing with makeup and styled hair, but that just makes me laugh.ReplyDelete
Well, here it depends on the weather. Although, I am lucky enough to have a stove in my sewing room. But it is usually a tee and pants or shorts. Although, I leave sweats in the closet of the sewing room in case I get cold.ReplyDelete
Can't say I own any PJ's!
- AnonymousOctober 19, 2009 at 10:56 AM
I am having fun imagining all these sewists sitting around sewing in their underwear. How funny. Plus I do that, and I thought I was the only one!ReplyDelete
Like you, I wear my pjs from the night before. Comfort is key. I did try to sew in a bathrobe once. Very uncomfortable.ReplyDelete
Yikes. I do feel over-dressed!ReplyDelete
Just like the commenters above, I usually start out in my PJs. Then end up in my bra and underwear as I adjust the fit. And to think I thought I was the only one!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousOctober 19, 2009 at 12:14 PM
Ha! Another underwear sewer here, which is a touch dicey when I get too close to the burst o' steam on my iron. Ouch!ReplyDelete
I sew in whatever is comfortable! Usually something grubby. I will end up in underwear if I am doing a lot of fitting but I usually don't because I get too cold.ReplyDelete
What a fun question! If I am sewing in my basment, where most of my sewing setup is located, I sew in full dress. It is just to cold down there for me!ReplyDelete
If I am upstairs, the sky is the limit as to what I'm wearing. yesterday it was purple shirt, white socks, and red knit pants.
I took a quilting class a long time ago from a super funny lady. She was sewing in the upstairs part of her house. She broke a needle and being concerned for her eyes, she put on a scuba mask for protection. (it was handy) She got overheated and took most of her clothes off. THen she need more traction for moving her quilt around and grabbed her dish washing gloves. Now, THAT outfit makes a statement!
- AnonymousOctober 19, 2009 at 1:21 PM
I usually start out in whatever I've worn that day, but gradually I start to lose items of clothing. Until I'm down to my underpants (like so many others.) It's just such a bother putting on all of my clothes after every little trying-on.ReplyDelete
Yoga pants and t are great... I'm not usually making things for myself.ReplyDelete
Boxers if it's summer...
But I ALWAYS sew with bare feet!
Definitely pajamas! I never get dressed up just to be home all day. :)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousOctober 19, 2009 at 2:34 PM
My personal favorite is a pair of linen yoga pants and a t-shirt with my super soft knit kimono over it all. I've been known to end up in underwear by the end of it all myself...perhaps when I have a real sewing room, I can put up a fancy partition with a mirror so I can do fitting without exposing myself. ;)ReplyDelete
Well, it seems I'm overdressed compared to most people here. I have roommates, so sewing in my underwear and a bra is rarely an option for me. I usually wear a tshirt and jeans. Maybe this is why I have fitting problems so often -- I don't stop and try it on enough. ;)ReplyDelete
- Twill JillOctober 19, 2009 at 5:00 PM
Wow. I was beginning to question my status as a "lady" because I sew so much in my undies. However, I also have gym shoes on too since my presser foot has a tendancy to slip out from under my feet. I must look like a goof, but I don't care!ReplyDelete
- HillaryOctober 19, 2009 at 6:37 PM
Me too with the bra & shorts in summer for comfort & ease of fitting; so funny so many do too! But due to weather lately, it's been more like 2-3 pairs of leggings/yoga pants, big woolly socks & a few layers of shirts/sweater, which makes fittings much more time-consuming and brrrrr!!!ReplyDelete
- sweeterOctober 19, 2009 at 7:15 PM
I'm usually barefoot and in PJs. I have an old sewing book form the 40s that recommends getting dressed up--lipstick seems important--fpr sewing. They think if you are making something glam, you should look glam.ReplyDelete
I am in total agreement with you on all points. I'm usually in gym shorts and an oversized tee, or leggings and a tee, or just my underwear. Me and my family call what you describe "ready to roll". It certainally works for me.ReplyDelete
I also thought I was the only one! I always start out with the best intentions of staying clothed, but end up in my underwear and bra halfway through! It got to the point where I tilted a full length mirror next to the sewing machine because I spent so much time leaping up and running into to the bathroom!ReplyDelete
Well, I have three young boys, so remaining fully dressed is a must!!!!ReplyDelete
I must say that I am amazed at how many sew in their underwear!
I am one of those old fashioned girls who gets up every morning, dresses somewhat decently, and "fixes up" as my grandmother would say.
Lately, my at home favorites have been the Jalie tops I have made. (Okay, become a little obsessed with making!)
I just left my sewing room and I have on my night shirt and a pair of sweats. I also can't sew with shoes on...I'm barefoot in my sewing room...what about you guys...do you wear shoes in your sewing room.ReplyDelete
- binkydollOctober 19, 2009 at 10:41 PM
nekkid/mostly nekkid myself - usually a pair of pajama bottoms/boxers & a t-shirt or tank top, absolutely bare feetReplyDelete
but then, my partner and I are firm believers in changing into house clothes when we get home, and we don't wear shoes in the apartment...
I think it's funny that in such a dangerous environment - dropped pins, steamy irons - we go about totally unprotected. I mean, you'd think after the third or fourth (or fortieth) time of stepping on a pin, I'd at least put on a pair of slippers!
- AnonymousOctober 20, 2009 at 12:10 AM
I sew in whatever I have on that day. I also sew in an apron I use JUST for sewing.ReplyDelete
That said, if I have to try things on, I will stay in my slip afterwards (it covers me more then some dresses would today) and will wear an apron over it.
Sadly, no one notices when I do run around in my slip anyway.
I usually START OFF fully clothed, but am soon in varying stages of undress. Jeans and bra, or tshirt and underpants. I sorta don't remember to put the clothes back on after I'm trying on the in-progress garment. My fella thinks its hilarious/annoying- he keeps finding cast-off clothing in different rooms and he picks it up because he's a neatnik... but I tell him, how I am sposed to remember to put an article of clothing back on if he's stuck it back in a drawer?ReplyDelete
Underwear, cotton kimono without closure (very confortable, keep wearm, can be use as pincushion, can be take on/off without thinking of it, huby like to see me sewing and my little girl allaways don't care and my baby boy is young enough (mum breast for breastfeedin, mum kimono to play with it ;-)ReplyDelete
Nice blog, thanks to share!
I start out sewing in my "play clothes" - jeans and a top. But that sometimes changes. If I'm making a blouse or dress, after I try it on , my top may stay off and I end up sewing in jeans and a bra! Unless, of course it's cold!ReplyDelete
Funny to read how most people sew in comfortable clothes. It sounds logical too. But I don't do that. i mostly sew fully clothed, in whatever I am wearing that day. Don't what it is, but I just feel more active when I am dressed like I can run outside within a second. Althoug I can imagine it is far more practical to sew in your lingerie, with fitting and all. Maybe I should consider that. But then I first should make some new curtains for my sewing attic!ReplyDelete
I really just sew in whatever I am wearing at the time that I can sew (I have a toddler). Sometimes PJ's other times what I have just gone to the shops in.ReplyDelete
I'm so relieved to read that so many of you end up in undies too. I start out sewing in whatever I am already wearing. I don't have a wardrobe change before sewing. However, if I'm sewing something for myself I end up changing into gym pants and a t-shirt if I'm feeling like being modest. Otherwise, it's just undies for me. And I always feel a bit strange about it, but I tell myself it's immensely practical.ReplyDelete
Great topic Gertie!
I think it is not important thing that what you wear while you sew.You can wear anything in which you are comfortable.According to me trouser is the best for it.
vitamine d
I like to sew in my favorite burgundy- colored tights and a long tee shirt. I live in Norway and it gets chilly running around my studio in just my undies. That said, this cute ensemble has been labeled my 'sexy sewing outfit' and I refuse to deviate.ReplyDelete
Comfy - that's it!ReplyDelete
Bare feet. Socks, maybe if I'm wearing the compression stockings I'm supposed to wear. Usually my wide-legged jeans (sooo comfy) and a t-shirt, too. I took lots of ceramics in college, and I threw on the electric wheel barefooted, too. Got blessed out royally for it but it's just easier to feel what I'm doing if I'm not wearing shoes.ReplyDelete
Have read your entire blog up to here, Gertie, without comment, but will chime in and add my piece: I must wear a certain bra that I had made, but then I REDRESS into my nightshirt and throw on a pair of flannel pants. I tried blue jeans, and it just doesn't seem right. I have slipper socks too, because its cold in here, but shoes or sneakers just seem overdressed. Funny thing about the bra...it's really a bit too tight, but I think it fits me the best, so I feel it gives the truest "fit" when trying on happens...ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 8, 2010 at 10:34 AM
haha, bra, knickers, and dressing gown here! :)ReplyDelete
My sewing wear consist of t-shirts and shorts no shoes. I cannot touch the pressure foot with shoes on.ReplyDelete
I'm thrilled to hear I'm not the only one to end up with ironing burns in embarrassing places (upper thigh, lower back) from working in my underwear. And ironing on the floor. Then there's the time I dropped the casorole dish on my lap taking it out of the oven. . . Scars fade.ReplyDelete
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Notice that this is not an explanation requiring genetic adaptation. Parasite burden inhibits cognitive function development. Indeed, if one were to make an adaptive argument (and I will not!), it would be in the direction of greater brain development genetic potential in parasite-heavy locales to counteract the effects of disease, i.e., the selection of individuals that may withstand the rigors of fighting off infectious disease without compromising cognitive function.
The authors write:
Multiple regression shows that, of infectious disease, temperature, evolutionary novelty and AVED, infectious disease is the best predictor of intelligence by a large margin.
If the general pathway we propose is correct, there are two plausible mechanisms by which a trade-off in allocation of energy to immune function versus brain development and maintenance may occur. First, parasitic infection may intermittently cause the redirection of energy away from brain development. In this case, during periods of infection, the brain receives fewer energetic resources, but this allocation to brain function will return to pre-infection levels during healthy periods. During periods of infection, whatever aspects of the brain that are growing and developing will suffer reduced phenotypic quality. Second, exposure to infectious agents may cause a developmental pathway that permanently invests more energy into immune function at the expense of brain growth. In this scenario, large amounts of energy would be allocated into immune function during periods of health, as opposed to only redirecting energy during periods of infection. This could operate through a variety of mechanisms. A plausible mechanism is that higher investment in immune system is triggered by individual exposure to infectious disease at some point during ontogeny. This may include triggering from exposure to maternal antibodies while in utero.
Our findings suggest that the heritable variation in intelligence may come from two sources: brain structure and immune system quality. Thus, two individuals may possess identical genes for brain structure, but have different IQ owing to differences in immune system quality reflecting their personal allocation of energy into brain development versus immunity.
Our findings are consistent with a number of other findings in the literature. In particular, the Flynn effect (Flynn 1987) demands that any hypothesis regarding the worldwide variation and distribution of intelligence must be able to account for some factor that allows for large IQ gains over time spans seemingly too short to be attributed to evolution by natural selection. The parasite-stress hypothesis allows for such a factor in the form of reduced parasitic infection. As societies become modernized, decreased parasite stress may occur through multiple pathways. As national wealth increases, medicine, vaccinations and potable water can be purchased by both the government and by individuals. Moreover, there is cross-national evidence that, as democratization increases, there are corresponding increases in public health legislation and infrastructure. Democratization also increases levels of education, better allowing individuals to seek out and understand information that reduces parasitic infection (Thornhill et al. 2009). This source of endogeneity is not a flaw, but a prediction of our hypothesis.
Parasite prevalence and the worldwide distribution of cognitive ability
In this study, we hypothesize that the worldwide distribution of cognitive ability is determined in part by variation in the intensity of infectious diseases. From an energetics standpoint, a developing human will have difficulty building a brain and fighting off infectious diseases at the same time, as both are very metabolically costly tasks. Using three measures of average national intelligence quotient (IQ), we found that the zero-order correlation between average IQ and parasite stress ranges from r = −0.76 to r = −0.82 (p less than 0.0001). These correlations are robust worldwide, as well as within five of six world regions. Infectious disease remains the most powerful predictor of average national IQ when temperature, distance from Africa, gross domestic product per capita and several measures of education are controlled for. These findings suggest that the Flynn effect may be caused in part by the decrease in the intensity of infectious diseases as nations develop.


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The general purpose of Evidence-Based Nursing is to select from the health related literature those articles reporting studies and reviews that warrant immediate attention by nurses attempting to keep pace with important advances in their profession. These articles are summarised in "value added" abstracts and commented on by clinical experts. The specific purposes of Evidence-Based Nursing are:
To identify, using predefined criteria, the best quantitative and qualitative original and review articles on the meaning, cause, course, assessment, prevention, treatment, or economics of health problems managed by nurses and on quality assurance
To summarise this literature in the form of "structured abstracts" that describe the question, methods, results, and evidence-based conclusions of studies in a reproducible and accurate fashion
To provide brief, highly expert comment on the context of each article, its methods, and clinical applications that its findings warrant
To disseminate the summaries in a timely fashion to nurses.
The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) Publishing Company and the British Medical Journal (BMJ) Publishing Group publish Evidence-Based Nursing under the editorship of Dr Alba DiCenso and Dr Donna Ciliska at McMaster University in Canada and Dr Nicky Cullum at the University of York in the UK. The Health Information Research Unit (HIRU) of the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics at McMaster University hosts the editorial office for the production of the abstracts and commissioning of commentaries. Dr Brian Haynes acts as coordinating editor to ensure that methods and procedures are consistent with other evidence-based journals prepared by HIRU.
Criteria for selection and review of articles for abstracting
All articles in a journal issue are considered for abstracting if they meet these criteria:
Original or review articles
In English
Quantitative and qualitative studies
About topics that are important to the clinical practice of nurses in any setting
Analysis of each article is consistent with the study question.
Studies of prevention or treatment must meet these additional criteria:
Random allocation of participants to comparison groups
Follow up (end point assessment) of ⩾80% of those entering the investigation
Outcome measure of known or probable clinical importance.
Studies of assessment (screening or diagnosis) must meet these additional criteria:
Inclusion of a spectrum of participants, some, but not all of whom, have the condition of interest
Objective diagnostic ("gold") standard (eg, central venous pressure) or current clinical standard for diagnosis (eg, sphygmomanometer reading for hypertension), preferably with documentation of reproducible criteria for subjectively interpreted diagnostic standard (ie, report of statistically significant measure of agreement beyond chance among observers)
Each participant must receive both the new test and some form of the diagnostic standard
Interpretation of diagnostic standard without knowledge of test result
Interpretation of test without knowledge of diagnostic standard result.
Studies of prognosis must meet these additional criteria:
Inception cohort (first onset or assembled at a uniform point in the development of a condition or disease) of individuals, all initially free of the outcome of interest
Follow up of ⩾80% of participants until the occurrence of a major study endpoint or to the end of the study.
Studies of causation must meet these additional criteria:
Observations concerning the relation between modifiable exposures and putative clinical outcomes
Prospective data collection with clearly identified comparison group(s) for those at risk of, or having, the outcome of interest (in descending order of preference, from randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, cohort study with case by case matching or statistical adjustment to create comparable groups, or nested case control studies)
Blinding (masking) of observers of outcome to exposure (criterion assumed to be met if outcome is objective, eg, all cause mortality or self administered psychometric test)
Studies of quality improvement or continuing education must meet these additional criteria:
Random allocation of participants or units to comparison groups
Follow up of ⩾80% of participants
Outcome measure of known or probable clinical importance.
Studies of the economics of healthcare programmes or interventions must meet these additional criteria:
The economic question must compare alternative courses of action
Alternative diagnostic or therapeutic services or quality assurance activities must be compared on the basis of both the outcomes produced (effectiveness) and resources consumed (costs)
Evidence of effectiveness must be from a study (or studies) of real (not hypothetical) patients, which meets the criteria for treatment, assessment, quality assurance, or a review article
Results should be presented in terms of the incremental or additional costs and outcomes of one intervention over another
Where there is uncertainty in the estimates or imprecision in the measurement, a sensitivity analysis should be done.
Clinical prediction guides must meet these additional criteria:
The guide must be generated in ⩾1 set of real (not hypothetical) patients (training set)
The guide must be validated in an independent set of real patients (test set)
The guide must pertain to treatment, assessment, prognosis, or causation.
Review articles must meet these additional criteria:
A clear statement of the clinical topic being reviewed
A clear description of the sources and methods for identifying articles
Specification of the inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting articles for detailed review
⩾ 1 article in the review must meet the above noted criteria for treatment, assessment, prognosis, causation, quality assurance, or economics of healthcare programmes.
Content reflects the phenomenon of interest from the perspective of people experiencing it
Data collection methods are appropriate for qualitative data
Analyses are appropriate for qualitative data.
These criteria are subject to modification if, for example, it becomes feasible to apply higher standards that increase the validity and applicability of studies for clinical practice. The objective of Evidence-Based Nursing is to abstract only the very best literature, consistent with a reasonable number of articles "making it through the filter".
Articles meeting the criteria set out above are abstracted according to the procedure for more informative abstracts,1 with the following modifications: abstracts are approximately 400 words in length; and each abstract is reviewed by an expert in the content area covered by the article. This expert writes a commentary in which she or he compares the study findings to previous research findings, identifies any important methodological problems that affect interpretation of the study results, and offers recommendations for clinical application. The author of the article is given an opportunity to review the abstract and commentary before publication.
On an ongoing basis, we will publish to the Evidence-Based Nursing web site (www.evidencebasednursing.com) a selected list of articles that passed all criteria but were not abstracted because, in the judgment of the editors, their findings were less applicable to general nursing practice, the topic was of interest to only a select group of nurse specialists or the topic was recently addressed in another abstract.Purpose and procedure
|Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
|J Adv Nurs
|J Rheumatol
|Acta Orthop Scand
|J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
|J Trauma
|Age Ageing
|J Am Coll Cardiol
|J Vasc Surg
|Aliment Pharmacol Ther
|J Am Coll Surg
|Am J Cardiol
|Br J Gen Pract
|J Am Geriatr Soc
|Am J Epidemiol
|Br J Psychiatry
|J Am Med Inform Assoc
|Med Care
|Am J Gastroenterol
|Br J Surg
|J Arthroplasty
|Med J Aust
|Am J Med
|Can J Gastroenterol
|J Bone Joint Surg Am
|Am J Obstet Gynecol
|Can J Nurs Res
|J Bone Joint Surg Br
|N Engl J Med
|Am J Psychiatry
|Can J Surg
|J Child Psychol Psychiatry
|Am J Public Health
|Cancer Nurs
|J Clin Epidemiol
|Am J Respir Crit Care Med
|J Clin Nurs
|Nurs Res
|Am J Sports Med
|Clin Orthop Rel Res
|J Consult Clin Psychol
|Obstet Gynecol
|Ann Emerg Med
|J Fam Pract
|Ann Intern Med
|Cochrane Database Syst Rev
|J Gen Intern Med
|Patient Educ Couns
|Ann Rheum Dis
|Crit Care Med
|J Hand Surg [Am]
|Ann Surg
|Diabet Med
|J Hand Surg [Br]
|Psychosom Med
|ANS Adv Nurs Sci
|Diabetes Care
|J Infect Dis
|Qual Health Res
|Appl Nurs Res
|Fam Pract
|J Manipulative Physiol Ther
|Arch Dis Child
|Foot Ankle
|J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
|Res Nurs Health
|Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed
|J Neurosurg
|Arch Gen Psychiatry
|J Nurs Scholarsh
|Soc Sci Med
|Arch Intern Med
|Health Educ Behav
|J Orthop Trauma
|Arch Neurol
|Health Psychol
|J Pediatr
|Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
|J Pediatr Oncol Nurs
|Arch Surg
|Heart Lung
|J Pediatric Orthop
|West J Nurs Res
|Arthritis Rheum


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The organisation needs to process data to take steps at your request prior to entering into a contract with you. It also needs to process your data to enter into a contract with you.
In some cases, the organisation needs to process data to ensure that it is complying with its legal obligations. For example, it is required to check a successful applicant's eligibility to work in the UK before employment starts.
The organisation has a legitimate interest in processing personal data during the recruitment process and for keeping records of the process. Processing data from job applicants allows the organisation to manage the recruitment process, assess and confirm a candidate's suitability for employment and decide to whom to offer a job. The organisation may also need to process data from job applicants to respond to and defend against legal claims.
organisation processes health information if it needs to make reasonable adjustments to the recruitment process for candidates who have a disability. This is to carry out its obligations and exercise specific rights in relation to employment.
Where the organisation processes other special categories of data, such as information about ethnic origin, sexual orientation, health or religion or belief, this is for equal opportunities monitoring purposes as permitted by the Data Protection Act 2018.
For some roles, the organisation is obliged to seek information about criminal convictions and offences. Where the organisation seeks this information, it does so because it is necessary for it to carry out its obligations and exercise specific rights in relation to employment/comply with a regulatory requirement to establish whether or not an individual has committed an unlawful act or been involved in dishonesty or other improper conduct.
The organisation will not use your data for any purpose other than the recruitment exercise for which you have applied.
Who has access to data?
Your information will be shared internally for the purposes of the recruitment exercise. This includes members of the HR and recruitment team, interviewers involved in the recruitment process and managers in the business area with a vacancy.
The organisation will not share your data with third parties, unless your application for employment is successful and it makes you an offer of employment. The organisation will then share your data with former employers to obtain references for you, employment background check providers to obtain necessary background checks and the Disclosure and Barring Service to obtain necessary criminal records checks.
The organisation will not transfer your data outside the European Economic Area.
How does the organisation protect data?
The organisation takes the security of your data seriously. It has internal policies and controls in place to ensure that your data is not lost, accidentally destroyed, misused or disclosed, and is not accessed except by our employees in the proper performance of their duties.
For how long does the organisation keep data?
If your application for employment is unsuccessful, the organisation will hold your data on file for 6 months after the end of the relevant recruitment process. At the end of that period (or once you withdraw your consent), your data is deleted or destroyed.
If your application for employment is successful, personal data gathered during the recruitment process will be transferred to your personnel file and retained during your employment. The periods for which your data will be held will be provided to you in a new privacy notice.
Your rights
As a data subject, you have a number of rights. You can:
- access and obtain a copy of your data on request
- require the organisation to change incorrect or incomplete data
- require the organisation to delete or stop processing your data, for example where the data is no longer necessary for the purposes of processing
- object to the processing of your data where the organisation is relying on its legitimate interests as the legal ground for processing
- ask the organisation to stop processing data for a period if data is inaccurate or there is a dispute about whether or not your interests override the organisation's legitimate grounds for processing data.
If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact the Data Protection Officer at Julia's House, Ground Floor, Allenview House, Hanham Road, Wimborne, BH21 1AS or email email@example.com.
If you believe that the organisation has not complied with your data protection rights, you can complain to the Information Commissioner.
What if you do not provide personal data?
You are under no statutory or contractual obligation to provide data to the organisation during the recruitment process. However, if you do not provide the information, the organisation may not be able to process your application properly or at all. If your application is successful, it will be a condition of any job offer that you provide evidence of your right to work in the UK and satisfactory references.
You are under no obligation to provide information for equal opportunities monitoring purposes and there are no consequences for your application if you choose not to provide such information.


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When Will My Order Ship?
Ship Out Date Estimates:
|Standard Processing
|Rush Processing
This Charles River Boston Flight Jacket is the perfect lightweight choice to hold up to the weather. The men's lightweight flight jacket is made out of a water and wind resistant one hundred percent river tech nylon taffeta material with a one hundred percent nylon lining. It features a zippered front and is available in a number of colors for you to choose from. Remember that this jacket does run true to size.
- 2.1-ounce, 100% River Tec™ Nylon Taffeta
- Wind & water-resistant
- Full zip jacket with 100% Nylon lining
- Sizes run true
|Combined Order
|Discounted Price
|• Orders less than $300 will incur a $65 Small Order Processing Fee.
|• There is NO FEE for orders over $300.
|• Mix and match any styles, sizes or colors to reach discount levels.
|• Quantity discounts excludes sale items.
• All products will be embroidered with the logo provided.
• Logo placement is on the left chest of all apparel unless otherwise noted.
• Every new logo is proofed for your approval before production.
• If you do not approve the proof and we cannot fix it to your satisfaction, we will cancel the order and charge you nothing.
• If there is a date that you need the order in your hands, please tell us that at time of order so we can be sure to get it to you in time.
• If you have ordered from us in the past, we still have your logo. We keep them forever.
• Sizing advice: If you find yourself between sizes, get the bigger size.
• Satisfaction is guaranteed on all workmanship.
We want nothing more than for everyone who wears your logo
to wear it proudly. That means you can select from the best brands available
and benefit from the expertise that comes from artisans having embroidered
thousands of logos.
We promise you will be delighted with your purchase.
If not, we will make it right.
Get a Charles River Boston Flight Jacket With Your Logo
Our simple ordering process makes it easy to get a custom embroidered Charles River Boston Flight Jacket with your logo. First, choose the color and size combination you desire. Next, upload your logo, then checkout. You will receive a photo of your physical embroidered proof within 1-3 business days. You can request changes till you are satisfied with the look.Our Process
Expertly Crafted Custom Logo Embroidered Apparel
We believe your logo is more than just a logo. It is also your story. That's why we care for your logo like it was our own. Custom logo embroidered apparel is all we do, and we do it well from our shop outside Minneapolis, Minnesota.About Us


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Open Data NY - DOH
created Dec 5 2013
updated Dec 4 2019
This line chart compares the median costs vs. median charges for schizophrenia with a moderate severity of illness by hospital. The dataset contains information submitted by New York State Article 28 Hospitals as part of the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative (SPARCS) and Institutional Cost Report (ICR) data submissions. The dataset contains information on the volume of discharges, All Payer Refined Diagnosis Related Group (APR-DRG), the severity of illness level (SOI), medical or surgical classification the median charge, median cost, average charge and average cost per discharge. When interpreting New York's data, it is important to keep in mind that variations in cost may be attributed to many factors. Some of these include overall volume, teaching hospital status, facility specific attributes, geographic region and quality of care provided.For more information, check out: http://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/sparcs/. The "About" tab contains additional details concerning this dataset.
- Community Rating
Current value: 0 out of 5
- Your Rating
Current value: 0 out of 5
- Raters
- 0
- Visits
- 59218
- Downloads
- 1384
- Comments
- 0
- Contributors
- 0
- Category
- Health
- Permissions
- Public
- Tags
- sparcs, hospital, discharge, inpatient, charges, cost transparency, consumer resources, quality-safety-costs
- SODA2 Only
- Yes
Licensing and Attribution
- Data Provided By
- New York State Department of Health
- Source Link
- http://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/sparcs/
Dataset Information
- Agency
- Health, Department of
Dataset Summary
- Time Period
- Beginning 2009
- Posting Frequency
- Annually
- Dataset Owner
- Bureau of Health Informatics
- Coverage
- Statewide
- Granularity
- Hospital All Payer Refined Diagnosis Related Group (APR-DRG)
- Units
- Discharges
- Organization
- Office of Quality and Patient Safety
- Data Frequency
- Annually
- Limitations
- When interpreting New York's data, it is important to keep in mind that variations in cost may be attributed to many factors. Some of these include overall volume, teaching hospital status, facility specific attributes, geographic region and quality of care provided. Additionally, costs derived from billing data are based upon a ratio that is submitted by a facility to the state and may not necessary reflect a final price of the service delivered. Cost data presented in this dataset was calculated using facility specific 2010 audited RCCs file. The cost data is derived from applying the Ratio of Cost to Charges (RCC) submitted by hospitals on their Institutional Cost Report (ICR) filing to the State Department of Health. Hospital data associated with DRG 564 abortion without D&C, aspiration curettage or hysterotomy and all severity levels has been removed from data file for release. This was done in accordance with protecting confidentiality.
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Losi Ten SCT 4wd Nitro truck bearing kit
22 bearings included:
- 6- 12x18x4
- 4- 5x8x2.5
- 4- 5x11x4
- 4- 10x15x4
- 4- 6x12x4
Chrome Steel
This is our standard bearing that we have been stocking since the beginning. Chrome Steel is a great budget friendly bearing that will work in most any application.
- Abec 3
- Pre Greased
- Chrome steel
- Rubber sealed
440 Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel bearings offer 75-85% of the strength as the Chrome Steel bearing, but will not corrode when used in wet applications. Stainless Steel also will run safely at a higher temperature than a chrome steel
- Abec 3
- Pre Greased
- 440 Stainless Steel balls retainers & races
- Rubber sealed
Ceramic Hybrid
Ceramic Hybrids last up to 10xs longer than Chrome Steel bearings. These are used in applications where high speed, load and temperature are a factor. Ceramic balls are harder and rounder than stainless & chrome steel, so therefore they offer less rolling resistance.
- Abec 5
- Light oil
- Ceramic Silicon Nitride Si3N4 balls
- Chrome steel races
- Chrome steel & reinforced nylon retainers
- Rubber sealed
Reinforced nylon retainers
Reinforced Nylon retainers can handle up to 60% more speed than a chrome steel retainer. Nylon retainers will lose their elasticity and become brittle in colder temperatures.
*main picture is a stock photo


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A foot (symbol: ft) is a unit of length. It is equal to 0.3048 m, and used in the imperial system of units and United States customary units. The unit of foot derived from the human foot. It is subdivided into 12 inches.
An inch (symbol: in) is a unit of length. It is defined as 1⁄12 of a foot, also is 1⁄36 of a yard. Though traditional standards for the exact length of an inch have varied, it is equal to exactly 25.4 mm. The inch is a popularly used customary unit of length in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
- How many feet and inches are in 9.3 feet?
- 9.3 feet is equal to how many feet and inches?
- How to convert 9.3 feet to feet and inches?
- What is 9.3 feet in feet and inches?
- How many is 9.3 feet in feet and inches?
inchesfeet.com © 2023


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This is located at Comanche St, Mission, TX 78572. This listing is NOT an active listing. Updates to this listing have stopped. This listing may be off the market. No further information is available at this time.
Save money on this property now.
This property is available as a bankruptcy at Comanche St. Based on our analysis of the current market conditions in Mission for Comanche St and comparable listings, the estimated market value is still being calculated. If purchased for rental purposes, this property might present an opportunity to make monthly rental income. The rental value will be updated on this listing soon. Factors considered in this calculation include the property location, condition, status, and convenience. Properties like this one located at Comanche St are updated daily along with others in Mission, Texas.
This property in Mission, TX is located in the Ojo De Agua 02 Subdivision.
The property located at Comanche St in Mission, TX is listed as a BankruptcyThis bankruptcy listing at Comanche St in Mission, Texas is among more than 1 million records featured in our comprehensive nationwide real estate database. However, unlike most property records, not all homes / addresses associated with a bankruptcy filing are for sale. This is an important legal concept to understand before moving forward on Comanche St Mission, TX. We highly recommend that you first contact the court-appointed receiver / trustee listed below (scroll down) under "Bankruptcy Information" to learn whether or not the property is (or will soon be) for sale.
In order to purchase a bankruptcy property, you will need to approach the court appointed receiver / trustee to pursue your deal.
Contact the bankruptcy trustee to find out if the property is for sale as part of the bankruptcy. If so, request the terms for the sale of the property as well as any additional information regarding the condition of the property. This will help you understand the type of investment your are getting into.
Here is how you can proceed:
There are special issues to be considered when dealing with properties that are the subject of bankruptcy. Properties in bankruptcy frequently have flaws both physically due to lack of maintenance, and liens of creditors. There may be a great deal of motivation for the courts to dispose of the property for the benefit of the creditors, which can translate into a good deal for a property investor. When dealing with the courts in the sale of a property, buyers need to be patient as each decision related to the sale has to be approved by the court. However, a patient real estate investor can turn this situation into a sale at below market price.
Contact the court-appointed receiver / trustee listed below (scroll down) under "Bankruptcy Information" to determine whether or not the property is (or will soon be) for sale. REMEMBER: not all homes / addresses associated with a bankruptcy filing are for sale.Step 2
Request the terms of the sale for the property that is included in the bankruptcy filing, as well as any additional information regarding the condition of the home. This will help you better understand the type of investment (price, terms, conditions, etc.) that you are exploring.Step 3
Drive by the property and visually inspect it, as well as the surrounding neighborhood. Frequently, properties that are involved in bankruptcy filings are in need of maintenance (some may even be abandoned). Please keep in mind that the distressed homeowner(s) may still be living in the property and their privacy must always be respected.Step 4
Make an offer! At this stage, you have already determined that the property is for sale, appears to be in acceptable condition, and that you can live with the terms the court-appointed receiver / trustee has spelled out. Be certain that your offer contains contingencies such as appraised value, property inspections, clear title and the financing you will need to close the deal.Step 5
Once the court-appointed receiver / trustee has signed off on your offer, have professional inspectors give detailed reports on the condition of such things as construction defects, the roof, insect infestations, mold, electrical and plumbing systems, appliances, and heating and air conditioning units. Once you are satisfied with the inspections -- and all other contingencies are assured -- have your lender give you a commitment for financing.
Patience is the key to buying a home involved in a bankruptcy filing. For example, bankruptcies can present unique problems with respect to title since you will be receiving the deed from the court. Also, when bankruptcies occur, liens frequently follow. Therefore, be sure to work with a title agent who understands the fine points of bankruptcy and can insure your title is clean and unencumbered.
Patience will be rewarded more often than not … in a major way!
Indeed, there is often a great deal of motivation for the court-appointed receiver / trustee to sell a home included in a bankruptcy filing quickly and reasonably to satisfy creditors, which can translate into a great deal for a property investor (that's you!). Just be patient -- each decision related to the sale has to be approved by the court. However, a patient real estate investor can often turn a bankruptcy situation into a sale at well below fair market price.
|Start Date
|End Date
|Listing Type
|Bank Name
The information provided on the Website, which encompasses details such as property dimensions, floor area, valuation, geographic location, and general property description, is furnished for your convenience and originates from third-party sources. This data should not be interpreted as constituting a contractual offer for the procurement, leasing, or advertising of real estate. No express or implied warranties or assurances are extended concerning these properties, including their availability. While the data presented on this Website is considered reliable, it acknowledges a degree of uncertainty, thus necessitating independent verification.
The administrators of this platform, as well as their respective directors, associates, and personnel, have not undertaken a process of due diligence to verify the accuracy of the information. Their role is limited to disseminating the information, and they do not accept liability, whether direct or indirect, for any injuries, losses, claims, damages, or associated indirect or consequential harms, including but not limited to lost profits or savings, arising from the use of any information or any deficiencies, inaccuracies, or defects in the disseminated information within the bounds of the Website.
Foreclosure.com, in conjunction with its Affiliates, disclaims any responsibility arising from your acquisition of third-party goods, services, or tangible properties based on the informational context of the Site. Foreclosure.com reserves the right, at its sole discretion and without prior notice, to rectify errors or omissions within any section of the Site or to restrict access to the Site.
Relying solely on the informational content featured on the Website is not advisable. Conduct your own personal inquiries and seek legal counsel regarding any property under consideration within the scope of the Website or the associated data.
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Videos for #10724 RTR E10 with Lamborghini Murcielago
Win an HPI Baja! - HPI HomeMovies 2013
Do you like to pull off crazy jumps? Have you got a top speed monster? Enjoy mudding in the muckiest ravines? How about climbing the impossible hill? Then do it, video it and send it! However, this time,include YOURSELF in the video to win - and make sure to say "This is MY HPI!"
Upload the video to your online video-sharing account and email us the link at firstname.lastname@example.com to get entered!
- HPI E10 Touring RTR
- HPI Racing's General Getting Started Guide


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Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya Property Prices & Statistics
|Property Type
|$ PSF | Qty
|Price | Qty
|Rental | Qty
- The Price is estimated based on Asking Price, not actual transaction price.
- The Price | Quantity shown is the Average (and Median) Asking Price based on a number of transactions
- The Price$ PSF is Price per Square Feet
- The Posting is number of advertisements (to indicate liquidity)
- This service is still in BETA (meaning there might be errorness information). Use this information as general reference only


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Looking for hearing aids in South Pasadena, FL? We've got you covered! Over the past few years, Hearing Tracker has helped thousands of people find the high-quality hearing help they need. For a faster experience, be sure to check out Hearing Aids Near Me map to find nearby hearing experts.
Looking for a specific brand of hearing aids in South Pasadena? Use the links below to get to our interactive map where you can search for nearby providers who fit hearing aids from popular brands like Oticon, Phonak, Widex, Signia, Starkey, and more.


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The FTD® Stunning Beauty™ BouquetIntercat-FTD401
This elegant vased arrangement will catch their eye with its array of red roses, pink lilies, purple irises, purple aster and more.
All items featured on this site represent the types of arrangements we offer and may vary depending upon availability in certain regions. Substitution Policy


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Hindu Wedding Invitation Video (Royal Book) | SHWRB-044
Royal Book Hindu Wedding Invitation Video.
Watch The Video Here
Kaushik Venkatesh – Best Digital Hindu Wedding Invitation Video Maker Online. Special Royal Book Template (Full HD Video).
This Video is Customizable as per your needs.
Purchase Here
Hindu Wedding Invitation Video
Royal Wedding Invitation Video. Hindu Marriage Invitation Video *Product Code: SHWRB-044
More Greetings @ Kaushik Venkatesh – The Final Destination for Greeting Lovers.
Indian Wedding Invitations. Hindu Wedding Invitation Video (Best). Your search for Video Invitation ends here. Invite your dear ones from anywhere in the world with this Digital Video Invitation. Best Hindu Wedding Invitation. The right kind of Video Invitation, Hindus are looking for their marriage.
If You are getting Married or Your Son/Daughter or Your Brother/Sister or Anyone from Your Family is getting married and You are looking for Wedding Video Invitation Online, Then, You are in the right place. Here, You will find thousands of Invitation's with different designs, themes, Customizable as per your needs. Certainly, You will be amazed looking at the range of Video Invitations available here. That's because, You will find that You need, here. And, definitely, that You don't get Elsewhere.
Indian Wedding Invitation Video
This is a Royal Wedding Invitation Video in Full HD for Hindu Marriage. A Digital Wedding Card (Royal Book) specially crafted with Special Animation & Latest Effects. High Definition Video in Landscape Orientation/Mode (16:9).
The Final Video is shareable on Social Media. For Instance; Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, Tumblr, VK, and so on. Any Social Media You prefer. A Beautiful Royal Wedding Invitation Video for Hindu Marriage. And, is best viewed on all the Latest smartphones, High Definiton Televisions and HD Screens.
Choose from the best of the best Wedding Invitation Videos.
High Quality Video and with Latest Animation & Effects.
What Details We need from You
We will collect some details about You for the purpose of Video Customization. Please, Provide Your WhatsApp Number, Couple's Photo, and the details regarding the Video Customization to us, So that it becomes easier for us to understand your needs. And, Also don't forget to mention the Video Product Code (For Example: WAV – 001) . Send these details through the E-mail link Here: email@example.com
Also, Fill out this Form below
Note: Do not Forget to mention your WhatsApp number and Video Product Code in the Message Box below along with the other customization detail's.
Delivery Time
The Final Video will be delivered to You within 48 hours, Once You place the Order. You can use (Share) the Final Video on any Social Media; WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest.
- First, You will receive a Sample Video via WhatsApp.
- Next, Please, inform us for any kind of Correction or Customization as soon as possible. Once, We receive the confirmation from You for Video Customization, We will begin our work.
- Finally, The Final Product Video link (Downloadable) will be sent through the E-mail/WhatsApp.
How To Buy?
Press the Buy Button. You have Ample Choice. Proceed with the Payment method, You are convenient with.
- If You are using Google Pay, then proceed with this Payment Method.
- Also, You can Use your Debit or Credit Card to make payments. Remember, We accept All the Major Debit and Credit Cards like Visa, MasterCard and American Express.
- Further, In Case your region is not supported for Payment, then, Just Call or WhatsApp this Number: +91 9242956344
Advantages of Video Invitations
Some of the major advantages of Video Invitation are:
- It reduces or stops the burden of Personal meet.
- Green Revolution. Now, Everyone Everywhere is looking for Eco-Friendly Products. And, You can reform the world by changing from Paper to Video Invitation.
- Video Invitation has become a part of Royal Wedding, Now.
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text: WEL3000PR by Scott Daugherty | Jul 7, 2022 | Print, Rugs Archive | 0 comments Download Now Favorite Submit a Comment Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name * Email * Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Δ


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(Nutrition information provided is an estimate and will vary based on cooking methods and brands of ingredients used.)
© SpendWithPennies.com. Content and photographs are copyright protected. Sharing of this recipe is both encouraged and appreciated. Copying and/or pasting full recipes to any social media is strictly prohibited. Please view my photo use policy here.
Creamy Grape Salad Recipe https://www.spendwithpennies.com/grape-salad/