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Site Global Configuration
From Joomla! Documentation
Revision as of 03:54, 21 February 2013 by Wilsonge (talk | contribs) (→Setting Groups)
Controls all critical global settings of a the Joomla site, they include the following: Site, System, Server, Permissions, and Text filters.
How to access[edit]
To access this screen you can either:
- Click the Global Configuration button in the Control Panel, or
- Select Site → Global Configuration from the drop-down menus.
The Global Configuration screen allows you to configure the Joomla site with your personal settings. Settings made in this screen apply to the whole site.
- Details on Site configuration
- Details on System configuration
- Details on Server configuration
- Details on Permissions configuration
- Details on Text filters configuration
At the top right you will see the toolbar:
The functions are:
- Save. Saves the global configuration settings and stays in the current screen.
- Save & Close. Saves the global configuration settings and closes the current screen.
- Cancel/Close. Closes the current screen and returns to the previous screen without saving any modifications you may have made.
- Help. Opens this help screen.
Site Settings[edit]
- Site Name. The name of the site.
- Site Offline. This setting shows when the site is offline. Only Administrators will be able to see the site when Site Offline is set to Yes. The default setting is No.
- Offline Message. The message that will be displayed on the site when the site is offline. If custom message is selected then the message in the text area beneath is used.
- Offline Image. The image that will be displayed on the site when the site is offline.
- Default Editor. The default editor to use when creating articles.
- Default Captcha. The default Captcha to use when called by extensions. Remember to correctly configure the associated plugin when selecting an option here. By default, this is set to None.
- Default Access Level. The default access level to the site. The options here are from the Help25:Users Access Levels.
- Default List Limit. The length of lists in the Control Panel for all Users. By default, this is set to 20.
- Default Feed Limit. The number of content items to be shown in the feed(s). By default, this is set to 10.
- Feed Email. Newsfeeds include the authors e-mail address. Select Author Email to use each author's email address. Select Site Email to include the 'Mail From' email address for each article.
Metadata Settings[edit]
- Site Meta Description. This is the description of the site which is indexed by search engine spiders.
- Site Meta Keywords. These keywords describe the site and are the basis for improving the ability of search engine spiders ability to index the site.
- Content Rights. Describe what rights others have to use this content.
- Show Title Meta Tag. It shows the Meta information of each article. This Meta information is used by search engine spiders when indexing the site. Each article can have its own Meta Data information (set under the Metadata Information pane when creating or editing an article).
- Show Author Meta Tag. It shows the Author Meta information for articles and is used by search engine spiders when indexing the site.
- Show Joomla! Version. It shows the Joomla! version in the generator meta tag.
SEO Settings[edit]
SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization.
- Search Engine Friendly URLs. When set to Yes, URLs are rewritten to be more friendly for search engine spiders. For example, the URL: www.example.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=etc..., would turn into: www.example.com/alias. Most of the items created in Joomla! have an Alias box where a search engine friendly URL can be inserted. The default setting is No.
- Use Apache mod_rewrite. When set to Yes, Joomla! will use the mod_rewrite settings of Apache when creating search engine friendly URLs. Please note: it is advised that you do not modify any .htaccess file without an understanding of how it works. You must use the .htaccess file provided with Joomla! in order to use this setting. To use this file, rename the htaccess.txt file (found in the root directory) to .htaccess. By default, this setting is set to No.
- Adds Suffix to URL. When set to Yes, Joomla! will add .html to the end of the URLs. The default setting is No.
- Unicode aliases. If Yes, non-Latin characters are allowed in the alias (and URL). If No, a title that includes non-Latin characters will produce a default alias value of the current time and date (for example, "2012-12-31-17-54"). The default setting is No.
- Add Site Name To Page Titles. Appends the site name to all page titles. (This is what you see in your browser tab.)
Cookie Settings[edit]
- Cookie Domain. Domain to use when setting session cookies. precede with '.' to make valid for all subdomains. Example: .MyDomain.org
- Cookie Path. Path for which the cookie is valid.
System Settings[edit]
- Path to Log folder. The path where the logs should be stored. The Joomla! installer should automatically fill in this folder.
- Help Server. The place Joomla! looks for help information when you click the Help button (visible in many screens and options of the administration panel). By default, it uses Joomla!'s main help site.
Debug Settings[edit]
- Debug System. This will turn on the debugging system of Joomla!. When set to Yes, this tool will provide diagnostic information, language translations, and SQL errors. If any such issues or errors occur, they will be displayed at the bottom of each page, in both the front-end and back-end.
- Debug Language. This will turn on the debugging indicators (*...*) or (?...?) for the Joomla! Language files. Debug Language will work without the Debug System tool set to on. But it will not provide additional detailed references which would help in correcting any errors.
Cache Settings[edit]
- Cache. This chooses whether the site caches or not. Default setting is ON - Progressive Caching
- Cache Handler. This setting sets how the cache operates. There is only one caching mechanism which is file-based.
- Cache Time. This setting sets the maximum length of time (in minutes) for a cache file to be stored before it is refreshed. The default setting is 15 minutes.
Session Settings[edit]
- Session Lifetime. This setting sets how long a session should last and how long a user can remain signed in for (before logging them off for being inactive). The default setting is 15 minutes.
- Session Handler. This setting sets how the session should be handled once a user connects and logs into the site. The default setting is set to Database.
Server Settings[edit]
- Path to Temp-folder. The path where files are temporarily stored. This is filled in by default when Joomla! is installed.
- GZIP Page Compression. Compressing pages typically increases your site's speed. The default setting is No.
- Error Reporting. This sets the appropriate level of reporting. The default setting is System Default.
- Force SSL. This setting forces the site access for selected areas under SSL (https). Note: you must have set already the server to use SSL. Options are:
- None. SSL is not activated
- Administrator Only. SSL is only valid for the backend.
- Entire Site. SSL is valid for the whole site (front- & backend).
Locale Settings[edit]
- Server Timezone. This tool sets the current date and time. The set time should be where the site's server is located. The default setting is (UTC 00:00) Western Europe Time, London, Lisbon, Casablanca.
FTP Settings[edit]
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. Most of these settings are set during the initial Joomla! installation.
- Enable FTP. This setting tells Joomla! to use it's built-in FTP function instead of the normal upload process used by PHP.
- FTP Host. The host server's URL connecting the FTP.
- FTP Port. The port where the FTP is accessed. The default setting is 21.
- FTP Username. The username that Joomla! will use when accessing the FTP server. Security recommendation: create another FTP user account to access a folder where files will be uploaded to.
- FTP Password. The password that Joomla! will use when accessing the FTP server. Security recommendation: create another FTP user account to access the folder where files will be uploaded to.
- FTP Root. The root directory where files should be uploaded to.
Database Settings[edit]
These settings are set during the initial setup of Joomla! It is advised to leave these settings the way they are, unless you have a good understanding of how databases work.
- Database Type. The type of databased to be used. The default setting is mysql, but this can be changed during the initial setup of Joomla!.
- Host. The hostname where the database is located. It is typically set to localhost for most servers. It is possible for the hostname to be located on a different server all together.
- Database Username. The username to access the database.
- Database Name. The name of the database.
- Database Prefix. The prefix used before the actual table's name. This allows you to have multiple Joomla! installations in the same database. The default setting is jos_, but this can be changed during initial setup of Joomla!.
Mail Settings[edit]
The mail settings are set during the initial setup of Joomla!. These settings can be changed whenever needed.
- Mailer. This setting sets which mailer to use to deliver emails from the site. The default setting is PHP Mail Function. This can be changed during the initial setup of Joomla!.
- From E-mail. The email address used by Joomla! to send site email.
- From Name. The name Joomla! will use when sending site emails. By default, Joomla! uses the site name during the initial setup.
- Sendmail Path. The path where the Sendmail program is located. This is typically filled in by Joomla! during the initial setup. This path is only used if Mailer is set to Sendmail.
- SMTP Authentication. If the SMTP server requires authentication to send mail, set this to Yes. Otherwise leave it at No. This is only used if Mailer is set to Sendmail.
- SMTP Security. Select the security model your SMTP server uses - Default is None. Options are SSL and TTL.
- SMTP Port. Most unsecure servers use port 25 and most secure servers use port 465.
- SMTP Username. The username to use for access to the SMTP host. This is only used if Mailer is set to Sendmail.
- SMTP Password. The password to use for access to the SMTP host. This is only used if Mailer is set to Sendmail.
- SMTP Host. The SMTP address to use when sending mail. This is only used if Mailer is set to Sendmail.
Joomla! version 2.5 will install with the same familiar back-end permissions as that of version 1.5. However, with 2.5, you can easily change these to suit the needs of your site.
The permissions for each action are inherited from the level above in the permission hierarchy and from a group's parent group. Let's see how this works. The top level for this is the entire site. This is set up in the Site->Global Configuration->Permissions, as shown below.
You work on one Group at a time by opening the slider for that group. You change the permissions in the Select New Settings drop-down list boxes.
The options for each value are Inherited, Allowed, or Denied. The Calculated Setting column shows you the setting in effect. It is either Not Allowed (the default), Allowed, or Denied.
Note that the Calculated Setting column is not updated until you press the Save button in the toolbar. To check that the settings are what you want, press the Save button and check the Calculated Settings column.
Setting Groups[edit]
The first thing to notice are the nine Actions: Site Login, Admin Login, Super Admin, Access Component, Create, Delete, Edit, Edit State. and Edit Own. These are the actions that a use can perform on an object in Joomla. The specific meaning of each action depends on the context. For the Global Configuration screen, they are defined as follows:
- Site Login
- Login to the front end of the site
- Admin Login
- Login to the back end of the site
- Super Admin
- Grants the user "super user" status. Users with this permission can do anything on the site. Only users with this permission can change Global Configuration settings (this screen). These permissions cannot be restricted. It is important to understand that, if a user is a member of a Super Admin group, any other permissions assigned to this user are irrelevant. The user can do anything action on the site. However, Access Levels can still be assigned to control what this group sees on the site. (Obviously, a Super Admin user can change Access Levels if they want to, so Access Levels do not totally restrict what a Super Admin user can see.)
- Access Component
- Open the component manger screens (User Manager, Menu Manager, Article Manager, and so on)
- Create
- Create new objects (for example, users, menu items, articles, weblinks, and so on)
- Delete
- Delete existing objects
- Edit
- Edit existing objects
- Edit State
- Change object state (Publish, Unpublish, Archive, and Trash)
- Edit Own
- Edit existing objects that the logged in user has created
There are two very important points to understand from this screen. The first is to see how the permissions can be inherited from the parent Group. The second is to see how you can control the default permissions by Group and by Action.
This provides a lot of flexibility. For example, if you wanted Shop Suppliers to be able to have the ability to login to the back end, you could just change their Admin Login value to "Allowed". If you wanted to not allow members of Administrator group to delete objects or change their state, you would change their permissions in these columns to Inherited (or Denied).
It is also important to understand that the ability to have child groups is completely optional. It allows you to save some time when setting up new groups. However, if you like, you can set up all groups to have Public as the parent and not inherit any permissions from a parent group.
Text Filters[edit]
Web sites can be attacked by users entering in special HTML code. Filtering is a way to protect your Joomla web site. Filtering options give you more control over the HTML that your content providers are allowed to submit. You can be as strict or as liberal as you desire, depending on your site's needs.
It is important to understand that filtering occurs at the time an article is saved, after it has been written or edited. Depending on your editor and filter settings, it is possible for a user to add HTML to an article during the edit session only to have that HTML removed from the article when it is saved. This can sometimes cause confusion or frustration. If you have filtering set up on your site, make sure your users understand what types of HTML are allowed.
The default setting in Joomla version 2.5 is that all users will have "black list" filtering on by default. This is designed to protect against markup commonly associated with web site attacks. So, if you do not set any filtering options, all users will have "black list" filtering done using the default list of filtered items. If you create a filter here, this overrides the default, and the default filter is no longer in effect.
To access the filtering settings, click on Options and select 'Text filters'
Column Headings[edit]
- Filter Groups
- For each user group on your site you specify which filter is applied to their edits. The default filter is 'Default Black List'.
- Filter Type
- There are five types of filter available:
- Default Black List
- This filter excludes the following tags:
- 'applet', 'body', 'bgsound', 'base', 'basefont', 'embed', 'frame', 'frameset', 'head', 'html', 'id', 'iframe', 'ilayer', 'layer', 'link', 'meta', 'name', 'object', 'script', 'style', 'title', 'xml'.
- This filter also excludes the following attributes:
- 'action', 'background', 'codebase', 'dynsrc', 'lowsrc'.
- You can black list (disallow) additional tags and attributes using the Filter Tags and Filter Attributes columns.
- This filter excludes the following tags:
- Custom Black List. Only those tags and attributes listed in the Filter Tags and Filter Attributes columns will be disallowed.
- White List. Only those tags and attributes listed in the Filter Tags and Filter Attributes columns will be allowed.
- No HTML. This is the strictest filter you can apply. All tags and attributes will be disallowed.
- No Filtering. This is the most permissive filter you can apply. All tags and attributes, including the default black list tags and attributes will be allowed.
- Filter Tags
- A list of tag names to add to the currently selected filter. Separate each tag name with a space or a comma. For the Default Black List filter these tags will be added to the default list of tags that are disallowed. For the Customer Black List filter these tags are the only ones that are disallowed. For the White List filter these are the only tags that are allowed.
- Filter Attributes
- A list of attribute names to add to the currently selected filter. Separate each attribute name with a space or a comma. For the Default Black List filter these attributes will be added to the default list of attributes that are disallowed. For the Customer Black List filter these attributes are the only ones that are disallowed. For the White List filter these are the only attributes that are allowed.
- Combining filters. If a user belongs to two different groups that have different filter settings, filters will combine in a permissive way. That is, the set of tags the user will be permitted to use will the combination of the tags that each group allows the user to use. So if the user is a member of one group that white lists a specific set of tags and another group that white lists a different set of tags, the user will be able to use both sets of white listed tags. White lists override blacklists, so if a user belongs to one group that black lists a tag and another group that white lists a tag, the user will be able to use that tag. A user that belongs to a group that has no filtering will be able to use any HTML regardless of filtering settings for other groups the user belongs to.
- Filter Application. Please note that these settings work regardless of the editor that you are using. Even if you are using a WYSIWYG editor, the filtering settings may strip additional tags and attributes prior to saving information in the database.
- Developer note. The filtering parameters in config.xml have the new parameter menu="hide". This hides the filters from the Menu Item's Component pane as you do not want cascading overrides to occur at the menu item level.
Filter Examples[edit]
Example One: To allow people in a group to only submit content with basic HTML tags, use the following settings:
- Select White List as the Filter type
- Set the Filter tags to: p, b, i, em, br, a, ul, ol, li, img
- Set the Filter attributes to: href, target, src
Example Two: To apply the default black-list filtering to a group, use the following settings:
- Select Black List as the Filter type.
- Leave the Filter Tags and Filter attributes fields empty.
Quick Tips[edit]
- Most, if not all, of these settings can be set once and then left alone.
- If major modifications need to be made, then consider taking the site offline to test it and to make sure everything is in working order.
- The settings are saved in '<Joomla-root>/configuration.php'. You have to either activate the FTP-layer or make the 'configuration.php' file writable to save your changes.


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subset: commoncrawl


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- Fabric that has been cut or used
Conditions of Return
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging. You'll also need the receipt or proof of purchase.
To complete your return:
- We require a receipt or proof of purchase or order #
- Provide reason for return (damage, sent wrong color, etc)
- Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error.
To return your product, you should mail your product to the address we provide.
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Shipping costs are non-refundable.
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Depending on your location, the time it may take for your exchanged product to arrive may vary.
If you are shipping an item over $75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance.
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Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item.
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If you haven't received a refund yet, first check your bank account again.
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Only regular priced items may be refunded, unfortunately sale items cannot be refunded.
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We only replace items if they are defective or damaged.
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Jasmine Santana of the Catalina Island Marine Institute needed more than 15 helpers to drag the giant sea creature with eyes the size of half dollars to shore Sunday.
Staffers at the institute are calling it the discovery of a lifetime.
"We've never seen a fish this big," said Mark Waddington, senior captain of the Tole Mour, CIMI's sail training ship. "The last oarfish we saw was three feet long."
Because oarfish dive more than 3,000 feet deep, sightings of the creatures are rare and they are largely unstudied, according to CIMI.
The obscure fish apparently died of natural causes. Tissue samples and video footage were sent to be studied by biologists at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Santana spotted something shimmering about 30 feet deep while snorkeling during a staff trip in Toyon Bay at Santa Catalina Island, about two dozen miles from the mainland.
"She said, 'I have to drag this thing out of here or nobody will believe me,'" Waddington said.
After she dragged the carcass by the tail for more than 75 feet, staffers waded in and helped her bring it to shore.
The carcass was on display Tuesday for 5th, 6th, and 7th grade students studying at CIMI. It will be buried in the sand until it decomposes and then its skeleton will be reconstituted for display, Waddington said.
The oarfish, which can grow to more than 50 feet, is a deep-water pelagic fish - the longest bony fish in the world, according to CIMI.
They are likely responsible for sea serpent legends throughout history.
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Kdan Mobile offers coupons and promotional codes which you can find listed on this page at CouponFlick.com. Look for coupon codes marked with the green verified label for today's active Kdan Mobile promo codes. You can also find sales and other promotions for Kdan Mobile here as well and save a large amount of money on your next purchase.
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Website JPMorgan Chase
About the job
As a member of our Software Engineering Group, we look first and foremost for people who are passionate around solving business problems through innovation and engineering practices. You'll be required to apply your depth of knowledge and expertise to all aspects of the software development lifecycle, as well as partner continuously with your many stakeholders on a daily basis to stay focused on common goals. We embrace a culture of experimentation and constantly strive for improvement and learning. You'll work in a collaborative, trusting, thought-provoking environment-one that encourages diversity of thought and creative solutions that are in the best interests of our customers globally.
This role requires a wide variety of strengths and capabilities, including:
- BS/BA degree or equivalent experience
- Advanced knowledge of application, data, and infrastructure architecture disciplines
- Understanding of architecture and design across all systems
- Working proficiency in developmental toolsets
- Knowledge of industry-wide technology trends and best practices
- Ability to work in large, collaborative teams to achieve organizational goals
- Passionate about building an innovative culture
- Proficiency in one or more modern programming languages
- Understanding of software skills such as business analysis, development, maintenance, and software improvement
This Role Requires The Following Skills
- Working proficiency in AWS and/or similar cloud platform
- Working proficiency in Python
- Strong understanding of object oriented programming concepts
- Strong understanding of with relational databases
- Knowledge of React/Angular or any other front end framework is a plus
J.P. Morgan is a global leader in financial services, providing strategic advice and products to the world's most prominent corporations, governments, wealthy individuals and institutional investors. Our first-class business in a first-class way approach to serving clients drives everything we do. We strive to build trusted, long-term partnerships to help our clients achieve their business objectives.
We recognize that our people are our strength and the diverse talents they bring to our global workforce are directly linked to our success. We are an equal opportunity employer and place a high value on diversity and inclusion at our company. We do not discriminate on the basis of any protected attribute, including race, religion, color, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, marital or veteran status, pregnancy or disability, or any other basis protected under applicable law. In accordance with applicable law, we make reasonable accommodations for applicants' and employees' religious practices and beliefs, as well as any mental health or physical disability needs.
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Fook and Lindsey talk music and life with Brandon Flowers from The Killers.
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Can you answer the following question?
In which book would someone make a record of appointments?
Are you sure you don't want to use a lifeline?
The answer to the question "In which book would someone make a record of appointments?" is
Who wants to be a millionaire? Now on your phone! Test your knowledge, call on the audience, and build up your team of experts! Join the laughter, nerves and nail-biting tension. Climb the money tree to become a millionaire today.
The site was made to get all the answers to all the "Who wants to be a millionaire?"" games. We collect answers provided by users from video games to the popular iOS and Android apps. Our goal is to get all the "Who wants to be a millionaire?" answers and questions.


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Content Map Terms
Choosing the birth control method that's right for you can be complicated. There are lots of things to consider, such as your lifestyle and your health.
These stories are based on information gathered from health professionals and consumers. They may be helpful as you make important health decisions about the birth control method you choose.
Barrier methods
Jennifer, age 25, and Ben, age 30: Ben and I are pretty involved, so we've been discussing which birth control method to use. He is more sexually experienced than I am. He understands that I'm nervous about getting a sexually transmitted infection (STI). He isn't aware of ever having symptoms of an STI, but some people who don't have symptoms can still spread an STI. We're both going to be tested for STIs. But my doctor tells me that if you don't have symptoms, tests for genital herpes and human papillomavirus don't always find an infection. We don't mind taking the time to use a condom to reduce our risk, and we plan on also using birth control pills to reduce our risk of pregnancy.
Matt, age 27: My dad told me when I was a teenager that birth control is a man's responsibility too. I've been using condoms since I became sexually active. I use them now even if my partner is using another birth control method. It just makes good sense to protect against STIs and pregnancy at the same time.
Hormonal methods
Lily, age 32, and Shaquille, age 34: Two years ago when Shaquille and I decided to wait and get married after I finished my schooling, we decided to use birth control pills. My schedule was so crazy that we didn't want to worry if we were spontaneous and didn't have any contraceptive supplies with us. It's always been easy for me to stick to a routine, so taking my pills every day was no problem. We may decide to switch to the vaginal ring that I only have to use once a month. I like the pill and the ring because they are short-term birth control, so when we decide we're ready to have a family, we'll be able to plan it.
Janice, age 18: When I was 14, my menstrual cycles were awful. I had so much pain that I couldn't go to school and I would feel sick to my stomach for the first few days. Mom took me to the women's clinic, and I started using birth control pills. It made all the difference in the world. Now I'm off to college and think I'll continue using the pill so that I'm responsible for my birth control and not dependent on a partner for reliability. I will also use condoms—you never know about an STI.
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Sarah, age 22, and Pete, age 23: When my parents were killed in a car wreck, I became the guardian of my younger brothers and sisters. I'm now working and finishing my last year of college. Pete and I have been together since high school and have depended on the Pill to prevent pregnancy. Now I need a method that will really be reliable for the long term. The youngest in my family is 12 so I will need to provide for her for at least 6 more years. I've decided to use an IUD so that I won't need to worry about getting pregnant until my life is more settled.
Sophia, age 30, and Hank, age 37: I just started my medical residency program. Life is so busy with the kids' activities, study time, and the hours I work at the hospital. Hank has been so great about being the primary parent when I can't. Hank and I had a serious talk about what to use for birth control for the next 2 to 3 years until I graduate. We're not sure that we are done with our family, but we do want a reliable method so that the next few years aren't complicated by an unexpected pregnancy. Hormonal methods have not worked well for me in the past, so an IUD seems the best choice for long-term reliability.
Fertility awareness
Cindy, age 34, and David, age 33: All through college and graduate school, I used different methods of birth control because I was most concerned about an unplanned pregnancy. Now David and I both have steady jobs, and we're building our home in the country. We still hope to travel this summer, so we've decided to try to plan a pregnancy for later this year. Natural family planning will work for us, because my cycles are regular. If I get pregnant sooner than we planned, it'll be fine.
Jen, age 32, and Sam, age 36: Sam and I taught overseas for 3 years. Before returning home, we had the chance to adopt an orphan in the village where we were working. Sam and I would like to have another child at some point so Lily will have a sibling. We thought about using natural family planning, but we need time to get settled with our jobs and get Lily adjusted to daycare. We don't want a surprise pregnancy. I'm going to use a progestin IUD until we're ready to expand our family. Then we can use fertility awareness to help us get pregnant.
Combination of methods
Deena, age 26: My older sister gave me lots of advice about birth control methods. She tried several reliable methods but ended up with genital herpes. Whenever she gets stressed, she'll get a flare-up of symptoms. From her experience, I've decided to use hormonal injections along with condoms to reduce my risk of getting pregnant or getting an STI.
Patty, age 42: I never would have guessed I might need to worry about birth control again, just as I never would have guessed I would be a widow at such a young age. The kids are almost out of high school. Someone at work asked me out, and I'm actually interested. But alarms are going off in my head about becoming pregnant at age 42 or getting an STI. I'm sure I don't want either, so I'm seeing my gynecologist this week to decide on a long-term birth control method and learn about using condoms.
Raimondo, age 42: In college and law school, I was not as careful with birth control as I should have been. I was lucky that none of my partners became pregnant. Now I'm over 40 years old, established in my career, and not in a long-term relationship. I know that I don't want to become a father, so I'm scheduling a vasectomy next week. I will still use condoms to prevent STIs, but I won't need to worry about the consequences of an accidental pregnancy.
Tom, age 45, and Barbara, age 43: Barbara and I met a year ago. Now we've decided to get married and blend our two families. That means finding a home for five children, three dogs, two cats, and lots of belongings. Combining our families and planning a wedding will take all our focus, so we don't want an accidental pregnancy. Since we are quite happy with the size of our family, I will have a vasectomy. It is a much simpler procedure for me than for Barbara to have a tubal ligation.
Related Information
Current as of: August 2, 2022
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Sarah Marshall MD - Family Medicine
Anne C. Poinier MD - Internal Medicine
Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine
Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine
Femi Olatunbosun MB, FRCSC - Obstetrics and Gynecology
Current as of: August 2, 2022
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:Sarah Marshall MD - Family Medicine & Anne C. Poinier MD - Internal Medicine & Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine & Femi Olatunbosun MB, FRCSC - Obstetrics and Gynecology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Learn how we develop our content.
Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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Research Highlights
Found 3 resultsAuthor [ Title] Type Year
Filters: Author is Kaiser, J. [Clear All Filters]
Extreme 13C depletion of CCl2F2 in firn air samples from NEEM, Greenland." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 2 (2013): 599-609."
Chlorine isotope composition in chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in firn, stratospheric and tropospheric air." Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, no. 12 (2015): 6867-6877."
A 60 yr record of atmospheric carbon monoxide reconstructed from Greenland firn air." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 15 (2013): 7567-7585."


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Happening on Sunday 15 October 2023
We are closed New Year's Day!
We don't serve food but paying customers can have their take-aways delivered here and enjoy them in comfortable surroundings. Cutlery and crockery provided.
Donnelly House, Victoria Street, Windsor, Berkshire, SL4 1EN
Tel: 01753 841 083
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Bows and Arrows Necklace XIIIRegular price $42.00 Save $-42.00
While we carry a wide range of clothing designers, most styles fall within our general size chart below, unless otherwise indicated within the product information. If you have specific questions about size, please do not hesitate to reach out to us! We will help you select the best size for you!
Return Policy:
If you do not love your purchase, just send it back to us within 14 days of the confirmed delivery date of the original purchase. (OR return in-store at one of our store locations)
Items eligible for return must be in original, unused, unwashed, and unworn condition with all original tags attached.
If your return request isn't going through, be sure to check if it has been over 14 days since your order was delivered or if any FINAL SALE styles are in your order.
Please note: if items are returned/received after 15 days of the confirmed delivery date of the original purchase, refunds will only be issued for Store Credit via gift card. In order to keep styles fresh and price points low, no exchanges and/or returns will be accepted after 30 days of your original purchase. If ineligible return items or final sale items are received as a return, the customer will be invoiced for the cost of return shipping or the ineligible return items will be donated to charity.
Returns made within our return policy are issued back to the original form of payment. In order to keep prices low, the original shipping costs and return postage for discretionary returns will be the customer's responsibility. Bows & Arrows is not responsible for returns that are lost in transit during shipping, therefore to minimize this risk, we recommend using a form of shipping that offers a tracking number and insures the value of the package.
Please follow the care instructions provided on the inside tag of each item purchased. Bows & Arrows is not responsible for any items that may become damaged in the wash or dryer.
Once an order is placed it cannot be cancelled, edited, or have discounts added. Please make sure all purchases are correct before completing check-out.


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Friends may you receive this WORD with encouragement.
"To do justice and judgement is more acceptable to the LORD than sacrifice." PROVERBS 21: 3 KJV
Friends do RIGHT and be FAIR with ALL, teaching ALL our CHILDREN WELL.
Daily Thought
I share this with you today "Do RIGHT and be FAIR with ALL, teaching ALL our CHILDREN WELL." Amen.
YES, friend by the grace and mercy of GOD we are blessed through JESUS CHRIST and the HOLY SPIRIT to guide us, so be encouraged to have FAITH in the LORD our GOD and live by HIS WORD, with all your heart, mind, and spirit and share with all the blessing of LOVE.
Confirming Word
"There is one body and one Spirit, just as you were called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all." Ephesians 4: 4-6
Our Prayer
"Thank You Lord for this day, and for all you have done for us. Lord forgive us our sins, and help us with forgiveness of others. Lord please heal our bodies, minds and hearts, so that we are free and healthy in body, mind and Spirit. Lord may you guide, protect and provide for our family needs. In Jesus name we pray. Amen"
Friends bless you and thank you for all your support and prayers, may today's WORD inspire you more to encourage others to join us sharing the Gospel with all during 2018, as GOD uses you more each day, for HIS glory and purpose as HIS plans unfold moving forward in 2018 being a year of Spiritual growth, Love, Peace, Joy, Prosperity and Hope by the grace of GOD.
Grace to you and have a blessed day.
COOL with us.
Pastor Gavin
u21church COOL KIDS


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Answer the below question with 300 words and two replies with 150 words each. You should have a total of 3 posts.
The latest generation of mobile devices are portable enough to carry at all times, connected to voice and data networks, and contextually aware by using sensors and networks to preemptively complete tasks. Many of today's mobile applications are personalized, and are not useful if they can only access the data on the phone. For a user to get, for example, sports scores, retrieve stock quotes, or perform accounting work, the mobile device needs to communicate with one or more servers, starting with the Window servers.
Discuss effective use of screen real estate
How does mobile user interface designs
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Estes Park News interviews Doug
Posted by Doug Klink on Saturday, July 21, 2012, In : Announcements
|Reliance Fire Museum
|Estes Park, Colorado
The Reliance Fire Museum is a 501c3 non-profit corporation governed by a Board of Directors including President Douglas Klink, Director Gary Judd, and Director Mark Igel. KVR is the restoration and repair company that works under the Reliance Museum roof and keeps the fleet in tip-top shape. In addition to the contributions of the Reliance Board, Lead Mechanic Butch Lundstedt turns most of the wrenches that keep the engines purring.


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Track CodeHighlight the code below then Right Click and select Copy to copy the track code. Select Load Map from the game above and Paste the track code to load the map.
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adidas FC Bayern Munich Tiro Training Jersey 2023/24 - Black, Purple & Green
Hone your skills in an FC Bayern jersey made with recycled materials.
Take to the training field in the colours of FC Bayern. This lightweight adidas jersey is perfect for putting in extra effort on the football pitch. It includes moisture-absorbing AEROREADY and breathable mesh panels to keep you dry and comfortable when your goals come into view. Inspired by away jersey colours, the heat-transfer badge shows you're aiming high.
Made with 100% recycled materials, this product represents just one of our solutions to help end plastic waste.
You need to be logged in order to add products to a list
Please contact the shop first to be allowed to create a list
Security policy - All transactions are 100% safe and secure with an AES encryption.
Delivery policy - Your order will be shipped within 1-5 days except for custom orders.
Return policy - Process must begin within 10 days of receiving your order.
Evangelista Sports Policies/Terms & Conditions
- Return Policy
- No Refunds.
- Exchanges or returns for in-store credit must be made within 10 days of purchase.
- All items must be in unused/unworn condition, with all tickets attached and in their original packaging. You may lose your right to return any product if any tag(s) are removed from the item(s).
- The original receipt is required.
- To return online orders, you must contact [email protected] first. No exchange or return will be accepted without authorization. All returns and or exchanges that are for non-defective items will be subject to a store credit only.
- Return shipping for non-defective items is at the buyer's expense with their choice of courier (a tracked delivery is always recommended).
- Products On Sale and Final Sale Products
- No exchanges or returns
- All products personalized with logos, numbers, names, embroidery, printing or any other modifications are final sale. This includes products that have been personalized with printing either on the back or front (including sleeve patches). Footwear and gloves with embroidery or printing cannot be exchanged or returned. (We receive all items with no printing or embroidery, and it is therefore considered a personalization of a product as soon as it is printed or embroidered on.)
- Any product sold at a 30% reduction or more is final sale.
- All the products on sale are considered final sale. No exchanges, no returns, and no refunds.
- Any underwear, undergarments, socks, mouth guards, masks and face coverings that are sold are Final Sale, for hygienic purposes.
- Gift Cards are final sale and cannot be refunded or returned.
- Free Shipping
- Customers must spend over $125
- Exclusions apply to Team Kits, Wholesale Purchases, Bundles, Club Websites, and other selected products.
- Orders that use coupon codes are excluded from free shipping.
- Free Shipping promotion can end at any time.
- Order Delivery
- Orders may take up to 5 business days to process before being shipped.
- Delivery estimates are estimates and not to be taken as delivery guarantees. There may be additional delays due to Covid 19 and any other unforeseen circumstances.
- Footwear
- Exchanges on regular-priced defective footwear must be made within 30 days of purchase with the original receipt.
- This guarantee is only for manufacturing defects. This does not cover normal wear and tear, improper use, and accidental breakage.
- The replacement will be for the same model.
- Exchange can only be done once.
- No exchanges or returns on discounted footwear.
- Exchanges on regular-priced defective footwear must be made within 30 days of purchase with the original receipt.
- Other
- The customer takes full responsibility for all regional taxes, postal charges, return shipping costs, customs charges and handling fees. Should they refuse to accept a parcel due to import duties or taxes, then we reserve the right to deduct all shipping costs related to our return expenses from the refund.
- To help prevent payment fraud, we may contact you and request additional information - in case we or our payment provider have any concerns regarding your order. The additional information may be, but not limited to, proof of billing and/or delivery address. We will not cancel or not accept an order without contacting you unless we are certain the order was not genuinely placed by the card/account holder.
- No Guarantees on goalkeeper gloves.
- Name & Number Printing
- All names and numbers, regardless if they are custom or official, will be charged at $50 CAD. If a jersey is bought in-store or online and the client has proof of purchase the cost is $40 CAD. Any customized jersey is a final sale.
- Pick-Up In-Store
- You have 30 days to pick up your order. Any order that is not picked up after 30 days will be returned to stock, and you will be issued a store credit.
Customers who bought this product also bought:
6 other products in the same category:
adidas FC Bayern Munich Pre-Match Jersey 2022/23 - Red & Black
adidas FC Bayern Munich Away Jersey 2022/23


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Multiplex 10 is here!
Although Multiplex 10 has ended, an animated prequel/reboot called Multiplex 10 was funded through Kickstarter in 2017 and is NOW AVAILABLE for rent or purchase on Vimeo On Demand, Amazon Video, and elsewhere! And an all-new, irregularly-updated Multiplex 10 web series (set after the short film) recently launched on YouTube! Learn more about the web series on the official Multiplex 10 website!
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Difference between revisions of "Phylogenetics: Likelihood Lab"
Paul Lewis (Talk | contribs)
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This asks the scheduler to find a node (computer) in the cluster that is currently not busy. This will prevent us from all using the same computer at the same time.
This asks the scheduler to find a node (computer) in the cluster that is currently not busy. This will prevent us from all using the same computer at the same time.
== Part A: Using PAUP* to check your answers for homework #
== Part A: Using PAUP* to check your answers for homework #==
=== Create a data file ===
=== Create a data file ===
Revision as of 17:29, 28 January 2018
|EEB 5349: Phylogenetics
|The goal of this lab exercise is to show you how to conduct maximum likelihood analyses in PAUP* using several models, and to decide among competing models using likelihood ratio tests
- 1 Getting started
- 2 Part A: Using PAUP* to check your answers for homework #3
- 3 Part B:
- 3.1 Return PAUP* to its factory default settings
- 3.2 Download the data file algae.nex
- 3.3 Obtain the maximum likelihood tree under the F81 model
- 3.4 Estimate base frequencies
- 3.5 Estimate transition/transversion bias
- 3.6 Estimate the proportion of invariable sites
- 3.7 Estimate the heterogeneity in rates among sites
- 3.8 Estimate both pinvar and the gamma shape parameter
- 4 Likelihood ratio tests
- 5 A challenge
Getting started
Log into your account on the cluster (ssh firstname.lastname@example.com). Type the following:
This asks the scheduler to find a node (computer) in the cluster that is currently not busy. This will prevent us from all using the same computer at the same time.
Part A: Using PAUP* to check your answers for homework #3
Create a data file
Create a new file in nano and enter the following text:
#nexus begin paup; set storebrlens; end; begin data; dimensions ntax=4 nchar=2; format datatype=dna; matrix taxon1 AA taxon2 AC taxon3 CG taxon4 TT ; end; begin trees; utree hw4 = (taxon1:0.3, taxon2:0.3, (taxon3:0.3, taxon4:0.3):0.3); end; begin paup; lset nst=1 basefreq=equal; lscores 1 / userbrlen sitelike; end;
Understanding the data file
The NEXUS file you just created has four blocks.
First paup block
The first block is a paup block that sets the storebrlens flag. This tells PAUP* to save branch lengths found in any trees. By default, PAUP* immediately throws away any branch lengths that it finds, then estimates them anew according to whatever model is in effect. In this case, we are trying to get PAUP* to compute likelihoods for a tree in which all five branch lengths are set to the specific value 0.3, so it is important to keep PAUP* from discarding the branch lengths.
Data block
The second block is the data block. Data for two sites are provided, the first site being the one you used for homework #4. The second site is necessary because PAUP* will refuse to calculate the likelihood of a tree with data from only one site. We will simply ignore results for the second (dummy) site.
Trees block
The third block is a trees block that defines the tree and branch lengths.
- 'Can you find where in the tree description the length of the central branch is defined?
The keyword utree can be used in PAUP* (but not necessarily other programs) to explicitly define an unrooted tree. The hw4 part is just an arbitrary name for this tree: you could use any name here.
Final paup block
The fourth (paup) block comprises an lset command that specifies the likelihood settings. The nst option specifies the number of substitution parameters, which is 1 for the JC model, and basefreq=equal specifies that base frequencies are assumed to be equal. Together, nst=1 and basefreq=equal specify the JC model because the only other model with one substitution parameter is the F81 model (which has unequal base frequencies).
The command lscores 1 tells PAUP* to compute likelihood scores for the first tree in memory (which is the one we entered in this file). The keyword userbrlen tells PAUP* to use the branch lengths in the tree description (i.e. don't estimate branch lengths), and the sitelike keyword tells PAUP* to output the individual site likelihoods (the default behavior is to just output the overall likelihood).
Ok, go ahead and execute the file in PAUP*.
If you haven't yet started on this homework assignment, that's Ok. You will now know the overall site likelihood, but note that you will still have to do the calculation in order to get the component of the likelihood associated with each of the 16 combinations of ancestral states (I don't think there is any way to get PAUP* to give you these numbers).
Part B:
Return PAUP* to its factory default settings
In part A, we told PAUP* to use user-defined branch lengths and output site likelihoods whenever the lscores command was issued. PAUP* remembers these settings, and sometimes this causes unexpected results. You can cause PAUP* to forget these changes to default settings in one of two ways:
- restart PAUP*
- use the factory command
Issue the factory command now to cause PAUP* to revert to its factory default settings without having to quit and restart the program.
Download the data file algae.nex
Download the data file algae.nex using the following curl command on the cluster:
curl http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/plewis/courses/phylogenetics/data/algae.nex > algae.nex
Our goal for this lab will be to see if we can tease apart which aspects of sequence evolution are most important for getting the tree correct. The accepted phylogeny (based on much evidence besides these data) places all the chlorophyll-b-containing plastids together. Thus, there should be a branch in the tree separating all taxa from the two that do not have chlorophyll b, namely the cyanobacterium Anacystis (which has chlorophyll a and phycobilin accessory pigments) and the chromophyte Olithodiscus (which has chlorophylls a and c).
Obtain the maximum likelihood tree under the F81 model
The first goal is to learn how to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in several different substitution models. Use PAUP* to answer the following questions. Start by obtaining the maximum likelihood tree under the F81 model. Create a run.nex file and save in it the following:
#nexus begin paup; execute algae.nex; set criterion=likelihood; lset nst=1 basefreq=empirical; hsearch; end;
The nst=1 tells PAUP* that we want a model having just one substitution rate parameter (the JC69 and F81 models both fall in this category). The basefreq=empirical tells PAUP* that we want to use simple estimates of the base frequencies. The empirical frequency of the base G, for example, is the value you would get if you simply counted up all the Gs in your entire data matrix and divided by the total number of nucleotides. The empirical frequencies are not usually the same as the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the base frequencies, but they are quick to calculate and often very close to the corresponding MLEs.
Execute run.nex in PAUP* and issue the following command to show the tree:
One problem is that the tree is drawn in such a way that it appears to be rooted within the flowering plants (tobacco and rice). Specifying the cyanobacterium Anacystis as the outgroup makes more sense:
outgroup Anacystis_nidulans; showtrees;
Note that the branches are not drawn proportional to the expected number of substitutions. To fix this, use the describetrees command rather than the simpler showtrees command:
descr 1 / plot=phylogram;
As with all PAUP* commands, it is usually not necessary to type the entire command name, only enough letters that PAUP* can determine unambiguously which command you want. Here, you typed descr instead of describetrees, and it worked just fine.
You will be working with this tree for quite awhile. Resist the temptation to do heuristic searches with each model, as it will be important to compare the performance of all of the models on the same tree topology! To be safe, save this tree to a file named f81.tre using the savetrees command:
savetrees file=f81.tre brlens;
If you ever need to read this tree back in, use the gettrees command:
gettrees file=f81.tre;
Now get PAUP* to show you the maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters of the F81 model used in this analysis (the 1 here refers to tree 1 in memory):
lscores 1;
- What are the empirical base frequencies for this data set? answer
- What is the lnL of this tree under this "empirical base frequencies" version of the F81 model? answer
- What proportion of sites are constant? (The cstatus command will give you this information) answer
Estimate base frequencies
Now estimate the base frequencies on this tree with maximum likelihood as follows. Note how the lscores command is used to force PAUP* to recompute the likelihood (under the revised model) and spit out the parameter estimates.
lset basefreq=estimate; lscores 1;
- What are the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the base frequencies? answer
- What is the lnL of this tree under the "estimated base frequencies" version of the F81 model? answer
- How many parameters are being estimated using the F81 model? answer
- Is it better than the lnL under the "empirical base frequencies" version of the F81 model? answer
Estimate transition/transversion bias
Switch to the HKY85 model now and estimate the transition/transversion ratio along with the base frequencies. The way you specify the HKY model in PAUP* is to tell it you want a model with 2 substitution rate parameters (nst=2), and that you want to estimate the base frequencies (basefreq=estimate) and the transition/transversion ratio (tratio=estimated). Note that these specifications also apply to the F84 model, so if you want PAUP* to use the F84 model, you would need to add variant=f84 to the lset command.
lset nst=2 basefreq=estimate tratio=estimate; lscores 1;
- What is the MLE of the transition/transversion ratio under the HKY85 model? answer
- What is the MLE of the transition/transversion rate ratio under the HKY85 model? answer
- What is the lnL of this tree under the HKY85 model? answer
- How many parameters are being estimated using the HKY85 model? answer
- Does the HKY model fit the data better than the F81 model? answer
Estimate the proportion of invariable sites
Now ask PAUP* to estimate pinvar, the proportion of invariable sites, using the command lset pinvar=estimate. The HKY85 model with among-site rate heterogeneity modeled using the two-category invariable sites approach is called the HKY85+I model.
- What is the MLE of pinvar under the HKY85+I model? answer
- Is the MLE of pinvar larger or smaller than the proportion of constant sites? answer
- Why are these two proportions different? That is, how can a site be constant but not invariable?
- What is the lnL of this tree under the HKY85+I model? answer
- How many parameters are being estimated using the HKY85+I model? answer
Estimate the heterogeneity in rates among sites
Now set pinvar=0 and tell PAUP* to use the discrete gamma distribution with 5 rate categories. Here are the commands for doing this all in one step:
lset pinvar=0 rates=gamma ncat=5 shape=estimate; lscores 1;
The HKY85 model with among-site rate heterogeneity modeled using the discrete gamma approach is called the HKY85+G model.
- What is the MLE of the gamma shape parameter under the HKY85+G model? answer
- What is the lnL of this tree under the HKY85+G model? answer
- How many parameters are being estimated using the HKY85+G model? answer
Estimate both pinvar and the gamma shape parameter
Now issue the command lset pinvar=estimate to create the HKY85+I+G model and ask PAUP* to estimate both pinvar and the gamma shape parameter simultaneously.
- What is the MLE of the gamma shape parameter under the HKY85+I+G model? answer
- What is the MLE of the pinvar parameter under the HKY85+I+G model? answer
- Is the MLE of the shape parameter higher or lower under the HKY85+I+G model compared to the HKY85+G model? answer Explain why this is so.
- What is the lnL of this tree under the HKY85+I+G model? answer
- How many parameters are being estimated using the HKY85+I+G model? answer
Likelihood ratio tests
In this section, you will perform some simple likelihood ratio tests to decide which of the models used in the previous section does the best job of explaining the data while keeping the number of parameters used to a minimum. Remember, the likelihood ratio test is performed by doubling the difference in log-likelihood scores and comparing this test statistic with the critical value from a chi-squared distribution having degrees of freedom equal to the difference in the number of estimated parameters in the two models. Use this online chi-square calculator to determine the significance of the test.
The model with which we will begin is the F81 model with estimated base freqencies. Compare this F81 model to the HKY85 model, which differs from the F81 model only in the fact that it allows transitions and transversions to occur at different rates.
You should have all the numbers you need to perform these likelihood ratio tests. If, however, you have not written some of them down, and thus need to redo some of these analyses, you might need to know how to "turn off" rate heterogeneity using the following command:
lset rates=equal pinvar=0;
- What is the likelihood ratio test statistic for F81 vs. HKY85? answer
- How many degrees of freedom for this test? answer
- What is the significance (P-value) for this test? answer
- Does allowing for a transition/transversion bias make a significant difference? answer
Consider the remaining models for which we have collected log likelihoods: HKY85+I, HKY85+G and HKY85+I+G.
- Does the HKY85+I model explain the data signficantly better than an equal rates HKY85 model? answer
- Does the HKY85+G model explain the data signficantly better than an equal rates HKY85 model? answer
- Does the HKY85+I+G model explain the data signficantly better than either HKY85+I or HKY85+G alone? answer
Using the simplest model that you can defend (of the five we have examined: F81, HKY85, HKY85+I, HKY85+G, HKY85+I+G), perform an heuristic search under the maximum likelihood criterion. To make the analysis go faster, we will ask PAUP* to not re-estimate all the model parameters for every tree it examines during the search. To do this, first use the lset command to set up the model you are planning to use. Use the lscores command to force PAUP* to re-estimate all of the parameters of your selected model on some tree (the tree just needs to be something reasonable, such as a NJ tree or the F81 tree you have been using). Now, for every parameter that you estimated, change the word estimate to previous in the lset command, and after executing this new lset command, start a search using just hsearch. PAUP* will fix the parameters at the previous values (i.e. the estimates you just forced it to calculate) and use these same values for every tree examined during the search.
- Does the model you have selected place all the chlorophyll-b organisms together?
This lab is a bit long, so we will not take time to do it now, but I hope you realize that you could figure out exactly what parameter(s) are needed in the model to get this tree right. JC69 doesn't do it, nor does F81 (as you may have noticed), but it actually doesn't take much beyond JC69 to do the trick.
A challenge
I have simulated a data set under one of the following models: JC69, F81, K80, or HKY85. The data file can be downloaded using the following link: simdata.nex.
All of the sites either evolved at the same rate, or rate heterogeneity was added in the form of gamma distributed relative rates with or without some invariable sites. Can you identify which of the four basic models was used, and in addition tell me how much rate heterogeneity was added?
Hint: start by getting a NJ tree (use paup's nj command for this) and estimating all parameters of the most complex model (HKY85+I+G) on that tree. You should be able to tell by examining the parameter estimates which model was used. If it is not clear, you can perform some likelihood ratio tests to see how much significance should be attached to the value of the parameters in question.


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