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termios(3) Library Functions Manual termios(3)
termios, tcgetattr, tcsetattr, tcsendbreak, tcdrain, tcflush, tcflow, cfmakeraw, cfgetospeed, cfgetispeed, cfsetispeed, cfsetospeed, cfsetspeed - get and set terminal attributes, line control, get and set baud rate
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
#include <termios.h> #include <unistd.h> int tcgetattr(int fd, struct termios *termios_p); int tcsetattr(int fd, int optional_actions, const struct termios *termios_p); int tcsendbreak(int fd, int duration); int tcdrain(int fd); int tcflush(int fd, int queue_selector); int tcflow(int fd, int action); void cfmakeraw(struct termios *termios_p); speed_t cfgetispeed(const struct termios *termios_p); speed_t cfgetospeed(const struct termios *termios_p); int cfsetispeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed); int cfsetospeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed); int cfsetspeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed); Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)): cfsetspeed(), cfmakeraw(): Since glibc 2.19: _DEFAULT_SOURCE glibc 2.19 and earlier: _BSD_SOURCE
The termios functions describe a general terminal interface that is provided to control asynchronous communications ports. The termios structure Many of the functions described here have a termios_p argument that is a pointer to a termios structure. This structure contains at least the following members: tcflag_t c_iflag; /* input modes */ tcflag_t c_oflag; /* output modes */ tcflag_t c_cflag; /* control modes */ tcflag_t c_lflag; /* local modes */ cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; /* special characters */ The values that may be assigned to these fields are described below. In the case of the first four bit-mask fields, the definitions of some of the associated flags that may be set are exposed only if a specific feature test macro (see feature_test_macros(7)) is defined, as noted in brackets ("[]"). In the descriptions below, "not in POSIX" means that the value is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and "XSI" means that the value is specified in POSIX.1-2001 as part of the XSI extension. c_iflag flag constants: IGNBRK Ignore BREAK condition on input. BRKINT If IGNBRK is set, a BREAK is ignored. If it is not set but BRKINT is set, then a BREAK causes the input and output queues to be flushed, and if the terminal is the controlling terminal of a foreground process group, it will cause a SIGINT to be sent to this foreground process group. When neither IGNBRK nor BRKINT are set, a BREAK reads as a null byte ('\0'), except when PARMRK is set, in which case it reads as the sequence \377 \0 \0. IGNPAR Ignore framing errors and parity errors. PARMRK If this bit is set, input bytes with parity or framing errors are marked when passed to the program. This bit is meaningful only when INPCK is set and IGNPAR is not set. The way erroneous bytes are marked is with two preceding bytes, \377 and \0. Thus, the program actually reads three bytes for one erroneous byte received from the terminal. If a valid byte has the value \377, and ISTRIP (see below) is not set, the program might confuse it with the prefix that marks a parity error. Therefore, a valid byte \377 is passed to the program as two bytes, \377 \377, in this case. If neither IGNPAR nor PARMRK is set, read a character with a parity error or framing error as \0. INPCK Enable input parity checking. ISTRIP Strip off eighth bit. INLCR Translate NL to CR on input. IGNCR Ignore carriage return on input. ICRNL Translate carriage return to newline on input (unless IGNCR is set). IUCLC (not in POSIX) Map uppercase characters to lowercase on input. IXON Enable XON/XOFF flow control on output. IXANY (XSI) Typing any character will restart stopped output. (The default is to allow just the START character to restart output.) IXOFF Enable XON/XOFF flow control on input. IMAXBEL (not in POSIX) Ring bell when input queue is full. Linux does not implement this bit, and acts as if it is always set. IUTF8 (since Linux 2.6.4) (not in POSIX) Input is UTF8; this allows character-erase to be correctly performed in cooked mode. c_oflag flag constants: OPOST Enable implementation-defined output processing. OLCUC (not in POSIX) Map lowercase characters to uppercase on output. ONLCR (XSI) Map NL to CR-NL on output. OCRNL Map CR to NL on output. ONOCR Don't output CR at column 0. ONLRET The NL character is assumed to do the carriage-return function; the kernel's idea of the current column is set to 0 after both NL and CR. OFILL Send fill characters for a delay, rather than using a timed delay. OFDEL Fill character is ASCII DEL (0177). If unset, fill character is ASCII NUL ('\0'). (Not implemented on Linux.) NLDLY Newline delay mask. Values are NL0 and NL1. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE] CRDLY Carriage return delay mask. Values are CR0, CR1, CR2, or CR3. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE] TABDLY Horizontal tab delay mask. Values are TAB0, TAB1, TAB2, TAB3 (or XTABS, but see the BUGS section). A value of TAB3, that is, XTABS, expands tabs to spaces (with tab stops every eight columns). [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE] BSDLY Backspace delay mask. Values are BS0 or BS1. (Has never been implemented.) [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE] VTDLY Vertical tab delay mask. Values are VT0 or VT1. FFDLY Form feed delay mask. Values are FF0 or FF1. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE] c_cflag flag constants: CBAUD (not in POSIX) Baud speed mask (4+1 bits). [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] CBAUDEX (not in POSIX) Extra baud speed mask (1 bit), included in CBAUD. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] (POSIX says that the baud speed is stored in the termios structure without specifying where precisely, and provides cfgetispeed() and cfsetispeed() for getting at it. Some systems use bits selected by CBAUD in c_cflag, other systems use separate fields, for example, sg_ispeed and sg_ospeed.) CSIZE Character size mask. Values are CS5, CS6, CS7, or CS8. CSTOPB Set two stop bits, rather than one. CREAD Enable receiver. PARENB Enable parity generation on output and parity checking for input. PARODD If set, then parity for input and output is odd; otherwise even parity is used. HUPCL Lower modem control lines after last process closes the device (hang up). CLOCAL Ignore modem control lines. LOBLK (not in POSIX) Block output from a noncurrent shell layer. For use by shl (shell layers). (Not implemented on Linux.) CIBAUD (not in POSIX) Mask for input speeds. The values for the CIBAUD bits are the same as the values for the CBAUD bits, shifted left IBSHIFT bits. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] (Not implemented in glibc, supported on Linux via TCGET* and TCSET* ioctls; see ioctl_tty(2)) CMSPAR (not in POSIX) Use "stick" (mark/space) parity (supported on certain serial devices): if PARODD is set, the parity bit is always 1; if PARODD is not set, then the parity bit is always 0. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] CRTSCTS (not in POSIX) Enable RTS/CTS (hardware) flow control. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] c_lflag flag constants: ISIG When any of the characters INTR, QUIT, SUSP, or DSUSP are received, generate the corresponding signal. ICANON Enable canonical mode (described below). XCASE (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) If ICANON is also set, terminal is uppercase only. Input is converted to lowercase, except for characters preceded by \. On output, uppercase characters are preceded by \ and lowercase characters are converted to uppercase. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE] ECHO Echo input characters. ECHOE If ICANON is also set, the ERASE character erases the preceding input character, and WERASE erases the preceding word. ECHOK If ICANON is also set, the KILL character erases the current line. ECHONL If ICANON is also set, echo the NL character even if ECHO is not set. ECHOCTL (not in POSIX) If ECHO is also set, terminal special characters other than TAB, NL, START, and STOP are echoed as ^X, where X is the character with ASCII code 0x40 greater than the special character. For example, character 0x08 (BS) is echoed as ^H. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] ECHOPRT (not in POSIX) If ICANON and ECHO are also set, characters are printed as they are being erased. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] ECHOKE (not in POSIX) If ICANON is also set, KILL is echoed by erasing each character on the line, as specified by ECHOE and ECHOPRT. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] DEFECHO (not in POSIX) Echo only when a process is reading. (Not implemented on Linux.) FLUSHO (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) Output is being flushed. This flag is toggled by typing the DISCARD character. [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] NOFLSH Disable flushing the input and output queues when generating signals for the INT, QUIT, and SUSP characters. TOSTOP Send the SIGTTOU signal to the process group of a background process which tries to write to its controlling terminal. PENDIN (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) All characters in the input queue are reprinted when the next character is read. (bash(1) handles typeahead this way.) [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE] IEXTEN Enable implementation-defined input processing. This flag, as well as ICANON must be enabled for the special characters EOL2, LNEXT, REPRINT, WERASE to be interpreted, and for the IUCLC flag to be effective. The c_cc array defines the terminal special characters. The symbolic indices (initial values) and meaning are: VDISCARD (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 017, SI, Ctrl-O) Toggle: start/stop discarding pending output. Recognized when IEXTEN is set, and then not passed as input. VDSUSP (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 031, EM, Ctrl-Y) Delayed suspend character (DSUSP): send SIGTSTP signal when the character is read by the user program. Recognized when IEXTEN and ISIG are set, and the system supports job control, and then not passed as input. VEOF (004, EOT, Ctrl-D) End-of-file character (EOF). More precisely: this character causes the pending tty buffer to be sent to the waiting user program without waiting for end-of-line. If it is the first character of the line, the read(2) in the user program returns 0, which signifies end-of-file. Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input. VEOL (0, NUL) Additional end-of-line character (EOL). Recognized when ICANON is set. VEOL2 (not in POSIX; 0, NUL) Yet another end-of-line character (EOL2). Recognized when ICANON is set. VERASE (0177, DEL, rubout, or 010, BS, Ctrl-H, or also #) Erase character (ERASE). This erases the previous not-yet- erased character, but does not erase past EOF or beginning-of-line. Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input. VINTR (003, ETX, Ctrl-C, or also 0177, DEL, rubout) Interrupt character (INTR). Send a SIGINT signal. Recognized when ISIG is set, and then not passed as input. VKILL (025, NAK, Ctrl-U, or Ctrl-X, or also @) Kill character (KILL). This erases the input since the last EOF or beginning-of-line. Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input. VLNEXT (not in POSIX; 026, SYN, Ctrl-V) Literal next (LNEXT). Quotes the next input character, depriving it of a possible special meaning. Recognized when IEXTEN is set, and then not passed as input. VMIN Minimum number of characters for noncanonical read (MIN). VQUIT (034, FS, Ctrl-\) Quit character (QUIT). Send SIGQUIT signal. Recognized when ISIG is set, and then not passed as input. VREPRINT (not in POSIX; 022, DC2, Ctrl-R) Reprint unread characters (REPRINT). Recognized when ICANON and IEXTEN are set, and then not passed as input. VSTART (021, DC1, Ctrl-Q) Start character (START). Restarts output stopped by the Stop character. Recognized when IXON is set, and then not passed as input. VSTATUS (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; status request: 024, DC4, Ctrl-T). Status character (STATUS). Display status information at terminal, including state of foreground process and amount of CPU time it has consumed. Also sends a SIGINFO signal (not supported on Linux) to the foreground process group. VSTOP (023, DC3, Ctrl-S) Stop character (STOP). Stop output until Start character typed. Recognized when IXON is set, and then not passed as input. VSUSP (032, SUB, Ctrl-Z) Suspend character (SUSP). Send SIGTSTP signal. Recognized when ISIG is set, and then not passed as input. VSWTCH (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 0, NUL) Switch character (SWTCH). Used in System V to switch shells in shell layers, a predecessor to shell job control. VTIME Timeout in deciseconds for noncanonical read (TIME). VWERASE (not in POSIX; 027, ETB, Ctrl-W) Word erase (WERASE). Recognized when ICANON and IEXTEN are set, and then not passed as input. An individual terminal special character can be disabled by setting the value of the corresponding c_cc element to _POSIX_VDISABLE. The above symbolic subscript values are all different, except that VTIME, VMIN may have the same value as VEOL, VEOF, respectively. In noncanonical mode the special character meaning is replaced by the timeout meaning. For an explanation of VMIN and VTIME, see the description of noncanonical mode below. Retrieving and changing terminal settings tcgetattr() gets the parameters associated with the object referred by fd and stores them in the termios structure referenced by termios_p. This function may be invoked from a background process; however, the terminal attributes may be subsequently changed by a foreground process. tcsetattr() sets the parameters associated with the terminal (unless support is required from the underlying hardware that is not available) from the termios structure referred to by termios_p. optional_actions specifies when the changes take effect: TCSANOW the change occurs immediately. TCSADRAIN the change occurs after all output written to fd has been transmitted. This option should be used when changing parameters that affect output. TCSAFLUSH the change occurs after all output written to the object referred by fd has been transmitted, and all input that has been received but not read will be discarded before the change is made. Canonical and noncanonical mode The setting of the ICANON canon flag in c_lflag determines whether the terminal is operating in canonical mode (ICANON set) or noncanonical mode (ICANON unset). By default, ICANON is set. In canonical mode: • Input is made available line by line. An input line is available when one of the line delimiters is typed (NL, EOL, EOL2; or EOF at the start of line). Except in the case of EOF, the line delimiter is included in the buffer returned by read(2). • Line editing is enabled (ERASE, KILL; and if the IEXTEN flag is set: WERASE, REPRINT, LNEXT). A read(2) returns at most one line of input; if the read(2) requested fewer bytes than are available in the current line of input, then only as many bytes as requested are read, and the remaining characters will be available for a future read(2). • The maximum line length is 4096 chars (including the terminating newline character); lines longer than 4096 chars are truncated. After 4095 characters, input processing (e.g., ISIG and ECHO* processing) continues, but any input data after 4095 characters up to (but not including) any terminating newline is discarded. This ensures that the terminal can always receive more input until at least one line can be read. In noncanonical mode input is available immediately (without the user having to type a line-delimiter character), no input processing is performed, and line editing is disabled. The read buffer will only accept 4095 chars; this provides the necessary space for a newline char if the input mode is switched to canonical. The settings of MIN (c_cc[VMIN]) and TIME (c_cc[VTIME]) determine the circumstances in which a read(2) completes; there are four distinct cases: MIN == 0, TIME == 0 (polling read) If data is available, read(2) returns immediately, with the lesser of the number of bytes available, or the number of bytes requested. If no data is available, read(2) returns 0. MIN > 0, TIME == 0 (blocking read) read(2) blocks until MIN bytes are available, and returns up to the number of bytes requested. MIN == 0, TIME > 0 (read with timeout) TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second. The timer is started when read(2) is called. read(2) returns either when at least one byte of data is available, or when the timer expires. If the timer expires without any input becoming available, read(2) returns 0. If data is already available at the time of the call to read(2), the call behaves as though the data was received immediately after the call. MIN > 0, TIME > 0 (read with interbyte timeout) TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second. Once an initial byte of input becomes available, the timer is restarted after each further byte is received. read(2) returns when any of the following conditions is met: • MIN bytes have been received. • The interbyte timer expires. • The number of bytes requested by read(2) has been received. (POSIX does not specify this termination condition, and on some other implementations read(2) does not return in this case.) Because the timer is started only after the initial byte becomes available, at least one byte will be read. If data is already available at the time of the call to read(2), the call behaves as though the data was received immediately after the call. POSIX does not specify whether the setting of the O_NONBLOCK file status flag takes precedence over the MIN and TIME settings. If O_NONBLOCK is set, a read(2) in noncanonical mode may return immediately, regardless of the setting of MIN or TIME. Furthermore, if no data is available, POSIX permits a read(2) in noncanonical mode to return either 0, or -1 with errno set to EAGAIN. Raw mode cfmakeraw() sets the terminal to something like the "raw" mode of the old Version 7 terminal driver: input is available character by character, echoing is disabled, and all special processing of terminal input and output characters is disabled. The terminal attributes are set as follows: termios_p->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK | BRKINT | PARMRK | ISTRIP | INLCR | IGNCR | ICRNL | IXON); termios_p->c_oflag &= ~OPOST; termios_p->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ECHONL | ICANON | ISIG | IEXTEN); termios_p->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE | PARENB); termios_p->c_cflag |= CS8; Line control tcsendbreak() transmits a continuous stream of zero-valued bits for a specific duration, if the terminal is using asynchronous serial data transmission. If duration is zero, it transmits zero-valued bits for at least 0.25 seconds, and not more than 0.5 seconds. If duration is not zero, it sends zero-valued bits for some implementation-defined length of time. If the terminal is not using asynchronous serial data transmission, tcsendbreak() returns without taking any action. tcdrain() waits until all output written to the object referred to by fd has been transmitted. tcflush() discards data written to the object referred to by fd but not transmitted, or data received but not read, depending on the value of queue_selector: TCIFLUSH flushes data received but not read. TCOFLUSH flushes data written but not transmitted. TCIOFLUSH flushes both data received but not read, and data written but not transmitted. tcflow() suspends transmission or reception of data on the object referred to by fd, depending on the value of action: TCOOFF suspends output. TCOON restarts suspended output. TCIOFF transmits a STOP character, which stops the terminal device from transmitting data to the system. TCION transmits a START character, which starts the terminal device transmitting data to the system. The default on open of a terminal file is that neither its input nor its output is suspended. Line speed The baud rate functions are provided for getting and setting the values of the input and output baud rates in the termios structure. The new values do not take effect until tcsetattr() is successfully called. Setting the speed to B0 instructs the modem to "hang up". The actual bit rate corresponding to B38400 may be altered with setserial(8). The input and output baud rates are stored in the termios structure. cfgetospeed() returns the output baud rate stored in the termios structure pointed to by termios_p. cfsetospeed() sets the output baud rate stored in the termios structure pointed to by termios_p to speed, which must be one of these constants: B0 B50 B75 B110 B134 B150 B200 B300 B600 B1200 B1800 B2400 B4800 B9600 B19200 B38400 B57600 B115200 B230400 B460800 B500000 B576000 B921600 B1000000 B1152000 B1500000 B2000000 These constants are additionally supported on the SPARC architecture: B76800 B153600 B307200 B614400 These constants are additionally supported on non-SPARC architectures: B2500000 B3000000 B3500000 B4000000 Due to differences between architectures, portable applications should check if a particular Bnnn constant is defined prior to using it. The zero baud rate, B0, is used to terminate the connection. If B0 is specified, the modem control lines shall no longer be asserted. Normally, this will disconnect the line. CBAUDEX is a mask for the speeds beyond those defined in POSIX.1 (57600 and above). Thus, B57600 & CBAUDEX is nonzero. Setting the baud rate to a value other than those defined by Bnnn constants is possible via the TCSETS2 ioctl; see ioctl_tty(2). cfgetispeed() returns the input baud rate stored in the termios structure. cfsetispeed() sets the input baud rate stored in the termios structure to speed, which must be specified as one of the Bnnn constants listed above for cfsetospeed(). If the input baud rate is set to the literal constant 0 (not the symbolic constant B0), the input baud rate will be equal to the output baud rate. cfsetspeed() is a 4.4BSD extension. It takes the same arguments as cfsetispeed(), and sets both input and output speed.
cfgetispeed() returns the input baud rate stored in the termios structure. cfgetospeed() returns the output baud rate stored in the termios structure. All other functions return: 0 on success. -1 on failure and set errno to indicate the error. Note that tcsetattr() returns success if any of the requested changes could be successfully carried out. Therefore, when making multiple changes it may be necessary to follow this call with a further call to tcgetattr() to check that all changes have been performed successfully.
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7). ┌──────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐ │Interface │ Attribute │ Value │ ├──────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤ │tcgetattr(), tcsetattr(), tcdrain(), │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │ │tcflush(), tcflow(), tcsendbreak(), │ │ │ │cfmakeraw(), cfgetispeed(), │ │ │ │cfgetospeed(), cfsetispeed(), │ │ │ │cfsetospeed(), cfsetspeed() │ │ │ └──────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘
tcgetattr() tcsetattr() tcsendbreak() tcdrain() tcflush() tcflow() cfgetispeed() cfgetospeed() cfsetispeed() cfsetospeed() POSIX.1-2008. cfmakeraw() cfsetspeed() BSD.
tcgetattr() tcsetattr() tcsendbreak() tcdrain() tcflush() tcflow() cfgetispeed() cfgetospeed() cfsetispeed() cfsetospeed() POSIX.1-2001. cfmakeraw() cfsetspeed() BSD.
UNIX V7 and several later systems have a list of baud rates where after the values B0 through B9600 one finds the two constants EXTA, EXTB ("External A" and "External B"). Many systems extend the list with much higher baud rates. The effect of a nonzero duration with tcsendbreak() varies. SunOS specifies a break of duration * N seconds, where N is at least 0.25, and not more than 0.5. Linux, AIX, DU, Tru64 send a break of duration milliseconds. FreeBSD and NetBSD and HP-UX and MacOS ignore the value of duration. Under Solaris and UnixWare, tcsendbreak() with nonzero duration behaves like tcdrain().
On the Alpha architecture before Linux 4.16 (and glibc before glibc 2.28), the XTABS value was different from TAB3 and it was ignored by the N_TTY line discipline code of the terminal driver as a result (because as it wasn't part of the TABDLY mask).
reset(1), setterm(1), stty(1), tput(1), tset(1), tty(1),
ioctl_console(2), ioctl_tty(2), cc_t(3type), speed_t(3type),
tcflag_t(3type), setserial(8)
Linux man-pages 6.04 2023-03-30 termios(3)
Pages that refer to this page: _exit(2), ioctl_console(2), ioctl_tty(2), setpgid(2), cc_t(3type), curs_inopts(3x), getpass(3), stdin(3), tty(4), attributes(7), credentials(7), pty(7), signal-safety(7), termio(7), agetty(8)


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Articles of 2009
Roach, F-Lo Compare Cotto And Hatton
With the month of October underway the countdown to Pacquiao-Cotto has begun. On November 14th boxing will see the biggest and most anticipated fight of 2009 realized. When this fight was first announced shortly after Cotto won a split decision over Joshua Clottey, it was easy to see why Pacquiao was installed as a 3-to-1 favorite by the Vegas oddsmakers. Six weeks before Cotto nudged by Clottey, Pacquiao blew out the once beaten Ricky Hatton in two rounds. And no fighter gets more hype and is perceived to be unbeatable more so than a big puncher like Pacquiao coming off a spectacular one punch knockout.
Add to that Cotto wasn't anything close to overwhelming against Clottey, and in reality Clottey blew the fight in the last two rounds as much as Cotto won it, who wouldn't view Pacquiao as the favorite? What's been lost in the debate up to this point is Clottey was a much more formidable opponent than Hatton. In a head to head match up Clottey would be an even harder fight for Pacquiao than Cotto based on strength, style and durability.
Speaking of comparing and contrasting fighters, Pacquiao's trainer Freddie Roach commented on the difference between fighting Hatton and Cotto a few weeks ago. Roach said Miguel Cotto has a lot in common with Ricky Hatton. and stated "both boast of jaw-breaking left hooks, both are big and strong, ultra-aggressive and love to go to the body to soften up their foes."
Then he added, "Miguel Cotto is a lot smarter than Ricky Hatton," and emphasized that's the biggest difference between them and that makes Cotto more dangerous. After that Freddie said if Pacquiao thinks he's in for another easy fight he could be terribly mistaken. It's easy to see why Roach was asked to compare Cotto and Hatton, and after doing so it's more than obvious to conclude that they're in different leagues as fighters.
Other than both going to the body, there's not much to compare. Hatton is a reckless somewhat face first attacker who comes in with his chin up. Ricky attacks in spurts and doesn't apply bell-to-bell pressure. Cotto is much more versatile and can either bring the heat and break his opponent down or he can step away and counter-punch like he did when he fought Shane Mosley and Joshua Clottey. Cotto and Hatton are also different in their aggression. Cotto comes in low and is better at cutting off the ring and getting under punches. He also gives his opponent more upper-body and head movement. Hatton is one of those fighters who starts out giving his opponent some side-to-side head movement early in the fight, but once he gets nailed his chin goes up as he looks to load up on every shot.
Hatton is easier to neutralize because his punches come in on an arc and can be blocked or slipped with less effort and movement, as opposed to Cotto who keeps his hands close to his body and is not only harder to hold and tie up, but can get off better inside because his hands are free to punch. Physically, Cotto is clearly stronger than Hatton and is the type of fighter who can wear a smaller opponent down by just trying to hold him off as he presses forward without even engaging with him.
When it comes down to who's a bigger puncher, it's not even close. Cotto is an exponentially bigger puncher than Hatton. Cotto fought three welterweight title bouts against Mosley, Margarito and Clottey who happen to have first tier chins. Mosley and Clottey have never been stopped and Margarito's only stoppage loss came in his last fight against Mosley. Is it even plausible to think Hatton could bother Mosley, Margarito or Clottey with his Sunday left-hook to the head or body? No, it's not.
The one thing that can be said about Hatton over Cotto is he throws more punches than Miguel does. Cumulatively they don't add up to being nearly as effective as Cotto's lesser output, but it's the only category in which Ricky gets the edge.
As a fighter Cotto is clearly a step up from Hatton. He does everything better and is more versatile. Having said that – I give Roach all due credit for recognizing how smart Cotto is because he's extremely smart. Miguel is capable of thinking his way through a fight and has shown the ability to change and adjust his style in big fights. Whereas Hatton is the same fighter every time out and isn't nearly as calm or calculated in the heat of a firefight. When comparing Cotto and Hatton starting with conditioning and all that comes after that, Miguel gets the check mark in his column.
However, Cotto's versatility advantage over Hatton won't be a big plus for him against Pacquiao because he'll have to press and attack Pacquiao like Hatton had hoped to. Just as it was impossible to envision Hatton beating Pacquiao by waiting on him and counter-punching, the same applies to Cotto.
For Cotto to beat Pacquiao he'll have to survive Manny's early assault and get out of the first couple rounds. And he's much better equipped to do that than Hatton was.
Articles of 2009
UFC 108 Rashad Evans vs. Thiago Silva
Former champion Rashad Evans meets Brazil's venerable Thiago Silva in a non-title belt that can lead to a return match with the current champ, but first things first.
Evans (15-1-1) and Silva (14-1) meet in Ultimate Fighting Championship 108 in a light heavyweight bout on Saturday Jan. 2, at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. A win by either fighter could result in a world title bid. The fight card is being shown on pay-per-view television.
Events can change quickly in the Octagon and anybody can beat anybody in the 205-pound weight division. Just ask Silva or Evans.
Silva and Evans are both experienced and can vouch firsthand about the capriciousness of fighting in MMA and especially as a light heavyweight. On one day this man can beat that man and on another day, that man can beat this man. It can make you absolutely daffy.
Evans, 30, is the former UFC light heavyweight world champion who only defended his title on one occasion and lost by vicious knockout to current champion Lyoto Machida of Brazil. It's the only defeat on his record.
Silva, 27, is a well-rounded MMA fighter from Sao Paolo, Brazil who is versed in jujitsu, Muy Thai and boxing. He can end a fight quickly in a choke hold just as easily as with a kick or a punch. His only loss came to who else: Machida.
Evans and Silva know a win can push open the door to a rematch with current UFC light heavyweight champion Machida.
"A win against Rashad would put me in the track against Lyoto," said Silva, in a telephone conference call. "That's what – what I want to do."
When Silva fought Machida the two Brazilians were both undefeated and feared in the MMA world. The fight took place in Las Vegas and with one second remaining in the first round a perfectly timed punch knocked Silva unconscious.
"I was humbled big time, man," says Silva who fought Machida in January 2009. "I learned a lot from that fight. I think I can correct the mistakes from that fight, not overlooking anything else right now, but just I want to get the chance to fight him again."
For Evans it was a different circumstance. The upstate New Yorker held the UFC title and was defending it after stopping then champion Forrest Griffin by knockout. Still, many felt Machida was far too technically versed. Evans was stopped brutally in the second round.
"I've made it a point to not – to not get distracted on what I want to do, because you know Thiago (Silva) is a very hungry fighter," said Evans who has not fought since losing the title to Machida last May. "My focus is just on Thiago so much. You know I don't want to overlook him, you know, not even a little bit."
Dana White, president of UFC, says the winner of this fight could conceivably fight Machida in the near future. Evans and especially Silva are motivated by the open window.
"I learned a lot from that fight. I think I can correct the mistakes from that fight," says Silva. "Not overlooking anything else right now, but I just want to get the chance to fight him again."
What a prize. The winner gets to face the man who beat him: Machida.
Articles of 2009
Ten Boxing Wishes For 2010
As 2009 comes to a close, one reflects on what went well and what went wrong during the year in boxing. There were many highlights. Pacquiao vs. Cotto and Showtime's Super Six tournament were part of the best that boxing had to offer. But there were some low points too therefore the industry has some work to do in order to keep generating fans. Here are some suggestions for 2010:
10. Better pay per view cards
Paying 40 to 50 bucks to watch the main event gets old real quick. Why do we have to sit through a horrible under-card to get to the main course? It's like being fed spam appetizers before the Thanksgiving turkey. It seems that the pay per view promoters just don't get it. Are they watching what they put on or do they only watch the "big fight" as everyone else is slowly being conditioned to do so?
9. Time to make Julio Cesar Chavez Jr. fight
Okay, I understand he's the son of one of the greatest fighters that ever lived. But he's had 42 fights against low to mid level competition and has never managed to look spectacular. It's time to throw the 23 year old out of the nest to see if he can fly. My suggestion is a fight against Sergio Mora or maybe even Yuri Foreman. Neither of these guys can punch. They may outbox Junior but they won't totally humiliate him.
8. No more ridiculous Pay Per View mismatches
Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Juan Manuel Marquez should've never been made. It was a ridiculous fight when it was announced and it was more ridiculous when it took place. Unable to bring Manny Pacquiao to the bargaining table for a third match against Juan Manuel Marquez, someone figured that pairing up the 135 pound champion against a natural 147 pounder like Mayweather would be a great idea. The pay per view generated over a million buys but the fact that millions of people were treated to an incredibly boring mismatch is what's truly worrisome. I can guarantee you one thing about this card. The sport of boxing lost fans once the show was over and done with. Talk about short term thinking.
7. Chris "The Nightmare" Arreola shows up for a fight in amazing shape
It was painful to see Chris Arreola take a beating from the Ukrainian giant, Vitali Klitscho. The champion certainly earned his "Dr. Ironfist" moniker as he plowed his powerful shots into the former #1 WBC heavyweight contender's face. He reddened and bloodied the young Mexican American with an assortment of weapons and foot movement seldom seen on a six foot seven inch heavyweight. Arreola was brave and unrelenting in battle. He never stopped coming forward and took chances when he could. His work in the ring at the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles wasn't the problem. Where Arreola let himself down was outside the ring. His unwillingness to condition himself into a finely tuned athlete cost him certain immortality as the first ever heavyweight champion of Mexican descent. Arreola has the heart and skills but it was his mental fortitude that broke down. Anyone who's followed the Riverside fighter knows that his best weight is somewhere in the 230 pound range. It certainly isn't at the 252 pounds he registered on the scale at the Staples Center. Those fifteen to twenty extra pounds might have made all the difference in the world. Maybe he would've been a little quicker, maybe he could've sustained a faster pace in order to tire out the champion. In his most recent fight against Brian Minto, Arreola weighed in at a career high 263. It looks like "The Nightmare" isn't willing to change for anyone. At this pace, the only nightmares he'll be providing will be to the management of Hometown Buffets all across Riverside. Just kidding "Nightmare"!
6. More respect for the lighter weights
Real boxing fans know that the most exciting fighters in the sport are usually found toiling in weight divisions south of 154 pounds. Pacquiao, Cotto, Juan Manuel Marquez, Edwin Valero, Israel Vazquez, Juan Ma Lopez, Vic Darchinyan, Rafael Marquez and countless others have been the real driving force behind this sport. It's those great fighters that have made boxing fanatics out of casual fans. The heavyweights may get all the money and glory but it's the little guys who make the sport shine and it's time they received greater compensation. It's dismaying to think that a mediocre heavyweight can make three or four times as much as the great Rafael Marquez.
5. An American Heavyweight champion
Speaking of heavyweights, two Americans tried and failed at dethroning Vitali Klitschko this year. Both Kevin Johnson and Chris Arreola did their best to wrestle the belt away from "Dr. Klitschko" but came up short since they were easily outclassed. What happened to the great American Heavyweight? Where's our new Joe Frazier or Ali? Even a new Gerry Cooney or a Ken Norton would do at this point. I've got a feeling that the only way we're going to see an American champion is if Klitschko retires. My money is on Arreola. Although undisciplined and rough outside the ring, he's got tons (no pun intended) of natural talent. He's without a doubt the most talented American heavyweight on the scene.
4. More ShoBox
The Showtime Cable network gave us the best boxing on TV for the price of a cable television subscription. Their ShoBox series has been a proven hit for Senior VP of Sports Programming Ken Hershman. The concept is simple yet brilliant. Match up two up and comers with great records and let's see what happens. Sometimes the results are surprising. Many have passed the ShoBox test and went on to bigger and better things. Others have been exposed as having padded records and eventually their careers stall and take a dive.
3. More safety in Mexico so I can attend a show without a gun battle breaking out
Having lived near the Tijuana border all my life I'm dismayed at the war zone that the city has evolved into. Every day there are reports of shootings fueled by the drug war trade. Believe it or not, there was a time when Tijuana was safe and most wouldn't have thought twice about crossing the border for some seafood and nightlife. No more. Having covered several boxing cards on Revolucion Avenue many years ago, I got a taste of just how important the sport is to Mexican fans. It's also important to me but not that important. For now I'll stick to covering shows at the Pechanga Casino and in the less dangerous city of L.A. I never thought I'd say that.
2. Pac Man vs. Mayweather
This is the fight everyone wants to see. Seeing how Mayweather dominated Pac Man's arch enemy, Juan Manuel Marquez, you have to wonder if the Filipino can handle Lil' Floyd's speed and size. One thing is for sure, betting against Pacquiao doesn't usually work out for me. It never has. There's no future in it. So if the fight gets done it's Pacquiao by TKO in ten.
1. And finally
One final wish is reserved for all the readers of TheSweetScience.com I wish you all a healthy and happy 2010. Thank you for your continued loyalty to the site. It's very much appreciated.
Articles of 2009
A Very Special New Year's Day Column
It has been just over four months since Nick Charles, the play-by-play announcer for Shobox: The New Generation, was diagnosed with stage IV bladder cancer and forced to take a medical hiatus from the monthly show that has aired since 2001.
Since then he has undergone grueling chemotherapy treatments that have resulted in him losing all of his hair as he forces himself to live as normal of a life as possible. Through sheer force of will, as well as the strength and support that he receives from his wonderfully loving family and his strong Christian faith, the 63-year-old Charles has managed to keep his weight up while not falling prey to the always lingering threats of depression, cynicism and negativity.
If one was unaware that he was battling such an insidious disease, you'd never know from talking on the phone to him that he has been to hell and back. He has lost none of the inspiring energy that has endeared him to members of the boxing community and legions of worldwide viewers.
"I'm doing great," Charles said during a telephone conversation on December 30th. "I've been off the chemo for a month, and the doctors have told me that I'm 80 percent in remission. I'm going to see them again in three months. It may come back, but if it takes one year, or two years, or however long, I'm going to make the most of the good time."
As physically and emotionally wrenching as the grim diagnosis and subsequent treatment has been, even for someone as perpetually positive as Charles, the longtime announcer said a lot of good things have come from it.
Having been married three times, Charles is the father of four children: Jason, 38, Melissa, 34, Charlotte, 22, and Giovanna, 3 ½.
While Charles is not big on regrets, he is the first to admit that he wasn't always there for his older children. For many years he traveled the world as a CNN correspondent, often putting the demands of his career above all else, including those closest to him. Nowhere was the strain more evident than in his relationship with Melissa.
Having been divorced from Melissa's mother since 1977, Charles said his relationship with that daughter has been especially "hot and cold, all of our lives."
His illness has enabled them to forge a relationship that has been "based on a massive amount of forgiveness and understanding."
"This has had a tremendous healing effect on both of us," said Charles. "My illness has had a fortifying effect on a lot of things, the most important of which is my relationships with my family."
That also includes his first wife, with whom he has had an often acrimonious relationship over the past three decades.
"It took a long time for the scab to become a scar, but we had lunch one day and it was so great to once again see the gentle, soft sides of each other," he explained. "The whole divorce process creates a hardness that doesn't always go away."
Charles is also the grandfather to three children, some of whom are about the same age as his youngest daughter. He jokes that he has a "nuclear 21st century family" because of the similar ages of two generations of children. One of the hardest things for him has been the realization that he can't always play with them in manner in which he would like.
"The hemoglobin is the fuel in your tank, so when it's low you can't will yourself to do things no matter how much you want to," said Charles. "You can't just sleep it off or work through it. I don't want the kids to wonder why I can't play in the backyard with them, or kick a soccer ball, or throw them in the air."
Particularly difficult is when Giovanna reminds her father of how handsome he is, but then innocently asks him what happened to his hair, eyebrows and lashes.
"You try to keep things on a need to know basis, which is not easy when dealing with curious kids," said Charles.
While Charles might look like the kind of guy that things have often come easy to, the reality is that his beginnings were far from auspicious. But, he says, his often challenging Chicago childhood blessed him with the steely resolve that has helped him so much during the arduous journey he is now on.
"I had it pretty rough growing up," he explained. "I remember the lights and the heat being shut off and eating mustard sandwiches. I went to work at 13 and always had insecurities about the future. But I always expected and saw the best in people, so when I got sick, never once did I say 'Why me?"
Since taking a leave of absence from Shobox, the outpouring of support from the boxing community has warmed Charles's heart. For a guy that is battling for his life, he actually considers himself fortunate to be surrounded by so much goodness in both his personal and professional lives.
"I always hear that boxing people are ruthless, but I couldn't disagree more," said Charles. "I've probably received about 1,000 e-mails, and people are always following in sending their best wishes. From the relatively unknown people in boxing to many of the more famous people, there has been an outpouring of true affection."
Charles said that the Top Rank organization has been exceedingly kind and gracious. He was touched beyond description when he learned that officials in Oklahoma got special permission to have a seamstress sew "Keep Fighting Nick" onto their sleeves. He chokes up when talking about cut man Stitch Duran giving up an endorsement opportunity so he could put Charles's name on his outfit. He never tires of hearing shout-outs from fighters on television.
Charles has always been a people person with an inordinate faith in the goodness of his fellow man. Battling this illness has only made his already strong faith in humanity even stronger.
"Adversity is a great teacher, and it really teaches you who your genuine friends are," said Charles. "I have a lot of friends."
He also has a remarkable wife, Cory, a CNN producer to whom he has been married for 11 years. She is the daughter of an electrician, a self-made woman who exudes all of the warmth of her native Brooklyn. She has reinforced her husband's spiritual base by her love, optimism and strength of character.
"If I get down, she reminds me to not get too caught up," said Charles. "I believe in eternity, and that has put me pretty much at peace."
More than anything else, Charles wants to get himself back behind a microphone sooner rather than later, and hopefully on Shobox. He is the first to admit that viewers "don't watch the series to see Nick Charles," but he is proud of the fact that he was "part of the identity" of such a popular show.
"And people love comeback stories," added Charles. "That's the message I'm getting from the people out there."
In boxing the word "champion" is often overused because it pertains only to winning belts and receiving worldwide recognition for being the best at your craft. The reality is that life's real champions have other qualities, such as the innate ability to treat people well and always make them feel better about themselves, especially when the recipients of the goodwill are in no position to give them anything back.
By that standard of measure, Charles is as much, if not more of a champion than all of the boxers he has covered during the nine years that Shobox has been on the air.
I know I speak for scores of others when I say, "Happy New Year, Champ. We hope that you are the comeback story of the year in 2010."
Harlem Eubank and Roman Fury Win With Panache in Brighton
Holiday Reading 2023: Best Books About Boxing
The Murder of Samuel Teah Calls to Mind Other Boxers Who Were Homicide Victims
Fernando Vargas Jr Improves to 13-0 and Irma Garcia Wins a World Title in Long Beach
Talking Boxing with Renowned New York Sports Journalist Wally Matthews
Jamel Herring (KO 1) and Shurretta Metcalf (UD 10) Victorious in NYC
Avila Perspective, Chap. 259: MarvNation Boxing in SoCal and More
Benavidez Dismantles Andrade: Will Canelo Be Next?
Thomas Hauser's Notes and Nuggets: Boxing on UFC Fight Pass, Callum Walsh, and More
A Closer Look at Mikaela Mayer on the Hunt for a World Title in Liverpool
Avila Perspective, Chap. 261: Boxing From Ireland to Las Vegas
Avila Perspective, Chap. 260: Boxing in Las Vegas and Los Angeles and More
Shakur Stevenson Wins a Tedious Fight from Edwin De Los Santos in Las Vegas
Thomas Hauser's Notes and Nuggets: Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali and More
Ryan "KingRy" Garcia Returns With a Bang; KOs Oscar Duarte
Katie Taylor Turns the Tables on Chantelle Cameron in a Dublin Blockbuster
Avila Perspective, Chap. 262: Ryan Garcia Reloads and More Fight News
Tristan Kalkreuth: A Tall Texan Making Waves in the Squared Circle
Title Fights for Shakur and Navarrete Cap a Hectic Three-Day Midweek Slate
Diego Pacheco Wins Homecoming Fight by Knockout in LA
Seasons Beatings from Philly where Local Fighters of Note are in Action This Weekend
The IBHOF Class of 2024 includes Ricky Hatton, Michael Moorer, and Ivan Calderon
Ebanie Bridges Poised to Defend Her Title and Boost Her Brand in SanFran This Weekend
A Paean to the Great Sportswriter Jimmy Cannon Who Passed Away 50 Years Ago This Week
Ryan "KingRy" Garcia Returns With a Bang; KOs Oscar Duarte
Jordan Gill TKOs Michael Conlan Who May Have Reached the End of the Road
Avila Perspective, Chap. 262: Ryan Garcia Reloads and More Fight News
Australia's Liam Paro Aims to Steal the Show on the Haney-Prograis Card
The Murder of Samuel Teah Calls to Mind Other Boxers Who Were Homicide Victims
Benavidez Dismantles Andrade: Will Canelo Be Next?
Katie Taylor Turns the Tables on Chantelle Cameron in a Dublin Blockbuster
Avila Perspective, Chap. 261: Boxing From Ireland to Las Vegas
Holiday Reading 2023: Best Books About Boxing
Nikita Tszyu Preps for Las Vegas With a Five-Round Blast-Out of Dylan Biggs
A Closer Look at Mikaela Mayer on the Hunt for a World Title in Liverpool
Diego Pacheco Wins Homecoming Fight by Knockout in LA
Heaney Upsets Bentley and Nick Ball out-points Isaac Dogboe in Manchester
Shakur Stevenson Wins a Tedious Fight from Edwin De Los Santos in Las Vegas
For Rival Boxing Promoters, Saudi Money is the Salve of Appeasement
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subset: commoncrawl


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3/8" Flat Lanyard, Black, W/Breakaway And Nps Bulldog Clip (25/Pk)
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- Explain to your counselor the precautions that must be followed for the safe use and operation of a potter's tools, equipment, and other materials.
- Do the following:
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the following:
- Making sculpture
- Throwing on the wheel
- Tell how three different kinds of potter's wheels work.
- Explain the properties and ingredients of a good clay body for the following:
- Make two drawings of pottery forms, each on an 8 1/2 by 11 inch sheet of paper. One must be a historical pottery style. The other must be of your own design.
- Explain the meaning of the following pottery terms: bat, wedging, throwing, leather hard, bone dry, greenware, bisque, terra-cotta, grog, slip, score, earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, pyrometric cone, and glaze.
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Where the Crawdads Sing
by Delia Owens
Genre: Other
Published: 2018
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Read Where the Crawdads Sing Storyline:How long can you protect your heart?For years, rumors of the "Marsh Girl" have haunted Barkley Cove, a quiet town on the North Carolina coast. So in late 1969, when handsome Chase Andrews is found dead, the locals immediately suspect Kya Clark, the so-called Marsh Girl. But Kya is not what they say. Sensitive and intelligent, she has survived for years alone in the marsh that she calls home, finding friends in the gulls and lessons in the sand. Then the time comes when she yearns to be touched and loved. When two young men from town become intrigued by her wild beauty, Kya opens herself to a new life—until the unthinkable happens.Where the Crawdads Sing is at once an exquisite ode to the natural world, a heartbreaking coming-of-age story, and a surprising tale of possible murder. Owens reminds us that we are forever shaped by the children we once were, and that we are all subject to the beautiful and violent secrets that nature keeps.
Pages of Where the Crawdads Sing :


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Random Role Playing
Random Role Playing The Dark Chapters: Part 2. (PRIVATE)
IAMYOURENEMY posted on Sep 19, 2015 at 08:26AM
19 years have passed since the original events of the first chapter. The city has been rebuilt, the world has been united and most people have healed, save for some few who cling to their horrible and scarred pasts. There are some though, willing to disrupt this society's peace and order for selfish goals...Will you fight with the revolutionaries for a society ruled with the iron fist of their queen, or will you fight to uphold the order and peace that has been preserved for nearly 20 years?
The way of the government, education system and military.
The Government
After the 2019 incident with Hotaka Nagachika, the governments of Cantenseel were finally able to reach a compromise with each other. The Kanshinin councilors would act as a congress for Rex, who would be some sort of figure head, like the president. While he had power, he would have to present it to the councilors, who would either approve or disapprove of the proposal. Rex would have veto power, but it would only work for so much. The councilors and The president all choose a successor when they choose to retire.
The Education System
In Cantenseel, after the borders fell, they decided to merge the new generation with each other to make sure that pride from being from a certain area would not exist, the easiest way of course, was school. In the middle of Cantenseel where all four borders used to connect, a super school was created. It was three campuses. The elementary campus for K-5th Grade. The middle campus for 6-8th and the High/College campus for 9th-12+. This means that within the school, there are people who are in their mid twenties along with fifteen yearolds in the same campus.
The Military
In the 19 years that had passed, the military had became rather lax because of the peace. Most people who joined only abused it so they could one, have an easy job or two, so they could use it for their resume. Only few actually join it because they want to make a difference.
24 years ago, an assassin named Tiras Elbinorune was sent on a mission to murder a woman named Felicia Stadner, who was the heiress to a very rich family. Tiras, mesmerized by the woman, was unable to pull the trigger. After an instant spark between the two, he joined the military for her to win a war that was over the horizon. After a series of trials and after impregnating Felicia, Tiras went beserk and nearly destroyed the world. 5 years later, he came back after his current wife had been murdered. After a brutal beating by the angry people of Cantenseel, a man named Hotaka Nagachika who had orchestrated most of the events in the story came and launched his attack. Soon, he overwhelmed the city with ghouls, which were man eating creatures that were seemingly invincible. While the prince of Hell, Belial, a powerful vampire named Joseph, a beast tamer named Renald, a Draki named Kierra and the son of Hotaka himself, Hei, fought against the other ghouls while Rex and Tiras fought against Hotaka, who had turned into a horrific monster the size of a skyscraper. After a long and hard battle, Hotaka was defeated. But at a cost. Tiras had been mortally wounded and died in front of his love, Felicia.
{Character Sheet}
[Faction](Revolutionary, Military, student etc.
[Power] (this is whether you use Magical Abilities or Scientific powers, whether it be via machines or simply some sort of scientific method, you can choose whether to explain how it works or not)
[Relationship](this would be your Spouse, Siblings and Friends, completely optional)
Louisa Stadner. Age 24 (Page 1)
Virgil Elbinorune. Age 24 (Page 1)
Hei Nagachika. Age 43 (Page 1)
Raiden Lancaster. Age 27 (Page 1)
Mina Zhang. Age 41 (Page 1)
Ivanka Silvius. Age 40 (Page 1)
Irisviel Romanov. Age 38 (Page 1)
Eva Romanov. Age 17 (Page 1)
Seth Romanov. Age 17 (Page 1)
Joseph Bordeaux. Age N/A (Page 1)
Akira Cruz. Age N/A (Page 1)
Akiro Liang. Age 18 (Page 1)
Chidori Liang. Age 37 (Page 1)
Zhu Liang. Age 42 (Page 1)
Daniel Tren. Age 17 (Page 1)
Mei Zhang. Age 16 (Page 1)
Leia Feng. Age 24. (Page 1)
Gilford Silvius. Age 16. (Page 1)
Valeryia Silvius. Age 24. (Page 1)
Remi Elbinorune. Age 23 (Page 1)
Shiomi Devonshire. Age 23 (Page 1)
Belial Devonshire. Age N/A. (Page 1)
Alexander Bordeaux. Age N/A. (Page 1)
Vasilia Romanov. Age 61. (Page 1)
Takao Sesshoumaru. Age 32. (Page 6)
Yurichi Mizushima. Age 19. (Page 9)
Lucifer Devonshire. Unknown (Page 10)
Yamato Kirugi. Age over 100.
Adelger Kiesenger von Elbinorune the II. Age 17 (Page 22)
Karlen Von Jager. Age 116 (Page 29)
Karla Von Jager. Age 27 (Page 29)
Raul Espinoza. Age 25(Page 32)
Ramses the III. Age 30(Page 32)
Thutmose III. Unknown. (Page 34)
Jannik Haas. (Page 34)
Catriona Haas. (Page 36)
Praxilla Metz. 32. (Page 44)
Adalica Von Elbinorune(Page 36)
Aiymil Elbinonrune (Page 46)
Cynfael Bordeaux. (Page 42)
Ollie Silvius. (Page 44)
Akllah Folami. (Page 46)
Raymil Emeria. (Page 49)
Lanying Zhang. (Page 49)
Revala Emeria. (Page 49)
Raymil Emeria) (Page 49)
Reina Emeria. (Page 50)
Yang Min. (Page 51)
Miles Prise. (Page 52)
Chronov. (Page 54)
Cassius Prise(Page 55)
Saigon Derivil(Page 56)
Felicia Tenshin. Age 48 (Page 1)
Sora Cruz. Age 41 (Page 1)
Yumi. Age 23 (Page 1)
Kierra Nagachika. Age 42 (Page 1)
Rex Ellington. Age 48 (Page 1) (President of Cantenseel)
Renald Silvius. Age 51 (Page 1)
Eadlyn Bordeaux. Age 24 (Page 1)
Souji Zhang. Age N/A (Page 1)
Ichirou Nagachika. Age 18 (Page 1)
Fayline Bordeaux. Age 46 (Page 1)
Cecilia Devonshire. Age N/A (Page 1)
Kane Tenshin. Age 50 (Page 1)
Ella Stadner. Age 31 (Page 1)
Dequan Zhang. Age 18 (Page 1)
Fillian. Age N/A (Page 1)
Annelise Florence. Age 22 (Page 1)
Lizana Janssen. Age 18 (Page 1)
Moira Prise. Age 17 (Page 1)
Gideon Narine. Age 20 (Page 1)
Riza Hannaka. Age 19 (Page 6)
Tomoe Mikage . Age unknown (Page 10)
Daliyah. Age N/A (Page 11)
Jeptha Veers. Age 22(Page 22)
Elvyne Silvius. Age 19 (Page 29)
Hideaki Ranshin. Age 43 (Page 32)
Tsuyoshi Hajime. Age 27 (Page 32)
Basile Allard. Age 25 (Page 32)
Mamoru Hidari. Age 25 (Page 32)
Calix Shreave. Age 47 (Page 32)
Willem the V of Nassau. Age 34. (Page 32)
Nori Rin. Age 15 (Page 32)
Kiyoshi Rin. Age 28 (Page 32)
Callum Silvius. Age 25 (Page 34)
Connall Silvius. Age 25 (Page 34)
Baldrik Haas. (Page 34)
Sauri Devonshire. (Page 44)
Lerida Devonshire. (Page 44)
Kuro Kaze Devonshire. (Page 44)
Tarquin Silvius. (Page 44)
Terryal. (Page 49).
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Tapak hand-painted art on a stretched canvas floated in a standard ''L'' shaped frame with a shadow gap
The sizes shown are approximate. Please contact us if you need very precise sizing. Prices shown below are for each piece in the set.
Custom Sizes are available for most Quintessa products.
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Genius Gluten Free Soft White Farmhouse Loaf430g
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Please note that while we take every care to make sure the product information displayed on our website is correct, product recipes are regularly changed. This may affect nutrition and allergen information therefore you should always check product labels and not rely solely on the information presented here.
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This information is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the prior consent of Waitrose Limited nor without due acknowledgement.


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Category:Pages needing to be simplified from March 2021
This is a maintenance category, used for maintenance of the Wikipedia project. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. Do not include this category in content categories.
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Monthly Rentals in Baler Beach
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BeagleBoard/DSP Howto
This article explains how to use the DSP in OMAP3 at BeagleBoard using the bridge driver kernel module. For DSP tool chain see C64x+ DSP.
DSP Bridge driver provides features to control and communicate with DSP enabling parallel processing for multimedia acceleration. It enables the applications running on MPU to offload the processing to DSP [1].
Some of the key features of DSP Bridge are:
- Messaging: Ability to exchange fixed size control messages with DSP
- Dynamic memory management: Ability to dynamically map files to DSP address space
- Dynamic loading: Ability to dynamically load new nodes on DSP at run time
- Power Management: Static and dynamic power management for DSP
In order to enable the DSP in your OMAP3 the procedure is two-fold:
- GPP side (ARM side): Enable the bridge driver kernel module.
- DSP side: Set the required files in the filesystem.
- Most of these files are, right now, TI's proprietary binaries.
Kernel driver
In order to use the DSP you would need TI's bridgedriver module on the kernel. You can use the linux-omap repository's branch at kernel.org:
git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tmlind/linux-omap-2.6.git cd linux-omap-2.6 git checkout -b dspbridge orgin/dspbridge
Since Jun of 2010 or so, the DSP/Bridge driver development was moved to the linux-staging repository, in order to speed up its integration to the linus's repository:
git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/staging-next-2.6.git cd staging-next-2.6 git checkout -b dspbridge origin/staging-next
Warning: This module currently is under heavy development. If you want be updated you should pull for changes weekly or so. Besides, this how-to could be already deprecated.
For convenience we could export the architecture environment variable, otherwise we must set it as a make argument:
export ARCH=arm
The default configuration for the beagle board doesn't enable de bridgedriver. You should build you own using
make menuconfig
or fetching the one used in marmita:
wget http://gitorious.org/vjaquez-beagleboard/marmita/blobs/raw/master/meta-marmita/linux/linux-omap-bridgedriver/defconfig -O .config
If you want DSS2 support for the Beagleboard, you should apply this patch in your kernel code: https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/94049/
wget -q https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/94049/mbox/ -O - | git am --3way
Then build the uImage as usual and install the modules on your rootfs:
make oldconfig make make uImage make INSTALL_MOD_PATH=/media/rootfs modules_install
TI's DSP binaries
In order to get the DSP binaries for multimedia processing you need to download them from TI's OpenMAX IL project. The most important binary is
baseimage.dof, which is the BIOS image to be loaded into the DSP.
The latests release of these binaries for mainstream Linux is v3.09 for L23.i3.3.
Most of the public releases are published in TI's gforge.
Download the binary package and extract its content:
wget --no-check-certificate https://gforge.ti.com/gf/download/frsrelease/285/3260/DSPbinaries-3.09-Linux-x86-Install chmod +x ./DSPbinaries-3.09-Linux-x86-Install ./DSPbinaries-3.09-Linux-x86-Install --mode console --prefix /tmp
Then copy those binaries into the directory
lib/dsp in your root filesystem (
/media/rootfs is assumed here):
mkdir /media/rootfs/lib/dsp cp /tmp/Binaries/* /media/rootfs/lib/dsp
wget --no-check-certificate https://gforge.ti.com/gf/download/frsrelease/170/1399/tiopenmax-0.3.5.tar.gz tar xvf ./tiopenmax-0.3.5.tar.gz cd tiopenmax-0.3.5 ./TI-OMX-Sample-Firmware-0.3.5-Linux-x86-Install
Accept the license agreement and copy the binaries into the directory
lib/dsp in your root filesystem:
mkdir /media/rootfs/lib/dsp cp ./lib/dsp/* /media/rootfs/lib/dsp
wget --no-check-certificate https://gforge.ti.com/gf/download/frsrelease/111/396/tiopenmax-0.3.tar.gz tar xvf ./tiopenmax-0.3.tar.gz cd tiopenmax-0.3 ./TI-OMX-Sample-Firmware-0.3-Linux-x86-Install
Accept the license agreement and copy the binaries into the directory
lib/dsp in your root filesystem:
mkdir /media/rootfs/lib/dsp cp ./lib/dsp/* /media/rootfs/lib/dsp
On the board use these commands to load the module:
modprobe mailbox modprobe bridgedriver base_img=/lib/dsp/baseimage.dof
ping test
If you want to test the DSP you can try the simple ping test provided in this package. The package provide a set of already compiled tests, either for ARM-side and DSP-side.
Installing shortcut:
# ARM-side app wget "http://dev.omapzoom.org/?p=tidspbridge/userspace-dspbridge.git;a=blob_plain;f=binaries/ping.out;hb=HEAD" -O ping.out chmod +x ping.out cp ping.out /media/rootfs
# DSP-side socket node wget "http://dev.omapzoom.org/?p=tidspbridge/userspace-dspbridge.git;a=blob_plain;f=binaries/pingdyn_3430.dll64P;hb=HEAD" -O pingdyn_3430.dll64P cp pingdyn_3430.dll64P /media/rootfs/lib/dsp
In the board just:
If you get an error like:
DSPNode_Allocate failed: 0x80008008
Then it's possible that the ping DSP socket node is not loaded. If you use 'baseimage.dof' you need to load it dynamically:
./dynreg.out -r pingdyn_3430.dll64P
There are two ways to compile your own DSP nodes:
- The official one, which requires DSP/BIOS and RTSC/XDC tools
- The simplified one (used by Felipe Contreras)
But either way, you will need the TI's DSP toolchain: C6x compiler CGT 6.0.22 (Code Generation Tools). Please note that you might be required to register to gain access to those files.
This HOWTO assumes that the DSP toolchain are installed under
These instructions are taken from DSPBridge project wiki page at omapedia.
Install build dependencies
- RTSC/XDCtools 3.10.02
Also, here is assumed that those packages are installed in
Building the user space binaries
git clone git://dev.omapzoom.org/pub/scm/tidspbridge/userspace-dspbridge.git cd userpace-dspbridge
Edit "product.mak" to match the version of your tools.
# CodeGen Tools
Then run:
make .dsp DD_XDCDIR=/opt/dsp/xdctools_3_10_02 SABIOS_DIR=/opt/dsp/bios_5_33_04/packages DEPOT=/opt/dsp
Other make options:
make clean # clean all make all # clean, compile and install all make .api # clean, compile and install API only make .samples # clean, compile and install samples only make .dsp # clean, compile and install DSP binaires only
The output will be installed under
In this mode we will only need the DSP toolchains and the doffbuild tools. In this case, the test C6x compiler version is v6.1.7 or greater.
doffbuild tools
The only relevant tool is DLLcreate, which can be found in the userspace-dpsbridge repository, but we can only extract what we need in this way:
mkdir -p /opt/doffbuild/bin cd /opt wget -q "http://dev.omapzoom.org/?p=tidspbridge/userspace-dspbridge.git;a=blob_plain;f=source/dsp/bdsptools/bridge-tools.tar;hb=HEAD" -O - \ | tar xf - --strip-components 3 --wildcards ti/dspbridge/dsp/doffbuild/bin/*
DSP nodes samples
Here is a couple of DSP node samples built using the simplified approach.
- dummy passes buffers back and forth
- ping sends messages and waits for replies
git clone git://gitorious.org/vjaquez-beagleboard/dsp-samples.git make DSP_TOOLS=/opt/dsp/cgt6x-6.0.22 DSP_DOFFBUILD=/opt/doffbuild make install DESTDIR=/media/rootfs
Now you can run the dummy and the ping test applications.


text:
Privacy Policy – BOTY
Privacy Policy
Effective date: March 10, 2022
Welcome to BOTY ("BOTY," "we," "us" or "our"). BOTY creates channels of communication and engagement at bars and restaurants. Just explore, check-in, play trivia, share, connect, snap photos, and interact with others at places.
- Our Privacy Policy explains how we and some of the companies we work with collect, use, share, and protect the information in relation to our mobile services, website, and any software provided on or in connection with BOTY services (collectively, the "Service"), and your choices about the collection and use of your information.
- By using our Service you understand and agree that we are providing a platform for you to post content, including photos, comments, and other materials ("User Content"), to the Service and to share User Content publicly. This means that other Users may search for, see, use, or share any of your User Content that you make publicly available through the Service, consistent with the terms and conditions of this Privacy Policy and our Terms of Use (which can be found at Terms of Use).
- Our Policy applies to all visitors, users, and others who access the Service ("Users").
We collect the following types of information.
Information you provide us directly:
- Your name, email, address, phone, city, state, and zip code when you register for a BOTY account.
- Profile information that you provide for your user profile (e.g., first and last name, picture, phone number). This information allows us to help you or others be "found" on BOTY.
- User Content (e.g., photos, videos, comments, and other materials) that you post to the Service.
- Communications between you and BOTY. For example, we may send you Service-related emails (e.g., account verification, changes/updates to features of the Service, technical and security notices). Note that you may not opt-out of Service-related e-mails.
- We accept payments via a third-party Stripe and user data is passed directly to them, including information required to process or support the payment, such as the purchase total and user's billing information.
- BOTY collects location data to enable identification of nearby bars and restaurants, allow users to check-in, and meet people nearby even when the app is closed or not in use. The user has the option to accept or reject this disclosure before proceeding in the application.
Finding your friends on BOTY:
- If you choose, you can use our "Find friends" feature to locate other people with BOTY accounts either through (i) your contacts list, (ii) third-party social media sites or (iii) through a search of names and names on BOTY.
- If you choose to find your friends through (i) your device's contacts list, then BOTY will access your contacts list to determine whether or not someone associated with your contact is using BOTY.
- If you choose to find your friends through a (ii) third-party social media site, then you will be prompted to set up a link to the third-party service and you understand that any information that such service may provide to us will be governed by this Privacy Policy.
- If you choose to find your friends (iii) through a search of names or names on BOTY then simply type a name to search and we will perform a search on our Service.
- Note about "Invite Friends" feature: If you choose to invite someone to the Service through our "Invite friends" feature, you may select a person directly from the contacts list on your device and send a text or email from your personal account. You understand and agree that you are responsible for any charges that apply to communications sent from your device, and because this invitation is coming directly from your personal account, BOTY does not have access to or control this communication.
Analytics information:
- We use third-party analytics tools to help us measure traffic and usage trends for the Service. These tools collect information sent by your device or our Service, including the web pages you visit, add-ons, and other information that assists us in improving the Service. We collect and use this analytics information with analytics information from other Users so that it cannot reasonably be used to identify any particular individual User.
Cookies and similar technologies:
- When you visit the Service, we may use cookies and similar technologies like pixels, web beacons, and local storage to collect information about how you use BOTY and provide features to you.
- We may ask advertisers or other partners to serve ads or services to your devices, which may use cookies or similar technologies placed by us or the third party.
Log file information:
- Log file information is automatically reported by your browser each time you make a request to access (i.e., visit) a web page or app. It can also be provided when the content of the webpage or app is downloaded to your browser or device.
- When you use our Service, our servers automatically record certain log file information, including your web request, Internet Protocol ("IP") address, browser type, referring / exit pages and URLs, number of clicks, and how you interact with links on the Service, domain names, landing pages, pages viewed, and other such information. We may also collect similar information from emails sent to our Users which then help us track which emails are opened and which links are clicked by recipients. The information allows for more accurate reporting and improvement of the Service.
Device identifiers:
- When you use a mobile device like a tablet or phone to access our Service, we may access, collect, monitor, store on your device, and/or remotely store one or more "device identifiers." Device identifiers are small data files or similar data structures stored on or associated with your mobile device, which uniquely identify your mobile device. A device identifier may be data stored in connection with the device hardware, data stored in connection with the device's operating system or other software, or data sent to the device by BOTY.
- A device identifier may deliver information to us or to a third-party partner about how you browse and use the Service and may help us or others provide reports or personalized content and ads. Some features of the Service may not function properly if the use or availability of device identifiers is impaired or disabled.
- Metadata is usually technical data that is associated with User Content. For example, Metadata can describe how, when, and by whom a piece of User Content was collected and how that content is formatted.
- Users can add or may have Metadata added to their User Content including a hashtag (e.g., to mark keywords when you post a photo), geotag (e.g., to mark your location to a photo), comments, or other data. This makes your User Content more searchable by others and more interactive. If you geotag your photo or tag your photo using other's APIs then, your latitude and longitude will be stored with the photo and searchable (e.g., through a location or map feature) if your photo is made public by you in accordance with your privacy settings.
In addition to some of the specific uses of information we describe in this Privacy Policy, we may use information that we receive to:
- help you efficiently access your information after you sign in
- remember information so you will not have to re-enter it during your visit or the next time you visit the Service;
- provide personalized content and information to you and others, which could include online ads or other forms of marketing
- provide, improve, test, and monitor the effectiveness of our Service
- develop and test new products and features
- monitor metrics such as total number of visitors, traffic, and demographic patterns
- diagnose or fix technology problems
- automatically update the BOTY application on your device
- BOTY or other Users may run contests, special offers or other events or activities ("Events") on the Service. If you do not want to participate in an Event, do not use the particular Metadata (i.e. hashtag or geotag) associated with that Event.
We will not rent or sell your information to third parties outside BOTY (or the group of companies of which BOTY is a part) without your consent, except as noted in this Policy.
Parties with whom we may share your information:
- We may share User Content and your information (including but not limited to, information from cookies, log files, device identifiers, location data, and usage data) with businesses that are legally part of the same group of companies that BOTY is part of, or that become part of that group ("Affiliates"). Affiliates may use this information to help provide, understand, and improve the Service (including by providing analytics) and Affiliates' own services (including by providing you with better and more relevant experiences). But these Affiliates will honor the choices you make about who can see your photos.
- We also may share your information as well as information from tools like cookies, log files, device identifiers, and location data, with third-party organizations that help us provide the Service to you ("Service Providers"). Our Service Providers will be given access to your information as is reasonably necessary to provide the Service under reasonable confidentiality terms.
- We may also share certain information such as cookie data with third-party advertising partners. This information would allow third-party ad networks to, among other things, deliver targeted advertisements that they believe will be of most interest to you.
- We may remove parts of data that can identify you and share anonymized data with other parties. We may also combine your information with other information in a way that it is no longer associated with you and share that aggregated information.
Parties with whom you may choose to share your User Content:
- Any information or content that you voluntarily disclose for posting to the Service, such as User Content, becomes available to the public, as controlled by any applicable privacy settings that you set. To change your privacy settings on the Service, please change your profile setting. Once you have shared User Content or made it public, that User Content may be re-shared by others.
- Subject to your profile and privacy settings, any User Content that you make public is searchable by other Users and subject to use under our BOTY API. The use of the BOTY API is subject to the API Terms of Use which incorporates the terms of this Privacy Policy.
- If you remove information that you posted to the Service, copies may remain viewable in cached and archived pages of the Service, or if other Users or third parties using the BOTY API have copied or saved that information.
What happens in the event of a change of control:
- If we sell or otherwise transfer part or the whole of BOTY or our assets to another organization (e.g., in the course of a transaction like a merger, acquisition, bankruptcy, dissolution, liquidation), your information such as name and email address, User Content and any other information collected through the Service may be among the items sold or transferred. You will continue to own your User Content. The buyer or transferee will have to honor the commitments we have made in this Privacy Policy.
Responding to legal requests and preventing harm:
- We may access, preserve and share your information in response to a legal request (like a search warrant, court order or subpoena) if we have a good faith belief that the law requires us to do so. This may include responding to legal requests from jurisdictions outside of the United States where we have a good faith belief that the response is required by law in that jurisdiction, affects users in that jurisdiction, and is consistent with internationally recognized standards. We may also access, preserve and share information when we have a good faith belief it is necessary to: detect, prevent and address fraud and other illegal activity; to protect ourselves, you and others, including as part of investigations; and to prevent death or imminent bodily harm. Information we receive about you may be accessed, processed and retained for an extended period of time when it is the subject of a legal request or obligation, governmental investigation, or investigations concerning possible violations of our terms or policies, or otherwise to prevent harm.
Storage and Processing:
- Your information collected through the Service may be stored and processed in the United States or any other country in which BOTY, its Affiliates or Service Providers maintain facilities.
- BOTY, its Affiliates, or Service Providers may transfer information that we collect about you, including personal information across borders and from your country or jurisdiction to other countries or jurisdictions around the world. If you are located in the European Union or other regions with laws governing data collection and use that may differ from U.S. law, please note that we may transfer information, including personal information, to a country and jurisdiction that does not have the same data protection laws as your jurisdiction.
- By registering for and using the Service you consent to the transfer of information to the U.S. or to any other country in which BOTY, its Affiliates or Service Providers maintain facilities and the use and disclosure of information about you as described in this Privacy Policy.
- We use commercially reasonable safeguards to help keep the information collected through the Service secure and take reasonable steps (such as requesting a unique password) to verify your identity before granting you access to your account. However, BOTY cannot ensure the security of any information you transmit to BOTY or guarantee that information on the Service may not be accessed, disclosed, altered, or destroyed.
- Please do your part to help us. You are responsible for maintaining the secrecy of your unique password and account information, and for controlling access to emails between you and BOTY, at all times. Your privacy settings may also be affected by changes the social media services you connect to BOTY make to their services. We are not responsible for the functionality, privacy, or security measures of any other organization.
- We do not store any of your payout information to our server. The information is stored directly on the Stripe payment portal.
Your account information and profile/privacy settings:
- Update your account at any time by logging in and changing your profile settings.
- Unsubscribe from email communications from us by clicking on the "unsubscribe link" provided in such communications. As noted above, you may not opt out of Service-related communications (e.g., account verification, purchase and billing confirmations and reminders, changes/updates to features of the Service, technical and security notices).
- Learn more about reviewing or modifying your account information.
How long we keep your User Content:
- Following termination or deactivation of your account, BOTY, its Affiliates, or its Service Providers may retain information (including your profile information) and User Content for a commercially reasonable time for backup, archival, and/or audit purposes.
- Learn more about deleting your account.
BOTY does not knowingly collect or solicit any information from anyone under the age of 21 or knowingly allow such persons to register for the Service. The Service and its content are not directed at children under the age of 21. In the event that we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under age 21 without parental consent, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under 21, please contact us.
We are not responsible for the practices employed by any websites or services linked to or from our Service, including the information or content contained within them. Please remember that when you use a link to go from our Service to another website or service, our Privacy Policy does not apply to those third-party websites or services. Your browsing and interaction on any third-party website or service, including those that have a link on our website, are subject to that third party's own rules and policies. In addition, you agree that we are not responsible and do not have control over any third parties that you authorize to access your User Content. If you are using a third-party website or service and you allow them to access your User Content you do so at your own risk.
In the event of the death of a BOTY User, please contact us. We will usually conduct our communication via email; should we require any other information, we will contact you at the email address you have provided in your request.
If you have any questions about this Privacy Policy or the Service, please find the appropriate support channel in the Help Center at which to contact us.
BOTY may modify or update this Privacy Policy from time to time, so please review it periodically. We may provide you additional forms of notice of modifications or updates as appropriate under the circumstances. Your continued use of BOTY or the Service after any modification to this Privacy Policy will constitute your acceptance of such modification.


text:
Come to South Trail Tire & Auto Repair for foreign and import repair services including these top Acura makes and models:
- Acura RDX
- Acura MDX
- Acura TLX
At South Trail Tire & Auto Repair, located in Fort Myers, our team of trained Acura pro mechanics is ready with the latest technologies and services to keep your vehicle running at its peak.
We understand the Acura brand represents style, dependability, and performance. Acura, from Honda, combines reliability and entry-level luxury in an affordable package. Most of the Acura owners who visit our shop love their vehicles, and that's because Acura is focused on offering reliability and performance to a wide range of tastes and driving applications. At South Trail Tire & Auto Repair we are just as committed as Acura to offering reliable services and maintaining your car's performance all at an affordable price.
Even with the reliability of Honda behind the Acura brand, you may experience engine noise, battery, or interior problems over the life of the car depending on the model and year of your vehicle. At South Trail Tire & Auto Repair we are committed to helping you keep and maintain your Acura for years to come.
Come to South Trail Tire & Auto Repair for your Acura auto repair needs. South Trail Tire & Auto Repair is ready and waiting to fix your Acura and get you and your car back on the road as quickly and conveniently as possible. South Trail Tire & Auto Repair prides itself on offering affordable and efficient repairs. Our friendly staff is waiting to service all your Acura needs so give us a call at 239-433-4241 or stop by the shop at 5751 Youngquist Rd Ste B, Fort Myers, FL, 33912.
Discover More About Acura Repair Services At South Trail Tire & Auto Repair in Fort Myers
Offering reliable and honest auto repair and service for Honda cars


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Here are the point values for each letter in ratas for the two most popular word scramble games - Scrabble and Words With Friends.
These are the values for each letter/tile in Scrabble and Scrabble Go. The letters ratas combine for a total of 11 points (not including bonus squares).
These are the values for each letter/tile for ratas in Words With Friends and Words With Friends 2. These letters are worth a total of 5 points (not including bonus squares)
Now that you have successfully unscrambled RATAS, what now? Simple, Our Word Unscrambler found 108 playable words ready to be used in several word games!
All of the words that you unscrambled using the letters ratas can be used in Scrabble, Scrabble Go and Words With Friends!