text:
This site is the archived OWASP Foundation Wiki and is no longer accepting Account Requests.
To view the new OWASP Foundation website, please visit https://owasp.org
Identify application entry points (OTG-INFO-006)
OWASP Testing Guide v3 Table of Contents
This article is part of the OWASP Testing Guide v3. The entire OWASP Testing Guide v3 can be downloaded here.
OWASP at the moment is working at the OWASP Testing Guide v4: you can browse the Guide here
Brief Summary
Enumerating the application and its attack surface is a key precursor before any thorough testing can be undertaken, as it allows the tester to identify likely areas of weakness. This section aims to help identify and map out areas within the application that should be investigated once enumeration and mapping have been completed.
Description of the Issue
Before any testing begins, always get a good understanding of the application and how the user/browser communicates with it. As you walk through the application, pay special attention to all HTTP requests (GET and POST Methods, also known as Verbs), as well as every parameter and form field that is passed to the application. In addition, pay attention to when GET requests are used and when POST requests are used to pass parameters to the application. It is very common that GET requests are used, but when sensitive information is passed, it is often done within the body of a POST request. Note that to see the parameters sent in a POST request, you will need to use a tool such as an intercepting proxy (for example, OWASP's WebScarab) or a browser plug-in. Within the POST request, also make special note of any hidden form fields that are being passed to the application, as these usually contain sensitive information, such as state information, quantity of items, the price of items, that the developer never intended for you to see or change.
In the author's experience, it has been very useful to use an intercepting proxy and a spreadsheet for this stage of the testing. The proxy will keep track of every request and response between you and the application as you walk through it. Additionally, at this point, testers usually trap every request and response so that they can see exactly every header, parameter, etc. that is being passed to the application and what is being returned. This can be quite tedious at times, especially on large interactive sites (think of a banking application). However, experience will teach you what to look for, and, therefore, this phase can be significantly reduced. As you walk through the application, take note of any interesting parameters in the URL, custom headers, or body of the requests/responses, and save them in your spreadsheet. The spreadsheet should include the page you requested (it might be good to also add the request number from the proxy, for future reference), the interesting parameters, the type of request (POST/GET), if access is authenticated/unauthenticated, if SSL is used, if it's part of a multi-step process, and any other relevant notes. Once you have every area of the application mapped out, then you can go through the application and test each of the areas that you have identified and make notes for what worked and what didn't work. The rest of this guide will identify how to test each of these areas of interest, but this section must be undertaken before any of the actual testing can commence.
Below are some points of interests for all requests and responses. Within the requests section, focus on the GET and POST methods, as these appear the majority of the requests. Note that other methods, such as PUT and DELETE, can be used. Often, these more rare requests, if allowed, can expose vulnerabilities. There is a special section in this guide dedicated for testing these HTTP methods.
- Identify where GETs are used and where POSTs are used.
- Identify all parameters used in a POST request (these are in the body of the request).
- Within the POST request, pay special attention to any hidden parameters. When a POST is sent all the form fields (including hidden parameters) will be sent in the body of the HTTP message to the application. These typically aren't seen unless you are using a proxy or view the HTML source code. In addition, the next page you see, its data, and your access can all be different depending on the value of the hidden parameter(s).
- Identify all parameters used in a GET request (i.e., URL), in particular the query string (usually after a ? mark).
- Identify all the parameters of the query string. These usually are in a pair format, such as foo=bar. Also note that many parameters can be in one query string such as separated by a &, ~, :, or any other special character or encoding.
- A special note when it comes to identifying multiple parameters in one string or within a POST request is that some or all of the parameters will be needed to execute your attacks. You need to identify all of the parameters (even if encoded or encrypted) and identify which ones are processed by the application. Later sections of the guide will identify how to test these parameters. At this point, just make sure you identify each one of them.
- Also pay attention to any additional or custom type headers not typically seen (such as debug=False).
- Identify where new cookies are set (Set-Cookie header), modified, or added to.
- Identify where there are any redirects (300 HTTP status code), 400 status codes, in particular 403 Forbidden, and 500 internal server errors during normal responses (i.e., unmodified requests).
- Also note where any interesting headers are used. For example, "Server: BIG-IP" indicates that the site is load balanced. Thus, if a site is load balanced and one server is incorrectly configured, then you might have to make multiple requests to access the vulnerable server, depending on the type of load balancing used.
Black Box testing and example
Testing for application entry points:
The following are two examples on how to check for application entry points.
This example shows a GET request that would purchase an item from an online shopping application.
GET https://x.x.x.x/shoppingApp/buyme.asp?CUSTOMERID=100&ITEM=z101a&PRICE=62.50&IP=x.x.x.x Host: x.x.x.x Cookie: SESSIONID=Z29vZCBqb2IgcGFkYXdhIG15IHVzZXJuYW1lIGlzIGZvbyBhbmQgcGFzc3dvcmQgaXMgYmFy
Result Expected:
Here you would note all the parameters of the request such as CUSTOMERID, ITEM, PRICE, IP, and the Cookie (which could just be encoded parameters or used for session state).
This example shows a POST request that would log you into an application.
POST https://x.x.x.x/KevinNotSoGoodApp/authenticate.asp?service=login Host: x.x.x.x Cookie: SESSIONID=dGhpcyBpcyBhIGJhZCBhcHAgdGhhdCBzZXRzIHByZWRpY3RhYmxlIGNvb2tpZXMgYW5kIG1pbmUgaXMgMTIzNA== CustomCookie=00my00trusted00ip00is00x.x.x.x00
Body of the POST message:
Result Expected:
In this example you would note all the parameters as you have before but notice that the parameters are passed in the body of the message and not in the URL. Additionally, note that there is a custom cookie that is being used.
Gray Box testing and example
Testing for application entry points via a Gray Box methodology would consist of everything already identified above with one caveat. This would be if there are any external sources from which the application receives data and processes it (such as SNMP traps, syslog messages, SMTP, or SOAP messages from other servers). If there are any external sources of input into the application then a meeting with the application developers could identify any functions that would accept or expect user input and how it's formatted. For example, the developer could help in understanding how to formulate a correct SOAP request that the application would accept and where the web service resides (if the web service or any other function hasn't already been identified during the black box testing).
- RFC 2616 – Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP 1.1 -
Intercepting Proxy:
- OWASP: Webscarab
- Dafydd Stuttard: Burp proxy -
- MileSCAN: Paros Proxy -
Browser Plug-in:
- "TamperIE" for Internet Explorer -
- Adam Judson: "Tamper Data" for Firefox -


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Jess Heitland
Results 1 - 13 of 13
A virtual archive of mini-comics, comic fanzines, small press comics, newave comix and related items. The physical archive, housed at PF headquarters, is being built with personal acquisitions as well as generous donations from supporters. This project is most definitely a work in progress.

subset: commoncrawl


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Bianco Garda Marble Liner - 2" x 12" F1 Chair Rail
- free samples
We save you money by consolidating your order with orders from people around you! Since our full truck goes straight from our warehouse to the warehouse closest to you without any transloading, it is also a safer way of moving goods. Additionally, this can result in tremendous freight cost savings.
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1-877-426-1500 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Karre Fold Over Linen Mini Dress
- Regular
- $ 49.98
- Final Sale
- $ 49.98
- Regular
- $ 69.00
- Unit Price
- per
Simply stunning in the Karre Fold Over Linen Mini Dress! This chic strapless dress features a folded over straight across neckline and a draped cowl-style keyhole back with a ruched strap for stretch. Available in white and marine blue. Pair some boots to complete the look!
- Shell: 50% Rayon, 30% Polyester, 20% Linen
Lining: 95% Polyester, 5% Spandex
- Fully lined
- Hidden side zipper
- Silicon grip
- Material has minimal stretch
- Hand wash cold / Line dry
FINAL SALE: Cannot be exchanged or returned
Size & Fit
Fits true to size. Model is 5'9 wearing a size small.
Model Measurements:
- Bust 34"
- Waist 25"
- Hips 35"
Holiday Return Policy
Items purchased between November 22, 2023, and December 6, 2023, are eligible for returns until January 5, 2024. This excludes any items that are final sale under our standard return policy or discounted at more than 20%.
Standard Shipping Costs
We ship domestic orders using USPS First Class Mail for a flat rate charge of $8. Please allow 2 business days for orders to be processed, and in-stock merchandise will ship within 3 business days after processed. Once shipped, your order will usually be delivered within 5-7 business days. 'Business days' exclude holidays and weekends, and our shipping distribution center does not operate on weekends or holidays. As soon as your order ships, we will send you a confirmation email to the address provided with your order. We do everything we can to insure that orders are received on time. However, American Threads is not liable for problems out of our control such as inclement weather, USPS lost packages, incorrectly delivered packages, delayed delivery schedule, or incorrectly provided addresses.
All orders over $120 in the US will not be charged shipping fees. Certain items bear a shipping surcharge based on size and/or weight, and free shipping does not apply to non-contiguous states (Hawaii & Alaska). Free shipping only applies to merchandise; taxes and gift certificates do not count toward the free shipping total.
International Shipping
International orders are shipped using USPS Priority Mail for a flat rate of $45.00. Expected delivery time varies between two to four weeks based on location. Tracking is provided via USPS.
For your protection, we require that the billing address match the address that is on file with the credit card issuing bank.
International shipping is not currently available to countries in the UK and Europe.
Changed your mind? No worries! Click HERE to start a return!
- Items must be returned within 30 days of your order's fulfillment date.
- All returned items must be unworn, unwashed merchandise with the tags attached.
- Items returned with use, makeup, hairs or fiber, dander, dust or dirt, deodorant, perfume, or otherwise, do not meet our return policy mentioned above will not be accepted.
- Items must be returned inside protective packaging, such as the poly bag or box it was originally shipped with, to keep them safe in transit back to us.
- Any item that is discounted more than 20% is FINAL SALE and cannot be returned or exchanged. This includes discount codes that are greater than 20%.
- Limited Return Policy: LUV AJ, Gorjana, and Five and Two products are limited to a 7-day return period. For hygienic purposes, items must be in original packaging and unworn. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com within 7 days to initiate this return.
- Orders that were placed using Afterpay or Paypal cannot be returned in store. They must be sent back to our warehouse.
- If you return products that were contingent to receiving a discount (Ex: $20 off $100, Buy 2 Take 20% off), your applied discount becomes invalid which will be reflected in your refund.
- Damages upon arrival must be claimed through email within 7 days of delivery. All damages must be unworn, unwashed and with tags attached.
- We have the right to refuse any refund if we believe that there is any sign of wear, alterations, odors, or damage to the fabric, and if it is outside the 30 day mark. Items that do not meet these criteria will be denied and sent back.
- Any item marked as FINAL SALE in the item description cannot be exchanged or returned. Including - but not limited to - sale items, intimates, bodysuits, accessories (select jewelry, sunglasses, belts, hats, bags), vintage items. Items purchased under final sale discount codes will not be eligible for exchange or return. Final sale items will be sent back to the customer if returned.
- Bodysuits: For hygienic reasons, all bodysuits are final sale and cannot be returned or exchanged.
- Footwear: Shoes must be clean, unused, undamaged, and returned in the original shoe box, in resalable condition. Shoe boxes are not to be used as a shipping box— it must be packed inside a protective box or mailer. If shoe boxes are used as the shipping box, the item is deemed as not resalable condition and will not be refunded.
- Any returns in violation of the return policy stated above will incur an automatic chargeback of a 20% restocking fee.
Return Processing
Once we have received and accepted your package, your refund will be processed within 7 business days. You will be notified via email at the email address listed on your account when your order was placed. Please note that your banking institution may require additional days to process and post this transaction to your account once they have received the information from us (typically 3-5 business days). Original shipping charges are non-refundable. Refunds issued through PayPal typically appear between 7 to 10 business days after a return has been processed.
Excessive Return Policy
American Threads reserves the right to limit or refuse service to customers that show excessive return activity, which is defined with a return rate of 70% or more or (ii) $1,000 of returns in a 6-month period. Return rate is calculated as the dollar amount of returns over the relevant period divided by the dollar amount of purchases over the same period. Customers that fall within the above criteria will be subject to a modified return policy, which may include but is not limited to, returns for store credit only, cancellation of orders, and disqualification or pause of our loyalty program benefits
Shipping Charges on Returns
It is the responsibility of the customer to pay for shipping charges on merchandise they are returning. Through our return program, the cost of the label will be automatically deducted from your return refund. If you receive merchandise that is incorrect or damaged upon arrival at the fault of American Threads, we will happily cover the shipping costs. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com for a label request in this scenario.
In-store Returns
You can bring online returns in store for exchange or store credit only. If you would like a refund for your online return, you must go through our online return system. Items must be brought in within 30 days of the shipping date in order to be processed. Orders that were placed using Afterpay or Paypal cannot be returned in store, they must be sent back to our warehouse. Our returns + exchange policy still applies for in store returns.
The online store cannot accept returns for in store purchases.
At this time we are unable to process exchanges. Due to limited quantity and quickly moving inventory, we cannot guarantee that the item will remain in stock by the time your return arrives to our warehouse. If you would like a different size or color, please place a new order for the item and send the original item back for a refund.
Shipping Charges on Returns
The online return process will generate a shipping label on what you are returning. The cost of this label will be deducted from your refund once we process your return, upon receiving and inspecting the item(s).
BOGO Promotion Returns
When purchasing items as part of a BOGO (Buy One Get One) sale, the promotional discount is applied to the lowest priced item, then distributed to each item proportionately. If you choose to return any of the items, your refund amount will be reduced to the discounted amount for each item.
- BOGO Free: If the first qualifying item is $60 & your second qualifying item is $40, the $60 item will be discounted by $24 and the $40 item will be discounted by $16, which gives a total discount of $40. If either item is returned, the return value will be equal to the original purchase price reduced by its prorated discount.
- BOGO 50% Off: If your first qualifying item is $60 and your second qualifying item is $40, the $60 item will be discounted by $12 and the $40 item will be discounted by $8, which gives a total discount of $20. If either item is returned, the return value will be equal to the original purchase price reduced by its prorated discount.
American Threads reserves the right to limit or reduce service to customers with excessive return activity.
Please note that customer support is available on Monday through Friday, from 7:30am - 3:30pm (PST). Orders placed on Friday will be processed the following Monday or Tuesday.


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100% Money back guaranteed
Last Updated:17 Nov, 2023
Total Questions:50
Last Updated:17 Nov, 2023
Total Questions:50
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text:
New Zealand Population: 4,545,6273 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|The Polynesian Maori reached New Zealand sometime between A.D. 1250 and 1300. In 1840, their chieftains entered into a compact with Great Britain, the Treaty of Waitangi, in which they ceded sovereignty to Queen Victoria while retaining territorial rights. That same year, the British began the first organized colonial settlement. A series of land wars between 1843 and 1872 ended with the defeat of the native peoples. The British colony of New Zealand became an independent dominion in 1907 and supported the UK militarily in both world wars. New Zealand's full participation in a number of defense alliances lapsed by the 1980s. In recent years, the government has sought to address longstanding Maori grievances.
|Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Australia
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 268,838 sq km
land: 264,537 sq km
water: 4,301 sq km
note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands
Size comparison: almost twice the size of North Carolina; about the size of Colorado
|Land Boundaries:
|0 km
|15,134 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
|temperate with sharp regional contrasts
|predominately mountainous with large coastal plains
|Natural resources:
|natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 43.2% (2011 est.) arable land: 1.8% (2011 est.)
permanent crops: 0.3% (2011 est.) permanent pasture: 41.1% (2011 est.) forest: 31.4% (2011 est.)
other: 25.4% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|7,210 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity volcanism: significant volcanism on North Island; Ruapehu (2,797 m), which last erupted in 2007, has a history of large eruptions in the past century; Taranaki has the potential to produce dangerous avalanches and lahars; other historically active volcanoes include Okataina, Raoul Island, Tongariro, and White Island; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
|Current Environment Issues:
|water quality and availability; rapid urbanisation; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation; native flora and fauna hard-hit by invasive species; negative effects of climate change
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation
|^Back to Top
| noun: New Zealander(s)
adjective: New Zealand
|Ethnic groups:
|European 71.2%, Maori 14.1%, Asian 11.3%, Pacific peoples 7.6%, Middle Eastern, Latin American, African 1.1%, other 1.6%, not stated or unidentified 5.4% (2013 est.) note: based on the 2013 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group
|English (de facto official) 89.8%, Maori (de jure official) 3.5%, Samoan 2%, Hindi 1.6%, French 1.2%, Northern Chinese 1.2%, Yue 1%, other or not stated 20.5%, New Zealand Sign Language (de jure official) (2013 est.) note: shares sum to 120.8% due to multiple responses on census
| Christian 44.3% (Catholic 11.6%, Anglican 10.8%, Presbyterian and Congregational 7.8%, Methodist, 2.4%, Pentecostal 1.8%, other 9.9%), Hindu 2.1%, Buddhist 1.4%, Maori Christian 1.3%, Muslim 1.1%, other religion 1.4% (includes Judaism, Spiritualism and New Age religions, Baha'i, Asian religions other than Buddhism), no religion 38.5%, not stated or unidentified 8.2%, objected to answering 4.1% (2013 est.)
note: based on the 2013 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one religion
|4,545,627 (July 2018 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 19.62% (male 457,071 /female 434,789)
15-24 years: 13.16% (male 307,574 /female 290,771)
25-54 years: 39.58% (male 902,909 /female 896,398)
55-64 years: 12.06% (male 266,855 /female 281,507)
65 years and over: 15.57% (male 327,052 /female 380,701) (2018 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 52.9 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 30.5 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 22.4 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.5 (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 38.1 years
male: 37.2 years
female: 39 years (2018 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|0.77% (2018 est.)
|Birth rate:
|13.1 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Death rate:
|7.6 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
| urban population: 86.5% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 1.01% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
| 1.557 million Auckland
411,000 WELLINGTON (capital) (2018)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 27.8 years (2009 est.) note: median age at first birth
|Maternal mortality rate:
|11 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 81.4 years male: 79.2 years
female: 83.6 years (2018 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.01 children born/woman (2018 est.)
|Physicians density:
|3.03 physicians/1,000 population (2016)
|Hospital bed density:
|2.8 beds/1,000 population (2013)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.1% (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|3,700 (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|<100 (2017 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|30.8% (2016)
|Education expenditures:
|6.3% of GDP (2016)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 19 years male: 18 years female: 20 years (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 12.7% male: 12.4% female: 13% (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: none
conventional short form: New Zealand
abbreviation: NZ
etymology: Dutch explorer Abel TASMAN was the first European to reach New Zealand in 1642; he named it Staten Landt, but Dutch cartographers renamed it Nova Zeelandia in 1645 after the Dutch province of Zeeland; British explorer Captain James COOK subsequently anglicized the name to New Zealand when he mapped the islands in 1769
|Government type:
|parliamentary democracy (New Zealand Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
| name: Wellington
geographic coordinates: 41 18 S, 174 47 E
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April
note: New Zealand has two time zones: New Zealand standard time (UTC+12) and Chatham Islands time (45 minutes in advance of New Zealand standard time; UTC+12:45)
etymology: named in 1840 after Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victorious general at the Battle of Waterloo
|Administrative divisions:
|16 regions and 1 territory*; Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury, Chatham Islands*, Gisborne, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu-Wanganui, Marlborough, Nelson, Northland, Otago, Southland, Taranaki, Tasman, Waikato, Wellington, West Coast
|Dependent areas:
|Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
|26 September 1907 (from the UK)
|National holiday:
|Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)Anzac Day (commemorated as the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)
|history: New Zealand has no single constitution document; the Constitution Act 1986, effective 1 January 1987, includes only part of the uncodified constitution; others include a collection of statutes or "acts of Parliament," the Treaty of Waitangi, Orders in Council, letters patent, court decisions, and unwritten conventions amendments: proposed as bills by Parliament or by referenda called either by the government or by citizens; passage of a bill as an act normally requires two separate readings with committee reviews in between to make changes and corrections, a third reading approved by the House of Representatives membership or by the majority of votes in a referendum, and assent to by the governor-general; passage of amendments to reserved constitutional provisions affecting the term of Parliament, electoral districts, and voting restrictions requires approval by 75 percent of the House membership or the majority of votes in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2014 (2018)
|Legal system:
|common law system, based on English model, with special legislation and land courts for the Maori
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor-General Dame Patricia Lee REDDY (since 28 September 2016)
head of government: Prime Minister Jacinda ARDERN (since 26 October 2017); Deputy Prime Minister Winston PETERS (since 26 October 2017)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor-general on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor-general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor-general; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor-general; note - Prime Minister ARDERN heads up a minority coalition government consisting of the Labor and New Zealand First parties with confidence and supply support from the Green Party
|Legislative branch:
| description: unicameral House of Representatives - commonly called Parliament (usually 120 seats; 71 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies, including 7 Maori constituencies, by simple majority vote and 49 directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)
elections: last held on 23 September 2017 (next to be held by November 2020)
election results: percent of vote by party - National Party 44.5%, Labor Party 36.9%, NZ First 7.2%, Green Party 6.3%, ACT Party 0.5%; seats by party - National Party 56, Labor Party 46, NZ First 9, Green Party 8, ACT Party 1; composition - men 74, women 46, percent of women 38.3%
|Judicial branch:
| highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of 5 justices, including the chief justice); note - the Supreme Court in 2004 replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) as the final appeals court judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor-general upon the recommendation of the attorney- general; justices appointed until compulsory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court; tribunals and authorities; district courts; specialized courts for issues related to employment, environment, family, Maori lands, youth, military; tribunals
|Political parties and leaders:
|ACT New Zealand [David SEYMOUR] Green Party [James SHAW] Mana Movement [Hone HARAWIRA] (formerly Mana Party) Maori Party [Che WILSON and Kaapua SMITH] New Zealand First Party or NZ First [Winston PETERS] New Zealand Labor Party [Jacinda ARDERN] New Zealand National Party [Simon BRIDGES] United Future New Zealand [Damian LIGHT]
|International organization participation:
|ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF, SICA (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
| Southern Cross constellation (four, five-pointed stars), kiwi (bird), silver fern;
national colors: black, white, red (ochre)
|National anthem:
| name: God Defend New Zealand
lyrics/music: Thomas BRACKEN [English], Thomas Henry SMITH [Maori]/John Joseph WOODS
note: adopted 1940 as national song, adopted 1977 as co-national anthem; New Zealand has two national anthems with equal status; as a commonwealth realm, in addition to "God Defend New Zealand," "God Save the Queen" serves as a national anthem (see United Kingdom); "God Save the Queen" normally played only when a member of the royal family or the governor-general is present; in all other cases, "God Defend New Zealand" is played
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Timothy John GROSER (since 28 January 2016)
chancery: 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-4800
consulate(s) general: Honolulu (HI), Los Angeles, New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Scott P. BROWN (since 27 June 2017) note - also accredited to Samoa
embassy: 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington
mailing address: P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, APO AP 96531-1034
telephone: [64] (4) 462-6000
consulate(s) general: Auckland
|^Back to Top
Over the past 40 years, the government has transformed New Zealand from an agrarian economy, dependent on concessionary British market access, to a more industrialized, free market economy that can compete globally. This dynamic growth has boosted real incomes, but left behind some at the bottom of the ladder and broadened and deepened the technological capabilities of the industrial sector. Per capita income rose for 10 consecutive years until 2007 in purchasing power parity terms, but fell in 2008-09. Debt-driven consumer spending drove robust growth in the first half of the decade, fueling a large balance of payments deficit that posed a challenge for policymakers. Inflationary pressures caused the central bank to raise its key rate steadily from January 2004 until it was among the highest in the OECD in 2007 and 2008. The higher rate attracted international capital inflows, which strengthened the currency and housing market while aggravating the current account deficit. Rising house prices, especially in Auckland, have become a political issue in recent years, as well as a policy challenge in 2016 and 2017, as the ability to afford housing has declined for many. Expanding New Zealand's network of free trade agreements remains a top foreign policy priority. New Zealand was an early promoter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and was the second country to ratify the agreement in May 2017. Following the United States' withdrawal from the TPP in January 2017, on 10 November 2017 the remaining 11 countries agreed on the core elements of a modified agreement, which they renamed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). In November 2016, New Zealand opened negotiations to upgrade its FTA with China; China is one of New Zealand's most important trading partners.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| $189 billion (2017 est.) $183.4 billion (2016 est.) $176.1 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|$201.4 billion (2017 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|3% (2017 est.) 4.1% (2016 est.) 4.2% (2015 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| $39,000 (2017 est.) $38,600 (2016 est.) $37,900 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|21% of GDP (2017 est.) 21.5% of GDP (2016 est.) 20.2% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 57.2% (2017 est.) government consumption: 18.2% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 23.4% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 27% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -26.1% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 5.7% (2017 est.) industry: 21.5% (2017 est.) services: 72.8% (2017 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|dairy products, sheep, beef, poultry, fruit, vegetables, wine, seafood, wheat and barley
|agriculture, forestry, fishing, logs and wood articles, manufacturing, mining, construction, financial services, real estate services, tourism
|Industrial production growth rate:
|1.8% (2017 est.)
|Labor force:
|2.655 million (2017 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 6.6%
industry: 20.7%
services: 72.7% (2017 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|4.7% (2017 est.) 5.1% (2016 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: n/a
highest 10%: n/a
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|36.2 (1997)
| revenues: 74.11 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 70.97 billion (2017 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|36.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): 1.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
|Public debt:
|31.7% of GDP (2017 est.) 33.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|1 April - 31 March note: this is the fiscal year for tax purposes
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|1.9% (2017 est.) 0.6% (2016 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$5.471 billion (2017 est.) -$4.171 billion (2016 est.)
|$37.35 billion (2017 est.) $33.61 billion (2016 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|dairy products, meat and edible offal, logs and wood articles, fruit, crude oil, wine
|Exports - partners:
|China 22.4%, Australia 16.4%, US 9.9%, Japan 6.1% (2017)
|$39.74 billion (2017 est.) $35.53 billion (2016 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|petroleum and products, mechanical machinery, vehicles and parts, electrical machinery, textiles
|Imports - partners:
|China 19%, Australia 12.1%, US 10.5%, Japan 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Thailand 4.6% (2017)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$20.68 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $17.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$91.62 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $84.03 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$84.19 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $70.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$16.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $18.03 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$80.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $74.35 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $74.42 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.416 (2017 est.) 1.4341 (2016 est.) 1.4341 (2015 est.) 1.4279 (2014 est.) 1.2039 (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|42.53 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|39.5 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|0 kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|9.301 million kW (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|58% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|20% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|31,480 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|26,440 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|108,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|51.8 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|115,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|169,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|1,782 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|56,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|5.097 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|5.182 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|33.7 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|37.75 million Mt (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
| total subscriptions: 6.4 million
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 142 (2017 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: excellent domestic and international systems; mobile and P2P services soar; LTE rates some of the fastest in the world; investment and development of infrastructure enable network capabilities to propel the digital economy, digital media sector along with e-government, e-commerce across the country (2018)
domestic: fixed-line 30 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership 142 per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 64; the Southern Cross submarine cable system provides links to Australia, Fiji, and the US; satellite earth stations - 8 (1 Inmarsat - Pacific Ocean, 7 other)
|Broadcast media:
|state-owned Television New Zealand operates multiple TV networks and state-owned Radio New Zealand operates 3 radio networks and an external shortwave radio service to the South Pacific region; a small number of national commercial TV and radio stations and many regional commercial television and radio stations are available; cable and satellite TV systems are available, as are a range of streaming services (2019)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
| total: 3,958,642
percent of population: 88.5% (July 2016 est.)
|^Back to Top
|123 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 39
(2017) over 3,047 m: 2 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 23 (2017)
under 914 m: 1 (2017)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 84
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 33 (2013)
under 914 m: 48 (2013)
|331 km condensate, 2500 km gas, 172 km liquid petroleum gas, 288 km oil, 198 km refined products (2018)
| total 4,128 km
narrow gauge: 4,128 km 1.067-m gauge (506 km electrified) (2018)
| total 94,000 km
(2017) paved: 61,600 km (includes 199 km of expressways) (2017)
unpaved: 32,400 km (2017)
|Merchant marine:
| total 111
by type: general cargo 15, oil tanker 6, other 90 (2018)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Auckland, Lyttelton, Manukau Harbor, Marsden Point, Tauranga, Wellington
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF): New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force (2019)
|Military service age and obligation:
|17 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed until the age of 18; no conscription; 3 years of secondary education required; must be a citizen of NZ, the UK, Australia, Canada, or the US, and resident of NZ for the previous 5 years (2018)
|Military expenditures:
|1.1% of GDP (2017) 1.13% of GDP (2016) 1.11% of GDP (2015) 1.13% of GDP (2014) 1.12% of GDP (2013)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
|Illicit drugs:
|significant consumer of amphetamines
|^Back to Top
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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This study focuses on China's Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN or AS) industry assessments and company profiles. In the two past decades, the industry has been growing at a fast pace. The dramatic expansions of the manufacturing capabilities and rising consumer consumptions in China have transformed China's society and economy. China is one of the world's major producers for industrial and consumer products. Far outpacing other economies in the world, China is the world's fastest growing market for the consumptions of goods and services. The Chinese economy maintains a high speed growth which has been stimulated by the consecutive increases of industrial output, imports & exports, consumer consumption and capital investment for over two decades. Rapid consolidation between medium and large players is anticipated since the Chinese government has been encouraging industry consolidation with an effort to regulate the industry and to improve competitiveness in the world market.
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text:
Test run at: 2023-09-12 05:52:02 GMT
Client Prefix (v4): 110.225.208.x/24
Client AS (v4): 24560 (AIRTELBROADBAND-AS-AP)
IPv4 Probes: 69
Client Prefix (v6): 2401:4900:1cxx::/40
Client AS (v6): 24560 (AIRTELBROADBAND-AS-AP)
Outbound spoofing summary (from the client to our server) Source address type IPv4 Private - RFC1918 rewritten Routable received Largest spoofable neighbor prefix length none
Spoof status key received Spoofed packet was received. ✔ Pattern of tests from this IP block indicates a switch from allowing spoofing to blocking it. rewritten Spoofed packet was received, but the source address was changed en route. blocked Spoofed packet was not received, but unspoofed packet was. unknown Neither spoofed nor unspoofed packet was received.
This test run probed the following paths in order to infer your ability to send different spoofed source packets. Each node in the graph corresponds to an autonomous system, i.e. different Internet service providers. NOTE: This graph does NOT show if an AS blocks spoofed packets, only the path taken by received spoofed packets. The IP Path Details are available for this run. If non-spoofed packets weren't received at a destination, the traceroute to that destination is not included in this graph and may even cause a totally empty graph.
IPv4 Adjacent Netblock Testing:
Your host (110.225.208.x/24) can spoof 0 neighboring addresses
Spoofed source address (anon) Prefix
ASN of spoofed
source address
Received 110.225.208.x/24 /31 24560 rewritten 110.225.208.x/24 /30 24560 rewritten 110.225.208.x/24 /29 24560 rewritten 110.225.208.x/24 /28 24560 rewritten 110.225.208.x/24 /27 24560 rewritten 110.225.208.x/24 /26 24560 rewritten 110.225.208.x/24 /25 24560 rewritten 110.225.208.x/24 /24 24560 rewritten 110.225.209.x/24 /23 24560 rewritten 110.225.210.x/24 /22 24560 rewritten 110.225.212.x/24 /21 24560 rewritten 110.225.216.x/24 /20 24560 rewritten 110.225.192.x/24 /19 24560 rewritten 110.225.240.x/24 /18 24560 rewritten 110.225.144.x/24 /17 24560 rewritten 110.225.80.x/24 /16 45609 rewritten 110.224.208.x/24 /15 24560 rewritten 110.227.208.x/24 /14 24560 rewritten 110.229.208.x/24 /13 4837 rewritten 110.233.208.x/24 /12 2518 rewritten 110.241.208.x/24 /11 4837 rewritten 110.193.208.x/24 /10 9394 rewritten 110.161.208.x/24 /9 9605 rewritten 110.97.208.x/24 /8 9394 rewritten
Meaning of status in Received column:
rewritten The source address of the probe packets we received differs from the spoofed address. It appears that an intermediate device is rewriting your packet headers.
IPv4 Outbound Filtering Depth:
The tracefilter test found your host able to spoof routable, non-adjacent source addresses through the first 10 IP hop(s).Summary:
The results from all tests are aggregated to produce a summary "State of IP Spoofing" report.Feedback:
We welcome questions and feedback to the Spoofer Information Mailing List and invite users to join the Spoofer Users Mailing List for discussion and announcements.


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Firm Level Economics: Consumer and Producer BehaviorAdd to Favourites
All goods and services are subject to scarcity at some level. Scarcity means that society must develop some allocation mechanism – rules to determine who gets what. Over recorded history, these allocation rules were usually command based – the king or the emperor would decide. In contemporary times, most countries have turned to market based allocation systems. In markets, prices act as rationing devices, encouraging or discouraging production and encouraging or discouraging consumption in such a way as to find an equilibrium allocation of resources. We will construct demand curves to capture consumer behavior and supply curves to capture producer behavior. The resulting equilibrium price "rations" the scarce commodity. Markets are frequent targets of government intervention. This intervention can be direct control of prices or it could be indirect price pressure through the imposition of taxes or subsidies. Both forms of intervention are impacted by elasticity of demand. After this course, you will be able to: • Describe consumer behavior as captured by the demand curve. • Describe producer behavior as captured by the supply curve. • Explain equilibrium in a market. • Explain the impact of taxes and price controls on market equilibrium. • Explain elasticity of demand. • Describe cost theory and how firms optimize given the constraints of their own costs and an exogenously given price. This course is part of the iMBA offered by the University of Illinois, a flexible, fully-accredited online MBA at an incredibly competitive price. For more information, please see the Resource page in this course and onlinemba.illinois.edu.
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text: Cooperation with the HSG The University of St.Gallen offers a wide range of opportunities for cooperation with its various entities – from thesis and research projects to university funding. Research Cooperation The University of St.Gallen houses various institutes and research centres providing you with the opportunity to support them as a Centre of Excellence. You will find an institute overview here. University Funding The Office of Development will be your partner for individual funding opportunities and will gladly provide you with expert advice. More information is available at the Office of Development. Cooperations with the HSG Student Union In addition to actively representing the student body, the HSG Student Union engages in numerous projects and offers services to make student life as attractive as possible both on and off campus. A partnership with the Student Union provides you a close relationship with the students.


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text:
Search Guide
Our search engine tries to offer today's typical web searching experience, as gained with popular search engines such as Google. The nature of bibliographic searching differs from that of a web page searching, though. We provide many extensions to enable a complex and precise structured search, including an combined metadata, fulltext and reference search in one go. This page lists several tips and tricks that you may find useful to this effect.
IndexSimple versus advanced search
Search guidance
Searching for words versus phrases
Boolean queries
Special characters and punctuation
International characters
Word truncation/stemming
Structured metadata search
Regular expressions
Span queries
Refersto/citedby search operators
Combined metadata/fulltext/citation search
Frequently asked questions
How to wisely choose your search terms (speed-wise)
How to search for publications by a given author
How to sort according to a certain pattern
How to get documents from other servers (Google, SPIRES, KEK)
How to search in fulltext files
How to search for citations
Simple versus advanced search
The default search mode is simple search that basically provides you with one input box where you can type your query, followed by a possibility to choose one of the common indexes to search within. You would usually simply type the keywords you are interested in and hit return. For example, if you are interested in documents on standard model that are written by (or mention) Ellis, you would type:
and on the search results page you could further add/remove keywords to get more precisely at what you are looking for, as is mentioned below.
The advanced search interface provides you with explicit tools to play with: you can change the matching type from the default word matching to phrase searching or the regular matching; you can use boolean queries in several indexes, etc. For example, to find all the documents written by Ellis, J spelled exactly that way that contain either of the words muon or neutrino in the title and that were published in 2001, you would type:
Note that Simple Search can provide you basically the same functionality, if you make use of special syntax that is explained in the text below. The simple-versus-advanced does not refer to the functionality that is being provided but rather to the amount of parametrization you can "tweak". We conform to the common use of the simple/advanced terms as found in other search engines.
Much of what follows will deal with a question on "how a power user would use the simple search interface". Recall that you can always go to the Advanced Search for more query assistance.
Search guidance
After you submit your query, the search engine will analyze it and will try to always guide you in case no exact match could be found. For example, it would print you a list of closest indexed terms in case of spelling troubles:
Alternative choices will be printed in red. The search engine will similarly warn you when your search terms could not be found, or when they could but your boolean query couldn't be met. The search engine will also silently try to search for alternative forms (e.g. remove punctuation), etc.
Thanks to multiple search stages and the guidance provided at each stage, it is usually sufficient to simple type what you are looking for and see what the system says in return. If you aren't satisfied, you would then add/remove words from your query until the satisfactory reply.
Searching for words versus phrases
The default search mode is a search for words. This means that any whitespace you type is not significant, but is rather interpreted to mean "add an automatic boolean AND between words", like Google does. For example, to find all records that contain both the word ellis and the word muon anywhere in the record, type:The whitespace would be significant if you include it within quotes. There are two phrase searching modes:
- The double quotes instruct the search engine to search for exact phrase. This phrase search mode will match if and only if the given metadata field is exactly equal to the input pattern. For example, to find all documents written by Ellis, J spelled exactly that way, type:
- The single quotes instruct the search engine to search for partial phrase. Unlike the exact phrase search, this mode allows for an extra text appearing before/after given pattern. This is somewhat similar to the "phrase search mode" common on Google and other fulltext engines that search for phrase expressions inside Web pages. For example, to find all the titles containing the expression muon decay regardless of the position of the expression in the title, type: Now you see how to search for an author spelled sometimes as Ellis, J and sometimes as Ellis, Jonathan Richard (and other authors, such as De Lellis, Jim) at the same time: (See also our specific author searching tips.)
The difference between exact and partial phrase searching modes may not be obvious upon first look. While the latter is more similar to what ``phrase search'' usually means in the context of web page search engines, the former one is usually an order of magnitude faster if you know the precise values you are looking for.
(Note: For some indexes such as any field, title, or abstract, there is no distinction between searching for double quoted and single quoted expressions. Both behave the same usual way.)
Another interesting searching mode besides the word and phrase
searches is the regular expression search, introduced
by slashes instead of quotes. For example, the above partial phrase
'muon decay' is fully equivalent to the regular
expression query
/muon decay/. The regular expression
syntax is very powerful and permits you to construct very complex
queries. For more information, please consult the regular expression section of this guide.
Boolean queriesWe have already seen how whitespace adds a silent boolean AND in the search for words. The other boolean operators include:
ellis +muon
matches all records that contain both the word ellis and the the word muon
ellis muon
ditto, syntactic sugar
ellis and muon
ditto, syntactic sugar -
ellis -muon
matches all records that contain the word ellis but that do not contain the word muon
ellis not muon
ditto, syntactic sugar |
ellis |muon
matches all records that contain at least one of the words
ellis or muon
ditto, syntactic sugar
Logical operations are automatically chained from left to right. For example, if you want to search for documents written by Ellis on muons or kaons, write:which looks for
(muon or kaon) and ellis. Note that this
gives different results from:
which would search for
(ellis and muon) or kaon.
The left-to-right chaining behaviour permits you to easily refine
your search by adding/removing words with and/not or +/- operators.
For example, to exclude the documents on decay from the above search,
ParenthesesYou can also use parentheses in your queries to group boolean expressions together:
This query returns records containing either gravity or supergravity, and either ellis or perelstein anywhere in the record.
Note that you can use any number of parentheses in the query. Nested
parentheses, such as
foo AND (bar OR (fuux NOT quux)), are also supported.
Special characters and punctuation
When indexing words, an attention is paid to index it both with and without punctuation, so that you should be able to search for terms containing special characters, such as C++, verbatim:For example, to find records containing the LaTeX expression
$e^{+}e^{-}$ in the title, type:
For example, to find document with the report number
hep-ph/0204133, type:
Note that the search is case-insensitive:
International characters
The search engine works with Unicode UTF-8 so you can type your query strings in any language stored in the database. For example, to find the documents written by (or on) Пушкин, type:Note that you don't have to type accents to find accented results. For example, type
Lemaitre to find papers by Lemaître:
Word truncation/stemming
The word truncation is supported via asterisk (*) wildcard character. The wildcard instructs the search engine to match any number of characters in that place. For example, to find records that contain words muon, muons, muonic etc, type:The wildcard query works both in prefix and infix position. For example, to get all the words that start by CERN-TH and end by 31, type: Note that the wildcard will be ignored if you try to apply it to very short words, such as a*: The wildcard character can be used also in the phrase searching mode. For example, to find all the documents whose title starts by "Neutrino mass", type: Recall that we have introduced exact and partial phrase search modes. Actually, a partial phrase search mode launches an exact search enclosed within wildcards: we could say that
'foo bar
baz' equals to
"*foo bar baz*". Now you can
see why the partial phrase search is slow: due to the usage of two
asterisks in front and after the text, each and every title in the
database has to be looked up to determine whether it matches or
not. (There are currently no partial phrase indexes.)
Structured metadata search
Searching within various bibliograpic fields (such as title,
author) is supported via Google's
"site:" like syntax.
If a search term is preceded by a field name and a colon, then the
term is searched for inside this field only. For example, to find
documents containing the word ellis within author index,
fulltext, and
Regular expressions
The regular expression searching mode is mostly for the power users acquainted with the traditional Unix/POSIX regexp syntax. In the Simple Search interface you can trigger it by using slashes instead of quotes:while in the Advanced Search interface you can select the matching type explicitely by using the selection box menu. The above example will find all the titles that start by the letter E, followed by any number of any characters, and end by the letter s.
Another example could be an author search for an author expressed in the database as either Ellis, J or Ellis, John:
The regular expression search enables you to formulate very specific word proximity queries. For example, let us find all titles containing words dense and matter that are separated by at most one word that doesn't contain the letter l:
Note that you can also use character intervals such as
[a-k] and occurrence counts such as
For example, let us find all preprints that do not follow the year
cataloguing policy, that is YYYY to denote year, optionally
followed by ? or by another -YYYY:
[:alnum:], so
that the above query is equivalent to:
To learn more about POSIX regular expressions, please consult the Wikipedia regexp article and the MySQL regexp documentation.
Span queries
The span query is provided via a
-> sign. For
example, to search for all documents on muon decay published
between 1983 and 1992, type:
Refersto and citedby search operators
It is possible to search in citation network by means
citedby and
refersto search operators.
For example, to find out who cites hep-th/0201100, you can type:
For example, to find out which papers are cited by Klebanov, you can type:
To set up a cite alert for new papers citing author I. Klebanov, you can type:
Note that
refersto and
citedby search
operators work on any regular query. For example, to find all
papers that cite papers that are tagged with the gravitino keyword,
Note also that these operators can be freely combined with regular metadata search. For example, to find papers authored by Klebanov that are cited by Papadimitriou but that do not cite any of Papadimitriou's papers themselves, you can type:
Finally, you can make use of regexp-style quoting or phrase-style quoting to combine search expressions in the same refersto/citedby operand. For example, to find papers that are referring to only those I. Klebanov's papers that mention O(N) in the title, you can type:
Combined metadata/fulltext/citation search
All the syntax mentioned above can be combined together in one query. For example, to find documents that have the word ellis inside author fields, that do not contain words like muon, 'muonic' etc in any field, that contain the phrase (or the substring, to be more precise) 'dense quark matter' inside abstract fields, and that were published in year starting by digits '200', type:Note that the default "any field" global index does contain only the metadata terms, not the citation nor fulltext terms. You have to explicitely mention
reference index to search there. For example, to find the term Higgs
in either metadata, references or fulltext files, type:
This permits an interesting combination of metadata, fulltext and citation search in
the same query. For example, to get all documents written by
Lin whose fulltext files contain the words
Schwarzschild and AdS, and who cite journal
Adv. Theor. Math. Phys., type:
Frequently asked questions
How to wisely choose your search terms (speed-wise)
- Whenever possible, prefer word searches instead of phrase searches.
Search rather for
black holethan for
"black hole".
- Avoid common terms such as
of, or
- If you are searching for a specific metadata information, such as a report number, choose corresponding index.
- If you are looking for a specific document collection, such as Theses, choose the Theses collection first, and start your search from there.
How to search for publications by a given author
You can search for an author in many ways, each having its own advantages and disadvantages.
- First of all, note that searching for words isn't usually what you
would want here. If you choose to search for the words
Ellis Jwithin the author index, it means that two queries (for the words
J) are effected first and a boolean AND is performed next:
Such a query would match also a document whose first author is Ellis, R and the second author Finch, A J, which is probably not what you wanted. While the search is very fast and you would have found the results for the author you were looking for, such a technique could have returned you many false positives, as the one cited above. Instead of searching for words, a more suitable technique to apply in this case is to search for phrases which will permit you to achieve higher search precisions.
- The author names are usually stored in a form containing initials
only, such as Ellis, J. To get the list of publications of
an author whose name is spelled exactly that way, type:
This way of searching gives you the highest precision and no false positives. (Assuming there are no other authors whose names are spelled Ellis, J, an assumption that is often false*.) The search is very fast.
- Sometimes an author's first name may be spelled abbreviated on
some documents (such as Ellis, J) and sometimes full on
others (such as Ellis, John; eventually also with the middle
name: Ellis, John Rolfe). To get the list of publications
for all these forms at the same time, you could use a boolean OR
This way of searching still keeps the highest precision and no false positives. (Assuming there are no other authors whose names are spelled Ellis, J or Ellis, John, an assumption that is often false*.) The search is fast.
- To match all of the above forms in a single search term, you can
try to use a wildcard query:
It would match all author names that start by the text
Ellis, J, i.e. not only the wanted forms Ellis, J and Ellis, John, but also Ellis, Jim, or Ellis, John Rolfe, or Ellis, Jonathan Richard.
This way of searching returns you more results, which may be suitable in case you don't know how the names are spelled in the database. But you also risk the eventuality of getting false positives. The search is relatively fast.
- Yet another, the most general alternative is to use a partial
phrase matching:
It would find not only all the authors mentioned above, but also the ones whose names contain the expression
Ellis, Janywhere inside the name, such as De Lellis, Jim. It thus gives you the largest possible number of hits at the largest risk of false positives. The search is relatively slow.
(Note though that this way of searching may be very handy in case of compound family names such Pepe-Altarelli, M or 't Hooft, G where a casual user query for Hooft, G would match the wanted author, unlike the methods mentioned above.)
- Finally, let us note that you can use the regular expression syntax to construct any complex author query. A simple example is to search for an author expressed in the database as either Ellis, J or Ellis, John: Please consult regular expression searching tips to know more about regular expression search possibilities.
*NOTE: If you produce your own list of publications and you notice that sometimes your first name is spelled abbreviated and sometimes in full, or if you want to identify your publications among several authors with the same abbreviation, please contact the administrators of Solano History Database so that they could work with you on inputting a consistently spelled and properly formatted first name everywhere. Only the consistent database content will ensure a proper author searching behaviour.
How to sort according to a certain pattern
You may select a certain field according to which sort the search results, for example to sort the results by main title. However, sometimes you may want to sort by a report number and it happens that your documents have several of them. For example, the report numbers hep-ph/0204140, CERN-TH-2002-069 and RM3-TH-02-4 all denote the same document. Now if you sort your search results set containing this document, the system will take into consideration the first report number, that may be either of these three. Sometimes you may want to classify this document under its hep-ph number, sometimes under its CERN number, depending on whether you produce a list of CERN or hep-ph publications. How can you influence the search engine to prefer one report number rather than the other?
In other words, the search engine by default answers a query
like "sort by first author" or "sort by first report number", but
sometimes you may want to ask the search engine to "sort by first
report number that starts by the text CERN-". The latter
possibility is available via a "silent" sort parameter called
sp (for "sort pattern") that sorts preferentially
according to the given textual pattern if they can be found. The
parameter is "silent" in a way that it is not present in the search
interface, you have to add it manually to your search URL.
For example, to get all CERN-TH publications of the year 2001
sorted by their CERN-TH numbers, you would search for
CERN-TH-2001* within
reportnumber index,
and on the search results page, being satisfied with the results,
you would add
&sp=CERN-TH to the URL to sort the
results preferentially by CERN-TH report numbers, to get a nicely
sorted list of all CERN-TH 2001 publications.
How to get documents from other servers (Google, SPIRES, KEK)
On the search results page, links to other servers like Google, SPIRES or KEK are automatically proposed in a box entitled "Try your search on". You can simply click on the proposed links to run your query on these search engines.
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text:
Drag Queen Show, Drag Queen Brunch, Drag Show, Drag, Drag Queen for hire, Hire a Drag Queen, Drag Queen Show Charlotte, Drag Queen Show Charleston, Drag Queen Show Austin, Drag Queen Show Nashville, Drag Queen Show Raleigh, Drag Queen Show Greensboro, Drag Queen Show Baltimore, Drag Queen Show Washington DC, Bachelorette Party, Bachelorette, Bachelorette Party Ideas, Drag Show Bachelorette Party, RuPaul Drag Queen Show for Bachelorette Parties.
Omaha, Nebraska
Illusions the Drag Queen Show is casting in Omaha, Nebraska to find spectacular celebrities impersonating drag queens with amazing personalities and a flair for classic and raunchy humor. Being chosen to become a part of the Illusion Drag Queens Team in Omaha, is an amazing way to showcase your talents and the hard work you have done to develop them to be shown off to hundreds of attendees in Omaha, Nebraska every week around the country.
When you become a part of Illusions the Drag Queen Show in Omaha, Nebraska you become a part of unforgettable memories in one of the most amazing and sought-after shows in the country. Illusions The Drag Queen Show, Dinner, and Brunch Show in Omaha, Nebraska are a top-notch celebrity impersonation, comedic burlesque-style show that leaves all of its fans in Omaha raving about eccentric hair, makeup, and wardrobe that our amazing Omaha Drag Queens bring to the stage.
So, if you think you've got what it takes to become the next Queen to join Illusions in Omaha, then fill out the application and let the Kiki begin!


text:
You are a true success when you help others succeed.
Aarhus Kommune - MOST ATTRACTIVE EMPLOYERS
Issued by Universum
Congratulations for being one of the Most Attractive Employers in Denmark!
Every year, university students vote for their ideal employers in the country's largest, most comprehensive and independent career related study – the Universum Talent Survey. This year we surveyed over 11,650 students in Denmark and asked them to provide insight on company characteristics they find most attractive in a potential employer as well as who they perceive to be their ideal employer.
Aarhus Kommune ranked as #TOP 50 amongst Engineering/Natural Sciences students, in this 2023 Denmark's Most Attractive Employers ranking.
You can download the full ranking here: Denmark's Most Attractive Employers.
If you have any questions, please contact us here.