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Biofeedback Technology
Every so often a major breakthrough occurs in human knowledge. Something so revolutionary that an entire field of study changes.
Einstein's Theory of Relativity was such a breakthrough in physics.
Dmitri Mendeleev made a comparable contribution in chemistry when he created the first Table of Periodic elements.
Developer of the Alternating Current (A.C.) which changed the face of engineering and electricity conceived the original idea for the "smartphone", in 1926.
Today, there is an equally revolutionary breakthrough in the field of performance enhancement & preventative healthcare.
Understanding Biofeedback & Quantum Biofeedback
According to an article by Bette Runck of the National Institute of Mental Health, Biofeedback "is a treatment technique in which people are trained to improve their health by using signals from their own body's."
Quantum Biofeedback blends traditional biofeedback with readily accepted Energy Medicine principles, Biofeedback can monitor the body's natural bodily functions; EEG, EKG, Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). However, Quantum Biofeedback evokes a response from the body by subjecting the body to an external electrical stimulus, then measuring how the body responds or reacts to this stimulus.
The basic premise of Quantum Biofeedback is that everything is in a natural state of vibration.
Sound Like Star Trek Medicine?
Perhaps, but then cell phones using satellite technology were considered Star Trek-ish 35 years ago. Medical Applications (Apps) are one of the fastest growing sectors in the healthcare industry. Skyrocketing healthcare costs and a lack of subsidies have spawned a new era of complementary, preventive healthcare.
Thousands of apps aim to empower smartphone users to change their behaviors and manage their own health conditions, but only a handful of these apps can actually analyze or perform a test; and even fewer apps can both analyze and balance the Human Bio-field.
Nature's Law
In nature, everything has a vibration. If you've taken a chemistry class you probably remember learning that everything is made up of atoms. These atoms are in a constant state of motion. Depending on the speed of these atoms, they can appear as a solid, liquid, or gas. Sound is also a vibration as are your thoughts and emotions.
Speech is a complex process within the body. For speech to occur, there is communication between the brain and various organ systems. The end result is a vibration of frequencies known as your voice. We now know that your voice may change according to your mind body and spiritual state of being. The actual voice process is explained later in this article.
Evidence of Sound Research
The evidence of sound research indicates that your unique energetic voice pattern can be a great indicator of your own health and vitality, or life force. According to Dr. Alfred Tomatis, among others, the voice is not able to reproduce what the ear cannot hear, However, perhaps the ear cannot hear what the brain cannot generate?
There is evidence that the brain, in addition to being a master chemist, is also a very complex tone generator that commands the systems of the body through frequency.
Consider How Sound Impacts Our Everyday Life.
Clinical research has validated that listening to classical music may improve your IQ. Moms-to-be are wise to play soothing classical music while pregnant and to their newborns. Music, chanting and drumming all support the science of how sound can alter our well-being. Equally, associating with someone who is depressed versus someone who is upbeat may also shift your current state of well-being, just by being in the vibrational presence.
As the brain produces very specific waveform patterns, so does your voice produce a very complex waveform pattern which contains a great deal of frequency information.
Evan Grant: Making sound visible through Cymatics
Harnessing the Power of Your Voice.
The power of voice analysis to provide information about one's current state of health is actually quite natural. We do it without even realizing it. Remember back to the last time you heard the voice of someone with a cold? You were able to tell that something wasn't quite right with their health just by how they sounded.
We employ similar principles as the common lie detector in our patented Voice Analysis Software. The lie detector measures electro-dermal galvanic response whereas the Insight Health Apps utilizes the rich data (information) contained within your voice; then feeds corrective wave forms and patterns back into the body as Quantum Biofeedback.
Since each voice has a unique profile or pattern, this allows us to compare your voice signature against a database of thousands of substances looking for deviations from the norm.
The Biology Of Belief: Bruce Lipton
Stunning new scientific discoveries about the biochemical effects of the brain's functioning show that all of the cells in your body are affected by your thoughts. Bruce H. Lipton, Ph.D., in his book "The Biology of Belief", describes how the new Biological science, Epigenetic, is is revolutionizing our understanding of the link between mind and matter, and, the profound effects this has on our personal lives and the collective life of our species.
The Brain / Speech Connection.
Brain cells have the remarkable ability to store a massive amount of information for the entire body. They do this by recording vibrations and signals coming from all parts of the body like organs, body systems and cells. To produce speech, the brain communicates with the Vagus Nerve and sends a signal to the larynx which vibrates out stored information through the vocal cords. The Vagus Nerve is not only the manner through which this data is gathered from the body but also the way the brain communicates this hidden information outwards using the voice.
After studies conducted on more than 45,000 people, researchers realized that this vocal code could be analyzed and interpreted to reveal messages about the condition of the body. itself.
The Root of Energy Medicine
The roots of Energy Medicine date back to Ayurvedic Medicine, Chinese Medicine, acupuncture and other ancient healing disciples. Unfortunately, modern, allopathic medicine all too readily discounts the validity of these approaches because of the inability to replicate results in a scientific setting. Isn't it interesting that Aristarchus of Samos had determined that the earth revolved around the sun and calculated the approximate distance between the 2 bodies around 250 BC, some 1900 years before Galileo made his noteworthy discovery? The invention of the telescope in 1608 was needed to validate Aristarchus's work. Though the church diligently suppressed Galileo's discoveries, the clerics eventually had to yield to the evidence that was finally plainly observable by telescope.
The Genius Insight technology stands on a foundation of scientific breakthroughs of several pioneers.
The Discovery Of Electro-acupuncture & Skin Resistance Measurements.
In 1952, Jean Niboyet established that acupuncture points have a lower skin resistance than points elsewhere on the body. The following year, Dr. Walter Schmidt established a correlation between specific acupuncture points with the organ that was malfunctioning. In 1953, Dr. Reinhard Voll researched and developed a systematic approach for evaluating the body through skin resistance measurements. Harold Burr found voltage potential variations in the energy field around plants and animals. Others, including Lakhovsky, Nodon and Crile, were pioneers in detecting the biological radiation field that surrounds all living organisms.
The Discovery Of Meridians & a D.C. Electrical Field.
In the 1970's, the American Energy Medicine pioneer Robert Becker showed that living organisms propagate a D.C. electrical field, which alters, depending on whether the cells are healthy or diseased.
He also discovered and confirmed that the electrical current is conducted through the body along unknown channels that correspond in location to the acupuncture points or meridians.
Bringing It All Together
Energy Medicine has been around for a long time back to the days of medicine men and shamans. Now, there are various technological methods to determine the electrical parameters of the human body. An allopathic viewpoint is that the body is comprised of chemical properties (sodium, potassium, etc.)
Energy Medicine, however, views the body as an electrical circuit, comprised of electrical parameters; for example, voltage, amperage and resistance. When the body becomes unbalanced, this is because of a "short circuit". By applying the correct electrical stimuli, we can jump start the body to begin its own innate or natural healing process.
Measuring The Electro-magnetic Energy From The Human Body
In the field of Physics, Fritz-Albert Popp and his colleagues constructed a device which measured the Electro-magnetic energy radiating from the body cells. They showed that all cells of the body possess a resonant frequency of emitted Electro-magnetic waves, and that each of these was capable of communicating with other cells using different wave lengths.
An early pioneer of Bio-electro-magnetics –the relationship between Electro-magnetic fields and biological entities– Frank Morrell proved that bioelectric input signals passed through healthy or unhealthy tissues and that organs had differed discernible outputs. Healthy improvements were found to have incurred when the pathogenic (disease causing) signal was inverted and fed back through the body.
Dr. Royal RIFE & Hulda Clarke
Hilda Clarke, refining the earlier work of Dr. Royal Raymond Rife on cellular resonance, was able to identify specific resonant frequencies of a broad variety of pathogens including mold, bacteria, worms, mites and other parasites. She developed specific targeted frequencies that would actually break down diseased cell walls thereby destroying them.
Shattering cancer with resonant frequencies: Anthony Holland at TEDxSkidmoreCollege
The Introduction of Computerized Stress Detection Systems - Body Scanners
Embodying this already accepted technological breakthrough coupled with the tremendous advancements in the computer industry, various pioneers began developing computer based stress detection systems. Computerized stress detection and "body scanning" devices have occupied the biofeedback industry for well over 30 years. The power of today's mobile devices far exceeds the power of computer systems of just 5 years ago.
Insight Health Apps have merely harnessed the power of mobile technology and can now offer you a state-of-the-art system at a fraction of the price.
Smart Devices and Information Coded Biofeedback Apps
The average smartphone today has more computing power and ability than all the computers used to put man on the moon. The Apple mobile device operating system, the iOS, gave Insight Health Apps the capability to revolutionize the Information Coded Biofeedback Industry through the development of Mobile Apps.
Recording Subtle Informational Stress Potentials
These "body scanning" devices would record subtle "reactive" information "stress potentials" measured from a client during the assessment procedure. The computer would evaluate these responses and then challenge the body's own natural defense mechanisms, encouraging energetic harmony and balance.
The devices work on the Electro-magnetic level by reducing the stress on the body caused by food toxins, environment, genetics, and, lifestyle choices feeding back correcting impulses at nano-second speeds.
Voice Analysis: The Cornerstone of the Genius Insight App
The cornerstone of the Genius Insight app and many of our other apps is an extension of sound research. We know that electrons are always moving and vibrating. As stated earlier, everything in the physical, mental and emotional realm is in a constant state of vibration. Therefore, everything is a frequency, all resonating at varying speeds. All matter including herbs, pharmaceuticals, and even food, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients can be measured from a frequency perspective. This science is called Bio-Resonance and is based upon Energy Medicine principles. Using these principles to help balance the human Bio-Field, requires that you alter the frequency patterns of the individual with either Light, Sound or, an Electro-magnetic level.
Sound Frequency offers much information about the Human Bio-Field, – information that we are only just beginning to understand.
Safe, Gentle,
The Genius Insight process is safe, gentle and noninvasive. To start, the client gives some personal details while the app records their voice. Remember, the voice contains rich data which can then be analyzed by applying mathematical calculations (algorithms). A Fast Fourier algorithm is then applied to simplify the wave pattern, enabling data analysis.
Nothing fancy. We just mastered the basics of Energy Medicine.
Analyzing Your Voice Wave File
This Voice Sample as an audio waveform is then compared against The Genius Insight App database. The database consists of thousands of substances otherwise known as energetic signatures or frequencies. These substances range from herbs, emotions, viruses, toxins, essential oils, homeopathic remedies, emotional profiles and more. Depending on how the body responds or resonates with the various energetic signatures may determine the body's response to these items. The testing process is similar to that of a traditional stress test whereby the client is "stressed" and their reaction to this individual's stressor is monitored.
In the same way, the voice waveform file will be stressed by their respective energetic frequencies. Their responses are recorded and tabulated, and then displayed in easy to view charts and graphs.
Illness Is An Energetic Disturbance
The Genius Insight views all illnesses as simply an energetic disturbance. Every cell has a unique energetic pattern. Different cell types all have different energy patterns and transmissions as do healthy and dysfunctional cells. Each organ, each energy Meridian, each chakra, each emotion possesses a characteristic pattern. A distinctive Electro-magnetic wave. Physical, emotional, mental and spiritual dysfunctions disturb these energy patterns. Healing takes place through energetic intervention; Electro-magnetic wave forms stimulate the body's own healing mechanism.
Healthy vs Unhealthy Wave Patterns
When the body is provided with true healthy energy patterns, pathogenic and disease patterns are canceled reducing their disruptive effects and facilitating the body's natural healing process.
Noise Cancelling Headphone Principles
One of the key objectives the Genius Insight tackled is the need to de-energize unhealthy patterns utilizing positive input to cancel the negative dysfunctional imprints. Using a similar principal to the technology of noise cancellation headphones, The Genius Insight App can nullify unhealthy patterns by introducing the inverted wave forms. This gives us the ability to deprogram the reaction to an "allergen"; thus, the reaction to an "allergen" can be deprogrammed, can reinforce the body's own defenses while often minimizing an allergic reaction.
What Is Your
Wellness Signature?
In Nature, homeostasis, simply put, means the body is in perfect balance and harmony. In Energy Medicine, we call that your Wellness Signature, or, what's normal and right for you.
These methods are not restricted to external substances. All aspects of humans have a positive subtle energetic "wellness signature", our natural homeostasis. This includes mental states and our emotional states. Our technology is equipped to deal with Brain Wave patterns and even reducing addictive behaviors. Just as exciting as the ability to relieve symptoms, the Genius Insight App can prevent them before they manifest in the body.
A Complete All-In-One Wellness Solution to Decode the Human Body
Each panel/program within the App –over 50 panels –and counting– decodes this information to help you understand your deficiencies and, more importantly, what you can do about it.
As an example, the Meridian Program will decode your body's Meridian information while quickly and easily viewing your Meridian blockages. Then, this program instantly releases these blockages using the Meridian energetic sound tones and frequencies.
The Spinal Program decodes information/blockages in your spine. The Aura Panel decodes your auric information. The Body Systems and Glands panel decodes information about You.
With over 50 wellness panels, learning about your Inner Terrain, your Wellness Signature, has never been so easy. Your Body Is Talking ~ Are You Ready To Listen?
A FULLY CUSTOMIZABLE, and, SCALABLE SOLUTION TO SUIT YOUR NEEDS.
What makes the Genius App, well, Genius is the customized library section. This feature allows you to create your own personalized "panels" with unlimited capacity. Create your own panel of essential oils, homeopathic remedies, allergy items and more. Upload your own vitamins, medications and more for a complete analysis to find the biocompatibility for your clients.
A Question of Balance and Self-Regulation
Since our bodies are always fighting to maintain a state of homeostasis, you will always seek to maintain this perfect state of balance of homeostasis. As an example, when we develop a fever, the body will try to self-regulate and maintain that state of homeostasis. Because of this natural homeostasis, some people forget an illness existed after the imbalance is corrected.
The good news is that the body is always fighting for us!
OUR APPS ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO SUPPORT THIS PROCESS OF BALANCE and SELF-REGULATION.
Our technology enjoys a similar principle to Pulsed Electro-magnetic Fields (PEMF). Enjoy this quick exploratory video on Electro-magnetic frequencies and the benefits enjoyed.


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Personalized Quilt Throw Blanket Vintage Christmas Joy To The World Pattern 1 Lightweight Super Soft Cozy For Decorative Couch Sofa Bed
- We also mix it with a small percentage of microfiber to bring the soft, smooth, beautiful-to-the-touch final quilt.
- Available in Different Sizes: Effectively coordinate this blanket with various room settings by picking diffrent sizes. It'll be a perfect choice for cuddling with your family while getting a cup of coffee and sitting in front of the TV or keep it on your bed, also as a perfect companion while having a comfy nap in your work with our super cozy blanket
- Professional personality DIY printing design, custom personalized and easy to match, suitable for a variety of occasions , perfect decor your home: Drape it over a chair, couch or bed to add an exotic stylish touch to your living room or bed room, many available styles allow for easy mixing and matching with your decor or other accent pieces
- It's a personal gift for your lovers: Take this ultra soft blankets for your lovers for Valentine's day, Christmas New Year, Thanksgiving, Mother's day or Birthday, etc
Awesome gift for Father's Day, birthday, Mother's Day, Christmas gift and any occasion, or just without any special reason, to show some love to your loved one! He will know you put in the extra effort to find something better than a regular gift!
Unique present idea for your best friend, mother, father, wife, husband, daughter, son, grandmother, grandfather, fiance, sister, brother, aunt, boyfriend, girlfriend, boys, girls, him, her, dad, mom, guys, BFFs, co-worker, or even for yourself.


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Buyer Resources
Free Virginia Beach Buying Guide
In today's ever-changing real estate market, Virginia Beach home buyers require many tools and resources to find their family's dream home. When you request your Virginia Beach Free Home Buying Guide from Chip & Julia Claytor, you benefit from receiving a comprehensive resource to help you locate the home that best fits your family's needs!
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Nutritional Information
nutritional values per 1 weighted ounce
Ingredient List
Ingredients: Water, Sugar, Corn Syrup, Yogurt Culture (Cultured Skim Milk, Whey, Milk Solids), Sweetened Condensed Milk Base (Whole Milk, Natural Flavors), Stabilizer & Emulsifier (Guar Gum, Pectin, Standardized with Dextrose), Non Fat Dry Milk, Annatto (Color), Malic Acid, Citric Acid, Natural Flavor, Turmeric (Color)
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Circa 1900 Edwardian 14K Yellow Gold 1.26cttw Old European Brilliant Diamond Engagement Ring - VEG#2260A
Year: 1900s
Item Details:
Ring Size: 9
Metal Type: 14K Yellow Gold [Hallmarked, and Tested]
Weight: 3.0 grams
Diamond Details:
Weight: 1.26ct total weight
Cut: Old European brilliant
Color: Fancy Natural Light Brown (Cinnamon Color)
Clarity: SI1
Type: Natural
Finger to Top of Stone Measurement: 5.5mm
Shank/Band Width: 1.6mm
Condition: Excellent
Edwardian Era:
Time Period: Edwardian rings were crafted during the brief reign of King Edward VII which lasted from 1901 to 1910. Edwardian era jewelry is categorized by a delicate elegance and light airy feeling which seemed to capture the carefree attitudes of the day.
Description of Era: It was during this time that the famous filigree ring made its entrance, and today an authentic antique filigree ring is very sought after.
Designs of the Edwardian era were influenced by the styles from the Late-Victorian Age. During this time, jewelry became more refined. Diamonds and colorful gemstones were popular and advancements in setting and cuts of the stones continued. Throughout this era of peacetime the arts thrived and this time became known as "The Beautiful Age" which inspired new jewelry styles.
The introduction of filigree paired with beautiful center stones including diamonds, pearls or colorful gemstones display the elegance and delicacy of the time.
Flower-like themes in jewelry became quite popular too due to Queen Alexandra's love and appreciation of flowers. Pearls were featured prominently in Edwardian jewelry as well, in part from the heavy use of freshwater pearls during the late 1800s by Tiffany & Co.
Some designs and motifs of the Edwardian era reflected the influence of Art Nouveau's circular lines and swirls, and others had more geometric styles. Popular patterns and style effects for jewelry included bows and ribbons, moon and stars, flowers, garlands, leaves, shamrocks, scrolls and hearts.
In this era platinum became widely available not only for gemstone or diamond settings but for the entire piece of jewelry. More unique cuts of diamonds became widely available during the Edwardian era including the baguette, trapeze, and triangular cut. Although platinum was a favorite Edwardian age metal, multicolored gold was quite popular too including rose gold. White gold began to make an appearance and 18k yellow gold was used often in luxury pieces. Silver was also frequently employed for crafting rings as well.
Gemstones and diamonds were frequently set with "claw" prongs and deep bezel settings plus the new "knife edge setting" which created a suspended in the air effect for diamonds.
When you choose to go vintage with VERMA, you are cutting out the use for further mining and environmental damages which are a byproduct. In addition, the diamonds used in our collection are all conflict-free; as the conflict mines were in production after our pieces are dated.


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China - Sweden BIT (1982)
Bilateral Investment Treaties
In force
Amendment protocols
Mapped treaty elements
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National University of La Plata (Argentina); University of Lausanne (Switzerland)
The IIA Mapping Project is a collaborative initiative between UNCTAD and universities worldwide to map the content of IIAs. The resulting database serves as a tool to understand trends in IIA drafting, assess the prevalence of different policy approaches and identify treaty examples.
For more information on the project, please read the Mapping Project Description & Methodology.


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I Study. I Take The Test. I Pass It. I Forget What I Learned Facebook Cover
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- Fonds
- 1941-1998
Fonds consists of correspondence, manuscripts, sound recordings, drawings and diaries created and accumulated by the poet and playwright Wilfred Watson, husband to Sheila Watson. Material has been arranged to align with the Wilfred Watson fonds held by the University of Alberta Archives.
Fonds is comprised of 8 series:
- Journals and Notebooks
- Literary Drafts/Writings
- Sketches/Artwork
- Correspondence
- Student Records-Watson (held within the University of Alberta's Wilfred Watson fonds)
- Reference Material
- Personal Papers
- Audio-Visual Records
Watson, Wilfred


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Walter Online Sample Sale @ Gilt
27 February 2015
WHAT: Walter Online Sample Sale @ Gilt
WHY: Walter Clothing up to 60% off!
WHEN: 2/27 12pm – 2/28 12am
WHERE: Gilt.com
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Dwight Clark Autographed 49ers Logo Football With "The Catch"- JSA W Auth
Shipping calculated at checkout.
This is a Hand Autographed Logo Football of Dwight Clark of The San Francisco 49ers. This item has a James Spence Authentication, which Comes with a JSA #'ed Sticker and a Matching JSA COA. You can view this item on the SpenceLOA website and it shows when and where the item was signed. It was signed either at a public autograph appearance or a Private Signing. This is a stock photo of the item. Although you may not receive this exact item, the item you receive is virtually identical and brand new in great shape. We appreciate your interest in our items and we hope that we can make all transactions professional and satisfying.


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Of course, this work is primarily known as the 1999 film starring Matt Damon, Jude Law, and Gwyneth Paltrow. But the book is pretty wonderful: the disturbing and violent elements are perfectly tempered by Highsmith's lush 50s Italian summer scenes. It's easy to see why Tom gets caught up in this world of privilege and glamour (the food descriptions alone make me want to drop everything and move to Italy). The narrative is told through Tom's point of view, giving insights into the character that the film lacks.
The character of Marge is fascinating, clothing-wise.
What disgusted him was the big bulge of her behind in the peasant skirt below Dickie's arm that circled her waist. And Dickie--! Tom really wouldn't have believed it possible of Dickie!There are two chief interpretations of this scene: that Tom is a misogynist or gay (or both). While the movie portrayed Tom as gay or bisexual (later becoming involved in a sexual relationship with a man), author Patricia Highsmith maintained that Ripley wasn't gay, just sociopathic in his need for devotion from Dickie. And clothing was hugely symbolic to him. He later spends whole evenings looking at Dickie's clothing, saying that material possessions "reminded him that he existed."
Cat Blanchett was a supporting actress in the film, in a role created specifically for the movie. There's not much to say about that, except that her clothes are fabulous.
How darling is this sweater? The trim could be easily added to an existing cardigan (check out my post and how-to on soutache).


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There is a misconception that most people with incontinence are elderly, ill, and even home bound. The A to Z index of medical diseases comprises links to topics with information about that particular health condition. Booking flights and hotel rooms with travel agents that offer travel solutions to disabled people is advantageous in a number of ways. A wisely chosen spot, or a package will help you reduce your expense, as travelling is an expensive hobby.
People who like and enjoy travelling have different options to try every time; a crowded market, historical momentum, a lonesome beach, and high hills and many more. Very rarely do people, other than those involved in the medical field, bother to find out anything much about different diseases and disorders, until somebody close is afflicted by them.
Majority of the links provided below direct you to topics and articles on different mental and physical health conditions, including asthma, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, epilepsy, eating disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, ailments associated with pregnancy, childhood, and much more.
Below is a guide to help people with all forms of disabilities to travel safely. If travelling to a new country then make sure of having details and include a list of hotels, food, culture, language, laws, travel options, emergency numbers, currency of that region and other many more minute details.
A To Z List Of Medical Diseases, Disorders, Common Medical Conditions Explained
There are more websites, magazine articles, and guide books out there then I could count which claim to give practical travel advice for the more adventurous explorer. People do lose their luggage as they travel so, having an extra dose will act as a backup when one dose gets lost. It's a feeling of freedom, Freedom from routine and a great experience each time. You can make new friends, get rid of day to day frustrations, and give yourself some time to experience something new.
Air travel is therefore safe for those with high blood pressure provided they don't have other severe complications attached with them. You need to keep your medical case file with the details of medication that you take and the emergency contact numbers on the top of your unlocked briefcase.
In airports, there are attendants that are supposed to attend to the needs of those travelling with disabilities. Beat the jet lag and common travel troubles with 'buzzle bee' guide. Here's a comprehensive guide with information about various kinds of diseases and disorders, specially compiled to help you comprehend them easily.
Kidney Diseases
What do you love most about travel? While there are inherent risks to travelling anywhere across the globe, there are some countries that are highly dangerous for travelling with kids. I know that it's only natural to seek those you have something obvious in common with, but too many visitors just latch on to friendships and cliques with other English speaking foreigners, and their social life revolves around this group.
So, without further ado, here are 5 of the most dangerous countries for travelling with kids. With all these improvements, people with disabilities are now able to travel for vacation or a business trip to places far away from their home. One always get to meet new people and explore new places while on a trip, and this provides you with new information and education, which you can never get at traditional schools.
However, with all these improvements we have made, travelling for people with disabilities is still a challenge for them, especially when they are travelling alone or, they are travelling to an unknown destination. Traveling lightly enables disabled travelers to be more flexible to situations that arise besides, a large amount of luggage can also easily get lost.
Rare Diseases
A hobby, whatever it may be is definitely a fun activity and a stress buster. Travelling alone allows you to choose the people you wish to spend time with rather than having to face the day-after-day annoyances of the inevitable clowns and whingers found in any large group. Travelling, for people with disabilities, is very hectic, especially when they arrive at the airport.
Freedom Most people who travel alone generally cite freedom as the great motivating factor: freedom to please themselves, go where and when they want, change their plans on a whim when they hear about something that is a 'must' to see, and to accept spontaneous invitations by locals.
About Buzzle
People travel for multiple reasons, such as business, fun, and learning, just to name a few. This also ensures that when travelling, a disabled person does not run out of their medicine forcing them to start looking for a drug store when travelling. Unless they have company, travelling with a huge amount of luggage is not easy. A doctor's note contains important information about a condition that a disabled person is facing and this will help doctors save a lot of time on tests in case of an emergency.
With solo travel, there is no peer pressure over finances, the unspoken need to divide up restaurant bills equally, or guilt trips when you want to go off on your own for a while. Also, always keep cash on you while travelling around, it may be common to use debit or credit damn dear anywhere in the North, but down south this isn't so often the case.
Meeting people Travelling solo does not mean that you will always be alone. So, without further ado, here are 5 of the most dangerous countries for travelling with kids.


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R-Pi Troubleshooting
Back to the Hub.
This page lists the most common problems and suggests some solutions.
See RPi_Bugs for problems that are bugs.
- 1 Power / Start-up
- 1.1 Normal LED status
- 1.2 Red power LED does not light, nothing on display
- 1.3 Red power LED is blinking
- 1.4 Red power LED is on, green LED does not flash, nothing on display
- 1.5 Green LED blinks in a specific pattern
- 1.6 Coloured splash screen
- 1.7 Kernel Panic on boot
- 1.8 Raspberry Pi shuts down (or restarts) soon after booting up
- 1.9 Pi boots sometimes but not always
- 2 Keyboard / Mouse / Input Devices
- 3 Updating firmware
- 4 SD cards
- 5 Networking
- 5.1 Ethernet connection is lost when a USB device is plugged in
- 5.2 Ethernet connects at 10M instead of 100M
- 5.3 Cannot ssh in to Pi
- 5.4 Network/USB chip gets too hot to touch
- 5.5 Networking no longer works when changing SD card between two Raspberry Pis
- 5.6 Crashes occur with high network load
- 5.7 Network connection fails when a Graphical User Interface is being used
- 6 Passwords
- 7 Sound
- 8 Display
- 8.1 Startx fails to start
- 8.2 Screen is the wrong color
- 8.3 Video does not play or plays very slowly
- 8.4 Can only get 800x480 resolution in LXDE (Arch linux)
- 8.5 Big black borders around small image on HD monitors
- 8.6 Writing spills off the screen on HD monitors
- 8.7 Interference visible on a HDMI or DVI monitor
- 8.8 No HDMI output at all
- 8.9 Composite displays no image
- 8.10 Composite displays only black and white image
- 8.11 HDMI -> VGA adapters
- 10 General
- 11 Troubleshooting power problems
- 12 Hardware versions/revisions
- 13 References
Power / Start-up
A good power supply that will supply 5V is vital. There is more information about See #Troubleshooting_power_problems.
Note that the PI has no BIOS, so nothing will be displayed on screen unless the PI successfully boots!
Normal LED status
There are five LEDS near the USB connector.
|normal status
|card status
|flashing during SD card activity
|steady ON when PI receives some power
|full duplex
|on when Ethernet connection is full duplex
|on when Ethernet is connected
|100 Mbps
|on when connection is 100 Mbps off when 10 Mbps
See the next sections for how to interpret other statuses.
Red power LED does not light, nothing on display
The power is not properly connected.
Red power LED is blinking
The red power LED should never blink, because it is hard-wired to the 3.3V power supply rail. If it is blinking, as one user has reported[1] it means the 5V power supply is dropping out. Use a different power supply.
Red power LED is on, green LED does not flash, nothing on display
note; For technical reasons the green LED might light up very faintly, this is normal, but it doesn't mean it "burns". When flashing/blinking the green LED should light up as bright as the power LED.
- The Raspberry Pi cannot find a valid image on the SD card. Check card is inserted correctly. Check that you have correctly written a Raspberry Pi image to the card. Did you have admin rights when you used the SD-card writer software? Without it the software might go through the motions without actually doing anything! To check if the writing process did actually happen Insert the SD card into a Windows machine and you should see bootcode.bin, fixup.dat and start.elf amongst others. See also, Known SD Cards. It is also possible that the image you are writing to the card is corrupt, as downloads do occasionally end up corrupted or truncated. You can check with the checksum utility if your download is correct.
- Try with no cables connected except the USB power lead, and SD card inserted. You should see flashing of the OK light for ~20 seconds. If that helps, plug in cables one at a time to identify which is interfering with boot.
- Confirm the USB cable is properly seated in the power slot. The red power LED does not necessarily mean it is fully connected.
- The voltage is too low (below 5 V), try a different power supply and/or cable. The R-Pi needs a supply rated for 700 mA or more. Some supplies labeled as such cannot actually provide their rated current while maintaining 5V. See also, #Troubleshooting_power_problems.
- There may be a bug in the distributed version of bootcode.bin which causes problems with some sdcards. Try this version: https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/blob/234c19de7cbaaf4997671d61df20a05759066295/boot/bootcode.bin. Please let us know if it "fixes" your non-working SD card (or, more importantly, if it doesn't). This can also manifest itself as intermittent booting, or only booting when cold.
- (unlikely) hardware abuse, for example by connecting a 7 V supply to a 3v3 GPIO output pin[2] or powering up the board after a solder splash shorts some traces[3].
- Look at the SD card holder on the Raspberry Pi carefully. At first glance it may look fine but the contacts must be springy and they must protrude at least 2mm as measured from the lower edge of the holder to the top of the contact bulge. This happens due to the solder process and the type of holder used. Some of the solder residue falls into the contact cavity restricting the springiness and the height that the contact protrudes. You can fix this yourself but remember you can void your warranty. The contacts are delicate so be carefull. Insert a needle pin under the contact bulge and pull lightly up until the one end of the contact unclips. Clean the cavity where the contact unclipped from of any solder or other residue by blowing into the cavity. Clip the contact back into the cavity by lightly pushing it into the cavity. Do this for all the contacts. Look at these photos. Media:SDcardHolder.JPG, Media:UnclipContact.JPG, Media:UnclippedContact.JPG
- If for whatever reason the main polyfuse F3 has been overheated previously it may happen that it hasn't completely recovered, in which case, if you turn the PI on, a considerable amount of energy from the power supply is lost in the fuse and doesn't reach the PI. Try if the polyfuse seems hot. For this problem too read #Troubleshooting_power_problems.
Green LED blinks in a specific pattern
With recent firmware, according to this forum post the green light will blink in a specific pattern to indicate some types of errors:
- 3 flashes: loader.bin not found
- 4 flashes: loader.bin not launched
- 5 flashes: start.elf not found
- 6 flashes: start.elf not launched
- 7 flashes: kernel.img not found
Firmware since 20th October 2012 no longer requires loader.bin, and the flashes mean:
- 3 flashes: start.elf not found
- 4 flashes: start.elf not launched
- 7 flashes: kernel.img not found
If start.elf won't launch it may be corrupt.
Coloured splash screen
With recent firmware, a coloured splash screen (actually its just four pixels "blown up" by the GPU to full screen) is displayed after GPU firmware (start.elf) is loaded. This should be replaced by linux console a second later. However if the coloured screen remains, it suggests the kernel.img file is failing to boot. Try replacing it with a known good one.
Immediately after displaying the splash screen, the PI starts consuming a little more current, if the PI resets at that moment its an indication that your PSU isn't able to deliver the full current your PI requires, but dips its output voltage below a minimum when loaded with the full current the PI needs.
Kernel Panic on boot
Text appears on screen, but then hangs with debug messages. This can be caused by USB devices such as keyboards. Try again with nothing in the USB.
Raspberry Pi shuts down (or restarts) soon after booting up
This is caused by a power supply producing too low a voltage. See #Troubleshooting_power_problems.
Pi boots sometimes but not always
With a known good power supply and known good SD card, the R-Pi boots occasionally, but other times shows only a tiny green flicker from the "OK" LED and it fails to start, even with no USB devices and no Ethernet. This has been reported several times[4] [5] [6] and remains an open issue. Low voltage or an improper SD card can cause it. Some SD cards will work until they warm up slightly, and then fail[7]. When exposed to 21 C room temperature the warmest part of an uncased working R-Pi should be 41 C[8]. The wiki has a list of working SD cards. Buy from a reliable vendor as it has been claimed that 1/3 of all "Sandisk" labelled memory cards are counterfeit.
- It could be that the SD memory card is not making proper contact with the Raspberry Pi. Look at the SD card holder on the Raspberry Pi carefully. At first glance it may look fine but the contacts must be springy and they must protrude at least 2mm as measured fron the lower edge of the holder to the top of the contact bulge. This happens due to the solder process and the type of holder used. Some of the solder residue falls into the contact cavity restricting the springiness and the height that the contact protrudes. You can fix this yourself but remember you can void your warranty. The contacts are delicate so be carefull. Insert a needle pin under the contact bulge and pull lightly up until the one end of the contact unclips. Clean the cavity where the contact unclipped from of any solder or other residue by blowing into the cavity. Clip the contact back into the cavity by lightly pushing it into the cavity. Do this for all the contacts. Look at these photos. Media:SDcardHolder.JPG, Media:UnclipContact.JPG, Media:UnclippedContact.JPG
Keyboard / Mouse / Input Devices
R-Pi does not respond to key presses / Keyboard randomly repeats key presses
note:during entering the password most linux distro's wont show that you typed in anything (not even "*" characters) this is normal behaviour, try the keyboard while entering the user name!
This is most often caused by inadequate power. Use a good power supply and a good power cable. Some cheap cables that work with a cell phone, cannot fully power the R-Pi. Some USB devices require a lot of power: most will have a label showing the voltage and mA requirements. They should be 5v 100mA each max, any more than this they must be used with a powered USB hub. Try unplugging every USB device except the keyboard (you should also note that some keyboards have built in hubs and can try to draw 150mA (Pi can only handle 100mA per USB slot without a hub)). Also, use the latest software. Forum user MrEngman reported some keyboard repeats and wireless hangs until upgrading to the debian6-19-04-2012 kernel, which he reports stable with no problems even with a low TP1-TP2 voltage of 4.65 - 4.68 volts.
Some users have reported that their keyboards work fine on Arch linux, but on Debian distro's, their keyboards become erratic (repeats and/or skips key presses). One suggested remedy to this, which has some positive feedback, is to adjust the USB bus speed. To do this, you need to edit the cmdline.txt file, and add "dwc_otg.speed=1" (without quotes) to the end of the file (found in the /boot directory).
Worst case scenario, some (advanced) keyboards, such as the Roccat Arvo, have kernel modules that need activating. If you have access to another keyboard temporarily, you will need to modprobe the relevent driver. Or if this is not possible, you can rebuild the kernel (instructions available on the wiki page) with the modules installed. (to find the drivers for keyboards etc, you need to find "Device Drivers -> hid Devices".)
Keyboard / Mouse interferes with USB WiFi device
Connecting a keyboard and/or mouse while a USB WiFi device is connected, may cause one or both devices to malfunction. On April 30 2012, there was a bugfix[9] relating to USB sharing between high-speed (eg. WiFi) and full/low-speed devices (eg. keyboard/mouse). User spennig[10][11] reports this patch did not fix the Mouse/WiFi conflict. On 2012-05-12, user spennig was pleased to confirm that wifi was working with a USB keyboard and mouse, as long as the Raspberry Pi had a good PSU and a powered hub. Even so, some experimentation was needed, e.g. USB WiFi connected to the device, and the keyboard and mouse connected to the powered hub. Some experimentation may be necessary to find a working combination; however a good power supply is essential.
Wireless Keyboard trouble
Some wireless keyboards, for example the Microsoft Wireless Keyboard 800 are reported to fail[12] even though the current drawn by the wireless adaptor is within the R-Pi USB spec limit of 100 mA. This may be a software driver problem.
Re-mapping the keyboard with Debian Squeeze
If different letters appear on-screen from that which you typed, you need to reconfigure you keyboard settings. In Debian, from a command line type:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration
Follow the prompts. Then restart your RasPi.
From the command line type:
sudo nano /etc/default/keyboard
Then find where it says
and change the gb to the two letter code for your country. [1]
Slow keyboard mapping
If you have remapped your keyboard and get a very long delay during the keyboard mapping at startup, type the following once on the command line after you have logged in:
sudo setupcon
No USB device works, with known good PS, SD card, KB
There has been more than one report[13][14][15] of a R-Pi booting but not getting USB input, using a known-good power supply, SD card, and keyboard. The more common cause for no USB devices working is low power supply voltage from bad PSU, cable, or USB hub, but in this case the problem was no clock signal present at the LAN9512 USB/Ethernet chip "IC3", and the solution was to reflow the solder on the 25 MHz crystal "X1" on the bottom side of the board. Or return the board for a replacement, but before making this conclusion, confirm known good peripherals. A significant number of USB keyboards are not compatible with R-Pi. As of June 1 2012, Eben reported[16] that only about 1 in 1000 shipped R-Pi boards have been found to have a hardware fault of any kind.
Updating firmware
Check your firmware version
Using the latest firmware version may help various problems with SD card and display compatibility. Check the kernel version with:
uname -a Linux RPi 3.1.19 #1 PREEMPT Fri Jun 1 14:16:38 CEST 2012 armv6l GNU/Linux
And the GPU firmware with:
/opt/vc/bin/vcgencmd version May 31 2012 13:35:03 Copyright (c) 2012 Broadcom version 317494 (release)
Get the latest firmware version
The GPU firmware and kernel can be updated with Hexxeh's rpi-update tool.
However this requires the Pi to be successfully booted. With sdcard problems, you may not get that far, so can try a manual udpate. If you have a Linux machine, rpi-update can be run on that in an offline mode, and will update your sdcard from the Linux machine.
Otherwise, on a Windows computer, you will see the "/boot" partition appear as the contents of SD card. You can download the latest GPU firmware version here. Click on view raw, then save it, and put the new start.elf file on the sdcard replacing the existing one. Similarly, the latest kernel is here. After updating these files you should be able to boot. You still need to run rpi-update to update the kernel modules (in /lib/modules) and the GPU libraries (in /opt/vc).
Choosing the right ARM/GPU memory split
There is a choice of how the 256M/512M of RAM is divided between the ARM and GPU:
gpu_mem=16 : 16M GPU, 240M/496M ARM split : Maximum ARM memory. Good for ARM desktop use. No accelerated video or 3D possible. gpu_mem=64 : 64M GPU, 192M/448M ARM split : Reasonable ARM memory. Simple video (omxplayer) or 3D (quake) is possible. This is the default. gpu_mem=128 : 128M GPU, 128M/384M ARM split : Use this for heavy 3D work, or 3D plus video. Needed for XBMC.
To switch, edit the gpu_mem= setting in your config.txt and reboot.
Note: other amounts are also possible, but setting gpu_mem=32 is usually the wrong choice. gpu_mem=16 is almost always a better choice.
Also note that before the release of the 51MB PI a different method was used based on splitting the 256MB RAM in a part for the CPU and GPU. As this noting system was causing trouble if the amount of RAM was not always the same. the above new method was adapted.
Make sure your editor doesn't change the first letter of the line into an uppercase letter, as some editors do. The entry is case sensitive.
SD cards
- If you have problems, check you have latest firmware version (described above)
- Some SD cards do not work on the R-Pi, so check the list of known SD cards.
- If you are having problems setting up your SD card you might want to start by erasing it completely - especially if it has been used elsewhere and still contains data / partitions.
- Windows and Mac users can download a formatting tool from the SD Association: https://www.sdcard.org/downloads/formatter_3/
- Reformatting cards is also easy to do in a digital camera.
- After writing the image to the SD card, verify that you can see the boot partition when you insert the SD card into your computer. The partition should contain a number of files, including start.elf and kernel.img. If you do not see these files on the SD card, you have made an error writing the image file.
- If you are manually preparing your SD card on Linux or Mac OS using the dd command, this operation will completely erase any existing data and partitions. Make sure you write to the whole card (e.g. /dev/sdd) and not to an existing partition (e.g. /dev/sdd1).
- If you have an sdcard that doesn't work with latest firmware, head over here.
- If you put the SD card into your PC in an attempt to write the R-Pi operating system onto it, and the PC tells you the card is write-protected, even with the write-protect tab in the correct, forward position, then you may have a faulty SD-card rewriter. There's a common fault with many SD-card rewriters - The write-protect tab is detected by a very thin, narrow metal strip, that is part of a switch. When the card is inserted, the write-protect tab is supposed to push the strip and make/break the contact, as needed. Unfortunately, these strips have a habit of getting stuck, because they are mounted in a thin plastic channel, and only need to be deformed slightly sideways to get jammed.
Luckily, if you have this problem, most built-in card readers are easy to pull apart and repair; some users have even reported succesfully unjamming the switch with a blast of compressed air from a can into the SD-card slot without having to dismantle anything. You may also be able to temporarily get round the problem by putting the write-protect tab in a half-way position - this pushes on a different part of the strip and may break the contact - it's worth trying a few, slightly different positions. You could also use a USB-SD card adaptor, which are cheap to buy.
Ethernet connection is lost when a USB device is plugged in
This is often caused by inadequate power. Use a good power supply and a good power cable. Some cheap cables that work with a cell phone, cannot fully power the R-Pi. Some USB devices require a lot of power (>100 mA), so they must be used with a powered USB hub. Some cheap USB hubs suck power from the Raspberry Pi even if a USB power supply is connected. (More often than not, however, the reverse is true with cheap hubs—the Pi draws just enough power backwards from the powered hub to unsuccessfully attempt booting.)
There is an ongoing issue with the Ethernet connection being lost when low-speed devices, such as mice or keyboards are connected via a powered USB hub. The simplest way to solve this is to connect your mouse and keyboard directly into the 2 USB ports on the R-Pi (assuming they draw less than 100 mA apiece).
Ethernet connects at 10M instead of 100M
The LED in the corner of the board labelled "10M" is mislabeled on the rev 1.0 PC board. It is correctly labeled "100" on the rev 2.0 PC board. When that LED is on, RasPi is connected at 100 Mbps. You can confirm the true transfer rate using a network benchmark such as iperf. You can also read the current network speed with:
cat /sys/class/net/eth0/speed
Cannot ssh in to Pi
In the Debian image, ssh is disabled by default. Boot commands are taken from /boot/boot.rc if that file present. There is an example file named boot_enable_ssh.rc that enables ssh. So:
sudo mv /boot/boot_enable_ssh.rc /boot/boot.rc
and reboot should enable ssh. (password as below)
Network/USB chip gets too hot to touch
This is normal. In open air at 24 C, the LAN9512 Ethernet/USB chip reaches about 52 C after some time. This is too hot to touch for more than a few seconds, but it is not unusually hot for the chip.
The LAN9512 data sheet in Table 4.1 on p.40 says it comes in two versions, rated for operation at an ambient temperature in still air (Ta) of 70 C (commercial) or 85 C (industrial). It uses 763 mW at 3.3V with maximum traffic on 100baseT and both USB ports (Table 4.3.4, p. 42).
There is a study of RasPi heat profiles by "Remy" at ¿Se calienta el ordenador Raspberry Pi? Estudio de sus temperaturas en funcionamiento (Is the Raspberry Pi computer getting hot? A study of its operational temperature.) The Spanish article has numerous color temperature images of RasPi in various operational modes, with the highest LAN9512 case temperature measured as 64.5 C.
Networking no longer works when changing SD card between two Raspberry Pis
In some distributions, /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules remembers which MAC address is associated with eth0, so each new device will be assigned as a different interface (eth1, eth2, etc.) due to the different MAC addresses. Editing /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules to remove the invalid rules and rebooting may help fix the problem.
Crashes occur with high network load
The USB driver allocates memory from the kernel, and when traffic is very high (e.g. when using torrents/newsgroup downloads) this memory can be exhausted causing crashes/hangs. You should have a line like:
vm.min_free_kbytes = 8192
in /etc/sysctl.conf. Try increasing that number to 16384 (or higher). If that doesn't work, try adding to /boot/cmdline.txt
which will reduce network throughput, but has improved stability issues for some.
Network connection fails when a Graphical User Interface is being used
The network connection may fail when the command startx is used to enter a Graphical User Interface. This is caused by a bug in the USB driver related to certain types of USB mouse.
As of 1 September 2012, this fault is fixed in the latest firmware. To load the latest firmware, see http://elinux.org/R-Pi_Troubleshooting#Updating_firmware
I do not know the password to login
Please check the page http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads for the correct username and password for each image.
Here are the most common username/password combinations:
- Raspian "wheezy" pi/raspberry
- Debian after Feb 2012: pi/raspberry
- Debian 17 Feb 2012: pi/suse
- Arch: root/root
- Bodhi: pi/bodhilinux
Some programs refuse to accept my password
While using Debian, some programs may ask for your password but refuse to accept a valid password.
This is a fault in old Debian images previous to September 2012. If you are using an image with this fault, upgrade to a more modern image or enter the following command on the command line.
gconftool-2 --type bool --set /apps/gksu/sudo-mode true
Please enter this command carefully, the spaces are important. The command should be accepted without any response or errors.
I don't know the root password
There is no root password set by default on Debian. You are expected to do everything through sudo. You can set one with "sudo passwd root" - just make sure you know what you are doing with a root account.
Sound does not work with an HDMI monitor
This is caused by some computer monitors which select DVI mode even if an HDMI cable is connected. This fix may be necessary even if other HDMI devices work perfectly on the same monitor (or TV)!
Edit the configuration file - see the instructions at R-Pi_ConfigurationFile.
Add the following line to the configuration file:
This will force it to select HDMI mode.
More reasons why sound does not work with an HDMI monitor
With an HDMI connection it might be possible to hear:
./hello_audio.bin 1
but not:
aplay /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Front_Center.wav
Firstly, it seems that some HD TVs mute audible sound output when there is no digital input, and slowly fade the sound up and down at the start and end of digital input. This means that short duration sounds will not be heard. A work around is to play longer duration wav files.
Secondly, it seems that some HD TVs mute audible sound output when there is only one channel of digital input. So, as the file Front_Center.wav is mono, it might not be heard. ALSA aplay uses the file information header to configure its digital output. And the aplay -c 2 option does not over-ride the settings aplay picks up from the file information header. So, if your HD TV doesn't accept just one channel of digital input, you cannot use aplay to hear a mono wav file. However, with the command speaker-test, the -c2 option does work, and sets 2 channels in the digital stream. So speaker-test can be used to hear the file Front_Center.wav in either the left or right speaker using the -s option 1 or 2. For example
Speaker-test -c 2 -s 1 -t wav -W /usr/share/sounds/alsa -w Front_Center.wav
should be heard on the left speaker. But note that the command speaker-test seems only to like mono wav files, and seems not to play stereo wav files.
The command aplay plays 2 channel stereo wav files in stereo sound without problem (provided they last longer than the time it takes the TV to unmute and remute). A helpful example I found is the stereo file LRMonoPhase4.wav at the Kozco web site [2]
Sound does not work at all, or in some applications
Enter the command 'alsamixer' and use the control to check that the volume is up (arrow keys) and that the output is not muted (M key).
In Debian Squeeze, sound is disabled by default because the ALSA sound driver is still "alpha" (not fully tested) on the R-Pi. To install support for sound, type the following from a command line (from the command prompt before "startx" or in a terminal window)
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade sudo apt-get install alsa-utils sudo modprobe snd_bcm2835
On Debian Wheezy, snd_bm2835 is enabled by default, so the 'modprobe' step is not necessary. Next try:
sudo aplay /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Front_Center.wav
By default output will be automatic (hdmi if hdmi supports audio, otherwise analogue). You can force it with:
sudo amixer cset numid=3 <n>
where n is 0=auto, 1=headphones, 2=hdmi.
With recent firmware, you can build hello_audio with:
cd /opt/vc/src/hello_pi/ ./rebuild.sh cd hello_audio
With older firmware
cd /opt/vc/src/hello_pi/hello_audio make
to test analogue output:
./hello_audio.bin 1
to test HDMI.
Also note that you may have to add your user to the 'audio' group to get permission to access the sound card.
Following this setup, you should be able to play wav files with the command
aplay "my file.wav"
Other command features can be found with
aplay --help
You will find numerous test files under /usr/share/scratch/Media/Sounds/ .
Removal of installed pulseaudio
Since December 2012 the standard raspbian wheezy distribution, and apt-get upgrade, have included pulseaudio. Forum posts suggest that pulseaudio can break alsa. Whilst some members identify various workarounds, others find only removal of pulseaudio restores sound output.
sudo apt-get --purge remove pulseaudio
Playing MP3 files
The alsa app (previous section) plays wav files. If you want to play mp3 files, do the following to install an mp3 player (after installing alsa-utils):
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade sudo apt-get install mpg321
You can play mp3 files with the command
mpg321 "my file.mp3"
Other command options can be determined with
mpg321 --help
The mp3 support with this app is complete but not robust.
Startx fails to start
If you just get errors instead of a desktop when typing
you may be out of storage space on the SD card. By default there are only a few hundred MB free in the 2 GB main partition, which can quickly fill up if you download files. Make sure there is some space free (gparted can expand a partition, if the SD card is > 2GB). Also, installing some software may incorrectly create or modify a .Xauthority file in your home directory, causing startx to fail, according to this thread. Temporarily renaming, moving, or deleting that file may fix the problem.
Screen is the wrong color
Check and see if the DVI cable is screwed in properly. If that doesn't work then try this section.
Video does not play or plays very slowly
The only hardware-accelerated video player is in the XBMC distribution and its command line variant omxplayer. H264 is the only hardware-accelerated codec, for playback. No hardware encoding is supported. Additional codecs were not purchased as licensing fees would have increased the R-Pi's price.
Can only get 800x480 resolution in LXDE (Arch linux)
Known issue with distro package as of 17th April 2012 - there's some missing boot config information. Creating a suitable cmdline.txt fixes it - type the following at the Raspberry Pi command line:
sudo echo "dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=ttyAMA0,115200 kgdboc=ttyAMA0,115200 root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rootfstype=ext3 rootwait" >/boot/cmdline.txt
Big black borders around small image on HD monitors
Out of the box, R-Pi graphics don't necessarily fill the whole screen. This is due to something called "Underscan", and it can be fixed easily.
Note: the best solution is to disable overscan in display menu options (it may be called "just scan", "screen fit", "HD size", "full pixel", "unscaled", "dot by dot", "native" or "1:1"), then use the disable_overscan=1 option.
Edit the configuration file, see the instructions at R-Pi_ConfigurationFile.
Add the following lines to the configuration file...
If your display has no overscan:
or if your display has some overscan:
overscan_left=-20 overscan_right=-20 overscan_top=-20 overscan_bottom=-20
Making the R-Pi graphics fill the screen is a matter of experimenting with the numbers you put in the config.txt file. Change the numbers – try jumps of 5 or 10 at a time. Bigger negative numbers reduce the black borders (so -40 means less black border than -20). The numbers do not all have to be the same; you can use this feature to centre the display on the screen.
Writing spills off the screen on HD monitors
Out of the box, R-Pi graphics may be larger than the 1080p (ie Full HD) screen. This is due to something called "Overscan", and it can be fixed easily by creating a simple text file on the R-Pi SD card by using Notepad on your PC.
Follow the instructions in the section "Big black borders around small image on HD monitors", but use positive numbers for the overscan settings, for example
overscan_left=20 overscan_right=20 overscan_top=20 overscan_bottom=20
Interference visible on a HDMI or DVI monitor
This may be caused by loss of signal on long video cables. The signal level may be increased by changing a configuration parameter.
Edit the configuration file, see the instructions at R-Pi_ConfigurationFile.
Add the following line to the configuration file
You may experiment with different values of config_hdmi_boost. Value 1 is used for very short cables, value 7 is used for very long cables. At your own risk, you can go up to 11, but risk frying a sensitive monitor.
Note that various adapters, such as HDMI-to-DVI, can also cause power loss and therefore require high values of config_hdmi_boost even with short cables.
This option can also help when there is no display output at all, the display periodically blanks, or colours are wrong/inverted.
This symptom can also be caused by RasPi +5V (measured from TP1 to TP2) falling too low. See Troubleshooting Power Problems.
No HDMI output at all
First make sure the display is powered on and switched to the right input before booting Pi.
If you have the Wheezy image (recommended) then try
Otherwise, try adding the following line to the configuration file (similar to interference case above)
Your monitor/cable may not be asserting the hotplug signal. You can override this with:
Also try the following video options:
hdmi_group=2 hdmi_mode=4
which resolved an issue with DVI monitor reporting "input signal out of range"
As a last resort, try deleting (rename to keep backup) config.txt from the SD card.
Also check that the RasPi +5V voltage (measured from TP1 to TP2) is in the correct range. One user found that his DVI-D monitor blanked out when +5V was too low. See Troubleshooting Power Problems.
Here's a rare cause: A standard HDMI cable has five individual ground wires plus a shield. Some cheap HDMI cables do not implement the individual grounds and just have a common foil shield that's connected to the HDMI plug shells at both ends. This works OK in most HDMI applications since most HDMI sources (like RasPi) and most monitors connect the shells to circuit ground. However, some HDMI or DVI monitors may requires individual ground lines. You can tell if an HDMI cable implements the individual grounds by checking for continuity using an Ohmmeter or multimeter. You can find the HDMI pinout for full-size connectors at Wikipedia.
Composite displays no image
The output display will default to HDMI if a HDMI display is connected, and composite if not. Make sure there isn't a HDMI cable connected when you want to use composite output.
Also, check that your TV is set to the correct input, normally marked "AV". If your TV has multiple AV inputs, try all of the inputs, normally by pressing a button marked "AV" or "Input" or "Source" or "->O" on the remote control.
Composite displays only black and white image
The composite display defaults to NTSC (American) output. Most TVs will show an image with that, but older PAL (European) televisions may display only back and white or no image. To fix this:
Edit the configuration file, see the instructions at R-Pi_ConfigurationFile.
Add the following line to the configuration file
(You can try other values: 0 is NTSC, 1 is Japanese NTSC, 2 is PAL, 3 is Brazilian PAL)
HDMI -> VGA adapters
Some good information can be found here:
- RPi_VerifiedPeripherals#HDMI-.3EVGA_converter_boxes
- (RPi forum) Serious HDMI Problems. What's that smell? Burning Raspberry!
A commonly used adapter from Ebay: gallery with detailed images & steps of a modification to use external power source: HERE --by Pinoccio
Remember that the GPIO pins are 3.3V logic level only, and are NOT 5V tolerant.
If you momentarily shorted the two end GPIO pins together (+3.3V and +5V), or a supply pin to ground, and the Pi appears to be dead, don't panic. The input polyfuse may have tripped. It is self-resetting after it cools down and the polymer re-crystallizes, which can take several hours. Set the Pi aside and try again later.
The GPIO pins connect directly into the core of the ARM processer, and are static-sensitive, so you should avoid touching the pins wherever possible. If you are carrying a static charge, for example by taking off an acrylic pullover, or walking across a nylon carpet, touching the GPIO pins could destroy your R-Pi, so always earth yourself before touching the pins or anything connected to them.
The time is incorrect
If the clock is off by a series of hours, in the command line type:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
The R-Pi has no real-time clock, so unless it can access a timeserver over the network at boot, or time is manually entered by the user, the time/date will restart counting from the last logged time in the previous session.
A part broke off
The silver cylinder near the microUSB power input is a 220 uF capacitor ("C6" on schematic). It sticks up and due to the small surface-mount pads, it is easy to break off; several people have done so. This is a power supply filter capacitor which reduces any noise and spikes on the input +5V power. If you like, you can solder it back on, or just leave it off. If you do solder it back on, take care to observe the correct polarity with the black stripe towards the board edge. This part, C6 is a "just in case" component which is good design practice to include, but as it turns out most power supplies still work OK without this part installed. This part is also discussed here.
Unable to install new software
When trying to install a software package (using the command sudo apt-get install xxxx) you may see the error
Package yyyy is not available
This means that your software list is out of date. Before attempting to install software, you should always make sure that you are using the latest software list by using the commands
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade
Troubleshooting power problems
If you think you have a problem with your power supply, it is a good idea to check the actual voltage on the Raspberry Pi circuit board. Two test points labelled TP1 and TP2 are provided on the circuit board to facilitate voltage measurements.
Use a multimeter which is set to the range 20 volts DC (or 20v =). You should see a voltage between 4.75 and 5.25 volts. Anything outside this range indicates that you have a problem with your power supply or your power cable.
If you have not used a multimeter before, see these [basic instructions]
Note: Even if the multimeter shows the correct voltage, you may have some power supply problems. A multimeter only displays the average voltage. If there are very short-lived dips or spikes in the voltage, these will not be shown by the multimeter. It is best to measure voltage when Pi is busy.
If your voltage is low, it could be:
- The power supply produces too low a voltage
- The power supply cannot supply enough current, which results in a voltage drop. Make sure Power supply is labelled as at least 700mA. (Some cheap power supplies don't deliver what is labelled).
- The Micro USB power cable is low quality. Some Micro USB cables have very thin conductors, resulting in enough voltage drop for RasPi to fail even if the power supply itself is fine. For details, see On_the_RPi_usb_power_cable.
- Attached USB devices want too much power. The Pi is only designed for up to 100mA USB devices. A USB device wanting more that that will cause a voltage drop.
- The F3 Polyfuse could be blown or bad, see below for how to test.
Note: keyboards with LCD displays, built in USB hubs, backlights, etc are likely to be problematic. Try to use a basic one. Wifi dongles are also unlikely to work when directly connected. Connect high powered USB devices to a powered USB hub.
Try booting without HDMI, ethernet or USB deviced plugged in, and see if the voltage improves. See also: Power Supply Problems
How to test the F3 polyfuse[17]
- Remove all the things plugged into your Raspberry Pi, including SD card.
- Locate the TP2 test point on the top of the board.
- Turn your board over and find the TP2 test point on the bottom of the board. One lead of your multi-meter will always be on the TP2 point on the bottom of the board for all tests.
- Plug your power supply into the micro usb port and power your board.
- Place one lead of your multi-meter on the TP2 point on the bottom of the board and one lead on the side of the F3 fuse closest to the edge of the board. Note the voltage. This is the voltage coming into your RPi from your power supply.
- Keeping one lead on TP2, move the other lead to the side of F3 closest to the SD card slot. This is the voltage coming out of the F3 fuse.
If the voltage is different by more than about 0.3v you probably have an issue with the F3 fuse[18].
When polyfuses "blow" their resistance increases dramatically, there by limiting the voltage that can pass through them. If your power problem suddenly appeared after your board was known to be working fine, it is probable the fuse is just "blown" and will return to normal. Polyfuses recover from the tripped state to near their normal value in a few minutes, but do take some hours to fully recover so leave it unpowered and check it again in a little while.[19] If your power problem has been since the first time you plugged in your board, the fuse was probably bad when it arrived and should be returned to place you purchased it.
If you prefer to make your own PSU - see: Power Supply construction - HowTo
Hardware versions/revisions
Several different boards have been found probably from different assembly lines, and the following tables try to help you identify your board for better troubleshooting.
Look for the date of manufacturing printed with the year and week. In this example year (2012) and week (18th):
For what we can see for model B boards there are mainly two versions that differ on the type RAM used, Samsung (S) and Hynix (H).
For Board ver. we used: <model><RAM Maker><production date> (ex.: BS1218 is "Model B, Samsung RAM, 18th week of 2012")
Model A:
Model B:
See a complete list and user feedback here: RaspberryPi Boards
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=7528
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5096&p=76503#p76503
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5096&p=76654#p76654
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/troubleshooting/will-not-boot-consistently-any-suggestions-before-i-send-my-pi-back
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/troubleshooting/booted-once-wont-work-again
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/troubleshooting/possible-fault-pi-boots-sometimes-but-not-always
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5900&p=79008#p79008
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5900&p=78973#p78973
- ↑ https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/commit/e09244e60881148431ecd016ccc42f1fa0678556
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/troubleshooting/usb-power-hub-wifi/page-4#p74609
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/troubleshooting/success-with-kb-mouse-wifi?value=3761&type=8&include=1&search=1
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/troubleshooting/display-and-keyboard-issues-on-a-real-pi#p74816
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=7533
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?t=5766#p77576
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?t=5766#p80995
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=6822&p=89589&hilit=eben#p89513
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=26&t=22318
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=24005&p=222526#p222526
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=24005&p=222549#p222543


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Common O-Ring materials that are SUITABLE for dynamic and static seal in the environment containing Stearic Acid include
- Aflas: Aflas is the tradename for a unique fluoroelastomer based upon an alternating copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene ("TFE/P").
- Buna-N (Nitrile): Buna-N, also known as Nitrile rubber, is a synthetic rubber copolymer of acrylonitrile (ACN) and butadiene.
- Chemraz: Chemraz combines the resilience and sealing force of an elastomer with chemical resistance approaching that of PTFE.
- Fluorocarbon: Fluorocarbon elastomer (FKM) material is also known by its tradename VITON or Fluorel.
- Kalrez: Kalrez is the tradename for a perfluoroelastomeric material.
- Millable Polyurethane: Millable Polyurethane rubber is made from both polyester and polyether polyols.
- Styrene Butadiene: Styrene-Butadiene rubber (SBR) has properties similar to those of natural rubber.
- Virgin Teflon: Because Teflon is a hard plastic rather than a stretchy elastomer, it is uncommon to see an o-ring that is made entirely of Teflon.
The O-Ring materials below are USUALLY SUITABLE for static seal in the environment containing Stearic Acid.
- Butyl: Butyl (IIR) is a synthetic rubber, a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene.
- Epichlorohydrin: Epichlorohydrin (ECO) has properties similar to nitrile rubber but with better heat and oil resistance as well as better low temperature flexibility.
- Ethylene-Propylene: Ethylene-propylene (EP) is a copolymer of ethylene and propylene.
- Neoprene: Neoprene is a homopolymer of chlorobutadiene (CR).
- Hydrogenated Nitrile: Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR) is also known as Highly Saturated Nitrile (HSN).
- Polysulfide: Polysulfide was one of the first commercial synthetic elastomers.
- Silicone: Silicone is a semi-organic elastomer with outstanding resistance to extremes of temperature.
The following O-Ring materials are SOMETIMES OK for static seal but not for dynamic seal in the environment containing Stearic Acid.
- Fluorosilicone: Fluorosilicone combines excellent low-temperature performance of silicone with improved chemical resistance.
- Hypalon: Hypalon is the traenme of a clasof Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM).
O-Ring materials that are NOT SUITABLE for using in the environment containing Stearic Acid include
- Polyacrylate: Polyacrylate (ACM) is a class of copolymer of ethyl and acrylates.
There is not enough data to determine whether the following common O-Ring materials are suitable for using in the environment containing Stearic Acid or not.
- Natural Rubber: Natural rubber is a product coagulated from the latex of the rubber tree, hevea brasiliensis.
- Cast Polyurethane: Cast Polyurethane exhibits outstanding tensile strength and abrasion resistance in comparison with other elastomers.
- Vamac: Vamac is the tradename of a class of Ethylene Acrylic elastomer (AEM).
Glossary: Design: Oring: Chemical: Styrene Monomer
Glossary: Design: Oring: Chemical: Sulfur Trioxide
Glossary: Design: Oring: Chemical: N-Pentane
Glossary: Design: Oring: Chemical: Isobutyl Alcohol
Glossary: Design: Oring: Chemical: Beer
Glossary: Design: Oring: Chemical: Coolanol Monsanto
Glossary: Design: Oring: Chemical: Benzine (Ligroin)
Glossary: Design: Oring: Chemical: Cold Oxygen
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