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Why do we celebrate Tu BiShvat, the Jewish "New Year of the Trees," in the middle of winter?
Tu BiShvat, called the "New Year of the Trees," falls at a seemingly incongruous time of year.
Why is caring for the environment emphasized on Tu BiShvat?
Tu BiShvat is a minor festival whose provenance dates only to the time of the Second Temple. However, the kabbalists who clustered around the great fifteenth-century mystic Isaac Luria of Safed placed great weight on the holiday, creating new festivities, gatherings at which hymns were sung, fruit (particularly carob) was eaten, and four cups of wine were taken (as in the Passover seder).
Tu BiShvat Fruit and Nut Cups
This dish pays homage to the Seven Species, which we eat on Tu BiShvat.
Vegetarian Mushroom Barley Soup
One favorite dish of the Ashkenazim that survived the move from the shtetl to North America was the hearty mushroom-potato-barley soup called krupnick.
Every Tu BiShvat Is a Second Chance
Tu BiShvat: How Israel Has Planted New Seeds in the Jewish Soul
Galilee Diary: Winter
It is life we want, no more and no less than that, our own life feeding on our own vital sources, in the fields and under the skies of our homeland, a life based on our own physical and mental labors; we want vital energy and spiritual richness from this living source.
A Blessing for Tu BiShvat
We who have become cynical,
Hard shelled,
Whom life has raised its tough first
Of despair and
Disappointment and heartache
And grief,
We who have learned to protect our souls
And toughen our hearts
To avoid more anguish
Tu BiSh'vat: A Time to Celebrate Environmental Justice
There are many reasons to celebrate Tu BiSh'vat this year, as this has been an exciting year for environmental justice.


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Need Emergency Flood Damage Restoration Wollongbar? Do not wait… make a quick call to carpet water damage restorations company. Leaving flooded carpets untreated may cause to grow fungi, bacteria, mould and mildew that may lead to replacing your carpets, costing you fortune!!! Do not worry.. at Ses Carpet Cleaning, we've got team a of professional flood carpet restorations specialists who can help you to avoid build up mould, bacteria, fungi inside the layers of your flooded carpets and restore them to new.
On-Site Response Time 30 min For Emergency Flooded Carpets – Phone Lines Open 24/7 365 Days!
Carpet Flood and Water Damage Wollongbar – Call Mark's Carpet Cleaning on 0488 851 277 for the same day Carpet Flood and Water Damage service.
If your carpet damaged because of the following, please immediately call Mark and we can repair water damage arising from
[contact-form-7 id="16729″ title="Request Callback"]
In case of an emergency, either tap leaked on your carpets because of broken or burst pipes on the carpet, toilet or sewage back up, washing machine over flooded on your carpets, rain-water flooding etc. Our flood and water damage relief service available 24 hours. Within 30 mins of your emergency call, one of our fully certified carpet technician from Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration (IICRC) will be at your commercial or residential property.
As part of our Mark's Carpet Steam Cleaning Wollongbar Water Damage and Flood Damage as well as emergency water flood damage services, we will dry your Wet carpets after successful Water extraction and enable you to have Dry wet carpets. We also Repair wet carpets as part of our Water damage restoration services in Wollongbar. Don't be worried about your Water damage carpet because when we carry out any Water damage repair caused by Emergency water damage after being called for same day Flood restoration and Flood cleanup in all Flooded basements and property.
We provide Emergency water flood damage service to numerous clients faced with Wet carpets due to water damage needing Water extraction for Dry wet carpets. Our clientele features both the domestic Carpet Flood Water Damage Restoration Wollongbar and business cadres whom we serve with passion.
We are blessed with a highly dedicated Carpet Flood Water Damage Restoration Wollongbar team of professionals with profound experience in emergency water flood damage services. Mark's Carpet Steam Cleaning Wollongbar staffs all live within Wollongbar.
Mark's Carpet Flood and Water Damage cleaners are professionally trained and dedicated to quickly restoring your water flood damaged carpet to its original glory. If your carpet accidently damaged and you must get it restored ASAP because untreated, water can leave your carpets damaged beyond repair. With our help, you can avoid these potentially dangerous outcomes and restore your carpets to like new condition.
Untreated carpet can leave
Please always call Ses Water Damage Carpet Cleaning and restoration Wollongbar.
Mark's carpet cleaning has a team of highly trained professionals waiting to restore your carpets to dry, fresh, and clean condition. When you call us, we bring state of the art equipment to quickly deal with moisture and eliminate any potential problems that could arise from the presence of water. We have a full range of services to address dry water damage carpet Wollongbar, including:
Get water removed from your home or business FAST! If you have unfortunately suffered any form of flood or water damage to your carpet it requires urgently and we are available for emergency professional service.
You should clean your carpets regularly if you don't want any dirt particles to deteriorate your carpet fibres. And in case your carpet has got damaged because of any reason get it repaired by professionals immediately.
Yes, we do provide end of lease cleaning services so no renter have to face any problems while returning the carpet to its owner. You will get our services at a reasonable cost. Just reach us online for the best results.
If we neglect hiring professionals in crisis then we might make the problem worse. Not everyone knows the right methods to clean their carpets neither they have got time for it. Therefore to get the carpet thoroughly and professionally cleaned we must seek help from the professionals.
[vsgmap address="Wollongbar, QLD, Australia" width="100%" height="500″]
Location: Wollongbar, QLD, Australia

subset: commoncrawl


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From this week, we are going to explore individual wine regions. Let's start from Bordeaux and south-west France.
Click to learn more about available WSET courses in China>>
All rights reserved by Future plc. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of Decanter.
Only Official Media Partners (see About us) of DecanterChina.com may republish part of the content from the site without prior permission under strict Terms & Conditions. Contact firstname.lastname@example.com to learn about how to become an Official Media Partner of DecanterChina.com.


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All states in which Catholic Syrian Bank has branch(es) are listed below. Click on your desired state to find Catholic Syrian Bank IFSC Code.
State wise list of Catholic Syrian Bank and addresses of all branches in India.
Below is the list of total 1 state in Catholic Syrian Bank each with their number of branch in Catholic Syrian Bank, India.
|State Name
|No. of Branch
Last updated on 09-12-2023
Don't know your IFSC Code? Worry not. Banksifsccode.co.in provides an easy yet effective IFSC Code finder tool to tell the exact IFSC Code of your location on a click of button.
Click "Locate My IFSC Code" button to know the exact IFSC Code of your location.You can also use the IFSC Code finder tool to search the IFSC Code by post office State,City,District,Taluk and by Name.Locate My IFSC
Indian Financial System Code (IFSC) is a unique 11-digit code allocated by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to each bank branches in India which are contributing to online fund transfer systems like RTGS (Real-Time Gross Settlement), NEFT (National Electronic Fund Transfer) and IMPS (Immediate Payment Service).Find Out More


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Splatter turns to art with the incredible abstract beauty of this wall art set. Ideal for modern decors, hang vertically or horizontally for a mesmorizing show that will be admired for years to come. Black and gray swirls and lines form notable angles full of splatter. Could there be a hidden tree in this piece?
- Abstract Splatter Design in Black, White and Shades of Gray.
- Gallery Wrapped Canvas Wall Art.
- Hand Painted.
- D-Ring Bracket for Hanging.
- Vertical or Horizontal Hanging.
- Set of Two.
- Due to the hand crafted nature of this product, some variations may occur.
Product Care:
- Clean with soft, dry cloth.
Jace Wall Art
Please note we cannot ship to P.O. Boxes or Military APOs.
Truck Delivery - Many items on our website are too large and/or heavy to ship via UPS/FedEx. Truck Delivery is different than standard UPS, FedEx, or US Mail in two ways. (1) Once your merchandise arrives at the delivery agents' pick-up location, he/she will call you to set up a delivery appointment. Most truck delivery companies offer appointment windows (usually 2-4 hours) between 8:00am and 5:00pm EST, Monday through Friday. In some cases a Saturday delivery can be offered.
Inside Placement and Set-Up is considered to be White Glove Delivery.
Please ask for White Glove Delivery if it is required (additional charges will apply).
Some items does not qualify for White Glove Delivery.
Items that does not qualify for White Glove Delivery usually ship Fed-Ex, UPS, or USPS. If assembly is required, it will be the customer's responsibility to assemble the furniture. Only a small percentage of our orders ship this way, however, we do offer items that are simply not economical to do a White Glove Delivery.
In-stock items usually ship within 2 to 7 business days.
Back Order items usually ship within 2 to 4 weeks.
If a product is on Back Order or becomes on Back Order after the order has been placed you will be sent an email with the current Back Order status of your order. Paid orders have first priority of being shipped out once the Back Ordered item is back in stock. If you have more than one item on your order the entire order will be held until everything is available. You can request that the available items be shipped out now and the Back Ordered item when it becomes available. However, there are additional shipping charges to ship partial orders.
Delivery time to your home is generally 1 to 2 weeks.
Stock Availability - We strive to have the most accurate and up to date information. The stock is listed with any item as it has been provided to us by the manufacturer and may not always reflect current availability and/or inventory. Feel free to contact us to verify or confirm stock for any item(s).
We currently ship to 48 continental states excluding Alaska and Hawaii.
Please note, once furniture items are removed from the original factory packaging and assembled, they are no longer eligible for return under the terms and conditions of our return policy.
Please inspect the items before signing the Bill of Lading. If an item is damaged, you must make a note on the Bill of Lading and take pictures of the damaged item(s), so we can give you a replacement.
Please report any damaged items immediately.


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NOW OPEN FOR APPOINTMENTS, please call to schedule 937-640-3033.
Your preserved flower petal material sits majestically at the heart of this elegant CZ edged Empire Cross with Center Bead.
Bloombeads jewelry…..a personalized way to keep your most meaningful memories close. Bloombeads are the perfect gift: wedding gift, anniversary gift, memorial gift, any special occasion. We are able to use flowers to create wedding flower petal jewelry, memorial flower petal jewelry, keepsake flower petal jewelry.
Color: The color of your Bloombeads jewelry will be the color of the flowers you send to us. We can create single color jewelry or combine up to five (5) colors. We are able to "brighten" the colors of already dried petals – just let us know you would like this option, there is no additional charge.
Quick FAQ:
How many blooms? Most Bloombeads jewelry can be created from the petals in a standard bloom. The flower we use as an example is a rose. A standard tea rose will have enough petals to make 2-3 beads. We recommend sending one (1) flower for each color you would like included in each piece of jewelry. Bead bracelets - send 2-3 standard blooms for each color to be included. Rosaries - send 5-7 blooms of each color to be included. Feel free to call with any questions about quantity of flowers.
Do dried petals work? Yes, dried petals can be made into lovely, earth-toned Bloombeads. For bolder colors we are able to add brighteners to the flower petal material. Just ask, there is no charge for this service.
Can I include ashes? Yes.
Turnaround time. We are currently quoting a 9-month turnaround time for Bloombeads jewelry. We pay meticulous attention to quality and detail, which has created the demand for our service that has led to our turnaround time being what it is.
Do all kinds of flowers and botanical material work for Bloombeads jewelry? YES! We are able to work with all blooms, filler, greenery…………even stems.
Do the flowers needs to be shipped overnight? No. Choose the carrier you like…USPS, UPS, Fedex.
Shipping instructions
How will I know if my flowers arrived? Our staff will confirm via email that your flowers have arrived at our studio.
What do you do with leftover petals/jewelry material? We seal any leftover petals/material in air-tight containers that is guaranteed to keep the material fresh for at least 12 months, possibly longer. This allows you to order additional items later…………..from the original material.
Will I be able to view the completed items prior to shipping? Yes. At Bloombeads we go the extra mile. We photograph each piece of completed jewelry and email the photo for your approval. We ask that you respond to the email, approving the finished designs. Only then will you be asked to pay any remaining balance and confirm the final shipping address.
Take a Virtual Tour of our Showroom.
905 E. Third StreetDayton, OH 45402Click here for Directions
937-640-3033 • 1-800-822-9273
Monday: 9am - 6pmTues – Thurs: 10am - 5pmSaturday: 10am - 2pmFriday & Sunday: CLOSED


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Il Grido
- Jul 01 2019 - Jul 31 2019
- Folklore and festivals
- Gallipoli, in centro
- www.ilgrido.it/
Il Gridois an events that takes place every year in Gallipoli
More informatin on the website www.ilgrido.it/.
Tell us all the information about the event or any changes using the "Report happing" button.
Happings is completely free and counts on visitors' contributions to provide updated information to the whole community.
About Happings
Happings use is very intuitive and is 100% FREE to use. The map shows all the events around where you are, in a radius of 100 km. You can search and organize them into itineraries ...
Promote your events
Learn how to make viral marketing to your events.
Just a few clicks to create the page of your event:
- The page of your event is indexed
- Share your page on your social
- We set a Google AdWords campaign
Advertising strategy
Create together your advertising strategy guide you step by step in the choice of channels, and build with you the advertising campaign to publicise your Event and your offers a new users and new customers. Landing page sharing on the profiles social, campaign display to obtain more than 6,000 click and 70,000 Views (Certified by Google).


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This is my 3rd order, and I'm loving every stack more and more, unbelievable results.
Mary Heart Jr.
December 04,2023
As a female, I was a bit skeptical, but after using Anvar 10, I know this is the product for me. I have less fat and Im leaner.
Stacy K
December 06,2023
THANK YOU!!!! You guys have changed my life.
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December 01,2023
Im a returning customer, I can say with certainty that these products do wonders. I've gotten bigger, stronger and faster after the use of these amazing products.
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December 07,2023
I just love the results I'm getting, daily changes.
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December 03,2023
* This website "ibuysteroids.com" is not a replacement for views from a medical professional. Check with your doctor before making any decisions which may impact your health. None of the information on iBuy steroids .com is regulated or evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and thus none of the information should be taken as medical advice. You should NOT use the information on this site as advise to diagnose, treat or cure any disease. This website "ibuysteroids .com" is providing products with ingredients which could enhance blood levels of hormones in the body. This website is providing a very strong alternative to the seriously toxic drugs listed on the top of the page. None of the products on this website are drugs. You must be 18 years or older to view or purchase from "ibuysteroids.com".


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Hermès Kelly 20 Mauve Sylvestre Chevre Mysore Palladium Hardware PHW
by Hermès
Sold out
This stunning Hermès Kelly 20cm bag is featured in Mauve Sylvestre color. This bag is done in Chevre Mysore leather. The blind stamp located inside the bag is C, which indicates 2018 as the year of production.
Bag: Hermès Kelly (20cm)
Stamp: C (2018)
Color: Mauve Sylvestre
Material: Chevre Mysore Leather
Hardware: Palladium
Measurements: 20cm x 12cm x 6cm (8" x 4.8" x 2.5")
Condition: Store Fresh
Details: This bag is Store-Fresh. It has never been carried and includes all of the original accessories.
Accessories: Shoulder strap; raincoat; protective felt; dust bag; clochette; lock & keys
Includes: Box, Receipt, Care Card


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(You can make your own here.)
Nichole W., you don't think Kanye found out about my outing him as a "proud non-reader," do you?
That is awesome!! Too funny!
Ha! That's hysterical!
That is hilarious!
way funny! where does this stuff come from?!
Love it!
Okay, #1 - you are awesome. #2 - Kanye is a D!(K.
That is so hilarious! I laughed out loud :-)
You can take a quiz on facebook called "When will Kanye interrupt you?!"
What a riot!!!
Ha Ha!
Hee Hee...that is really funny! Love it.
Whoever made this is very witty! I laughed too!
Now I want to see THAT on a cake.
it's too soon. ;-)
Mark my words, "Kanye Interrupts" is on it's way to Rick Roll status.
That is TEH AWESUM.
WV: aquebacc "Perhaps Kanye would be less of a buttmunch if he didn't smoke so much of the aquebacc-y."
Ummm, yeeeaahh, he isn't going to live that one down for a looooonnnggg time.
Just what he needs - more publicity. When will people realize how this all works?
hahaha! YES!
Hmm, Do I want to know?
Jen! I cannot seem to email you, so I wanted to post here in case you see this. Do you watch Glee? There was an AWESOME cake wreck on it this week. They gave a guy who had cut off his two thumbs a cake with "two thumbs up!" Soooo wreckalicious!!!
Love the site. Love the wreckage. Love that it makes me pee in my pants with laughter!
I hate that Kanye got all the publicity when Beyonce had all the class. And this is freaking hilarious!
Jacqueline-saw Glee and that cake wreck and I thought of this site. lol
Anyway....the Kanye interrupting is hilarious.
This is one of the best things I've ever seen...ever.
lol ..hilarious..
This is so tacky, but I'm gonna share anyway...I got a text yesterday that said,
'Today Kanye West interuppted the funeral of Patrick Swayze to announce that Michael Jackson's death was better!'
Horrible, but too stinkin funny!
You win the internets!
Funniest. Non-cake. Joke. EVAR!
He deserves whatever he gets!
Funny! I like this one: http://kanyegate.tumblr.com/
*snort!* :D
Hilarious!! I've shared that site with several friends now, and everyone gets a big laugh out of it. :)
Yeah.....I'm SO gonna pull up my hubby's favorite website with this on it before he comes home for lunch today!
What? Alix, Kanye Hater, didn't comment on this yet?? woah.
ROFL I'm waiting for the cake version.
I defended Kanye the last time he came up, but he's reached a level of jerkery that even I can't THIS IS A GOOD COMMENT, IMMA LET YOU FINISH, BUT BEYONCE LEFT ONE OF THE BEST COMMENTS OF ALL TIME
I sense an internet meme being born... o:
Jen, thank you! I was trying to remember where I'd seen that quote.
That is awesome! I am going to have some fun with that one!!
I got this at school in the computer lab. My teacher was looking at me funny.
To funny!
Jen - now you need to stab Kanye through the heart with a carrot jockey, or bludgeon him to death with a CCC or foot cake... Taylor Swift should have beaten him to death with her spaceman statue...
Barnes & Noble
Borders | IndieBound
A Cake Wreck is any cake that is unintentionally sad, silly, creepy, inappropriate - you name it. A Wreck is not necessarily a poorly-made cake; it's simply one I find funny, for any of a number of reasons. Anyone who has ever smeared frosting on a baked good has made a Wreck at one time or another, so I'm not here to vilify decorators: Cake Wrecks is just about finding the funny in unexpected, sugar-filled places.
Now, don't you have a photo you want to send me? ;)
We don't have any copies of Cake Wrecks for sale here, autographed or otherwise. We decided the shipping and handling costs would be too high to make it worth your while. So instead, buy your copies locally or online and then order personalized bookplates: it's cheaper, easier, and I think even looks a bit nicer.
Payments must be made through Paypal, which accepts all major credit cards. Sorry, but that means no checks or MOs or barter-based chickens.
We ship everything first class USPS, and will do our best to have your package in the mail within 2 days of your order.
Copyright 2008-, Cake Wrecks. All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy
Endorsement Disclosure: Purchases made through Amazon affiliate links on this blog yield a small referral fee. Go here for more details.


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Write a two-page response to the views of Aristotle by addressing how the 10 principles of burning Man either exceed, meet or fall short of his discussion of citizenship and community.
Kindly ADD to CART and Purchase Editable Word file at $5.99 Only
Radical Inclusion
Anyone may be a part of Burning Man. We welcome and respect the stranger. No prerequisites exist for participation in our community.
Burning Man is devoted to acts of gift giving. The value of a gift is unconditional. Gifting does not contemplate a return or an exchange for something of equal value.
In order to preserve the spirit of gifting, our community seeks to create social environments that are unmediated by commercial sponsorships, transactions, or advertising. We stand ready to protect our culture from such exploitation. We resist the substitution of consumption for participatory experience.
Radical Self-reliance
Burning Man encourages the individual to discover, exercise and rely on their inner resources.
Join the conversation in the 10 Principles blog series.
Join the conversation in the 10 Principles blog series.
Radical Self-expression
Radical self-expression arises from the unique gifts of the individual. No one other than the individual or a collaborating group can determine its content. It is offered as a gift to others. In this spirit, the giver should respect the rights and liberties of the recipient.
Communal Effort
Our community values creative cooperation and collaboration. We strive to produce, promote and protect social networks, public spaces, works of art, and methods of communication that support such interaction.
Civic Responsibility
We value civil society. Community members who organize events should assume responsibility for public welfare and endeavor to communicate civic responsibilities to participants. They must also assume responsibility for conducting events in accordance with local, state and federal laws.
Leaving No Trace
Our community respects the environment. We are committed to leaving no physical trace of our activities wherever we gather. We clean up after ourselves and endeavor, whenever possible, to leave such places in a better state than when we found them.
Our community is committed to a radically participatory ethic. We believe that transformative change, whether in the individual or in society, can occur only through the medium of deeply personal participation. We achieve being through doing. Everyone is invited to work. Everyone is invited to play. We make the world real through actions that open the heart.
Immediate experience is, in many ways, the most important touchstone of value in our culture. We seek to overcome barriers that stand between us and a recognition of our inner selves, the reality of those around us, participation in society, and contact with a natural world exceeding human powers. No idea can substitute for this experience.
These are the principles of the burning , man
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Demon Slayer Converse – Sanemi High Top Shoes | Anime Converse AG0512
All of our Anime Converse are made to order and handcrafted to the highest quality standards.
- The shoe body is made of high-quality Canvas fabric, which makes it comfortable and breathable to wear.
- Full canvas double sided print with rounded toe construction. Rubber out-sole tough enough to withstand daily wear and tear
- Shoes are designed to be waterproof and crashworthy, and careful stitching makes the toe more stylish.
- Breathable insole, moisture absorption and perspiration. Get close to your skin, keep your feet dry, and make your movement more
- Soft textile lining with lightweight construction for maximum comfort.
Enjoy your shopping at Animeconverse.com and email us if you have any questions!


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7807 W Ridgewood Drive Ste 810
Parma, OH 44129
3399 Steelyard DriveCleveland, OH 44109Upcoming Event5.9 mi
GREENS/STRONGSVILLEShop Women's Plus Here!18260 Royalton RdStrongsville, OH 44136Upcoming Event6.6 mi
AVON COMMONS - OHShop Women's Plus Here!35852 Detroit RdAvon, OH 44011Upcoming Event15.2 mi
Clothing & Jeans for Men Women Kids & Plus Size Shoppers | Parma Old Navy Stores
Old Navy in Parma is stocked with the latest apparel and accessories for the entire family. Located at 7807 W Ridgewood Drive, find new arrivals in women's clothing, men's clothing and kids clothing. Old Navy SHOPPES AT PARMA celebrates being frugally innovative and delivers incredible style at incredible value for absolutely everyone. We're not high fashion, we're hi, fashion!
Shopping is fun again at SHOPPES AT PARMA – offering fashion with a commitment to quality and innovation, paired with a modern style sensibility. Shop hundreds of must-have styles for baby, toddler, kids, men & women. Old Navy offers the widest range of sizes in the business and SHOPPES AT PARMA stocks clothes that were made for you.
Old Navy is the #1 dress brand in America and SHOPPES AT PARMA has the newest in dresses, plus world-class denim (making butts happy since '94!). Shop some of the best activewear in the industry for a price you won't find anywhere else.
We believe that here, everyone is family, and that belonging has never been a trend. We can't wait to see you at SHOPPES AT PARMA at 7807 W Ridgewood Drive!
P.S. If you're in a hurry, we also offer unparalleled convenience at SHOPPES AT PARMA with Buy Online, Pickup In-Store! We don't just make shopping fun again…we make it easy too.


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The MS and the PhD in Electrical & Computer Engineering are awarded by the Graduate College. Instruction is offered through the College of Engineering. The MS is offered with or without a thesis.
Applicants must meet the Admission Requirements of the Graduate College and the department offering the degree program (review the department's web site or the General Catalog for departmental requirements).
Tuition and fees vary by degree program and the type of student you are.
With financial aid:
- Fall semester—Dec. 15
- Spring semester—Dec. 1 (Oct. 15 for international students)
- Summer session—not offered
Without financial aid:
- Fall semester—Jan. 1 (Dec. 15th for international students)
- Spring semester—Dec. 1 (Oct. 15 for international students)
- Summer session—not offered
The graduate application process has two steps
- You must first submit the online application to the Graduate College and pay the $60 application fee by credit card ($100 for international applicants).
- Once you have submitted your application, you will receive an email instructing you on how to upload your supporting documents and submit letters of recommendation. A few programs require materials to be sent directly to them. However, almost all supplemental material can and should be uploaded from your Admissions Profile in MyUI, our online service center for applicants and students. You can only access this AFTER you have submitted your application.
Degree Program Supplemental Materials
- A résumé
- A statement of purpose
- Application for Graduate Awards
The application requirement section of your Profile includes an electronic letter of recommendation feature. If your program of study requires letters of recommendation, you will be asked to give the contact information of your recommenders including their email on your Admissions Profile. The recommender will then get an email giving them instructions on how to upload the recommendation letter and/or form.
- Three letters of recommendation
Materials to send to Admissions
- A set of your unofficial academic records/transcripts uploaded on your Admissions Profile. If you are admitted, official transcripts will be required before your enrollment. For international records, all records should bear the original stamp or seal of the institution and the signature of a school official. Documents not in English must be accompanied by a complete, literal, English translation, certified by the issuing institution.
- International students may also be required to submit TOEFL, IELTS, or DuoLingo scores to comply with the university's English Language Proficiency Requirements.
- Once recommended for admission, international students must send a Financial Statement.
- Your official GRE scores from Education Testing Service (the University's institutional code is 6681). (optional)
Apply Online, the $60 application fee ($100 for international students) is payable by Discover, MasterCard, or Visa.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Iowa
4016 Seamans Center
Iowa City, IA 52242
Enrollment Management
The University of Iowa
2900 University Capitol Centre
201 S. Clinton St.
Iowa City, IA 52242


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May 26, 2016 by R GRISWOLD Leave a Comment
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Make no mistake that we value your information! Our site is secured with the highest encryption available.
Toll-Free Ordering: 800-627-3809
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Owner's Email: robert(AT)readymaderesources(dot)com
Ready Made Resources
239 Cagle Rd.
Tellico Plains, TN 37385


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At Utah Humane, we're dedicated to the elimination of pain, fear and suffering in all animals. Your support helps us achieve this goal. An easy way to double your contribution is through employee giving programs.
Many corporations match employee donations (or the tax deductible component of your membership) to our organization.
If you volunteer with us, your employer may also provide us with a grant as a way to recognize your ongoing support.
Thanks for checking to see if your company offers these programs!
Humane Society of Utah
Murray, UT 84107-____
Employee matching gift programs are corporate giving programs in which the company matches donations made by employees to eligible nonprofit organizations.
It's an easy way to double your contribution to us!
Volunteer grant programs are corporate giving programs in which companies provide monetary donations to organizations where employees volunteer regularly.
If you volunteer with us, it's an easy way to provide us with additional financial support!
Requesting a matching gift or volunteer grant is normally a five minute process which must be initiated by the donor / volunteer. You can do this by filling out and submitting a paper match form provided by your employer or through an electronic submission process.
Please search our database for company specific information.
We partner with a company called Double the Donation. If you see anything that should be changed, please email Double the Donation's team at email@example.com
For questions regarding your company's programs, please contact your employer's HR or community giving department. Much of the necessary information is also available on your company intranet.
For questions regarding submitting a matching gift or volunteer grant request to us, please contact us using the information provided on this page.


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Traducători și Interpreți Un concept Lusto Translations
This project will be marked as disputed and your case will have resulted soon by admin. Please provide as many as proofs and statement explaining why you quit the project.
Workspace is still available for you to access in case of necessary.
We will review the reports from both freelancer and employer to give the best decision. It will take 3-5 business days for reviewing after receiving two reports.


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Saddlebrooke Golf Club – Associate Member (Handicap Only)
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Figure 1. Concentric areas in which food resource availability was measured. The central asterisk indicates location of respondent residence. All concentric areas are measured in kilometers, as specified on the figure, and food resource availability was measured within each concentric area.
Figure 2. Summary of study retention and exclusions in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (1985-2000).17 Asterisk indicates that retention incorporates loss to follow-up and mortality.
Figure 3. Estimated effects of fast food availability within concentric areas around residential locations on weekly frequency of fast food consumption by individual-level income. Results were estimated using fixed-effects Poisson regression modeling fast food consumption (number of times per week) as a function of fast food restaurant availability (fast food restaurant counts per 10 000 population) in the areas within the distances indicated, measured in kilometers, from each Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (1985-2000)17 respondent's home, adjusting for time-varying age, income, marital status, number of children in household, and percentage of persons whose household incomes fell below 150% of the federal poverty level. Race, education, and study center were time invariant and therefore omitted from fixed-effects models. Income-specific estimates were obtained from models containing income interactions with fast food restaurant availability within each neighborhood area. Coefficients can be interpreted as the percentage change in fast food consumption expected from a 1% change in fast food restaurant availability. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 4. Estimated effects of grocery store availability within concentric areas around residential locations on diet quality by individual-level income. Results were Estimated using fixed-effects linear regression modeling diet quality index as a function of grocery store availability (grocery store counts per 10 000 population) in the areas within the distances indicated, measured in kilometers, from each Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (1985-2000)17 respondent's home, adjusting for time-varying age, income, marital status, number of children in household, and percentage of persons whose household incomes fell below 150% of the federal poverty level. Race, education, and study center were time invariant and therefore omitted from fixed-effects models. Income-specific estimates were obtained from models containing income interactions with grocery store availability within each neighborhood area. Coefficients can be interpreted as change in Diet Quality Index28 expected from a 1% change in grocery store density. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
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Boone-Heinonen J, Gordon-Larsen P, Kiefe CI, Shikany JM, Lewis CE, Popkin BM. Fast Food Restaurants and Food Stores: Longitudinal Associations With Diet in Young to Middle-aged Adults: The CARDIA Study. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(13):1162–1170. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.283
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Author Affiliations: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Drs Boone-Heinonen, Gordon-Larsen, and Popkin); Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (Dr Boone-Heinonen); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Dr Kiefe); and Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Drs Shikany and Lewis).
Background A growing body of cross-sectional, small-sample research has led to policy strategies to reduce food deserts —neighborhoods with little or no access to healthy foods—by limiting fast food restaurants and small food stores and increasing access to supermarkets in low-income neighborhoods.
Methods We used 15 years of longitudinal data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a cohort of US young adults (aged 18-30 years at baseline) (n = 5115), with linked time-varying geographic information system-derived food resource measures. Using repeated measures from 4 examination periods (n = 15 854 person-examination observations) and conditional regression (conditioned on the individual), we modeled fast food consumption, diet quality, and adherence to fruit and vegetable recommendations as a function of fast food chain, supermarket, or grocery store availability (counts per population) within less than 1.00 km, 1.00 to 2.99 km, 3.00 to 4.99 km, and 5.00 to 8.05 km of respondents' homes. Models were sex stratified, controlled for individual sociodemographic characteristics and neighborhood poverty, and tested for interaction by individual-level income.
Results Fast food consumption was related to fast food availability among low-income respondents, particularly within 1.00 to 2.99 km of home among men (coefficient, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.51). Greater supermarket availability was generally unrelated to diet quality and fruit and vegetable intake, and relationships between grocery store availability and diet outcomes were mixed.
Conclusion Our findings provide some evidence for zoning restrictions on fast food restaurants within 3 km of low-income residents but suggest that increased access to food stores may require complementary or alternative strategies to promote dietary behavior change.
Reducing food deserts —neighborhoods with poor access to healthy foods—by improving access to food resources in disadvantaged areas is a major component of the White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity1 and is the objective of widespread policy initiatives across the United States.2,3 Such policies stem from limited evidence that food resources are related to obesity and are inequitably allocated according to neighborhood wealth.4,5 Implicit in these policy initiatives is that reduced access to fast food and increased access to supermarkets will translate into improvements in diet behavior and health.
However, evidence that food resources influence diet or obesity is mixed4,6-8 and almost exclusively cross-sectional. Businesses locate in areas with the highest expected demand, and households locate according to affordability and other factors, which may vary systematically with food resources and health-related behaviors. By addressing such factors, longitudinal studies can better estimate how food resources influence diet.9 In addition, there is no empirical evidence to guide the neighborhood areas in which food environment improvements should occur. Prior research examines food resources within a wide range of areas surrounding each home,6,10-12 with few comparisons of how diet or health is related to food resources within varying degrees of proximity.7,11 Furthermore, diet decisions may be influenced by more proximate food resources for low-income individuals, who may have limited transportation options, and for fast food restaurants, which may involve more impulsive trips.13
Using longitudinal data on diet behavior and spatially linked neighborhood food resources in a large, biracial, adult cohort, we estimate the influence of neighborhood supermarket and grocery store availability on diet quality and consumption of fruits and vegetables, which are specifically targeted by policy initiatives. We also estimate the influence of fast food availability on fast food consumption—a process assumed but not demonstrated7,13 to underlie more commonly reported relationships between fast food availability and obesity14-16—and assess whether these relationships vary by individual-level income.
The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study17 is a population-based prospective study of the determinants and evolution of cardiovascular risk factors among young adults. At baseline (1985-1986), 5115 eligible subjects, aged 18 to 30 years, were enrolled with balance according to race, sex, education level (≤high school or >high school) and age (18-24 or 25-30 years) from the populations of Birmingham, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Oakland, California. Specific recruitment procedures have been described elsewhere.17 Follow-up examinations conducted in the 1987-1988 period (year 2), 1990-1991 (year 5), 1992-1993 (year 7), 1995-1996 (year 10), and 2000-2001 (year 15) had retention rates of 90%, 86%, 81%, 79%, and 74% of the surviving cohort, respectively.
Using a Geographic Information System (GIS), we linked time-varying, neighborhood-level food resource and US Census data to CARDIA respondent residential locations in examination years 0, 7, 10, and 15 from geocoded home addresses. Among the 5115 participants at baseline, 48.2%, 68.8%, and 33.0% moved residential locations between years 0 and 7, 7 and 10, and 10 and 15, respectively. Additional data are available in eTables 1 through 8.
Fast food chain restaurants, supermarkets (large grocery stores such as Kroger or Safeway), and smaller grocery stores were obtained from Dun and Bradstreet, a commercial data set of US businesses.18 Food resources corresponding to each CARDIA examination period were extracted and classified according to 8-digit Standard Industrial Classification codes (eTable 1). Eight-digit codes were not available for the 1985-1986 period, so year 0 food stores were classified using 4-digit codes and textual queries designed for consistency with other examination years. Counts of each type of food resource were calculated within 1.00, 3.00, 5.00, and 8.05 km of each respondent's residential location (Euclidean buffers), with the intent of capturing resources accessible by walking or by car. Specifically, 25% of all trips were less than 1.61 km (75% of these by car), 62% of "social/recreational" trips were within 8.05 km,19 and 72% of walking trips were under 1 km20 (approximately a 15-minute walk). To test differences in how individual diet is related to food resources within varying distances, we examined food resources contained in concentric areas within less than 1.00 km, from 1.00 to 2.99 km, 3.00 to 4.99 km, and 5.00 to 8.05 km of each respondent's residence (Figure 1).
Within each concentric area, we calculated fast food restaurant and grocery store counts per 10 000 population and, owing to a smaller number of supermarkets, supermarket counts per 100 000 population. Population-scaled measures help to separate food resource availability from density of development, which is independently related to behavior21-23 and other neighborhood characteristics.24 Population within each area was derived from US Census block-group population count, weighted according to the proportion of block-group area within each neighborhood buffer. While correlations of food resource availability among concentric areas were strong for food stores (up to 0.42 and 0.64 for supermarket and grocery store availability, respectively; ranged from −0.02 to 0.22 for fast food restaurants), examination of concentric areas allowed us to formally test associations across areas within the same model. Study conclusions were similar using 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-km buffers in separate models (eTables 6-8).
Frequency of chain fast food consumption was ascertained at each examination year. Participants were asked "How many times in a week or month do you eat breakfast, lunch or dinner in a place such as McDonald's, Burger King, Wendy's, Arby's, Pizza Hut, or Kentucky Fried Chicken?" Questions were open-ended, but calculated to reflect a per-week consumption frequency.
Fruit and vegetable intake and overall diet quality was ascertained from an interviewer-administered, quantitative diet history of foods consumed over the past month and a questionnaire on usual dietary practices. Calculation of nutrient and energy intakes and validation of the CARDIA Diet History are described elsewhere.25-27 Diet quality was measured using the Diet Quality Index (DQI),28 which quantifies adherence to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans29; scoring criteria are summarized in eTable 1. Briefly, the DQI incorporates adherence to recommendations for nutrients, food groups, and broader health messages (diversity, moderation, and minimization of added sugars); each category was assigned scores ranging from 0 to 10, which were summed for a maximum score of 100. Higher values reflect healthier diets. Adherence to fruit and vegetable recommendations, a common marker of healthy dietary patterns,12 was derived from DQI components. This dichotomous measure also addressed highly skewed fruit and vegetable intakes and variation in recommended servings by sex and total energy intake.30,31
In analyses, individual-level baseline characteristics included age (grand mean centered), race (white, black), and study center. Education (≤high school, some college, or college graduate) at year 7, after most individuals attained their highest education level, was examined as a time-constant variable; year 0 education was used if year 7 education was missing. Time-varying individual-level characteristics included income (continuous), marital status (married, not married), and children or stepchildren 18 years or younger living in the household (any, none). Income was not collected in year 0 or 2, so the closest measurement (year 5) was analyzed; each year was inflated to 2001 US dollars using the Consumer Price Index. Missing income (n = 897 observations; 5.6%) was imputed based on individual-level age, race, sex, education, and study center; and residence within or outside of an urbanized area, census tract–level median household income, and county-level cost of living index.
Because neighborhood socioeconomic status correlated with food resource availability in prior research4 and is independently related to diet,32 we controlled for percentage of persons with household incomes less than 150% of federal poverty level (1.5 × federal poverty level33) within the respondent's census tract of residence at the time of examination. Spearman correlations with neighborhood poverty were 0.40 for grocery stores within less than 1 km and from 1 to 2.3 km but otherwise smaller than ±0.15; associations adjusted and unadjusted for neighborhood poverty were similar.
Effects of food resource availability on corresponding diet measures throughout young to middle adulthood were estimated in a series of sex-stratified longitudinal models. We focused on the most theoretically direct relationships: fast food consumption in relation to fast food availability, and diet quality and fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to supermarket and grocery store availability. Most interactions between sex and each independent variable were significant (Wald P < .10), so models were sex-stratified.
We used fixed-effect longitudinal models, which exploit the repeated measures of environment and diet in the CARDIA study by conditioning on each individual, thereby analyzing variation observed within person, over time. In this way, fixed-effect models control for time-constant unmeasured variables (eg, diet preferences that remain constant over time)9,34,35; in essence, each individual serves as his or her own control. In contrast, random-effects models (random person-level intercept) analyze variation both within and between individuals; they do not control for possible correlation between observed and unmeasured characteristics and are therefore more comparable to cross-sectional associations reported in prior research. The Hausman specification test indicated systematic bias with respect to the independent variables in several models, so for consistency, we report the more robust fixed-effects estimates for all models; corresponding random-effects estimates and Hausman tests are reported in eTables 6-8.
Models were fit using Stata 10.1 xt longitudinal functions (xtpoisson for fast food frequency, xtreg for diet quality, xtlogit for meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations), using the "fe" option.36 As described elsewhere,35 we treated neighborhood poverty as an individual-level exposure.
Natural log transformation of food resource variables linearized relationships. All models controlled for time-varying age, income, marital status, children, and neighborhood poverty; because fixed-effects models rely on within-person variation, coefficients for time-constant variables (study center, education, race, and sex) were not estimated. To test the hypothesis that food resources within a shorter distance from home influence diet in low-income groups, we tested interactions by individual-level income (3 categories with adequate counts among whites and blacks: low, <$20 000; medium, $20 000-$89 900; and high, ≥$90 000); income-specific associations calculated from estimated main effect and income interaction coefficients are presented for models containing significant (Wald P < .10) income interactions. Due to unstable estimates, income interactions are not reported for fruit and vegetable recommendations. P values for income interactions and Bonferroni-corrected comparison of estimates for food resources within different concentric areas are reported in eTables 4 and 5.
Due to differences in diet measures collected across CARDIA examination year, fast food availability in relation to fast food consumption (fast food model) was examined using examination years 7, 10, and 15; and supermarkets and grocery stores in relation to diet quality and fruit and vegetable intake (food store models) were examined using examination years 0 and 7. Study retention and exclusions are presented in Figure 2; analytical samples included 10 975 (fast food model) and 8652 (food stores models) person-examination observations. Food resource data were complete for all observations, so exclusion was unrelated to the study exposures. In addition, our fixed-effects models may mitigate selection bias (attrition and missing data) related to unobserved fixed individual-level characteristics.
Men and women differed on all individual-level characteristics except age (Table 1); in particular, women reported healthier diets than men. eTable 3 summarizes neighborhood characteristics.
The relationship between neighborhood fast food restaurant availability and individual fast food consumption differed dramatically by income level (Figure 3 and eTable 4) (P < .05 for interaction). Among low-income men, a 1% increase in fast food availability within 1.00 km and from 1.00 to 2.99 km was related to a 0.13% and 0.34% increase in fast food consumption frequency, respectively; fast food availability within more distant areas was unrelated to fast food consumption. Associations between neighborhood fast food availability and individual consumption were not significant among low-income women, variably significant but weak in middle-income respondents, and inconsistent with significant counterintuitive associations in high-income respondents.
Neighborhood supermarket and grocery store availability were generally unrelated to diet quality and adherence to fruit and vegetable recommendations (Table 2), with similar associations across income levels (P >> .10 for interaction). Supermarket availability within 1.00 to 2.99 km was associated with greater adherence to fruit and vegetable recommendations in men, but this estimate did not significantly differ from estimates for other concentric areas. Greater grocery store availability within 1.00 to 2.99 km was related to significantly lower diet quality in high-income women, but higher diet quality in low-income men (Figure 4 and eTable 5) (P < .10 for interaction). Relationships between diet quality and grocery store availability also varied in magnitude and direction across concentric areas.
Using a large, diverse, prospective cohort, we conducted the first longitudinal study that we know of to estimate how diet is influenced by food resource availability within varying distances from homes. We found evidence that low-income men may be sensitive to fast food availability within shorter distances from home, but findings for women and higher-income men were mixed. Supermarket and grocery store availability were generally unrelated to diet. These findings have critical implications for existing and proposed policies aimed at improving access to healthy foods.
Numerous obesity prevention policies1,2 target fast food restaurants and food stores, with the assumption that they influence diet behaviors.
We found some support for policies targeting fast food restaurants. Specifically, we add to scarce longitudinal evidence that greater availability of chain fast food restaurants may promote greater fast food consumption in low-income groups. These findings are consistent with prior longitudinal research in new mothers37 and evidence of greater fast food availability4,5 in lower-income groups.
Fast food consumption was most strongly related to fast food availability close to homes in low-income men, who may be less likely to own a car, thereby limiting mobility and enhancing reliance on the immediate neighborhood area.15 Owing to perceived cost or other barriers,38 low-income individuals may be more sensitive to cues related to the presence of fast food restaurants.13 Indeed, in a similar study population, those with low-income or education, were more likely to consume fast food within a mile of their home.39
Most policies targeting food deserts focus on adding supermarkets to low-income areas1,5,40, with the expectation of increased consumption of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables.41 In our longitudinal study, neighborhood supermarket availability was generally unrelated to both adherence to fruit and vegetable recommendations and overall diet quality (reflecting compliance with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans29).
Findings from our longitudinal analysis do not replicate findings from prior studies using similar measures. Analysis of the same data using random-effects models, which rely on between-person variation and are thus more comparable with cross-sectional analysis, yielded associations consistent with published, largely cross-sectional research (eTables 6-8).4,42,43 Our findings suggest that evidence of the health benefits of nearby supermarkets may reflect unmeasured respondent characteristics related to both diet behaviors and selection of certain types of neighborhoods or placement of supermarkets in areas with the greatest demand.
Furthermore, our longitudinal findings are consistent with one of few quasi-experimental studies, in which changes in fruit and vegetable consumption following the opening of a supermarket-type store in the United Kingdom (UK) were similar to a control neighborhood.44 An Institute of Medicine-National Academy of Science workshop45 and more recent US Department of Agriculture research46 also suggest that proximity to supermarkets may not be an important influence on diet, but experimental and quasi-experimental studies are needed in US settings.
Another critical aspect of recent food environment policies is their focus on the availability (presence or quantity) of specific types of food stores or restaurants. Correspondingly, our study estimated how availability of chain fast food restaurants, supermarkets, and smaller grocery stores influences diet. However, variation in the types and quality of the items sold within each type of food resource may have contributed to inconsistent or unexpected findings.
Notably, dramatic variation in how availability of smaller grocery stores is related to diet behaviors mirrors contradictory conceptualizations of grocery stores as similar to supermarkets6,47 or as less affordable, less healthy food stores.48,49 Our finding that grocery store availability was related to better diet quality only in low-income men is consistent with characterization of grocery stores as sources of healthy food for low-income groups who may lack access to other food stores.10 In contrast, lower diet quality associated with greater grocery store availability nearby among high-income women may reflect the role of grocery stores as sources of unhealthy food among those who purchase the bulk of their food at supermarkets.11
Likewise, the vast array of healthy and unhealthy foods offered at supermarkets may contribute to our finding that supermarket availability was unrelated to overall diet quality. The unexpected inverse relationship between fast food restaurant availability and individual fast food consumption among high-income women could reflect reporting bias or dietary restraint50 but could also reflect greater use by high-income women of nontraditional fast food restaurants such as burrito or sandwich shops that were not elicited in the CARDIA fast food consumption measure.
Overall, classification of food stores and restaurants into "healthy" or "unhealthy" according to mode of service (fast food or sit-down) or size (supermarket vs grocery store) may provide little understanding of how the food environment impacts diet and may overlook innovative policy solutions. Indeed, distinctions between fast food and sit-down restaurants on the basis of healthfulness of foods served (eg, portion size, calorie content) or inequitable distribution among wealthy and poor neighborhoods appear to be unfounded.2 Alternative or complementary policies include subsidies to small grocery stores for increasing access to specific foods such as produce and reduced-fat milk,5 although corresponding research is similarly challenging without meaningful classifications of "healthy" or "unhealthy" food items. Cummins and colleagues41,44 report the greatest improvements in fruit and vegetable intake among those who adopted a new supermarket as their main food store, suggesting that promotion of existing, new, or improved food resources is an important component of successful policies.
Furthermore, selection of foods from the surrounding food environment occurs within the macrolevel context of food production and pricing driven by the food industry and government regulation and the microlevel context of household financial resources and time constraints. For example, subsidizing the production of fruits and vegetables may reduce prices, encourage smaller stores to stock fresh produce, and ultimately make healthy diet choices more available and affordable to low-income households. Similarly, local food resources may have broad health41 and economic benefits regardless of their impact on diet. Food environment policies should be created and evaluated within this complex web of influences.
The primary limitation of our study is that our food resource database may have contained errors and did not measure availability of specific foods. Coding differences for year 0 food resource data may have resulted in differential identification and misclassification of supermarkets and grocery stores in year 0 vs year 7, although error is unlikely to vary systematically with diet behaviors. While our fast food restaurant availability measure excluded nonchain restaurants that may serve similar types of foods, it was consistent with the CARDIA individual-level fast food consumption measure. Because chain fast food restaurant availability was not available in year 0, we were not able to replicate our diet quality analysis with fast food availability.
Inconsistent associations across concentric areas may have resulted from several geographic considerations. While our analyses address variations in resources with population density and wealth, our findings may reflect geographic clustering of retail businesses at varying distances from residential areas. Diet may be differentially related to food resources at varying proximities according to population density; however, the CARDIA population resides largely in metropolitan areas. We did not study where food was purchased or the role of food resources around the workplace. In addition, capturing individual perceptions of neighborhood boundaries51 is not feasible in a large-scale longitudinal study, but neighborhood buffer zones allowed us to explicitly measure proximity. Our concentric buffer areas may be more sensitive to geocoding inaccuracies, but locational error of other resources in the Dun and Bradstreet database52 were far less (average error, 35 m) than the kilometer distances used in this study.
Finally, car ownership may influence relevant proximity to resources but was not collected in the CARDIA study. Inconsistencies may reflect chance findings, so replication in other longitudinal study populations is needed. Nonetheless, our data provided comparable, objective, and time-varying data for a large, diverse sample of young adults residing throughout the United States and followed up into middle age.
By promoting greater access to supermarkets, several US policies aim to improve diets through provision of affordable healthy foods, particularly fresh produce in underserved areas.1 Our findings do not support this initiative in young to middle-aged adults. Rather, they suggest that adding neighborhood supermarkets may have little benefit to diet quality across the income spectrum and that alternative policy options such as targeting specific foods or shifting food costs53 (subsidization or taxation)2 should be further considered. We found evidence that reducing availability of fast food chain restaurants within 3 km of low-income residents may yield reductions in fast food consumption. While these policy implications should be confirmed with further research and explored in youths and older adults, our findings support continued innovations in the measurement and modification of the neighborhood food environment to most effectively promote healthy diets and to help clinicians guide patients in overcoming practical barriers to healthy eating.
Correspondence: Penny Gordon-Larsen, PhD, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, University Square, 123 W Franklin St, CB#8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Accepted for Publication: March 26, 2011.
Author Contributions: Drs and Boone-Heinonen and Gordon-Larsen had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Boone-Heinonen, Gordon-Larsen, and Popkin. Acquisition of data: Gordon-Larsen, Kiefe, Lewis, and Popkin. Analysis and interpretation of data: Boone-Heinonen, Kiefe, and Shikany. Drafting of the manuscript: Boone-Heinonen, and Popkin. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Gordon-Larsen, Kiefe, Shikany, Lewis, and Popkin. Statistical analysis: Boone-Heinonen, and Popkin. Obtained funding: Gordon-Larsen, Lewis, and Popkin. Administrative, technical, and material support: Gordon-Larsen, Lewis, and Popkin. Study supervision: Gordon-Larsen.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: Funding for this study was provided by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R0-HL104580, R01-CA109831, R01-CA121152, and K01-HD044263 (Drs Gordon-Larsen and Popkin). Additional funding was provided by institutional pilot grant funding to Drs Gordon-Larsen and Popkin from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility NIH grant P30-ES10126 and the UNC-CH Clinic Nutrition Research Center NIH grant DK56350. This study was also supported by NIH contracts from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute with the University of Alabama at Birmingham Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Coordinating Center (N01-HC-95095), University of Alabama at Birmingham Field Center (N01-HC-48047) (Dr Lewis), University of Minnesota Field Center (N01-HC-48048), Northwestern University Field Center (N01-HC-48049), and Kaiser Foundation Research Institute Field Center (N01-HC-48050). Analysis was supported by the Interdisciplinary Obesity Training postdoctoral fellowship (grant T32MH075854-04) (Dr Boone-Heinonen).
Additional Contributions: Jared P. Reis, PhD, and Ellen Funkhouser, DrPH, provided valuable comments on the manuscript of this article. Brian Frizzelle, MA, Marc Peterson, MA, Chris Mankoff, MA, James D. Stewart, MA, Phil Bardsley, PhD, and Diane Kaczor MA, created the environmental variables, and Frances Dancy, BS, provided helpful administrative assistance.


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ur friends at BioLogos are feeling the pincers of criticism. On one side are doctrinaire materialistic atheists; and on this side are those of us who actually believe the Bible.
BioLogos has deliberately staked out a middle-road position between these two irreconcilable worldviews. They say they are determined to find and develop common ground between both sides. But this week they've been discovering what any highway engineer will tell you: on a freeway where heavy traffic is moving at high speed in opposing directions, there's no such thing as "common ground."
Furthermore, you won't get very far pretending the yellow line is the common-ground marker. You're liable to get clobbered by traffic from both sides.
So anyway, Dr. Darrell Falk, president of BioLogos, e-mailed me Thursday morning to say he had prepared a response to Monday's Pyro-post. I read it eagerly, hoping he would respond to the substance of my critique. Instead, he spent most of his time pandering to Richard Dawkins, Jerry Coyne, and others on the doctrinaire-materialistic-atheist side.
He was keen to assure them that "BioLogos exists in no small part to marginalize [belief in the historicity of the Genesis account] from the Church." Specifically, the BioLogos team have targeted the notion that Adam was a special creation—fashioned in God's own image rather than evolved from higher primates. "A fundamental part of our mission is to show that [the Genesis account of Adam] is not tenable," Falk solemnly (and somewhat fawningly) assured Dawkins. (Read his post for yourself if you think I am exaggerating about the obsequious tone he takes with Dawkins.)
Dr. Falk's whole response to my post was basically: You have your interpretation of Genesis; we have ours. He seems to be suggesting that because interpretation by definition has an element of subjectivity to it, everyone is free to interpret however he or she prefers, and everyone's interpretation deserves equal respect. That may seem a nice-sounding platitude in our current postmodern context, but it is by no means a biblical value.
And it's no real answer to any of the points I made.
Indeed, Dr. Falk's one complaint about my post focused on the wording of my closing paragraph, where I wrote:
If BioLogos is willing to throw away so much at the very foundations of our faith and at the very beginning of God's revelation, I can't imagine why they would want to keep up the pretense of being Christians at all. Selectively admiring the Bible's moral teachings is not the same thing as actually believing the Bible.
Naturally, Dr. Falk did not like my suggestion that genuine faith can't be as skeptical and selective with God's revealed truth as the BioLogos team wants to be.
He also objected to Travis Allen's post at the GTY.org blog. Travis (quoting from 1 Timothy 6:20) said: "It's time for Christians to return to the self-attesting authority of God's Word and forsake the 'vain babblings and oppositions of science, falsely so called.'" Dr. Falk wasn't happy to have such harsh words (written by the apostle Paul, not by Travis Allen, as Falk seemed to think) applied to his views.
He wrote,
I do wish though, that we would not be put forward as those who, according to the above quotations, live under the "pretense of being Christians," or that we be represented as "vain babblers." At various times, we have written respectfully that we understand why this issue is so important to you. We love and respect you for the sincerity of your position, but please don't call us "vain babblers" any more, and please don't imply that we are only "pretending" to be Christians.
So I'd like to clarify a couple of things: First, despite Dr. Falk's verbal reassurance, most of the contributors at BioLogos clearly have no clue "why this issue is so important." It's painfully obvious that theology is very low on BioLogos's list of priorities. In fact, one of the besetting sins at BioLogos is a blithe lack of concern for some of the most foundational doctrines of Christianity and their implications. I'm thinking especially of the authority and inspiration of Scripture and the doctrine of original sin.
Second, I stand by my statement that the blend of scientific skepticism and moral piety being peddled over at BioLogos isn't authentic Christianity. That's based on the fact that the authority of Scripture and the doctrine of original sin are and always have been deemed Christian essentials by every major branch of the church—and BioLogos does seem very keen to do away with both doctrines.
For example, BioLogos's relentless attack on the historicity of Adam entails an implicit denial of the doctrine of original sin (or in the very best case, a totally different, extrabiblical re-imagination of how humanity fell). Dr. Falk himself rejects the views of those who believe in the historicity of Adam and the Fall. In his reply to Dawkins he seems to be pleading for patience as they seek a way to humor the minority in the BioLogos community who crave the "comfort" of believing all humanity descended from a single pair—not a specially-created Adam and Eve, mind you, but a pair of humanoids who evolved from the higher primates. I thought that part of his post came across as especially condescending and dismissive. You can decide for yourself whether I'm reading too much attitude into it.
In any case, his rejection of the historicity of Adam and the Genesis account of original sin simply isn't consistent with biblical and historic Christianity. The doctrine of original sin is and always has been the starting point of Christian soteriology and the doctrine of atonement. Ecumenical councils, Catholic Church councils, and mainstream Protestants (including Calvinists and evangelical Arminians alike) have always explicitly, emphatically, and repeatedly affirmed original sin as a cardinal doctrine of the Christian faith. Denying original sin is the identifying mark of Pelagians, rank heretics, and quasi-Christian cults.
The authority, inspiration, and inerrancy of Scripture is a matter of similar import, and this too has been the subject of sustained and systematic attack at BioLogos. Remember, in their president's own words, BioLogos "exists in no small part to marginalize this view" (i.e., the view "that Adam and Eve were created with apparent age"). That goal obviously will require a systematic campaign to undermine Christians' confidence in the Genesis account, starting with an open attack on evangelical convictions regarding biblical inerrancy.
Which of course is precisely what the team at BioLogos are currently doing.
BioLogos is by no means the first group in church history to attack the foundations of the Christian faith in the Name of Christ—shamelessly pleading for charity and acceptance as true believers from the very saints whose faith they are determined to dismantle. (Read the saga of Arius and Athanasius if you want a gripping tale of doctrinal intrigue and heresy in the name of Christian brotherhood. It'll cure you of thinking it's uncharitable to take a hard-line stance against heresy.)
In short, I don't apologize for saying that the worldview BioLogos promotes is a challenge to—and by no means an affirmation of—the authentic, biblical, and historic Christian faith.
I'm certain that fact will become more and more obvious the more material BioLogos publishes. But for those still in doubt, here's a simple test: Apply their Genesis hermeneutic consistently to the bodily resurrection of Christ (or the deity of Christ, for that matter), and see what you come up with. Then ask how reasonable it is to accord the BioLogos worldview the right hand of Christian fellowship.


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