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How Many Years Has the U.S. Been at War? The U.S. Has only Been At Peace For 17 Years Total Since Its Birth.I have reproduced a year-by-year timeline of America's wars, which reveals something quite interesting: since the United States was founded in 1776, it has been at war during 229 out of her 246 calendar years of existence as of 2022. It is 93% of its history: https://washingtonsblog.com/how-many-years-has-the-u-s-been-at-war/
Martin Luther King's Jr. ingenious assessment of the USA militaristic nature: the USA are "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world." - https://www.peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=303 --------------------------------------------James A. Lucas
U.S. Regime Has Killed 20-30 Million People Since World War II
By James A. Lucas
Global Research,
March 22, 2018
See also: http://peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=641
After the catastrophic attacks of September 11 2001 monumental sorrow and a feeling of desperate and understandable anger began to permeate the American psyche. A few people at that time attempted to promote a balanced perspective by pointing out that the United States had also been responsible for causing those same feelings in people in other nations, but they produced hardly a ripple. Although Americans understand in the abstract the wisdom of people around the world empathizing with the suffering of one another, such a reminder of wrongs committed by our nation got little hearing and was soon overshadowed by an accelerated "war on terrorism."
But we must continue our efforts to develop understanding and compassion in the world. Hopefully, this article will assist in doing that by addressing the question "How many September 11ths has the United States caused in other nations since WWII?" This theme is developed in this report which contains an estimated numbers of such deaths in 37 nations as well as brief explanations of why the U.S. is considered culpable.
The causes of wars are complex. In some instances nations other than the U.S. may have been responsible for more deaths, but if the involvement of our nation appeared to have been a necessary cause of a war or conflict it was considered responsible for the deaths in it. In other words they probably would not have taken place if the U.S. had not used the heavy hand of its power. The military and economic power of the United States was crucial.
This study reveals that U.S. military forces were directly responsible for about 10 to 15 million deaths during the Korean and Vietnam Wars and the two Iraq Wars. The Korean War also includes Chinese deaths while the Vietnam War also includes fatalities in Cambodia and Laos.
The American public probably is not aware of these numbers and knows even less about the proxy wars for which the United States is also responsible. In the latter wars there were between nine and 14 million deaths in Afghanistan, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sudan.
But the victims are not just from big nations or one part of the world. The remaining deaths were in smaller ones which constitute over half the total number of nations. Virtually all parts of the world have been the target of U.S. intervention.
The overall conclusion reached is that the United States most likely has been responsible since WWII for the deaths of between 20 and 30 million people in wars and conflicts scattered over the world.
To the families and friends of these victims it makes little difference whether the causes were U.S. military action, proxy military forces, the provision of U.S. military supplies or advisors, or other ways, such as economic pressures applied by our nation. They had to make decisions about other things such as finding lost loved ones, whether to become refugees, and how to survive.
And the pain and anger is spread even further. Some authorities estimate that there are as many as 10 wounded for each person who dies in wars. Their visible, continued suffering is a continuing reminder to their fellow countrymen.
It is essential that Americans learn more about this topic so that they can begin to understand the pain that others feel. Someone once observed that the Germans during WWII "chose not to know." We cannot allow history to say this about our country. The question posed above was "How many September 11ths has the United States caused in other nations since WWII?" The answer is: possibly 10,000.
Comments on Gathering These Numbers
Generally speaking, the much smaller number of Americans who have died is not included in this study, not because they are not important, but because this report focuses on the impact of U.S. actions on its adversaries.
An accurate count of the number of deaths is not easy to achieve, and this collection of data was undertaken with full realization of this fact. These estimates will probably be revised later either upward or downward by the reader and the author. But undoubtedly the total will remain in the millions.
The difficulty of gathering reliable information is shown by two estimates in this context. For several years I heard statements on radio that three million Cambodians had been killed under the rule of the Khmer Rouge. However, in recent years the figure I heard was one million. Another example is that the number of persons estimated to have died in Iraq due to sanctions after the first U.S. Iraq War was over 1 million, but in more recent years, based on a more recent study, a lower estimate of around a half a million has emerged.
Often information about wars is revealed only much later when someone decides to speak out, when more secret information is revealed due to persistent efforts of a few, or after special congressional committees make reports
Both victorious and defeated nations may have their own reasons for underreporting the number of deaths. Further, in recent wars involving the United States it was not uncommon to hear statements like "we do not do body counts" and references to "collateral damage" as a euphemism for dead and wounded. Life is cheap for some, especially those who manipulate people on the battlefield as if it were a chessboard.
To say that it is difficult to get exact figures is not to say that we should not try. Effort was needed to arrive at the figures of 6six million Jews killed during WWI, but knowledge of that number now is widespread and it has fueled the determination to prevent future holocausts. That struggle continues.
37 victim nations
The U.S. is responsible for between 1 and 1.8 million deaths during the war between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, by luring the Soviet Union into invading that nation. (1,2,3,4)
The Soviet Union had friendly relations its neighbor, Afghanistan, which had a secular government. The Soviets feared that if that government became fundamentalist this change could spill over into the Soviet Union.
In 1998, in an interview with the Parisian publication Le Novel Observateur, Zbigniew Brzezinski, adviser to President Carter, admitted that he had been responsible for instigating aid to the Mujahadeen in Afghanistan which caused the Soviets to invade. In his own words:
"According to the official version of history, CIA aid to the Mujahadeen began during 1980, that is to say, after the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan on 24 December 1979. But the reality, secretly guarded until now, is completely otherwise. Indeed, it was July 3, 1979 that President Carter signed the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul. And that very day, I wrote a note to the President in which I explained to him that in my opinion this aid was going to induce a Soviet military intervention." (5,1,6)
Brzezinski justified laying this trap, since he said it gave the Soviet Union its Vietnam and caused the breakup of the Soviet Union. "Regret what?" he said. "That secret operation was an excellent idea. It had the effect of drawing the Russians into the Afghan trap and you want me to regret it?" (7)
The CIA spent 5 to 6 billion dollars on its operation in Afghanistan in order to bleed the Soviet Union. (1,2,3) When that 10-year war ended over a million people were dead and Afghan heroin had captured 60% of the U.S. market. (4)
The U.S. has been responsible directly for about 12,000 deaths in Afghanistan many of which resulted from bombing in retaliation for the attacks on U.S. property on September 11, 2001. Subsequently U.S. troops invaded that country. (4)
An indigenous armed struggle against Portuguese rule in Angola began in 1961. In 1977 an Angolan government was recognized by the U.N., although the U.S. was one of the few nations that opposed this action. In 1986 Uncle Sam approved material assistance to UNITA, a group that was trying to overthrow the government. Even today this struggle, which has involved many nations at times, continues.
U.S. intervention was justified to the U.S. public as a reaction to the intervention of 50,000 Cuban troops in Angola. However, according to Piero Gleijeses, a history professor at Johns Hopkins University the reverse was true. The Cuban intervention came as a result of a CIA – financed covert invasion via neighboring Zaire and a drive on the Angolan capital by the U.S. ally, South Africa1,2,3). (Three estimates of deaths range from 300,000 to 750,000 (4,5,6)
Argentina: See South America: Operation Condor
Bangladesh: See Pakistan
Hugo Banzer was the leader of a repressive regime in Bolivia in the 1970s. The U.S. had been disturbed when a previous leader nationalized the tin mines and distributed land to Indian peasants. Later that action to benefit the poor was reversed.
Banzer, who was trained at the U.S.-operated School of the Americas in Panama and later at Fort Hood, Texas, came back from exile frequently to confer with U.S. Air Force Major Robert Lundin. In 1971 he staged a successful coup with the help of the U.S. Air Force radio system. In the first years of his dictatorship he received twice as military assistance from the U.S. as in the previous dozen years together.
A few years later the Catholic Church denounced an army massacre of striking tin workers in 1975, Banzer, assisted by information provided by the CIA, was able to target and locate leftist priests and nuns. His anti-clergy strategy, known as the Banzer Plan, was adopted by nine other Latin American dictatorships in 1977. (2) He has been accused of being responsible for 400 deaths during his tenure. (1)
Also see: South America: Operation Condor
Brazil: See South America: Operation Condor
U.S. bombing of Cambodia had already been underway for several years in secret under the Johnson and Nixon administrations, but when President Nixon openly began bombing in preparation for a land assault on Cambodia it caused major protests in the U.S. against the Vietnam War.
There is little awareness today of the scope of these bombings and the human suffering involved.
Immense damage was done to the villages and cities of Cambodia, causing refugees and internal displacement of the population. This unstable situation enabled the Khmer Rouge, a small political party led by Pol Pot, to assume power. Over the years we have repeatedly heard about the Khmer Rouge's role in the deaths of millions in Cambodia without any acknowledgement being made this mass killing was made possible by the the U.S. bombing of that nation which destabilized it by death , injuries, hunger and dislocation of its people.
So the U.S. bears responsibility not only for the deaths from the bombings but also for those resulting from the activities of the Khmer Rouge – a total of about 2.5 million people. Even when Vietnam latrer invaded Cambodia in 1979 the CIA was still supporting the Khmer Rouge. (1,2,3)
Also see Vietnam
An estimated 40,000 people in Chad were killed and as many as 200,000 tortured by a government, headed by Hissen Habre who was brought to power in June, 1982 with the help of CIA money and arms. He remained in power for eight years. (1,2)
Human Rights Watch claimed that Habre was responsible for thousands of killings. In 2001, while living in Senegal, he was almost tried for crimes committed by him in Chad. However, a court there blocked these proceedings. Then human rights people decided to pursue the case in Belgium, because some of Habre's torture victims lived there. The U.S., in June 2003, told Belgium that it risked losing its status as host to NATO's headquarters if it allowed such a legal proceeding to happen. So the result was that the law that allowed victims to file complaints in Belgium for atrocities committed abroad was repealed. However, two months later a new law was passed which made special provision for the continuation of the case against Habre.
The CIA intervened in Chile's 1958 and 1964 elections. In 1970 a socialist candidate, Salvador Allende, was elected president. The CIA wanted to incite a military coup to prevent his inauguration, but the Chilean army's chief of staff, General Rene Schneider, opposed this action. The CIA then planned, along with some people in the Chilean military, to assassinate Schneider. This plot failed and Allende took office. President Nixon was not to be dissuaded and he ordered the CIA to create a coup climate: "Make the economy scream," he said.
What followed were guerilla warfare, arson, bombing, sabotage and terror. ITT and other U.S. corporations with Chilean holdings sponsored demonstrations and strikes. Finally, on September 11, 1973 Allende died either by suicide or by assassination. At that time Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, said the following regarding Chile: "I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist because of the irresponsibility of its own people." (1)
During 17 years of terror under Allende's successor, General Augusto Pinochet, an estimated 3,000 Chileans were killed and many others were tortured or "disappeared." (2,3,4,5)
Also see South America: Operation Condor
An estimated 900,000 Chinese died during the Korean War. For more information, See: Korea.
One estimate is that 67,000 deaths have occurred from the 1960s to recent years due to support by the U.S. of Colombian state terrorism. (1)
According to a 1994 Amnesty International report, more than 20,000 people were killed for political reasons in Colombia since 1986, mainly by the military and its paramilitary allies. Amnesty alleged that "U.S.- supplied military equipment, ostensibly delivered for use against narcotics traffickers, was being used by the Colombian military to commit abuses in the name of "counter-insurgency." (2) In 2002 another estimate was made that 3,500 people die each year in a U.S. funded civilian war in Colombia. (3)
In 1996 Human Rights Watch issued a report "Assassination Squads in Colombia" which revealed that CIA agents went to Colombia in 1991 to help the military to train undercover agents in anti-subversive activity. (4,5)
In recent years the U.S. government has provided assistance under Plan Colombia. The Colombian government has been charged with using most of the funds for destruction of crops and support of the paramilitary group.
In the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba on April 18, 1961 which ended after 3 days, 114 of the invading force were killed, 1,189 were taken prisoners and a few escaped to waiting U.S. ships. (1) The captured exiles were quickly tried, a few executed and the rest sentenced to thirty years in prison for treason. These exiles were released after 20 months in exchange for $53 million in food and medicine.
Some people estimate that the number of Cuban forces killed range from 2,000, to 4,000. Another estimate is that 1,800 Cuban forces were killed on an open highway by napalm. This appears to have been a precursor of the Highway of Death in Iraq in 1991 when U.S. forces mercilessly annihilated large numbers of Iraqis on a highway. (2)
Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire)
The beginning of massive violence was instigated in this country in 1879 by its colonizer King Leopold of Belgium. The Congo's population was reduced by 10 million people over a period of 20 years which some have referred to as "Leopold's Genocide." (1) The U.S. has been responsible for about a third of that many deaths in that nation in the more recent past. (2)
In 1960 the Congo became an independent state with Patrice Lumumba being its first prime minister. He was assassinated with the CIA being implicated, although some say that his murder was actually the responsibility of Belgium. (3) But nevertheless, the CIA was planning to kill him. (4) Before his assassination the CIA sent one of its scientists, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, to the Congo carrying "lethal biological material" intended for use in Lumumba's assassination. This virus would have been able to produce a fatal disease indigenous to the Congo area of Africa and was transported in a diplomatic pouch.
Much of the time in recent years there has been a civil war within the Democratic Republic of Congo, fomented often by the U.S. and other nations, including neighboring nations. (5)
In April 1977, Newsday reported that the CIA was secretly supporting efforts to recruit several hundred mercenaries in the U.S. and Great Britain to serve alongside Zaire's army. In that same year the U.S. provided $15 million of military supplies to the Zairian President Mobutu to fend off an invasion by a rival group operating in Angola. (6)
In May 1979, the U.S. sent several million dollars of aid to Mobutu who had been condemned 3 months earlier by the U.S. State Department for human rights violations. (7) During the Cold War the U.S. funneled over 300 million dollars in weapons into Zaire (8,9) $100 million in military training was provided to him. (2) In 2001 it was reported to a U.S. congressional committee that American companies, including one linked to former President George Bush Sr., were stoking the Congo for monetary gains. There is an international battle over resources in that country with over 125 companies and individuals being implicated. one of these substances is coltan, which is used in the manufacture of cell phones. (2)
Dominican Republic
In 1962, Juan Bosch became president of the Dominican Republic. He advocated such programs as land reform and public works programs. This did not bode well for his future relationship with the U.S., and after only 7 months in office, he was deposed by a CIA coup. In 1965 when a group was trying to reinstall him to his office President Johnson said, "This Bosch is no good." Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Mann replied "He's no good at all. If we don't get a decent government in there, Mr. President, we get another Bosch. It's just going to be another sinkhole." Two days later a U.S. invasion started and 22,000 soldiers and marines entered the Dominican Republic and about 3,000 Dominicans died during the fighting. The cover excuse for doing this was that this was done to protect foreigners there. (1,2,3,4)
East Timor
In December 1975, Indonesia invaded East Timor. This incursion was launched the day after U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had left Indonesia where they had given President Suharto permission to use American arms, which under U.S. law, could not be used for aggression. Daniel Moynihan, U.S. ambassador to the UN. said that the U.S. wanted "things to turn out as they did." (1,2) The result was an estimated 200,000 dead out of a population of 700,000. (1,2)
Sixteen years later, on November 12, 1991, two hundred and seventeen East Timorese protesters in Dili, many of them children, marching from a memorial service, were gunned down by Indonesian Kopassus shock troops who were headed by U.S.- trained commanders Prabowo Subianto (son in law of General Suharto) and Kiki Syahnakri. Trucks were seen dumping bodies into the sea. (5)
El Salvador
The civil war from 1981 to1992 in El Salvador was financed by $6 billion in U.S. aid given to support the government in its efforts to crush a movement to bring social justice to the people in that nation of about 8 million people. (1)
During that time U.S. military advisers demonstrated methods of torture on teenage prisoners, according to an interview with a deserter from the Salvadoran army published in the New York Times. This former member of the Salvadoran National Guard testified that he was a member of a squad of twelve who found people who they were told were guerillas and tortured them. Part of the training he received was in torture at a U.S. location somewhere in Panama. (2)
About 900 villagers were massacred in the village of El Mozote in 1981. Ten of the twelve El Salvadoran government soldiers cited as participating in this act were graduates of the School of the Americas operated by the U.S. (2) They were only a small part of about 75,000 people killed during that civil war. (1)
According to a 1993 United Nations' Truth Commission report, over 96 % of the human rights violations carried out during the war were committed by the Salvadoran army or the paramilitary deaths squads associated with the Salvadoran army. (3)
That commission linked graduates of the School of the Americas to many notorious killings. The New York Times and the Washington Post followed with scathing articles. In 1996, the White House Oversight Board issued a report that supported many of the charges against that school made by Rev. Roy Bourgeois, head of the School of the Americas Watch. That same year the Pentagon released formerly classified reports indicating that graduates were trained in killing, extortion, and physical abuse for interrogations, false imprisonment and other methods of control. (4)
The CIA began to destabilize Grenada in 1979 after Maurice Bishop became president, partially because he refused to join the quarantine of Cuba. The campaign against him resulted in his overthrow and the invasion by the U.S. of Grenada on October 25, 1983, with about 277 people dying. (1,2) It was fallaciously charged that an airport was being built in Grenada that could be used to attack the U.S. and it was also erroneously claimed that the lives of American medical students on that island were in danger.
In 1951 Jacobo Arbenz was elected president of Guatemala. He appropriated some unused land operated by the United Fruit Company and compensated the company. (1,2) That company then started a campaign to paint Arbenz as a tool of an international conspiracy and hired about 300 mercenaries who sabotaged oil supplies and trains. (3) In 1954 a CIA-orchestrated coup put him out of office and he left the country. During the next 40 years various regimes killed thousands of people.
In 1999 the Washington Post reported that an Historical Clarification Commission concluded that over 200,000 people had been killed during the civil war and that there had been 42,000 individual human rights violations, 29,000 of them fatal, 92% of which were committed by the army. The commission further reported that the U.S. government and the CIA had pressured the Guatemalan government into suppressing the guerilla movement by ruthless means. (4,5)
According to the Commission between 1981 and 1983 the military government of Guatemala – financed and supported by the U.S. government – destroyed some four hundred Mayan villages in a campaign of genocide. (4)
One of the documents made available to the commission was a 1966 memo from a U.S. State Department official, which described how a "safe house" was set up in the palace for use by Guatemalan security agents and their U.S. contacts. This was the headquarters for the Guatemalan "dirty war" against leftist insurgents and suspected allies. (2)
From 1957 to 1986 Haiti was ruled by Papa Doc Duvalier and later by his son. During that time their private terrorist force killed between 30,000 and 100,000 people. (1) Millions of dollars in CIA subsidies flowed into Haiti during that time, mainly to suppress popular movements, (2) although most American military aid to the country, according to William Blum, was covertly channeled through Israel.
Reportedly, governments after the second Duvalier reign were responsible for an even larger number of fatalities, and the influence on Haiti by the U.S., particularly through the CIA, has continued. The U.S. later forced out of the presidential office a black Catholic priest, Jean Bertrand Aristide, even though he was elected with 67% of the vote in the early 1990s. The wealthy white class in Haiti opposed him in this predominantly black nation, because of his social programs designed to help the poor and end corruption. (3) Later he returned to office, but that did not last long. He was forced by the U.S. to leave office and now lives in South Africa.
In the 1980s the CIA supported Battalion 316 in Honduras, which kidnapped, tortured and killed hundreds of its citizens. Torture equipment and manuals were provided by CIA Argentinean personnel who worked with U.S. agents in the training of the Hondurans. Approximately 400 people lost their lives. (1,2) This is another instance of torture in the world sponsored by the U.S. (3)
Battalion 316 used shock and suffocation devices in interrogations in the 1980s. Prisoners often were kept naked and, when no longer useful, killed and buried in unmarked graves. Declassified documents and other sources show that the CIA and the U.S. Embassy knew of numerous crimes, including murder and torture, yet continued to support Battalion 316 and collaborate with its leaders." (4)
Honduras was a staging ground in the early 1980s for the Contras who were trying to overthrow the socialist Sandinista government in Nicaragua. John D. Negroponte, currently Deputy Secretary of State, was our embassador when our military aid to Honduras rose from $4 million to $77.4 million per year. Negroponte denies having had any knowledge of these atrocities during his tenure. However, his predecessor in that position, Jack R. Binns, had reported in 1981 that he was deeply concerned at increasing evidence of officially sponsored/sanctioned assassinations. (5)
In 1956 Hungary, a Soviet satellite nation, revolted against the Soviet Union. During the uprising broadcasts by the U.S. Radio Free Europe into Hungary sometimes took on an aggressive tone, encouraging the rebels to believe that Western support was imminent, and even giving tactical advice on how to fight the Soviets. Their hopes were raised then dashed by these broadcasts which cast an even darker shadow over the Hungarian tragedy." (1) The Hungarian and Soviet death toll was about 3,000 and the revolution was crushed. (2)
In 1965, in Indonesia, a coup replaced General Sukarno with General Suharto as leader. The U.S. played a role in that change of government. Robert Martens,a former officer in the U.S. embassy in Indonesia, described how U.S. diplomats and CIA officers provided up to 5,000 names to Indonesian Army death squads in 1965 and checked them off as they were killed or captured. Martens admitted that "I probably have a lot of blood on my hands, but that's not all bad. There's a time when you have to strike hard at a decisive moment." (1,2,3) Estimates of the number of deaths range from 500,000 to 3 million. (4,5,6)From 1993 to 1997 the U.S. provided Jakarta with almost $400 million in economic aid and sold tens of million of dollars of weaponry to that nation. U.S. Green Berets provided training for the Indonesia's elite force which was responsible for many of atrocities in East Timor. (3)
Iran lost about 262,000 people in the war against Iraq from 1980 to 1988. (1) See Iraq for more information about that war.
On July 3, 1988 the U.S. Navy ship, the Vincennes, was operating withing Iranian waters providing military support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. During a battle against Iranian gunboats it fired two missiles at an Iranian Airbus, which was on a routine civilian flight. All 290 civilian on board were killed. (2,3)
A. The Iraq-Iran War lasted from 1980 to 1988 and during that time there were about 105,000 Iraqi deaths according to the Washington Post. (1,2)
According to Howard Teicher, a former National Security Council official, the U.S. provided the Iraqis with billions of dollars in credits and helped Iraq in other ways such as making sure that Iraq had military equipment including biological agents This surge of help for Iraq came as Iran seemed to be winning the war and was close to Basra. (1) The U.S. was not adverse to both countries weakening themselves as a result of the war, but it did not appear to want either side to win.
B: The U.S.-Iraq War and the Sanctions Against Iraq extended from 1990 to 2003.
Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990 and the U.S. responded by demanding that Iraq withdraw, and four days later the U.N. levied international sanctions.
Iraq had reason to believe that the U.S. would not object to its invasion of Kuwait, since U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, had told Saddam Hussein that the U.S. had no position on the dispute that his country had with Kuwait. So the green light was given, but it seemed to be more of a trap.
As a part of the public relations strategy to energize the American public into supporting an attack against Iraq the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the U.S. falsely testified before Congress that Iraqi troops were pulling the plugs on incubators in Iraqi hospitals. (1) This contributed to a war frenzy in the U.S.
The U.S. air assault started on January 17, 1991 and it lasted for 42 days. on February 23 President H.W. Bush ordered the U.S. ground assault to begin. The invasion took place with much needless killing of Iraqi military personnel. only about 150 American military personnel died compared to about 200,000 Iraqis. Some of the Iraqis were mercilessly killed on the Highway of Death and about 400 tons of depleted uranium were left in that nation by the U.S. (2,3)
Other deaths later were from delayed deaths due to wounds, civilians killed, those killed by effects of damage of the Iraqi water treatment facilities and other aspects of its damaged infrastructure and by the sanctions.
In 1995 the Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. reported that U.N sanctions against on Iraq had been responsible for the deaths of more than 560,000 children since 1990. (5)
Leslie Stahl on the TV Program 60 Minutes in 1996 mentioned to Madeleine Albright, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. "We have heard that a half million children have died. I mean, that's more children than died in Hiroshima. And – and you know, is the price worth it?" Albright replied "I think this is a very hard choice, but the price – we think is worth it." (4)
In 1999 UNICEF reported that 5,000 children died each month as a result of the sanction and the War with the U.S. (6)
Richard Garfield later estimated that the more likely number of excess deaths among children under five years of age from 1990 through March 1998 to be 227,000 – double those of the previous decade. Garfield estimated that the numbers to be 350,000 through 2000 (based in part on result of another study). (7)
However, there are limitations to his study. His figures were not updated for the remaining three years of the sanctions. Also, two other somewhat vulnerable age groups were not studied: young children above the age of five and the elderly.
All of these reports were considerable indicators of massive numbers of deaths which the U.S. was aware of and which was a part of its strategy to cause enough pain and terror among Iraqis to cause them to revolt against their government.
C: Iraq-U.S. War started in 2003 and has not been concluded
Just as the end of the Cold War emboldened the U.S. to attack Iraq in 1991 so the attacks of September 11, 2001 laid the groundwork for the U.S. to launch the current war against Iraq. While in some other wars we learned much later about the lies that were used to deceive us, some of the deceptions that were used to get us into this war became known almost as soon as they were uttered. There were no weapons of mass destruction, we were not trying to promote democracy, we were not trying to save the Iraqi people from a dictator.
The total number of Iraqi deaths that are a result of our current Iraq against Iraq War is 654,000, of which 600,000 are attributed to acts of violence, according to Johns Hopkins researchers. (1,2)
Since these deaths are a result of the U.S. invasion, our leaders must accept responsibility for them.
Israeli-Palestinian War
About 100,000 to 200,000 Israelis and Palestinians, but mostly the latter, have been killed in the struggle between those two groups. The U.S. has been a strong supporter of Israel, providing billions of dollars in aid and supporting its possession of nuclear weapons. (1,2)
Korea, North and South
The Korean War started in 1950 when, according to the Truman administration, North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25th. However, since then another explanation has emerged which maintains that the attack by North Korea came during a time of many border incursions by both sides. South Korea initiated most of the border clashes with North Korea beginning in 1948. The North Korea government claimed that by 1949 the South Korean army committed 2,617 armed incursions. It was a myth that the Soviet Union ordered North Korea to attack South Korea. (1,2)
The U.S. started its attack before a U.N. resolution was passed supporting our nation's intervention, and our military forces added to the mayhem in the war by introducing the use of napalm. (1)
During the war the bulk of the deaths were South Koreans, North Koreans and Chinese. Four sources give deaths counts ranging from 1.8 to 4.5 million. (3,4,5,6) Another source gives a total of 4 million but does not identify to which nation they belonged. (7)
John H. Kim, a U.S. Army veteran and the Chair of the Korea Committee of Veterans for Peace, stated in an article that during the Korean War "the U.S. Army, Air Force and Navy were directly involved in the killing of about three million civilians – both South and North Koreans – at many locations throughout Korea…It is reported that the U.S. dropped some 650,000 tons of bombs, including 43,000 tons of napalm bombs, during the Korean War." It is presumed that this total does not include Chinese casualties.
Another source states a total of about 500,000 who were Koreans and presumably only military. (8,9)
From 1965 to 1973 during the Vietnam War the U.S. dropped over two million tons of bombs on Laos – more than was dropped in WWII by both sides. Over a quarter of the population became refugees. This was later called a "secret war," since it occurred at the same time as the Vietnam War, but got little press. Hundreds of thousands were killed. Branfman make the only estimate that I am aware of , stating that hundreds of thousands died. This can be interpeted to mean that at least 200,000 died. (1,2,3)
U.S. military intervention in Laos actually began much earlier. A civil war started in the 1950s when the U.S. recruited a force of 40,000 Laotians to oppose the Pathet Lao, a leftist political party that ultimately took power in 1975.
Between 8,000 and 12,000 Nepalese have died since a civil war broke out in 1996. The death rate, according to Foreign Policy in Focus, sharply increased with the arrival of almost 8,400 American M-16 submachine guns (950 rpm) and U.S. advisers. Nepal is 85 percent rural and badly in need of land reform. Not surprisingly 42 % of its people live below the poverty level. (1,2)
In 2002, after another civil war erupted, President George W. Bush pushed a bill through Congress authorizing $20 million in military aid to the Nepalese government. (3)
In 1981 the Sandinistas overthrew the Somoza government in Nicaragua, (1) and until 1990 about 25,000 Nicaraguans were killed in an armed struggle between the Sandinista government and Contra rebels who were formed from the remnants of Somoza's national government. The use of assassination manuals by the Contras surfaced in 1984. (2,3)
The U.S. supported the victorious government regime by providing covert military aid to the Contras (anti-communist guerillas) starting in November, 1981. But when Congress discovered that the CIA had supervised acts of sabotage in Nicaragua without notifying Congress, it passed the Boland Amendment in 1983 which prohibited the CIA, Defense Department and any other government agency from providing any further covert military assistance. (4)
But ways were found to get around this prohibition. The National Security Council, which was not explicitly covered by the law, raised private and foreign funds for the Contras. In addition, arms were sold to Iran and the proceeds were diverted from those sales to the Contras engaged in the insurgency against the Sandinista government. (5) Finally, the Sandinistas were voted out of office in 1990 by voters who thought that a change in leadership would placate the U.S., which was causing misery to Nicaragua's citizenry by it support of the Contras.
In 1971 West Pakistan, an authoritarian state supported by the U.S., brutally invaded East Pakistan. The war ended after India, whose economy was staggering after admitting about 10 million refugees, invaded East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and defeated the West Pakistani forces. (1)
Millions of people died during that brutal struggle, referred to by some as genocide committed by West Pakistan. That country had long been an ally of the U.S., starting with $411 million provided to establish its armed forces which spent 80% of its budget on its military. $15 million in arms flowed into W. Pakistan during the war. (2,3,4)
Three sources estimate that 3 million people died and (5,2,6) one source estimates 1.5 million. (3)
In December, 1989 U.S. troops invaded Panama, ostensibly to arrest Manuel Noriega, that nation's president. This was an example of the U.S. view that it is the master of the world and can arrest anyone it wants to. For a number of years before that he had worked for the CIA, but fell out of favor partially because he was not an opponent of the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. (1) It has been estimated that between 500 and 4,000 people died. (2,3,4)
Paraguay: See South America: Operation Condor
The Philippines were under the control of the U.S. for over a hundred years. In about the last 50 to 60 years the U.S. has funded and otherwise helped various Philippine governments which sought to suppress the activities of groups working for the welfare of its people. In 1969 the Symington Committee in the U.S. Congress revealed how war material was sent there for a counter-insurgency campaign. U.S. Special Forces and Marines were active in some combat operations. The estimated number of persons that were executed and disappeared under President Ferdinand Marcos was over 100,000. (1,2)
South America: Operation Condor
This was a joint operation of 6 despotic South American governments (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay) to share information about their political opponents. An estimated 13,000 people were killed under this plan. (1)
It was established on November 25, 1975 in Chile by an act of the Interamerican Reunion on Military Intelligence. According to U.S. embassy political officer, John Tipton, the CIA and the Chilean Secret Police were working together, although the CIA did not set up the operation to make this collaboration work. Reportedly, it ended in 1983. (2)
On March 6, 2001 the New York Times reported the existence of a recently declassified State Department document revealing that the United States facilitated communications for Operation Condor. (3)
Since 1955, when it gained its independence, Sudan has been involved most of the time in a civil war. Until about 2003 approximately 2 million people had been killed. It not known if the death toll in Darfur is part of that total.
Human rights groups have complained that U.S. policies have helped to prolong the Sudanese civil war by supporting efforts to overthrow the central government in Khartoum. In 1999 U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright met with the leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) who said that she offered him food supplies if he would reject a peace plan sponsored by Egypt and Libya.
In 1978 the vastness of Sudan's oil reservers was discovered and within two years it became the sixth largest recipient of U.S, military aid. It's reasonable to assume that if the U.S. aid a government to come to power it will feel obligated to give the U.S. part of the oil pie.
A British group, Christian Aid, has accused foreign oil companies of complicity in the depopulation of villages. These companies – not American – receive government protection and in turn allow the government use of its airstrips and roads.
In August 1998 the U.S. bombed Khartoum, Sudan with 75 cruise míssiles. Our government said that the target was a chemical weapons factory owned by Osama bin Laden. Actually, bin Laden was no longer the owner, and the plant had been the sole supplier of pharmaceutical supplies for that poor nation. As a result of the bombing tens of thousands may have died because of the lack of medicines to treat malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases. The U.S. settled a lawsuit filed by the factory's owner. (1,2)
Uruguay: See South America: Operation Condor
In Vietnam, under an agreement several decades ago, there was supposed to be an election for a unified North and South Vietnam. The U.S. opposed this and supported the Diem government in South Vietnam. In August, 1964 the CIA and others helped fabricate a phony Vietnamese attack on a U.S. ship in the Gulf of Tonkin and this was used as a pretext for greater U.S. involvement in Vietnam. (1)
During that war an American assassination operation,called Operation Phoenix, terrorized the South Vietnamese people, and during the war American troops were responsible in 1968 for the mass slaughter of the people in the village of My Lai.
According to a Vietnamese government statement in 1995 the number of deaths of civilians and military personnel during the Vietnam War was 5.1 million. (2)
Since deaths in Cambodia and Laos were about 2.7 million (See Cambodia and Laos) the estimated total for the Vietnam War is 7.8 million.
The Virtual Truth Commission provides a total for the war of 5 million, (3) and Robert McNamara, former Secretary Defense, according to the New York Times Magazine says that the number of Vietnamese dead is 3.4 million. (4,5)
Yugoslavia was a socialist federation of several republics. Since it refused to be closely tied to the Soviet Union during the Cold War, it gained some suport from the U.S. But when the Soviet Union dissolved, Yugoslavia's usefulness to the U.S. ended, and the U.S and Germany worked to convert its socialist economy to a capitalist one by a process primarily of dividing and conquering. There were ethnic and religious differences between various parts of Yugoslavia which were manipulated by the U.S. to cause several wars which resulted in the dissolution of that country.
From the early 1990s until now Yugoslavia split into several independent nations whose lowered income, along with CIA connivance, has made it a pawn in the hands of capitalist countries. (1) The dissolution of Yugoslavia was caused primarily by the U.S. (2)
Here are estimates of some, if not all, of the internal wars in Yugoslavia. All wars: 107,000; (3,4)
Bosnia and Krajina: 250,000; (5) Bosnia: 20,000 to 30,000; (5) Croatia: 15,000; (6) and
Kosovo: 500 to 5,000. (7)
James A. Lucas can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com.
1. Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p.135.
2. Chronology of American State Terrorism
3. Soviet War in Afghanistan
4. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA's Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.76
5. U.S Involvement in Afghanistan, Wikipedia
6. 'The CIA's Intervention in Afghanistan, Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski', Le Nouvel Observateur, Paris, 15-21 January 1998, Posted at globalresearch.ca 15 October 2001
7. William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p.5
8. UnknownNews.net
1. Howard W. French, "From Old Files, a New Story of the U.S. Role in the Angolan War", New York Times3/31/02
2. 'Angolan Update', American Friends Service Committee FS, 11/1/99 flyer.
3. Norman Solomon, War Made Easy, (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) p. 82-83.
4. Lance Selfa, 'U.S. Imperialism, A Century of Slaughter', International Socialist Review, Issue 7, Spring 1999 (as appears on thirdworldtraveler.com)
5. Jeffress Ramsay, Africa , (Dushkin/McGraw Hill Guilford Connecticut), 1997, p. 144-145.
6. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA's Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.54.
1. Phil Gunson, Guardian, 5/6/02
2. Jerry Meldon, 'Return of Bolivia's Drug – Stained Dictator', Consortium News
1. Virtual Truth Commission
2. David Model, 'President Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the Bombing of Cambodia', excerpted from the book Lying for Empire How to Commit War Crimes With A Straight Face, Common Courage Press, 2005
3. Noam Chomsky, Chomsky on Cambodia under Pol Pot, etc.
1. William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 151-152 .
2. Richard Keeble, Crimes Against Humanity in Chad, Znet/Activism 12/4/06
1. Parenti, Michael, The Sword and the Dollar (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1989) p. 56.
2. William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 142-143.
3. moreorless.au.com: 'Heroes and Killers of the 20th Century, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte'
4. Associated Press, 'Pincohet on 91st Birthday, Takes Responsibility for Regime's Abuses', Dayton Daily News 11/26/06
5. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback, The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000), p. 18.
China: See Korea
1. Chronology of American State Terrorism, p.2
2. William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 163.
3. Millions Killed by Imperialism, Washington Post May 6, 2002)
4. Gabriella Gamini, CIA Set Up Death Squads in Colombia, Times, Dec. 5, 1996
5. Virtual Truth Commission, 1991
Human Rights Watch Report: 'Colombia's Killer Networks–The Military-Paramilitary Partnership'
1. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture – on Bay of Pigs Invasion
2. Wikipedia
Democratic Republic of Congo (Formerly Zaire)
1. F. Jeffress Ramsey, Africa (Guilford Connecticut, 1997), p. 85
2. Anup Shaw, The Democratic Republic of Congo, 10/31/2003
3. Kevin Whitelaw, A Killing in Congo, U. S. News and World Report
4. William Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p 158-159.
5. Ibid., p. 260
6. Ibid., p. 259
7. Ibid., p.262
8. David Pickering, 'World War in Africa', 6/26/02
9. William D. Hartung and Bridget Moix, 'Deadly Legacy; U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War', Arms Trade Resource Center, January , 2000
1. Norman Solomon, (untitled) Baltimore Sun April 26, 2005. Intervention Spin Cycle
3. William Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 175.
4. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA's Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.26-27.
2. Matthew Jardine, 'Unraveling Indonesia', Nonviolent Activist, 1997
3. Chronology of American State Terrorism
4. William Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 197.
5. 'US trained butchers of Timor', The Guardian, London. Cited by The Drudge Report, September 19, 1999.
1. Robert T. Buckman, Latin America 2003, (Stryker-Post Publications Baltimore 2003) p. 152-153.
2. William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 54-55.
3. El Salvador, Wikipedia
4. Virtual Truth Commission
1. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA'S Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p. 66-67.
2. Stephen Zunes, The U.S. Invasion of Grenada
2. Ibid.
3. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA's Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.2-13.
4. Robert T. Buckman, Latin America 2003 (Stryker-Post Publications Baltimore 2003) p. 162.
5. Douglas Farah, 'Papers Show U.S. Role in Guatemalan Abuses', Washington Post, March 11, 1999, A 26
1. Francois Duvalier
2. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA's Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p 87.
3. William Blum, Haiti 1986-1994: Who Will Rid Me of This Turbulent Priest, http://www.doublestandards.org/blum8.html
1. William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 55.
2. Reports by Country: Honduras, Virtual Truth Commission
3. James A. Lucas, 'Torture Gets The Silence Treatment', Countercurrents, July 26, 2004.
4. Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson, 'Unearthed: Fatal Secrets', Baltimore Sun, reprint of a series that appeared June 11-18, 1995 in Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, School of Assassins, p. 46 Orbis Books 2001
5. Michael Dobbs, 'Negroponte's Time in Honduras at Issue', Washington Post, March 21, 2005
1. Edited by Malcolm Byrne, The 1956 Hungarian Revoluiton: A history in Documents, November 4, 2002
2. Editorial, 'Indonesia's Killers', The Nation, March 30, 1998.
3. Matthew Jardine, 'Indonesia Unraveling', Non Violent Activist, Sept – Oct, 1997 (Amnesty) 2/7/07.
4. Sison, Jose Maria, Reflections on the 1965 Massacre in Indonesia, p. 5.
5. Annie Pohlman, Women and the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Gender Variables and Possible Direction for Research, p.4
6. Peter Dale Scott, 'The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1967', Pacific Affairs, 58, Summer 1985, pages 239-264.
7. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA's Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.30.
1. Geoff Simons, Iraq from Sumer to Saddam, 1996, St. Martins Press, NY p. 317.
3. BBC, 1988: 'US Warship Shoots Down Iranian Airliner'
Iran-Iraq War
1. Michael Dobbs, U.S. Had Key role in Iraq Buildup, Washington Post, December 30, 2002, p A01
2. GlobalSecurity.Org, Iran Iraq War (1980-1980)
U.S. Iraq War and Sanctions
1. Ramsey Clark, The Fire This Time (New York, Thunder's Mouth), 1994, p.31-32
2. Ibid., p. 52-54
3. Ibid., p. 43
4. Anthony Arnove, Iraq Under Siege, (South End Press Cambridge MA 2000). p. 175.
5. Food and Agricultural Organizaiton, 'The Children are Dying', 1995 World View Forum, International Action Center, International Relief Association, p. 78
6. Anthony Arnove, Iraq Under Siege, South End Press Cambridge MA 2000. p. 61.
7. David Cortright, A Hard Look at Iraq Sanctions, December 3, 2001, The Nation.
U.S-Iraq War 2003-?
1. Jonathan Bor, '654,000 Deaths Tied to Iraq War', Baltimore Sun, October 11, 2006
2. unknownnews.net
1. Post-1967 Palestinian & Israeli Deaths from Occupation & Violence, May 16, 2006
1. James I. Matray, 'Revisiting Korea: Exposing Myths of the Forgotten War', Korean War Teachers Conference: The Korean War, February 9, 2001
2. William Blum, Killing Hope (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 46
3. Kanako Tokuno, 'Chinese Winter Offensive in Korean War – the Debacle of American Strategy', ICE Case Studies Number 186, May, 2006
4. John G. Stroessinger, Why Nations go to War, (New York; St. Martin's Press), p. 99)
5. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, as reported at Answers.com
6. Exploring the Environment: Korean Enigma
7. S. Brian Wilson, 'Who are the Real Terrorists?' Virtual Truth Commisson
8. Korean War Casualty Statistics
9. S. Brian Wilson, 'Documenting U.S. War Crimes in North Korea', (Veterans for Peace Newsletter) Spring, 2002)
1. William Blum, Rogue State (Maine, Common Cause Press) p. 136
3. Fred Branfman, War Crimes in Indochina and our Troubled National Soul
1. Conn Hallinan, Nepal & the Bush Administration: Into Thin Air, February 3, 2004
2. Human Rights Watch, Nepal's Civil War: the Conflict Resumes, March 2006 )
3. Wayne Madsen, 'Possible CIA Hand in the Murder of the Nepal Royal Family', India Independent Media Center, September 25, 2001
2. Timeline Nicaragua
4. William Blum, 'Nicaragua 1981-1990: Destabilization in Slow Motion'
5. Wikipedia
1. John G. Stoessinger, Why Nations Go to War, (New York: St. Martin's Press), 1974 pp 157-172.
2. Asad Ismi, 'A U.S. – Financed Military Dictatorship', The CCPA Monitor, June 2002, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives
3. Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p.123, 124.
4. Arjum Niaz, 'When America Looks the Other Way'
5. Leo Kuper, Genocide (Yale University Press, 1981), p. 79.
6. Bangladesh Liberation War, Wikipedia
1. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA's Greatest Hits, (Odonian Press 1998) p. 83.
2. William Blum, Rogue States (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), p.154.
3. 'U.S. Military Charged with Mass Murder', The Winds 9/96
4. Mark Zepezauer, CIA's Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), p.83.
1. Romeo T. Capulong, 'A Century of Crimes Against the Filipino People', Presentation, Public Interest Law Center, World Tribunal for Iraq Trial in New York City on August 25, 2004
2. Roland B. Simbulan, 'The CIA in Manila – Covert Operations and the CIA's Hidden History in the Philippines' Equipo Nizkor Information – Derechos
South America: Operation Condor
1. John Dinges, 'Pulling Back the Veil on Condor', The Nation, July 24, 2000.
2. Virtual Truth Commission, Telling the Truth for a Better America
3. Operation Condor
1. Mark Zepezauer, Boomerang, (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p. 30, 32,34,36.
2. The Black Commentator, Africa Action – 'The Tale of Two Genocides: The Failed US Response to Rwanda and Darfur', 11 August 2006
1. Mark Zepezauer, The CIA's Greatest Hits (Monroe, Maine:Common Courage Press,1994), p 24
2. Casualties – US vs NVA/VC
3. Brian Wilson, Virtual Truth Commission
4. Fred Branfman, 'U.S. War Crimes in Indochiona and our Duty to Truth', August 26, 2004
5. David K Shipler, 'Robert McNamara and the Ghosts of Vietnam', New York Times
1. Sara Flounders, Bosnia Tragedy: The Unknown Role of the Pentagon in NATO in the Balkans (New York: International Action Center) p. 47-75
2. James A. Lucas, 'Media Disinformation on the War in Yugoslavia: The Dayton Peace Accords Revisited', Global Research, September 7, 2005
3. Yugoslav Wars in 1990s
4. George Kenney, 'The Bosnia Calculation: How Many Have Died? Not nearly as many as some would have you think', NY Times Magazine, April 23, 1995
5. Chronology of American State Terrorism
6. Croatian War of Independence, Wikipedia
7. Human Rights Watch, New Figures on Civilian Deaths in Kosovo War, (February 7, 2000)
The original source of this article is Sott.net
Copyright © James A. Lucas, Sott.net, 2018
James A. Lucas can be contacted at: email@example.com.


text:
Finnish Basic Course.
Listen: Hear a phrase first in English and then twice in Finnish
Repeat: Practice at your own pace and learn the pronunciation
Learn: Within a few exercises you will be able to start using your new language.
This introductory course in Finnish contains the following 37 chapters:
1. Common expressions – when you meet someone
2. The cardinal numbers
3. The ordinal numbers
4.The time
5. The days of the week
6. The months
7. The seasons
8. The weather
9. The colours
10. By train
11. By air
12. At the airport
13. At passport control / at customs
14. At the hotel
15. Breakfast
16. Renting a car
17. At garage/ at the petrol station
18. By bus
19. By underground
20. By taxi
21. Giving directions
22. Common expressions – when you are in need of help
23. At the bank
24. At the post office
25. Telephoning
26. Common socializing expressions
27. At the restaurant
28. Food
29. Drinks
30. Purchases and shopping
31. At the doctor's
32. At the chemist's
33. Common expressions – in emergencies
34. On the beach
35. Entertainment
36. Excursions
37. Sport
You will learn approximately 800 new words.
In everyday speech a person uses between 500 and 1500 words.
According to the scale provided by the European Council's levels of Language Proficiency,
you will have mastered level A1 at the completion of this course.
This implies that you will be familiar with the most common words and basic phrases related to your immediate surroundings, a well as beeing able to read common names and simple sentences. You will be able to converse when your interlocutor speaks clearly and slowly. You will be able to complete basic application forms.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Export 10 results:Author Title Type [ Year]
Filters: Author is Corn, R. M. [Clear All Filters]
Demonstration of a word design strategy for DNA computing on surfaces. Nucleic Acids Research. 25:4748-4757.. 1997.
In situ surface plasmon resonance imaging detection of DNA hybridization to oligonucleotide arrays on gold surfaces. Analytical Chemistry. 69:4948-4956.. 1997.
DNA computing on surfaces: Encoding information at the single base level. Journal of Computational Biology. 5:269-278.. 1998.
Enzymatic ligation reactions of DNA "words" on surfaces for DNA computing. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 120:10277-10282.. 1998.
A surface-based approach to DNA computation. Journal of Computational Biology. 5:255-267.. 1998.
Progress toward demonstration of a surface based DNA computation: a one word approach to solve a model satisfiability problem. Biosystems. 52:25-33.. 1999.
A surface-based approach to DNA computation. :123-132.. 1999.
Surface-based DNA computing operations: DESTROY and READOUT. Biosystems. 52:189-191.. 1999.
DNA computing on surfaces. Nature. 403:175-9.. 2000.
Multiple word DNA computing on surfaces. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 122:7435-7440.. 2000.


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Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until...every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."
- Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865
Lincoln Takes the Oath of Office, from Harper's Weekly, March, 1865 (engraving was based on photo taken by Gardner)
FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN: At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential office there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then a statement somewhat in detail of a course to be pursued seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured.
On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it, all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came.
One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it Everything Lincoln web site. Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or even before the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."
With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.
see also: Lincoln's note to Thurlow Weed
source: Richardson, James D. Messages and Papers of the Presidents: 1789-1897, Volume VI. Washington, 1897, pp. 276-277


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text: Prospects A Bachelor's degree in International Affairs (BIA) will provide you with numerous opportunities for your education and career. Master's studies or career start With your Bachelor's degree in International Affairs you have the possibility of joining the Master's programmes in International Affairs and Governance (MIA) or International Law (MIL) at the University of St.Gallen. At the same time, the BIA programme will prepare you for a great number of professional activities in politics, economics and society. In the Major in International Affairs and the subsequent Master's programme in International Affairs and Governance, you will acquire the wherewithal for a successful career in the private sector and in public institutions both at a national and an international level. Wide variety of professional possibilities After you have concluded your studies, you will be able to choose from a wide variety of career paths: in multinational corporations, in international organisations, in global economic institutions and development agencies, in the diplomatic service, in consultancy firms, in public administration, in NGOs and non-profit organisations, in political parties and associations, at universities, in think tanks and research institutions, as well as in academic and cultural exchange foundations.


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Ski resorts Austria
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The 12 volt YTX16-BS is the perfect powersport replacement battery.
Get improved performance from your powersport vehicle by purchasing a Skyrich Battery.
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You can be assured that when you purchase a Skyrich battery you are
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Add. MS b/190 · Pièce · 1925-1926Fait partie de Additional Manuscripts b
One of twelve notebooks kept by E. H. Linfoot containing notes made while at Oxford 1924-1928, under G. H. Hardy and Abram Besicovitch, and catalogued as Add.Ms.b.179-190. The other papers in this collection are described in the record for the first item in the collection, Add.Ms.b.179.Sans titre


text: Sell Your Home Our experienced staff can help you make it happen. The Litchfield Company is ready to reveal the secrets to selling your home! From setting the price, to creating marketing campaigns for traditional media and web, we've got a proven plan that will match your home with the right buyers for the right price. 1 Property Information Street Address * City * State * Zip Code * 2 About You First Name * Last Name * Email Address * Phone Number * What is your timeframe for selling? Undetermined Sell... less than one month Sell... 1-3 months Sell... 3-6 months Sell... 6+ months What is your desired selling price? 3 Additional Details Tell us more about any home or neighborhood features that are important to your property Submit Disclaimer: By entering your information and submitting this form, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and that you may be contacted by The Litchfield Company by phone, text message and email about your real estate interests. Frequency of contact may vary and message and data rates may apply. For assistance call (803) 478-3337 or text STOP to cancel.


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Prawn Nebula
About the Artwork
The Prawn Nebula, also known as IC 4628, is an emission nebula located in the Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way, around 6,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius. It forms part of the tail of the "False Comet" anchored by the bright open cluster NGC 6231
The glowing jumble of gas clouds visible in the image makes up a huge stellar nursery nicknamed the Prawn Nebula. Taken using the VLT Survey Telescope at ESO's Paranal Observatory in Chile, this may well be the sharpest picture ever taken of this object. It shows clumps of hot new-born stars nestled in among the clouds that make up the nebula
This particular otherworldly astronomy image is a showcase piece that is composed of the perfect blends of artistic intelligence and well-defined balance. This wall print is almost certain to complement the confines of your space with its majestic grandeur and high-resolution details.
NONE of our prints come framed. Please see our FAQs for more information on the services we do offer or visit the links below to learn more about our framing recommendations:
More info on where to frame your art: Where To Buy Frames
More info about custom framing: Framing Suggestions
Your artwork will ship without the watermark that is visible on the product image.
Your artwork will ship without the 'color name' that is listed across the artwork in instances where the art is sold in an array of different colors. The color name is used to define and clarify which print color you are purchasing only.
We do add an additional, complimentary, white border around your artwork (increases overall paper size). This border is an extension of the paper the artwork is printed on. The artwork print size itself will not change in dimensions from the size you purchase, only around the margins of your chosen artwork size will the white border be extended. We add this white border to make framing easier. The added border will tuck under the lip of the frame and it will be used to hold the artwork in place. Without it, the printed artwork itself may be covered by the lip of the frame. Therefore, we add the white border to prevent this from happening.
We take special pride in our shipping services and our shipping materials.
All artwork is shipped in a high quality, very durable shipping container. Your artwork is wrapped in a special elixir paper so it will be protected during delivery.
From the time your artwork is printed, it is handled with gloves so no direct human contact will ever touch your print directly.
All artwork ships in 3-5 business days (Monday - Friday) in most instances.
All orders placed in the USA will print and ship from our US printer.
All orders placed in Europe will typically print and ship from our European printer.
All orders placed in Australia and New Zealand will typically be printed and shipped from our printer in Australia.
We do ship worldwide and we try to make it as efficient and seamless as possible for you to receive your order once it has been placed with us.
We can offer a rush printing service and a rush delivery option for you. Please send us a note to inquire about both of these options as each one will incur an additional service fee and expedited shipping charge.
Currently, we do not provide returns on purchased prints as all our orders are made-to-order.
To find out more information about our return policy, please visit: Returns
One of the most common questions we get is in reference to what are the differences between Giclée and Photo Rag.
We cover this information a bit more in depth so it will help you decide between the two paper options we supply: Material Differences
For a quick and simple overview, Photo Rag is simply one of the best papers available anywhere. The Photo Rag paper absorbs inks deeper and provides richer colors overall.
Our Giclee printed papers are a high performance fine art paper. Both paper types (Giclee and Photo Rag) have archival properties and are acid free.
Our canvas prints are gallery stretched and wrapped onto a wood mount with a 3/4" depth.
Our rolled canvas is simply a rolled sheet of canvas with a 1" border.
Because we are unable to ship canvas wood mounted prints over 40" in either height or width due to the cost of freight shipping, we therefore recommend our rolled canvas as a viable alternative as it can be stretched and mounted by a local arts and crafts store or with a local framer near you. This allows you to save money on the freight shipping cost for canvas stretched and wrapped artwork over 40" in either width or height.
All prices listed as 'Canvas' are for gallery wrapped wood mounted canvas. If 'Rolled Canvas' is offered for a print, it will be listed as 'Rolled Canvas'.
We also will add a .25", .5" or 1" white border to each side of your artwork. This border helps make the framing of your art easier should you decide to. The white border does increase the overall paper size.
For all other questions, don't hesitate to reach out to us: Contact Us


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Standing Sprays & Wreaths
Custom Flower Design
Let us create a custom flower arrangement for you.
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Order within 50 minutes for Same Day Delivery!
A standing funeral spray can often say what words can not. They offer comfort and sentiment with their precious petals. Send this traditional sympathy gift as your last respects to a departed friend or loved one's family. If you need funeral flowers in Harrogate, Floyd's Harrogate Florist can help you choose the right standing spray for your final memorial.


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Score! The original spare part number (OP) Fruehauf U-JB0564 encodes to 761251
Your new shock absorbers
Due to the successful OE-number search we now know the dimensions of the shock absorber suitable for your vehicle. Depending on the use of the vehicle, different tuning levels are recommended. Therefore please fill out the inquiry form below as detailed as possible. This will give us an indication of your specific vehicle use and the resulting requirements for your new shock absorbers. We will then contact you within the next 2-3 working days. Many thanks!


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235 North Northwest Highway
Palatine, IL 60067
96 N Bokelman Street
Roselle, IL 60172
A beautiful smile can brighten your life! If you are continuously hiding your chipped, stained, or cracked teeth from others, it's time for a change! William Wolski, D.D.S., a trusted Roselle area dentist, can fix chips, cracks, and stains to reveal a great new smile - and a new you. You'll look so good you'll wonder why you waited so long!
Dr. William Wolski at his Roselle dentistry practice is pleased to offer you a free smile analysis if you are 18 years old or older. Our friendly and professional team will make you feel comfortable and welcome.
We'll answer your questions and assess your dental needs to achieve long term oral health. Our goal is to make your visit enjoyable, and to give you the smile you deserve.
William Wolski, D.D.S., offers convenient, comfortable, and virtually pain-free cavity repair at his Roselle, Illinois area practice. Using a drill-free and needle-free cavity repair method called air abrasion, Dr. Wolski applies a stream of fine particles to the decayed tooth area, gently removing decay in preparation for a new dental filling. During the procedure, you won't experience any vibration, noise, heat, or pressure.
If you're looking for dentures that look great and last, look no further than Smiles Dental Care located in the Roselle, IL area. William Wolski, D.D.S. will assess your needs and fit you with durable, comfortable, natural-looking dentures - at a price you can afford.
William Wolski, D.D.S. is proud to be a popular Roselle area Lumineers® dentist. If you have sensitive teeth and want pain-free dental veneers, we can help.
Our highly trained team has extensive experience with this quick and easy procedure. We'll help you transform from feeling self-conscious to feeling confident about your bright new smile.
Kalsbeek, Ed D.D.S.
595 N Weston Ave
Elgin, IL, 60123-3338
Rodriguez, Osmar D.D.S.
300 S Mclean Blvd
Elgin, IL, 60123-1023
Dean W. Lodding, D.D.S.
2001 Larkin Ave. Suite 120
Elgin, IL, 60123
(847) 380-5944
Elgin Dental Assoc
1030 Summit St # G
Elgin, IL, 60120-4371
Orthodontic braces conjure up lots of images, most of them about children and the temporary metallic smiles that they cause. But many strides have been made in the world of dental braces. More adults are now choosing teeth straightening and are glad braces aren't just for kids anymore.
Braces offer a good choice for improving your smile and oral health. Some adults have problem teeth because their parents could not afford getting braces or retainers when they were young. Or perhaps the problem with their teeth is more recent. Now, options are available for correcting them and adult braces provide many advantages.
Crooked teeth or teeth that overlap are harder to clean around. As a result, this serves as hiding places for bacteria that cause bad breath, gum disease and tooth decay.
Protruding teeth or gaps between teeth interfere with your smile and create an uneven bite, but getting braces or orthodontic appliances can straighten crooked teeth and move teeth into proper position.
Adults now enjoy the results of adult orthodontics, which so beautifully provide a healthier-looking smile. Today's braces are much less noticeable than those you may remember as a child. Taking care of your teeth sends the message that you are taking care of yourself, reflecting self-respect and confidence.
The orthodontic appliances of today provide greater comfort and style than in the past. Another feature of modern adult braces is that they work more quickly than the traditional style braces, which means a shorter time to wear them and fewer trips to the orthodontist.
Older dental braces used bands that wrapped around teeth. While these are still available, other braces offer new options. One type features brackets made of metal or plastic, bonded to the teeth and used in conjunction with thin, gentle wires.
Another type of braces stay discreetly hidden from view, using brackets attached to the back of the teeth. Both types require wires to move the teeth into their correct positions. Your dentist or orthodontist will help you decide which style of braces is right for you.
Most patients usually wear full braces from 18 to 30 months, depending on specific treatment needs. When your dental braces are removed, retainers are used to prevent your teeth from repositioning themselves. Your orthodontist will determine how long you will have to use your retainer after treatment is completed.
One thing hasn't changed: if you wear dental braces, regardless of whether they're metal or ceramic braces, you must take care of them. Careful brushing and flossing between them and under wires will keep your teeth and gums clean and healthy. Avoid eating foods that can break wires and loosen brackets such as those that are sticky (caramels and gum), hard to bite (uncut carrots, apples, and ice), or crunchy (popcorn, nuts, hard candy).
Orthodontic braces can make a world of difference and give you something to really smile about!
By Brian J. Gray, DDS, MAGD, FICO
You may wonder what goes on with your Invisalign braces between the time that your orthodontist takes impressions of your teeth for your clear braces and when you receive your first set of aligners.
State-of-the-art computer technology plays a vital role in the process of creating your Invisalign braces. In fact, Invisalign's high-volume, customized orthodontics manufacturing process is the first of its kind in the world.
Below are some of the ways advanced computer technology in used in the manufacture of Invisalign invisible braces.


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Searching for a bankruptcy specialist in Lorain, OH? Bankruptcy Legal will connect you with an experienced and affordable attorney today.
Filing For Bankruptcy Can Get You Back On Track
Bankruptcy Legal provides individuals with legal counsel that inspires a true sense of hope. If you're looking for experienced, supportive and personalized legal counsel we're here to help. Get connected with a bankruptcy attorney in Lorain, OH who understands the emotional and financial challenges involved in filing for bankruptcy. At Bankruptcy Legal, you can get the answers you need to move forward and the peace of mind that comes with knowing your rights are protected. It's time to take action, today.
Bankruptcy Lawyers
Lorain, OH
Bankruptcy Lawyers
Lorain, OH
If you are deeply in debt and unable to pay, Bankruptcy Legal will connect you with a top rated Lorain bankruptcy law firm that is prepared to help you. Our bankruptcy specialists can assist with a range of services including chapter 7, chapter 13, small business bankruptcy, credit card debt, wage garnishments, medical bills, keeping your vehicle, and IRS tax debt.
Filing for bankruptcy is often the best solution for those who are overwhelmed with debt and have exhausted all other options to pay off their bills. Bankruptcy can provide relief by wiping debts clean and helping indebted individuals regain control of their finances. The following is a list of bankruptcy services law firms in Lorain are experienced and ready to assist you in.
Filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy in Lorain is an option for people who have a steady income and are looking to escape debt without being required to liquidate assets. Chapter 13 reorganizes loans into small monthly payments, which allows you the opportunity to regain control over your debts and rebuild credit.
Unlike Chapter 13, Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases do involve filing a plan of repayment. Instead, the bankruptcy trustee gathers and sells your nonexempt assets to pay holders of claims according to Bankruptcy Code provisions.
Facing debt from missed payments, a lawsuit from creditors, or debt on multiple credit cards? A bankruptcy filing might be the most appropriate solution. If you need assistance dealing with credit card debt and delinquent payments, a Lorain bankruptcy lawyer may be able to provide valuable assistance. Hold onto your possessions while eliminating some or all of your high interest.
Filing for bankruptcy may be an option if you owe past-due federal taxes that you cannot pay. Learn about IRS payment plans or an offer in compromise. The Internal Revenue Service understands that filing for bankruptcy may be one method for dealing with personal financial difficulties resulting from a combination of reduced income, increased expenses or serious medical conditions.
Filing for bankruptcy may be a good option if your small business in Lorain has struggled with debt. There are various considerations to keep in mind, depending on the circumstances.
Suffering from medical debt? For many, medical bills and the inability to pay them can be a huge burden. We can help. If medical expenses or a family member's chronic condition cause your debt to spiral out of control, it may be time to file for bankruptcy. Hardworking people with inadequate coverage face this difficult situation, and a surprising number of middle-class Americans don't have insurance at all. Connect with a bankruptcy specialist in Lorain to learn about options for eliminating medical debt or getting more time to pay.
Lorain auto repossessions are not uncommon. You may be able to keep your vehicle even if you are behind on payments and facing auto repossessions. Contact a bankruptcy lawyer in Lorain immediately to file an adversary proceeding with the bankruptcy court. It is important to seek legal advice before you contact your creditor or make arrangement to pay the debt since doing so may affect your eligibility for bankruptcy.
Having your wages garnished means that not only can the creditor take money directly from your wages before you receive them, but your employer will be made aware of your debts. A wage garnishment is a legal order to an employer in Lorain that requires the them to withhold part of an employee's wages and pay these directly to another individual or entity. Wage garnishments are usually ordered as a result of unpaid debts, such as child support, personal loans, state or federal taxes and credit card debt.
We are bankruptcy specialists providing profound legal knowledge and expertise for our clients in Lorain.
Our company has been helping individuals in Lorain achieve their legal objectives for more than 30 years.
We emphasize quality service, attention to detail and care leading to just resolutions of our clients' bankruptcy matters.
Here are a few examples of businesses that have benefited from our bankruptcy legal services:
Bankruptcy is a legal process that frees you from the obligation of repaying your debts and dealing with creditors.
We understand the challenges individuals face when burdened with debt. You have options and we'll show you the way.
Our core focus is on establishing your best interests when dealing with debt relief. Every situation is unique. We'll help educate you with regards to your options and find the best solution for you
Once you have made the difficult decision to file for bankruptcy, there are things you will need to do in order to proceed in a positive way. A basic overview of the bankruptcy process, from filing for bankruptcy to rebuilding your credit and moving forward after bankruptcy are discussed below.
Bankruptcy Legal connects you with the best board-certified Lorain bankruptcy specialists. You'll be connected with a team that intimately understands what you're going through and all of your options. While there are many budget-friendly options, make sure you're comfortable with and get to know your lawyer before getting started. Take the first step towards debt relief today.
There are two mandatory credit counseling sessions that must be completed by a counselor approved by the U.S. Justice Department before you file bankruptcy paperwork with the courts. During the first round (pre-filing counseling) a counselor will discuss your budget and point out the pros and cons of bankruptcy. Counselors will also cover different alternatives so you have a clear understanding of all your options.
All Lorain bankruptcy lawyers prepare and file your required paperwork with the court. Filing for bankruptcy requires filling out several legal forms. In this process, your lawyer will also collect any and all financial related information to complete the bankruptcy petition, Statement of Financial Affairs and Schedules. Once complete, your lawyers will review the required paperwork with you to ensure accuracy.
Depending on the type of bankruptcy you file (Chapter 7 or Chapter 13), the next step will either involve liquidating assets to repaying creditors some of your debts. In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, if you have no assets of large value your case is referred to as a "No Asset Case." For secured debts like a car or house you will need to continue making regular payments.
Before receiving a bankruptcy discharge, there are a couple of courses that are typically required. The bankruptcy code calls these requirements a "debtor education program." In most cases, you may be required to take a course before you file your paperwork and go to a hearing with the bankruptcy court.
The final step in the bankruptcy process, debt discharge is the elimination of a debt as a result of bankruptcy. Once bankruptcy is complete, banks and creditors are no longer allowed to collect the debt. Unless specific IRS conditions are met, this may result in taxable income to the debtor. Be sure to speak with your Lorain bankruptcy attorney to get a good understanding of your completed file.
Our bankruptcy specialists provide legal services in the following Lorain, OH zip codes: 44052 / 44053 / 44055
Frequently asked questions about bankruptcy law.
Most Lorain bankruptcy lawyers charge a "flat rate". Chapter 7 bankruptcy attorneys typically charge somewhere between $1,000 to $3,500 depending on the details of the case. Some attorneys will choose to bill by the hour.
Chapter 7 bankruptcy discharges qualifying debts after a few months, but you may have to liquidate nonexempt assets. You can file for bankruptcy protection where the "automatic stay" order will stop creditors from pursuing your debt.
Lying about your assets, not consulting a lawyer, giving "gifts" or assets to family members, adding further credit card debt and raiding the 401(k) are all common practices that can cause further trouble when filing for bankruptcy in Lorain.
The court notifies your creditors after about a week from filing. The notice tells the creditors that you filed for bankruptcy. It also shows them how to get more information about your case and what they need to do.
The main downside of filing for bankruptcy is that it can damage your credit history and make it more difficult to get financing in the future. You can also lose assets including your primary residence or other real estate holdings in Lorain. To learn about all of the pros and cons regarding your specific situation please call us and get connected with an experienced bankruptcy attorney in Lorain.
Individuals filing bankruptcy can file without an attorney (pro se), but it is strongly recommended to consult with an attorney for a better understanding of the long-term consequences.
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Grey Roses - Love Heart "Crown"
- Complimentary standard shipping
- Eco-friendly packaging
- 100% Sustainably sourced
- In stock, ready to ship
- Inventory on the way
Signature Grey luxury preserved roses by Palatial Petals®. An exquisite rose arrangement meticulously hand-set in an opulent soft-touch heart shape rose box.
- 100 premium Ecuadorian Timeless Luxury Roses™
- Handcrafted soft-touch heart shape rose box.
- Two tone foil embossed logo detail.
- 1.5" luxurious double-face silk ribbon bow.
- Rose box dimensions: 25 x 10 x 25cm
- No watering required!
- Personalized
gift cardincluded.
- Care card.
- Handmade to order in USA.
Palatial Petals® maintains the highest standards in design, materials and craftsmanship, creating iconic rose arrangements that women adore the world over.
With proper care, you can preserve the beauty of your roses for years to come. Simply keep your roses away from direct sunlight and within normal room temperature. There is no need to water, change out vases, or deal with wilted petals. A floral arrangement by Palatial Petals® perfectly captures the essence and aesthetic beauty of fresh flowers with the carefree indulgent pleasure one expects of a luxury item.
Payments are accepted via credit card, debit card, PayPal and Apple Pay with a valid billing and shipping address. Accepted credit cards are Visa, American Express, Mastercard, and Discover.
When placing an order, your billing address must correspond to the address of your credit card, or we may not be able to process your order. In the case that you do experience any issue in placing your order with a credit or debit card we recommend to checkout using PayPal. Don't have a PayPal account? that's ok, you can checkout as a guest.
All transactions are secured. The Palatial Petals® website is provided with an SSL encryption system to protect personal and payment data.
Standard Delivery timing: 2-5 business days from the time you receive your shipping confirmation email. For Alaska and Hawaii: Please allow 4-7 business days. For expedited delivery, we recommend you select Express or Overnight Shipping. All orders are processed Monday through Friday, excluding holidays. Deliveries are made Monday to Saturday from 9am - 8pm.
A signature will be required upon delivery.
Withdrawals, cancellations, exchanges, or returns are not accepted for made-to-order arrangements. Each product will be personalized by hand by expert artisans. This process results in a one-of-a-kind finish that may vary slightly from the image.


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Request ground handling at K5B2 / 5B2 / Saratoga County Airport in Saratoga Springs, United States. EVO Jet contracts with primary ground handling providers / FBOs at Saratoga County Airport to ensure you receive the best value on every trip to United States.
Contact EVO for your next business jet, government air mission, or cargo flight to K5B2 / Saratoga County Airport.
- Credit for FBO, handling, and airport fees
- Hotel Crew Rates
- CIQ Assistance
- Crew and Passenger Transportation
- VIP Catering
US Air Card Accepted


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Runkeeper is a mobile running app that helps people of all fitness levels get out the door and stick with running forever. It helps you easily track workouts, set goals, connect with community, and stay motivated.
In 2015 we launched the Runkeeper Store to better fulfill our mission of getting the whole world running. The Runkeeper Store aims to connect you with the fitness gear you need, offering the right apparel and gadgets at the right time. We carry top-quality products across footwear, active apparel, audio, and accessories, featuring brands such as Jaybird, TriggerPoint, Goodr, Nathan, and Smith Optics. Runkeeper joined the ASICS family in 2016, allowing us to provide our community with access to industry leading footwear and activewear.
For Runkeeper users, the Store provides a special opportunity to celebrate a hard-earned accomplishment or get the motivation you need to keep going, with discounts tied to your app activities, exclusive access to new products, and other surprise rewards along the way. In addition to our top-rated free app, Runkeeper also offers the Runkeeper Gosubscription service to help you see the bigger picture and run with it, and further engages runners through our insightful blog, our encouraging community, and digital events like the Global 5K that connect runners across the globe.