text:
• Dippy illustrations of kids with special needs...and totally depressing books that have no sense of humor whatsoever. ARRRGH!
Thursday, July 7, 2011
Special needs things that make you go "ARRRGH!"
• Dippy illustrations of kids with special needs...and totally depressing books that have no sense of humor whatsoever. ARRRGH!
54 comments:
- AnonymousJuly 7, 2011 at 9:32 PM
Hi Ellen - ditched that book from our library recently.ReplyDelete
Hmmm.... things that make me go ARGH... we have a child with DS and people love to say how happy she is. Really, how many toddlers are seriously miserable all the time?
Finally carving out the time, hauling out all of Gracie's files, her phone book, calendar, etc., to make phone calls to doctors, DMEs, therapy centers, insurance companies, and having to leave messages with every place! Doesn't anyone ever answer their phones anymore?? ARRRGH!ReplyDelete
I can feel your pain about the insurance. I finally got my DB a neuropysch eval after a year. It took six weeks to actally get the appointment. It took over 9 months to get my insurance to pay.ReplyDelete
#2 on your list is my biggest ARRGH today! I'm dealing with the potty training frustration in a big way right now. I know she could do it if she'd only try! If she'd put as much energy into trying as she does to fighting me, she'd have it mastered. ARRRGH!!ReplyDelete
Pitty comments made by people who have no idea what to say when they see your kid. Like they cant just comment on the weather. Instead they say stuff that is very untrue for whatever reasons...... Like "Oh he's so tall" (Said about my son who is barely on the percentile charts in height) It's not even the fact that the comment was made, but the fact that it was repeated about ten thousand times. Drives me bat crap crazy.ReplyDelete
A few of my AAARGHs (and there are plenty):ReplyDelete
People who park in the striped place in between the disabled spots... like it's a place to park and not, oh, unload a wheelchair.
Or people who look at my son and say, sympathetically, "He's so lucky to have you," in a way that makes you think they're breathing a huge sigh of relief that he's not their child.
Venturing to one of the few accessible parks, finding a deserted section where my daughter can get our of her wheelchair to lay on the equipment, only to have some children (who really were old enough to know better) come racing down the equipment and jump over her like a hurdle with one of them landing on top of her! Aarrgh ( and a few tears at the insensitivity.)ReplyDelete
As a former chef, I have heard many odd request while on the job. Sorry Ellen, I would probably not have cut up your son's spaghetti, that is ridiculous. While I understand that it is your night out, it's rude to request this, entitledReplyDelete
much? I make the food, put it on your plate and it's up to you to figure out how to get it in your mouth. We even give you forks, spoons and knives to help you on your way. Would you also like someone to spoon feed your children and cut up Sabrina's food (I am guessing she can't yet) too while we are at it? I have 4 kids, one with CP and when we go out to eat or we dine at home, I cut up his food. It's not a big deal, nor does it ruin the relaxing atmosphere of our dining as a family.
I agree with those that are saying cut up your own child's food. We cut up my niece's and nephew's food - why shouldn't you.ReplyDelete
In addition to invisible disabilities you have families like mine. On more than one occasion I've parked in a HC place - taken the family member inside. Then moved the car, so that someone else can use it.I did this several times a week with my Mother taking her to doctor appointments when she was dying. The spots were at a premium, and I didn't want to take one from someone transporting his/herself. But I needed the space to transfer my mother to and from the wheelchair.
On other occasions we have arrived found the HC spots taken. Helped our disabled family member inside, parked in the back 40. When we came out if the HC spot was available we used it while we loaded people up.
Phoenix and kherbert, no offense meant. See comment above.ReplyDelete
jtj, you sound like a great dad. I consider it a small courtesy to ask a cook to make food easier for my son to eat—and to make a meal just a little more relaxing for me. Generally, dining out is not "relaxing"—as you described—because Max tends to lose it. "Odd request"? Not so much. I've actually never had anyone say no until the other week. Cooks have sharpened knives that make quick work of cutting up spaghetti, as opposed to the dull ones you get at the table.
As for "entitled much"? Hmmm. Well, other than having a maid fetch my slippers before I roll out of bed as someone else dresses my son and then having my housekeeper turn on the shower for me before she goes and helps my son get dressed and then getting our personal cook to pour the cereal into the bowl for me before she helps feed my son and then having the chauffeur drive my children to school and then lounging out in the backyard sipping lemonade as my son gets therapy and then having our bodyguard watch our son as he plays outside and helping him when he gets stuck on the bike because he can't back-pedal, etc.,etc., why, no. I don't think I'm entitled at all.
Sorry, have to agree that cutting up Max's spaghetti is Mom's job, not the chef's. You really need to reconsider with the volume of responses you are getting on this one.ReplyDelete
I have to say, I'm surprised at the vehemence of some people's response to the whole cutting up the spaghetti thing. I mean, personally, I would just cut the spaghetti for my child or ask my husband to do it. HOWEVER, who among us hasn't ever asked for something similar...french fries cooked "just so" and sent back until they are done to your liking (got this a lot when I was waiting tables), coffee/tea/soup to a specified temperature (yup, got that, too!), something on the side, some kind of "special" something or other. My point is that, while I don't agree with it, I don't think Ellen's request was outrageous enough to warrant snide comments such as jtj's. The solution is simple, Ellen, just frequent the places you know don't look down on such requests and tip your servers well. :-)ReplyDelete
The parking issue? One of my pet peeves, too, when there is no placard/sticker in sight. ARRRRRGH!
People who ask if I know whether my nonverbal 7.5yr old will ever talk. Um, nope. And I don't know the lottery numbers for tonight, either. *eyeroll*
I'm with Heather - when people assume 1) my kid is happy because he has Ds - uh, I'd like to think a loving, happy home and family contributes to that! and 2) that he doesn't experience a range of moods like everyone else. ARGH.ReplyDelete
If I can ask and expect my salad to be chopped and tossed if I ask for it that way then u can certainly ask and expect your sons noodles to be cut for him right in the kitchen.ReplyDelete
Ps...to the chef...u make the food. We pay the bill. If I ask to have salt omitted or something made without sauce or any other special request...I expect that my food will be delivered to my table in that manner. If not, I'll find another, more accommodating establishment.ReplyDelete
People who say "Oh aren't you amazing - I don't think I could handle a child with Special needs" - as if we had a choice in the matter!!! But, you know what? We ARE amazing - we just don't want your pity!!ReplyDelete
A chef who hautily sniffs that it's not his job to fulfill a simple request like cutting pasta to assist a diner with a disability has absolutely no business calling anyone else "entitled".ReplyDelete
Seriously, jtj. Get over yourself and try to see the big picture and where you might fit into it as a decent human being.
Don't get me started with insurance. For years we had great insurance that accommodated my son's needs beautifully. We just switched to new insurance and we are ramping up for fights to continue get him the therapy he needs to stay healthy and functional.ReplyDelete
I guess it never has bothered me that so many people call my special needs daughter "sweet" and me "so lucky to have her." She is really so sweet and she loves hearing that...I tell her that all the time too. And then I let them know I'm not "lucky" I'm blessed.ReplyDelete
And I never thought of asking the chef to cut up her food. Although I guess I wouldn't mind asking. But when I reach over and spend time cutting up all of her food on her hot plate and her salad and picking out the things I forgot to have them not put in the salad and then finally get to eat my food which is now cold... I love it. Reminds me why we celebrate Mother's Day. I love doing this for her. And I really live hearing her say "thank you mommy, I love you."
Makes me want to cut up everyone's food at the restaurant. :)
Anyhow...asking the chef or not asking the chef, I don't have a problem with the idea either way.
I love being Chloe's mom.
I wait tables and get all sorts of odd requests. If a guest asked me to have the cook cut the spaghetti You can pretty much bet I wouldn't ask the cook to do it. I WOULD DO IT MYSELF FOR THE GUEST! Apparently the server that denied that request didn't realize s/he works for tips or something?! Decent servers will do damn near anything to make they guests happy. I agree with Niksmom. I'm sure you'll remember which restaurant denies simple requests and which will accommodate them!ReplyDelete
We adopted our son who has Cerebral Palsy. We get lots of "You are wonderful for taking on such a burden" comments which is at the top of my ARRRGH list. Please don't call our son a burden.ReplyDelete
Not just pity stares.....pity SMILES. When someone looks at you and gives you that "awwwwww" sort of smile. My mom says she actually got a mom pity smile once....ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 8, 2011 at 12:24 PM
I was undecided when I read the part about spaghetti... I guess I saw both sides. We don't go to restaurants, but we do go to pizza shops. It's normal over there to ask the workers to cut the slice in half or in small pieces.ReplyDelete
But if they forget to do it and I see they are very busy with customers, I just suck it up and try to cut them up myself with flimsy plastic knives.
What bothers me A LOT is that my daughter (almost 3) is often viewed as bratty because she has a really hard time adjusting to changes. Any changes. Any store we go into she will thrash and flail and SHRIEK. She will do it for less than a minute, until she acclimates, but until then, people give all kinds of stares and make nasty comments.
In one store a cashier screamed back, louder than my daughter, "No screaming!!!"
When a fellow cashier looked at her like she was crazy and said something, she replied, "... high pitched scream from hell."
I was in shock at this display of rudeness. That store will be getting a call from me.
In a different store, just yesterday, a lady passed us by and said, "Oh my GOD!"
I was about to reply that I don't think "her God" can't do anything about the screaming, another woman looked at me all concerned and asked, "Is everything okay?"
Well, as if I'd be shopping leisurely if something was seriously wrong. What did she want me to say? "Actually, no. Call an ambulance." I replied "yes" in a tone like I didn't understand where the question was coming from.
The comments don't bother me as much as I made it sound, but it's just amusing to me how some people have no mouth filter or manners.
Hello Ellen,ReplyDelete
We all have our ARGH moments, and reading all of the comments, I give us all a big round of applause. We are diligent in the quest for the best for our children. Have a Super weekend!!!!
Gross alert!ReplyDelete
My big AAARGH is changing another poopy diaper/pull-up and trying to ge dried poopy off of his legs. We're embarking on another big potty training session soon. (Pray for us!)
Oh, and saying for the millionth time, "pull up your pants." Our son pushes his pants and pull-up down so that it doesn't touch his waist, some times his hips, and occasionally even lower.
Oh, and the comments that imply that I'm something special because of my boys. "I couldn't do it." Yes, you can and would if you loved your child.
Last one, and this one is internal. Hearing or reading about how wonderful "typical" family trips are. Family trips are so very hard for us (too many reasons to count). We hope that as our boys grow that they will get easier, but now we are rethinking how we can enjoy family time without traveling. (Although, Ellen, we really want to try the trip you went on recently with the whole family. Sounded like a great place.)
Guess I needed to vent a bit. :)
My pet peeve is when people treat me like a baby, like I can't do anything, because of my disability.ReplyDelete
Or when I tell people I have a job, they look at me wide eyed and say "YOU have a job?!?"
If someone parks in a disabled spot and doesn't have a badge in the window (and I see them coming to and from the car) I call them out on it. If they have a hidden disability they will still have a badge, if they don't have a badge, they shouldn't be parking there.ReplyDelete
My arrrrrgh is people 'waiting' in disabled spaces, so I drive past and think they are all taken and have to park illegally leave my child on the pavement and then put the car in a space that means I can't get him or his chair back into the vehicle without doing the same in reverse. I then see someone coming out of the station or where ever and the person waiting in the car skips out to meet them and then they drive off. Drives me nutty.
I'm not sure I'd have the balls to ask someone to cut up food for me, but hey I guess you don't ask, you don't get!
We are getting ready to go out of town and my daughter will not stop asking about it. Constantly! ARRRGH! Repetition!ReplyDelete
I have a problem with people who have no handicapped placard OR obvious signs they *should* have one ( such as being able to see hand controls through the window, or the vehicle obviously having a wheel chair lift). I say this because years ago I had a friend with spina bifida who did not have her placard YET, but had hand controls on her car, and used the handicapped spots. I always worried that she would get a ticket.ReplyDelete
About 3 weeks ago I had a really bad kidney stone attack, and my neighbor drove me to the ER. Her husband has a placard due to some spinal damage, and I was VERY happy she grabbed the placard that day as it allowed us to park much closer to the ER doors and then the pharmacy doors when I was discharged and had to go get my meds.
As for the spaghetti matter...I have been to restaurants that do not have anything sharper than a butter knife on the table. In that case, the server or the cook SHOULD cut the spaghetti before serving OR bring me a decent knife! I was a waitress for several years, and I DID cut up food, offer extra napkins, etc. I'll probably get butchered for mentioning it...but one day I had a teen customer come in who obviously had some trouble controlling his hands and arms. I quietly asked HIM if he would prefer to have his drink in a glass or in a carry out cup ( lighter, could have a lid on it, no anxiety about possibly breaking it).
My point of view is that if you have a placard you can use the spots. HOWEVER, a couple of years ago at my older son's old school there was only one disabled spot. I had a 6 year old, a 4 year old in a wheelchair and 6 month old. There was another lady who would get to school super early just to get the spot before me. I have literally watched her race to get the space before me and then HOP, SKIP and jump into school to pick up her child. I then had to park on the other side of a busy street which isn't easy to manuver with a child in a wheelchair and an infant in my arms.ReplyDelete
Just super annoying.
But I have pulled out of a disabled spot and given it to someone else who needed the space for a side ramp.
It is frustrating.
Ellen, have just started reading your blog and am loving it. Well done.
- AnonymousJuly 8, 2011 at 10:28 PM
Medical so-called-healthcare insurance - ARRRGH!ReplyDelete
Tooner, I hear ya! I'll never forget the day my fifth grade art teacher actually asked me if I knew what a circle was, as if being blind made me unableReplyDelete
to learn my shapes! My aunt said that I should have asked her if she knew what a square was, but that probably would've landed me in the principal's office
rather quickly! ARRRGH!
Another annoying thing...people asking someone questions on my behalf when I'm standing right there, as if I need a translator! I went to see my case worker
for medical assistance, and when I approached the front desk and told the receptionist who I was there to see, she totally ignored me, turned to my mom
who was standing near by, and asked, "What's her name?" ARRRGH! It would be tempting in such situations to play along. For example...
Receptionist to my mom: "What's her name?"
My mom to me: "Stephanie, what's your name?"
Me to my mom: "My name is Stephanie."
My mom to receptionist: "her name is Stephanie."
Well, you get the idea. Maybe eventually she would've gotten the point.
The parking thing is an ever-present headache. My oldest son recently reminded me that I used to leave notes on people's car windshields when I saw them park illegally in a handicapped parking space. The ones that really made me mad were the twenty-somethings that were still dressed in their workout clothes from the fitness center who would bound out of their cars and sprint into the store. Grrrr!ReplyDelete
Over the years I have learned to take people's stares or questions in stride, especially children's, because I believe that usually they mean no harm and are just curious. But a few months ago I was FURIOUS when I was in Walgreens with my son Tevis, who has a VERY severe stutter. I heard an adult mimicking him and saying something like "good God, did you hear that?" Grrrr!
And, sorry, Ellen, I have to agree with the folks who said that a mom should just cut up the spaghetti herself. My son Marcus, who has a right hemiplegia like Max, has difficulty cutting up meat, and I still cut his meat and he's 30 years old. I can see, if he were dining alone, that he could expect the kitchen or the waiter to assist him, but as long as I'm there, I just don't see that it's a big deal for me to help him.
My ARRRRGH is personal, not kid related.ReplyDelete
I have severe mental health issues: Borderline Personality Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety. BPD can be very tricky to treat. My personal med combination is an anti-depressant, a mood stabilizer and an anti-psychotic. Oh, and a sleep aid. There is A LOT of trial and error to find the right med combo. Not unusual for slightly complicated medical issues both physical and mental (as I'm sure many of you know either personally or through others). And sometimes (gasp) the more common (cheaper) meds just don't always work for everyone, though you do try them first. My psychiatrist and I had to FIGHT to get my insurance to pay for my anti-psychotic. Which to be fair, it is an off label use in treating BPD. (It helps with rages that have been known to lead to homicides, for some not me.) But generally speaking, since it's a hard core serious med, chances are my Psychiatrist who went through YEARS of medical school, wouldn't have written my script if she didn't think it would be useful. And the anti-depressant that we finally found that did the job? Yeah, since it wasn't one of the common ones that come in generic form, we had to fight for that too. The really fun battle was the sleep aid battle. None of the basic stuff even hints at helping. Mostly because I have 3 other meds running through my body that all affect my ability to sleep in different ways. It takes the really good stuff, and therefore expensive stuff, for me to get any sleep at all. You'd think by sleep aid trial and error med number #12345 they would realize that maybe there is an actual problem, and just agree to pay already without the fight. I mean, since they always end up agreeing in the end anyways. And yes, to some, dealing with lack of sleep is just a fact of life. But I actually totaled my car because I feel asleep behind the wheel because I couldn't fall asleep the night before, had meds coursing through me that make an already tired person even more tired, had to be to work early, and had no one to drive me. Also didn't realize til it was too late exactly how bad of a shape I was in. Luckily there were no other cars (people) involved and I wasn't hurt. But yeah... Hey insurance, that extra money you are spending on the good stuff? Yeah, it's potentially saving lives. And that goes for ALL my meds. Just a thought.
On another note, I'm currently 31 weeks pregnant and off all meds (though thankfully more stable when pregnant and off meds than when not pregnant and off meds) which means re-finding the med combo gets to start all over again here in about 10 weeks. Sometimes, if you are lucky, the old combo will work again. But um, that isn't a guarantee. We'll start with what did work, and tweak from there. So at least it isn't totally starting from scratch.
- AnonymousJuly 9, 2011 at 5:47 AM
I find people's attitudes on the parking issue interesting. I only use our placard when my son is walking. If he's in his chair we park farther away so someone else can use the spot.ReplyDelete
My husband, on the other hand, usually heads straight for the handicapped spot.
Another peeve not mentioned yet is the bathroom stalls. It's bad enough having to take a 12 year old, very girl oriented boy into the ladies, but to have the larger stall "occupied" by someone who is not only agile but slim enough to fit into the smallest space . . . I take great delight in parking his chair/having him stand in his walker right against the door in the narrow alleyway blocking the whole thing (have you ever noticed that the big stalls are down a very narrow hall past all the others?). Nasty on my part, but it makes my point.
If your children are only about 5-6 and already playing the game of "why should I do it, Mama will" . . . . do what you can to break it up now. It gets rough when they add the pre-teen attitude to it. My son and I are going a few rounds over not depending too much on Mama, you CAN do it, Mama WON'T do it.
Give all your special babes a hug for me,
- AnonymousJuly 9, 2011 at 8:30 AM
I am with Ellen on this one anyway back to th queestion The Pity Stare. and When people talk to you about your child while he is standing right there—as if he can't hear or read lips. REALLY makes me go ARGH and causes me to say things I later regret (well sometimes anyway LOL :)ReplyDelete
It's interesting for me to read this and the comments. I'm not a parent of a disabled child, but my sister was severely developmentally disabled. So I've lived with it as a nuclear family member and watched my parents cope with the challenges as they came along.ReplyDelete
What I find interesting, and I think perhaps confusing for those who don't have disabled children, is the contradictions that seem to exist. (I'm also remembering the lively conversation you had about what to say or not to say.)
Sometimes as a person without a disabled child, I feel like I'm getting slapped down for trying to accomodate too much. At other times I sense a slap down for not accomodating enough.
It can be rather confusing, I imagine, for a lot of people to know exactly what to do or say. And, as judging by your comments, not everyone with a disabled child feels the same.
I think we all need a bit more patience and understanding with each other. Regardless.
Love the quote from Plato.
Forgot to hit the follow-up box.ReplyDelete
I thought of one more thing that really makes me go ARRRGH, something that's not exclusive to special needs parenting. SO many people in Gens X and Y have not been taught even the basics of respect and good manners. For example, sometimes we have to wait for a table at a restaurant, and there are very few seats for those who are waiting. Marcus has a lot of pain in his lower extremities and simply cannot bear to stand for more than about 10 or 15 minutes, and it's obvious that he's disabled since he walks with a cane and an AFO and a VERY pronounced limp. But on several occasions there have been college-aged men sitting on the bench, and it never crosses their mind to offer Marcus a seat. I also had the occasion to take my 90 year old mother, who had had a stroke and walked with a walker and was also legally blind, to Kroger to get a flu shot. As I walked with her into the store, I simply could not believe the number of people who cut ahead of her as we tried to get in the doors. She wound up waiting for them, when it should have been the other way around as a matter of common courtesy and respect for elders. Shaking head...ReplyDelete
LOL, I laughed out loud when I saw that goddamn book at the top of your list. That's awesome!ReplyDelete
Thanks for these, they're great!
Let's see, my most recent ARGGH moment: Doctors who say their "job" is to help you "understand the risks," i.e. SCARE THE SHIT out of you, instead of, oh, I dunno, HELPING YOU FIGURE OUT HOW TO AVOID THAT SHIT.
ARRRGH Insurance for sure - new seating option is supposed to be available every 5 years but since our son hasn't shown enough growth to justify a new wheelchair in someone's mind (not mine mind you) they willnot even consider a new chair just parts here and there for the old one - and by parts I mean new bottom seat, new back, new head rest, new bracks and new arm rests - hmmm sounds like a new chair would have been simpler?!ReplyDelete
Also it took us 27 months to get a Vest Airway paid for but they were perfectly wiling to pay for numerous trips to the PICU instead.
Kinda off topic, but related in terms of insurance stupidity... For YEARS medicaid (keeping in mind medicaid is different from medicare which I'm sure plenty of you have experience with since disabled kids are eligible for the medicare) REFUSED to pay 15$ a month for birth control. But were more than happy to spend thousands on prenatal care, delivery, etc from the pregnancies that would have been prevented from the birth control. Keeping in mind that there are plenty of women who can't afford the pill, condoms, etc on their own and it is therefore cheaper just to risk it and maybe get pregnant and let the state cover that cost. Especially since they are also most likely on food stamps/wic so it isn't like they have to spend money to feed the resulting baby, etc. I'm not saying this is common, but it is out there.ReplyDelete
Medicaid coverage (for which I am TRULY appreciative but...) So you'll pay for eye glasses - thank goodness! Oh wait- not the kind of rubber frames my 2 year old needs? Oh- and not the shatter-resistant glass? Oh - and not the kind with scratch resistant coating? So... what will you pay for? Okay - I'll settle for whatever you have. We just lost the glasses or the prescription changed... Oh - he can't have another pair for 2 more years? But the Arrgh is forgiven when our respite care comes in from them...ReplyDelete
People who insist on offering food and drink to my six year old with 22q11.2 who is exclusively tube fed. This is AFTER being told twice in a twenty minute period that the child has never even swallowed his own saliva and can not eat or drink anything by mouth. ARGHReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 12, 2011 at 10:23 AM
I soooo know what you mean about insurances. We did finally get some good news about his equipment though. Oh yes about the toys. Outrageous!!! I agree with them allReplyDelete
- The yellow lines next to HC parking spots is not the place to store store carts ARRGH!ReplyDelete
- Sometimes I feel like I'm being scrutinized when I get out of the car in a HC spot because I don't have disabilities even though my toddler does. We never use a HC spot if he's not with us and if there's a regular spot available next to a HR spot, I'll take the regular spot.
- Each hospital having different isolation policies (wearing a gown/gloves), everyone telling you something different and they don't even make sense or cover all the contact concerns! Nor do they supply the proper fitting garments! ARRGGHH!
- AnonymousNovember 17, 2011 at 3:36 PM
I see no problem asking for spaghetti to be cut smaller, I'm sure most kitchens cater for much more difficult requests. At the end of the day if you pay for the food, can you not expect it to be served as you wish? How many diners would tolerate 'sorry sir you can't have your steak well done, chef doesn't like'..... ?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMay 16, 2012 at 5:41 PM
Yes, and the handicapped parking violators are the very worst during holidays. Worst yet is the overcrowded aisles jammed so much ye can't get a wheelchair through one, I've declared war, being in radio broadcasting has advantages. I read the violator's plate number on the air between records. Often the Police department gives me a name to go with it. I tell this person how difficult it makes life for wheelchair and brace and crutch users. I also tell him how insensitive and how he is a Jerk. I tell him if listening to call our request line and give his or her side of the story. I record it, bleep out any profanity, and play it over the airwaves. Karma, Baby! Nothing like a 10,000 watt or larger big mouth and the Tennessee Valley listening to it all.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 30, 2013 at 10:48 AM
Stasndardized tests. They do nothing but say that I am stupid.ReplyDelete
Ellen I dont get why the cook didnt do it, its his responsibility to do so. It was such a easy thing to do as well. You're the paying for the food, I hope you complained. I would be furious if a cook ever said that to me, in fact I wouldn't eat there again.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 9, 2013 at 6:56 PM
ITBS testing. I am smarter than the tests say I am.ReplyDelete


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Just try sugar-coating this: The World Health Organization says your daily sugar intake should be just 5 percent of your total calories -- half of what the agency previously recommended, according to new draft guidelines published Wednesday. After a review of about 9,000 studies, WHO's expert panel says dropping sugar intake to that level will combat obesity and cavities. That includes sugars added to foods and those present in honey, syrups and fruit juices, but not those occurring naturally in fruits. Dr. Francesco Branca, WHO's director for nutrition, conceded the new target was somewhat aspirational. "We should aim for 5 percent if we can ... but 10 percent is more realistic," he said in a news conference on Wednesday. Americans and others in the West eat a lot more sugar than that: Their average sugar intake would have to drop by two-thirds to meet WHO's suggested limit.
WHO's new guidelines have been published online and the agency is inviting the public to comment via its website until the end of March. Many doctors applauded the U.N. agency's attempt to limit the global sweet tooth. "The less sugar you're eating, the better," said Dr. Robert Lustig, a professor of pediatrics at the University of California and author of a book about the dangers of sugar. "If the sugar threshold is lowered, I think breakfast cereal is going to have a really hard time justifying its existence," he said, referring to sweetened cereals often targeted to children. When WHO last revised its sugar guidelines more than a decade ago, it recommended sugar should be less than 10 percent of daily calories. The U.S. sugar industry was so incensed it lobbied Congress to threaten to withdraw millions of dollars in funding to WHO. A contentious reference to the sugar limit was removed from a global diet strategy, but the recommendation passed. Lustig said WHO's new guidelines could alter the food environment by forcing manufacturers to rethink how they're using sugar in processed foods like bread, soups, pasta sauces and even salad dressings. He called the amount of sugar in processed food an "absolute, unmitigated disaster." WHO's expert group found high sugar consumption is strongly linked to obesity and tooth decay. It noted that heavy people have a higher risk of chronic diseases, responsible for more than 60 percent of global deaths. Dental care costs up to 10 percent of health budgets in Western countries and cause significant problems in the developing world. WHO warned many of the sugars eaten today are hidden in processed foods, pointing out that one tablespoon of ketchup contains about one teaspoon of sugar and that for some people, including children, drinking a single can of sweetened soda would already exceed their daily sugar limit. There is no universally agreed consensus on how much sugar is too much. The American Heart Association advises limiting sugar to about 8 percent of your diet, or six teaspoons a day for women and nine for men. A study led by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published last month found too much sugar can raise the chances of fatal heart problems. Researchers found the average American gets about 15 percent of their calories from sugar, similar to other Western nations. New nutrition labels proposed in the U.S. will also require food manufacturers to list any added sugars, plus a more prominent calorie count. Earlier this week, Britain's chief medical officer, Dr. Sally Davies, said she thought sugar might be addictive and that the government should consider introducing a sugar tax to curb bulging waistlines. The U.K. has one of the fattest populations in Western Europe. "We have a generation of children who, because they're overweight ... may not live as long as my generation," she told a health committee. "They will be the first generation that lives less and that is of great concern." Related Links - Sugar: a guide to the sweet stuff in all its forms Beware of hidden sugar in processed foodsThe demon drink: war on sugarShould I cut out sugar? Sugar is bad for us and we should all stop eating it - right? Does consuming too much sugar cause diabetes?Steer clear of sugar-filled 'healthy' drinks High sugar ups risk of breast cancerExcess sugar bad for heartHow to give up sugar in 11 easy steps
For the latest food news and recipes, like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter and get the NDTV Cooks app for Android or iOS.


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Return and Refund Policy
Any product purchased through us can be returned for a full refund or exchange within 30 days from the date you made your order. Please read the below steps explaining how to exercise this.
1. Request a return number by e-mailing us or using on our website contact form before returning the product. Please include your name, order number, the reason for the return, and if you want to return for a full refund or exchange for another product. Within 1 to 2 business days after submitting the request you will be contacted via email with an RMA number and product return instructions.
2. Returned items must be complete condition and not missing necessary parts. When returning a product, please write your RMA number on the package.
3. We will not pay the return shipping costs for non-defective returns. It is also the customer's responsibility to ensure that the returned goods are packed properly.
4. Refunds will be issued back to the original payment method. The refund will be issued the same day as we receive your returned product. If the product is not required to be returned, the refund will be issued on the same date as we specify to you by email.
If you wish to get a replacement of the same product because of a defective product after 30 days from the date you made the order, all products we sell come with our own 6 month replacement warranty from the order date. Please email us with your order number and description of the defect for a replacement. We can send the same product or an equivalent product of similar value that you specify.


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Sometimes the thought of planning a funeral seems too difficult for those who've suffered a loss. We're here to help lighten your burden and remind you of the true value a ceremony can hold for you and your family.
The Healing Power of Memorial Services
Coping with a loss is never easy, and services are an essential part of the recovery process. A Funeral service provides those who are grieving with a supportive environment in which they can begin to find closure, say goodbye, and come to terms with the loss. Gathering with friends and family gives everyone the opportunity to connect, share memories, offer words of sympathy, and create a lasting network of comfort and support as they start the journey toward healing and peace. No matter the setting, style, or direction you choose, our professional staff are honored to assist you in creating a service that reflects your loved one's unique life journey.
Burial Services
There are different elements you can choose from when arranging a burial, depending upon your individual needs and preferences:
Immediate Burial means that your loved one's physical remains will be buried or entombed without a public service or gathering.
Visitation (also called a "viewing", "wake" or "calling hours") allows family and friends to gather in a room with the departed loved one (in an open or closed casket) and gives everyone the opportunity to say goodbye and offer their support and sympathy to the bereaved.
Funeral or Memorial Services can take place at a funeral home, in a church or even at your home. The service is a ceremony which serves to celebrate, honor, and remember the life of the deceased. Whether traditional or unique, both the visitation and the funeral service can be personalized to reflect the individuality of your loved one. For more information on personalization, visit our page on Celebrating Life.
Graveside, Chapel, or Committal Services are held at the cemetery, and allow family and friends to be present as their loved one is transferred to his or her final disposition through ground burial.
Cremation Services
The biggest misconception about cremation is that there can't be a funeral service or visitation. This is absolutely not the case - when you choose to care for the physical remains through cremation, we encourage you to consider holding a memorial service as well. There are many options open to you when it comes to honoring your loved one's life: you can provide a chance for friends and family to say goodbye through a final viewing before the cremation, and you can also hold a formal service either before or after the cremation occurs. After the cremation itself, there are a variety of choices for your loved one's final disposition:
Interment means that you'll bury or entomb your loved one's cremated remains. This can be in the family plot, a memorial site, a cremation niche or urn garden, or in a variety of other indoor and outdoor locations. Ask our staff for a detailed list of interment possibilities.
Graveside Services are similar to those celebrated alongside a traditional ground burial, in which loved ones are present at the burial of the cremated remains and honor the deceased through memorial prayers or other meaningful tributes.
Scattering allows you to spread your loved one's cremated remains in a memorial garden, a cemetery, over water, or across any other meaningful site. You can also choose to scatter some of the cremated remains and retain the rest in an urn for internment or another form of disposition.
Placing cremated remains in multiple urns allows family members who are separated by distance to each feel the comfort of having their loved one's final resting place in a nearby location.


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Wellingborough - 01933 222872
Milton Keynes - 01908 377577
Bedford - 01234 217833
Corby - 01536 402302
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Because cookies are used throughout our websites, disabling them may prevent you from using certain parts of the sites.
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Return Policy
May Your Fashion's Store Refund Policy
When you buy from May Your Fashion's Store, we want to make you completely satisfied. If for any reason you are not satisfied with the items you bought, you can exchange it or ask for refund. Please contact our Customer Service by emailing us @firstname.lastname@example.com for the return address, which where you'll can send the package back to us, and if you have further question.
Return or exchange within 14 days from the delivered date
The return policy is below:
A.If the item with some damage, please take some photos of it, after we confirm with that, we will refund you(maybe part maybe full refund) depending on the circumstances.
B.You choose a correctly size but it not suit for you, please measure the item's size,
a.if it is the same with our product descriptions, you can ship it back, but you should offer the back and forth shipping fee. When the tracking information shows it do going back to us, we will refund the product price in 2-3 working days.
b.If it is not same with our descriptions, we will refund you according the problem.
Return Information:
1) May You Fashion's Store the unconditionally returns from our customers are acceptable within 7 days from the date your package has been shipped. We will check when we received the package that you have returned. Upon our confirmation, they will then issue a refund to you. Refunds are for the cost of the product only. Shipping costs are not included.
Please also, inform us of the following information,
*Order No. (for example, order #: 100)
*Quantity of each item including item #(for example, items #: 123456)
*Photo of the shipping label on the package has sent to you, scan it and send to firstname.lastname@example.com
Why you have to do this?- To make your package recognized quickly and we can refund money to you as soon as possible.
Please make sure the products are unused and will not affect the secondary sales. No refund will be given if the items has missing, no original packaging, used, worn, washed, no tags, products with odors, such as smell perfume, smoke, pet hair, etc.
2) Please note: You are responsible for return shipping costs. We recommended keeping your shipping receipts until your return is processed. may You Fashion's Store is not responsible for missing, damaged, or packages lost in transit.
3)Processing: All orders are subject to a 2-5 business day processing prior to shipping, 80% will be done within 24 hours. We do not process or deliver orders on weekends or holidays.
4)Estimated Delivery time: To United State take 7-23 Business days
Other countries: 12-45 Business days
****Important notice:****
May You Fashion is not responsible for missing, damaged, or packages lost in transit. You, as our customer must provide your proper shipping details before checkout. Thank you for your cooperation.


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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Release: Weekly and Hourly Earnings from the Current Population Survey
Wage and salary workers are workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the earnings series, it excludes all self-employed persons, both those with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. For more information see https://www.bls.gov/cps/earnings.htm
The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)'
The source code is: LEU0252917000
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employed full time: Wage and salary workers: High School graduates, no college: 25 years and over [LEU0252917000Q], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LEU0252917000Q, December 10, 2023.


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Table of Contents
The following section provides a modernized text version for this show.
Click below or on the side links to view the text for Hamlet:
To view other Hamlet sections:
Main Play Page Play Text Scene by Scene Synopsis
Character Directory Commentary
To view the other Plays click below:
By Comedies Histories Romances Tragedies
To view other Shakespeare Library sections:
Biography Plays Poems Sonnets Theaters Shake Links
Send mail to email@example.com with questions or comments about this web site.
[Home] [Upcoming Shows] [HSC Venues] [Past Productions] [Articles] [HSC Programs]
Library] [Actor Resources]
[Contact Us] [Links] [Site


text: Algebra can be hard if you don't know how to take clear and precise notes about each step as progress through the problem. Let's work on it!1) You will need a piece of paper and a pencil. You MUST show all your work for each step and circle answers. 2) You will need a partner in the class to begin. Fun! 3) Spin! Read each word problem and write down all of the parts of the equation on YOUR OWN paper. 4) Based on the answer, select the correct answer and win the game!


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Multi-Voice Instrument Synthesizer - incredible new guitar synth pedal (but definitely NOT limited to guitar!). Plenty has been said online about how good this pedal is, and we can add that we too were blown away after spending 10 minutes with it.
We usually have more stock of these on the way. Get in touch if you want to reserve one of these!
Multi-Voice Instrument Synthesizer – incredible new guitar synth pedal (but definitely NOT limited to guitar!). In-depth video demos below.
We like this a lot. Plenty has been said online about how good this pedal is, and we can add that we too were blown away after spending 10 minutes with it. Beautiful design and packaging show how much love and care has gone into this product. The manual is brilliant and gets you straight into the powerful features. More words and info below, but scroll down for a first demo from us with guitar. Next stop: drum machine…
Some more words about it from Meris:
The Meris Enzo is a multi-voice synthesizer that will perfectly track your guitar for tight monosynth leads, complex chord polyphony, or multi-note sequenced arpeggiation with tap tempo and all without the need for a special pickup!
Also, Enzo is not limited to just guitars. In fact, you can use the pedal pretty much on any instrument or line-level signal. Whether you choose to transform your beats on a drum machine, synthesize vocals or completely transform additional synths, loops or any other type of audio, Enzo's complete synthesizer tool palette takes your sound to a whole new realm.
In addition, Enzo holds one of the most musical custom 6-mode filter section ever developed, a built-in compressor, dual delay line, ring modulator, portamento options, multiple envelope types, vast MIDI capabilities and the ability to seamlessly morph between sounds via an external expression pedal. Enzo is not just another synth pedal, it's an instrument that will inspire your creativity and musicality for years to come.
Comes with UK 240v power supply. For use in the rest of the world, you will need a standard 9v power supply.
Brand new item. NOTE: This is a slightly discounted "open box" product. We opened it to demo once but it is otherwise unused and comes with all packaging etc.
See description for more information.
For sales in UK the price will include 20% VAT. Buyers elsewhere may incur VAT or other local taxes on import.
"The packing job to get it over to the US was superb, and the sound and performance of my Space Echo exceeds all of my expectations. I hope to do business with Soundgas again in the future. Many thanks!"
"Engaging with old gear can sometimes be filled with a lot of uncertainty, and I can't imagine what more could be done to reduce this aspect of it on top of the service you provide. Really phenomenal and I couldn't be happier."
"Still in shock! Can not believe how good the seller is. This product was inspected, and shipped from the UK to the USA quicker than orders from my home state. Highly recommend these guys."
"Packed with love and care. A stampede couldn't have crushed this thing. Works great and sounds like a dream. I love you Soundgas."
"Excellent equipment, wonderful service. I fully recommend Soundgas to anyone in the vintage gear market and I will definitely be a return customer. The gear itself was exactly as advertised and in great condition."
Just wanted to say thank you so much for your pinch roller and echo tape. I've had a space echo for years, been sent to a shop in NYC and it never worked quite right. After installing the roller and tape, my echo works like a dream. Really incredible expertise you all have! Thank you.
"When you are spending big money of vintage gear it's nice to have the confidence of impeccable service, sales and support... some of the best in the industry! Impeccable people, incredible equipment… my poor poor fiancé"
"The perfect place to hear, learn about and then buy your most wanted piece of vintage music gear! I've not only managed to buy a rare piece of equipment I really wanted, but I have the guarantee it's been serviced, and I got it from people who are clearly passionate and knowledgeable about what they do, as well as super friendly and responsive by email. Thoroughly recommended!"
"DREAM. COME. TRUE. My music has taken me around the world a few times...and if you are like me and absolutely adore vintage gear...Soundgas is the stuff of LEGENDS. It's the shop that people like us search for our whole lives- fantastic and rare selections, and the technical know-how to repair and or mod these vintage items to get them into shape to flow with your modern setup."
"808 is up and running. It's hard to stop playing it. Like even to eat. Extending testing is quality control and the quality of your stuff combined with customer service is one of the reasons Soundgas is so successful in my opinion."
"The Space Echo made its way to me - it looks and sounds beyond dreams, thanks guys for your great service and communication."
"I purchased a completely overhauled vintage valve Binson Echorec 2 T7E modified with varispeed, wet-only output, and a new paint job from Soundgas in early 2018. Tony and his team did an amazing job during every step of the purchase"
"Finally, a company that tracks down all those brilliant curiosities that bring so much character and personality to a studio."
"I have bought two Moog synths from Soundgas over the past year, and I cannot say enough wonderful things about their selection of vintage products, the level of service, diligent responses to email, and expedient shipping with copious protective packaging. Soundgas is an impressive operation. My synths also sound amazing! These folks have made my vintage keyboard dreams come true in short order!"
"Imagine the perfect eBay.... with everything you never knew you wanted… and you can rest assured that your vintage and rare wobbly sound device will turn up on time and in one piece and possibly in even better condition that when it left the workshop. Soundgas - literally amazing."
Grabbed a Roland RE-201 (early edition killer pre-amp) and Roland DC-50. Absolutely STUNNING. These guys truly live up to the hype. They are meticulous in caring for the gear. Also, I have a few guitar pedal and plug-in emulations of tape-echo sounds and after plugging in the real unit I can't tell you how insane the difference is. It is incredible. Especially that tone from the early pre-amp! I am totally amazed. I am in heaven :) They made it safely to Nashville from the UK and were packed really really well! Thank you so much!! Worth every penny.
"Soundgas has an unbelievable selection of the cool, old stuff that's hard to find. Tony knows his stuff and goes out of his way to make sure the transaction is a smooth one. Thanks guys!"
Fantastic. From initial contact to the product landing at my door the service provided was outstanding. Safe and secure shipping, quality serviced product.
I have been buying vintage stuff for a long time from resellers/stores/techs. I've never been so surprised and pleased after opening! Just received a Roland RE-201 and VX55 mixer, they look and sound amazing! Thanks to Tony/Declan for the service and the Soundgas team will be back!
"Yes, sure, you can find a Space Echo on eBay, but you won't find one like this — that's certain. I am so pleased with my decision to buy from Soundgas, and suggest you stop your search now and just send them a message. You will undoubtedly find yourself writing an ecstatic review about yours in short time."
"If not a new language, then at least a very challenging, old dialect that will take me some time to assimilate. I've been waiting a long time for the challenge. Thank you @soundgasltd, she's a beaut...and nobody prepares and packs like you fine folks."
Purchased a Juno-60 and it works beautifully. Having gotten one teched before, I knew it was worth paying a premium to get it future proofed and Soundgas does just that. Shipped professionally from the UK to USA. Appreciate their expertise and professional demeanor!
"Just received my Roland RS 505 Paraphonic! Thanks so much - arrived very promptly, well packaged, in great condition and sounds amazing! Best seller."
"I've bought a number of items from Soundgas recently, and have been really impressed with their service. It takes the stress out of buying vintage gear to know it's been properly (and faithfully) serviced or restored. Their after-sales service has also been exemplary. Highly recommended."
"If you are a vintage audio gear head then this is the place you have been looking for all your life. Pretty much any piece of classic or obscure kit that you are after is available here... But the clincher for me is that the gear they sell has been restored by their top techs (unless otherwise noted) which is really very important when dealing with, for example, synths from 30 years ago."
"Soundgas offer a great service, sourcing esoteric gear that works great."
"Soundgas provided the absolutely top service in terms of item quality as well as service and communication. Shipping was fast, packing was top notch. These people deserve the best reputation they already have. Many many thanks, guys."
As good as it gets. Tony, Dec and team have been incredible, prompt communication, great advice and outstanding service. It really felt like my Polysix came from a loving home.
We can't stop here, this is bat country! Our next auction (November 22nd) features some head-turning, show-stopping synths, however we also wanted to put the spotlight...
PUBLISHED: 21st Nov 2023
Tony takes a dive into the new Welsh-made Wellspring Stereo Reverb and comes up with a very big smile on his face.
PUBLISHED: 17th Oct 2023
We stand behind our gear with a guarantee of your satisfaction - see the FAQ section above for full details and buy with complete confidence.
When buying more than one item you only pay the shipping on the item with the highest shipping cost. Calculated automatically at checkout.
Get in touch via the contact page. We know & love our gear and we want to ensure you get something that matches your needs (that, and we just like talking gear).


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|HTTPbis Working Group
|R. Fielding, Editor
|Day Software
|Obsoletes: 2616 (if approved)
|J. Gettys
|Intended status: Standards Track
|One Laptop per Child
|Expires: September 10, 2009
|J. Mogul
|H. Frystyk
|L. Masinter
|Adobe Systems
|P. Leach
|T. Berners-Lee
|Y. Lafon, Editor
|J. Reschke, Editor
|March 9, 2009
This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other than English.¶
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.¶
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress".¶
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.¶
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.¶
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 10, 2009.¶
Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info). Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document.¶
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. This document is Part 6 of the seven-part specification that defines the protocol referred to as "HTTP/1.1" and, taken together, obsoletes RFC 2616. Part 6 defines requirements on HTTP caches and the associated header fields that control cache behavior or indicate cacheable response messages.¶
Discussion of this draft should take place on the HTTPBIS working group mailing list (firstname.lastname@example.com). The current issues list is at <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/report/11> and related documents (including fancy diffs) can be found at <http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/>.¶
The changes in this draft are summarized in Appendix C.7.¶
HTTP is typically used for distributed information systems, where performance can be improved by the use of response caches. This document defines aspects of HTTP/1.1 related to caching and reusing response messages.¶
An HTTP cache is a local store of response messages and the subsystem that controls its message storage, retrieval, and deletion. A cache stores cacheable responses in order to reduce the response time and network bandwidth consumption on future, equivalent requests. Any client or server may include a cache, though a cache cannot be used by a server that is acting as a tunnel.¶
Caching would be useless if it did not significantly improve performance. The goal of caching in HTTP/1.1 is to reuse a prior response message to satisfy a current request. In some cases, a stored response can be reused without the need for a network request, reducing latency and network round-trips; a "freshness" mechanism is used for this purpose (see Section 2.3). Even when a new request is required, it is often possible to reuse all or parts of the payload of a prior response to satisfy the request, thereby reducing network bandwidth usage; a "validation" mechanism is used for this purpose (see Section 2.4).¶
This specification uses a number of terms to refer to the roles played by participants in, and objects of, HTTP caching.¶
cacheable ¶
explicit expiration time ¶
heuristic expiration time ¶
age ¶
first-hand ¶
freshness lifetime ¶
fresh ¶
stale ¶
validator ¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].¶
An implementation is not compliant if it fails to satisfy one or more of the MUST or REQUIRED level requirements for the protocols it implements. An implementation that satisfies all the MUST or REQUIRED level and all the SHOULD level requirements for its protocols is said to be "unconditionally compliant"; one that satisfies all the MUST level requirements but not all the SHOULD level requirements for its protocols is said to be "conditionally compliant."¶
This specification uses the ABNF syntax defined in Section 1.2 of [Part1] (which extends the syntax defined in [RFC5234] with a list rule). Appendix B shows the collected ABNF, with the list rule expanded.¶
The following core rules are included by reference, as defined in [RFC5234], Appendix B.1: ALPHA (letters), CR (carriage return), CRLF (CR LF), CTL (controls), DIGIT (decimal 0-9), DQUOTE (double quote), HEXDIG (hexadecimal 0-9/A-F/a-f), LF (line feed), OCTET (any 8-bit sequence of data), SP (space), VCHAR (any visible USASCII character), and WSP (whitespace).¶
The core rules below are defined in Section 1.2.2 of [Part1]:¶
quoted-string = <quoted-string, defined in [Part1], Section 1.2.2> token = <token, defined in [Part1], Section 1.2.2> OWS = <OWS, defined in [Part1], Section 1.2.2>
The ABNF rules below are defined in other parts:¶
field-name = <field-name, defined in [Part1], Section 4.2> HTTP-date = <HTTP-date, defined in [Part1], Section 3.2.1> port = <port, defined in [Part1], Section 2.1> pseudonym = <pseudonym, defined in [Part1], Section 8.9> uri-host = <uri-host, defined in [Part1], Section 2.1>
A cache MUST NOT store a response to any request, unless: ¶
Note that in normal operation, most caches will not store a response that has neither a cache validator nor an explicit expiration time, as such responses are not usually useful to store. However, caches are not prohibited from storing such responses.¶
A cache that receives an incomplete response (for example, with fewer bytes of data than specified in a Content-Length header) can store the response, but MUST treat it as a partial response [Part5]. Partial responses can be combined as described in Section 4 of [Part5]; the result might be a full response or might still be partial. A cache MUST NOT return a partial response to a client without explicitly marking it as such using the 206 (Partial Content) status code.¶
A cache that does not support the Range and Content-Range headers MUST NOT store incomplete or partial responses.¶
For a presented request, a cache MUST NOT return a stored response, unless: ¶
[rfc.comment.2: TODO: define method cacheability for GET, HEAD and POST in p2-semantics.] ¶
When a stored response is used to satisfy a request, caches MUST include a single Age header field Section 3.1 in the response with a value equal to the stored response's current_age; see Section 2.3.2. [rfc.comment.3: DISCUSS: this currently includes successfully validated responses.] ¶
Requests with methods that are unsafe (Section 7.1.1 of [Part2]) MUST be written through the cache to the origin server; i.e., A cache must not reply to such a request before having forwarded the request and having received a corresponding response.¶
Also, note that unsafe requests might invalidate already stored responses; see Section 2.5.¶
Caches MUST use the most recent response (as determined by the Date header) when more than one suitable response is stored. They can also forward a request with "Cache-Control: max-age=0" or "Cache-Control: no-cache" to disambiguate which response to use.¶
[rfc.comment.4: TODO: end-to-end and hop-by-hop headers, non-modifiable headers removed; re-spec in p1] ¶
When a response is "fresh" in the cache, it can be used to satisfy subsequent requests without contacting the origin server, thereby improving efficiency.¶
The primary mechanism for determining freshness is for an origin server to provide an explicit expiration time in the future, using either the Expires header (Section 3.3) or the max-age response cache directive (Section 3.2.2). Generally, origin servers will assign future explicit expiration times to responses in the belief that the entity is not likely to change in a semantically significant way before the expiration time is reached.¶
If an origin server wishes to force a cache to validate every request, it can assign an explicit expiration time in the past. This means that the response is always stale, so that caches should validate it before using it for subsequent requests. [rfc.comment.5: This wording may cause confusion, because the response may still be served stale.] ¶
Since origin servers do not always provide explicit expiration times, HTTP caches may also assign heuristic expiration times when they are not specified, employing algorithms that use other header values (such as the Last-Modified time) to estimate a plausible expiration time. The HTTP/1.1 specification does not provide specific algorithms, but does impose worst-case constraints on their results.¶
The calculation to determine if a response is fresh is:
response_is_fresh = (freshness_lifetime > current_age)
The freshness_lifetime is defined in Section 2.3.1; the current_age is defined in Section 2.3.2.¶
Additionally, clients may need to influence freshness calculation. They can do this using several request cache directives, with the effect of either increasing or loosening constraints on freshness. See Section 3.2.1.¶
[rfc.comment.6: ISSUE: there are not requirements directly applying to cache-request-directives and freshness.] ¶
Note that freshness applies only to cache operation; it cannot be used to force a user agent to refresh its display or reload a resource. See Section 4 for an explanation of the difference between caches and history mechanisms.¶
A cache can calculate the freshness lifetime (denoted as freshness_lifetime) of a response by using the first match of: ¶
Note that this calculation is not vulnerable to clock skew, since all of the information comes from the origin server.¶
If no explicit expiration time is present in a stored response that has a status code of 200, 203, 206, 300, 301 or 410, a heuristic expiration time can be calculated. Heuristics MUST NOT be used for other response status codes.¶
When a heuristic is used to calculate freshness lifetime, the cache SHOULD attach a Warning header with a 113 warn-code to the response if its current_age is more than 24 hours and such a warning is not already present.¶
Also, if the response has a Last-Modified header (Section 6.6 of [Part4]), the heuristic expiration value SHOULD be no more than some fraction of the interval since that time. A typical setting of this fraction might be 10%.¶
[rfc.comment.7: REVIEW: took away HTTP/1.0 query string heuristic uncacheability.] ¶
HTTP/1.1 uses the Age response-header to convey the estimated age of the response message when obtained from a cache. The Age field value is the cache's estimate of the amount of time since the response was generated or validated by the origin server. In essence, the Age value is the sum of the time that the response has been resident in each of the caches along the path from the origin server, plus the amount of time it has been in transit along network paths.¶
The term "age_value" denotes the value of the Age header, in a form appropriate for arithmetic operations.¶
HTTP/1.1 requires origin servers to send a Date header, if possible, with every response, giving the time at which the response was generated (see Section 8.3 of [Part1]). The term "date_value" denotes the value of the Date header, in a form appropriate for arithmetic operations.¶
The term "now" means "the current value of the clock at the host performing the calculation." Hosts that use HTTP, but especially hosts running origin servers and caches, SHOULD use NTP [RFC1305] or some similar protocol to synchronize their clocks to a globally accurate time standard.¶
A response's age can be calculated in two entirely independent ways: ¶
These are combined as
corrected_received_age = max(now - date_value, age_value)
When an Age value is received, it MUST be interpreted relative to the time the request was initiated, not the time that the response was received.¶
corrected_initial_age = corrected_received_age + (now - request_time)
where "request_time" is the time (according to the local clock) when the request that elicited this response was sent.¶
The current_age of a stored response can then be calculated by adding the amount of time (in seconds) since the stored response was last validated by the origin server to the corrected_initial_age.¶
In summary:¶
age_value - Age header field-value received with the response date_value - Date header field-value received with the response request_time - local time when the cache made the request resulting in the stored response response_time - local time when the cache received the response now - current local time apparent_age = max(0, response_time - date_value); corrected_received_age = max(apparent_age, age_value); response_delay = response_time - request_time; corrected_initial_age = corrected_received_age + response_delay; resident_time = now - response_time; current_age = corrected_initial_age + resident_time;
A "stale" response is one that either has explicit expiry information, or is allowed to have heuristic expiry calculated, but is not fresh according to the calculations in Section 2.3.¶
Caches MUST NOT return a stale response if it is prohibited by an explicit in-protocol directive (e.g., by a "no-store" or "no-cache" cache directive, a "must-revalidate" cache-response-directive, or an applicable "s-maxage" or "proxy-revalidate" cache-response-directive; see Section 3.2.2).¶
Caches SHOULD NOT return stale responses unless they are disconnected (i.e., it cannot contact the origin server or otherwise find a forward path) or otherwise explicitly allowed (e.g., the max-stale request directive; see Section 3.2.1).¶
Stale responses SHOULD have a Warning header with the 110 warn-code (see Section 3.6). Likewise, the 112 warn-code SHOULD be sent on stale responses if the cache is disconnected.¶
If a cache receives a first-hand response (either an entire response, or a 304 (Not Modified) response) that it would normally forward to the requesting client, and the received response is no longer fresh, the cache SHOULD forward it to the requesting client without adding a new Warning (but without removing any existing Warning headers). A cache SHOULD NOT attempt to validate a response simply because that response became stale in transit.¶
Checking with the origin server to see if a stale or otherwise unusable cached response can be reused is called "validating" or "revalidating." Doing so potentially avoids the overhead of retransmitting the response body when the stored response is valid.¶
HTTP's conditional request mechanism [Part4] is used for this purpose. When a stored response includes one or more validators, such as the field values of an ETag or Last-Modified header field, then a validating request SHOULD be made conditional to those field values.¶
A 304 (Not Modified) response status code indicates that the stored response can be updated and reused; see Section 2.7.¶
If instead the cache receives a full response (i.e., one with a response body), it is used to satisfy the request and replace the stored response. [rfc.comment.8: Should there be a requirement here?] ¶
If a cache receives a 5xx response while attempting to validate a response, it MAY either forward this response to the requesting client, or act as if the server failed to respond. In the latter case, it MAY return a previously stored response (which SHOULD include the 111 warn-code; see Section 3.6) unless the stored response includes the "must-revalidate" cache directive (see Section 2.3.3).¶
Because unsafe methods (Section 7.1.1 of [Part2]) have the potential for changing state on the origin server, intervening caches can use them to keep their contents up-to-date.¶
The following HTTP methods MUST cause a cache to invalidate the Request-URI as well as the Location and Content-Location headers (if present): ¶
An invalidation based on the URI in a Location or Content-Location header MUST NOT be performed if the host part of that URI differs from the host part in the Request-URI. This helps prevent denial of service attacks.¶
[rfc.comment.9: TODO: "host part" needs to be specified better.] ¶
A cache that passes through requests for methods it does not understand SHOULD invalidate the Request-URI.¶
Here, "invalidate" means that the cache will either remove all stored responses related to the Request-URI, or will mark these as "invalid" and in need of a mandatory validation before they can be returned in response to a subsequent request.¶
Note that this does not guarantee that all appropriate responses are invalidated. For example, the request that caused the change at the origin server might not have gone through the cache where a response is stored.¶
[rfc.comment.10: TODO: specify that only successful (2xx, 3xx?) responses invalidate.] ¶
Use of server-driven content negotiation (Section 4.1 of [Part3]) alters the conditions under which a cache can use the response for subsequent requests.¶
When a cache receives a request that can be satisfied by a stored response that includes a Vary header field (Section 3.5), it MUST NOT use that response unless all of the selecting request-headers in the presented request match the corresponding stored request-headers from the original request.¶
The selecting request-headers from two requests are defined to match if and only if the selecting request-headers in the first request can be transformed to the selecting request-headers in the second request by adding or removing linear white space [rfc.comment.11: [ref]] at places where this is allowed by the corresponding ABNF, and/or combining multiple message-header fields with the same field name following the rules about message headers in Section 4.2 of [Part1]. [rfc.comment.12: DISCUSS: header-specific canonicalisation] ¶
A Vary header field-value of "*" always fails to match, and subsequent requests to that resource can only be properly interpreted by the origin server.¶
If no stored response matches, the cache MAY forward the presented request to the origin server in a conditional request, and SHOULD include all ETags stored with potentially suitable responses in an If-None-Match request header. If the server responds with 304 (Not Modified) and includes an entity tag or Content-Location that indicates the entity to be used, that cached response MUST be used to satisfy the presented request, and SHOULD be used to update the corresponding stored response; see Section 2.7.¶
If any of the stored responses contains only partial content, its entity-tag SHOULD NOT be included in the If-None-Match header field unless the request is for a range that would be fully satisfied by that stored response.¶
If a cache receives a successful response whose Content-Location field matches that of an existing stored response for the same Request-URI, whose entity-tag differs from that of the existing stored response, and whose Date is more recent than that of the existing response, the existing response SHOULD NOT be returned in response to future requests and SHOULD be deleted from the cache.[rfc.comment.13: DISCUSS: Not sure if this is necessary.] ¶
When a cache receives a 304 (Not Modified) response or a 206 (Partial Content) response, it needs to update the stored response with the new one, so that the updated response can be sent to the client.¶
If the status code is 304 (Not Modified), the cache SHOULD use the stored entity-body as the updated entity-body. If the status code is 206 (Partial Content) and the ETag or Last-Modified headers match exactly, the cache MAY combine the stored entity-body in the stored response with the updated entity-body received in the response and use the result as the updated entity-body (see Section 4 of [Part5]).¶
The stored response headers are used for the updated response, except that ¶
A cache MUST also replace any stored headers with corresponding headers received in the incoming response, except for Warning headers as described immediately above. If a header field-name in the incoming response matches more than one header in the stored response, all such old headers MUST be replaced. It MAY store the combined entity-body.¶
[rfc.comment.14: ISSUE: discuss how to handle HEAD updates] ¶
This section defines the syntax and semantics of HTTP/1.1 header fields related to caching.¶
For entity-header fields, both sender and recipient refer to either the client or the server, depending on who sends and who receives the entity.¶
The response-header field "Age" conveys the sender's estimate of the amount of time since the response (or its validation) was generated at the origin server. Age values are calculated as specified in Section 2.3.2.¶
Age = "Age" ":" OWS Age-v Age-v = delta-seconds
Age field-values are non-negative decimal integers, representing time in seconds.¶
delta-seconds = 1*DIGIT
If a cache receives a value larger than the largest positive integer it can represent, or if any of its age calculations overflows, it MUST transmit an Age header with a field-value of 2147483648 (231). Caches SHOULD use an arithmetic type of at least 31 bits of range.¶
The presence of an Age header field in a response implies that a response is not first-hand. However, the converse is not true, since HTTP/1.0 caches may not implement the Age header field.¶
The general-header field "Cache-Control" is used to specify directives that MUST be obeyed by all caches along the request/response chain. The directives specify behavior intended to prevent caches from adversely interfering with the request or response. Cache directives are unidirectional in that the presence of a directive in a request does not imply that the same directive is to be given in the response.¶
Cache directives MUST be passed through by a proxy or gateway application, regardless of their significance to that application, since the directives might be applicable to all recipients along the request/response chain. It is not possible to target a directive to a specific cache.¶
Cache-Control = "Cache-Control" ":" OWS Cache-Control-v Cache-Control-v = 1#cache-directive cache-directive = cache-request-directive / cache-response-directive cache-extension = token [ "=" ( token / quoted-string ) ]
cache-request-directive = "no-cache" / "no-store" / "max-age" "=" delta-seconds / "max-stale" [ "=" delta-seconds ] / "min-fresh" "=" delta-seconds / "no-transform" / "only-if-cached" / cache-extension
no-cache ¶
no-store ¶
max-age ¶
max-stale ¶
min-fresh ¶
no-transform ¶
only-if-cached ¶
cache-response-directive = "public" / "private" [ "=" DQUOTE 1#field-name DQUOTE ] / "no-cache" [ "=" DQUOTE 1#field-name DQUOTE ] / "no-store" / "no-transform" / "must-revalidate" / "proxy-revalidate" / "max-age" "=" delta-seconds / "s-maxage" "=" delta-seconds / cache-extension
public ¶
private ¶
no-cache ¶
no-store ¶
must-revalidate ¶
proxy-revalidate ¶
max-age ¶
s-maxage ¶
no-transform ¶
The Cache-Control header field can be extended through the use of one or more cache-extension tokens, each with an optional value. Informational extensions (those that do not require a change in cache behavior) can be added without changing the semantics of other directives. Behavioral extensions are designed to work by acting as modifiers to the existing base of cache directives. Both the new directive and the standard directive are supplied, such that applications that do not understand the new directive will default to the behavior specified by the standard directive, and those that understand the new directive will recognize it as modifying the requirements associated with the standard directive. In this way, extensions to the cache-control directives can be made without requiring changes to the base protocol.¶
This extension mechanism depends on an HTTP cache obeying all of the cache-control directives defined for its native HTTP-version, obeying certain extensions, and ignoring all directives that it does not understand.¶
For example, consider a hypothetical new response directive called "community" that acts as a modifier to the private directive. We define this new directive to mean that, in addition to any non-shared cache, any cache that is shared only by members of the community named within its value may cache the response. An origin server wishing to allow the UCI community to use an otherwise private response in their shared cache(s) could do so by including¶
Cache-Control: private, community="UCI"
A cache seeing this header field will act correctly even if the cache does not understand the community cache-extension, since it will also see and understand the private directive and thus default to the safe behavior.¶
Unrecognized cache directives MUST be ignored; it is assumed that any cache directive likely to be unrecognized by an HTTP/1.1 cache will be combined with standard directives (or the response's default cacheability) such that the cache behavior will remain minimally correct even if the cache does not understand the extension(s).¶
The entity-header field "Expires" gives the date/time after which the response is considered stale. See Section 2.3 for further discussion of the freshness model.¶
The presence of an Expires field does not imply that the original resource will change or cease to exist at, before, or after that time.¶
The field-value is an absolute date and time as defined by HTTP-date in Section 3.2.1 of [Part1]; it MUST be sent in rfc1123-date format.¶
For example
Expires: Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT
HTTP/1.1 servers SHOULD NOT send Expires dates more than one year in the future.¶
HTTP/1.1 clients and caches MUST treat other invalid date formats, especially including the value "0", as in the past (i.e., "already expired").¶
The general-header field "Pragma" is used to include implementation-specific directives that might apply to any recipient along the request/response chain. All pragma directives specify optional behavior from the viewpoint of the protocol; however, some systems MAY require that behavior be consistent with the directives.¶
Pragma = "Pragma" ":" OWS Pragma-v Pragma-v = 1#pragma-directive pragma-directive = "no-cache" / extension-pragma extension-pragma = token [ "=" ( token / quoted-string ) ]
When the no-cache directive is present in a request message, an application SHOULD forward the request toward the origin server even if it has a cached copy of what is being requested. This pragma directive has the same semantics as the no-cache response directive (see Section 3.2.2) and is defined here for backward compatibility with HTTP/1.0. Clients SHOULD include both header fields when a no-cache request is sent to a server not known to be HTTP/1.1 compliant. HTTP/1.1 caches SHOULD treat "Pragma: no-cache" as if the client had sent "Cache-Control: no-cache".¶
This mechanism is deprecated; no new Pragma directives will be defined in HTTP.¶
The "Vary" response-header field's value indicates the set of request-header fields that determines, while the response is fresh, whether a cache is permitted to use the response to reply to a subsequent request without validation; see Section 2.6.¶
In uncacheable or stale responses, the Vary field value advises the user agent about the criteria that were used to select the representation.¶
Vary = "Vary" ":" OWS Vary-v Vary-v = "*" / 1#field-name
The set of header fields named by the Vary field value is known as the selecting request-headers.¶
Servers SHOULD include a Vary header field with any cacheable response that is subject to server-driven negotiation. Doing so allows a cache to properly interpret future requests on that resource and informs the user agent about the presence of negotiation on that resource. A server MAY include a Vary header field with a non-cacheable response that is subject to server-driven negotiation, since this might provide the user agent with useful information about the dimensions over which the response varies at the time of the response.¶
A Vary field value of "*" signals that unspecified parameters not limited to the request-headers (e.g., the network address of the client), play a role in the selection of the response representation; therefore, a cache cannot determine whether this response is appropriate. The "*" value MUST NOT be generated by a proxy server; it may only be generated by an origin server.¶
The field-names given are not limited to the set of standard request-header fields defined by this specification. Field names are case-insensitive.¶
The general-header field "Warning" is used to carry additional information about the status or transformation of a message that might not be reflected in the message. This information is typically used to warn about possible incorrectness introduced by caching operations or transformations applied to the entity body of the message.¶
Warnings can be used for other purposes, both cache-related and otherwise. The use of a warning, rather than an error status code, distinguish these responses from true failures.¶
Warning headers can in general be applied to any message, however some warn-codes are specific to caches and can only be applied to response messages.¶
Warning = "Warning" ":" OWS Warning-v Warning-v = 1#warning-value warning-value = warn-code SP warn-agent SP warn-text [SP warn-date] warn-code = 3DIGIT warn-agent = ( uri-host [ ":" port ] ) / pseudonym ; the name or pseudonym of the server adding ; the Warning header, for use in debugging warn-text = quoted-string warn-date = DQUOTE HTTP-date DQUOTE
Multiple warnings can be attached to a response (either by the origin server or by a cache), including multiple warnings with the same code number. For example, a server might provide the same warning with texts in both English and Basque.¶
When this occurs, the user agent SHOULD inform the user of as many of them as possible, in the order that they appear in the response. If it is not possible to inform the user of all of the warnings, the user agent SHOULD follow these heuristics: ¶
Systems that generate multiple Warning headers SHOULD order them with this user agent behavior in mind. New Warning headers SHOULD be added after any existing Warning headers.¶
Warnings are assigned three digit warn-codes. The first digit indicates whether the Warning is required to be deleted from a stored response after validation: ¶
The warn-text SHOULD be in a natural language and character set that is most likely to be intelligible to the human user receiving the response. This decision can be based on any available knowledge, such as the location of the cache or user, the Accept-Language field in a request, the Content-Language field in a response, etc. The default language is English and the default character set is ISO-8859-1 ([ISO-8859-1]).¶
If a character set other than ISO-8859-1 is used, it MUST be encoded in the warn-text using the method described in [RFC2047].¶
If an implementation sends a message with one or more Warning headers to a receiver whose version is HTTP/1.0 or lower, then the sender MUST include in each warning-value a warn-date that matches the Date header in the message.¶
If an implementation receives a message with a warning-value that includes a warn-date, and that warn-date is different from the Date value in the response, then that warning-value MUST be deleted from the message before storing, forwarding, or using it. (preventing the consequences of naive caching of Warning header fields.) If all of the warning-values are deleted for this reason, the Warning header MUST be deleted as well.¶
The following warn-codes are defined by this specification, each with a recommended warn-text in English, and a description of its meaning.¶
110 Response is stale ¶
111 Revalidation failed ¶
112 Disconnected operation ¶
113 Heuristic expiration ¶
199 Miscellaneous warning ¶
214 Transformation applied ¶
299 Miscellaneous persistent warning ¶
User agents often have history mechanisms, such as "Back" buttons and history lists, that can be used to redisplay an entity retrieved earlier in a session.¶
History mechanisms and caches are different. In particular history mechanisms SHOULD NOT try to show a correct view of the current state of a resource. Rather, a history mechanism is meant to show exactly what the user saw at the time when the resource was retrieved.¶
By default, an expiration time does not apply to history mechanisms. If the entity is still in storage, a history mechanism SHOULD display it even if the entity has expired, unless the user has specifically configured the agent to refresh expired history documents.¶
This is not to be construed to prohibit the history mechanism from telling the user that a view might be stale. ¶
The Message Header Registry located at <http://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers/message-header-index.html> should be updated with the permanent registrations below (see [RFC3864]):¶
|Header Field Name
|Section 3.1
|Section 3.2
|Section 3.3
|Section 3.4
|Section 3.5
|Section 3.6
The change controller is: "IETF (firstname.lastname@example.com) - Internet Engineering Task Force".¶
Caches expose additional potential vulnerabilities, since the contents of the cache represent an attractive target for malicious exploitation. Because cache contents persist after an HTTP request is complete, an attack on the cache can reveal information long after a user believes that the information has been removed from the network. Therefore, cache contents should be protected as sensitive information.¶
Much of the content and presentation of the caching design is due to suggestions and comments from individuals including: Shel Kaphan, Paul Leach, Koen Holtman, David Morris, and Larry Masinter.¶
A case was missed in the Cache-Control model of HTTP/1.1; s-maxage was introduced to add this missing case. (Sections 2.1, 3.2).¶
Transfer-coding and message lengths all interact in ways that required fixing exactly when chunked encoding is used (to allow for transfer encoding that may not be self delimiting); it was important to straighten out exactly how message lengths are computed. (see also [Part1], [Part3] and [Part5]) [rfc.comment.16: This used to refer to the text about non-modifiable headers, and will have to be updated later on. --jre] ¶
Proxies should be able to add Content-Length when appropriate. [rfc.comment.17: This used to refer to the text about non-modifiable headers, and will have to be updated later on. --jre] ¶
Range request responses would become very verbose if all meta-data were always returned; by allowing the server to only send needed headers in a 206 response, this problem can be avoided. (Section 2.7)¶
The Cache-Control: max-age directive was not properly defined for responses. (Section 3.2.2)¶
Clarify denial of service attack avoidance requirement. (Section 2.5)¶
Age = "Age:" OWS Age-v Age-v = delta-seconds Cache-Control = "Cache-Control:" OWS Cache-Control-v Cache-Control-v = *( "," OWS ) cache-directive *( OWS "," [ OWS cache-directive ] ) Expires = "Expires:" OWS Expires-v Expires-v = HTTP-date HTTP-date = <HTTP-date, defined in [Part1], Section 3.2.1> OWS = <OWS, defined in [Part1], Section 1.2.2> Pragma = "Pragma:" OWS Pragma-v Pragma-v = *( "," OWS ) pragma-directive *( OWS "," [ OWS pragma-directive ] ) Vary = "Vary:" OWS Vary-v Vary-v = "*" / ( *( "," OWS ) field-name *( OWS "," [ OWS field-name ] ) ) Warning = "Warning:" OWS Warning-v Warning-v = *( "," OWS ) warning-value *( OWS "," [ OWS warning-value ] ) cache-directive = cache-request-directive / cache-response-directive cache-extension = token [ "=" ( token / quoted-string ) ] cache-request-directive = "no-cache" / "no-store" / ( "max-age=" delta-seconds ) / ( "max-stale" [ "=" delta-seconds ] ) / ( "min-fresh=" delta-seconds ) / "no-transform" / "only-if-cached" / cache-extension cache-response-directive = "public" / ( "private" [ "=" DQUOTE *( "," OWS ) field-name *( OWS "," [ OWS field-name ] ) DQUOTE ] ) / ( "no-cache" [ "=" DQUOTE *( "," OWS ) field-name *( OWS "," [ OWS field-name ] ) DQUOTE ] ) / "no-store" / "no-transform" / "must-revalidate" / "proxy-revalidate" / ( "max-age=" delta-seconds ) / ( "s-maxage=" delta-seconds ) / cache-extension delta-seconds = 1*DIGIT extension-pragma = token [ "=" ( token / quoted-string ) ] field-name = <field-name, defined in [Part1], Section 4.2> port = <port, defined in [Part1], Section 2.1> pragma-directive = "no-cache" / extension-pragma pseudonym = <pseudonym, defined in [Part1], Section 8.9> quoted-string = <quoted-string, defined in [Part1], Section 1.2.2> token = <token, defined in [Part1], Section 1.2.2> uri-host = <uri-host, defined in [Part1], Section 2.1> warn-agent = ( uri-host [ ":" port ] ) / pseudonym warn-code = 3DIGIT warn-date = DQUOTE HTTP-date DQUOTE warn-text = quoted-string warning-value = warn-code SP warn-agent SP warn-text [ SP warn-date ]
ABNF diagnostics:
; Age defined but not used ; Cache-Control defined but not used ; Expires defined but not used ; Pragma defined but not used ; Vary defined but not used ; Warning defined but not used
Closed issues: ¶
Other changes: ¶
Closed issues: ¶
Other changes: ¶
Ongoing work on IANA Message Header Registration (<http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/40>): ¶
Closed issues: ¶
Ongoing work on ABNF conversion (<http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/36>): ¶
This is a total rewrite of this part of the specification.¶
Affected issues: ¶
In addition: Final work on ABNF conversion (<http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/trac/ticket/36>): ¶


text:
Updated: 22nd April 2021
To login into any model of visual-networks, you need router IP, username ID & router password. All this info and other, is already given in VISUAL NETWORKS router manuals but if you have lost your manual or you don't have time to go through it and need a quick fix then follow below.
To access the VISUAL NETWORKS router admin console of your device, just follow this article. You can find correct VISUAL NETWORKS login IP, Router Username & Password, below.
These login IPs are most likely to work for your VISUAL NETWORKS Router
From the methods given above, if you have found the right IP, then put it into the browser to access admin panel. A screen will appear like below. It's asking for login credentials.
Time and again people from all around the world have off and on told us about login credentials which most likely work for them. With patience, try that applies to your VISUAL NETWORKS model.
|Router Model
|VISUAL NETWORKS VISUAL UPTIME T1 CSU/DSU Rev. 1
Just look closely at your VISUAL NETWORKS router for sticker like this:
These are default credentials for your device. Try them, it will work (if you didn't changed them in past)
An ultimate trick in this scenario is to reset your router. Just look for a small button like below (hidden inside). Press it with a needle or match-stick for 10 seconds and restart your device & go back to Method No. 2 (above). And you will be all set!
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