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Jepson Interchange (more information)
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
For up-to-date information about California vascular plants, visit the Jepson eFlora.-->
Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, generally simple and toothed (to pinnately compound); stipules 0 or generally deciduous
Inflorescence: spike, raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary in axils; bracted
Flower generally bisexual, generally radial, opening at dawn or dusk; hypanthium sometimes prolonged beyond ovary (measured from ovary tip to sepal base); sepals generally 4(27); petals generally 4 (or as many as sepals, rarely 0), often "fading" darker; stamens generally 4 or 8(2), anthers 2-chambered, opening lengthwise, pollen generally interconnected by threads; ovary inferior, chambers generally 4 (sometimes becoming 1), placentas axile or parietal, ovules 1many per chamber, style 1, stigma 4-lobed (or lobes as many as sepals), club-shaped, or hemispheric
Fruit: capsule, loculicidal (sometimes berry or indehiscent and nut-like)
Seeds sometimes winged or hair-tufted
Genera in family: 15 genera, ± 650 species: worldwide, especially w North America; many cultivated (Clarkia, Epilobium, Fuchsia, Gaura, Oenothera )
Reference: [Munz 1965 North America Fl II 5:1278]
Stem prostrate to erect, < 1.5 m, glabrous, often glaucous, or puberulent; hairs rarely long and spreading
Leaf simple, pinnately veined; petiole < 4 cm or 0; blade 110 cm, linear to elliptic or ovate, entire or shallow-toothed, glabrous or sparsely puberulent
Inflorescence: spike, raceme; bracts leaf-like; axis in bud straight or recurved at tip, in flower ± straight; buds erect or not
Flower: hypanthium obconic to cup-shaped or long, slender, generally with ring of hairs within; sepals 4, generally fused to tip in bud, reflexed at least at base, staying fused at least at tip, in 4's or 2's, or all coming free; corolla bowl-shaped to rotate, petals 560 mm, often lobed or clawed, lavender or pink to dark red, pale yellow, or white, often spotted, flecked, or streaked with red, purple, or white; stamens 8, in 2 like or unlike series, or 4, filaments cylindric to wider above, subtended by ciliate scales or generally not, anthers attached at base, pollen white or yellow to blue-gray, lavender, or reddish; ovary 4-chambered, glabrous or not, cylindric, fusiform, or wider above, generally shallowly to deeply 4- or 8-grooved, stigma lobes 4, generally prominent
Fruit: generally capsule, elongate, rarely short, indehiscent, nut-like
Seeds generally many, rarely 12, 0.52 mm, angled, crested or not, brown, gray or mottled
Species in genus: ± 41 species: w North America, 1 South America
Etymology: (Captain William Clark, 17701838, of Lewis & Clark Expedition)
Reference: [Lewis & Lewis 1955 UC Publ Bot 20:241392]
Self-compatible or -pollinated or outcrossed; on herbarium specimens, curvature of inflorescence axis in bud generally reliable, pollen color generally not.
Stem erect, < 6 dm, puberulent or glabrous
Leaf: petiole < 5 mm; blade 16 cm, linear to narrow-lanceolate
Inflorescence: axis in bud recurved at tip; buds pendent
Flower: hypanthium 27 mm, ring of hairs below tip; sepals staying fused in 4's, reddish purple; corolla bowl-shaped, petals 13.5 cm, fan-shaped, base bright purplish red, middle ± white, above purple to pinkish lavender, middle and above often reddish purple-flecked; stamens 8, outer filaments ± 2 X wider, outer anthers lavender, inner smaller, paler; ovary 4-grooved, stigma beyond anthers
Fruit 25 cm, cylindric or wider above; beak 35 mm
Ecology: Open grassland, woodland, chaparral
Elevation: < 1000 m.
Bioregional distribution: Sierra Nevada Foothills, Tehachapi Mountain Area, South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges.Sspp. intergrade.
Flower: hypanthium length ± = width; ovary, fruit cylindric
Chromosomes: n=9
Habitats and elevations of sp.
Bioregional distribution: South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse Ranges
Horticultural information: SUN: 15, 16, 17, 24 or part SHD: 7, 8, 9, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.


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Improving Anti-spam system
Improving Anti-SPAM System
Please see SpamAssassin Customizations for a supported way to do customizations!
Many of these instructions are WRONG for 8.5 and later. DO NOT USE THEM. Also see New_Features_ZCS_8.5 for updated information on much of this
The easiest way to "tweak" your spamassassin filtering setup is to edit your sauser.cf file, which is designed specifically for "local" (ie user) configuration. Modifying only this file makes for easier upgrades, and protects your spamassasin installation from inadvertant destruction. The location of the file depends on the version of Zimbra you are running. See http://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/SpamAssassin_Customizations#Customizing_SpamAssassin for more information.
Blacklists and Whitelists
The simplest filtering methods for spamassasin are the blacklist and whitelist. Blacklist entries block all email from an address or domain, and whitelist entries bypass all filtering for an address or domain. To add blackist or whitelist entries to your salocal.cf.in file, simply add lines in the following format:
blacklist_from firstname.lastname@example.com whitelist_from email@example.com blacklist_from *@emn-mysavingsnow.net
Note that * is a wildcard. In this example *@emn-mysavingsnow.net indicates all email from any user at emn-mysavingsnow.net.
When you are finished editing the salocal.cf.in file, restart Zimbra spamassassin by issuing the following command at the server prompt (as the zimbra user):
zmamavisdctl restart
Rejecting emails at SMTP level: Irfan-Notes#Rejecting_Emails_at_SMTP_Level
Basic Rules
Spamassasin works by reading the headers and content of an email, and applying rules to that content. Rules can be in the form of a particular word or phrase, as well as a variety of built in functions. When a rule is "hit" while evaluating an email, a point score is added to that email's total score. When an emails total score exceeds a certain threshold (typically 5 on a Zimbra system) the email is either marked as spam, or, if the score is high enough, deleted automatically.
Rules are in the form of a test followed by a score. The rule mechanism typically uses perl regular expressions to search for specific content within an email. Custom rules should be added to the salocal.cf.in file in the following format:
body LOCAL_RULE /sale/ score LOCAL_RULE 0.5
The above text creates a rule called LOCAL_RULE that searches the body of the message for the word "sale" in lower case. If it finds the word "sale" anywhere in the body, it adds 0.5 to the total score of the email. Note that the score is only applied once - multiple instances of the word "sale" in the same email will not be scored separately. Also note that you should always precede the name of your own rules with the word LOCAL, as in the example above, to distinguish them from built in spamassasin rules, and prevent accidental duplicate names.
Perl regular expressions are quite a powerful mechanism for locating text. Some additional examples of perl regular expression based rules:
body LOCAL_SALE /sale/iperforms a case-insensitive search for the word "sale"
body LOCAL_STOCK1 /^hot stock tip/isearches for a line that starts with the words "hot stock tip" in any case
body LOCAL_4CAPS /[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]/searches for any 4 capital letters in a row (generally a stock symbol)
body LOCAL_MONEY /\d?\d?\d?.\d\d\b/searches for 3 digits, a decimal point, and 2 more digits, and treats as a word
Google for "perl regular expressions" for help constructing your spamassassin rules.
You can also search headers for values, and assign a score to them, using the following format:
header LOCAL_LOCALHOST reply-to =~ /@localhost/
where "LOCAL_LOCALHOST" is the rule name and "reply-to" is the header field name. The above rule would generate a "hit" if "@localhost" exists anywhere in the header field "reply-to." You can easily view several header options in Zimbra by right clicking on an email in the message list, and choosing "Show Original" from the context menu.
URIs can be detected as well in the content of an email. URI rules are in the following format:
uri LOCAL_SALES /sales/
The above would generate a "hit" only in a URI that has the word "sales" in it, but would not hit on the word "sales" if it does not appear in a URI.
Meta Rules
You can also search for a combination of rules, and apply a score to that combination by creating a "meta" rule, in the following format:
body LOCAL_FOUR_CAPS /[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]/ body LOCAL_MONEY /\d?\d?\d?.\d\d\b/ meta LOCAL_STOCK (LOCAL_MONEY && LOCAL_FOUR_CAPS) score LOCAL_STOCK 1
The above rule would add 1 to an email's score only if both "LOCAL_FOUR_CAPS" AND "LOCAL_MONEY" were hits. Be careful when creating meta rules, as it is easy to "over-score" and email," such as in the case of the following:
body LOCAL_FOUR_CAPS /[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]/ score LOCAL_FOUR_CAPS 1 body LOCAL_MONEY /\d?\d?\d?.\d\d\b/ score LOCAL_MONEY 1 meta LOCAL_STOCK (LOCAL_MONEY && LOCAL_FOUR_CAPS) score LOCAL_STOCK 1
The above could add 3 points to the email score, if the meta rule hits.
When you are finished editing the salocal.cf.in file, restart Zimbra spamassassin by issuing the following command at the server prompt (as the zimbra user):
zmmtactl restart && zmamavisdctl restart
Class A IP Address Blocks
For mail servers in Unites States, below is a list of Class "A" blocks of IP's registered to non-ARIN entities. I also have US ISP's that have been bad in the past, so have added IP's using format examples below. Since it's one of those YMMV things, am only including the Non-ARIN Class "A" blocks below for starters. Arin's Website
As 'root' : vi /opt/zimbra/conf/salocal.cf.in
Copy and paste below in salocal.cf.in and save. Then,
su zimbra zmmtactl restart && zmamavisdctl restart
header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_1 Received =~ /\[25\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_1 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_1 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_4 Received =~ /\[62\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_4 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_4 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_5 Received =~ /\[80\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_5 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_5 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_6 Received =~ /\[81\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_6 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_6 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_7 Received =~ /\[82\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_7 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_7 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_8 Received =~ /\[83\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_8 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_8 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_9 Received =~ /\[84\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_9 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_9 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_10 Received =~ /\[85\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_10 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_10 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_11 Received =~ /\[86\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_11 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_11 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_12 Received =~ /\[87\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_12 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_12 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_13 Received =~ /\[88\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_13 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_13 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_14 Received =~ /\[89\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_14 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_14 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_15 Received =~ /\[80\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_15 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_15 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_16 Received =~ /\[90\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_16 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_16 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_17 Received =~ /\[91\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_17 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_17 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_18 Received =~ /\[188\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_18 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_18 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_19 Received =~ /\[193\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_19 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_19 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_20 Received =~ /\[194\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_20 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_20 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_21 Received =~ /\[195\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_21 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_21 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_22 Received =~ /\[212\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_22 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_22 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_23 Received =~ /\[213\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_23 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_23 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_24 Received =~ /\[217\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_24 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_RIPE_24 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_1 Received =~ /\[58\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_1 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_1 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_2 Received =~ /\[59\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_2 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_2 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_3 Received =~ /\[60\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_3 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_3 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_4 Received =~ /\[61\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_4 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_4 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_5 Received =~ /\[121\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_5 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_5 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_6 Received =~ /\[122\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_6 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_6 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_7 Received =~ /\[123\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_7 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_7 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_8 Received =~ /\[124\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_8 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_8 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_9 Received =~ /\[125\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_9 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_9 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_10 Received =~ /\[126\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_10 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_10 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_11 Received =~ /\[202\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_11 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_11 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_12 Received =~ /\[203\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_12 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_12 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_13 Received =~ /\[210\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_13 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_13 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_14 Received =~ /\[211\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_14 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_14 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_15 Received =~ /\[218\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_15 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_15 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_16 Received =~ /\[219\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_16 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_16 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_17 Received =~ /\[220\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_17 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_17 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_18 Received =~ /\[221\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_18 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_18 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_19 Received =~ /\[222\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_19 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_APNIC_19 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_JPNIC_1 Received =~ /\[43\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_JPNIC_1 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_JPNIC_1 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_JPNIC_2 Received =~ /\[133\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_JPNIC_2 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_JPNIC_2 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_AFRINIC_1 Received =~ /\[41\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_AFRINIC_1 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_AFRINIC_1 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_AFRINIC_2 Received =~ /\[196\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_AFRINIC_2 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_AFRINIC_2 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_1 Received =~ /\[189\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_1 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_1 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_2 Received =~ /\[190\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_2 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_2 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_3 Received =~ /\[200\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_3 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_3 4.123 header LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_4 Received =~ /\[201\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\]/ describe LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_4 Spam passed through possible spammer relay score LOCAL_RULE_LACNIC_4 4.123
Second, we added Razor2 in order to improve score.
Installing Razor
There are several ways to install Razor-Agent. Two common ways are listed below:
Yum / RPM package
The perl-Razor-Agent is available through Dag Wiers apt/yum repository:
You will need to configure yum to use Dag Wiers repository for your Release and Architecture which is outside the scope of this document (google rpmforge-release). Enable Dag's repository and append the following line to Dag's repository section:
includepkgs=perl-Razor-Agent perl-Digest-HMAC perl-Digest-SHA1 perl-Net-DNS perl-Net-IP razor-agents
Install the Razor-Agnet and its dependencies:
# yum install perl-Razor-Agent razor-agents
Alternatively you can download the specific packages directly from Dag's mirrors and install manually with the rpm command. The downside is you are not notified if there is a patch or update to these packages.
Open your firewall ports for razor2 (TCP/2703 outgoing).
As root: Get razor-agents-sdk from razor.sourceforge.net, untar it and
perl Makefile.PL make make install
Get also razor-agents from razor.sourceforge.net, untar it and
perl Makefile.PL make make install
Open your firewall ports for razor2 (TCP/2703 outgoing).
Downloading Packages: (1/2): perl-Razor-Agent-2 100% |=========================| 84 kB 00:07 (2/2): razor-agents-2.81- 100% |=========================| 51 kB 00:06 Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing: perl-Razor-Agent ######################### [1/2] Installing: razor-agents ######################### [2/2] Installed: razor-agents.i386 0:2.81-2.fc5.rf Dependency Installed: perl-Razor-Agent.i386 0:2.81-2.fc5.rf Complete!
Configuring Razor
Create .razor folder in /opt/zimbra/amavisd and give zimbra user permissions
mkdir /opt/zimbra/amavisd/.razor; chown -Rf zimbra:zimbra /opt/zimbra/amavisd/.razor
As zimbra user, create your razor account:
razor-admin -home=/opt/zimbra/amavisd/.razor -create razor-admin -home=/opt/zimbra/amavisd/.razor -discover razor-admin -home=/opt/zimbra/amavisd/.razor -register
And finally enable razor. Edit /opt/zimbra/conf/spamassassin/v310.pre and uncomment line
loadplugin Mail::SpamAssassin::Plugin::Razor2
Now we are going to add pyzor support for increase (again) spam score
Installing Pyzor
As root, install python support.
yum install python
Get pyzor package from pyzor.sourceforge.net, untar it and:
python setup.py build python setup.py install
Set perms according with pyzor readme.
chmod -R a+rX /usr/share/doc/pyzor /usr/lib/python2.3/site-packages/pyzor /usr/bin/pyzor /usr/bin/pyzord
Set perms for RHEL 5 x86_64 slightly different than above
chmod -R a+rX /usr/share/doc/pyzor /usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/pyzor/usr/local/bin/pyzor /usr/bin/pyzord
As root, install pyzor RPM. It's included in the extra Repository of Fedora.
yum install pyzor . . Downloading Packages: (1/1): pyzor-0.4.0-10.fc5 100% |=========================| 65 kB 00:01 Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing: pyzor ######################### [1/1] Installed: pyzor.noarch 0:0.4.0-10.fc5 Complete!
As root, install python and python-devel via yast2 Software -> Software Management menu.
Get pyzor package from pyzor.sourceforge.net, untar it and:
python setup.py build python setup.py install
Set perms according with pyzor readme.
chmod -R a+rX /usr/local/share/doc/pyzor /usr/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages/pyzor /usr/local/bin/pyzor /usr/local/bin/pyzord
Configuring Pyzor
Create .pyzor folder into zimbra-amavisd home and set perms
mkdir /opt/zimbra/amavisd/.pyzor; chown zimbra:zimbra /opt/zimbra/amavisd/.pyzor
Open your firewall ports for pyzor (UDP/24441 outgoing)
And ready to go, as zimbra user, with:
pyzor --homedir /opt/zimbra/amavisd/.pyzor discover
Spamassassin Config
Now we have PYZOR + RAZOR + SPF. But it would be advisable to enable it and give SPF a higher score. Those admins with wrong SPF entries should be punished since it's not mandatory and so, if you enable it, do it well. So open your spamassassin config at /opt/zimbra/conf/spamassassin/local.cf and add this rules at the end (customize it at your own):
ok_languages en es ok_locales en es trusted_networks 127. 10.70. 192.168. use_bayes 1 skip_rbl_checks 0 use_razor2 1 #use_dcc 1 <<< WORK IN PROGRESS use_pyzor 1 dns_available yes ## Optional Score Increases ## Choose your preferred values... score DCC_CHECK 4.000 score SPF_FAIL 10.000 score SPF_HELO_FAIL 10.000 score RAZOR2_CHECK 2.500 score PYZOR_CHECK 2.500 score BAYES_99 4.300 score BAYES_90 3.500 score BAYES_80 3.000 bayes_ignore_header Received: from mail3.example.com bayes_ignore_header Received: from localhost bayes_ignore_header Received: from mail1.example.com bayes_ignore_header Received: from mail2.example.com
Note that these numbers can be made even higher if you want the particular filter to have more weight. Check your headers and adjust as needed to achieve the desired result.
To tweak the required_score parameter in Zimbra you don't need to edit any config file. This value is calculated from a setting in Zimbra admin page. Enter administration, go to Global Settings >> AV/AS. The required_score is tag percent * 0,2. So a tag percent value of 25 will result in a required score of 5 (25*0,2=5).
Externally-Maintained Whitelists
Even with the Bayes configurations above, some messages with high Bayes scores get through due to the existence of several externally-maintained whitelists. Essentially these are programs whereby those who subscribe to the program--for a price and agreement to follow certain rules of conduct--get a pass to send unsolicited messages. Spamassassin uses these trusted lists to REDUCE your spam score by assigning a negative point score to the message, which offsets the positive (i.e. "spammy") scores that might result from other filters in your system.
Some of these lists, such as dnswl.org, are maintained by an all-volunteer group; others, such as the Bonded Sender Program (now known as SenderScoreCertified at www.senderscorecertified.com) and Habeas (www.habeas.com) are commercial enterprises. Each describes their standards on their website; one can, of course, find plenty of heated discussion as to the extent to which the commercial ones enforce their standards.
Without engaging in the debate as to the motives or purity of one list or another, the administrator needs to evaluate each list and determine whether he/she is comfortable having that list's maintainers influence the performance of local spam filters. This section is intended to help the administrator adjust the relative scoring influences of these whitelists if so desired.
As with any technology, the services change with time. It is probably a good discipline to review your SpamAssassin configuration files from time to time (after an update in particular) looking for anything that gives your messages a negative score, so you can evaluate if you want to accept that scoring for your local system.
Bonded Sender Program (BSP)
The Bonded Sender Program is described at www.senderscorecertified.com. Spamassassin gives BSP hits a -4.5 score, which pretty well overrides everything else you've done and makes the message come through anyhow (BSP's own website actually advocates a -100 score!). The following adjustment in your local.cf file can reduce, or if you wish, neutralize, the effect of BSP on your spam scores:
# Score to reduce the effect of Bonded Sender Program (BSP) whitelisting score RCVD_IN_BSP_TRUSTED -0.500 score RCVD_IN_BSP_OTHER -0.500 score RCVD_IN_BONDEDSENDER -0.500
Change these values to zero and it goes away completely!
Habeas, at www.habeas.com, is another such subscription-based whitelisting program. Habeas also recommends a -100 score for the most highly-rated senders in their list, although Spamassassin gives them the more conservative score of -8.0 for the highest-rated senders. A reduced impact score for Habeas (again in local.cf) might look like this:
# Score to reduce the effect of Habeas whitelisting score HABEAS_ACCREDITED_COI 0 -0.5 0 -0.5 score HABEAS_ACCREDITED_SOI 0 -0.25 0 -0.25 score HABEAS_CHECKED 0 -0.1 0 -0.1
Again, all zeros would completely negate these scores
ISIPP's SuretyMail (IADB)
The Institute for Spam and Internet Public Policy (ISIPP) is another for-profit whitelister whose stated purpose in its marketing materials (www.suretymail.com) is to "Send Legitimate E-mail in a Spam-Filtered World." The ISIPP settings appear in SpamAssassin as IADB, and can be modified as follows:
# Score to reduce the effect of ISIPP/IADB SuretyMail whitelisting score RCVD_IN_IADB_VOUCHED 0 -0.2 0 -0.2 score RCVD_IN_IADB_DOPTIN 0 -0.4 0 -0.4 score RCVD_IN_IADB_ML_DOPTIN 0 -0.6 0 -0.6
And of course zeros work as well.
DNSWL is different from the lists described above, in that it is deliberately a noncommercial list, and its maintainers recognize the potential conflict of interest in having an economic incentive to let senders off the hook (see their "background" page to hear it in their own words. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that administrators will find DNSWL's judgment to be allowing messages through local filters in contravention of local policy. DNSWL's default scores in Spamassassin are -1, -4, and -8. Administrators wishing to reduce these could use the following settings:
# Score to reduce the effect of DNSWL whitelisting score RCVD_IN_DNSWL_LOW 0 -0.1 0 -0.1 score RCVD_IN_DNSWL_MED 0 -0.4 0 -0.4 score RCVD_IN_DNSWL_HI 0 -0.8 0 -0.8
Amavisd Config
Some notes about this: In zimbra, by default, spam with 15 score of higher is discarded by amavisd. If you want your user receive these mails, you have to modify amavisd.conf settings (/opt/zimbra/conf/amavisd.conf) in order to pass this email.
$final_spam_destiny = D_PASS
Integrate the Cloudmark Authority Milter for AS/AV Protection
The following steps have been shown to work on Release 6.0.3_GA, 7.1.1_GA, 8.0.9_GA, and 8.6.0_GA
1) Become the Zimbra user
su - zimbra
2) [Optional] Disable the built-in SpamAssassin and ClamAV virus services (swapping these out for the Cloudmark Authority engine will improve throughput significantly).
zmprov -l ms `zmhostname` -zimbraServiceEnabled antivirus zmprov -l ms `zmhostname` -zimbraServiceEnabled antispam
2a) Verify that you don't see the following two lines in the enabled services list
zimbraServiceEnabled: antivirus zimbraServiceEnabled: antispam
zmprov gs `zmhostname` zimbraServiceEnabled # name <your-host> zimbraServiceEnabled: logger zimbraServiceEnabled: mailbox zimbraServiceEnabled: mta zimbraServiceEnabled: stats zimbraServiceEnabled: snmp zimbraServiceEnabled: ldap zimbraServiceEnabled: spell
3) Add your Milter to the Postfix configuration file (by way of zmmtaconf, which writes the main.cf during startup using zmmta.cf as a template file):
zmprov ms `zmhostname` zimbraMtaSmtpdMilters "inet:127.0.0.1:2704" zmprov ms `zmhostname` zimbraMtaNonSmtpdMilters "inet:127.0.0.1:2704"
(the format of Postfix's milter option value is "inet:<host or IP of milter>:<port of milter>")
4) Configure the destination email addresses for "Spam" and "Not Spam" buttons within the Zimbra webmail UI to delivery missed spam and false positive reports to Cloudmark-provided addresses:
zmprov mcf zimbraSpamIsSpamAccount "insert-Cloudmark-provided-spam-reporting-email-address-here" zmprov mcf zimbraSpamIsNotSpamAccount "insert-Cloudmark-provided-false-positive-reporting-email-address-here"
5) Validate your missed spam and false positive reporting addresses
zmprov gacf | grep SpamAccount
6) Restart the Zimbra installation:
zmcontrol restart
7) Become the super user:
su -
8) Configure the Cloudmark Authority Milter to tag message headers for detected Spam and Virus with the "X-Spam-Flag", but also replace the body & attachments of Virus messages. Edit the Authority Milter configuration file "cmfilter.cfg" with the following settings:
log analysis data = True log level = warning remove headers = X-Spam-Flag spam action = addheader spam header = X-Spam-Flag spam header value = YES force bulk senders legit = True virus action = addheader,replacebody,tagsubject virus header = X-Spam-Flag virus header value = YES
9) Restart the Cloudmark Authority Milter:
service cmfilter restart
10) Send a test message through and verify that your milter has received the file.
Your Milter callout from Postfix should now be configured.
Enabling DCC
To setup DCC: Download dcc from DCC Site
I compile on different system to build an rpm to install in production environment. Use this spec file (rename it to .spec) to build an rpm with the command:
rpmbuild -ba /usr/src/redhat/SPECS/dcc.spec
install it on the production server:
rpm -ivh dcc-x.y.z.rpm
Change /etc/dcc/dcc_conf to read:
DCCUID=zimbra DCCD_ENABLE=off
Change /opt/zimbra/conf/spamassassin/v310.pre to enable the DCC plugin:
loadplugin Mail::SpamAssassin::Plugin::DCC
Enable DCC on firewall (UDP/6277 outgoing)
Have fun. I use sqlgrey as greylist server, so I don't need another one. As to me the standard value DCC == 2.5 Spamassassin point is ok, so I do not change it. With SA 3.xx you do not need to use enable_dcc in local.cf. That's the same for razor2 indeed...
Implementing Whitelist/Blacklist
Domain white/black list
This can be accomplished by modifying /opt/zimbra/conf/amavisd.conf.in and adding a score for the domain that you want to change.
When scoring the domain, remember that negative scores whitelist, positive scores blacklist
Here's a whitelisting example:
Edit the file /opt/zimbra/conf/amavisd.conf.in and look for this section:
{ # a hash-type lookup table (associative array) 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'firstname.lastname@example.com' => -3.0, 'firstname.lastname@example.com' => -3.0, 'firstname.lastname@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0,
At the top, add the domain you want to whitelist (eg, zimbra.com), with a strong negative score:
{ # a hash-type lookup table (associative array) 'zimbra.com' => -10.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'firstname.lastname@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0, 'email@example.com' => -3.0,
Remember, if you want to blacklist a domain, make the score positive
Then restart amavis:
zmamavisdctl stop && zmamavisdctl start
Remember - you're trusting the sender's domain to be valid, so any email sent with an address in that domain will receive the score weighting - the address is not verified.
This can also be used with individual sender email addresses, as seen above.
User white/black list
It very simple changing amavis config:
put in /opt/zimbra/conf/amavis.conf.in
read_hash(\%whitelist_sender, '/etc/zimbra/whitelist'); read_hash(\%blacklist_sender, '/etc/zimbra/blacklist'); read_hash(\%spam_lovers, '/etc/zimbra/spamlovers');
In /etc/zimbra/* put sender address or domain, one per line. Wildcards allowed. Example:
email@example.com spammersites.net
A spamlovers list is for that accounts that always need to receive all messages, even if spam. According to rfc 2822 postmaster, abuse and other account of this kind should be spam lovers. [However, instead of hacking amavis.conf.in to create a spamlovers list, it's probaby better now to use zmprov <account> amavisSpamLover TRUE amavisBypassSpamChecks TRUE. It's possible that other recommendations on this page are similarly out of date--Ewilen 13:41, 9 August 2012 (PDT).]
I think we should prepare a script to save and restore this config changes upon zimbra updates...
Postfix "access" control for whitelisting and blacklisting
The following method works for both whitelisting (for example, to allow IPs that may be blocked by RBLs) and blacklisting. Also reference: http://www.postfix.org/access.5.html
The method of configuration is slightly different for ZCS 7.x and earlier, and 8.x and later:
7.x and earlier
1. Edit /opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_recipient_restrictions.cf and add these lines: check_recipient_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/access check_client_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/access
%%contains VAR:zimbraServiceEnabled cbpolicyd, check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031%% reject_non_fqdn_recipient check_recipient_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/access check_client_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/access ...
2. Edit /opt/zimbra/conf/access
10.11.12.13 OK firstname.lastname@example.com 550 User Unknown firstname.lastname@example.com 530 Go Away
3. Rebuild the access.db:
cd /opt/zimbra/conf postmap access
4. Confirm access.db:
$ ls -ld access.db -rw-r----- 1 zimbra zimbra 12288 Jan 27 09:58 access.db
8.x and later
1. Edit /opt/zimbra/conf/zmconfigd/smtpd_recipient_restrictions.cf and add these lines: check_recipient_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/access check_client_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/access
%%contains VAR:zimbraServiceEnabled cbpolicyd, check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031%% reject_non_fqdn_recipient check_recipient_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/access check_client_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/access ...
2. Edit /opt/zimbra/conf/access
10.11.12.13 OK firstname.lastname@example.com 550 User Unknown email@example.com 530 Go Away
3. Rebuild the access.db:
cd /opt/zimbra/conf postmap access
4. Confirm access.db:
$ ls -ld access.db -rw-r----- 1 zimbra zimbra 12288 Jan 27 09:58 access.db
Postfix whitelist when using RBL's
--Bertie uk 09:32, 4 May 2010 (UTC)
If you are using RBLs (such as zen.spamhaus.org) to block spam, the whitelist method above does not work, because it is for spamassasin not postfix.
Postfix will check incoming messages against the RBL first, and allow/reject accordingly. So if you have a sender listed on a RBL, you need to whitelist them in Postfix.
To do this in Zimbra: {commands in italics}
Login and change to zimbra user
vi /opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_rbl_override
list all IP addresses or host names (one per line!) that you want to whitelist:
188.8.131.52 OK 188.8.131.52 OK mail.freemailer.tld OK
postmap /opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_rbl_override
vi /opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_recipient_restrictions.cf
in 8.0.x the file to edit is /opt/zimbra/conf/zmconfigd/smtpd_recipient_restrictions.cf
check_client_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_rbl_override check_recipient_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_rbl_override
reject_unauth_destination check_client_access hash:/opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_rbl_override reject_unlisted_recipient
zmmtactl restart
Each time you add a new one, you need to do the postmap command then zmmtactl restart (Also, this may be removed after a Zimbra upgrade)
Postfix Tweaks
(Added by L. Mark Stone 12 May 2007)
Postfix itself features a number of anti-UCE capabilities. Some of them are available via the admin console, but some are not.
Simultaneous Connection Throttling
If your Zimbra system gets targeted by spammers, you'll notice that a spammer's email server can open up a large number of simultaneous connections to Zimbra's Postfix.
Most of these connections will fail, often because the recipients don't actually exist on the system. But, these connections still use resources.
So, we have for years on our other Postfix mail servers been taking advantage of two Postfix configuration settings that have reduced this problem significantly. We have now updated our Zimbra installations with the same settings, so I thought I would pass them on.
The two settings we add to main.cf are:
smtpd_soft_error_limit = 2 smtpd_hard_error_limit = 3
We do this by becoming the zimbra user and then running:
postconf -e 'smtpd_hard_error_limit = 3' postconf -e 'smtpd_soft_error_limit = 2'
We then restart Postfix to implement the changes. To restart Postfix, you need to be root and to run the Zimbra-supplied Postfix binary:
viognier:~ # cd /opt/zimbra/postfix/sbin viognier:/opt/zimbra/postfix/sbin # ./postfix stop postfix/postfix-script: stopping the Postfix mail system viognier:/opt/zimbra/postfix/sbin # postfix start postfix/postfix-script: starting the Postfix mail system viognier:/opt/zimbra/postfix/sbin #
Documentation from Postfix is here: http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#smtpd_soft_error_limit
In the forums, you'll probably get the most support for postgrey (below) as it's the fastest to setup.
followed by http://wiki.zimbra.com/index.php?title=Connecting_with_SQLGrey
then http://wiki.zimbra.com/index.php?title=Postfix_Policyd
Google or see http://Greylisting.org for some examples & see all sorts of ideas. There are tons of different greylist programs, for example: Some can be configure so that you hold the mail for up to 30min, (unless they get a reattempt response sooner), and then deliver it anyway with an additional spam score tacked on etc.
|Ubuntu 6.06LTS (Dapper)
|K. Diebold
|Debian 5.04
Postfix Greylisting Policy Server-the original authors site http://postgrey.schweikert.ch/
When a request for delivery of a mail is received by Postfix via SMTP, the triplet CLIENT_IP / SENDER / RECIPIENT is built. If it is the first time that this triplet is seen, or if the triplet was first seen less than 5 minutes ago, then the mail gets rejected with a temporary 450 deffer error.
It auto-remembers valid senders for up to xdays (default 35days) who are auto-whitelisted to skip the delivery delay. You can also define permanent whitelist based on clients/email addresses.
Installing Postgrey:
sudo apt-get install postgrey . . Creating config file /etc/postgrey/whitelist_clients with new version (some big companies are put here-you can add your own) Creating config file /etc/postgrey/whitelist_recipients with new version (as needed put in users who do not want greylisting) Creating config file /etc/default/postgrey with new version Starting postfix greylisting daemon: postgrey.
The package adds the appropriate init scripts (update-rc.d postgrey defaults) and is configured to answer on localhost:60000.
On Debian the port is 10023
To figure out the port on your system run postgrey and see parameters:
# /etc/init.d/postgrey start Starting postfix greylisting daemon: postgrey. # ps ax | grep postgrey 27422 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/postgrey --pidfile=/var/run/postgrey.pid --daemonize --inet=10023
Configuring the Zimbra Postfix:
sudo vi /opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_recipient_restrictions.cf
...and add the following above any lines started with '%%'(Consider your port number). The final line should contain only 'permit':
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:60000
...then restart (as the user zimbra) Postfix (which will re-create /opt/zimbra/postfix/main.cf)
$ postfix reload
Notes: See the stuff that get's added to smtpd_recipient_restrictions?
Changing the delay
-The default is 5/10 minutes depending on where you get your download so if you wanted it 10 minutes: /etc/default/postgrey Depending on your version/if you download the package and manually edit before you install:
POSTGREY_OPTS="--inet=127.0.0.1:60000 --delay=300" OR before hand delay => $opt{delay} || 300, max_age => $opt{'max-age'} || 35,
Whitelists allow you to specify client addresses or recipient address, for which no greylisting should be done. Per default postgrey will read the following files:
/etc/postfix/postgrey_whitelist_clients /etc/postfix/postgrey_whitelist_clients.local /etc/postfix/postgrey_whitelist_recipients
Add-ons: p0f - passive OS detection and white-listing based on detected OS
taRgrey (tarpit + greylist) - a patch that makes postgrey into a tarpitting policy server.
Discarding Emails Sent to Invalid Addresses
For ZCS 8.x and above, the correct way to do this is:
su - zimbra zmlocalconfig -e postfix_smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=yes zmmtactl restart
This is a persistent (accross upgrades) change.
Below is what you have to do for ZCS < 8.x.
To reject email to accounts that don't exist on your server you need to make the following change to zmmta.cf (this change does not persisst and will need to be done after each Zimbra upgrade):
POSTCONF smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient no
-The setting above is the default and it needs to be changed to 'yes' as per the folling line:
POSTCONF smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient yes
-This rejects the request when the RCPT TO address is not listed in the list of valid recipients for its domain class. (ie: there's no such user account on the server), you'll also see entries in your log file showing that the message has been rejected.
If 5.0.12+ using alias domains enable set postfix_enable_smtpd_policyd=yes instead. ManagingDomains#Email_to_non-existant_accounts
One email server I administered got 400,000 messages a day. 99.2% of them were sent to addresses that didn't exist on my domain. However, my server happily scanned all of them for spam, viruses, etc. You can configure Zimbra to reject such messages with 450, saying the address doesn't exist. In addition, once an RCPT TO: command is sent specifying an invalid address, Zimbra delays about 5 seconds before it accepts another command, slowing down the spammer.
Add the following lines to /opt/zimbra/conf/postfix_recipient_restrictions.cf:
-Which rejects when:
a) the RCPT TO address has no DNS A or MX record
b) when Postfix is not final destination for the recipient address
c) or when it has a malformed MX record such as a record with a zero-length MX hostname
-Rejects the request when mail to the RCPT TO address is known to bounce, or when the recipient address destination is not reachable.
I add these lines just after the first line, which should be reject_non_fqdn_recipient.
Restart Zimbra and enjoy. :)
--BJ Quinn
Caveat: There is a possible downside to this. These mass e-mailings to non-existant addresses at your domain are often part of a directory harvesting attack. By enabling this feature you will reveal legitimate addresses at your domain (through process of elimination). These will then be sold to spammers, or worse used as sender addresses by spammers.
http://www.zimbra.com/forums/administrators/4933-improving-spam-filtering.html http://www.zimbra.com/forums/administrators/60812-how-set-smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient-yes.html

subset: commoncrawl


text:
After 1884 he lived the life of a recluse. His powerful and dramatic interpretations of the sea in watercolor have never been surpassed and hold a unique place in American art. They are in leading museums throughout the United States. Characteristic watercolors are Breaking Storm and Maine Coast (both: Art Inst. of Chicago) and The Hurricane (Metropolitan Mus.). Characteristic oils include The Gulf Stream (1899) and Moonlight-Wood's Island Light (both: Metropolitan Mus.), and Eight Bells (1886; Addison Gall., Andover, Mass.).
Used with permission.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Copyright © 2001 Columbia University Press


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It may look like a stability ball, but it is so much more than that! The BOSU, an acronym which stands for "Both Sides Up", creates an unstable ...On November 5, 2012 / By Barbara Baez
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Dronescapes: The New Aerial Photography from Dronestagram - Hardcover
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Created in collaboration with Dronestegram, the world-leading drone photography website, and Ayperi Karabuda Ecer, a highly renowned photography editor, Dronescapes is the first book to bring together the very best photographs taken by quadcopters around the globe. It grants us the thrilling opportunity to see our planet from entirely new vantage points, whether this is a bird's-eye view of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro, a photograph taken inches away from an eagle in mid-flight, or a vertiginous shot taken above Mexico's Tamul Waterfalls. There are extended commentaries on how individual images were created, profiles on notable photographers and a separate user guide containing key advice on how to use your drone. An introduction also discusses how the arrival of drone photography signals a major shift in the history of aerial photography. Dronescapes is a landmark publication at the cutting edge of contemporary photography, taking the medium – for once, literally – to newfound, dizzying heights.
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UK Postage: Here at Flying Tech we process orders Monday to Friday and pride ourselves on our quick turnaround of orders. If stocks levels allow, we aim to dispatch orders placed before 4PM the same day with Royal Mail. Our cut off time for courier delivery is earlier; orders must be placed by 1PM for next day delivery with DHL and 1PM for next day delivery with APC. A confirmation email will be sent when your order has been dispatched. If you wish to change your order, please contact us promptly, as we won't be able to make amendments once the order has been shipped.
We are partnered with several delivery companies including Royal Mail, DHL, APC and Parcel Force. If you have a special delivery requirement or would like to arrange a shop collection please contact us. For small low value orders our cheapest delivery service is Royal Mail First Class; this service aims to deliver the next working day including Saturdays and it can be sent recorded for extra peace of mind – please note this is not a guaranteed next day delivery or trackable service.
For a guaranteed next day delivery we recommend Royal Mail Special Delivery or one of our courier delivery options. Royal Mail Special Delivery will arrive by 1PM the next day and for an extra fee can be delivered on Saturdays. APC Overnight offers next day delivery with full tracking and a 2hr time slot pre-delivery text notification. DHL is a good option for larger consignments and remote locations such as Northern Ireland and Isle of Man. All high value orders are fully insured and will likely require a signature on delivery.
FREE shipping in the UK on orders over £99 (this is a signed for service and insured to a maximum of £40). Please note that the offer only applies to orders with a total weight under 1Kg (volumetric) and that a few products are exempt from the offer, such as LiPo batteries.
International Postage: We are based in the UK, but ship to most worldwide destinations. Postage rates are calculated by the weight and shipment location, the price is quoted during the checkout. Low value order can be sent by Air Mail, but are not insured. Higher value, heavy goods will be sent with DHL or an alternative courier. Orders shipped outside the UK may be subject to customs charges. These charges are additional to any delivery costs and will need to be paid by the recipient.
For our international customers who require a rapid delivery we off a DHL Express service. DHL Express offers NEXT DAY delivery to most European destinations* and a very fast delivery for countries further afield, generally 2-3 days. For country specific estimated transit times, please refer this download.
We reserve the right to modify, remove or add to any of these services at any time. We endeavour to ship all items as fast as possible. If you would like an alternative shipping arrangement to be made please contact us.
*Next day delivery is not guaranteed, it's a delivery aim.


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Color: Blue
Fabric: Tulle
Neckline: Sweatheart
Silhouette: A line
Sleeve: Sleeveless
Length: Ball Gown
Remarks: There are 2-5cm shrink seams on both sides of the clothes, please modify them if they don't fit
Unit cm size data may have 1-3cm (1 inch) error, please be aware
In addition, ordering is supported. For details, please refer to the measurement method below.
If you choose a custom size, please write email to us, and write your measurement to us, as below;
For any custom request such as adding or removing the straps/sleeves/train,high heels lenght,or even altering the dress length please write it down and email to us. Thanks
1.Bust = __ inches
2.Waist = ___ inches
3.Hips = ____ inches
4.Shoulder to Shoulder from back = ____ inches
5.Hollow to floor no shoes=_____inches
6.Full height from top head to floor no shoes=_____inches
7.The dress shoes height=______inches
8.Arm length:= ___________inches (For long sleeve dresses)
9.Armhole:= ___________inches (For Long sleeve dresses)
10.Occasion Date:=________
How to Measure
Get measured before placing an order: We strongly suggest you have your measurements taken first by a professional tailor or measure yourself by following the measure guide below.
Measurement requirements: Make sure you take your measurements barefoot. Do not measure over clothing except undergarments.
Color Chart


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Now Sold!
Kymco Mini S ForU Orange
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Zembrace 2018 report
Zembrace 2018 U.S. PROMOTIONAL AUDIT REPORT
Published July 2019 • 21 Pages
The 5 Key Questions Addressed by this Report:
- How many physicians were reached by Zembrace through reportable promotional activity in 2018 and how does this compare to its peer set in the Migraine market?
- What promotional mix was leveraged (e.g., sales rep detailing, physician education, and paid speaking) and what was the median spend on each type of activity?
- How does Promius's depth of coverage vary within key specialties (e.g., Neurology, Family Medicine, and Internal Medicine) and how does this compare to its peers and the overall set of rep-accessible physicians?
- How often are physicians receiving paid meals for Zembrace throughout the year (e.g., monthly, quarterly, annually)?
- Who were the most frequent meal recipients and top paid speakers for Zembrace in 2018?
Data Sources and Methodology:
- MDDetails leverages company-reported financial transaction data disclosed through CMS Open Payments. This data set captures all transfers of value (e.g., speaking fees, consulting fees, travel, education, and meals) made on behalf of a drug or device manufacturer to a physician. Currently, over 5 years of longitudinal data is available – covering payments to more than 1,000,000 U.S. healthcare professionals.
- Over 5,000 paid interactions across 2,200 physicians made on behalf of Zembrace were carefully examined to support our analysis. In addition, interaction data from 8 peer products (e.g. Aimovig, Ajovy, Botox, Cambia, Emgality, Migranal, Onzetra Xsail, and Qudexy XR ) was leveraged to provide benchmarking and market insights.


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Lumos tedBook™ - Grade 6 Math Printed Skills Practice Workbooks and Two Online LEAP Rehearsal Practice Tests, Student Copy
In stock
- Realistic LEAP Assessments Practice with Two Practice Tests
- 7 Tech-enhanced Item Types questions
- In-depth performance and progress reports
- Immediate feedback with answer explanations and learning resource recommendations
- Access to standards-aligned resources repository
Lumos LEAP practice tedBook ® is a blended learning resource that includes both printed material and online components.
Printed component include:
- Hundreds of Louisiana Student Standards/College and Career Readiness aligned practice questions
- 30+ Math Skills practice
- Instructions to use online components
Online component include:
- Two practice tests that mirror LEAP Assessments
- Each practice test includes three sessions for Math Assessment
- Student Portal: Supports personalized self-paced learning and progress reports
- EdSearch: To enable easy discovery of hundreds of learning resources such as educational apps and videos
Table of Content
Domains covered include:
- Ratios and Proportional Relationships (RP)
- The Number System (NS)
- Expressions & Equations (EE)
- Geometry (G)
- Statistics & Probability (SP)
Licence Information:
- Includes one basic student account
- One Academic year validity
|Teacher, School
|Grade 6
|Is Featured?
Write Your Own Review


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On the full moon of the month of "Shraavan", a burst of colour m..Description
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NV04003 - Ranch
- Return To Plans
- login to Favorite this Plan
NV04003 - Ranch
Main Level 1821 sq. ft.
Plan Info Group
What's Included with Your Plan
Every house plan order includes: elevations (front at 1/4", rear, right and left at 1/8"), foundation plan, main level floor plan, second level floor plan (if applicable), roof plan, stair detail and typical detail pages.
Customize Your Plan
We understand that no matter how pleased you are with the plan you select, you may still want to make certain changes to the plan to achieve that "personalized" touch you're looking for. The staff at New Ventures will be pleased to assist you in the modification of your plan. Simply contact one of our designers to discuss your particular needs.


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Biohazard Cleanup and Restoration
Exposure to biological and chemical contaminants can pose serious health consequences. A failure to properly remove such substances can contribute to unhealthy and dangerous environments. SERVPRO of Hyde Park, Central Austin is trained to safely remove biohazards and dispose of them properly in accordance with OSHA and health regulations.
Equipped with the necessary safety apparatus and cleaning products, we can help transform these unhealthy environments back into clean, safe homes and offices.
Please refer to our Biohazard Emergency Tips - Until Help Arrives Guide and follow these tips to protect yourself and your property.
Need Biohazard Cleanup Services?
Call Us Today – (512) 318-2200
The decontamination of a home or business due to trauma, sewage backups, chemical spills, hoarding or other biohazards can be both dangerous and emotional. Specialized training and experience is key when choosing a cleanup company to resolve these circumstances.
We provide cleanup and recovery services for many biohazard situations. These include the following:
- Sewage backups
- Crime scene residues
- Suicide/death accidents
- Homicide cleanups
- Blood cleanup
- Accident cleanup
- Hoarding scenes
- Animal waste/remains
- Chemical spills
- Tear gas cleanup
- Meth lab cleanup
Common Biohazard Scenarios
Sewage Backups
Sewage backups and dark water intrusions are more than nasty, smelly deposits – these damages also introduce harmful microorganisms into a structure. We remove the sewage, contaminants, and moisture, and help ensure the structure is properly cleaned, disinfected, and deodorized.
Bloodborne Pathogens
We remove and dispose of bodily fluids, tissue and other potentially pathogenic substances resulting from accident, trauma, crime or death. Trained SERVPRO of Hyde Park, Central Austin Professionals clean, disinfect and deodorize the structure.
Illegal Drug Manufacturing Labs / Meth Labs
SERVPRO realizes many of the chemicals used in the production of illegal drugs such as "meth" are volatile and can leave harmful residues throughout a structure. We follow federal and state guidelines to properly clean all surfaces.
24 Hour Emergency Service
We are available 24 hours a day—our highly trained technicians are standing by. We have the qualified trained professionals who are ready to respond to these incidents. We will always treat your property and the people involved with the greatest empathy and respect in the face of trying circumstances.
We are proud to serve our local communities:
- Austin
- Tarrytown
- Northwest Hills
- Hyde Park
- Allandale
- Highland Park West
- Spicewood Springs
- Brentwood
- Rosedale
- North Loop
- North Shoal Creek
- Old West Austin
- Overlook at Cat Mountain


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Eric RoarkBroker Associate
Direct Phone: (214) 725-7893
Office Phone: (214) 725-7893
Send an Email
After a 34 year career as a College Football Coach, I decided to come and live in one of the most spectacular places in the U.S. My prior experience in Real Estate has been that of a customer with extensive moves experiencing the good, bad and indifferent. With that said, as a Real Estate Professional, I will put myself in my customers shoes. As a homeowner, I have owned 10 homes in eight cities and sold everyone of them for a profit.
As a coach, I always felt like that the important ingredient for success is that you must have a philosophy. That philosophy was to teach and train accountability, character, discipline, effort and integrity. This is what I have done to teach people how to win games and get their diplomas.
With my strategic partnerships, I can provide service with Commercial, Ranch, Residential or Resort. Let me know how I can provide service to you. Durango is truly the end of the Rainbow !!


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Greenfingers Garden Bed 2PCS 150X90X30CM Galvanised Steel Raised Planter
Greenfingers Garden Bed 2PCS 150X90X30CM Galvanised Steel Raised Planter
Plan to grow your own greens? Carrots, radishes, lettuce, spinach, onions, tomatoes or strawberries, our Galvanised Raised Garden Bed can help to grow them all easily.
Made of quality SGCC steel with epoxy powder coating, our Galvanised Raised Garden Bed has a low reaction against chemicals used for planting and is totally rustproof. Its 0.8mm thickness means extra stability and the round edges ensure that it is safe to use too.
The Galvanised Raised Garden Bed is easy to put together and durable in every weather condition. Set it up, add in the soil, then the seeds or saplings and you're good to have a great fruit and vegetable patch of your own. Better still, get a few sets and you'll be a happy home farmer with a rich harvest in no time.
Quality galvanized steel
0.8mm thickness for extra stability
Anti-rust and durable
Rounded safety edges
Perfect for flowers, vegetable and herbs
Material: Galvanised SGCC Steel
Height: 30cm
Overall dimension: 150cm x 90cm
Colour: Aluminium Grey
Package Content
2 x Raised Garden Bed


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George Bush Amtseinführung, 2005 – Rede
Vice President Cheney, Mr. Chief Justice, President Carter, President Bush, President Clinton, reverend clergy, distinguished guests, fellow citizens: On this day, prescribed by law and marked by ceremony, we celebrate the durable wisdom of our Constitution, and recall the deep commitments that unite our country.
I am grateful for the honor of this hour, mindful of the consequential times in which we live, and determined to fulfill the oath that I have sworn and you have witnessed.
At this second gathering, our duties are defined not by the words I use, but by the history we have seen together. For a half century, America defended our own freedom by standing watch on distant borders. After the shipwreck of communism came years of relative quiet, years of repose, years of sabbatical - and then there came a day of fire.
We have seen our vulnerability - and we have seen its deepest source. For as long as whole regions of the world simmer in resentment and tyranny - prone to ideologies that feed hatred and excuse murder - violence will gather, and multiply in destructive power, and cross the most defended borders, and raise a mortal threat. There is only one force of history that can break the reign of hatred and resentment, and expose the pretensions of tyrants, and reward the hopes of the decent and tolerant, and that is the force of human freedom.
We are led, by events and common sense, to one conclusion: The survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on the success of liberty in other lands. The best hope for peace in our world is the expansion of freedom in all the world.
America's vital interests and our deepest beliefs are now one. From the day of our Founding, we have proclaimed that every man and woman on this earth has rights, and dignity, and matchless value, because they bear the image of the Maker of Heaven and earth. Across the generations we have proclaimed the imperative of self-government, because no one is fit to be a master, and no one deserves to be a slave. Advancing these ideals is the mission that created our Nation. It is the honorable achievement of our fathers. Now it is the urgent requirement of our nation's security, and the calling of our time.
So it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world.
This is not primarily the task of arms, though we will defend ourselves and our friends by force of arms when necessary. Freedom, by its nature, must be chosen, and defended by citizens, and sustained by the rule of law and the protection of minorities. And when the soul of a nation finally speaks, the institutions that arise may reflect customs and traditions very different from our own. America will not impose our own style of government on the unwilling. Our goal instead is to help others find their own voice, attain their own freedom, and make their own way.
The great objective of ending tyranny is the concentrated work of generations. The difficulty of the task is no excuse for avoiding it. America's influence is not unlimited, but fortunately for the oppressed, America's influence is considerable, and we will use it confidently in freedom's cause.
My most solemn duty is to protect this nation and its people against further attacks and emerging threats. Some have unwisely chosen to test America's resolve, and have found it firm.
We will persistently clarify the choice before every ruler and every nation: The moral choice between oppression, which is always wrong, and freedom, which is eternally right. America will not pretend that jailed dissidents prefer their chains, or that women welcome humiliation and servitude, or that any human being aspires to live at the mercy of bullies.
We will encourage reform in other governments by making clear that success in our relations will require the decent treatment of their own people. America's belief in human dignity will guide our policies, yet rights must be more than the grudging concessions of dictators; they are secured by free dissent and the participation of the governed. In the long run, there is no justice without freedom, and there can be no human rights without human liberty.
Some, I know, have questioned the global appeal of liberty - though this time in history, four decades defined by the swiftest advance of freedom ever seen, is an odd time for doubt. Americans, of all people, should never be surprised by the power of our ideals. Eventually, the call of freedom comes to every mind and every soul. We do not accept the existence of permanent tyranny because we do not accept the possibility of permanent slavery. Liberty will come to those who love it.
Today, America speaks anew to the peoples of the world:
All who live in tyranny and hopelessness can know: the United States will not ignore your oppression, or excuse your oppressors. When you stand for your liberty, we will stand with you.
Democratic reformers facing repression, prison, or exile can know: America sees you for who you are: the future leaders of your free country.
The rulers of outlaw regimes can know that we still believe as Abraham Lincoln did: "Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves; and, under the rule of a just God, cannot long retain it."
The leaders of governments with long habits of control need to know: To serve your people you must learn to trust them. Start on this journey of progress and justice, and America will walk at your side.
And all the allies of the United States can know: we honor your friendship, we rely on your counsel, and we depend on your help. Division among free nations is a primary goal of freedom's enemies. The concerted effort of free nations to promote democracy is a prelude to our enemies' defeat.
Today, I also speak anew to my fellow citizens: From all of you, I have asked patience in the hard task of securing America, which you have granted in good measure. Our country has accepted obligations that are difficult to fulfill, and would be dishonorable to abandon. Yet because we have acted in the great liberating tradition of this nation, tens of millions have achieved their freedom. And as hope kindles hope, millions more will find it. By our efforts, we have lit a fire as well - a fire in the minds of men. It warms those who feel its power, it burns those who fight its progress, and one day this untamed fire of freedom will reach the darkest corners of our world.
A few Americans have accepted the hardest duties in this cause - in the quiet work of intelligence and diplomacy ... the idealistic work of helping raise up free governments ... the dangerous and necessary work of fighting our enemies. Some have shown their devotion to our country in deaths that honored their whole lives - and we will always honor their names and their sacrifice.
All Americans have witnessed this idealism, and some for the first time. I ask our youngest citizens to believe the evidence of your eyes. You have seen duty and allegiance in the determined faces of our soldiers. You have seen that life is fragile, and evil is real, and courage triumphs. Make the choice to serve in a cause larger than your wants, larger than yourself - and in your days you will add not just to the wealth of our country, but to its character.
America has need of idealism and courage, because we have essential work at home - the unfinished work of American freedom. In a world moving toward liberty, we are determined to show the meaning and promise of liberty.
In America's ideal of freedom, citizens find the dignity and security of economic independence, instead of laboring on the edge of subsistence. This is the broader definition of liberty that motivated the Homestead Act, the Social Security Act, and the G.I. Bill of Rights. And now we will extend this vision by reforming great institutions to serve the needs of our time. To give every American a stake in the promise and future of our country, we will bring the highest standards to our schools, and build an ownership society. We will widen the ownership of homes and businesses, retirement savings and health insurance - preparing our people for the challenges of life in a free society. By making every citizen an agent of his or her own destiny, we will give our fellow Americans greater freedom from want and fear, and make our society more prosperous and just and equal.
In America's ideal of freedom, the public interest depends on private character - on integrity, and tolerance toward others, and the rule of conscience in our own lives. Self-government relies, in the end, on the governing of the self. That edifice of character is built in families, supported by communities with standards, and sustained in our national life by the truths of Sinai, the Sermon on the Mount, the words of the Koran, and the varied faiths of our people. Americans move forward in every generation by reaffirming all that is good and true that came before - ideals of justice and conduct that are the same yesterday, today, and forever. In America's ideal of freedom, the exercise of rights is ennobled by service, and mercy, and a heart for the weak. Liberty for all does not mean independence from one another. Our nation relies on men and women who look after a neighbor and surround the lost with love. Americans, at our best, value the life we see in one another, and must always remember that eve n the unwanted have worth. And our country must abandon all the habits of racism, because we cannot carry the message of freedom and the baggage of bigotry at the same time.
From the perspective of a single day, including this day of dedication, the issues and questions before our country are many. From the viewpoint of centuries, the questions that come to us are narrowed and few. Did our generation advance the cause of freedom? And did our character bring credit to that cause?
These questions that judge us also unite us, because Americans of every party and background, Americans by choice and by birth, are bound to one another in the cause of freedom. We have known divisions, which must be healed to move forward in great purposes - and I will strive in good faith to heal them. Yet those divisions do not define America. We felt the unity and fellowship of our nation when freedom came under attack, and our response came like a single hand over a single heart. And we can feel that same unity and pride whenever America acts for good, and the victims of disaster are given hope, and the unjust encounter justice, and the captives are set free.
We go forward with complete confidence in the eventual triumph of freedom. Not because history runs on the wheels of inevitability; it is human choices that move events. Not because we consider ourselves a chosen nation; God moves and chooses as He wills. We have confidence because freedom is the permanent hope of mankind, the hunger in dark places, the longing of the soul. When our Founders declared a new order of the ages; when soldiers died in wave upon wave for a union based on liberty; when citizens marched in peaceful outrage under the banner "Freedom Now" - they were acting on an ancient hope that is meant to be fulfilled. History has an ebb and flow of justice, but history also has a visible direction, set by liberty and the Author of Liberty.
When the Declaration of Independence was first read in public and the Liberty Bell was sounded in celebration, a witness said, "It rang as if it meant something." In our time it means something still. America, in this young century, proclaims liberty throughout all the world, and to all the inhabitants thereof. Renewed in our strength - tested, but not weary - we are ready for the greatest achievements in the history of freedom.
May God bless you, and may He watch over the United States of America.
Quelle: John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at The American Presidency Project, University of California at Santa Barbara


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NiobiCONN™ connectors can be connected and disconnected underwater, at any depth, with no corrosion or safety hazards.
Part Number 36RB-127SG-100
Fill out the form below or call us at 630-827-6000.
iCONN Systems, LLC is a custom engineered interconnect solutions design company that focuses on the manufacturing of electrical and electronic connectors, overmolded and discrete cable assemblies and value added turnkey products.
Keep up-to-date with industry news and new products from iCONN
iconn systems, LLC 1110 N. Garfield Street Lombard, IL 60148
Copyright © 2018 iCONN Systems LLC., All Rights Reserved. | Terms & Conditions


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Avg Walkscore in Washtucna: 13
/ County Avg 24
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On thousands of furniture & home products!
Give your family a comfortable gathering place with the Calexico Pillow Back Loveseat from Chelsea Home Furniture. Nothing says cozy like a plush couch. Whether you're watching TV, doing homework, curling up with a good book, sipping a mug of hot cocoa or entertaining visitors, this piece creates the perfect hideaway from the bustle of everyday life. Its built to last construction includes kiln dried hardwood and engineered wood framework, sinuous spring system, and high density foam padding. The Calexico loveseat is available in Cornell Cocoa upholstery.
Your home is a mirror of your personality. Create your personal retreat and celebrate your own sense of style with Chelsea Home Furniture's collections. Bringing you the best in quality, style, comfort, and value, Chelsea Home Furniture features a wide variety of upholstery styles designed to define and complement your home decor. Their living room and accent furniture, which includes chairs, chaises, benches, and more, will instantly change the look of any room. Proudly made in the USA, the pieces are built-to-last and are made with solid hardwood and engineered wood products reinforced with corner blocking.
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Job Description
Local Class A Truck Driver Kent WA
- Industry: Transportation
- Job Type: Local
- Pay Rate: $29 /hr
- Work Hours: Day Shift, Full Time
- Location: Kent, WA
- Job Perks: Benefits, Home Daily, Overtime Available
Job Description
Centerline is your one access point to limitless truck driving opportunities. Our job is to connect you with safe, rewarding work at top companies while maintaining your flexibility and work / life balance.
Call (253) 287-3374 for more information!
Job Responsibilities:
- Operate a 53′ Dry Van safely
- Haul flooring, assist with loading and unloading
- Perform pre and post-trip inspections
- Keep equipment clean and presentable
- Verify paperwork for completeness and accuracy
- Full-time local haul
- Monday through Friday 7 a.m. – 4 p.m.
Qualifications & Experience
- 2 years of Class A driving experience
- Valid Class A License and Medical Card
- No endorsements required, but highly preferred
- Ability to pass drug screen
- No DUI/DWI convictions that are less than 5 years
- No more than 2 moving violations in the previous 3 years OR more than 1 moving violation and 1 accident in the last 3 years
- 22 years of age or older
- Multiple job opportunities with just one application – our truck drivers have the opportunity to work for multiple Fortune 1000 companies
- Competitive hourly pay starting at $29
- Overtime available with pay rates starting at $43.50
- Eligibility for health benefits, including medical, dental, and vision
At Centerline, we value and respect the drivers we put to work day in and day out. In fact, we built our entire driver culture around a simple concept: Respect the Drive. Through this program you'll earn incentives, recognition and other great rewards. Learn more about our recognition programs by visiting our Respect the Drive page at Centerlinedrivers.com.
Our goal is to help CDL drivers find the job they've always wanted. Whether it's competitive pay, local routes, or a work schedule that fits your lifestyle, Centerline is committed to finding the right job for you. Our truck drivers have the opportunity to work for multiple Fortune 1000 companies, locate temporarily to new markets or work for a single customer full-time. Centerline offers you the type of driving job that fits your needs.
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Availability: In stock
- Format:Paperback
- Subject(s):English Literature
- Author(s):Sheila Innes, David Kirkham, Valerie Allen, Geoffrey Chaucer
- Available from: June 2016
Six-hundred-year-old tales with modern relevance.
Availability: In stock
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This stunning full-colour edition from the bestselling Cambridge School Chaucer series explores the complete text of The Merchant's Prologue and Tale through a wide range of classroom-tested activities and illustrated information, including a map of the Canterbury pilgrimage, a running synopsis of the action, an explanation of unfamiliar words and suggestions for study. Cambridge School Chaucer makes medieval life and language more accessible, helping students appreciate Chaucer's brilliant characters, his wit, sense of irony and love of controversy.
- Contents
A running synopsis is included at the top of every page of the poem, providing a useful summary of the text.
Glossaries aligned with the text providing clear explanation of key terms for ease of reference.
Classroom activities, full-colour images and notes are included next to each page of the poem providing opportunities to discuss the characters, attitudes and provocative themes included in the Canterbury Tales.
Includes full-colour illustrated information on Chaucer's world including a map of the Canterbury pilgrimage.
Includes sections about the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer's pilgrims, medieval England and Chaucer's language, all aiding understanding of Middle English life and language.
Uses the text of the poem established by Maurice Hussey in Selected Tales from Chaucer.
- Introduction
- What are The Canterbury Tales?
- Chaucer's language
- The Merchant's contribution
- Text and notes: The portrait of the Merchant (from The General Prologue)
- The Merchant's prologue
- The Merchant's tale
- The Merchant's epilogue
- The tale told by the Merchant
- Chaucer's pilgrims
- Pilgrims and pilgrimages
- Geoffrey Chaucer
- Merchants in Chaucer's day
- Courtly love
- The debate on marriage
- The myth of Pluto and Proserpina
- Themes in the Merchant's Prologue and Tale
- Glossary of frequently used words
Advice on useful tools, activities and timetabling from teachers experiencing school closures.Read more
All our supporting resources have now moved to Cambridge GO – the new home for your Cambridge digital content.Find out more
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Dimensions: H83 x W332 x D105cm / H33 x W131 x D42"
Weight: 65kg / 143.3lbs
Dimensions: H83 x W332 x D105cm / H33 x W131 x D42"
Weight: 65kg / 143.3lbs
Arm height: 71cm
Assembly required: Yes
Care instructions: Clean with a mild, water-free, dry-cleaning solvent. Ensure ample ventilation. Occasional vacuuming is recommended. Most stains can be blotted or wiped away with a clean, damp cloth or paper towel; dried stains can be spot cleaned using soap and water or a commercial dry cleaning product. We recommend testing all cleansers in an inconspicuous area before treating your furniture.
Fabric: Linen
Feet: Birch
Filling: Foam, feather, down and fiber
Frame: Engineered Hardwood
Removable cushions: Yes
Removable legs: No
Seat depth: 57cm
Seat height: 47cm
Seat width: 93cm
Spring count: 15
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If your order includes a combination of large items (such as furniture, rugs, floor lamps and chandeliers) and small items, these will be dispatched separately for your convenience.
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Please note that occasionally, due to circumstances outside of our control, the dispatch date of your made-to-order or preordered item may change.
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For our stocked pieces, you have 28 days from receipt of your order to return an unwanted item to us for a full refund, in accordance with our usual returns policy.
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Occasionally due to circumstances outside of our control, the dispatch date of your made-to-order item may change. Should there be any significant changes to your expected dispatch date, we will contact you via email.
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For made-to-order items, you may cancel your order up to 48 hours after placing it. After this, a 50% cancellation fee will be deducted from the original order value. Please note, should you need to make any changes to your order, you will need to contact the Soho Support team who will be able to advise you.
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Our furniture is available to order in a range of colours, finishes and sizes to help you create a tailored design. We are unable to offer any further customisation on the fabrics or the dimensions outside of what is listed on the product page.
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A number of our made-to-order items can be viewed at our
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- Replacement Remote Compatible for Klipsch R-10B ICON SB 1 SB 3 Speakers R 10B
Shipping and Returns
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- Customers are advised to read our return policy for details of the return process, eligibility, refunds as well as cancellations or exchanges.
- In case of any issues or concerns about Shipping or Returns, please contact us and we will be happy to help.


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Big Data 100: Business Analytics
Kristin Bent
Big Data Business Analytics
Businesses are struggling with the rapidly increasing volume, speed and variety of information being generated today -- what's come to be known as big data. Companies are seeking technologies that not only help them process and manage all that data, but tap into it to develop insights about the markets they compete in as well as their own performance within those markets.
Recognizing that need we present the inaugural Big Data 100 list, developed by the CRN editorial team, identifying vendors that have demonstrated an ability to innovate in bringing to market products and services that help businesses manage big data. Here are 50 business analytics companies, including industry stalwarts and startups.


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Color Changing, HOT & FREEZY Mug
|Height, in
|Diameter, in
Bring a sense of magic and wonder to your breakfast table with this new age mug! Changing color right before your eyes it brings a sense of fun and curiosity to those around you. Coming in 11oz and 15oz sizes, this mug is the perfect way to enjoy favorite warm holiday drinks in style!
.: White ceramic
.: 11 oz. (0.33 l) and 15 oz. (0.44 l)
.: Rounded corners
.: C-handle


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|Anti-bacteria mouth rinse Anti-septic mouth rinse Braces brush CDMS Case Dental MD Supply Case D.M.S. CDMS Supply Dental supplies Dental brush Dr. Brush End brush Floss Gum health Hygiene Interdental cleaner Interproximal brush Interprox brush Medical supplies Mouth rinse Mouth wash Oral Irrigator Proxabrush Sqb Sq-brush Squirt Brush Sq Brush S-brush Squ-B Sqt bursh SqB.LLC Squirt B Tip Tooth brush Tooth pick Water pick squirtbrush cdmsupply squirtbrush cdmsupply squirtbrush cdmsupply squirt brush squirt brush
|Top » Catalog » Cookie Usage
|My Account | Cart Contents | Checkout
|Saturday 09 December, 2023
|4466149 requests since Friday 15 April, 2005
All prices and specifications are subject to change without notice.
Case Dental Medical Supply is not responsible for any typographical errors.
Copyright ©2005 Case Dental & Medical Supply Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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November 4, 2022
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Cars 25 class options
Choose from a variety of rental cars in this category including economy, full-size or luxury sedans.
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A pickup truck has the space, power and durability ideal for your project on trip.
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Our SUVs offer plenty of flexibility with seating capacity, power, and luggage room.
Vans 26 class options
Our minivans and passenger vans can seat up to 7 and 15 passengers respectively and are great for accommodating large groups.


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Brown Booby in Morbihan
Sat 23 Sep 2023 - Sun 24 Sep 2023
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