text:
Sunday, January 1, 2012
Do a virgin birth and perfect knowledge make Jesus less human? Or Mary less a mother?
29 comments:
Furthermore, I know a woman who, in all her births, claims to not have suffered any pains. Is she therefore not human? Are mothers who do suffer pain, but less of it, therefore less human?
- January 1, 2012 at 7:07 AM
Thank you Father,
Are there any sound sources that tell us what our Mother Mary was thinking as she held her Son's lifeless body following the His death? What I wonder is whether this (virgin birth) miracle helped sustain her, as the transfiguration may have helped others?
Credo Chris
- January 1, 2012 at 11:02 AM
- Dan said...
From Ephraim the Syrian concerning Jesus....
"If He was not flesh, who was lying in the manger? And if He was not God, whom did the Angels come down and glorify? "If He was not flesh, who was wrapped in swaddling clothes? And if He was not God, whom did the shepherds worship? "If He was not flesh, whom did Joseph circumcise? And if He was not God, in whose honor did the star speed through the heavens?
"If He was not flesh, whom did Mary suckle? And if He was not God, to whom did the Magi offer gifts? "If He was not flesh, whom did Simeon carry in his arms? And if He was not God, to whom did He say, "Let me depart in peace"? "If He was not flesh, whom did Joseph take and flee into Egypt? And if He was not God, in whom were words "Out of Egypt I have called my Son" fulfilled?
"If He was not flesh, whom did John baptize? And if He was not God, to whom did the Father from heaven say, "This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well-pleased"? "If He was not flesh, who fasted and hungered in the desert? And if He was not God, whom did the Angels come down and serve? "If He was not flesh, who was invited to the wedding in Cana of Galilee? And if He was not God, who turned the water into wine?
"If He was not flesh, in whose hands were the loaves? And if He was not God, who satisfied crowds and thousands in the desert, not counting women and children, from five loaves and two fishes? "If He was not flesh, who fell asleep in the boat? And if He was not God, who rebuked the winds and the sea? "If He was not flesh, with whom did Simon the Pharisee eat? And if He was not God, who pardoned the offences of the sinful woman? "If He was not flesh, who sat by the well, worn out by the journey? And if He was not God, who gave living water to the woman of Samaria and reprehended her because she had had five husbands?
"If He was not flesh, who wore human garments? And if He was not God, who did acts of power and wonders? "If He was not flesh, who spat on the ground and made clay? And if He was not God, who through the clay compelled the eyes to see? "If He was not flesh, who wept at Lazarus' grave? And if He was not God, who by His command brought out one four days dead? "If He was not flesh, who sat on the foal? And if He was not God, whom did the crowds go out to meet with glory? "If He was not flesh, whom did the Jews arrest? And if He was not God, who gave an order to the earth and threw them onto their faces.
"If He was not flesh, who was struck with a blow? And if He was not God, who cured the ear that had been cut off by Peter and restored it to its place? "If He was not flesh, who received spittings on His face? And if He was not God, who breathed the Holy Spirit into the faces of His Apostles? "If He was not flesh, who stood before Pilate at the judgment seat? And if He was not God, who made Pilate's wife afraid by a dream? "If He was not flesh, whose garments did the soldiers strip off and divide? And if He was not God, how was the sun darkened at the cross?
"If He was not flesh, who was hung on the cross? And if He was not God, who shook the earth from its foundations? "If He was not flesh, whose hands and feet were transfixed by nails? And if He was not God, how was the veil of the temple rent, the rocks broken and the graves opened? "If He was not flesh, who cried out, "My God, my God, why have you abandoned me"? And if He was not God, who said "Father, forgive them"? "If He was not flesh, who was hung on a cross with the thieves? And if He was not God, how did He say to the thief, "Today you will be with me in Paradise"?
"If He was not flesh, to whom did they offer vinegar and gall? And if He was not God, on hearing whose voice did Hades tremble? "If He was not flesh, whose side did the lance pierce, and blood and water came out? And if He was not God, who smashed the gates of Hades and tear apart ist bonds? And at whose command did the imprisoned dead come out? "If He was not flesh, whom did the Apostles see in the upper room? And if He was not God, how did He enter when the doors were shut?'
- January 1, 2012 at 12:07 PM
- Howard said...
It appears to me that in any human being there are two ways in which knowledge can occur: in the brain, as in any animal, and in the soul. I think it can be affirmed that some knowledge and memory reside in the soul, independent of the brain, but it is not clear to me how much knowledge and memory typically reside there; cases of brain injury appear to imply that it is usually quite limited, but this appearance may be deceptive. On the other hand, the amount of information that can be stored in the brain, although enormous, is finite; there are only so many neurons and ganglia in the organ. Am I to take it, then, that the human soul is (in principle, when not stained by sin) capable of an infinite amount of knowledge?
- January 1, 2012 at 12:29 PM
- Howard said...
I had always assumed that knowledge was passed from His divine nature to His human nature as needed, perhaps in a manner analogous to the transfer of divine knowledge to a prophet, but more likely in some way unique to the hypostatic union. This would be another example of embracing human limitations without surrendering His divinity. If the Church teaches otherwise, I will certainly submit, but I would like to see statements that are unambiguously teaching statements and that unambiguously place the knowledge in His human nature. The quotes you provide from Popes Benedict XV and Pius XII are magisterial, but do not seem to directly contradict my previous opinion.
- January 1, 2012 at 12:43 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Yes, excellent analogy!
Thank you for that beautiful quotation from St. Ephraim!
@Credo Christ,
You are very right in pointing out the connection between Mary's joy in giving birth and her sorrow in offering her Son at the Cross.
St. John Chrysostom also speaks to this -- unfortunately, I do not have the citation handy. +
- January 1, 2012 at 1:50 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
The human brain does not have any true capacity to know or remember -- insofar as we think of the brain as a material organ.
Indeed, only insofar as a thing is immaterial, is it capable of true reason.
Brute animals do not possess real knowledge, but only instinct.
Thus, all knowledge resides in the soul -- but, for human souls, this knowledge can only be expressed through the body ... and this is why brain injury reduces a persons mental abilities.
Still, to be very clear, someone who suffers a brain injury does not lose rationality -- rather, their rationality is impaired ... as human beings, they are still rational animals (even though they cannot act on the rational powers of the soul).
The human soul is not infinite ... however, all that is created is finite and therefore the soul can come to know all that has been or will be created -- and there is no limit to what the soul could know (it can always come to know more, if there is more to be known).
Hope that makes sense.
- January 1, 2012 at 1:54 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Your description of the divinity in Jesus progressively revealing things to his humanity would seem to be condemned in the following pronouncement:
"If anyone says that the one Jesus Christ who is both true Son of God and true Son of man did not know the future or the day of the Last Judgment and that he could know only as much as the divinity, dwelling in him as in another, revealed to him, anathema sit." (Pope Vigilius, Constitutum I of 14 May 553)
Further, we know that Jesus knew all things past, present and future, from the very beginning of the Incarnation ... this is specified in the quote from Benedict XV -- he knew all these things "from the beginning" (i.e. from the first moment of his conception) --
The following proposition is rejected: "The opinion cannot be declared certain, which holds that the soul of Christ was ignorant of nothing but from the beginning knew in the Word everything, past, present and future, that is to say everything which God knows with the 'knowledge of vision'." (Pope Benedict XV, Decree of the Holy Office of 1918)
You see, if Jesus had the beatific vision from the moment of his conception (as taught by Pius XII) then he had to know all created things through this vision of the divine Essence -- that is what the beatific vision means.
What he have to avoid is any notion of the divinity being in Jesus and slowly revealing things to him ... this would be the divine essence dwelling in him as in another.
Hope that makes sense! It is most certainly a complicated point of theology ... and I'm sure I'm not as clear as I would like to be some times! :-)
- January 1, 2012 at 1:59 PM
- Nick said...
I thank you for this series of posts on this subject, because now I'm paying extra attention to details I've not seen in the past. Also, I've come to realize and accept how glorious these Truths are and should not be forgotten during contemplation.
For example, when the Creed says "Born of a Virgin" I now realize this more accurately conforms to a "Virgin during Birth," not just prior. Another amazing bit of evidence I came across was the Te Deum prayer, which says:
"Thou didst not disdain the Virgin's womb."
Another translation I read said Jesus did not "spurn the Virgin's womb". What else can this mean than the Virginal Birth? None that I can think of.
Here it is in Latin:
Tu ad liberandum suscepturus hominem, non horruisti Virginis uterum.
Maybe someone who knows Latin can get a more accurate translation?
As for not experiencing pain: if Eve would not have sinned, she would not experience pain in childbirth either - though she would not have remained a virgin.
- January 1, 2012 at 3:06 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
All excellent points! +
- January 1, 2012 at 3:59 PM
I enjoyed your post and your exposition of our Mother's Virginity but I feel like there must be a bit of clarification necessary concerning the knowledge of Jesus and how it is being addressed since the Catechism seems to differentiate between a "true human knowledge" and "divine wisdom" (see CCC 472-474). I know that the Catechism is not a definitive doctrinal source in itself but it would be difficult to see how it could stray so far from what you are saying.
In Christ,
--Tony M
- January 1, 2012 at 4:34 PM
- Howard said...
I submit, of course, to the Teachings of the Church. This is one that I think could not have been deduced from philosophy alone, or even from Scripture alone, so I was merely ignorant, not rebellious. Thank you for the reference. I am an adult convert, and I knew when I converted that in agreeing to believe all that the Church teaches I was agreeing to much more than is contained in the Catechism!
I'll have to give some thought to your other comments. Of course I agree that the brain, as a material object, cannot properly be said to understand or even remember; it's something a little more like a notepad that I can use to do arithmetic or write notes to myself. On the other hand, my soul is the form of my body; it has no such intimate relationship with the notepad. My ability to do math without scratch paper is sharply curtailed; it is not eliminated altogether.
Is creation finite? It's obviously not infinite in the same sense that God is infinite, but there is a countable infinity of rational numbers between 0 and 1, and an uncountable number of real numbers between 0 and 1. If we are using infinity in the sense of mathematicians, computer scientists, or physicists, creation may well be "infinite" in some ways.
- January 1, 2012 at 5:31 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@SWP, I did not post your comment because it spoke too directly of female anatomy.
If you would like to rephrase the question - without the direct biological references - please do feel free.
The question raised seems to be that a natural birth requires that a child pass through the birth canal and cause rupture ... I answer, that Jesus may have indeed passed through his Mother's birth canal (I do not know for sure), but he certainly did not cause rupture.
The Nativity is a true birth -- insofar as the Child in the womb comes forth into the world.
On the other hand, the birth is quite supernatural and miraculous (as the Church herself teaches) -- since Christ comes forth from a Virgin.
And this has nothing to do with saying that certain female organs are "dirty" or "impure" -- quite the opposite! Christ sanctifies our Lady's virginity by his birth (as the quote from the top of the article specifies).
Mary's womb (and birth canal, and virginal closure) is sanctified and made holy by Christ's miraculous birth! How sacred is our Lady's virginity, how holy and pure -- so much so that our Savior did not desire to cause any damage when he came forth from there!
- January 1, 2012 at 5:38 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@Tony M,
I know that that portion of the Catechism can be a bit confusing. Still, look especially at the footnotes -- we are directed to St. Gregory the Great's condemnation of the agnoetic heretics who were condemned for saying that as a man Jesus did not know the day of Judgment.
The footnotes explain the true meaning of the Catechism text ... and these (especially from Gregory) point out that our Savior was ignorant of nothing created.
Regarding "true human knowledge" ... the Catechism uses this phrase to refer to the acquired knowledge which Christ gained through sense experience.
Regarding "divine wisdom", this refers both to the Beatific vision by which Christ (as man) knew all things in the Word and also to the infused knowledge (by which was revealed to him all things which a man can know).
So, remember always, Christ as a man knew in three ways: 1) By the beatific vision (like the saints in heaven), 2) by infused knowledge (like the prophets), 3) by sense experience (which is simple and ordinary human knowledge).
Only that which he knew from sense experience do we say he knew "from" his humanity ... though he knew all created truths in the first and second ways, "in" his humanity, from its union to the divinity.
What he did not know as man is the fullness of the Divine Essense -- neither does he know all the possible things God could create.
Of course, he does know these as God; but not in his human intellect. All else, ALL ELSE, he knows in his human intellect (though not necessary "from" his humanity, i.e. not from sense experience).
Hope it is clearer know! +
- January 1, 2012 at 5:47 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
We are all constantly learning, my brother!
And, even when we do gain some understanding, it is hard to put it in the right words ... I myself constantly find this difficulty -- I understand little, and I can explain even less! :-)
Regarding the infinite ... I suppose that, in one sense, we understand the infinite between 0 and 1 -- but there is another sort of infinity, which refers to a perfect which cannot be surpassed ... and this cannot be in creation, because we could always add one more.
And, whatever is or was or will be in creation (and this must be a finite reality), was known by Jesus in his human intellect.
Peace to you! +
- January 1, 2012 at 5:54 PM
Hey Father,
How do you respond to accusations that with all the focus on virginity, the Church downplays or even degrades sexual activity? The charge is a fairly common one in the secular world. Do we have any great Saints who spoke about this issue?
- January 1, 2012 at 7:37 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@Anonymous (7:37pm),
Please use a pseudonym.
I think our response to this accusation is twofold:
1) We say, "If the Church is against sex, where do all the children come from?"
2) We admit to something of their claim -- for indeed, the Church does admit that sex is mundane and of this life, and will not remain in heaven: " For in the resurrection they shall neither marry nor be married; but shall be as the angels of God in heaven." (Matthew 22:30)
As far as great saints who defend the dignity of married life -- St. Josemaria Escriva is good to look at, though very modern. Indeed, I think that the devotion of Opus Dei will help bring about a great renewal of married life in the modern Church. +
- January 1, 2012 at 7:48 PM
1) Hah! Yeah, I thought that would be the most obvious response. They're aren't many Catholic families with single children, are there?
2) That makes sense too, but still it seems an extremely important part of our life on earth. The subject seems neglected.
Opus Dei would be a good start, (though I hear weird things about St Josemaria, but to be fair I've heard bad things about just about every other Saint in living memory) but I think Pope John Paul II's Theology of the Body is an extremely important development. A group of nuns are using a Catechesis course for teenagers based on it close to where I live- an excellent way of reaching out to young people.
Not everything modern has to be regarded with suspicion- although that often seems to be prudential, sadly. JP II's work in this area addressed something that was for too long neglected, in my opinion.
- January 1, 2012 at 8:05 PM
Dear Father,
I was wondering a couple of things about Jesus' way to learn, so I came to some kind of reasoning. I hope you can understand what I mean, because it's not so easy to explain, especially for me who am Italian and can't write English very well.
I think we might distinguish, in the ordinary use of speech, two forms of knowledge: indeed, we can know how to do something, or we can know to do something. I'll explain in a couple of examples.
A child generally begins to walk on his two legs many months after his birth. A scholar would say that there are two distinct elements contributing to that action: a physical condition (such as the size of the head when compared to the body, as it contributes to balance, or the strength in the muscles of the legs); and a mental condition, that is the learning of how we are supposed to walk. When the child has acquired the first element, he instinctively begins to try to walk, but he does so with difficulty. He must learn how to pull himself up, then how to keep balance while standing still, then to move his legs wavering as little as possible, and finally to stop when required. These skills are acquired ordinarily by experience, which is a form of mental knowledge.
Now, I suppose from your discussion that Jesus had an innate knowledge of how to perform every single action mentioned above, but I also clearly suppose that Jesus outwardly looked like an ordinary child, so that his anatomical conditions prevented him to walk properly. My understanding, at this point, is this: Jesus began to walk as soon as his biology allowed, and when he did, he never missed a step. He immediately walked without staggering, without pulling himself up with his hands to the ground, without stumbling. He didn't need to learn, he already knew what he couldn't still do.
Similarly, we may say the same thing as for what speech is concerned. Jesus knew all languages (not just of his time: He could speak every language from any point in history – if an English time traveller should meet him, he could fluently talk with him), but his physical conditions probably prevented him to articulate complex sounds. But as soon as he could speak, Jesus spoke Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin etc. more fluently and correctly than any other native speaker and writer – his Latin was better than Cicero's. No mistake in pronunciation, grammar, syntax was ever heard from his mouth, whatever the language he spoke. And his hands could actually write any language he chose. He could even speak every variant of sign language since the time his hands had fully developed in Mary's body. I might even go further: every sentence he pronounced, every word he chose, was the most fitting sentence or word possible in the language he adopted in order to convey what he meant. When we speak, even as native speakers, we may sometimes choose words which betray the original meaning, so that communication may fail by misunderstanding – but Jesus always said what he actually meant in the best possible way the language allowed him to do (which may explain why we take very seriously and ad litteram his declarations such as "This is my body").
I hope I'm expressing the opinion of the Church, but I wait for your confirmation.
- January 2, 2012 at 4:37 AM
All that has been said here does make sense on a purely theological plane but what does it mean from the perspective of the human psychological perception/development of the Man, Jesus?
Does it mean that Jesus as man could never have known doubt or uncertainty,never have lived by faith or performed a miracle that required faith,never had any need of revelation nor ever experienced the gradual unfolding of mission or destiny? I could go on!!
- January 2, 2012 at 5:43 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
I think you are correct.
I suppose we could allow that the Infant Christ would have stumbled when first beginning to walk ... insofar as his muscles had to develop as well -- much as he fell while carrying the Cross.
Regarding grammar, yes! I think it is impossible that our Savior should have ever made a mistake in grammar or the like -- though, I'm sure, he did use words according to the custom of his time and with the style of his time (even when he could have been more eloquent, he did not do so because he didn't wan't to draw attention to himself in that manner).
I especially like your notion that Jesus always said what was most appropriate! Very true.
As far as whether this is the "opinion of the Church" ... that is a bit more difficult to say.
I believe that the Church's teachings would lead us to these conclusions, but there has never been a Magisterial document which got into these complex questions.
So, I will say this -- what you express is at least in accord with the teaching of the Church, and seems to follow naturally from those teachings.
Peace and blessings always. +
[Also, if ever needed, do feel free to write in Italian. However, your English is excellent!]
- January 2, 2012 at 8:52 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
That is correct ... Jesus never experienced doubt or confusion or uncertainty.
Thus, as you say, he did not need faith in the sense that other have faith ... rather, he had the fulfillment of faith which is sight!
Likewise, he did not have hope in the way we do ... rather, he had the fulfillment of hope, which is attainment!
Faith gives way to sight, hope gives way to attainment ... but love remains!
Christ's perfect human vision of the Divinity is the cause of our faith.
Christ's perfect possession of the divinity (in him the fullness of divinity dwelt) is the cause of our hope.
He did however have need of revelation ... but all things were revealed to him in the first instant of his conception ... so it was not a progressive revelation.
If Jesus had the beatific vision from his conception (as Pius XII and all the Fathers and Doctors maintain), then he had to know all created truths in this vision [though he learned them in a knew way through sense experience].
The following proposition is rejected: "The opinion cannot be declared certain, which holds that the soul of Christ was ignorant of nothing but from the beginning knew in the Word everything, past, present and future, that is to say everything which God knows with the 'knowledge of vision'." (Pope Benedict XV, Decree of the Holy Office of 1918)
Regarding your idea that Christ "lived by faith" ... do you really want to say that he "walked by faith and not by sight"?! Shall the incarnate Word not know himself?! Shall the God-man not be perfectly united to divinity?!
Did Jesus only "see as in a glass darkly"?! Can the "light of the world" have lacked the perfection of interior light (i.e. the light of glory which the saints and angels enjoy)?!
- January 2, 2012 at 9:02 AM
Dear Father Ryan,
Thanks again! If you would recapitulate and just see if I got this question correct. From your previous post on the meaning of Jesus' statement that only the Father knows the day and the hour of the Final Judgment and end of time, per your response to Tony M, copied in part below, am I correct to say that the Son knows the day and the hour in His Divine Person, but not in His human intellect? God bless, and Happy Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus!
"So, remember always, Christ as a man knew in three ways: 1) By the beatific vision (like the saints in heaven), 2) by infused knowledge (like the prophets), 3) by sense experience (which is simple and ordinary human knowledge).
Only that which he knew from sense experience do we say he knew "from" his humanity ... though he knew all created truths in the first and second ways, "in" his humanity, from its union to the divinity."
What he did not know as man is the fullness of the Divine Essense -- neither does he know all the possible things God could create.
Of course, he does know these as God; but not in his human intellect. All else, ALL ELSE, he knows in his human intellect (though not necessary "from" his humanity, i.e. not from sense experience).
- January 3, 2012 at 6:52 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
What we say (following St Gregory the Great) is that Jesus knew the day and the hour "in" his humanity (i.e. in his human intellect), but not "from" his humanity (i.e. not from sense experience or deductive reasoning).
Thus, Jesus (even as man) knows the end times -- be he knows it through the special revelation given in infused knowledge by the Holy Spirit.
Hope that is more clear now. Peace to you! +
- January 3, 2012 at 2:53 PM
- Flamen said...
There is no basis in Scripture or the Patristic Tradition that Jesus had the Beatific Vision. Scholastics who wanted to attribute every possible perfection to the human nature of Jesus maintained that He had the beatific vision. It is not an infallible teaching of the Church although it has even been mentioned in an Encyclical of Pius XII. Two points should be considered. First, the evidence in the New Testament of the limitation of Jesus' knowledge. For many examples see Raymond E. Brown,S.S., An Introduction To New Testament Christology. Second, "How admit that Christ could really have suffered in his human nature the terrible trial of the Passion if he already possessed the beatitude reserved for the elect in heaven? How, too, could we take the agony of Gethsemane and the dereliction of Calvary seriously? Since the entire process of the Incarnation is oriented towards the work of the Redemption, the beatific vision must be excluded from Jesus' earthly life. … He did not have the immediate vision or the beatitude of the vision." Jean Galot,S.J., Who Is Christ? That Jesus had extraordinary knowledge is evident from the Gospels and that would be understood as the limited infused knowledge necessary for his mission
- January 3, 2012 at 3:16 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Arius himself would have been scandalized at the words of Fr. Galot and at your comment.
Sure, Arius denied Jesus' divinity (really, the divinity of the Word), but he would never have attributed positive ignorance to the man Christ.
I say it again ... even Arius (the heresiarch) would reject these modernist notions as heresy and blasphemies against the Savior.
You have been infected my brother ... put down Brown and Galot ... pick up the Fathers and the Scholastic Doctors ... look especially to St. Thomas (after all, Vatican II was the first ecumenical council to officially name him as the guide for all theologians).
If Christ did not have the beatific vision, then his humanity could not be the source of grace for us all. For he cannot give what he does not have in a most excellent manner.
Thus, if he is our Savior while on earth (and not merely in heaven), if he won for us the blessedness of heaven while he was yet on earth, then surely he already enjoyed that blessedness in the immediate vision of the Father which he enjoyed in his human soul (and, after the resurrection, also in his body).
If you are willing to give Christ the infused knowledge of heavenly things, how can you deny him the knowledge of earthly things?
If he knows not the corporeal, how could he know the spiritual?
But if he knows his mission perfectly (in which he is Lord and King of the Universe and Savior of all), how can we deny him knowledge of so little a thing as languages or mathematics?
Well, here is not the place to engage in the debate further ... think on these things ... read the Fathers, read the Doctors, read the Magisterium.
Fear is the beginning of wisdom. +
- January 3, 2012 at 3:31 PM
- Stomachosus said...
Fr., with due respect, your comment to Howard about soul/memory/knowledge seems a bit off. While there is such a thing as intellectual memory, the faculty of memory itself is (at least in the Aristotelean-Thomist tradition) one of the sensory powers and therefore involved with an organ. Indeed, higher animals have memory (and imagination, common sense and the estimative sense, called the cognitive in man)
And while brute animals do not have knowledge properly so-called, it is also not true that they have only purely instinct, insofar as through memory and imagination they can be trained for example. Now even sensory knowledge, both inner and exterior, like sight, involve immateriality, but a different sort than that of intellectual knowledge (namely insofar as such impression have intentional being).
Perhaps a minor quibble in the context of the larger discussion, but I find that many people balk on the notion that animals don't have reason, but largely because they confuse imagination and memory with reason and your comment was that even remembering required a rational soul.
- January 3, 2012 at 9:26 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Thank you once again for the precision in doctrine!
Yes, I certainly misspoke ... must have been writing to quickly.
I had intended to say that animals have the "vis estimativa" -- an estimative power -- which sometimes looks to us like reason.
Also, you are correct that the memory and the imagination are more tied to organs (specifically to the brain) and are shared (partially) with the beasts.
This is an important point also in spiritual theology -- St. Teresa of Avila makes a big deal about this when advising that we need not be overcome with guilt if we suffer distractions in prayer because the imagination is on the edge of the interior castle while the reason and will are toward the center. Hence, even if our imagination is plagued by wandering images, the heart of the soul can enjoy an interior peace with the Lord.
Peace to you! +
- January 4, 2012 at 6:15 AM
- Stomachosus said...
If I remember Fr. Gallot correctly he recognizes the problem of saying Christ had faith, and tries and claims that instead of faith He had infused prophetic knowledge, but not the beatific vision. That position at least acknowledges that you cannot say Christ had faith, but it is impossible.
For to have knowledge of something is nothing less than to have an intentional species of that thing in the intellect. That is, man does not have knowledge without something actually existing in his intellect, the conception or word that represents this thing, called an impressed species. But there is no ability for there to be a created species of God. To have knowledge of God Himself, especially His inner life, would mean to have the form of God in one's mind, just as to have knowledge of man is to have the form of man in one's mind. But God does not fall under a genus, He is not an individual of a species. He is that very form. Therefore to have knowledge and not faith in God is nothing other than the beatific vision. Anything less is not knowledge of God but faith through external signs that are not God.
We may know without the beatific vision certain propositions about God. But not the Trinity. Christ clearly knew Himself and the Father.
- January 4, 2012 at 4:03 PM
Post a Comment
When commenting, please leave a name or pseudonym at the end of your comment so as to facilitate communication and responses.
Comments must be approved by the moderator before being published.


text:
Commercial Nationwide Movers
Mover Finders .Net knows the importance of a commercial or office relocation. That is why we offer Free Moving Quotes from top moving companies in your area ready to take care of your move. If you need to move a small office or an entire building including books, computers desks, and chairs, Mover Finders .Net has the best Nationwide Office and Commercial Movers competing for your move needs. So go with the best qualified professional Nationwide office movers that will make your business office move quick and efficient.
Commercial moves may also include a lot of packing and perhaps the need for storage. Browse the Mover Finders .Net guides to find helpful information on packing for a pack and move, or storage information for those moving and storage moves. Mover Finders .Net has your answer for all commercial and office moving in your area .
Mover Finders .Net can provide you with Free Move Quotes for auto transportation or Nationwide auto movers from any state in the world. Our auto movers offer professional auto shipping and car moving services with only the best car movers and auto shipping companies in your area . Let us handle your car move and provide you with the best auto move possible. We can handle any type of motor vehicle move including motorcycle moves and boat moves with our professional motor vehicle moving companies.
Our moving index has the best local moving companies and long distance movers in the business. We provide professional Nationwide movers and relocation companies from our nationwide moving and commercial relocation network. Use our Mover Finders .Net moving network and Nationwide moving guides provide all the resources you will need for moving quotes or moving estimates from nearly every office relocation company, overseas moving company and professional specialty movers.
Our self service movers offer office relocation estimates for the do it yourself mover and self movers looking to save money on their long distance move or local move services in your area . From truck rental and U-pack moving to you pack they move services we offer full self service Nationwide business office move companies.
Moving overseas? Mover Finders .Net's international moving companies provide you with free moving quotes and packing services for your international move. Move from overseas or move to the usa from anywhere in the world and Mover Finders .Net is you relocation guide to professional commercial movers.
Commercial and office moves are a tedious process, so make surte you plan ahead and have a plan of action. Mover Finders .Net can simplify your office move by offering the most qualified professional movers.
International & Overseas Movers
Long Distance & Interstate Movers
Professional Relocation Movers
Residential & Household Movers
HOME ··· Address ··· Car Transport ··· Office ··· Guides ··· International ··· Local Movers ··· Long Distance ··· Residential ··· Self Service ··· Shipping ··· Storage ··· Supplies ··· Truck Rental ··· Site Map ···
California .. Connecticut .. Florida .. Georgia .. Illinois .. Maryland .. New Jersey .. New York .. Texas .. Find mover .. Moving Software .. Web Dev .. Real Estate
All rights reserved GINGON Solutions, Inc.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Applicable to light and dark eyes! Ocean Brown challenges the rules of the classic brown contacts, and that's definitely a good thing. Like how the sun beautifies the moon with its light, so are the sprawling brown tones enhanced by the subtle hints of yellow toward the center.
Material: HEMA
Water Content: 40%
Thickness: 0.08mm
Base Curve: 8.6mm
Diameter: 14.2mm
Period of Use: 12 months
Expiry Date: 5 years
Gender: Women and Men
Packaging: 1 Pair (2 lenses), immersed in buffered saline solution.
If you do not satisfied with our goods and want to send them back to get a refund, we accept returns within 14 days from receiving the order. Items returned must be in their unused condition with the original packing. We do not accept a returned item that's worn, damaged, washed or altered in any way.
If you need return & refund, please contact our after-sale customer service team: email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Orders are usually shipped within 48 hours (except holidays and weekend)
Our shipping range covers most of countries and each order are FREE shipping.
The transportation time may take 7-14 working days. You will receive a confirmation email with your tracking number once its shipped.
Please enter your tracking number below, and click to check.
If you didn't get the update of shipping, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com. We will definitely reply to the mail, but sometimes the mail will be considered as spam, please check the spam mailbox to find our mail in time.
|Delivery Time (Business Days)
|United States, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Singapore, Sweden, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Denmark, Poland
|7-14 Days
|Australia, Israel, Switzerland, Latvia, Italy, Canada, Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Croatia, Finland, Ireland, Norway, New Zealand, Thailand, Malaysia, Slovakia, Mexico, Vietnam, Lithuania, South Korea, Japan
|7-17 Days
|Austria, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Romania, India, Turkey
|7-21 Days
|Fast Shipping
|5-10 Days
Due to differences in local logistics, the logistics delivery time in some places will be delayed by 1-3 Days.
1.If the logistics is delayed due to the custom, weather, and other force majeure factors, please kindly understanding.
2. Other countries not in the list, please see the actual payment page or contact our customer service.
3. This table is for reference only, please see the exact shipping cost and delivery time on the actual payment page.
Wrong Shipping Information
If you have left a wrong shipping address or contact information, please contact our customer service within 2 hours.
Please note that it is the responsibility of the customers to enter their shipping address correctly. We are unable to redirect to another shipping address after the package is processed and shipped.


text:
Sorry, we could not locate the page you are looking for.
Please make sure you typed the URL in correctly.
RainbowKids.com is an Adoption Advocacy Website. We are the largest and oldest, online website helping people to adopt from multiple countries. Through RainbowKids, thousands of special needs and waiting children have found families... READ ABOUT US


text:
70 female
70 female
- Seasonal Hero
This feature lists your most prevalent gear bonuses. You may select a bonus to see which items provide that bonus.
Cost: 100 Mana
Bombard an enemy with 4 spirit bolts that deal a total of 600% weapon damage as Cold.
Unlocked at level 17
Summon a spectre that hovers over you, unleashing spirit bolts at nearby enemies for 14,000% weapon damage as Cold over 20 seconds.
Unlocked at level 59
Cost: 300 Mana
Unleash a plague of locusts that swarms an enemy, dealing 1040% weapon damage as Poison over 8 seconds.
The locusts will jump to additional nearby enemies.
Unlocked at level 21
Enemies affected deal 25% reduced damage.
Unlocked at level 37
Cooldown: 120 seconds
Conjure a Fetish that begins a ritual dance that increases the attack speed and movement speed of all nearby allies by 15% for 20 seconds.
Unlocked at level 25
The ritual restores 250 Mana per second while standing in the ritual area.
Cooldown: 12 seconds
Feed on the life force of enemies within 18 yards. Gain 3% Intelligence for 30 seconds for each affected enemy. This effect stacks up to 5 times.
Unlocked at level 9
Increase your Armor by 10% per harvested enemy and reduce their movement speed by 80% for 5 seconds.
Unlocked at level 32
Cooldown: 10 seconds
Leave your physical body and enter the spirit realm for 2 seconds. While in the spirit realm, your movement is unhindered.
This ability does not start its cooldown until after its effects expire.
Unlocked at level 16
Increase your movement speed by an additional 100% while in the spirit realm.
Unlocked at level 47
Cost: 250 Mana
Cooldown: 8 seconds
Summons a pool of deadly piranhas that deals 400% weapon damage as Poison over 8 seconds. Affected enemies will also take 15% increased damage.
Unlocked at level 61
The pool of piranhas becomes a tornado of piranhas that lasts 4 seconds. Nearby enemies are periodically sucked into the tornado.
Increases the cooldown to 16 seconds.
Unlocked at level 65
Taunt enemies within 10 yards of you for 3.00 seconds when you are hit, based on the Templar's Strength.
Unlocked at level 5
Enemies that hit or are hit by the Templar are slowed by 80% for 3.00 seconds based on the Templar's Strength.
Unlocked at level 10
Charges a target, dealing 280% weapon damage and stunning all enemies within 8 yards for 3.00 seconds based on the Templar's Strength.
Unlocked at level 15
When you take fatal damage, the Templar rushes to your aid, knocking back enemies within 15 yards, healing you for 15.00% Life based on the Templar's Strength, and shielding you from all damage for 5 seconds.
Unlocked at level 20
Last updated on Mar 5, 2023 11:43 AM PST


text:
Here's how to subtract 5/10 from 1/7:
Step 1
We can't subtract two fractions with different denominators. So you need to get a common denominator. To do this, you'll multiply the denominators times each other... but the numerators have to change, too. They get multiplied by the other term's denominator.
So we multiply 1 by 10, and get 10.
Then we multiply 5 by 7, and get 35.
Next we give both terms new denominators -- 7 × 10 = 70.
So now our fractions look like this:
Step 2
Since our denominators match, we can subtract the numerators.
10 − 35 = -25
So the answer is:
Step 3
Last of all, we need to simplify the fraction, if possible. Can it be reduced to a simpler fraction?
To find out, we try dividing it by 2...
Nope! So now we try the next greatest prime number, 3...
Nope! So now we try the next greatest prime number, 5...
Are both the numerator and the denominator evenly divisible by 5? Yes! So we reduce it:
Let's try dividing by 5 again...
Nope! So now we try the next greatest prime number, 7...
No good. 7 is larger than -5. So we're done reducing.There you have it! The final answer is:


text:
- Home |
- Log In |
- 0 item(s) - $0.00 |
- Checkout
on all orders over $50.00
- Home
- Quick Links
- Shop Our Posters
Vintage Originals
- Winter Sports
- Misc. Sports
- Travel
- Product
- Movies
- Live Entertainment
- Propaganda/Motivational
- Les Maitres de L'Affiche
- Horizontal Posters
- Hunting,Fishing,Outdoor
- Sold
- Giclee Reproductions
- Vintage Originals
- Pricing
- About Us
Welcome to our Store!
All of the posters on this site are originals, except for those in the "Giclee Reproductions" category. Our giclee reproductions are high-quality reproductions of our most popular vintage posters, and are available in various sizes as well as custom. Our giclee reproductions are available to order online.
We stand behind the verity of our posters and offer letters of authenticity to anyone who requests them. Read more...
- Info
General Info
- Connect
- Service
Domestic Shipping on orders of less than $1,000.00 are sent insured USPS priority at a cost of $25.00 per order.
International shipping charges will be quoted on request.
We understand your concerns about security and privacy. We protect sensitive information you give us, such as credit card numbers, by using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which encrypts the information you share with us.
What's New
A Greek Slave
Home :: Vintage Originals :: Winter Sports :: European :: L'hiver en Suisse


text:
Classic Rugrats Comic Strip for October 29, 2023 | Nickelodeon
Stream the classic and the all new CG-animated Rugrats series on Paramount+! Try it FREE at ParamountPlus.com!
Rugrats, provided to Creators Syndicate by Nickelodeon, based off the popular animated television series has been created for children and family's to laugh and enjoy together.
Follow these comics and their take on real episodes of the show and their own spin on hilarious adventures.
Read more Rugrats comic strips!: https://www.creators.com/features/rugrats
More Nick: Paramount+ Renews 'Rugrats' For Season 3!


text:
De Mensquare reis gaat verder, welkom bij Mezaldy! (Shop vanaf nu bij www.mezaldy.com of kom langs in onze winkel!)
Log in if you have an account
By creating an account with our store, you will be able to move through the checkout process faster, store multiple addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and more.Create an account
Products tagged with Dessert
Showing 1 - 0 of 0
No products found...


text:
Red Potatoes In Maharashtra
Veerkrupa Global Enterprise is a quality and a client-centric company that has gained a huge appreciation in the niche among the top producer of Red Potatoes in Maharashtra. Our products are naturally processed or grown and stand for quality that ensures your good health. Our professionals use the fresh and organic methods that help us guarantee you the quality.
Being one of the eminent Red Potatoes Manufacturers in Maharashtra, we have a team to perform different tasks that minimize our on-site hassle and help us maintain the right professionalism. We are here in the realm to fulfil your bulk orders without any delays.
As one of the trusted Red Potatoes Exporters and Suppliers in Maharashtra, we are the one you can trust blindly for timely delivery of bulk lots. Contact us today from the website or call now to take the conversation ahead.


text:
Contact Us
RolexDatejust 36Oyster, 36 mm, Oystersteel and yellow goldm126233-0035
Model Case
Oyster, 36 mm, Oystersteel and yellow gold
Oyster Architecture
Monobloc middle case, screw-down case back and winding crown
36 mm
Yellow Rolesor - combination of Oystersteel and yellow gold
Winding Crown
Screw-down, Twinlock double waterproofness system
Scratch-resistant sapphire, Cyclops lens over the date
Water Resistance
Waterproof to 100 metres / 330 feet
Perpetual, mechanical, self-winding
3235, Manufacture Rolex
-2/+2 sec/day, after casing
Paramagnetic blue Parachrom hairspring. High-performance Paraflex shock absorbers
Chronergy with optimized energy efficiency
Bidirectional self-winding via Perpetual rotor
Power Reserve
Approximately 70 hours
Jubilee, five-piece links
Bracelet Material
Yellow Rolesor - combination of Oystersteel and yellow gold
Folding Oysterclasp with Easylink 5 mm comfort extension link
Highly legible Chromalight display with long-lasting blue luminescence
Superlative Chronometer (COSC + Rolex certification after casing)
Fluted bezel
The Rolex fluted bezel is a mark of distinction. Originally, the fluting of the Oyster bezel had a functional purpose: it served to screw the bezel onto the case helping to ensure the waterproofness of the watch. It was therefore identical to the fluting on the case back, which was also screwed onto the case for waterproofness, using specific Rolex tools. Over time, the fluting became an aesthetic element, a genuine Rolex signature feature. Today the fluted bezel is a mark of distinction, in gold on this Datejust 36.
Slate Dial
The sunray finish creates delicate light reflections on many dials in the Oyster Perpetual collection. It is obtained using masterful brushing techniques that create grooves running outwards from the centre of the dial. Light is diffused consistently along each engraving, creating a characteristic subtle glow that moves depending on the position of the wrist. Once the sunray finish has been completed, the dial colour is applied using Physical Vapour Deposition or electroplating. A light coat of varnish gives the dial its final look.
Yellow Rolesor
Gold is coveted for its lustre and nobility. Steel reinforces strength and reliability. Together, they harmoniously combine the best of their properties. A true Rolex signature, Rolesor has featured on Rolex models since the early 1930s, and was trademarked as a name in 1933. It is one of the prominent pillars of the Oyster collection.
All Rolex watches are assembled by hand with the utmost care to ensure exceptional quality. Such high standards naturally restrict Rolex production capacity and, at times, the demand for Rolex watches outpaces this capacity.
Therefore, the availability of certain models may be limited. New Rolex watches are exclusively sold by Official Rolex Retailers, who receive regular deliveries and independently manage the allocation and sales of watches to customers.
Srichai Watch is proud to be part of the worldwide network of Official Rolex Retailers and can provide information on the availability of Rolex watches.
Any day can leave a lasting mark on our lives and set the stage for new aspirations. Since its creation in 1945, the Datejust has continued to reinvent itself while symbolizing Rolex's definition of classic elegance. A milestone in watchmaking history, it was the first self-winding waterproof chronometer wristwatch to feature a window displaying the date. Magnified by the Cyclops lens, these numbers are a reminder that though 24 hours mark a day, it's on us to make those a date to remember.
Please specify your preferred mode of contact and we will respond as quickly as possible.
you may also like
Oyster, 36 mm, Oystersteel and yellow gold
Oyster, 42 mm, Oystersteel and yellow gold
Oyster, 36 mm, yellow gold
Oyster, 28 mm, yellow gold
Oyster, 40 mm, yellow gold
Oyster, 41 mm, Oystersteel and yellow gold


text:
Welcome to Naijamusic.ng, Stream & Download "Wizkid – Sweet One" on the Platform for free Mp3. The Lyrics and Music Video Mp4 is also available.
Track Details:
|Artist(s) Name:
|Song Name:
|Sweet One
|Made In Lagos: Deluxe Edition
|Released Year:
The Talented musician, Popularly known as Wizkid embark on there Musical Career to release this whooping track titled "Sweet One", which is out here for your pleasant hearing and free Mp3 Download on our platform, NaijaMusic.ng.
Meanwhile, Sweet One was taken off Wizkid's newly released studio album titled "Made In Lagos: Deluxe Edition".
The song "Sweet One" was released in the year 2022 and to date, it never stops calming the soul and rising the spirit when listened to.
NaijaMusic.ng is committed to providing you with quality content and we will always do that. Download and Listen to All the Latest Nigerian, American, South African and other songs on NaijaMusic.ng for free. Thanks. And don't forget to comment on your thought in the comment box below.
You can now Listen & Download this interesting track "Wizkid – Sweet One" Below:
Watch Youtube Video Below.


text:
Return and Refund Policy
At 101electriccars.com, we do everything we can to ensure you are happy with your purchase, but we know that sometimes a product is just not right. We've made our return policy as easy as possible.
Please note: If you did not receive the items that you ordered or are missing items that were supposed to come with your hardware, please reach out to the 101electriccars.com support team at email@example.com or via the contact page here. We can only process these requests within 30 days after delivery.
Within 30 Days – You must request a return within 30 days of the product being shipped to you. Returns must be shipped back to our warehouse within 7 days of receiving your return label.
Includes original packaging and product in new condition – Any returned product(s) must be returned in all of their original packaging, and in like-new condition. 101electriccars.com may reject the returned product if there is damage to the product and/or product packaging.
If a product is deemed unfit for return, 101electriccars.com will notify the customer that the return has been rejected and no refund will be issued to the customer. The customer can choose one of the following options:
The product will be shipped back to the customer at a shipping cost of $ 30; or
The product will be recycled.
If you do not select one of the above options within 14 days of 101electriccars.com informing you that your return has been rejected, the product will be recycled.
Free Return Shipping – All orders shipped to the Continental US are eligible for free return shipping using a carrier that we've selected. Please follow the instructions below. We are not responsible for the risk of loss or damage for returning a product during shipment.
For orders outside the Continental US, customers are responsible for purchasing a label and sending the item(s) back to our warehouse. If you provide us with proof of shipment and cost, we can authorize a 101electriccars.com subscription credit for the cost.
Due to the nature of physical gift cards, we are unable to offer any returns/refunds on gift card orders once they have been printed. If a gift card order has moved to the proofing stage but not printed, a $15 charge will apply, which will be taken from the refund provided.
As long as your return adheres to the requirements described above, follow these steps to return your product(s):
Please fill out the return form at https://101electriccars.com/contact-us/
After reviewing your return form, we will email you a return label. Print out the return label and securely attach it to a suitable shipping carton.
Drop the package off at the shipping carrier's closest location.
We will receive and review the products you have returned. If the returned products have met all of our return policy requirements, we will process the refund and send you a confirmation email. We are only able to credit the original credit card used to make the purchase. Please allow up to 8 business days for this process.
If you have any questions or concerns about making a return, feel free to contact the 101electriccars.com support team at email@example.com or via the contact page here.
Every effort is made to maintain sufficient stock of all the products we offer. Potential inventory shortages at our distributor may impact our ability to fulfill an order. We reserve the right to cancel an order if we are, for any reason, unable to fulfill the order requirements. If we are unable to fulfill an order, we will notify you by email.
Inventory shortages or other fulfillment issues may cause delays. Your order is shipped using a carrier that we have selected. We cover the shipping fee as long as the shipping address is located in the Continental US. Once you place your order on our online store, we will provide you with an estimated delivery time. Please allow 1-2 business days for processing + delivery. Every effort is made to facilitate the delivery of your order on time. After your order is processed and fulfilled, we will send you an email containing the order tracking number. Once your order is fulfilled and placed in the hands of our selected shipping carrier, we cannot guarantee any delivery date indicated by the carrier.
Returns and Refunds
At 101electriccars.com we do everything we can to ensure you are happy with your purchase, but we know that sometimes a product is just not right. You may return your hardware within 30 days of it being shipped to you, as long as it is in new condition and has the original packaging.
No returns are accepted over 30 days. We only accept returns of the hardware we sell directly to you. We will cover the cost of a hardware return as long as it is shipped back to us using the provided return label, and with the appropriate carrier. Priority shipping charges selected at checkout are non-refundable. If we suspect you're abusing the return policy (for example by returning products on multiple occasions or on a seasonal basis), we reserve the right to refuse your return.
End-users and resellers
Our hardware packages are designed with love and care specifically for 101electriccars.com merchants. We reserve the right to refuse to sell and to ship any product to you if we have reason to believe you are not a 101electriccars.com customer. Likewise, customer support is only available to the original hardware purchase. We do not currently sell to or work with resellers.
We sell a combination of our own and third-party hardware to create a modern point-of-sale.
Please Note:
The warranty on replacement readers is based on the original units fulfillment date. A replacement reader does not extend the 1-year warranty.
These warranties cover defects in manufacturing discovered while using the product as recommended by the manufacturer. The warranty does not cover damage caused by misuse, abuse, unauthorized modification, improper storage conditions, lightning, or natural disasters. Please contact the 101electriccars.com support team at email@example.com or via the contact page here for replacements.
All third party products resold by us are covered by their original manufacturers' warranties. Please check with the manufacturer directly for further information.
Limitation of Liability
101electriccars.com does not accept liability for the purchase, use or return of POS hardware or other products beyond the remedies set forth herein, including but not limited to any liability for product not being available for use, lost profits, loss of business or for lost or corrupted data or software, or the provision of services and support. 101electriccars.com will not be liable for any consequential, special, indirect or punitive damages, even if advised of the possibility of such damages or for any claim by any third party. You agree that for any liability related to the purchase of products, 101electriccars.com is not liable or responsible for any amount of damages above the amount invoiced for the applicable product. Some jurisdictions may not enforce all of these limitations, and only the limitations that are lawfully applied to you in your jurisdiction will apply.


text:
Articles tagged with: Chef Graham Neilson
9th Ave Waterside: Durban eatery's new dockside life
The 9th Avenue Waterside team does prawns.
When a Durban destination restaurant moves from its gloomy parking-lot location to a waterside …
In this insightful gem, journalist and life coach Wanda Hennig writes wisely, hilariously and sometimes poignantly about sex and food; living for three-and-a-half years at the San Francisco Zen Center; moving solo from one continent to another; meditation; creative mindfulness strategies and more. Cravings: A Zen-inspired memoir about sensual pleasures, freedom from dark places, and living and eating with abandon (Say Yes Press). Edition Two (Mouth Orgasm edition) published August 2017 (ISBN 9780996820523 paperback; ISBN 9780996820523 eBook).Read the full story »
Relationships. Cultural creatives. Living the age wave. Write your life. Memoir matters.
Exploring tastes, traditions and cuisines while traveling and savoring other cultures.
San Francisco, South Africa, Poland, Laos: The World! Solo travel. Seeing with new eyes.
Sustainable living. Self-coaching and life coaching. Memoir and mindfulness. Breathe!
Blogs, tweets and Facebook. Reaching out through stories. Endless possibilities.
The 9th Avenue Waterside team does prawns.
When a Durban destination restaurant moves from its gloomy parking-lot location to a waterside …


text:
Vacation's Over!
Labels: camerageekery, critters
I'm not a real Cowboy, but I play one in the movies.
Labels: camerageekery, critters
posted by Cowboy Blob @ 3:05 PM 1 Drinks Ordered
Professional Hermit, Recovering Technical Writer, Student Film Maker
This blog is a natural product. The slight variations in spelling and grammar enhance its individual character and beauty and in no way are to be considered flaws or defects.Blog Ads
No money changes hands for the publication of a Cowboy Blob Blog Ad. Ads are meted out as prizes for Blog Contests; this is a Not-For-Profit Blog.
Cowboy Blob's Blogroll
Outtakes from a Silent Western


text:
Here you can find all the businesses and traders related with the world of cars.
Here you will also find repair garages, tyre changes, panels and painting, breakdown services, maintenance, oil changes
If you are looking to buy a new car, you can hand in your older model exchanged for a newer model
These businesses have vehicles at the best offers around. Official services for all brands
Access the web page of each business or contact them to find out about the services that each one offers:
Note: If you wish to advertise on Jumilla´s Business Directory, , send us an e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com
Use the following forum to deal with themes related to Cars in Jumilla; Cars, occasion, motors, garages, mechanics, dealers, panels, parts, chassis, shock absorbers, wheels, pneumatics, headlights, bumpers, brakes, oil, compressors, distribution, accessories, etc.
Please read the rules of use carefully before taking part.
|There are no messages in this forum


text: The M&P M2.0 pistol, the newest innovation to the respected M&P polymer pistol line. Designed for personal, sporting, and professional use, the M&P M2.0 delivers an entirely new platform, introducing innovative features in nearly every aspect of the pistol, including trigger, grip, frame, and finish. Highlights of the M&P M2.0 pistol include an extended stainless-steel chassis and high grip to barrel bore axis ratio for reduced muzzle rise and faster aim recovery. The M&P M2.0 pistol further improves performance with a fine-tuned, crisper trigger, lighter pull and a tactile and audible reset. The pistol, available in three calibers, includes an aggressively-textured grip and four interchangeable palmswell inserts for optimal hand-fit and trigger reach. The striker-fire, semi-automatic polymer pistol is available in matte black or FDE – Flat Dark Earth – finishes, and includes two magazines, a limited lifetime warranty and a lifetime service policy.


text:
FusionSilicon X7 specifications
Manufacturer: FusionSilicon
Model: X7 Miner
Release: March 2019
Size: 130 x 198 x 340mm
Weight: 4800g
Chip boards: 3
Noise level: 72db
Fan(s): 2
Power: 1420W
Voltage: 12V
Interface: Ethernet
Temperature: 5 – 40 °C
Humidity: 5 – 95 %
Miners Depo Service
- PSU Included & Free Shipping.
- Support 24/7.
- Order processed within 1-2 working days maximum after confirmation of payment.
- Delivered worldwide via DHL Express.
Important before ordering
- Personalization, configuration, and set-up are included for all online crypto miner purchases.
- If you are a beginner in mining, please download our beginners guide from your account page (available only for customers with minimum one completed order).
- Before ordering, please read our Warranty, Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use Agreement.
- The price of miners can vary from day to day depending on market behavior.
- Please never forget that regardless of the current performance of miners, mining remains a risky activity.
Payment Methods
Methods of payment: Cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash ,Litecoin, USD Coin), BTCPay Escrow (Bitcoin) and Bank Transfer (only for orders over $100.000 USD), to see all the payment methods please visit: Payment Methods.
Delivery methods
- Delivery worldwide by DHL and UPS.
- Delivery with signature required.
- Miners Depo team will be happy to assist you with the handling of your equipment by customer support.
- All our support resources are available to this email : email@example.com
- Miners Depo is a shop of enthusiasts of cryptocurrencies with a team that has been mining for nearly 4 years. We offer you the best ASIC Miners currently on the market.
- We offer support in the use of your equipment.


text:
It appears you are blocking scripts.
User's browsing experience may vary drastically without enabling Javascript!
Any transactional orders will be subject to a 25% restocking fee if returned.
Back to Main Site
Part #: 2889C001
In stock: Yes
Continue »
Please fill out this form, and one of our sales reps will be in touch with you shortly.


text:
View all products by William Marvy
Marvy Sanitizing Disinfectant Jar No 4
You Save: $1.16 (5%)
Marvy Sanitizing Disinfectant Jar No 4
Extra strong, heat-resistant jar has the look of hand-blown glass. Takes up less than 3-1/2" of counter space. Comes with a rubber, non-slip base. Height 9" Diameter 3.4" Capacity 42 oz.
If you are not completely satisfied with a Brighton Beauty Supply purchase we would gladly accept returns of eligible (new, unused, and unmarked) products within 30 days of delivery. Brighton Beauty Supply does not offer exchanges at this time.
We encourage you to check your items upon receipt of the package to make sure you received exactly what you ordered. In rare cases items can be damaged in transit or your package can arrive open with missing items, please contact our customer support team as soon as possible.
All Claims Must Be Made Within 14 Days from receipt of the package. We will provide a pre-paid return label if a mistake was made on our end. If Return is made for any other reason (change of mind, dislike the color, ext.), the customer will be responsible for shipping the items back to our facility.
Items must be returned to us new, unused with all original boxes and seals attached. We ask you to use the original packaging or any other carton box to ship your items back to us. Shipping them in a plastic bag will damage the item(s) in transit and will not be accepted for a refund. Returns that do not meet our policy will be refused or sent back to you at your cost. Brighton Beauty Supply monitors return activity for abuse and reserves the right to limit returns in all instances. All returns are subject to validation and approval at Brighton Beauty Supply's discretion.
Use of Promotional Free Shipping Option
Brighton Beauty Supply offers promotional free shipping for orders exceeding a certain amount. Brighton Beauty Supply reserves the right to change promotional amounts anytime, without any notice. We encourage our customers to check the updated information on Brighton Beauty Supply homepage before placing any orders.
Returning Orders with Promotional Free Shipping
Customers returning any items back to our facility for a refund will be responsible for shipping fees, unless there was a mistake on our part. Customers are responsible for shipping the products with a reputable carrier and saving the tracking information as a proof of shipment. Upon receiving the package(s), our return department representatives will inspect all items returned for their eligibility. If all items meet our return policy, a refund will be issued back to the original payment method. Otherwise, we will contact the customer via email for further instruction.
PLEASE NOTE: If the total of the order becomes less than promotional free shipping amount after returning an item(s), the original shipping fee will be deducted from the refund. Customers can check the original shipping fee by putting desired items in the shopping basket and inserting their zip code. Our shipping fees vary depending on destination.
Non Returnable, Non Refundable Items
Due to Health and Hygiene Concerns, sales of Nail Polish, Clipper Blades, Hair Brushes, Nail Files, Skin Care Cosmetics, Make Up Brushes and ext. will be considered as Final Sale and Will Not be eligible for return.
Repeated Returns
We offer a flexible returns policy to make your online shopping experience even easier. We do monitor the number of returns made by customers and continued returns will be flagged and may, at our discretion, lead to the closure of your Brighton Beauty Supply account or future orders being refused.
Return Shipping Address
Please ship your items to the address below, including your order number.
Brighton Beauty Supply
Return Department (Order # space for order number)
419 Brighton Beach Ave
Brooklyn, NY 11235
Contact our customer care team by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any further concerns.


text:
Foraging Database
This page is a cross-referenced database of all herbs in the Realms. Scroll through the list or use the quick search options to find what you're looking for. Search for or click on a specific herb, remedy material, or other item to see the seasonal and skill infomation associated with it. Please send all submissions for this database here.
Quick Links
Foraging Compendium | Foraging Database Home | Foraging Difficulty
|1 2 3 Next
|1 2 3 Next


text:
Belarus Population: 9,527,5431 VISITOR FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place.
|Eastern Europe, east of Poland
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 207,600 sq km
land: 202,900 sq km
water: 4,700 sq km
Size comparison: slightly less than twice the size of Kentucky; slightly smaller than Kansas
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 3,642 km border countries (5): Latvia 161 km, Lithuania 640 km, Poland 418 km, Russia 1312 km, Ukraine 1111 km
|0 km (landlocked)
|Maritime claims:
|none (landlocked)
|cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
|generally flat with much marshland
|Natural resources:
|timber, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 43.7% (2016 est.) arable land: 27.2% (2016 est.)
permanent crops: 0.6% (2016 est.) permanent pasture: 15.9% (2016 est.) forest: 42.7% (2016 est.)
other: 13.6% (2016 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|1,140 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|large tracts of marshy land
|Current Environment Issues:
|soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Belarusian(s)
adjective: Belarusian
|Ethnic groups:
|Belarusian 83.7%, Russian 8.3%, Polish 3.1%, Ukrainian 1.7%, other 2.4%, unspecified 0.9% (2009 est.)
|Russian (official) 70.2%, Belarusian (official) 23.4%, other 3.1% (includes small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities), unspecified 3.3% (2009 est.)
|Orthodox 48.3%, Catholic 7.1%, other 3.5%, non-believers 41.1% (2011 est.)
|9,527,543 (July 2018 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 15.91% (male 779,577 /female 736,481)
15-24 years: 9.96% (male 488,240 /female 460,673)
25-54 years: 44.49% (male 2,089,202 /female 2,149,486)
55-64 years: 14.42% (male 607,368 /female 766,238)
65 years and over: 15.22% (male 467,299 /female 982,979) (2018 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 43.8 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.2 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 20.6 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.9 (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 40.3 years
male: 37.4 years
female: 43.3 years (2018 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|-0.24% (2018 est.)
|Birth rate:
|10 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Death rate:
|13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
| urban population: 78.6% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|2.005 million MINSK (capital) (2018)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.79 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female
total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 25.7 years (2014 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 73.2 years male: 67.8 years
female: 79 years (2018 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|1.49 children born/woman (2018 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|72.1% (2017) note: percent of women 18-49
|Physicians density:
|4.08 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
|Hospital bed density:
|11 beds/1,000 population (2013)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 99.9% of population
rural: 99.1% of population
total: 99.7% of population
urban: 0.1% of population
rural: 0.9% of population
total: 0.3% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 94.1% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 95.2% of population (2015 est.)
total: 94.3% of population (2015 est.)
urban: 5.9% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 4.8% of population (2015 est.)
total: 5.7% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.4% (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|24,000 (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|<500 (2017 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|24.5% (2016)
|Education expenditures:
|4.8% of GDP (2017)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.7% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2017)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 9.3% male: 11.2% female: 7.2% (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Belarus
conventional short form: Belarus
local long form: Respublika Byelarus'/Respublika Belarus'
local short form: Byelarus'/Belarus'
former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology: the name is a compound of the Belarusian words "bel" (white) and "Rus" (the Old East Slavic ethnic designation) to form the meaning White Rusian or White Ruthenian
|Government type:
|presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship
| name: Minsk
geographic coordinates: 53 54 N, 27 34 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the origin of the name is disputed; Minsk may originally have been located 16 km to the southwest, on the banks of Menka River; remnants of a 10th-century settlement on the banks of the Menka have been found
|Administrative divisions:
| 6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel'), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian
|25 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union
|history: several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by petition of least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds majority vote in both chambers or by simple majority of votes cast in a referendum (2016)
|Legal system:
|civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family, and labor) were revised and came into force in 1999 and 2000
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergey RUMAS (since 18 August 2018); First Deputy Prime Minister Aleksandr TURCHIN (since 18 August 2018); Deputy Prime Ministers Igor LYASHENKO, Vladimir KUKHAREV, Igor PETRISHENKO (since 18 August 2018), Mikhail RUSYY (since 2012)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999; however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run and win in a third (19 March 2006), fourth (19 December 2010), and fifth election (11 October 2015); next election in 2020; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 83.5%, Tatstyana KARATKEVICH (Tell the Truth) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.8%; note - election marred by electoral fraud
|Legislative branch:
| description: bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobraniye consists of: Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms) House of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: Council of the Republic -n/aHouse of Representatives - last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held (early) in November 2019); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won virtually every seat, with only the UCP member and one independent forming alternative representation in the House; international observers determined that the previous elections, on 28 September 2008 and 23 September 2012, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat
election results: Council of the Republic - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 39, women 17, percent of women 26.6% House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 8, Belarusian Patriotic Party 3, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 3, LDP 1, UCP 1, independent 94; composition - men 72, women 38, percent of women 34.5%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 31.6% note: the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly
|Judicial branch:
| highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chairman and deputy chairman and organized into several specialized panels, including economic and military; number of judges set by the president of the republic and the court chairman); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges, including a chairman and deputy chairman) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Council of the Republic; the presiding judge directly elected by the president and approved by the Council of the Republic; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70
subordinate courts: oblast courts; Minsk City Court; town courts; Minsk city and oblast economic courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|pro-government parties: Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKY] Belarusian Patriotic Party [Nikolai ULAKHOVICH] Belarusian Social Sport Party [Vladimir ALEKSANDROVICH] Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Aleksei SOKOL] Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH] Republican Party [Vladimir BELOZOR] Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANIY] Social Democratic Party of Popular Accord [Sergei YERMAK] opposition parties: Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Paval SEVIARYNETS, Volha KAVALKOVA, Vital RYMASHEWSKI] (unregistered) Belarusian Party of the Green [Anastasiya DOROFEYEVA] Belarusian Party of the Left "Just World" [Sergey KALYAKIN] Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Ryhor KASTUSEU] Belarusian Social-Democratic Assembly [Sergei CHERECHEN] Belarusian Social Democratic Party ("Assembly") or BSDPH [Ihar BARYSAU] Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly) [Mikalay STATKEVICH] (unregistered) Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNYAK] United Civic Party or UCP [Nikolay KOZLOV]
|International organization participation:
|BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC
|National symbol(s):
| no clearly defined current national symbol, the mounted knight known as Pahonia (the Chaser) is the traditional Belarusian symbol;
national colors: green, red, white
|National anthem:
| name: "My, Bielarusy" (We Belarusians)
lyrics/music: Mikhas KLIMKOVICH and Uladzimir KARYZNA/Nester SAKALOUSKI
note: music adopted 1955, lyrics adopted 2002; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics; also known as "Dziarzauny himn Respubliki Bielarus" (State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus)
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant; recalled by Belarus in 2008); Charge d'Affaires Pavel SHIDLOVSKIY (since 23 April 2014)
chancery: 1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 986-1606
consulate(s) general: New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant; left in 2008 upon insistence of Belarusian Government); Charge d'Affaires Jenifer MOORE (since August 2018)
embassy: 46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002
mailing address: Unit 7010 Box 100, DPO AE 09769
telephone: [375] (17) 210-1283
|^Back to Top
As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed industrial base, but it is now outdated, inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets. The country's agricultural base is largely dependent on government subsidies. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, an initial burst of economic reforms included privatization of state enterprises, creation of private property rights, and the acceptance of private entrepreneurship, but by 1994 the reform effort dissipated. About 80% of industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has virtually disappeared. Several businesses have been renationalized. State-owned entities account for 70-75% of GDP, and state banks make up 75% of the banking sector. Economic output declined for several years following the break-up of the Soviet Union, but revived in the mid-2000s. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil and imports crude oil and natural gas from Russia at subsidized, below market, prices. Belarus derives export revenue by refining Russian crude and selling it at market prices. Russia and Belarus have had serious disagreements over prices and quantities for Russian energy. Beginning in early 2016, Russia claimed Belarus began accumulating debt – reaching $740 million by April 2017 – for paying below the agreed price for Russian natural gas and Russia cut back its export of crude oil as a result of the debt. In April 2017, Belarus agreed to pay its gas debt and Russia restored the flow of crude. New non-Russian foreign investment has been limited in recent years, largely because of an unfavorable financial climate. In 2011, a financial crisis lead to a nearly three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. The Belarusian economy has continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and a trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, the devaluation of the Russian ruble triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. Belarus's economy stagnated between 2012 and 2016, widening productivity and income gaps between Belarus and neighboring countries. Budget revenues dropped because of falling global prices on key Belarusian export commodities. Since 2015, the Belarusian government has tightened its macro-economic policies, allowed more flexibility to its exchange rate, taken some steps towards price liberalization, and reduced subsidized government lending to state-owned enterprises. Belarus returned to modest growth in 2017, largely driven by improvement of external conditions and Belarus issued sovereign debt for the first time since 2011, which provided the country with badly-needed liquidity, and issued $600 million worth of Eurobonds in February 2018, predominantly to US and British investors.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| $179.4 billion (2017 est.) $175.1 billion (2016 est.) $179.7 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|$54.44 billion (2017 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|2.4% (2017 est.) -2.5% (2016 est.) -3.8% (2015 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| $18,900 (2017 est.) $18,400 (2016 est.) $19,000 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|24.5% of GDP (2017 est.) 23% of GDP (2016 est.) 25.8% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 54.8% (2017 est.) government consumption: 14.6% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 24.9% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 5.7% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 67% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -67% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 8.1% (2017 est.) industry: 40.8% (2017 est.) services: 51.1% (2017 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk
|metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, refrigerators, washing machines and other household appliances
|Industrial production growth rate:
|5.6% (2017 est.)
|Labor force:
|4.381 million (2016 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 9.7%
industry: 23.4%
services: 66.8% (2015 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|0.8% (2017 est.) 1% (2016 est.) note: official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers
|Population below poverty line:
|5.7% (2016 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 3.8%
highest 10%: 21.9% (2008)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|26.5 (2011) 21.7 (1998)
| revenues: 22.15 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 20.57 billion (2017 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|40.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): 2.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
|Public debt:
|53.4% of GDP (2017 est.) 53.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|6% (2017 est.) 11.8% (2016 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$931 million (2017 est.) -$1.669 billion (2016 est.)
|$28.65 billion (2017 est.) $22.98 billion (2016 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs
|Exports - partners:
|Russia 43.9%, Ukraine 11.5%, UK 8.2% (2017)
|$31.58 billion (2017 est.) $25.61 billion (2016 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals
|Imports - partners:
|Russia 57.2%, China 8%, Germany 5.1% (2017)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$7.315 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $4.927 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$39.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $37.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$6.929 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $7.241 billion (31 December 2015)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$3.547 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $4.649 billion (31 December 2015)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|Exchange rates:
|Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - 1.9 (2017 est.) 2 (2016 est.) 2 (2015 est.) 15,926 (2014 est.) 10,224.1 (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|31.58 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|31.72 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|3.482 billion kWh (2015 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|6.319 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|10.04 million kW (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|96% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|3% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|32,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|31,730 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|468,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|198 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|477,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|141,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|351,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|14,630 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|59.46 million cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|17.7 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|17.53 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|2.832 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|56.07 million Mt (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
| total subscriptions: 10,963,224
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 115 (2017 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: fiber network reaches two million establishments; trial 5G services during the first half of 2019; 10,000km of fiber cabling laid; August 2018 almost two million GPON connections (Gigabit Passive Optical Network, point-to-multi point access mechanism); 5 year plan is on track; Belarus launched its first telecoms satellite in 2016; LTE use reaches 75% of mobile subscribers (2018)
domestic: fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved, 47 per 100 fixed-line; mobile-cellular teledensity now approaches 120 telephones per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations
|Broadcast media:
|7 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 5 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2019)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
| total: 6,805,786
percent of population: 71.1% (July 2016 est.)
|^Back to Top
|65 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 33
(2017) over 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2017)
under 914 m: 7 (2017)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 32
(2013) over 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2013)
under 914 m: 28 (2013)
|1 (2013)
|5386 km gas, 1589 km oil, 1730 km refined products (2013)
| total 5,528 km
(2014) standard gauge: 25 km 1.435-m gauge (2014) broad gauge: 5,503 km 1.520-m gauge (874 km electrified) (2014)
| total 86,600 km
|2,500 km (major rivers are the west-flowing Western Dvina and Neman Rivers and the south-flowing Dnepr River and its tributaries, the Berezina, Sozh, and Pripyat Rivers) (2011)
|Merchant marine:
| total 5
by type: oil tanker 1, other 4 (2018)
|Ports and terminals:
river port(s): Mazyr (Prypyats')
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Belarus Armed Forces (Uzbrojenyja sily Respubliki Bielarus): Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force (2019)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-27 years of age for compulsory military or alternative service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications, and 24-36 months for alternative service, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2016)
|Military expenditures:
|0.93% of GDP (2017) 1.2% of GDP (2016) 1.33% of GDP (2015) 1.33% of GDP (2014) 1.33% of GDP (2013)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its border with Belarus
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
stateless persons: 6,025 (2018)
|Illicit drugs:
|limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008; few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


text:
Export 5 results:
Filters: Author is Andrew Chien [Clear All Filters]
Toward a Framework for Preparing and Executing Adaptive Grid Programs," International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium: IPDPS 2002 Workshops, Fort Lauderdale, FL, pp. 0171, April 2002. (64.5 KB)"
Resilience for Stencil Computations with Latent Errors," International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP), Bristol, UK, IEEE Computer Society Press, August 2017. (1.19 MB)"
New Grid Scheduling and Rescheduling Methods in the GrADS Project," International Journal of Parallel Programming, vol. 33, no. 2: Springer, pp. 209-229, June 2005. (306.41 KB)"
The GrADS Project: Software Support for High-Level Grid Application Development," International Journal of High Performance Applications and Supercomputing, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 327-344, January 2001. (271.52 KB)"
The GrADS Project: Software Support for High-Level Grid Application Development," Technical Report, February 2000. (347.41 KB)"


text:
Sign in
Sign in
Lost your password ?!
House of Rock Venue
Event Calendar
Book Your Special Event
RSU Recording Studios and Filmworks
Bands & Fans Speak Up
Leave Us a Review
Santa Rosa Local Lodging
Rock Star Blog
Rock Star Policies
House of Rock Artists
V² (Pronounced "V Squared")
Contact Us
3410 Industrial Drive, Santa Rosa, CA 95403
20 Feb, 2018
You may also like...
15 Mar, 2016
107.7 The Bone's Lamont and Tonelli Show keep talking about Rock Star University
13 Mar, 2016
Rock Star University Featured in Sunday's Press Democrat
25 Feb, 2017
EPIC show at House of Rock last night!
26 Feb, 2017
Look what we found on Vincenzo…
3 Mar, 2016
Biggest Rock Radio Station in SF Bay Area cannot stop talking about Rock Star University…
15 Feb, 2017
Rock Star University House of Rock a Truly Top Notch Club Experience