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Sunday, February 18, 2007
MySpice -- Mustard
Mustard as a spice is an important part of Indian cooking.The whole Mustard seeds are used for tempering, to add flavor to the oil. The Mustard paste is very popular in mostly Bengali or east Indian cooking. Mustard Oil is also an important part of Bengali Cooking and traditional Bengali Cooking mostly used Mustard Oil as the cooking medium. Even now when many households in Bengal have grown more accustomed to the other white oils, Mustard Oil is still the favored oil for frying and cooking fish. A recent study shows that Mustard Oil as a cooking medium reduces the chance of heart disease by 70% and it also an excellent source of anti-oxidants (source: Wiki)
There are three kinds of Mustard seeds -- Black, Brown and White/Yellow depending on the Mustard plant.
Mustard paste or oil adds a sharp, spicy taste to food. Both the Brown and Black Mustard seeds are used in Indian cooking, the brown one more popular for making the paste.
Brown Mustard seeds are considered good for digestion and for alleviating stomach discomfort as gas and cramps (source: Maharishi Ayurveda) Mustard Oil is also widely used for massage in Northern India. Even now when my daughter catches a cold, I heat a spoonful of mustard oil with garlic flakes and rub the warm oil on her chest and on the bottom of her feet. My dad says, his grandma used to tell them to rub mustard oil on their big toe before bath as that helps eyes to remain healthy, this piece of information is not proven though and might be a lore
Mustard seeds were used medicinally not only in India but also by the Greek and the Romans
Update: From the coments I gather that many of you are unaware of use of mustard paste in Bengali Cooking. We grind mustard to a paste with green chillis and salt and use that extensively in many of our cooking. This cannot be substituted with the Mustard Sauce we get in stores here as it lacks that sharpness. A particular mustard based sauce called "Kasundi" is very popular in Bengal. It is used as a dip and is best when eaten with rice and alu seddho (boiled potatoes) or any sauted greens.
Sorshe Bata or Mustard Paste is ubiquitous ingredient in Bengali cuisine. The best Bengali fish curries always have a mustard based sauce. Even vegetarian dishes like Shukto, Charchari (shall blog soon) etc. have mustard paste as the only spice.
The black mustard when ground to a paste may be slightly bitter so it is ground with a little poppy seeds (optional) and green chillis and salt. This somehow never happened at home when the Shil Nora was used for grinding.
Radhuni is not mustard, it looks more like Ajwain and maybe in the same family, but it is not Ajwain and has a stronger smell & flavor. Its hard to get Radhuni outside Bengal and I don't have any.
So add that little Mustard to your food in whatever form you like best and enjoy.
Trivia: Aristocrat Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf founded the Order of the Mustard Seed in Germany in 1715 inspired by the Parable of Mustard Seed told by Jesus
36 comments:
i think i'll follow the big toe tip. i've a question - what is randhuni, is it a different kind/size of mustard?ReplyDelete
Hoho, walking around with an oily toe? :) If no-one slips and falls from streaks left behind on the floor, I'd do it, haha! But I love mustard seeds, too, you can leave them on the stove forever and they won't even burn! I made a few things with these little seeds this weekend, just too lazy to write about it...ReplyDelete
Sandeepa, did not know that Mustard Paste was used in Indian cooking. I saw it for the first time after I came here and thought it was a Western thing. I tell anybody who cares to listen that any ingredient in traditional Indian cooking is there for a reason. I had no clue about mustard now I know. Great Info.ReplyDelete
Great info!! I practically use mustard seeds everyday for Tadka for everything!!I love the flavor.ReplyDelete
I love the yellow mustard powder, we often add it to our gujju "raitas", hence the name "raita".
I'd fall flat if I rubbed that on my toes though...I'm the type to bang into parked cars. I'll stick with it in my cooking!
Hi Sandeepa,ReplyDelete
You had asked me what you can do about yahoo's theft. If you would like to join us, do make a post about it today or tomorrow if possible.
This is the update on the news
Sorry to bother you. If you find this comment not fitting here, please be free to delete this.
I used to rub mustard oil infused with garlic on my feet too Sandeepa!Orissa people se mustard oil too.I have sinusitis/cold allergy so My mom used to tell me to apply the oil to my soles or to the great toe!It is my favourite "grandma's tip" to use.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousFebruary 19, 2007 10:48 AM
Hi Sandeepa, thanks for the wonderful info about mustard... one of my favorites! I would like to try that homemade mustard paste sometime :)ReplyDelete
Nice Info,sandeepa I'm glad you got to talk about mustard , the most widely used but,less talked about.Thanks for sharing so many health Tips.Happy day ahead:)ReplyDelete
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
And an important ingredient in paanch phoron too right?ReplyDelete
I used to eat this lovely dish at my Bong friend's home - bhapa paneer...I dont know if its traditionally made with mustard paste but my friend added it and it was so heady!!
HAHA! Sure Sure! How about a slogan, Yahoo! Please dont copy from our blogs? heheheh :-)ReplyDelete
Thank Sandeepa.
(Previous comment I deleted since it showed my mail id instead of blogger id)
I thought paanch phoron e kalonji instead of mustard seeds are a part. Never had shukto with shorshe bata, that must be unique. Favorite is however dharosh with shorshe bata.ReplyDelete
Shorshe bata should always have a little salt. It can then be kept for longer periods of time (upto a month) It acts as a preservative and for some not used to mustard paste takes the edge of it.
Mustard oil is good for dandruffs and stops greying of hair but is not proved. :)
Ghoti comment was just fun. But esho if you happen to pass by. The entire family ofcourse. :))
i updated with the Radhuni info :) I don't have any to take a pic
Hey only before your shower, not the whole day long :)
Updated the post with Mustard paste info
Yeah we do not use mustard seeds for tempering that much
Yeah i read about that in one of your posts
Vini K
You are right , we do that too.
Linda & Lera
Thanks, somehow I think you are sisters :)
you are right panch phoron has mustard seeds as a part. I think your friend did it right, I have a recipe of "Bhapa Paneer" with mustard :)
Panch Phoron has both Kalonji and Mustard seeds
Shukto does have sorshe bata and sine I don't get radhuni, that's what adds the punch
Amar shorshe bata khub bhalo lagena, ilish etc. chara so I use it but moderately. My Ma used to make Dharosh Shorshe, now that you say maybe I should make it and post
Shall Do:)
sandeepa, that was very informative. i will posting about mustard in the next couple of days, and i will use sme of the info you have provided. thanks.ReplyDelete
I have posted the
It will be on March 5th. Let us spread the word. Thanks a lot for your support.
- AnonymousFebruary 19, 2007 3:38 PM
Hey Sandeepa,ReplyDelete
I use mustard seeds a lot. Mustard paste is used in many dishes. I loved ur Shukto, I should cook sometime. Some how I don't like the smell of oil in cooking but I like in pickles.
Sandeepa, could'nt help commenting. I am from Assam and I can understand very well the importance of mustard in eastern cooking.Even in my and most of the other Assamese households mustard oil is still the staple cooking oil.ReplyDelete
I too have grown up with ma's rubbing of garlic infused mustard oil in times of colds. In fact I did so to my youngest just yesterday!!
Moreover, both my kids were born in Kolkata, hence it is extra special for me.
Thank you for that Sandeepa! I love mustard, but was not as versed in all the aspects.ReplyDelete
Ok, so on March 5th we all post the same thing ?
Do you use mustard paste too ?
Thanks and so nice to see you. I think all of Eastern India shares some common grounds in cooking
But this taste is a little difficult to get used to and pretty sharp too
- AnonymousFebruary 19, 2007 8:41 PM
Great info about mustard. Thanks for sharing.ReplyDelete
Hey Sandeepa, I am flattered to see that picture of Mustard seeds and where did you get that container from? What an informative post about Mustard seeds.ReplyDelete
Sandeepa, thanks for a very informative post! I have started using more mustard seeds lately in my cooking, and they are so amazing!ReplyDelete
So glad I have discovered your blog. Will try some of your recipe soon. :) Thanks again!
Thank You :)
Glad to know you liked the container, isn't it cute :) Its from IKEA
Thanks for dropping by
- AnonymousFebruary 24, 2007 11:20 PM
Thats a lovely post Sandeepa!!!! :) Nice pic as well!! :)ReplyDelete
Rub them on the toes...... HMMM!!!!
- AnonymousJune 03, 2007 4:48 AM
I have always wondered why and how mustard is soo popular in Bengal and not in rest of India. I am specfically talking about mustard saice (known as Kasundi in Bengal) and using mustard as a sauce (musstard fish or sorse Isish in Bengali). Interestingly msimilar mustard usage exists in the west, mustard sauce is a staple with hotdogs and hamburgers, and I have also eaten canned mustard fish. I personally believe that it is the British that introduced mustard usage to the Bengalis and they then morphed it some levels more.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 25, 2007 5:05 PM
Hello! I'm interested in the picture you have posted of the mustard seed. I was curious what it would take to gain access to this picture...ReplyDelete
Hi Sandeepa,ReplyDelete
Great piece on mustard seeds !
I have posted a recipe for kasundi, and linked to this post of yours. Hope it is OK:)
- AnonymousSeptember 21, 2008 5:34 PM
what has more sugar and fat mustard or ketchup?ReplyDelete
ps: im talking about the mustard at the store. U know with hotdog? It's for a science project weird right?
i was searching for sorshe dherosh, rather aam kasundi ladis finger - thats who we call it. i want to make it for my friend.
i use sorsher tel a lot, and i have only that kind of oil in my kitchen. use shorshe bata and kasundi both for fish and chiken - i tried doi sorshe chiken it was awsome.
now can you plz plz send the recipie of aam kasundi dherosh?
If you wanna use Radhuni for any cooking, you can buy the Celery Seeds (McCormick)ReplyDelete
- AparnaOctober 22, 2012 2:21 PM
I've been a follower ever since I got married into a Bengali family and have been shunted a continent across from home. I have just inherited a bottle of Kasundi. But for the life of me, I cant understand its function. My hubby declares that he hasnt touched the stuff... ever! But he said the same for koraishutir kachuri as well. So I dont trust him!
I would be very grateful if you can help me use it.Replies
Kashundi is a gem and there are infinite possibilities. To start off serve it with sauteed spinach greens and rice or mashed potatoes and rice. You are supposed to mix the veggies, rice and a drop or two of kasundi to get the flavor.Delete
Next add it in lieu of mustard paste to fish or veggie dishes that need mustard paste. I have baked many a salmon marinated in kashundi and mustard oil.
You can also use it as you would use the Dijon Mustard but sparingly. Use it as a dip for chop and fish fries.
Your husband has not touched Kashundi and is a Bengali ? Don't trust him :)
- AnonymousJune 09, 2014 5:24 AM
Hi can I use mustard sauce like Dijon to cook bhapa ilishReplyDelete
I have tried to make kasundi but it turned out to be very bitter. Please helpReplyDelete


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Insulin regular is used with a proper diet and exercise program to control high blood sugar in people with diabetes. Controlling high blood sugar helps prevent kidney damage, blindness, nerve problems, loss of limbs, and sexual function problems. Proper control of diabetes may also lessen your risk of a heart attack or stroke.This insulin is obtained from pigs and is similar to human insulin. It replaces the insulin that your body would normally make. It is a short-acting insulin. It works by helping blood sugar (glucose) get into cells so your body can use it for energy. This medication is usually used in combination with a medium- or long-acting insulin product. This medication may also be used alone or with other oral diabetes drugs (such as metformin).
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In the US -
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Have you ever purchased Iletin Ii Regular(Pork) Solution?
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CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.


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- Customers have up to 30 days to return the product in case the product is defective.
- Products with personalisation and custom made leather products made as per the clients specification do not qualify for return or refund.
- The serial number of the order must be verified first
- In case of a wrong ordered product customer pays for the return shipping
- Refunds are credited back to customers' Visa, MasterCard or American Express credit/debit cards or via paytm or google pay (for indian customers) after verifiying if the product is qualified for refund
How do i insert my key (Royal enfield leather key case)?
Its a permanent construction which is made using a blank royal enfield key.The leather case is permanently stitched over the key, part of the design aesthetics that makes the product more durable.
I have received the product(key cover with key) what do i do now?
You have to get it carved from the key maker in your area and start using it.
I received the product but i ordered a wrong key cut by mistake as i got confused between right cut or double line cut. what do i do now?
Please do not worry! get in touch with me thru whatsapp or email and i will sort out the issue for you. your money is not wasted. i got your back Bro.
How much time will it take for the product to get delivered?
Your order gets dispatched after 48 working hours, delivery takes 3-7 business days depending on your location for Domestic orders for international deliveries it takes 6-12 days depending on your country.
orders with personalisation requires 3-4 days of handeling time and then shipping.
What type of payment options are available ?
You can pay via Paytm, Debit cards, Credit cards, UPI and Paypal. Safe & Secured checkout with SSL encryption. I don't do COD.
I like this product but i want to get it made in a different color leather or in my required design can you do it ?
Sure i can, send me your inquiries on firstname.lastname@example.com or use the CONTACT US form to get in touch.
Do you make everything by your self, where did you learn all this from?
Yes i do everything by myself, i also have one assistant who helps. All my products are made using only leather( full grain and top grain) ethically sourced and are 100% handmade & hand stitched, no machine. I am a self thought leather craftsmen who learned the art of leather crafting from various youtube tutorials and evolved my techniques by learning from my mistakes.


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Home » Sound Art - Radio Art » FELD, STEVEN: The Time of Bells Vol 2
FELD, STEVEN: The Time of Bells Vol 2
What is says on the label. These are beautifully recorded bells set in open soundscapes. Not only bells, though they are always at the centre. One of the most ubiquitous soundmarks, dominating the European landscape for over 1000 years, bells regulated rural life. Nothing else of human making was so powerful, symbolic and universal. And somehow they still retain something of their extraordinary authority. The have true voices and more resemble the natural sounds of thunder, rain, the sea, animals and birds than today's more dominating traffic, machinery, helicopters, sirens and leaking tinned tones. On this CD we hear church and cathedral bells - from Olso and Turku, a Mayday carillon, street bells from a carnival in rural Italy, and the massed bells worn by participants in the goat dance in Skyros, Greece (where each member of a large procession carries 60 pounds of them). Along with the bells come, variously, birds, some traffic, church choirs, handbells, pedestrians, hot air balloons, the Mayday street parade with bands, protestors and celebrants and strolling musicians. With all the richness and engulfing quality that the best location recording can capture. Pretty glorious. Nice packaging.
Code: VOXLOX104
Price: £12.75


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EuroCars offer a wide range car rental vehicles in Galati from economy to luxury cars. In the same time we work hard to get you the best choice on cheap economy, medium, full size, luxury, wagon, SUV and Van vehicles. When renting a car there are many factors that works to decide you on what size car rental to rent. In order to help you we provide a short overview for each car rental class.
Let a professional driver to take you around, whether you are in Galati, Romania for your holiday or your business trip, browse through our website to view our car rental offers with driver and get in touch with EuroCars to hire a car in Galati. Apart from regular rent a car services, we can also offer our clients several services that will allow them to enjoy the scenery or rest in a comfortable atmosphere. One of them is the airport transfer from Galati Airport and it is meant to help you get from the airport to the hotel you are staying or to a city/ town outside of Galati. You can choose to do just one way or a round trip. All for your convenience.
If you're thinking car rental is expensive, think again. Our company EuroCars Rent A Car will meet your needs, clients will enjoy good cars and fast delivery at the airport or at the hotel.
For small or large groups of passengers, EuroCars has thought of a way to help its clients get around the country at their leisure. We provide the best deals to rent a minibus in Galati for airport transfers (one way or round trip), intercity transfers (one way or round trip) or for tours with a fixed schedule. Rent a van in Galati to tour the country with multiple passengers. Whether you need room for extra luggage, renting a van/bus in Galati is a great choice. Check daily the lowest rates for car rental offers with chauffeur, van or any type of transportation to find the best deal.
EuroCars has earned a reputation with 16-year car rental experience in Romania, and is one of the most trusted car rental companies in Romania. We pride ourselves on having formed a customer-oriented team. EuroCars is more than just a comparison site, we work with the most trusted rental car suppliers in Galati allowing us to provide quality car hire services to our customers. You'll be able to choose the vehicle which will work best for your budget and itinerary. Use our Search tool for cheap and luxury rental cars in Galati and rent a car that suits you best.
Find out which car rental companies in Galati have provided the best customer experience based on review ratings. You can see the ratings and comments of the former clients next to each rental company listed.
Read customer reviews on car rental Galati and find the best car hire deals. Car rental companies were rated on their service, value, cars ...
Recomand! ✅
Recomand cu incredere. Profesional service.
Serviciu optim. Continuati asa.
Excellent service
Totul a fost perfect.
Super ok
I was so pleased to rent a car from this company. Everything went very smooth and I enjoyed the quality services.
Am fost foarte, foarte multumitä, un serviciu complet!. Vä multumesc si vä recomand cu multä pläcere si la alte persoane ;-) Salutäri cordiale de la Zürich, Gabirela Scwichtenberg
The service was excellent from both Piatra Neamt and Suceava. The car was great too.
The best
If you rent a car in Galati, you can get around and make the most of your Romanian experience. One of the largest economic centres in Romania, Galati is also the largest seaport on the Danube. Like most Romanian cities, it dates back to the 15th century but there are archaelogical evidences which show that people settled on that territory during the Bronze Age. It is a place where history will have a lot to teach to its visitors. The Roman camp from Tirighina-Barbosi, the Natural Sciences Museum Complex and the Visual Arts Museum will speak for themselves. The Botanical Garden, the Danube Waves Beach and Gulliver Theatre will give you the opportunity to relax, have fun and admire the beauty of the scenery. More information about Galati
EuroCars Galati also offers you the chance to see where you can get a place to stay in while in Galati. By following the link More on Galati you can see what Romanians do for fun in Galati, what are the most popular places to go to for a chat with your friends over a cup of coffee or what are the greatest museums to visit to enhance your knowledge of Romanian culture and civilization.
You can find more cars in the following locations that are near Galati
The minimum age to rent a car in Galati must be at least 21 years old. Check your car rental provider if you are under the age of 25. Drivers must hold a valid national or international driver's license issued at least one year ago. The license should match the class of the rental car.
On average a rental car in Galati costs 25 Euro per day. Average daily price per day is different depending on the month of the year.
Car hire companies operate in a similar way to airlines, meaning you've got to book online early, for the cheapest car hire Galati deals. Renting in February compared with August can bring down the average one-week rental by 100 Euro. If you are yet to book this summer's trip don't hang around if you are going to a popular destination in Romania.
Will you be the only driver? Thinking of sharing the driving? EuroCars offers car rental deals in Galati that allow you to sign on an additional driver at no extra cost. Some of our car rental partners are offering you an opportunity to add more drivers on your rental contract for free! Some firms add a second driver for a charge €5-€6 a day.
When booking your car hire, you have to consider your pick-up location in Galati. Check out the price comparison of our car hire booking engine and you'll get the best deal from downtown and airports so you can see the best value pick-up location.
Renting a car is such a common part of the travel experience which is true for Romania too. Skip public transportation and book a rental car in Galati with EuroCars and enjoy the best local attractions across Romania and visit the surrounding countryside. Galati is a great starting city for a road trip in Romania.


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Estimated delivery within 2 weeks
Make your home feel a lot more modern and stylish by introducing this wonderful Rustic Driftwood Sculpture Wine Holder 6 Hole. This piece has a wonderful design that'll be sure to stand out and grab attention, whilst creating a modern atmosphere in any home. The rustic design combines perfectly with the wine holder.
These items are individually handcrafted so slight differences may occur
0% finance available
Please note that we have over 12,000 products on our website and could not possibly hold all of these in stock. Please call first if you need to know whether or not an item is in stock if this is something that is needed urgently
Free Delivery:
We offer free delivery as standard to many UK mainland postcodes, express delivery is available at an additional cost (please contact us for more information). For delivery quotes outside of the UK mainland (including Scottish Highlands , lowlands, Aberdeen, and others), please email your full delivery address and also the reference numbers of the items you're interested in.
Delivery Time For Items That ARE In Stock:
Delivery time frame will be approximately 3 - 21 working days for items that are in stock. Once the item is ready to be dispatched we will contact you to arrange a convenient day for delivery, as a signature is always required.
Delivery Time For Items That ARE NOT In Stock:
Delivery time frame to us will be approximately 4 - 16 weeks for items that are not in stock. Once the item is ready to be dispatched we will contact you to arrange a convenient day for delivery, as a signature is always required.
For more information or to view our full delivery & returns, please click here.


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Today we want to share with you two vitamins in particular that both benefit eye health and prevent vision loss—vitamin A and beta-carotene.
Put simply, vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin found in various foods that is both good for our eyes and benefits our immune system. Beta-carotene is a provitamin " carotenoid" that helps give vegetables their bright pigmentation, and is also good for our vision and overall growth and development. The main difference between the two is that unlike vitamin A, carotenoids like beta-carotene only come from vegetables.
Vitamin A has a host of benefits for our eyes. One of the most important is reducing the risk of developing macular degeneration and vision loss. Vitamin A also soothes eye inflammation and makes it less likely to for us to develop eye infections.
Beta-carotene converts into Vitamin A in the body, and has similar benefits. Specifically as a carotenoid, beta-carotene reduces the oxidative stress put on our eyes from blue light emitted by the sun and our various devices' screens. It's even been found to make our vision sharper!
We've all heard that carrots are good for our eyes, and it turns out it's true! Carrots aren't the only vegetables that contain Vitamin A, however. Kale, spinach, and collard greens are other vegetable alternatives to keep your vision sharp! If you're looking for other solutions, cantaloupe, eggs, and liver are also great solutions to help keep your vitamin A and beta-carotene supplies up to par.
To learn more about why carrots and other veggies are good for our eyes, check out the video below! You'll even learn what caused people to think eating carrots enhanced their night vision!
As long as you're getting the majority of your vitamin A and beta-carotene from vegetables, you don't have to worry about ingesting too much of either. Vitamin A found from animal food sources can become toxic if ingested in excess, however—so be careful!
However you get your Vitamin A and beta-carotene, be sure you're getting enough! When we don't consume enough of these vitamins, our risk of vision loss and developing eye disease increases.
If you have any questions about Vitamin A and beta-carotene and how they affect your vision health, please give us a call! We love answering your questions and want to help ensure your eyes are getting the vitamins they need.
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Veratron Deep-Pipe Level Sender - 300mm - 240 to 33 OHM
Veratron Deep-Pipe Level Sender - 300mm - 240 to 33 OHM
Deep-Pipe Level Sender - 300mm - 240 to 33 OHM
Deep-Pipe Level Sensor is ideal for usage in fuel tanks. Its 38 mm diameter vertical tube contains a float inside, which measures a level of the liquid. Small holes at the top and bottom of the tube act as a baffle to fuel sloshing around in the fuel tank, so the float position remains stable at any sea state.
Sensors are made in various lengths starting at 150 mm increasing to 1200 mm – please ensure that the length chosen is at least 4 mm from the base of the fuel tank once fitted.
- Tubular Sensor Stainless Steel
- Suitable for Fuel (Oi -Petroleum-Diesel-Gasoline) and Water
- Length: 300 mm
Technical Specifications:
- TE Superseal Connector 2-Pole IP67
- Operating Temp.: -25°C to 65°C or -13°F to 149°F
- Operating Voltage: 6 to 24 VDC
- Compensation chamber
- Flange: 5-Hole SAE Flange 54mm PA66 GF30
- Wiring harness with length of 200 mm
- Signal ranges: 240 to 33 OHM
- IP67 protection rating
- Communication: Analog
In the Box:
- Deep-Pipe Level Sensor
- Installation Kit
- Safety Instructions
- Installation Instructions
*Sold as an IndividualThis product may not be returned to the original point of purchase. Please contact the manufacturer directly with any issues or concerns.
Manufacturer Part Numbers: A2C1746450001
Installation Guide (PDF)
Have a Question?
Be the first to ask a question about this.


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This product is a T-shirt that will express the unique personality of your children while giving them an awesome and trendy look for the day! Find the right outfit with our fashionable and incredible shirt for toddler and baby.
The cutest little tee!
** Made from best quality 100% combed rings pun cotton (Grey: 90% cotton/10% polyester)
** Ideally Constructed & resistant while letting them move freely
** Short sleeve T-shirt so your children don't get too hot
** Washer & dryer friendly for an easy care
** broad range of colors available
Great baby shower gifts idea: Unforgettable and cute, our is the absolute boy gifts or girl gifts for birthdays, anniversaries, Christmas, Father's Day, Mother's Day or any other celebrations.
Cute Rascals only provides sensitive materials and world class best quality printing for your children. We guarantee and stand by our promise of best quality as well as outstanding customer service. We are proud to develop products your children will love, and we offer free returns on every order!


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Algeria Population: 41,657,4881 VISITOR FROM HERE!
« Previous Country Back to Flag Counter Overview
|After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election that was boycotted by several candidates protesting alleged fraud, and won subsequent elections in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The government in 2011 introduced some political reforms in response to the Arab Spring, including lifting the 19-year-old state of emergency restrictions and increasing women's quotas for elected assemblies, while also increasing subsidies to the populace. Since 2014, Algeria's reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices. Protests broke out across the country in late February 2019 against President BOUTEFLIKA's decision to seek a fifth term. BOUTEFLIKA resigned on 2 April 2019, and the speaker of the upper house of parliament, Abdelkader BENSALAH, became interim head of state on 9 April. Per the constitution, BENSALAH has 90 days to organize elections to elect a new president.
|Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 2,381,740 sq km
land: 2,381,740 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Size comparison: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 6,734 km border countries (7): Libya 989 km, Mali 1359 km, Mauritania 460 km, Morocco 1900 km, Niger 951 km, Tunisia 1034 km, Western Sahara 41 km
|998 km
|Maritime claims:
|territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm
|arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
|mostly high plateau and desert; Atlas Mountains in the far north and Hoggar Mountains in the south; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
|Natural resources:
|petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 17.4% (2016 est.) arable land: 3.1% (2016 est.)
permanent crops: 0.4% (2016 est.) permanent pasture: 13.8% (2016 est.) forest: 0.8% (2016 est.)
other: 81.8% (2016 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|13,600 sq km (2014)
|Natural hazards:
|mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts
|Current Environment Issues:
|air pollution in major cities; soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Algerian(s)
adjective: Algerian
|Ethnic groups:
|Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools
|Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)
|Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian and Jewish) <1% (2012 est.)
|41,657,488 (July 2018 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 29.49% (male 6,290,619 /female 5,993,733)
15-24 years: 14.72% (male 3,137,975 /female 2,994,056)
25-54 years: 42.97% (male 9,067,597 /female 8,833,238)
55-64 years: 7.01% (male 1,472,527 /female 1,446,083)
65 years and over: 5.81% (male 1,133,852 /female 1,287,808) (2018 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 52.7 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 43.8 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 9 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 11.2 (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 28.3 years
male: 28 years
female: 28.7 years (2018 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|1.63% (2018 est.)
|Birth rate:
|21.5 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Death rate:
|4.3 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
| urban population: 72.6% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 2.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
| 2.694 million ALGIERS (capital)
881,000 Oran (2018)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|140 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births male: 20.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 77.2 years male: 75.8 years
female: 78.7 years (2018 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.66 children born/woman (2018 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|57.1% (2012/13)
|Physicians density:
|1.83 physicians/1,000 population (2016)
|Hospital bed density:
|1.9 beds/1,000 population (2015)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 84.3% of population
rural: 81.8% of population
total: 83.6% of population
urban: 15.7% of population
rural: 18.2% of population
total: 16.4% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 89.8% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 82.2% of population (2015 est.)
total: 87.6% of population (2015 est.)
urban: 10.2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 17.8% of population (2015 est.)
total: 12.4% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|<.1% (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|14,000 (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|<200 (2017 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|27.4% (2016)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|3% (2012)
|Education expenditures:
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
total population: 80.2%
male: 87.2%
female: 73.1% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2011)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 25.7% male: 22.1% female: 44.9% (2016 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
conventional short form: Algeria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyah
local short form: Al Jaza'ir
etymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Algiers
|Government type:
|presidential republic
| name: Algiers
geographic coordinates: 36 45 N, 3 03 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: name derives from the Arabic "al-Jazair" meaning "the islands" and refers to the four islands formerly off the coast but joined to the mainland since 1525
|Administrative divisions:
|48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanrasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen
|5 July 1962 (from France)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 5 July (1962);Revolution Day, 1 November (1954)
|history: several previous; latest approved by referendum 23 February 1989 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or through the president with the support of three-fourths of the members of both houses of Parliament in joint session; passage requires approval by both houses, approval by referendum, and promulgation by the president; the president can forego a referendum if the Constitutional Council determines the proposed amendment does not conflict with basic constitutional principles; articles including the republican form of government, the integrity and unity of the country, and fundamental citizens' liberties and rights cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016)
|Legal system:
|mixed legal system of French civil law and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials including several Supreme Court justices
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: Interim President Abdelkader BENSALAH (since 9 April 2019); note - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA resigned the presidency on 2 April 2019
head of government: Prime Minister Noureddine BEDOUI (since 11 March 2019)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (2-term limit reinstated by constitutional amendment in February 2016); election last held on 17 April 2014 (next was scheduled for 4 July 2019, but cancelled on 2 June 2019 by the Constitutional Council); prime minister nominated by the president after consultation with the majority party in Parliament
|Legislative branch:
| description: bicameral Parliament consists of: Council of the Nation (upper house with 144 seats; one-third of members appointed by the president, two-thirds indirectly elected by simple majority vote by an electoral college composed of local council members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) National People's Assembly (lower house with 462 seats including 8 seats for Algerians living abroad); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)
elections: Council of the Nation - last held on 29 December 2018 (next to be held in December 2021) National People's Assembly - last held on 4 May 2017 (next to be held in 2022)
election results: Council of the Nation - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 137, women 7, percent of women 5% National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 164, RND 97, MSP-FC 33, TAJ 19, Ennahda-FJD 15, FFS 14, El Mostakbel 14, MPA 13, PT 11, RCD 9, ANR 8, MEN 4, other 33, independent 28; composition - men 343, women 119, percent of women 25.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20.8%
|Judicial branch:
| highest courts: Supreme Court or Cour Suprême, (consists of 150 judges organized into 8 chambers: Civil, Commercial and Maritime, Criminal, House of Offenses and Contraventions, House of Petitions, Land, Personal Status, and Social; Constitutional Council (consists of 12 members including the court chairman and deputy chairman); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of Magistracy, an administrative body presided over by the president of the republic, and includes the republic vice-president and several members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 4 appointed by the president of the republic, 2 each by the 2 houses of Parliament, 2 by the Supreme Court, and 2 by the Council of State; Council president and members appointed for single 6-year terms with half the membership renewed every 3 years
subordinate courts: appellate or wilaya courts; first instance or daira tribunals
|Political parties and leaders:
|Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI] Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES] Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD] Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL] Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Hamid FERHI] Dignity or El Karama [Aymene HARKATI] Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ] Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH] Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID] Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Mohamed DOUIBI] Justice and Development Front or FJD [Abdellah DJABALLAH] Movement of National Construction (Harakat El-Binaa El-Watani) [Abdelkader BENGRINA] Movement of National Understanding or MEN Movement for National Reform or Islah [Filali GHOUINI] Movement of Society for Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MOKRI] National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA] National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA] National Liberation Front or FLN [Mohamed DJEMAI] National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD [Dalila YALAQUI] National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI] National Republican Alliance or ANR [Belkacem SAHLI] New Dawn Party or PFJ [Tahar BENBAIBECHE] New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI] Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE] Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID] Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS] Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hakim BELAHCEL] Union for Change and Progress or UCP [Zoubida Assoul] Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH] Vanguard of Freedoms [Ali BENFLIS] Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA] Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE] note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997
|International organization participation:
|ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BIS, CAEU, CD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
|National symbol(s):
| five-pointed star between the extended horns of a crescent moon, fennec fox;
national colors: green, white, red
|National anthem:
| name: "Kassaman" (We Pledge)
lyrics/music: Mufdi ZAKARIAH/Mohamed FAWZI
note: adopted 1962; ZAKARIAH wrote "Kassaman" as a poem while imprisoned in Algiers by French colonial forces
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Madjid BOUGUERRA (since 23 February 2015)
chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-2800
consulate(s) general: New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador John P. DESROCHER (since 5 September 2017)
embassy: 05 Chemin Cheikh Bachir, El Ibrahimi, El-Biar 16030 Algeria
mailing address: B. P. 408, Alger-Gare, 16030 Algiers
telephone: [213] (0) 770-08-2000
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Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In recent years the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy, pursuing an explicit import substitution policy. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 30% of GDP, 60% of budget revenues, and nearly 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world - including the 3rd-largest reserves of shale gas - and is the 6th-largest gas exporter. It ranks 16th in proven oil reserves. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. With lower oil prices since 2014, Algeria's foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than half and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $20 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum. Declining oil prices have also reduced the government's ability to use state-driven growth to distribute rents and fund generous public subsidies, and the government has been under pressure to reduce spending. Over the past three years, the government has enacted incremental increases in some taxes, resulting in modest increases in prices for gasoline, cigarettes, alcohol, and certain imported goods, but it has refrained from reducing subsidies, particularly for education, healthcare, and housing programs. Algiers has increased protectionist measures since 2015 to limit its import bill and encourage domestic production of non-oil and gas industries. Since 2015, the government has imposed additional restrictions on access to foreign exchange for imports, and import quotas for specific products, such as cars. In January 2018 the government imposed an indefinite suspension on the importation of roughly 850 products, subject to periodic review. President BOUTEFLIKA announced in fall 2017 that Algeria intends to develop its non-conventional energy resources. Algeria has struggled to develop non-hydrocarbon industries because of heavy regulation and an emphasis on state-driven growth. Algeria has not increased non-hydrocarbon exports, and hydrocarbon exports have declined because of field depletion and increased domestic demand.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| $630 billion (2017 est.) $621.3 billion (2016 est.) $602 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|$167.6 billion (2017 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|1.4% (2017 est.) 3.2% (2016 est.) 3.7% (2015 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| $15,200 (2017 est.) $15,200 (2016 est.) $15,100 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|37.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 37.4% of GDP (2016 est.) 36.4% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 42.7% (2017 est.) government consumption: 20.2% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 38.1% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 11.2% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 23.6% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -35.8% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 13.3% (2017 est.) industry: 39.3% (2017 est.) services: 47.4% (2017 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits; sheep, cattle
|petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing
|Industrial production growth rate:
|0.6% (2017 est.)
|Labor force:
|11.82 million (2017 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 10.8%
industry: 30.9%
services: 58.4% (2011 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|11.7% (2017 est.) 10.5% (2016 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|23% (2006 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 26.8% (1995)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|35.3 (1995)
| revenues: 54.15 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 70.2 billion (2017 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|32.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -9.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
|Public debt:
| 27.5% of GDP (2017 est.) 20.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover central government debt as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|5.6% (2017 est.) 6.4% (2016 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$22.1 billion (2017 est.) -$26.47 billion (2016 est.)
|$34.37 billion (2017 est.) $29.06 billion (2016 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97% (2009 est.)
|Exports - partners:
|Italy 17.4%, Spain 13%, France 11.9%, US 9.4%, Brazil 6.2%, Netherlands 5.5% (2017)
|$48.54 billion (2017 est.) $49.43 billion (2016 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
|Imports - partners:
|China 18.2%, France 9.1%, Italy 8%, Germany 7%, Spain 6.9%, Turkey 4.4% (2017)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$97.89 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $114.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$6.26 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $5.088 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$29.05 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $25.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$1.893 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $2.025 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|Exchange rates:
|Algerian dinars (DZD) per US dollar - 108.9 (2017 est.) 109.443 (2016 est.) 109.443 (2015 est.) 100.691 (2014 est.) 80.579 (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|66.89 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|55.96 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|641 million kWh (2015 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|257 million kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|19.27 million kW (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|96% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|1.306 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|756,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|5,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|12.2 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|627,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|405,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|578,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|82,930 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|93.5 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|41.28 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|53.88 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|4.504 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|135.9 million Mt (2017 est.)
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|Cellular Phones in use:
| total subscriptions: 49,873,389
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 122 (2017 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: privatization of Algeria's telecommunications sector began in 2000; three mobile-cellular licenses have been issued; regulator permits network operators to extend LTE services to additional provinces; a consortium led by Egypt's Orascom Telecom won a 15-year license to build and operate a fixed-line network in Algeria; migration to 5G (2018)
domestic: a limited network of fixed-lines with a teledensity of less than 10 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; mobile-cellular teledensity was roughly 122 telephones per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 213; ALPAL-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the Mediterranean Sea linking Algeria and the Spanish Balearic island of Majorca; ORVAL is a submarine cable to Spain; landing point for the TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; MED cable connecting Algeria with France; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia; new submarine cables to link to the US and France
|Broadcast media:
|state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
| total: 17,291,463
percent of population: 42.9% (July 2016 est.)
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|157 (2016)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 64
(2017) over 3,047 m: 12 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 29 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2017)
under 914 m: 1 (2017)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 93
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 39 (2013)
under 914 m: 34 (2013)
|3 (2013)
|2600 km condensate, 16415 km gas, 3447 km liquid petroleum gas, 7036 km oil, 144 km refined products (2013)
| total 3,973 km
(2014) standard gauge: 2,888 km 1.432-m gauge (283 km electrified) (2014)
narrow gauge: 1,085 km 1.055-m gauge (2014)
| total 104,000 km
(2015) paved: 71,656 km (2015)
unpaved: 32,344 km (2015)
|Merchant marine:
| total 106
by type: container ship 1, general cargo 11, oil tanker 10, other 84 (2018)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda LNG terminal(s) (export): Arzew, Bethioua, Skikda
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|Military branches:
|People's National Army (Armee Nationale Populaire, ANP): Land Forces (Forces Terrestres, FT), Navy of the Republic of Algeria (Marine de la Republique Algerienne, MRA), Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Jaza'eriya, QJJ), Territorial Air Defense Force (2016)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service; conscript service obligation is 18 months (6 months basic training, 12 months civil projects) (2018)
|Military expenditures:
|5.81% of GDP (2017) 6.55% of GDP (2016) 6.32% of GDP (2015) 5.54% of GDP (2014) 4.84% of GDP (2013)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Algeria and many other states reject Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled in Algeria, represents the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" which Algeria recognizes; the Algerian-Moroccan land border remains closed; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km of southeastern Algeria and the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco.
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|refugees (country of origin): more than 100,000 (Western Saharan Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf) (2018)
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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« Yet another Kennedy cover-up revealed | NY Times faults only Israel for loyalty oath; overlooks other countries »
October 11, 2010
Brave scientist calls out the global warming fraudsters
Big money and big politics have corrupted Big Science, and global warming is the proof.
The American Physical Society is the pre-eminent academic organization of American physicists, and supportive of the global warming fraud, which has generated billions of dollars in research funding for Big Science. In an extraordinary act, a prominent scientist has resigned from the APS, in protest of its forsaking of genuine science. Generally, scientists do not voluntarily separate themselves from such honors as membership in the APS.
Harold Lewis, Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, sent the following letter to Curtis G. Callan Jr, Princeton University, President of the American Physical Society, an act Anthony Watts likens to Martin Luther nailing his theses to the door of Wittenburg Cathedral. The letter speaks for itself, laying out the problem of corruption of big science:
Dear Curt:
When I first joined the American Physical Society sixty-seven years ago it was much smaller, much gentler, and as yet uncorrupted by the money flood (a threat against which Dwight Eisenhower warned a half-century ago). Indeed, the choice of physics as a profession was then a guarantor of a life of poverty and abstinence-it was World War II that changed all that. The prospect of worldly gain drove few physicists. As recently as thirty-five years ago, when I chaired the first APS study of a contentious social/scientific issue, The Reactor Safety Study, though there were zealots aplenty on the outside there was no hint of inordinate pressure on us as physicists. We were therefore able to produce what I believe was and is an honest appraisal of the situation at that time. We were further enabled by the presence of an oversight committee consisting of Pief Panofsky, Vicki Weisskopf, and Hans Bethe, all towering physicists beyond reproach. I was proud of what we did in a charged atmosphere. In the end the oversight committee, in its report to the APS President, noted the complete independence in which we did the job, and predicted that the report would be attacked from both sides. What greater tribute could there be?How different it is now. The giants no longer walk the earth, and the money flood has become the raison d'être of much physics research, the vital sustenance of much more, and it provides the support for untold numbers of professional jobs. For reasons that will soon become clear my former pride at being an APS Fellow all these years has been turned into shame, and I am forced, with no pleasure at all, to offer you my resignation from the Society.It is of course, the global warming scam, with the (literally) trillions of dollars driving it, that has corrupted so many scientists, and has carried APS before it like a rogue wave. It is the greatest and most successful pseudoscientific fraud I have seen in my long life as a physicist. Anyone who has the faintest doubt that this is so should force himself to read the ClimateGate documents, which lay it bare. (Montford's book organizes the facts very well.) I don't believe that any real physicist, nay scientist, can read that stuff without revulsion. I would almost make that revulsion a definition of the word scientist.So what has the APS, as an organization, done in the face of this challenge? It has accepted the corruption as the norm, and gone along with it. For example:1. About a year ago a few of us sent an e-mail on the subject to a fraction of the membership. APS ignored the issues, but the then President immediately launched a hostile investigation of where we got the e-mail addresses. In its better days, APS used to encourage discussion of important issues, and indeed the Constitution cites that as its principal purpose. No more. Everything that has been done in the last year has been designed to silence debate2. The appallingly tendentious APS statement on Climate Change was apparently written in a hurry by a few people over lunch, and is certainly not representative of the talents of APS members as I have long known them. So a few of us petitioned the Council to reconsider it. One of the outstanding marks of (in)distinction in the Statement was the poison word incontrovertible, which describes few items in physics, certainly not this one. In response APS appointed a secret committee that never met, never troubled to speak to any skeptics, yet endorsed the Statement in its entirety. (They did admit that the tone was a bit strong, but amazingly kept the poison word incontrovertible to describe the evidence, a position supported by no one.) In the end, the Council kept the original statement, word for word, but approved a far longer "explanatory" screed, admitting that there were uncertainties, but brushing them aside to give blanket approval to the original. The original Statement, which still stands as the APS position, also contains what I consider pompous and asinine advice to all world governments, as if the APS were master of the universe. It is not, and I am embarrassed that our leaders seem to think it is. This is not fun and games, these are serious matters involving vast fractions of our national substance, and the reputation of the Society as a scientific society is at stake.3. In the interim the ClimateGate scandal broke into the news, and the machinations of the principal alarmists were revealed to the world. It was a fraud on a scale I have never seen, and I lack the words to describe its enormity. Effect on the APS position: none. None at all. This is not science; other forces are at work.4. So a few of us tried to bring science into the act (that is, after all, the alleged and historic purpose of APS), and collected the necessary 200+ signatures to bring to the Council a proposal for a Topical Group on Climate Science, thinking that open discussion of the scientific issues, in the best tradition of physics, would be beneficial to all, and also a contribution to the nation. I might note that it was not easy to collect the signatures, since you denied us the use of the APS membership list. We conformed in every way with the requirements of the APS Constitution, and described in great detail what we had in mind-simply to bring the subject into the open.<5. To our amazement, Constitution be damned, you declined to accept our petition, but instead used your own control of the mailing list to run a poll on the members' interest in a TG on Climate and the Environment. You did ask the members if they would sign a petition to form a TG on your yet-to-be-defined subject, but provided no petition, and got lots of affirmative responses. (If you had asked about sex you would have gotten more expressions of interest.) There was of course no such petition or proposal, and you have now dropped the Environment part, so the whole matter is moot. (Any lawyer will tell you that you cannot collect signatures on a vague petition, and then fill in whatever you like.) The entire purpose of this exercise was to avoid your constitutional responsibility to take our petition to the Council.6. As of now you have formed still another secret and stacked committee to organize your own TG, simply ignoring our lawful petition.APS management has gamed the problem from the beginning, to suppress serious conversation about the merits of the climate change claims. Do you wonder that I have lost confidence in the organization?I do feel the need to add one note, and this is conjecture, since it is always risky to discuss other people's motives. This scheming at APS HQ is so bizarre that there cannot be a simple explanation for it. Some have held that the physicists of today are not as smart as they used to be, but I don't think that is an issue. I think it is the money, exactly what Eisenhower warned about a half-century ago. There are indeed trillions of dollars involved, to say nothing of the fame and glory (and frequent trips to exotic islands) that go with being a member of the club. Your own Physics Department (of which you are chairman) would lose millions a year if the global warming bubble burst. When Penn State absolved Mike Mann of wrongdoing, and the University of East Anglia did the same for Phil Jones, they cannot have been unaware of the financial penalty for doing otherwise. As the old saying goes, you don't have to be a weatherman to know which way the wind is blowing. Since I am no philosopher, I'm not going to explore at just which point enlightened self-interest crosses the line into corruption, but a careful reading of the ClimateGate releases makes it clear that this is not an academic question.I want no part of it, so please accept my resignation. APS no longer represents me, but I hope we are still friends.
HalHarold Lewis is Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, former Chairman; Former member Defense Science Board, chmn of Technology panel; Chairman DSB study on Nuclear Winter; Former member Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards; Former member, President's Nuclear Safety Oversight Committee; Chairman APS study on Nuclear Reactor Safety
Chairman Risk Assessment Review Group; Co-founder and former Chairman of JASON; Former member USAF Scientific Advisory Board; Served in US Navy in WW II; books: Technological Risk (about, surprise, technological risk) and Why Flip a Coin (about decision making)


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Sunday 2 September 2012
#SilentSunday: 2nd September 2012
44 comments:
Oh what is that giant ball?ReplyDelete
- RollercoasterMum2 September 2012 at 00:51
Great photo and yes - what is that ball?ReplyDelete
- JoBryan2 September 2012 at 06:16
Very clever shot,love the refection. Like a giant ball bearing!ReplyDelete
Great use of reflection in your photo. Is it a big, mirrored, disco ball?ReplyDelete
- otilia stocks2 September 2012 at 07:31
interesting? Karate!ReplyDelete
Great picture! Love the reflection in the ball! xxReplyDelete
Fantastic picture!ReplyDelete
Clever shot! What was going on?ReplyDelete
Oooh cool. What is happening there? I'm intrigued...ReplyDelete
I thought this was a bubble at first but it seems it's part of Mintfest?ReplyDelete
- MidlifeSinglemum2 September 2012 at 09:25
What an amazing picture - pure magic.ReplyDelete
WOW! That's so cool! The ball has everyone in awe in the comments - me included! It's like a sphere from space!ReplyDelete
The reflection is very clever, what's the ball? It's huge!ReplyDelete
- Louise Lloyd2 September 2012 at 10:57
Very clever reflection, I like it when shots like that work!ReplyDelete
Love the reflection. What a great photoReplyDelete
a theatre propReplyDelete
see yesterday's post!ReplyDelete
I can almost see myself in it?ReplyDelete
I enjoyed it too ;-)ReplyDelete
see yesterday's post ;-)ReplyDelete
yes from little universeReplyDelete
that's what it represents!ReplyDelete
I was dead chuffedReplyDelete
- single married mum2 September 2012 at 11:54
What a fabulous photo! Really striking.ReplyDelete
- RollercoasterMum2 September 2012 at 12:43
doh! well I was commenting at 1am so that's my excuse - looks like a fascinating festivalReplyDelete
This is such a fantastic photo. I really wish I was a bit more creative when I see things like this. Fab.ReplyDelete
This is SO cool! I love it :)ReplyDelete
ohh wow this is a great shot! :)ReplyDelete
oh and Huge congrats on the Toyologist spot! you'll have a ball!!ReplyDelete
Brilliant idea for a photo - well done!ReplyDelete
That's such a cool shot!ReplyDelete
Right place and timeReplyDelete
Did one by accident then tried to do better and got thisReplyDelete
oh and answer in other Mintfest posts!ReplyDelete
Great use of reflection in your photo. Is it a big, mirrored, disco ball?ReplyDelete


text:
Jumping Spider Eco Cutter™
Eco Cutters ™
Regular price $6.96
100% Eco-friendly
100% Non-toxic
100% Australian made and owned
Size: 13.5 cm
These eco-friendly dough cutters are designed and made by Kinfolk Pantry.
Each piece is designed from recycled wood mill sawdust, and plant-based biodegradable plastic; then brought to life in a home studio in the beautiful Wollondilly Shire. As they are made in small batches, each cutter has its own unique charm and character.
We wanted to bring nature into these creative moments. Dough playing is such an integral part of all children's development, helping build their own creativity, sensory learning and motor-skills. These will be part of your child's imagination and memories; it's worth making them as unique as your brood.
Origin: Made in Australia
Made from: Recycled wood-mill sawdust and PLA plastic.
We only use biodegradable elements in our cutters, PLA plastic is derived from plant-based sources such as fermented corn starch and the sawdust we use is recycled and untreated. We are committed to natural, non-toxic, and eco-friendly craftsmanship.
How to clean: Use a dry cloth to wipe off any remaining dough
Durability: To prolong the life of your biodegradable dough cutters avoids leaving them in direct sunlight or moisture.
Store them in a cool, dry place when not in use, and don't forget, they will wear faster than traditional plastics. Being eco-friendly, they will age as everything is supposed to, and leave little behind.
Includes: 1 x Jumping Spider Eco Cutter ™