text:
- 400,000 year old Homo heidelbergensis in Iberia had mtDNA similar to Middle Paleolithic Denisovans from the Altai. This is important because of the age of the sample which opens up new vistas for ancient DNA research and because it is the first link to the mysterious Denisovans.
- A Neandertal inhabited the same cave where the Denisovan fingerbone was found. Denisovans had Neandertal admixture as well as admixture with an unknown "ultra-archaic" group; Eurasians have admixture from a Neandertal most similar to the Mezmaiskaya sample from the Caucasus; East Eurasians have a little bit of Denisovan admixture, while Australasians have a lot more; and all Sub-Saharan Africans seem to have a little bit of Neandertal admixture too, via West Eurasians during the Holocene.
- A ~24,000 year old Upper Paleolithic Siberian from Mal'ta is related to Native Americans who are a mix of it and East Asians. Mal'ta was related to West Eurasians and not to East Eurasians. It belonged to Y-haplogroup R* and mt-haplogroup U*.
- On the other hand, a ~40,000 year old from China was definitely East Eurasian.
- Europeans are a 3-way mix of Neolithic farmers, Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and aforementioned UP Siberian-like "Ancient North Eurasians"; Early LBK farmers from Central Europe resemble later Oetzi, Swedish farmers, and probably Iberian farmers too. They also had mysterious "Basal Eurasian" ancestry from the deepest split of the Eurasian tree. Mesolithic Europeans had lots of Y-haplogroup I.
- Ancient mtDNA reveals that something happened during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age in Germany; the populations from that time are the first ones who appear quasi-modern in their haplogroup frequencies. It also turns out that hunter-gatherers didn't disappear in Germany after the LBK came along. And mtDNA haplogroup H, most frequent in modern Europeans, established itself around the Mid-to-Late Neolithic.
- West Siberia had a West/East Eurasian admixed population during the Bronze Age, like earlier ages.
- Lots of hints of interesting events in the European steppe too.
- Modern Tuscans probably not descended from ancient Etruscans; discontinuity seems to be the rule.
- Minoans were fairly regular Europeans, not North African (they had little mtDNA U, though, maybe like Mesolithic Greeks).
- A lot more mtDNA haplogroup U from really old Europeans, and mtDNA haplogroups M+N date to ~77 thousand years ago.
- Mesolithic west Europeans had blue eyes, but Neolithic Europeans had brown ones and European steppe populations "darker" than modern Europeans). ~8,000 year old Europeans had dark brown or black hair (at least two of them).
December 26, 2013
Ancient DNA: what 2013 has brought
45 comments:
- Davidski said...
Have you been able to download that new Human Origins dataset? Apparently it should be here, but it never works for me.
- Thursday, December 26, 2013 3:27:00 pm
- Ken said...
It is most unlikely Mesolithic west Europeans had blue eyes, but darker skin than the LBK. There would be no reason for it in hunters, if vitamin D was supplied from meat and fish, and light eyes were a side effect of lighter skin for increased synthesis of vitamin D needed bu agricultural populations. No population has light eyes and dark skin today. Not a one. We know Mesolithic hunters had blue eyes, it is reasonable to assume they had light skin, and hair.
European steppe populations "darker" than modern Europeans should be no surprise. Who thought that hair and eye colours came from Indo Europeans?
"~8,000 year old Europeans had dark brown or black hair at least two of them."
Lots still do.
- Thursday, December 26, 2013 6:06:00 pm
- Fanty said...
Well, yeah theoretically skin/hair/eye migmentation should be related.
On the other hand, its said, unlike with skin pigmentation, eye pigmentation has no positive or negative effect. And the scientists who, years ago, researched the genetics behind blue eyes said, the only reason, why blue eyes could become so widespread is because humans enforced it (Breeded children with blue eyes (possibly killed others?) in kind of religious fetish or something.
They even used the term "Hunter gatherer tribes" at that time, as if they already knew, from who these originated.
Ah and here are some examples of people who are not perfectly white but have blue eyes (of course, most of them are mutts, sometimes they may just "tanned" by the sun or solar studio :-D :
the extreme case:
- Thursday, December 26, 2013 11:09:00 pm
- terryt said...
"I bet 2014 will be equally exciting!"
I'm sure of it.
"A ~24,000 year old Upper Paleolithic Siberian from Mal'ta is related to Native Americans who are a mix of it and East Asians. Mal'ta was related to West Eurasians and not to East Eurasians".
Believe it or not, many commenters at this blog still refuse to accept that statement. You know who they are of course.
"Europeans are a 3-way mix of Neolithic farmers, Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and aforementioned UP Siberian-like 'Ancient North Eurasians'"
Nor are the same people prepared to accept any connection between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and aforementioned UP Siberian-like Mal'ta individual. Amazing, isn't it?
"No population has light eyes and dark skin today".
Not entirely true. Many New Zealand Maori with some European ancestry have blue eyes and darker skin than Europeans.
- Friday, December 27, 2013 4:33:00 am
- Tobus said...
Of the 3 major "European" light skin SNP's (SLC24A5, SLC45A2 and TYR) Loschbour has the ancestral dark-skin variant at all 3, Stuttgart has 1 dark, one light and 1 heterozygous, and Otzi has 2 light. If this is representative it seems that "white" skin is very recent indeed... at least in Europe.
- Friday, December 27, 2013 2:51:00 pm
- bmdriver said...
"~8,000 year old Europeans had dark brown or black hair at least two of them."
Yes, as they are a migration from India and Indians.
- Friday, December 27, 2013 5:17:00 pm
- Krefter said...
Tobus, where did you hear Loschbour has the ancestral dark skin variant in those three SNP's? I really doubt he and most Mesolithic Europeans had dark skin.
You cant generalize all ancient Europeans as the same people. The farmers and hunter gatherers are the two major ancestral populations to modern Europeans. They were not very related to each other besides being west Eurasian and some mixing between the two. So when debating when light skin developed in modern Europeans you have to remember that. Light skin would not have developed in both those populations at the same time.
So far 2/2 Mesolithic European samples have blue eyes. There is no way if they had a high amount of blue eyes that they also had dark skin, that doesn't exist today. When ever I tell people that, they cherry pick pictures off the internet of blue eyed Indians. But what dark skinned people have over 5% blue eyes? Probably none, and if there is one like maybe Kablye they are also known for other European features including light skin.
In Europe today generally the more Mesolithic ancestry(based in autosomal DNA) the more light hair and eyes a population has. That is why I am not surprised with 2/2 blue eyes from Mesolithic Europe so far.
I have heard some say well blue eyes came from the dark skinned Mesolithic people while light skin comes from the farmers. How does that make any sense? Dark haired and eyed European populations(have more farmer ancestry) also have darker skin and are known as olive, while very light haired and eyed Europeans have much lighter skin.
Since blue eyes are so popular in Baltics(highest amount of Mesolithic ancestry) then why don't they have dark skin? The saying has always gone light skin, blue eyes, and blonde hair not dark skin and blue eyes. If your guys theory's that Mesolithic Europeans had blue eyes and dark skin was correct then the saying wouldn't connect it with light skin. Even ancient Romans connected light eyes with light skin. There is no doubt the blue eyes found in Mesolithic Europe is connected with blue eyes in Europe today.
I think some people assume or have a tendency to think light features in Europe are recent, I know there is something psychological behind it.
- Friday, December 27, 2013 8:46:00 pm
- mooreisbetter said...
The more things change, the more they stay the same.
The hardcore, real, genuine scientists have been saying these things for years, really. They just don't say it with the certainty and pop-sci packaging that certain people use.
Recall the seminal paper on the I-M170 Y chromosome line by Siri Rootsi in 2005-2006. In it, she posited that:
(1) Hg I was the second major line of AMHS in Europe. That it came it with the Gravettian wave of settlement, and has been there at least since the Mesolithic.
(2) That the first line in Europe, contrary to certain modern speculation (that it was C, or even A00), was likely R* or R1*.
(3) That an explosion of colonization from pockets of I located primarily in the Balkans but also perhaps Italy or Spain -- intro central Europe and up into Scandinavia -- is the reason for the R1a and R1b split we see today.
And lo and behold, this was all true.
- Friday, December 27, 2013 9:24:00 pm
- Dienekes said...
(2) That the first line in Europe, contrary to certain modern speculation (that it was C, or even A00), was likely R* or R1*.
And lo and behold, this was all true.
In case I missed some episodes, what is the ancient DNA evidence that R* or R1* was the first line in Europe?
- Friday, December 27, 2013 9:28:00 pm
- Krefter said...
The theory's that R1b and R1a lines in Europe have been there since the Mesolithic have actually been proven incorrect. R1b L11 arrived in west Europe just 5,000bp and took most of west Europe by 3,000bp probably spread by Indo Europeans Germans, Celts, and Italians. R1a1a1 M417 which takes up almost all modern R1a is descended from many different Indo European migrations out of far eastern Europe, during the copper-bronze age.
- Friday, December 27, 2013 9:45:00 pm
- terryt said...
"I have heard some say well blue eyes came from the dark skinned Mesolithic people while light skin comes from the farmers. How does that make any sense?"
"I think some people assume or have a tendency to think light features in Europe are recent, I know there is something psychological behind it".
I think you are correct here too. If light skin is an environmentla adaptation it cannot have developed very recently. It must be fairly ancient.
- Friday, December 27, 2013 10:28:00 pm
- Adrian Purcell Heathcote said...
barajobama wrote : "R1b L11 arrived in west Europe just 5,000bp and took most of west Europe by 3,000bp probably spread by Indo Europeans Germans, Celts, and Italians. R1a1a1 M417 which takes up almost all modern R1a is descended from many different Indo European migrations out of far eastern Europe, during the copper-bronze age."
What is the evidence for there being any R1b in Europe even in the Bronze Age? Where was the individual that supplied this?
The earliest R1b that I know of was from Tutankhamen — and thus presumably Akhenaten., and that was 1300 bc. Can you name any ancient remains in Europe that have shown R1b before this date?
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 12:12:00 am
- mooreisbetter said...
@Dienekes: The theory that R* or R1* was the first in Europe stems from logic, a discipline that you Greeks invented.
We have the Ma'lta Siberian as R*, and it is one of the oldest Eurasian Ancient DNA samples -- period. There is our fact.
The Ma'lta sample would certainly be as close as the Ancient North Eurasian cohort in the second paper.
Of modern populations, those with the highest percentages of both R1b and R1a also bear the highest percentages of Ancient North Eurasian: Scots and Basques have equal percentages to Belorussians and other Eastern Europeans.
In other words, we have two facts:
(1) an Ancient North Eurasian sample was R*
(2) Modern R-descended populations are the most "Ancient North Eurasian."
leading us to this conclusion.
Face it: R1 lines are a European mirror for Ancient North Eurasian. Which makes sense, because we have clear evidence that the R lines are Ancient, north, and Eurasian.
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 12:22:00 am
- mooreisbetter said...
Give it a rest, will you?
By the time that most identifiable ethnic groups existed, even IEs or PIEs, people were already a mosaic of Y-lines.
I could buy that R1b expanded with a population explosion of milk-digesters, outcompeting the lactose intolerant during an epoch of grave famine. Those milk digesters even likely worshipped their new abilities so much, they buried their dead with udder-like drinking cups (bell beakers).
But your notions of R1b expanding with a group of langauge speakers is laughable.
Model things backward:
Modern Spaniards are a mix of peoples. They probably have 20+ Y chromosome lines.
2000 years ago, Spaniards were a little less admixed, mostly Celtiberians and Tartessians and Romans: They probably had 15+ Y chromosome lines.
2000 years before that, they were a little less admixed. Still 10+ lines.
You have to go back to the dawn of time to make broad statements like yours accurate.
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 12:27:00 am
- Tobus said...
Tobus, where did you hear Loschbour has the ancestral dark skin variant in those three SNP's? I really doubt he and most Mesolithic Europeans had dark skin.
It's in the supplementary info table S7.1 (p. 37) - rs16891982 (both have dark), rs1426654 (Losch dark, Stutt light) and rs1042602 (Losch dark, Stutt hetero). One of the many studies associating these alleles with light skin can be found here.
Two recent studies have suggested the selective sweeps for the light alleles occurred at least 10kya, so I too find these results surprising. If they hold up it would seem that "white" skin may evolved outside Europe and migrated in later. I should note that Razib has already hypothesised this for SLC24A5 which is found all through West and South Asia, but the other two are mostly restricted to Europe.
So far 2/2 Mesolithic European samples have blue eyes. There is no way if they had a high amount of blue eyes that they also had dark skin, that doesn't exist today.
Loschbour only has a 50% probability of having blue eyes - he just as likely didn't as he did... given the 100% probability that he didn't have modern European skin colour, the logical assumption would be that he didn't have blue eyes, not that he didn't have dark skin. The published La Brana DNA coverage doesn't include any of the skin colour alleles (neither do the Swedish samples unfortunately), so he may well have had light skin to match his blue eyes - we just don't know.
AFAIK blue eyes and light skin evolved independently, with light skin being an adaptation to UV, but blue eyes being driven primarily by sexual selection. If that is the case then it's certainly *possible* that ancient populations had a mix of the two, even if such a phenotype no longer exists today.
Dark haired and eyed European populations(have more farmer ancestry) also have darker skin and are known as olive, while very light haired and eyed Europeans have much lighter skin.
This is a common fallacy, what you are seeing is increased tanning response. Empirical studies using non-exposed areas of skin (inside upper arm generally) show no difference in skin reflectance between Mediterraneans and Northern Europeans (see Table 6 in Jablonski 2000).
I think some people assume or have a tendency to think light features in Europe are recent, I know there is something psychological behind it.
The original assumption was that Cro-Magnon was white and represented the ancestors of modern Europeans. In the last 10 years scientists have found evidence of multiple migrations and replacements into Europe and have discovered the genetics behind depigmentation are less than 20kya old, meaning Cro-Magnon was probably dark-skinned and not a direct ancestor of modern Europeans. As more ancient DNA comes to light we get a better picture of when and where light skin developed, and these latest mesolithic finds suggest it wasn't widespread in Europe 8,000 years ago. Contrary to what you "know", it's science that suggests "white" skin is a recent phenomenon, at odds with the "psychological" assumption that Europeans have always had same phenotype that they do today.
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 1:31:00 am
- Rob said...
"Mesolithic Europeans had lots of Y-haplogroup I."
Which specific papers show that, Dienekes ? Thanks
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 2:22:00 am
- eurologist said...
I have not read too many papers about that, but my intuition (and anecdotal experience) tell me that some genes resulting in dark skin are independent of light exposure, but others very much are.
It is an incredible benefit to have seasonally adjusting skin UV filtering, given that both vitamin D production and protection against folic acid loss must be optimized.
As a result, some people get much darker and much more easily so under the influence of UV exposure.
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 2:52:00 pm
- Simon_W said...
@ Locrian
See here:
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 3:10:00 pm
- Simon_W said...
Mooreisbetter, I'm buying your two facts, but don't see how this proves that R1 was the first lineage in Europe. In particular it doesn't follow that R1 was present in western Europe since the paleolithic. In fact, the recent finding that both the Western European hunter-gatherers, as well as their Scandinavian fellows were considerably less ANE admixed than many modern Europeans clearly contradicts with such a conclusion.
As for your objection to theories linking the spread of haplogroups to the spread of ethnic groups – I cannot agree fully. I think these theories work with simplifications – they speak of "the haplogroup" of an ethnic groups as if it just had one – but I think by this they actually just mean the predominant one or two haplogroups. And there are examples where haplogroups spread with the migration of an ethnic group. For instance, who introduced R1b to Mexico? The Spaniards. Even though they had plenty of other haplogroups.
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 4:06:00 pm
- ren said...
I wonder why the most important implication keeps getting ignored.
Supplement 10 of Lazaridis also makes it probable that Near Eastern populations are over 60% Basal Eurasian while Baltic Europeans are over 85% Derived Eurasian.
This makes two poles of 2 totally different races, one basal, the other more related to non-Near Eastern Eurasians.
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 6:28:00 pm
- Dienekes said...
Which specific papers show that, Dienekes ? Thanks
The paper I link to in that bullet point.
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 9:52:00 pm
- matt said...
The report that 19 of 3700 men had the same ydna ancestors as Otzi gives one data point on current ydna probability versus 5000 years ago.
- Saturday, December 28, 2013 11:56:00 pm
- Ken said...
"It is an incredible benefit to have seasonally adjusting skin UV filtering, given that both vitamin D production and protection against folic acid loss must be optimized"
1)If the sun or ultra violet light really destroyed appreciable amounts of folic acid there would be rather noticeable consequences from sunbathing and sunbed use. You see an epidemic of pernicious anemia and birth defects in sun worshipers?
3)The origin of European skin lightening is too late for straight vitamin d at latitude to be the answer. Modern humans lived in north Europe during the Upper Pleistocene without light skin, as the de-pigmentation in Europe is dated at between 19,000 and 11,000 years ago.
3) White skin is dated before blue eyes and the mechanisms of sex recognition mean light skin would need to be there before blue eyes. See here.
4)Farming having reduced dietary vitamin D sources, was supposed to have led to selection for lighter skin and maximizing of vitamin D synthesis for resistance to rickets, cancer and infectious diseases, in high latitudes. The evolution of light eye and hair coloration was still supposed to be a side effect of natural selection for vitamin D, but in farmers.
The relevance of blue eyes being around in the European Mesolithic (ie pre-agriculture) is that is too long ago for an agriculture hypothesis. The only explanation for blue eyes that still makes sense is sexual selection.
- Sunday, December 29, 2013 12:56:00 am
- Adrian Purcell Heathcote said...
Simon_W : thanks for the link. I'd forgotten that find. 3000 bc in Germany is certainly interesting. It would be nice to find it in Spain around the same time or earlier however to consolidate its association with Bell Beaker.
On the presence of R1b in the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, I think it is a great shame that the largest repository of ancient dna is not being examined and it's links to the rest of the region studied. Egypt has become the elephant in the room when ancient populations are discussed: the most powerful culture anywhere close to Europe for 2,000 years and it is treated as though it is not there, either as a source of populations or sink. It's the kind of blindness that can't last.
- Sunday, December 29, 2013 2:45:00 am
- Tobus said...
@Eurologist: As a result, some people get much darker and much more easily so under the influence of UV exposure.
This "environmental" darkening (ie tanning) is deliberately excluded when searching for cross-populatiation pigmentation genes by using unexposed skin when measuring skin "colour". From my understanding the ability to tan is the ancestral state and is common to all populations. It's only in low UV areas like northern Europe that the non-tanning (sunburn!) phenotype reaches any kind of significance, likely due to relaxed conditions as opposed to positive selection.... many southern European populations have retained the tanning ability while still being just as depigmented as in the north.
@Ken: If the sun or ultra violet light really destroyed appreciable amounts of folic acid there would be rather noticeable consequences from sunbathing and sunbed use
Any such problems in the modern era would be covered up by improved diet and medical treatment. One alternate theory is that the increased melanin provides an epidermal barrier to infection. Whatever the reason, it does seem that dark skin has been under extremely high functional constraint in the tropics and high-UV areas for hundreds of thousands of years. It could be argued that light skin results from a relaxation of this constraint combined with sexual selection as opposed to being a better low-UV phenotype in itself, especially given the existing sexual dimorphism in this regard in all populations.
- Sunday, December 29, 2013 6:53:00 am
- eurologist said...
"If the sun or ultra violet light really destroyed appreciable amounts of folic acid there would be rather noticeable consequences from sunbathing and sunbed use. You see an epidemic of pernicious anemia and birth defects in sun worshipers?"
I don't understand your logic. That is exactly the reason why seasonally adjustable skin color developed. Also, the Vitamin D / folic acid balance is not my theory.
- Sunday, December 29, 2013 9:29:00 am
- Ken said...
Eurologist, I'm afaid your first ref which confidently asserts ("damage by UV for folic acid generation [sic])ref is in conflict with the second which says "direct photodegradation of folates may not be the mechanism of biological significance."
Although 'IN aqueous solutions, in blood and even in human skin, folic acid may be degraded by ultraviolet radiation', our ancestors they did not have 'Folic acid' in the blood (ie 'unmetabolized folic acid in serum', which is problematic for genome stability and overall health. See here. The form of folate that humans naturally have after ingesting food (as opposed to supplements) is methyltetrahydrofolate. Not only is it probably better for maintaining genomic stability, as the above lik says, it is not broken down by UV in the absence of photosensitizers. Jablonski and Chaplin staked their generalisations on psoriasis patients who had been treated with photosensitisers. As Bruce Ames wrote here "These observations suggest a new role for reduced folate in protection from ultraviolet damage and have bearing on the hypothesis that folate photodegradation influenced the evolution of human skin color".
The vitamin D side is even more clear cut. Confirming the (gold standard for medical advice) IoM report, a recent study found Race, genetics explained variations in 25-hydroxyvitamin D. It's got nothing to do with skin pigment, and so black Africans do not need extra vitamin D in north America or Europe. There is only one explanation left standing.
- Sunday, December 29, 2013 6:49:00 pm
- Ken said...
" dark skin has been under extremely high functional constraint in the tropics and high-UV areas for hundreds of thousands of years"
Tobias, dark skin does not correlate with UV intensity even in Sub Saharan Africa (Bushmen of the Kalahari). What it does correlate with is polygyny (and digit ratio). See here In Africa the hunter-gatherers are brown not 'black'. I agree that dark skin protects against infection, but high testosterone, such as would be selected for in polygyny, is immunosuppressive.
- Sunday, December 29, 2013 7:19:00 pm
- Tobus said...
@Ken: Tobias, dark skin does not correlate with UV intensity even in Sub Saharan Africa (Bushmen of the Kalahari)
I guess that depends on how you define "Dark skin". While there is certainly a wide range of pigmentation in Sub-Saharan Africa, "light-skinned" populations such as the San still have much darker skin than Europeans and East Asians, with reflectance levels comparable to the darkest South Asians.
I agree that a UV-only theory is fairly weak and circumstantial, and the mono/poly-gamy angle is not one I'd encountered before, so thanks for the link.
- Monday, December 30, 2013 2:58:00 am
I also think that Scandinavians and others inbred for blue eyes. Estonians must really like blue eyes, since 98% of them have blue eyes.
I think that brown eyes were the first eye mutation. Most of the world has such a deep dark brown, that it's almost black. Sub Saharan Africans and East Asians for the most part, are an example of having nearly black or heavily pigmented irises.
The further away from the Black Sea, the darker the eyes. No one ever talks about light to medium brown eyes being a mutation of less melanin in the front of the iris. You can distinguish the pupil easily, unlike heavily pigmented nearly black eyes.
East Asians have the light skin, but not the light eyes. At most, they picked up some lighter browns, but not a lot. No one talks about lighter skinned people who did not obtain lighter eyes.
No one thinks about European Mediterraneans being hunter gathers that perhaps turned farmer. The basic deep genetics of Sardinia is a good example of this.
Instead, we get the whole Anatolian story from so many genetic sites. I doubt hunter gathers were totally in northern Europe and I doubt that southern Europeans are only Anatolian mixed with European. Instead I'd like to see if we have an ancient southern European hunter gatherer component.
I don't like Mediterranean as a group for southern Europeans. It leads people to faulty conclusions about southern Europeans, especially Italians. Having tested Italian and being extremely pale skinned, I can attest to the fact that we aren't all dark.
Mediterranean gives the impression of being related to north Africa. I came in with a fraction of a percent of any kind of north African markers and zero sub Saharan. Also very little middle eastern. 5% at most. I ran my data through Gedmatch.
I'm northern Italian and the variations on Gedmatch between the admixture programs were laughable. My genetics were European and Italian, but there were wild variations in my northern European component.
2014 to me will be yet more confusion and I doubt we will get clarity. I found genetic testing sites and Gedmatch to be more like astrology than contributing any real answers; the reason being that the answers are too complex.
- Monday, December 30, 2013 10:49:00 am
- Simon_W said...
Jules, the different admixture calculators at Gedmatch differ from each other because each project that created them used different population sets and varying numbers of components. That's why the components are not the same in every calculator. Also partly there were different methods used in the finding and definition of the components. But for instance Dodecad with its K12b and the Harappa Project arrived at very similar components, those from MDLP World-22 differ a little, obviously most of all because of the inclusion of ancient DNA. Eurogenes differs the most because of very high numbers of components and different methodolgy. It's far from being nonsense, but you have to bear the reasons for the differences in mind.
- Monday, December 30, 2013 1:03:00 pm
- eurologist said...
You are really grasping at straws, here. None of the studies you cited explain what we are are talking about, here, at any significant level.
- Monday, December 30, 2013 1:21:00 pm
- Ken said...
Allow me, if I may, to quote "The intensity of UVA was ∼3-fold less than the maximum level in solar radiation. Thus, the observed rates of photodegradation are so low that a meaningful physiological impact of UVA or UVB in sunlight on 5-MTHF in the absence of photosensitizers seems unlikely, especially taking into account the integrated exposure to solar UV over an entire day or season rather than the maximum level during the day." here.
(My comment:Solar UV does not cause folic acid deficiency or cause it to become mutagenic.)
"Powe and colleagues provide clear evidence that racial differences in serum 25-(OH)D are due to common genetic polymorphisms, and that bioavailable 25-(OH)D may be a better indicator for determining insufficiency. Thus, screening individuals for low vitamin D using the conventional serum 25-(OH)D measurement may lead to erroneous results." here.
(My comment: Africans' dark skin does not interfere with vitamin D synthesis.)
Tobias, the most polygynous place in Africa is Senegal, and it also has the darkest skinned population.
- Monday, December 30, 2013 9:01:00 pm
- Michael J Hunter said...
Sorry for the multiple postings: trying to establish gmail and get send full information.
With the Neanderthal genome now published, for the first time, scientists have a rich new resource of comparative evolution. For example, recently, scientists have shown that humans and Neanderthals once interbred, with the accumulation of elements of Neanderthal DNA found in up to 5 percent in modern humans. Scientist have found evidence of accumulation of a Neanderthal DNA region found on chromosome 3 that contains 18 genes, with several related to UV-light adaptation, including the Hyal2 gene. Their results reveal this region was positively selected and enriched in East Asians, ranging from up to 49 percent in Japanese to 66 percent in Southern Chinese.
Neanderthal Introgression at Chromosome 3p21.31 was Under Positive Natural Selection in East Asians
- Tuesday, December 31, 2013 6:30:00 am
Hi Simon,
Okay, well, I was a little harsh there about Gedmatch. I do understand that you can't always pull apart recent and deep ancestry. Geno 2.0 and 23andMe enlightened me there. I'll keep in mind what you said about the different programs. I ran my 23andMe data through Gedmatch. I read the blogs associated with these programs and some are detailed in explanation and others are not. I'll run the ones you mentioned again and check them against each other. Thanks much. Happy New Year to all.
- Tuesday, December 31, 2013 8:21:00 am
- Matt said...
@ Dienekes, with respect to the "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" paper, do you think it would be practical to use the mean admixing proportions given to "recreate" the ANE, WE and EEF populations, as per your "zombie" ancestral North Indian and ancestral South Indian populations?
Are there any statistical reasons why this would not be as valid?
- Tuesday, December 31, 2013 2:10:00 pm
- Tobus said...
@Ken:the most polygynous place in Africa is Senegal, and it also has the darkest skinned population.
That may be so, but it doesn't imply causation. According to my sources some the darkest populations in Africa are in Mozambique, Cameroon ,Namibia, Chad, Tanzania, Malawi, Nigeria and Zaire (Dalton 2011). There is some crossover, but on the whole there doesn't seem to be any significant correlation between polygyny and pigmentation based on those two sources.
- Wednesday, January 01, 2014 1:58:00 am
- Simon_W said...
Jules, true, these Admixture calculators can't distinguish between recent and deep ancestry. Moreover a component called "North European" for instance doesn't necessarily imply ancestry from northern Europe, since even pre-neolithic Iberians were strongly "Northern European". Italians are known to have a very multiethnic past with various tribes and languages being present in pre-Roman times. On the other hand, they didn't mix much with other peoples since then, as their low international IBD-sharing shows, so they were more or less in place since then. A good knowledge of ancient history and archeology is certainly useful to help interpreting the results of an admixture analysis. Personally I was also very interested in the analysis of my Italian ancestry, from the Emilia-Romagna region. My conclusion so far being that my grandfather from this region seems to be closest to the Bergamo sample, but with relatively little North European admixture and a tendency towards Semitic peoples that was quite mysterious to me at first. But now I see that he's just a little closer to the "Stuttgart" Early European Farmer than the north Italians from Bergamo are – which conforms well to the comparatively low incidence of blond hair in the Emilia-Romagna. Apparently the Celtic impact in this region was quite modest. I also analyzed my East Prussian grandmother's DNA sample with great interest, especially with regards to the percentage of Old Prussian ancestry. The "oracles" are very useful for such purposes, but they have to be used with caution as well. I estimate her Old Prussian ancestry to be about 25%, so it's definitely present, but not as high as I had anticipated. Another amazing example of a successful application of the admixture calculators is from a distant English cousin of mine who was told a "family legend" about some Roma roots of one of her forebears. I immediately doubted her story. But then I ran her DNA sample through the Dodecad calculators and I noted a slightly, but appreciably elevated level of the South Asian component. I can only conclude that her family legend must be right. But always remember that the components of different calculators are not the same even when their name is the same. What a result in components means, is best assessed by comparing it to the percentage levels of other populations. And for this purpose there are the associated oracles.
- Wednesday, January 01, 2014 3:58:00 pm
- apostateimpressions said...
It seems that Neanderthals contributed genes that are still functional in some AMH, eg. for light adaptation.
Science Daily, Dec 18
Are there any advantages to the retention of Neanderthal DNA that favors modern humans? In a new article published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, authors Jin, et. al., present evidence for the accumulation of a Neanderthal DNA region found on chromosome 3 that contains 18 genes, with several related to UV-light adaptation, including the Hyal2 gene. Their results reveal this region was positively selected and enriched in East Asians, ranging from up to 49 percent in Japanese to 66 percent in Southern Chinese.
- Thursday, January 02, 2014 5:49:00 am
- apostateimpressions said...
Another, from Nov:
'Immune Gene' in Humans Inherited from Neanderthals, Study Suggests
A research group at Bonn University and international collaborators discovered a novel receptor, which allows the immune system of modern humans to recognize dangerous invaders, and subsequently elicits an immune response. The blueprint for this advantageous structure was in addition identified in the genome of Neanderthals, hinting at its origin. The receptor provided these early humans with immunity against local diseases. The presence of this receptor in Europeans but its absence in early men suggests that it was inherited from Neanderthals.
- Thursday, January 02, 2014 6:06:00 am
Simon, I learned a lot in the two posts you have up. Many things are making sense. My father's family is from near Ferrara in Emilia-Romagna. They originated in Tuscany very long ago from what I understand. I came in with some Jewish ancestry also. I have no clue about that. Thanks for all the information about your family and Emilia-Romagna. I can't keep my ancestry straight anymore. I get such various accounts from family and genetically also. I normally come in Tuscan first. I'm having a hard time accounting for various northern European and Baltic results. It depends on recent or deep ancestry. One testing site does Caucasus and they did not have me there, only Tuscan and Greek. When I run my data through other programs the Tuscan/Northern Italian shows up as well as Greek and Caucasus. I think there may be things about my family I don't know and I've run into dead ends with research. I'm not sure you'll get this response. I've been having problem with my Google Account doing odd things. Thanks for the information. Very informative.
- Saturday, January 04, 2014 6:51:00 am
- Simon_W said...
Jules, we're getting off the thread topic, I hope Dienekes bends the rules...
Distant roots of a certain lineage, e.g. of your purely male line of descent, hardly matter genetically. If you go back just five generations, to one of your g.g.g-grandparents, then that ancestor is just one of 32 g.g.g.-grandparents. On average he or she would have given you 1/32 of your DNA. This number would halve with every additional generation backwards. So you see, it's negligible. For this reason I've never quite understood the fasciniation for genealogy that some people have. In my opinion it suffices to know where your 8 great-grandparents were from. Or your 16 g.g-grandparents at most.
Northern European influence in Italy isn't abnormal at all. Every Italian has a decent bit of it, except for the Sardinians. Ötzi the Iceman didn't yet have it. So apparently it arrived later with tribes which came from central Europe. So in all likelyhood you don't have to consider recent northern European ancestry to account for this. But we don't have to guess, you can compare your percentage number with the averages of the various Italian subpopulations in the spreadsheet of the calculator (at least Dodecad does have spreadsheets), or you can look if the associated oracle suggests some admixture from a northern population.
I think you confuse admixture components and populations. Tuscans, Greeks and Northern Italians are populations. Caucasus on the other hand is an admixture component that's part of some calculators. The populations from the Caucasus are indicated more precisely with their name. So a calculator may tell you how much percent of the Caucasus component you've got. In a second step you can analyse your values with the associated oracle which compares them to populations and mixtures thereof.
The biggest difference between northern, central and southern Italy is, that the Caucasus component is comparatively weak in the north and gets constantly stronger towards the south. Associated with it is the West Asian component of other calculators.
A Jewish-like component in an oracle result really doesn't mean that you're part Jewish. Especially the Ashkenazi Jews are rather similar to southern Italians and Sicilians. According to the Dodecad K12b oracle they're like a blend of 88% Sicilians + 12% Samaritians. This near eastern shift of more southerly parts of Italy is the result of ancient contacts with Eastern Mediterranean and near Eastern peoples.
If I may ask, where is your mother's family from?
- Monday, January 06, 2014 9:18:00 pm
- Unknown said...
Face it: R1 lines are a European mirror for Ancient North Eurasian. Which makes sense, because we have clear evidence that the R lines are Ancient, north, and Eurasian. YEs ! R1b is about 40000 years in western Europe , there is no recent invasion because no mixed R1a-R1b the geographical split is extremely old before the ice age I see many stupidities about cooper age indo europeans etc.. non sens !
- Wednesday, January 08, 2014 9:46:00 pm
- terryt said...
"I've never quite understood the fasciniation for genealogy that some people have. In my opinion it suffices to know where your 8 great-grandparents were from. Or your 16 g.g-grandparents at most".
Exactly. In fact at a generous 25 years a generation in 500 years you have over a million ancestors. Of course some of these will be repeats, and represent a level of inbreeding, but if humans have as many as 100,000 genes (probably a great overestimate) you have no genes from over 90% of those ancestors. five hundred years is not a particularly long time really.
- Thursday, January 09, 2014 12:57:00 am
- Simon_W said...
It's a pity Jules doesn't reply. It would be interesting to know if the people around Ferrara are indeed Tuscan-like, or if his mother had brought in some central or south Italian admixture. I know some good reasons why the former might be true.
- Tuesday, January 14, 2014 8:44:00 pm


text:
How to create a Sony account & register my product
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A Sony account allows you to:
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How to create a Sony account
- First, enter a valid e-mail address
- Fill in your details
- Choose and confirm a password. Select a secret question and fill out a reply.
If you forget your password, you will be asked to confirm your date of birth.
In case you have set up a secret question in the past, you can still choose to use it to retrieve your password.
- Set up your email communication preferences.
- You will receive an e-mail with a link to activate your account.
To complete the registration, open the email and click on the link. The activation link will expire in 72 hours.
If the link expires, you will need to request another activation link. Here's an example of the e-mail:
- Once your account is activated, you can log in here
How to register a Sony product in My Sony
- After you've logged in, you'll be able to register all your Sony products.
Click on [Register a new product] in the side menu, or click the blue button.
- Fill out your product details. You can use the links available if you're unsure what your model name or serial number is.
- The search function works with either the model name or marketed name of your product
- A marketed name can differ from the official product name (e.g. Alpha 7 = ILCE-7)
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E.g. searching 'a6000' or 'E-mount':
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How to use the express registration function
Alternatively, you can visit the Sony website and visit your product page.
Under the [Support & Product Registration] tab, you'll find a direct link that immediately guides you to the product registration page.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jay Leno went into the audience to find the most embarrassing first date that a woman ever had.
The winner described her worst first date experience. There was absolutely no question as to why her tale took the prize!
She said it was midwinter...snowing and quite cold... and the guy had taken her skiing in the mountains outside Salt Lake City, Utah. It was a day trip (no overnight).
They were strangers, after all, and had never met before. The outing was fun but relatively uneventful until they were headed home late that afternoon.
They were driving back down the mountain when she gradually began to realize that she should not have had
that extra latte !! They were about an hour away from anywhere with a restroom and in the middle of nowhere! Her companion suggested she try to hold it, which she did for a while.
Unfortunately, because of the heavy snow and slow going, there came a point where she told him that he had better stop and let her go beside the road, or it would
be the front seat of his car.
They stopped and she quickly crawled out beside the car, yanked her pants down and started. In the deep snow she didn't have good footing, so she let her butt rest against the rear fender to steady herself.
Her companion stood on the side of the car watching for traffic and indeed was a real gentleman and
refrained from peeking.
All she could think about was the relief she felt despite the rather embarrassing nature of the situation.
Upon finishing, however, she soon became aware of another sensation. As she bent to pull up her pants, the young lady discovered her buttocks were firmly glued against
the car's fender. Thoughts of tongues frozen to poles immediately came to mind as she attempted to disengage her flesh from the icy metal. It was quickly apparent that she had a brand new problem, due to the extreme cold.
Horrified by her plight and yet aware of the humor of the moment, she answered her date's concerns about' what is taking so long' with a reply that indeed, she was
'freezing her butt off' and in need of some assistance! He came around the car as she tried to cover herself with her sweater and then, as she looked imploringly into his eyes, he burst out laughing.
She too got the giggles and when they finally managed to
compose themselves, they assessed her dilemma. Obviously, as hysterical as the situation was, they also were faced with a real problem.
Both agreed it would take something hot to free her chilly cheeks from the grip of the icy metal! Thinking about what had gotten her into the predicament in the first
place, both quickly realized that there was only one way to get her free. So, as she looked the other way, her first-time date proceeded to unzip his pants and pee her butt off the fender.
As the audience screamed in laughter, she took the Tonight Show prize hands down. Or perhaps that should be 'pants down'. And you thought your first date was embarrassing.
Jay Leno's comment..... 'This gives a whole new meaning to being pissed off.'
Oh, and how did the first date turn out? He became her husband and was sitting next to her on the Leno show.
If you laughed at this pass it on. Remember, if you haven't got a smile on your face and laughter in your heart, then you are just a sour old fart or tart.
Jay Leno went into the audience to find the most embarrassing first date that a woman ever had.


text:
The next 'BIG' questions on the list ...
Why does the sun rise? Why does the wind blow?Does life have a purpose? Is some Divine Plan unfolding? Why are we born?
Do the sun and wind each ask themselves such questions? Or do they just shine and gust?
Does the absence of an answer "why" make the sun's warmth on your shoulders, and the cool breeze on your cheek, any less real?
In other words, you were born ... for whatever reason or no reason at all. You were born, that is a fact. So, shine ... LIVE!
Now, David wrote this ...
Our Zen Practice is the direct experience of 'truth', reality without filters ... the sun on our shoulders, wind on our cheek, we are ALIVE! What is more unfiltered, intimate, direct experience than that?I always believed that Zen leads to direct experience of truth or reality without filters. I thought Zen was about going beyond mere beliefs and actually KNOWING, so its a shock to hear that Zen makes you none the wiser as to whether there is any purpose or point to all this. Do I have that right? I imagined Zen to be kind of getting in direct contact with the ... plan that is unfolding ... a universe that has some underlying principle, purpose or 'set up'.
If you ask me for the "why" of vanilla ice cream, its "truth" ... I will tell you to taste the sweetness on your own tongue.
http://treeleafzen.blogspot.com/2008/01 ... rs_24.html
That is beyond mere belief ... that is KNOWING. Do you really need the recipe to the ice cream in order to enjoy it? Or, for that matter, the name of the ice cream maker? The color of his shoes, or his wife's maiden name? Is it not enough to taste it for yourself, and find its meaning on the end of your own tongue?
Is it not enough to say that the purpose of ice cream is to eat it on a hot day, and likewise, the purpose of life is to live it? That is, to me, life's 'purpose' ... living ... and I am in direct contact with it. One might even say I am it, and it is me ... that is how intimate I am with the purpose of life.
Silly human beings: We cook up in our own minds the words "purpose" and "purposeless", "meaning" and "meaningless" ... even the words "plan" and "destination" may be human inventions. Where do these standards and concepts come from but the measuring, judging brain ... a brain that may makes its own subjective standards (figments of our imagination). What if we dropped those words from mind? Does the sun ask each morning "what is my purpose"? And when the sun's rays cause a flower to sprout up from a seed ... is that flower following some "plan", does it compare itself to the other flowers as to whether it is of greater or lesser value, a "flower" or a "weed" (only the human gardener does that)? Is its growth "meaningful" or "meaningless"? Would it somehow not be as much, or more, a flower dependent on the answer to any of that? The flower speaks by its silence. (Heck, is it even a "flower" when we drop the human word "flower" from mind?)
Silly questions!
I do not know if this universe has a plan, or a creator who made some plan. I don't think any human being knows or has ever known for sure, whether Christian, Jew, Muslim, Hindu or any shade of Buddhist. Nobody knows. I could make up some magical myth, or silly story, to tell you ... like all the other religions do, but I won't bother.
Please understand this, and it is one key to Zen Practice (we now move from flowers and ice cream to boat similes ... ):
Our life is very mysterious, and to be born as a sentient being is very much like waking up suddenly & sentient, for no known reason, in a row boat in the middle of a unknown river. An oar is in your hand. No idea how you got there, but there you are. You may not know who (if any "who") made the boat, the river, you, the mosquitoes, the surrounding shore that stretches to the horizon. But, here you find yourself, in life's little boat, with a paddle, heading down that river. River runs before you, seems like it came from somewhere behind. You do not know why (if any "why"). What to do?
Just paddle paddle, sometimes drift drift.
And what's more, our Zen Practice allows us to see that we are the river, the boat, the mosquitoes ... In this way, we realize that where the river flows, is where we flow. What's more, the river's flowing is just our flowing. In other words, we may not know where (if anywhere) the river is going, or where (if anywhere) the river arose ... but we go with the flow! We ARE the flowing! Don't resist.
Shoot, that river's gonna take you where its going anyway!
So, in conclusion, I think Zen Folks come to look on this universe with tremendous trust. It is not a matter of knowing "why" or "the plan" ... it is more a feeling of trust that this boat will take us where it will get us. Yes, I have a "suspicion" (nothing more) that, since events worked out so nicely to place me in this boat, in this river, an oar in my hand ... well, it is going somewhere for some reason. I have my "suspicions" (nothing more) that, given all that was required by physics, chemistry and biology to create this human body amid the seemingly endless potential for me not to have been born, not to be here right now ... I think it likely not a purely random and "purposeless" event (I am actually writing a book on this right now, tracing the history of physical, chemical and biological events that meandered around to our human births on earth ... we are the beneficiaries of a lot of seeming good fortune necessary for us to be alive. I have my doubts that it is purely random; quite likely, 'tis something very profound). Maybe we are the eyes and ears of the universe, or god telling stories to himself, or some god damned thing ...
But I do not know for sure. And in the meantime, I am content to enjoy the ride. It is my ride, my life.
I am sorry if that answer is not sufficient for you.
Gassho, Jundo
PS - I have often thought that, if there is a "plan" ... it is likely something that we are just too stupid to grasp anyway, much as an insect's brain could not begin to grasp the workings of a 747.
And anyway, if there is a designer with a "plan" I am sure she would have told us the "plan" if she wanted us to know it. :wink:


text: By David Crane defrev (at) gmail (dot) com December 4, 2009 Updated on 12/15/09 Marine Times (a.k.a. Marine Corps Times) is reporting on the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) selecting the Heckler & Koch Infantry Automatic Rifle–or HK IAR, for short–to replace the FN M249 SAW/LMG (Squad Automatic Weapon/Light Machine Gun). The HK IAR is a 5.56x45mm NATO (5.56mm NATO) gas …Read More »


text:
Oliver Hudson Signed 8x10 Photo
Oliver Hudson Signed 8x10 Photo
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text:
Do young people in the Caribbean Netherlands ever encounter bullying? What do they do in their free time? What are their future plans after graduation? This and more is presented in the Caribbean Netherlands Student Survey, held for the first time at the end of 2020. The survey forms part of the National Youth Monitor, compiled by Statistics Netherlands (CBS) in collaboration with the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS).Read publication
5.3 percent of 12 to 24-year-old internet users report that they were bullied, stalked or threatened online in 2018. Over 140 thousand young people were affected. Girls were almost twice as likely to be a victim as boys (7.1 versus 3.6 percent). Statistics Netherlands (CBS) reports this based on a survey on cybersecurity and cybercrime.Read publication
Fewer young, highly educated people have completed technical studies compared to ten years ago. Among these engineering graduates, the number of men is four times as high as the number of women. According to Statistics Netherlands, nearly 30 percent of female and almost half of male engineering graduates start working in technical occupations.Read publication
The school dropout rate in the Netherlands was reduced in recent years to 8.8 percent in 2012. The rate across the EU was also gradually reduced. The reduction of school dropouts is high on the national and international policy agenda.Read publication
A growing part of 18-24 year-olds embark on a study in higher vocational education (hbo) or university (wo). Women and young people with a non-western background are the main contributors to the increase. The proportion of students in general secondary vocational education (mbo) has remained stable in recent years.Read publication


text:
About the Vice Provost
David Fleshler is the vice provost for international affairs at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. In this role, he serves as the director of the Office of Global Strategy, which provides university-level vision and leadership for international activities across campus. Fleshler works in partnership with faculty, staff and students to enhance the university's international focus. He also works to identify and pursue strategic partnerships with local, state, national, and international organizations.
In conjunction with his role at the university, Fleshler serves as a senior advisor to the chancellor of the Ohio Board of Regents. In this consulting role, Fleshler primarily works to advance the internationalization of the university system of Ohio.
From 2000 to 2008, Fleshler served as assistant vice president, director of agency allocations and partnerships, and director of international operations at the Jewish Federation of Cleveland. In these positions, he was the chief professional responsible for allocating more than $32.7 million to local agencies as well as national and international agencies and programs. In addition, he oversaw the departments of government relations, community relations, community options, grant-seeking and corporate sponsorships. In his role in international operations, he helped define, implement and evaluate projects in Israel, Russia and Hungary, and created a committee structure that involved hundreds of laypersons who worked on five major projects and oversaw a combined budget of more than $5 million.
From 1995 to 2000, Fleshler was the president of David Fleshler Consultants & Co., a government relations and legal consulting firm with local and national clients, including Continental Airlines and the Salvation Army. Previously, he served as the Washington-based chief of staff for Congressman Eric Fingerhut; assistant director at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport; an attorney at Arter & Hadden, a 400-person law firm headquartered in Cleveland; a marketing consultant at Polyglot International in Tokyo, Japan; and, an import/export coordinator for Management Support Associates, a company that provided services to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during the construction of two Israeli airbases in the Negev Desert in Tel Aviv, Israel.
Fleshler received his BA from the University of Michigan and JD from Boston College Law School. He resides in Cleveland with his wife and two daughters.


text:
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text:
About Cornerstone Community Church
Cornerstone Community Church in Cooperstown, North Dakota is a Christian congregation serving the Cooperstown community and seeking, engaging, and encouraging others through a life-changing Christian journey.
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text:
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text:
12 sheets dried lasagna noodles
2 ½ cups pasta sauce
3 links turkey sausage
1 large onion – finely diced
2 cloves garlic - chopped
2 packet 10 oz frozen chopped spinach – thawed and squeeze out all the water
1 tub 15 oz skim ricotta cheese
3 tbsp parmesan cheese
1 egg
½ tsp red pepper flakes
Salt and pepper to taste
1. Cook the pasta as package directions until al dente. Drain, pat dry and lay out the strips on baking sheet.
2. Remove the sausage from it casing. Heat up and non-stick pan, add a tbsp of olive oil and sauté the garlic and onions until fragrant. Add in the turkey sausage and continue to cook until the meat brown. Remove and set it aside to cool.
3. Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Prepare a baking dish and put a cup of pasta sauce at the bottom. Spread it out evenly. Combined the rest of the filling ingredients into the meat. Mix it well.
4. To assemble, lay the lasagna noodle out, spread about 2 tbsp of filling onto it. Roll up the noodle and place seam side down on the pan. Continue until you've used up all the noodles.


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categories / Heart Disease / Atorlip-5:
Active Ingredient: Atorvastatin
Atorlip-5 is used to treat high cholesterol.
Analogs of Atorlip-5:
Atorlip-5 5mg
|Per Pill
|5mg × 60 pills
|+ Levitra
|Add to cart
|5mg × 90 pills
|+ Viagra
|Add to cart
|5mg × 120 pills
|+ Cialis
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|5mg × 180 pills
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|5mg × 270 pills
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|5mg × 360 pills
|+ Cialis
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Atorlip-5 is used to treat high cholesterol. Atorlip-5 is also used to lower the risk of stroke, heart attack, or other heart complications in people with coronary heart disease or type 2 diabetes. Atorlip-5 is a cholesterol-lowering medication that blocks the production of cholesterol (a type of fat) in the body. Atorlip-5 reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and total cholesterol in the blood. Lowering your cholesterol can help prevent heart disease and hardening of the arteries, conditions that can lead to heart attack, stroke, and vascular disease.
Use Atorlip-5 as directed by your doctor.
- Take Atorlip-5 by mouth with or without food.
- Eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice may increase the amount of Atorlip-5 in your blood, which may increase your risk for serious side effects. The risk may be greater with large amounts of grapefruit or grapefruit juice. Avoid large amounts of grapefruit or grapefruit juice (eg, more than one quart daily). Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you have questions about including grapefruit or grapefruit juice in your diet while you are taking Atorlip-5.
- Continue to take Atorlip-5 even if you feel well. Do not miss any doses.
- If you miss a dose of Atorlip-5, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Atorlip-5.
Store Atorlip-5 at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Atorlip-5 out of the reach of children and away from pets.
Active Ingredient: Atorvastatin Calcium.
Do NOT use Atorlip-5 if:
- you are allergic to any ingredient in Atorlip-5
- you have liver problems or unexplained abnormal liver function tests
- you are pregnant or breast-feeding
- you are taking an HIV protease inhibitor (eg, ritonavir), itraconazole, or mibefradil.
Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.
Some medical conditions may interact with Atorlip-5. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:
- if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding
- if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement
- if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances
- if you have low blood pressure, a serious infection, or a history of seizures
- if you have metabolism, hormonal, or electrolyte problems
- if you drink alcohol or have a history of liver problems or alcohol abuse
- if you have recently had major surgery, a serious injury, or a stroke.
Some medicines may interact with Atorlip-5. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:
- Amiodarone, azole antifungals (eg, itraconazole, ketoconazole), colchicine, diltiazem, fibrates (eg, clofibrate, gemfibrozil), fluconazole, HIV protease inhibitors (eg, ritonavir), imatinib, immunosuppressants (eg, cyclosporine), macrolides (eg, erythromycin), mibefradil, nefazodone, niacin, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (eg, delavirdine), streptogramins (eg, dalfopristin), telithromycin, vasopressin receptor antagonists (eg, conivaptan), verapamil, or voriconazole because they may increase the risk of muscle or kidney problems
- Bosentan, carbamazepine, efavirenz, rifampin, or St. John's wort because they may decrease Atorlip-5's effectiveness
- Digoxin, hormonal contraceptives (eg, birth control pills), macrolide immunosuppressants (eg, tacrolimus), or spironolactone because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Atorlip-5.
This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Atorlip-5 may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.
Important safety information:
- Atorlip-5 may cause dizziness. This effect may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Atorlip-5 with caution. Do not drive or perform other possible unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.
- Drinking alcohol daily or in large amounts may increase the risk of liver problems with Atorlip-5. Check with your doctor before drinking alcohol while you are taking Atorlip-5.
- Follow the diet and exercise program given to you by your health care provider.
- Tell your doctor or dentist that you take Atorlip-5 before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery.
- Women should use effective birth control while taking Atorlip-5. Check with your doctor if you have questions about using birth control.
- Report any unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness to your doctor right away, especially if you also have a fever or general body discomfort.
- Lab tests, including blood cholesterol levels and liver function tests, may be performed while you use Atorlip-5. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.
- Atorlip-5 should be used with extreme caution in children younger than 10 years old and in those who have not reached puberty; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed.
- Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Do not use Atorlip-5 if you are pregnant. It may cause harm to the fetus. Avoid becoming pregnant while you are taking it. If you think you may be pregnant, contact your doctor right away. It is not known if Atorlip-5 is found in breast milk. Do not breastfeed while taking Atorlip-5.
All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects.
Check with your doctor if any of these most common side effects persist or become bothersome:
Constipation; gas; headache; stomach pain or upset; weakness.
Seek medical attention right away if any of these severe side effects occur:
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); bone, joint, or tendon pain; change in the amount of urine produced; chest pain; dark urine; fever, chills, or persistent sore throat; flu-like symptoms; joint pain; muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness (with or without fever or fatigue); painful or frequent urination; pale stools; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; severe stomach pain; swelling of the hands, ankles, or feet; yellowing of the eyes or skin.
This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider.
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5x8 Red and Ivory Turkish Tribal Rug
- Regular Price
- $1,199.00
- Sale Price
- $1,199.00
- Regular Price
- $1,899.00
- Unit Price
- Translation missing: en.general.accessibility.unit_price_separator
Tribal rugs are the contemporary branch of vintage rugs. Leaving the medallions and flower aside, we eyewitness the modern waltz of the geometrical shapes.
In the world's oldest rug, the Pazyryk carpet, we observe interbedded rectangular shapes, and in the middle, it shows off the perfect squares in lines. The geometrical shapes can also be seen in the edges with the nomadic figures, and people riding horses. This proves that the tribal designs on rugs were popular even 2,500 years ago, in the nomad culture.
The Patterns
The design and patterns may be the only features of tribal rugs that can be categorized as "tribal rugs" because their origin comes from different parts of the world and different cultures. Some tribal rugs may be accompanied by different motifs, which vary according to the specific culture. Turkish Konya rugs may involve a geometric medallion in the middle, with some arrow and hook motifs on the edges. Caucasian, Kazak, rugs usually display diamond or hexagonal shapes, with big inner flowers, which are actually made of small geometric patterns.
Since tribal rugs do not share their origin, there is not any particular color scheme for them. On Kazak rugs, we usually find tones of red and blue. However, Turkish Konya rugs have a massive range of color. From neutrals to rare ones, there are many options for you to use.
Turkish Konya rugs, as tribal runners, have been adapted to every corner of your house with their different colors and different purposes. In recent years, it is one of our best sellers, and indeed getting popular.
Matched Interior Design Trends
Tribal rugs, lately, are popular as kitchen rugs, hallway rugs and even winter garden rugs. They are the perfect fit for transitional, traditional, modern, eclectic, bohemian, coastal, southwestern, industrial and even Scandinavian interior designs.
In 2021, our best-seller category was tribal rugs. Check our collection for the tribals to find your own perfect fit!
Name: Anatolian Tribal Rug
Size: 5'2" x 7'6"
Design: Tribal, Geometric
Color: Red and Ivory
Age: Old
Material: 100% Wool
Origin: Shirvan
Looking for a very specific design? Please contact us.
Other Categories
Contemporary Silk Vintage Tribal Traditional Oushak
Free Delivery *
Best Customer Service * 100 % Satisfaction Guarantee
Stock # 17274


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This elegant Susanna dress features a sophisticated cobalt hue and subtle abstract floral print. Get dressed for any occasion in style, with its long sleeves and classic collared neckline.
We have a 14 day policy for store credit.
Our policy lasts 14 days for a store credit on full-priced clothing. If 14 days has gone by since your purchase, unfortunately we can't offer you a store credit or exchange. All jewelry, accessories, body suits and sale purchases are FINAL SALE.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it.
If you adhere to the return policy above, you will receive an email with a gift card/credit to use anytime at mimiseabrook.com. You will not receive a gift card if your item is FINAL SALE. (Jewelry, Accessories, Body Suits, Sale Purchase).
Local Returns: Please return to 17A Professional Lane M-F 11-2:30
Non-Local Returns: Please ship to 17A Professional Lane Pawleys Island SC 29585
Please include your Order Number # in the packaging. If you want to exchange for a size or style, please indicate that in the packaging. If we have the item, we will ship it out to you. If not, we will send you the gift card.
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text: Teaching The History departement provides insights into the most important forces that have formed our era, enabling them to be understood as the outcome of historical processes. Teaching in History focuses on topics such as capitalism and consumption, nationalism and populism, migration, the metropolis, colonialism and globalisation, revolutions and innovation. As we investigate topics from the past that are significant for us today, we do what each generation must undertake anew for itself: we consciously accept our heritage, engage with it critically, and, in so doing, to some extent rewrite the past in our own image. In asking questions of history, we consider how people in earlier eras viewed their past, experienced their present and made plans for their future, what interests and ideologies were involved, and what power relations resulted.Seminars at the Assessment and Bachelor level provide an introduction to our major topics, drawing on a rich array of source material that includes different kinds of texts, sound recordings, film and photography. They combine analysis of original documents with the study of important research, so that, through these examples, students can grasp the causal and interpretive complexity of historical processes. Some courses also extend students' cultural competence by fostering their ability to understand the values and institutions of other cultures.At the Master level students can choose from a broad range of more advanced courses, in which historical topics of great significance for our lives as citizens and professionals are analysed, and public debates with a historical dimension are scrutinised critically. Students should be motivated to work through historical material for themselves, to make their own comparisons between past and present, and to practise the art of objective discussion.Aims:1. Using original documents, students can reconstruct, contextualise and discuss historical events and developments.2. Students can explain current events and developments as the outcome of historical processes and, having grasped their causal and interpretive complexity, realistically gauge the consequences of ongoing transformations.


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We are committed to offering only the finest floral arrangements and gifts, backed by service that is friendly and prompt. Because all of our customers are important, our professional staff is dedicated to making your experience a pleasant one. That is why we always go the extra mile to make your floral gift perfect. Let us be your first choice for flowers.
Clayton, Dover, Middletown, Smyrna, Townsend,
Large Inventory of Fresh Flowers, Tropicals, Plants, European Dish Gardens, Contemporary Arrangements, Traditional Arrangements, Silk Arrangements, Weddings, Memorial/Funeral Designs, Gourmet Baskets, Fruit Baskets, Chocolates


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Milwaukee Roller Derby Brewcity Bruisers: 2017 Uniform Jersey (White)
$ 55.00
[TEAM] 2017 Season Uniform Jersey in [color] with [accent] accents, with the [TEAM] logo front and center, and customized with your name and number. Available curved cut (often preferred by cis females) and straight cut (often preferred by cis males.) Curved cut jerseys are available as a Skater Tee, or as a sleeveless tank with your choice of high or low neckline and full back or Skaterback™. Straight cut jerseys are available as a Raglan tee, or a sleeveless Raglan tee.
- Styled and sized to make your upper body look amazing
- Nanoweave™ fabric repels velcro to reduce pilling and sticking to other players
- Cut and designed for roller derby:
- Balances flattening with flattering
- Neckline flatters without over exposure
- High side seams give full coverage to armpit and chest
- Antimicrobial to fight off stank
- Wicking to help you stay cooler and drier when you skate
Available in sizes from 3XS to 6XL, and petite / short (for skaters with a short torso and young juniors), regular length (good for most skaters) or extra long (for very tall skaters and skaters with a long torso). Pick your options, enter your skater name and number, then check out.
Note: Your checkout and order confirmation will show an image of a low neck curve cut tank, even if you choose something different. Don't worry, you will still get exactly what you ordered.
Size guides below. Click to enlarge. First size guide is for pants and curve cut jerseys. Second size guide, beneath that, is for square cut jerseys.


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Pick Mulch Yard Pros at 866-840-7884 for all of your Mulch Blowing needs in Pleasant Grove, AL. Arranging and managing your project is often uncomplicated with our professional suggestions and recommendations. You'll want to be ready to come up with knowledgeable choices concerning the options and essentials of your task, and we will ensure that you know everything that you should know and get the advantage of our professional experience. Whenever you contact our Pleasant Grove, AL office, we'll answer your questions and present all of the information that you need to be familiar with the task you're preparing to undertake. It is possible to compare your options and cost quotes when you contact us today.
When you're purchasing a service or product that you're not extremely familiar with, things can suddenly become a little frightening with regards to wondering what you're purchasing and why you should buy it. However, you won't need to worry about this dilemma whenever you deal with our Mulch Blowing specialists as they'll tell you why they believe you should go a certain route, and they'll break down what you're paying for.
Every Pleasant Grove, Wyoming Mulch Blowing organization owner understands that finding customers isn't a free venture. Our business, however, chooses to do things a little differently by offering a superb referral program that puts cash in your pocket in exchange for you sending your family and friends to our specialists for assistance. And, the greatest part is that once you experience our extraordinary service, we're positive you'll want to send our experts referrals anyway!
At Mulch Yard Pros, our professionals don't sell cheap, flimsy products because even though these Pleasant Grove, AL Mulch Blowing products might help you save a little today, they'll end up being costlier long-term. This is exactly why all of the products we provide are purchased directly from major manufacturers who do an excellent job of backing their products with exceptional warranties that they actually honor. Let our pros tell you more about the benefits connected with our business' top-notch products by calling our specialists at 866-840-7884 now!
When you've received the product(s) you've ordered, our pros don't cut ties. Actually, failing to follow-up is a huge mistake as it leaves clients feeling as if they were just another number when they could've assisted our Pleasant Grove, AL Mulch Blowing experts produce a lot of referral business as a result of our specialists' caring approach. Let our organization's professionals present you with a standard of customer care you've never experienced by calling us at 866-840-7884 as soon as possible!
Think about it, there are tons of organizations to pick from in the Mulch Blowing industry, but only one company is truly going to earn your business. Our specialists realize this, which is why we strive to provide you with the greatest quality of products, fast service and a hassle-free ordering process. Since this is the case, our clients feel incredibly comfortable, which typically results in them sending our experts a great deal of referrals.
When you first call a number of Pleasant Grove Mulch Blowing companies, they'll practically make an effort to close the sale before you've even said what you're planning to order. At Mulch Yard Pros, we take a completely different approach by listening to what you're attempting to accomplish then helping you make the best decision. This makes the procedure a lot more stress-free for you as the client and it'll probably help you save money too.


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The Washington, D.C. area has great networks of trails and on-street routes. Figure out a new commuting route or find some ideas for a recreational ride.
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If you are looking for garden kitchen design ideas you've come to the right place. We have 14 images about garden kitchen design ideas including images, pictures, photos, wallpapers, and more. In these page, we also have variety of images available. Such as png, jpg, animated gifs, pic art, logo, black and white, transparent, etc.
Not only garden kitchen design ideas, you could also find another pics such as Decorated Kitchens, Indoor Kitchen Garden, Small Outdoor Kitchen Ideas, Kitchen Herb Garden Design, Outdoor Patio Kitchen Ideas, and Rustic Garden Design.
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JOKE: Why were men created before women? (Because you always need to do a rough draft before you get it right.)
by @SylviaHubbard1, posted in Uncategorized
Published by @SylviaHubbard1
AUTHOR, MOTHER, SPEAKER, JOURNALIST, CONSULTANT & MORE! Divorced Mother of three, Detroiter, Sylvia Hubbard, is not only an award winning best selling author of over 28 books, but also founder of one of Michigan's largest interactive literary community, The Motown Writers Network/The Michigan Literary Network. View all posts by @SylviaHubbard1


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Research Highlights
Found 2 resultsAuthor Title [ Type] Year
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Journal Article
On the consistency between global and regional methane emissions inferred from SCIAMACHY, TANSO-FTS, IASI and surface measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 2 (2014): 577-592."
HCFC-22 emissions at global and regional scales between 1995 and 2010: Trends and variability." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 13 (2013): 7379-7388."


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These darling charm earrings from Passage to Israel will quickly become everyday favorites! Featuring the heartfelt message "I love you to the moon and back" inscribed on the larger heart-shaped charm, each earring is crafted in sterling silver and boasts an on-trend paperclip link design that is sure to be noticed. It also has two smaller charms: a cutout star in sterling silver and a 14K yellow gold plated crescent moon. You'll love the way this pair looks on your lobes!
Journey across the globe and experience the exotic style and culture of Passage to Israel jewelry, a collection of handcrafted designs made in yhe Holy Land and inspired by the natural wonder of the region
Sterling silver, also called fine silver, is a beautifully lustrous cool-toned precious metal favored in fine jewelry among other products. The most reflective of all metals (excluding mercury), sterling silver looks stunning by itself and brings out the best hues in an array of colorful gemstones.
Sterling silver can be polished to a higher sheen than platinum. In fact, Ag, the chemical symbol for silver, comes from a word that means "white and shining." The surface of silver can boast that shiny, polished appearance, or can be brushed, satin, matte, sandblasted, antiqued or oxidized (chemically blackened).
In order to be called sterling silver, a metal must be made up of a minimum of 92.5% pure silver and 7.5% alloy (meaning other metals), including but not limited to copper and nickel. The alloy is added to pure silver to make the metal more durable, tougher and harder. Sterling silver is designated a fineness of "925." Pieces with sterling silver may be marked "sterling."
Finishes on Sterling Silver
Finishing, or plating, is a common treatment with sterling silver. Popular types of plating are rhodium plating, gold plating and anti-tarnish plating. Plating is used to extend the life and sheen of the jewelry. After sizing or buffing a piece of jewelry with a machine, it must be re-plated to restore the finish.
Caring for Sterling Silver
Sterling silver becomes tarnished as the result of a natural chemical process that occurs when sterling silver is exposed to chemicals in the air, rubber, wool and latex. Humidity also plays a role in accelerating tarnishing. It's easy to keep your sterling silver sparkling, though, by taking a few steps to prevent tarnish and other wear and tear.
Vermeil Plating:
Pronounced "vermay," vermeil is an electroplating process in which 14K gold or higher is coated over sterling silver. Officially designated by the jewelry industry, items may only be sold as vermeil if they have a minimum thickness of 100 millionths of an inch (2.5 microns) of gold over the silver. Regular gold plating is less than 2.5 microns.
The "vermeil" technique of plating sterling silver with gold originated in France in the 1750s. It differs from "gold filled" or "gold plated" in terms of the thickness or thinness of the microns over sterling silver. "Gold filled" pieces have a much thicker layer, between 15 and 45 microns, which is mechanically bonded to the base metal with heat and pressure. Vermeil is a more expensive version of "gold plated". It does not wear off as quickly as gold plating does. However, over time, vermeil wears off and therefore will require re-plating.
Gold/Platinum Embraced Silver or Bronze:
Our platinum and gold embraced collections feature layers of platinum or gold over sterling silver or bronze for a lustrous, radiant finish everywhere you look and touch.
To care for your plated jewelry items:
Earring Back Types
Butterfly Back: A double looped piece resembling a butterfly that fits over a post. Variations on this design are called push back clasps. The basic post and butterfly back are usually used for stud earrings and lighter weight drop earrings.
Hinged Snap Backs: This clasp features a hinged post that snaps into a groove on the back of the earring. It is commonly found on hoops. Sometimes the hinged post is curved to provide more room to fit around the ear, sometimes called a saddleback.
Hook Backs: This earring backing is simply a long, bent post that fits through the piercing. Hooks have several variations, most notably the shepherd's hook and the French hook. While thin wire hooks reduce the weight of long earrings, making them more comfortable, they aren't as secure as other clasp styles.
Lever Back: A hinged lever snaps shut against the curved post to form a closed loop around the ear lobe. This clasp is very secure and good for large or medium sized styles that drop just below the ear.
Omega: Also called French clips, this clasp has a straight post and a looped lever. The hinged lever closes around the post and is held against the ear with pressure. The omega clasp is the most secure clasp, especially for the larger, heavier earrings.
Screw back: This backing is a slight variation of the standard post and butterfly nut back. Instead of pushing on the back, the nut twists onto the threaded post. A screw back post design is often preferred for expensive diamond stud earrings that require increased security.


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Derby Panel Green
covered sugar
Available on backorder
• Made in England
• Fine Bone China
• 22 Carat Gold
• Dishwasher safe, although handwashing is advisable
• Not suitable for microwave use
• Reference: DEPAGR00161
• Capacity: 310ml | 10oz
Looking After Your China
All Royal Crown Derby products are made using the highest quality materials; however, with care and attention your collection will remain in exquisite condition for generations to come.
To find out more, visit our full care guide here.
All UK orders receive free shipping.
For international shipping, the shipping cost will be calculated at the checkout based upon the recipient address. For more information please visit our delivery & returns policy.
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Derby Panel Green Collection
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