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Instructions for Authors
Journal of Cancer Science and Research brings articles in all areas related to chemotherapy, avastin, fluorouracil 5, Cancer Drugs, Vinblastine, Anti Cancer Drugs, Pharmocology of Cancer Drugs, Methotrexate, Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating agents for Cancer treatment, etc.
Journal of Cancer Science and Research welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published approximately 7 days after acceptance.
As a member of PILA, Journal follows the Creative Commons Attribution License and Scholars Open Access publishing policies.  A manuscript number will be e-mailed to the corresponding author within 72 hours. Submit manuscript at Online Submission and review Tracking System at Online Submission System or send as an e-mail attachment to the Editorial Office at email@example.com
Journal of Cancer Science Research Policy Regarding the NIH Mandate
Journal will support authors by posting the published version of articles by NIH grant-holders and European or UK-based biomedical or life sciences grant holders to PubMed Central immediately after publication
Editorial Policies and Process
Journal of Cancer Science and Research journal follows a progressive editorial policy that encourages researchers to submit the original research, reviews and editorial observations as articles, well supported by tables and graphic representation.
Article Processing Charges (APC):
Journal of Cancer Science and Research is self-financed and does not receive funding from any institution/government. Hence, the Journal operates solely through processing charges we receive from the authors and some academic/corporate sponsors. The handling fee is required to meet its maintenance. Being an Open Access Journal, Cancer research does not collect subscription charges from readers that enjoy free online access to the articles. Authors are hence required to pay a fair handling fee for processing their articles. However, there are no submission charges. Authors are required to make payment only after their manuscript has been accepted for publication.
Average Article processing time (APT) is 45 days
Note: The basic article processing fee or manuscript handling cost is as per the price mentioned above on the other hand it may vary based on the extensive editing, colored effects, complex equations, extra elongation of no. of pages of the article, figures, tables etc. Withdrawal charges are 50% of the publication fee after 10 days of the submission.
Fast Editorial Review Process
Journal of Cancer Science and Research is participating in the Fast Editorial Execution and Review Process (FEE-Review Process) with an additional prepayment of $99 apart from the regular article processing fee. Fast Editorial Execution and Review Process is a special service for the article that enables it to get a faster response in the pre-review stage from the handling editor as well as a review from the reviewer. An author can get a faster response of pre-review maximum in 3 days since submission, and a review process by the reviewer maximum in 5 days, followed by revision/publication in 2 days. If the article gets notified for revision by the handling editor, then it will take another 5 days for external review by the previous reviewer or alternative reviewer.
Acceptance of manuscripts is driven entirely by handling editorial team considerations and independent peer-review, ensuring the highest standards are maintained no matter the route to regular peer-reviewed publication or a fast editorial review process. The handling editor and the article contributor are responsible for adhering to scientific standards. The article FEE-Review process of $99 will not be refunded even if the article is rejected or withdrawn for publication.
The corresponding author or institution/organization is responsible for making the manuscript FEE-Review Process payment. The additional FEE-Review Process payment covers the fast review processing and quick editorial decisions, and regular article publication covers the preparation in various formats for online publication, securing full-text inclusion in a number of permanent archives like HTML, XML, and PDF, and feeding to different indexing agencies.
Submission of an Article
In order to reduce delays, authors should adhere to the level, length and format of the Journals at every stage of processing right from manuscript submission to each revision stage. Submitted articles should have a 300 words summary/abstract, separate from the main text. The summary should provide a brief account of the work by clearly stating the purpose of the study and the methodology adopted, highlighting major findings briefly. The text may contain a few short subheadings of no more than 40 characters each.
Language Translation Services
With an objective to make scientific and health care information globally available, Journal of Cancer Science and Research has launched Translation Services. As per the interest of the scientific community from non-English speaking territories, we have introduced this new feature to facilitate authors to reach a global audience in many major world languages. Longdom Publishing Translation Services help the scientific community to have easy access to all scientific articles not only in English but also in French, Spanish, German, Chinese and Japanese.
The scientific translations service grants a global presence to the authors and their research. Our language experts in Spanish, French, German, Chinese and Japanese translate articles from English to the desired world languages and vice-versa as per the author's requirement. As an open access publisher Journal of Cancer Science and Research does not get any financial contributions from other organizations. Authors who wish to use our translation services and who are interested in publishing their research in the above-mentioned languages are requested to pay the following charges in addition to the article processing charges.
Manuscripts accepted for publication will be published both in English and other languages as recommended by the author.
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Longdom Publishing accepts various formats of literary works such as research articles, reviews, abstracts, addendums, announcements, article-commentaries, book reviews, rapid communications, letters to the editor, annual meeting abstracts, conference proceedings, calendars, case-reports, corrections, discussions, meeting-reports, news, obituaries, orations, product reviews, hypotheses and analyses.
Article Preparation Guidelines
- Authors are expected to attach an electronic covering letter completely mentioning the type of manuscript (e.g, Research article, Review articles, Brief Reports, Case study etc.) Unless invited on a special case, authors cannot classify a particular manuscript as Editorials or Letters to the editor or concise communications.
- Confirm that each individual named as an author meets the uniform requirements of the Cancer Medicine & Anti Cancer Drugs criteria for authorship. Please make sure that the article submitted for review/publication is not under consideration elsewhere simultaneously.
- Clearly mention financial support or benefits if any from commercial sources for the work reported in the manuscript, or any other financial interests that any of the authors may have, which could create a potential conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict of interest with regard to the work.
- A clear title of the article along with complete details of the author/s (professional/institutional affiliation, educational qualifications and contact information) must be provided in the tile page.
- Corresponding author should include address, telephone number, fax number, and e-mail address in the first page of the manuscript and authors must address any conflict of interest with others once the article is published.
- Number all sheets in succession, including references, tables, and figure legends.
- Title page is page 1. On the first page, type the running head (short title for top of each page), title (which cannot include any acronyms), names of the authors and their academic degrees, grants or other financial supporters of the study, address for correspondence and reprint requests, and corresponding author's telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address.
Guidelines for Research Articles
- Research articles are articles written based on the empirical/secondary data collected using a clearly defined research methodology, where conclusion/s is drawn from the analysis of the data collected.
- The information must be based on original research that adds to the body of knowledge in Cancer research.
- Article/s should provide a critical description or analysis of the data presented while adding new and rapidly evolving areas in the field.
- Include an abstract of at least 300 words with 7 to 10 important keywords.
- The abstract should be divided into Objective, Methods, Results, and Conclusion.
- Research articles must adhere to a format constituting the introduction followed by a brief review of relevant literature, methodology applied (to collect the data), discussion and References, Tables, and Figure Legends.
Review Articles
- Review articles are written based mostly on secondary data that is falling in line with the theme of the journal. They are brief, yet critical discussions on a specific aspect of the subject concerned. Reviews generally start with the statement of the problem with a brief abstract of 300 words and few key words. Introduction generally brings the issue forward to the readers followed by analytical discussion with the help of necessary tables, graphs, pictures and illustrations wherever necessary. It summarizes the topic with a conclusion. All the statements or observations in the review articles must be based on necessary citations, providing complete reference at the end of the article.
- Commentaries are opinion articles written mostly by the veteran and experienced writers on a specific development, recent innovation or research findings that fall in line with the theme of the journal. They are very brief articles with the title and abstract that provides the gist of the topic to be discussed, with few key words. It straight away states the problems and provides a thorough analysis with the help of the illustrations, graphs and tables if necessary. It summarizes the topic with a brief conclusion, citing the references at the end.
Case Study
- Case studies are accepted with a view to add additional information related to the investigative research that advances in the field of Cancer Medicine.
- It should add value to the main content/article submitted, by providing key insights about the core area. Cases reports must be brief and follow a clear format such as Cases and Methods Section (That describe the nature of the clinical issue and the methodology adopt to address it), discussion section that analyzes the case and a Conclusion section that sums up the entire case.
- Editorials are concise commentaries on a currently published article/issue on Cancer Medicine. Editorial office may approach for any such works and authors must submit it within three weeks from the date of receiving invitation.
Clinical Images
- Clinical Images are nothing but photographic depictions of Cancer Medicine and it should not exceed more than 5 figures with a description, not exceeding 300 words. Generally no references and citations are required here. If necessary, only three references can be allowed.
- Do not add separate figure legends to clinical images; the entire clinical image text is the figure legend. Images should be submitted with the manuscript in one of the following formats: .tiff (preferred) or .eps.
Letters to the Editor/Concise Communications
- Letters to the editor should be limited to commentaries on previous articles published with specific reference to issues and causes related to it. It should be concise, comprehensive and brief reports of cases or research findings. It does not follow a format such as abstract, subheads, or acknowledgments. It is more a response or the opinion of the reader on a particular article published and should reach the editor within 6 months of article publication.
Acknowledgement: This section includes acknowledgment of people, grant details, funds, etc.
Note: If an author fails to submit his/her work as per the above instructions, they are requested to maintain clear titles namely headings, subheading.
References: Only published or accepted manuscripts should be included in the reference list. Meetings abstracts, conference talks, or papers that have been submitted but not yet accepted should not be cited. All personal communications should be supported by a letter from the relevant authors.
Longdom Publishing uses the numbered citation (citation-sequence) method. References are listed and numbered in the order that they appear in the text. In the text, citations should be indicated by the reference number in brackets. Multiple citations within a single set of brackets should be separated by commas. When there are three or more sequential citations, they should be given as a range. Example: "... now enable biologists to simultaneously monitor the expression of thousands of genes in a single experiment [1,5-7,28]". Make sure the parts of the manuscript are in the correct order for the relevant journal before ordering the citations. Figure captions and tables should be at the end of the manuscript. Authors are requested to provide at least one online link for each reference as following (preferably PubMed).
Because all references will be linked electronically as much as possible to the papers they cite, proper formatting of the references is crucial. Please use the following style for the reference list:
Published Papers
1.Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680-685.
2.Brusic V, Rudy G, Honeyman G, Hammer J, Harrison L (1998) Prediction of MHC class II- binding peptides using an evolutionary algorithm and artificial neural network. Bioinformatics 14: 121-130.
3.Doroshenko V, Airich L, Vitushkina M, Kolokolova A, Livshits V, et al. (2007) YddG from Escherichia coli promotes export of aromatic amino acids. FEMS Microbiol Lett 275: 312-318.
Note: Please list the first five authors and then add "et al." if there are additional authors.
Electronic Journal Articles Entrez Programming Utilities
1. Baggot JD (1999) Principles of drug disposition in domestic animals: The basis of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology. (1stedn), W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London, Toranto.
2. Zhang Z (2006) Bioinformatics tools for differential analysis of proteomic expression profiling data from clinical samples. Taylor & Francis CRC Press.
1. Hofmann T (1999) The Cluster-Abstraction Model: unsupervised learning of topic hierarchies from text data. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
These should be used at a minimum and designed as simple as possible. We strongly encourage authors to submit tables as .doc format. Tables are to be typed double-spaced throughout, including headings and footnotes. Each table should be on a separate page, numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals and supplied with a heading and a legend. Tables should be self-explanatory without reference to the text. Preferably, the details of the methods used in the experiments should be described in the legend instead of the text. The same data should not be presented in both table and graph form or repeated in the text. Cells can be copied from an Excel spreadsheet and pasted into a word document, but Excel files should not be embedded as objects.
Note: If the submission is in PDF format, the author is requested to retain the same in .doc format in order to aid in completion of process successfully.
The preferred file formats for photographic images are .doc, TIFF and JPEG. If you have created images with separate components on different layers, please send us the Photoshop files. All images must be at or above intended display size , with the following image resolutions: Line Art 800 dpi, Combination (Line Art + Halftone) 600 dpi, Halftone 300 dpi. See the Image quality specifications chart for details. Image files also must be cropped as close to the actual image as possible.
Use Arabic numerals to designate figures and upper case letters for their parts (Figure 1). Begin each legend with a title and include sufficient description so that the figure is understandable without reading the text of the manuscript. Information given in legends should not be repeated in the text.
Figure legends: These should be typed in numerical order on a separate sheet.
Tables and Equations as Graphics
If equations cannot be encoded in MathML, submit them in TIFF or EPS format as discrete files (i.e., a file containing only the data for one equation). Only when tables cannot be encoded as XML/SGML can they be submitted as graphics. If this method is used, it is critical that the font size in all equations and tables is consistent and legible throughout all submissions.
Supplementary Information
All Supplementary Information (figures, tables and Summary diagram/, etc.) is supplied as a single PDF file, where possible. File size within the permitted limits for Supplementary Information. Images should be a maximum size of 640 x 480 pixels (9 x 6.8 inches at 72 pixels per inch).
Proofs and Reprints
Electronic proofs will be sent as an e-mail attachment to the corresponding author as a PDF file. Page proofs are considered to be the final version of the manuscript and no changes will be made in the manuscript at the proof stage. Authors can freely download the PDF file. Hard copies of the documents are available on request. Please click on the link for the charges. https://www.Longdom Publishingonline.org/pdfs/Longdom Publishing-International-reprints-order-form.pdf
All works published by Longdom Publishing are under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This permits anyone to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited.


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Privacy Policy
We are committed to ensuring that your privacy is protected and we shall endeavour to use any information that you provide when using this website in accordance with this privacy policy.
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This site is the archived OWASP Foundation Wiki and is no longer accepting Account Requests.
To view the new OWASP Foundation website, please visit https://owasp.org
Certificate and Public Key Pinning
Certificate and Public Key Pinning is a technical guide to implementing certificate and public key pinning as discussed at the Virginia chapter's presentation Securing Wireless Channels in the Mobile Space. This guide is focused on providing clear, simple, actionable guidance for securing the channel in a hostile environment where actors could be malicious and the conference of trust a liability. Additional presentation material included supplement with code excerpts, Android sample program, iOS sample program, .Net sample program, and OpenSSL sample program.
A cheat sheet is available at Pinning Cheat Sheet.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 What's the problem?
- 3 What Is Pinning?
- 4 What Should Be Pinned?
- 5 What About X509?
- 6 Examples of Pinning
- 7 Pinning Alternatives
- 8 Miscellaneous
- 9 References
- 10 Authors and Primary Editors
Secure channels are a cornerstone to users and employees working remotely and on the go. Users and developers expect end-to-end security when sending and receiving data - especially sensitive data on channels protected by VPN, SSL, or TLS. While organizations which control DNS and CA have likely reduced risk to trivial levels under most threat models, users and developers subjugated to other's DNS and a public CA hierarchy are exposed to non-trivial amounts of risk. In fact, history has shown those relying on outside services have suffered chronic breaches in their secure channels.
The pandemic abuse of trust has resulted in users, developers and applications making security related decisions on untrusted input. The situation is somewhat of a paradox: entities such as DNS and CAs are trusted and supposed to supply trusted input; yet their input cannot be trusted. Relying on untrusted input for security related decisions is not only bad karma, it violates a number of secure coding principals (see, for example, OWASP's Injection Theory and Data Validation).
Pinning effectively removes the "conference of trust". An application which pins a certificate or public key no longer needs to depend on others - such as DNS or CAs - when making decisions relating to a peer's identity. For those familiar with SSH, you should realize that public key pinning nearly identical to SSH's StrictHostKeyChecking option. SSH had it right the entire time, and the rest of the world is beginning to realize the virtues of directly identifying a host or service by its public key.
Others who actively engage in pinning include Google and its browser Chrome. Chrome was successful in detecting the DigiNotar compromise which uncovered suspected interception by the Iranian government on its citizens. The initial report of the compromise can be found at Is This MITM Attack to Gmail's SSL?; and Google Security's immediate response at An update on attempted man-in-the-middle attacks.
What's the problem?
Users, developers, and applications expect end-to-end security on their secure channels, but some secure channels are not meeting the expectation. Specifically, channels built using well known protocols such as VPN, SSL, and TLS can be vulnerable to a number of attacks.
Examples of past failures are listed on the discussion page for this article (for further reading). This cheat sheet does not attempt to catalogue the failures in the industry, investigate the design flaws in the scaffolding, justify the lack of accountability or liability with the providers, explain the race to the bottom in services, or demystify the collusion between, for example, Browsers and CAs. For additional reading, please visit PKI is Broken and The Internet is Broken.
Patient 0
The original problem was the Key Distribution Problem. Insecure communications can be transformed into a secure communication problem with encryption. Encrypted communications can be transformed into an identity problem with signatures. The identity problem terminates at the key distribution problem. They are the same problem.
The Cures
There are three cures for the key distribution problem. First is to have first hand knowledge of your partner or peer (i.e., a peer, server or service). This could be solved with SneakerNet. Unfortunately, SneakerNet does not scale and cannot be used to solve the key distribution problem.
The second is to rely on others, and it has two variants: (1) web of trust, and (2) hierarchy of trust. Web of Trust and Hierarchy of Trust solve the key distribution problem in a sterile environment. However, Web of Trust and Hierarchy of Trust each requires us to require us to rely on others - or confer trust. In practice, trusting others is showing to be problematic.
What Is Pinning?
Pinning is the process of associating a host with their expected X509 certificate or public key. Once a certificate or public key is known or seen for a host, the certificate or public key is associated or 'pinned' to the host. Put another way, its a whitelist of known certificates or public keys for a host, server, or service. If more than one certificate or public key is acceptable, then the program holds a pinset for a host, server, or service. In this case, the peer's advertised identity must match one of the elements in the pinset.
A host or service's certificate or public key can be added to an application at development time, or it can be added upon first encountering the certificate or public key. The former - adding at development time - is preferred since preloading the certificate or public key out of band usually means the attacker cannot taint the pin.
Pinning leverages knowledge of the pre-existing relationship between the user and an organization or service to help make better security related decisions. Because you already have information on the server or service, you don't need to rely on generalized mechanisms meant to solve the key distribution problem. That is, you don't need to turn to DNS for name/address mappings or CAs for bindings and status. Once exception is revocation and it is discussed below in Pinning Gaps.
How Do You Pin?
From 10,000 feet, the idea is to re-use the exiting protocols and infrastructure, but use them in a hardened manner. The 'pin' is the hardening.
For re-use, a program would keep doing the things it used to do when establishing a secure connection. To harden the channel, the program would would take advantage of the OnConnect callback offered by a library, framework or platform. In the callback, the program would verify the remote host's identity by validating its certificate or public key.
While pinning does not have to occur in an OnConnect callback, its often most convenient because the underlying connection information is readily available.
When Do You Pin?
You should pin anytime you want to be relatively certain of the remote host's identity or when operating in a hostile environment. Since one or both are almost always true, you should probably pin all the time.
A perfect case in point: during the two weeks or so of preparation for the presentation and cheat sheet, we've observed three relevant and related failures. First was Nokia/Opera willfully breaking the secure channel; second was DigiCert issuing a code signing certificate for malware; and third was Bit9's loss of its root signing key. The environment is not only hostile, its toxic.
When Do You Whitelist?
If you are working for an organization which practices "egress filtering" as part of a Data Loss Prevention (DLP) strategy, you will likely encounter Interception Proxies. I like to refer to these things as "good" bad guys (as opposed to "bad" bad guys) since both break end-to-end security and we can't tell them apart. In this case, do not offer to whitelist the interception proxy since it defeats your security goals. Add the interception proxy's public key to your pinset after being instructed to do so by the folks in Risk Acceptance.
Note: if you whitelist a certificate or public key for a different host (for example, to accommodate an interception proxy), you are no longer pinning the expected certificates and keys for the host. Security and integrity on the channel could suffer, and it surely breaks end-to-end security expectations of users and organizations.
For more reading on interception proxies, the additional risk they bestow, and how they fail, see Dr. Matthew Green's How do Interception Proxies fail? and Jeff Jarmoc's BlackHat talk SSL/TLS Interception Proxies and Transitive Trust.
What Should Be Pinned?
The first thing to decide is what should be pinned. For this choice, you have two options: you can (1) pin the certificate; or (2) pin the public key. If you choose public keys, you have two additional choices: (a) pin the subjectPublicKeyInfo; or (b) pin one of the concrete types such as RSAPublicKey or DSAPublicKey.
The three choices are explained below in more detail. I would encourage you to pin the subjectPublicKeyInfo because it has the public parameters (such as {e,n} for an RSA public key) and contextual information such as an algorithm and OID. The context will help you keep your bearings at times, and Figure 1 below shows the additional information available.
For the purposes of this article, the objects are in X509-compatible presentation format (PKCS#1 defers to X509, both of which use ASN.1). If you have a PEM encoded object (for example, -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----, -----END CERTIFICATE-----), then convert the object to DER encoding. Conversion using OpenSSL is offered below in Format Conversions.
A certificate is an object which binds an entity (such as a person or organization) to a public key via a signature. The certificate is DER encoded, and has associated data or attributes such as Subject (who is identified or bound), Issuer (who signed it), Validity (NotBefore and NotAfter), and a Public Key.
A certificate has a subjectPublicKeyInfo. The subjectPublicKeyInfo is a key with additional information. The ASN.1 type includes an Algorithm ID, a Version, and an extensible format to hold a concrete public key. Figures 1 and 2 below show different views of the same of a RSA key, which is the subjectPublicKeyInfo. The key is for the site random.org, and it is used in the sample programs and listings below.
The concrete public key is an encoded public key. The key format will usually be specified elsewhere - for example, PKCS#1 in the case of RSA Public Keys. In the case of an RSA public key, the type is RSAPublicKey and the parameters {e,n} will be ASN.1 encoded. Figures 1 and 2 above clearly show the modulus (n at line 28) and exponent (e at line 289). For DSA, the concrete type is DSAPublicKey and the ASN.1 encoded parameters would be {p,q,g,y}.
Final takeaways: (1) a certificate binds an entity to a public key; (2) a certificate has a subjectPublicKeyInfo; and (3) a subjectPublicKeyInfo has an concrete public key. For those who want to learn more, a more in-depth discussion from a programmer's perspective can be found at the CodeProject's article Cryptographic Interoperability: Keys.
At runtime, you retrieve the website or server's certificate in the callback. Within the callback, you compare the retrieved certificate with the certificate embedded within the program. If the comparison fails, then fail the method or function.
There is a downside to pinning a certificate. If the site rotates its certificate on a regular basis, then your application would need to be updated regularly. For example, Google rotates its certificates, so you will need to update your application about once a month (if it depended on Google services). Even though Google rotates its certificates, the underlying public keys (within the certificate) remain static.
Public Key
There are two downsides two public key pinning. First, its harder to work with keys (versus certificates) since you must extract the key from the certificate. Extraction is a minor inconvenience in Java and .Net, buts its uncomfortable in Cocoa/CocoaTouch and OpenSSL. Second, the key is static and may violate key rotation policies.
While the three choices above used of DER encoding, its also acceptable to use a hash of the information. In fact, the original sample programs were written using digested certificates and public keys. The samples were changed to allow a programmer to inspect the objects with tools like dumpasn1 and other ASN.1 decoders.
Hashing also provides three additional benefits. First, hashing allows you to anonymize a certificate or public key. This might be important if you application is concerned about leaking information during decompilation and re-engineering.
Second, a digested certificate fingerprint is often available as a native API for many libraries, so its convenient to use.
Finally, an organization might want to supply a 'future' public key identity in case the primary identity is compromised. Hashing ensures your adversaries do not see the 'future' certificate or key in advance of its use. In fact, Google's IETF draft websec-key-pinning uses the technique.
What About X509?
There are a number of PKI profiles available. For the Internet, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL)", also known as RFC 5280, is of interest. Since a certificate is specified in the ITU's X509 standard, there are lots of mandatory and optional fields available for validation from both bodies.
Mandatory Checks
All X509 verifications must include:
- A path validation check. The check verifies all the signatures on certificates in the chain are valid under a given PKI. The check begins at the server or service's certificate (the leaf), and proceeds back to a trusted root certificate (the root).
- A validity check, or the notBefore and notAfter fields. The notAfter field is especially important since a CA will not warrant the certificate after the date, and it does not have to provide CRL/OCSP updates after the date.
- Revocation status. As with notAfter, revocation is important because the CA will not warrant a certificate once it is listed as revoked. The IETF approved way of checking a certificate's revocation is OCSP and specified in RFC 2560.
Optional Checks
[Mulling over what else to present, and the best way to present it. Subject name? DNS lookups? Key Usage? Algorithms? Geolocation based on IP? Check back soon.]
Examples of Pinning
This section demonstrates certificate and public key pinning in Android Java, iOS, .Net, and OpenSSL. All programs attempt to connect to random.org and fetch bytes (Dr. Mads Haahr participates in AOSP's pinning program, so the site should have a static key).
Parameter validation, return value checking, and error checking have been omitted in the code below, but is present in the sample programs. So the sample code is ready for copy/paste. By far, the most uncomfortable languages are C-based: iOS and OpenSSL.
Pinning in Android is accomplished through a custom X509TrustManager. X509TrustManager should perform the customary X509 checks in addition to performing the pin.
Download: Android sample program
public final class PubKeyManager implements X509TrustManager { private static String PUB_KEY = "30820122300d06092a864886f70d0101" + "0105000382010f003082010a0282010100b35ea8adaf4cb6db86068a836f3c85" + "5a545b1f0cc8afb19e38213bac4d55c3f2f19df6dee82ead67f70a990131b6bc" + "ac1a9116acc883862f00593199df19ce027c8eaaae8e3121f7f329219464e657" + "2cbf66e8e229eac2992dd795c4f23df0fe72b6ceef457eba0b9029619e0395b8" + "609851849dd6214589a2ceba4f7a7dcceb7ab2a6b60c27c69317bd7ab2135f50" + "c6317e5dbfb9d1e55936e4109b7b911450c746fe0d5d07165b6b23ada7700b00" + "33238c858ad179a82459c4718019c111b4ef7be53e5972e06ca68a112406da38" + "cf60d2f4fda4d1cd52f1da9fd6104d91a34455cd7b328b02525320a35253147b" + "e0b7a5bc860966dc84f10d723ce7eed5430203010001"; public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) throws CertificateException { if (chain == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("checkServerTrusted: X509Certificate array is null"); } if (!(chain.length > 0)) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("checkServerTrusted: X509Certificate is empty"); } if (!(null != authType && authType.equalsIgnoreCase("RSA"))) { throw new CertificateException("checkServerTrusted: AuthType is not RSA"); } // Perform customary SSL/TLS checks try { TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance("X509"); tmf.init((KeyStore) null); for (TrustManager trustManager : tmf.getTrustManagers()) { ((X509TrustManager) trustManager).checkServerTrusted(chain, authType); } } catch (Exception e) { throw new CertificateException(e); } // Hack ahead: BigInteger and toString(). We know a DER encoded Public Key begins // with 0x30 (ASN.1 SEQUENCE and CONSTRUCTED), so there is no leading 0x00 to drop. RSAPublicKey pubkey = (RSAPublicKey) chain[0].getPublicKey(); String encoded = new BigInteger(1 /* positive */, pubkey.getEncoded()).toString(16); // Pin it! final boolean expected = PUB_KEY.equalsIgnoreCase(encoded); if (!expected) { throw new CertificateException("checkServerTrusted: Expected public key: " + PUB_KEY + ", got public key:" + encoded); } } } }
PubKeyManager would be used in code similar to below.
TrustManager tm[] = { new PubKeyManager() }; SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS"); context.init(null, tm, null); URL url = new URL( "https://www.random.org/integers/?" + "num=16&min=0&max=255&col=16&base=10&format=plain&rnd=new"); HttpsURLConnection connection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection(); connection.setSSLSocketFactory(context.getSocketFactory()); InputStreamReader instream = new InputStreamReader(connection.getInputStream()); StreamTokenizer tokenizer = new StreamTokenizer(instream); ...
iOS pinning is performed through a NSURLConnectionDelegate. The delegate must implement connection:canAuthenticateAgainstProtectionSpace: and connection:didReceiveAuthenticationChallenge:. Within connection:didReceiveAuthenticationChallenge:, the delegate must call SecTrustEvaluate to perform customary X509 checks.
Download: iOS sample program.
-(IBAction)fetchButtonTapped:(id)sender { NSString* requestString = @"https://www.random.org/integers/? num=16&min=0&max=255&col=16&base=16&format=plain&rnd=new"; NSURL* requestUrl = [NSURL URLWithString:requestString]; NSURLRequest* request = [NSURLRequest requestWithURL:requestUrl cachePolicy:NSURLRequestReloadIgnoringLocalCacheData timeoutInterval:10.0f]; NSURLConnection* connection = [[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:request delegate:self]; } -(BOOL)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection canAuthenticateAgainstProtectionSpace: (NSURLProtectionSpace*)space { return [[space authenticationMethod] isEqualToString: NSURLAuthenticationMethodServerTrust]; } - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didReceiveAuthenticationChallenge: (NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge { if ([[[challenge protectionSpace] authenticationMethod] isEqualToString: NSURLAuthenticationMethodServerTrust]) { do { SecTrustRef serverTrust = [[challenge protectionSpace] serverTrust]; if(nil == serverTrust) break; /* failed */ OSStatus status = SecTrustEvaluate(serverTrust, NULL); if(!(errSecSuccess == status)) break; /* failed */ SecCertificateRef serverCertificate = SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex(serverTrust, 0); if(nil == serverCertificate) break; /* failed */ CFDataRef serverCertificateData = SecCertificateCopyData(serverCertificate); [(id)serverCertificateData autorelease]; if(nil == serverCertificateData) break; /* failed */ const UInt8* const data = CFDataGetBytePtr(serverCertificateData); const CFIndex size = CFDataGetLength(serverCertificateData); NSData* cert1 = [NSData dataWithBytes:data length:(NSUInteger)size]; NSString *file = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"random-org" ofType:@"der"]; NSData* cert2 = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:file]; if(nil == cert1 || nil == cert2) break; /* failed */ const BOOL equal = [cert1 isEqualToData:cert2]; if(!equal) break; /* failed */ // The only good exit point return [[challenge sender] useCredential: [NSURLCredential credentialForTrust: serverTrust] forAuthenticationChallenge: challenge]; } while(0); // Bad dog return [[challenge sender] cancelAuthenticationChallenge: challenge]; }
.Net pinning can be achieved by using ServicePointManager as shown below.
Download: .Net sample program.
// Encoded RSAPublicKey private static String PUB_KEY = "30818902818100C4A06B7B52F8D17DC1CCB47362" + "C64AB799AAE19E245A7559E9CEEC7D8AA4DF07CB0B21FDFD763C63A313A668FE9D764E" + "D913C51A676788DB62AF624F422C2F112C1316922AA5D37823CD9F43D1FC54513D14B2" + "9E36991F08A042C42EAAEEE5FE8E2CB10167174A359CEBF6FACC2C9CA933AD403137EE" + "2C3F4CBED9460129C72B0203010001"; public static void Main(string[] args) { ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback = PinPublicKey; WebRequest wr = WebRequest.Create("https://encrypted.google.com/"); wr.GetResponse(); } public static bool PinPublicKey(object sender, X509Certificate certificate, X509Chain chain, SslPolicyErrors sslPolicyErrors) { if (null == certificate) return false; String pk = certificate.GetPublicKeyString(); if (pk.Equals(PUB_KEY)) return true; // Bad dog return false; }
Pinning can occur at one of two places with OpenSSL. First is the user supplied verify_callback. Second is after the connection is established via SSL_get_peer_certificate. Either method will allow you to access the peer's certificate.
Though OpenSSL performs the X509 checks, you must fail the connection and tear down the socket on error. To check the result of the customary verification: (1) you must call SSL_get_verify_result and verify the return code is X509_V_OK; and (2) you must call SSL_get_peer_certificate and verify its non-NULL. By design, a server that does not supply a certificate will result in X509_V_OK with a NULL certificate.
Download: OpenSSL sample program.
int pkp_pin_peer_pubkey(SSL* ssl) { if(NULL == ssl) return FALSE; X509* cert = NULL; FILE* fp = NULL; /* Scratch */ int len1 = 0, len2 = 0; unsigned char *buff1 = NULL, *buff2 = NULL; /* Result is returned to caller */ int ret = 0, result = FALSE; do { /* http://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_get_peer_certificate.html */ cert = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl); if(!(cert != NULL)) break; /* failed */ /* Begin Gyrations to get the subjectPublicKeyInfo */ /* Thanks to Viktor Dukhovni on the OpenSSL mailing list */ /* http://groups.google.com/group/mailing.openssl.users/browse_thread/thread/d61858dae102c6c7 */ len1 = i2d_X509_PUBKEY(X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(cert), NULL); if(!(len1 > 0)) break; /* failed */ /* scratch */ unsigned char* temp = NULL; /* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/buffer.html */ buff1 = temp = OPENSSL_malloc(len1); if(!(buff1 != NULL)) break; /* failed */ /* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/d2i_X509.html */ len2 = i2d_X509_PUBKEY(X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(cert), &temp); /* These checks are verifying we got back the same values as when we sized the buffer. */ /* Its pretty weak since they should always be the same. But it gives us something to test. */ if(!((len1 == len2) && (temp != NULL) && ((temp - buff1) == len1))) break; /* failed */ /* End Gyrations */ /* See the warning above!!! */ /* http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696699/functions/fopen.html */ fp = fopen("random-org.der", "rx"); if(NULL ==fp) { fp = fopen("random-org.der", "r"); if(!(NULL != fp)) break; /* failed */ /* Seek to eof to determine the file's size */ /* http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696699/functions/fseek.html */ ret = fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END); if(!(0 == ret)) break; /* failed */ /* Fetch the file's size */ /* http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696699/functions/ftell.html */ long size = ftell(fp); /* Arbitrary size, but should be relatively small (less than 1K or 2K) */ if(!(size != -1 && size > 0 && size < 2048)) break; /* failed */ /* Rewind to beginning to perform the read */ /* http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696699/functions/fseek.html */ ret = fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET); if(!(0 == ret)) break; /* failed */ /* Re-use buff2 and len2 */ buff2 = NULL; len2 = (int)size; /* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/buffer.html */ buff2 = OPENSSL_malloc(len2); if(!(buff2 != NULL)) break; /* failed */ /* http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696699/functions/fread.html */ /* Returns number of elements read, which should be 1 */ ret = (int)fread(buff2, (size_t)len2, 1, fp); if(!(ret == 1)) break; /* failed */ /* Re-use size. MIN and MAX macro below... */ size = len1 < len2 ? len1 : len2; /*************************/ /***** PAYDIRT *****/ /*************************/ if(len1 != (int)size || len2 != (int)size || 0 != memcmp(buff1, buff2, (size_t)size)) break; /* failed */ /* The one good exit point */ result = TRUE; } while(0); if(fp != NULL) fclose(fp); /* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/buffer.html */ if(NULL != buff2) OPENSSL_free(buff2); /* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/buffer.html */ if(NULL != buff1) OPENSSL_free(buff1); /* http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/X509_new.html */ if(NULL != cert) X509_free(cert); return result; }
Pinning Alternatives
Not all applications use split key cryptography. Fortunately, there are protocols which allow you to set up a secure channel based on knowledge of passwords and pre-shared secrets (rather than putting the secret on the wire in a basic authentication scheme). Two are listed below - SRP and PSK. SRP and PSK have 88 cipher suites assigned to them by IANA for TLS, so there's no shortage of choices.
Secure Remote Password (SRP) is a Password Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE) by Thomas Wu based upon Diffie-Hellman. The protocol is standardized in RFC 5054 and available in the OpenSSL library (among others). In the SRP scheme, the server uses a verifier which consists of a {salt, hash(password)} pair. The user has the password and receives the salt from the server. With lots of hand waiving, both parties select per-instance random values (nonces) and execute the protocol using g{(salt + password)|verifier} + nonces rather than traditional Diffie-Hellman using gab.
EAP-PSK is Extensible Authentication Protocol using a Pre-Shared Key. EAP-PSK is specified in RFC 4764. The shared secret is used to key a block cipher, which is in turn used to exchange session keys. EAP-PSK is designed for authentication over insecure networks such as IEEE 802.11.
This sections covers administrivia and miscellaneous items related to pinning.
Ephemeral Keys
Ephemeral keys are temporary keys used for one instance of a protocol execution and then thrown away. An ephemeral key has the benefit of providing forward secrecy, meaning a compromise of the site or service's long term (static) signing key does not facilitate decrypting past messages because the key was temporary and discarded (once the session terminated).
Ephemeral keys do not affect pinning because the Ephemeral key is delivered in a separate ServerKeyExchange message. In addition, the ephemeral key is a key and not a certificate, so it does not change the construction of the certificate chain. That is, the certificate of interest will still be located at certificates[0].
Pinning Gaps
There are two gaps when pinning due to reuse of the existing infrastructure and protocols. First, an explicit challenge is not sent by the program to the peer server based on the server's public information. So the program never knows if the peer can actually decrypt messages. However, the shortcoming is usually academic in practice since an adversary will receive messages it can't decrypt.
Second is revocation. Clients don't usually engage in revocation checking, so it could be possible to use a known bad certificate or key in a pinset. Even if revocation is active, Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) and Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) can be defeated in a hostile environment. An application can take steps to remediate, with the primary means being freshness. That is, an application should be updated and distributed immediately when a critical security parameter changes.
No Relationship ^@$!
If you don't have a pre-existing relationship, all is not lost. First, you can pin a host or server's certificate or public key the first time you encounter it. If the bad guy was not active when you encountered the certificate or public key, he or she will not be successful with future funny business.
Second, bad certificates are being spotted quicker in the field due to projects like Chromium and Certificate Patrol, and initiatives like the EFF's SSL Observatory.
Third, help is on its way, and there are three futures that will assist with the endeavors:
- Public Key Pinning (http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-websec-key-pinning-04.txt) – an extension to the HTTP protocol allowing web host operators to instruct user agents (UAs) to remember ("pin") the hosts' cryptographic identities for a given period of time.
- Sovereign Keys (http://www.eff.org/sovereign-keys) - operates by providing an optional and secure way of associating domain names with public keys via DNSSEC. PKI (hierarchical) is still used. Semi-centralized with append only logging.
- Convergence (http://convergence.io) – different [geographical] views of a site and its associated data (certificates and public keys). Web of Trust is used. Semi-centralized.
While Sovereign Keys and Convergence still require us to confer trust to outside parties, the parties involved do not serve share holders or covet revenue streams. Their interests are industry transparency and user security.
More Information?
Pinning is an old new thing that has been shaken, stirred, and repackaged. While "pinning" and "pinsets" are relatively new terms for old things, Jon Larimer and Kenny Root spent time on the subject at Google I/O 2012 with their talk Security and Privacy in Android Apps.
Format Conversions
As a convenience to readers, the following with convert between PEM and DER format using OpenSSL.
# Public key, X509 $ openssl genrsa -out rsa-openssl.pem 3072 $ openssl rsa -in rsa-openssl.pem -pubout -outform DER -out rsa-openssl.der
# Private key, PKCS#8 $ openssl genrsa -out rsa-openssl.pem 3072 $ openssl pkcs8 -nocrypt -in rsa-openssl.pem -inform PEM -topk8 -outform DER -out rsa-openssl.der
- OWASP Injection Theory
- OWASP Data Validation
- OWASP Transport Layer Protection Cheat Sheet
- IETF Public Key Pinning
- IETF RFC 1421 (PEM Encoding)
- IETF RFC 4648 (Base16, Base32, and Base64 Encodings)
- IETF RFC 3279 (PKI, X509 Algorithms and CRL Profiles)
- IETF RFC 4055 (PKI, X509 Additional Algorithms and CRL Profiles)
- EFF Sovereign Keys
- Thoughtcrime Labs Convergence
- RSA Laboratories PKCS#1, RSA Encryption Standard
- RSA Laboratories PKCS#6, Extended-Certificate Syntax Standard
- ITU Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)
- TOR Project Detecting Certificate Authority Compromises and Web Browser Collusion
- Code Project Cryptographic Interoperability: Keys
- Google I/O Security and Privacy in Android Apps
- Dr. Peter Gutmann's PKI is Broken
- Dr. Matthew Green's The Internet is Broken
- Dr. Matthew Green's How do Interception Proxies fail?
Authors and Primary Editors
- Jeffrey Walton - jeffrey.walton, softwareintegrity.com
- JohnSteven - john, owasp.org
- Jim Manico - jim, owasp.org
- Kevin Wall - kevin, owasp.org


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Notice: this Wiki will be going read only early in 2024 and edits will no longer be possible. Please see: https://gitlab.eclipse.org/eclipsefdn/helpdesk/-/wikis/Wiki-shutdown-plan for the plan.
Difference between revisions of "Oct 27-29 Boston F2F Agenda"
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== Wednesday ==
== Wednesday ==
Revision as of 11:12, 28 October 2008
Higgins face-to-face meeting in Waltham, Massachusetts, October 27-29, 2008.
- 1 Logistics
- 2 Expected Attendees
- 3 Monday
- 4 Tuesday
- 4.1 9:00-noon Review of the Context Data Model [Paul]
- 4.2 noon-12:15 Higgins Data Model [Hank]
- 4.3 noon-1pm Lunch
- 4.4 1:30 UN/PW Cards [Brian]
- 4.5 2:00 Higgins AIR Selector Architecture [Jeesmon]
- 4.6 3:00 ALF SSO Code [Brian Carroll]
- 4.7 Access Control in IdAS [Paul]
- 4.8 Models as Entities [Jim]
- 4.9 OpenID Support in Higgins [Paul, John, others]
- 4.10 Architecture Harmonization [All]
- 4.11 Higgins Website Enhancements
- 4.12 Higgins Whitepaper
- 4.13 Higgins Process/Infrastructure Enhancements
- 4.14 DigitalMe [Jim/Andy]
- 5 Wednesday
- Location: The offices of Wilmer Hale, 1100 Winter Street in Waltham, Meeting Room(s): St. Clair - 0401
- Enter through the center door. The building is on a hill so you enter above ground level. Elevators are to your left.
- GoogleMaps directions [1]
- Reservations were made under Parity name
- Call Mary at 617-290-8591 if you have problems
- Wilmer Hale reception number is 781-966-2000
- Time: The event will start Monday at 9:00 AM and end Wednesday at noon. Note that Wednesday from 9:00 to 10:30 we will be meeting in a different room.
- Action Items are indicated by the presence of "(AI)" on a line and the owner of the action item is in bold.
Expected Attendees
- Jim Sermersheim - Novell
- Paul Trevithick - Parity
- Drummond Reed - Cordance/Parity
- Mary Ruddy - Meristic
- Hank Mauldin - Cisco
- Markus Sabedello - Parity
- John Bradley - Parity
- Tom Carroll - Parity
- Brian Walker - Parity
Attending by phone
Dial in number: (218) 339-4300
Participant Passcode: 1038511#
Attending on IRC
Note that once we have finalized the agenda, we will move items around to appropriate time slots. Please add your proposed agenda items
We will track at least the agenda on the #Higgins IRC channel. If you wish to call in for an agenda item, please let us know on the #higgins IRC channel
8:30- 9:30 Continental breakfast
- Breakfast pastries arrive at 8:30. Assortment of coffees and teas available all day.
9:00-9:30 Welcome, Introductions, Agenda
- Introductions
- Eclipse ground rules
- Agenda bashing
- Dinner planning
9:30-9:45 iPhone Selector [Markus]
- Proof of concept prototype demonstration of iPhone Selector
9:45-12:00 Higgins Positioning and Home Page Positioning [Mary]
Lunch noon-1pm
- Cafeteria downstairs
1pm IdAS REST [Jim]
- Where we are right now:
- Bandit Project has one implementation called OTIS [Jim can demo]
- Message body specs can be found at:
- http://code.bandit-project.org/trac/wiki/OTIS/Doc/Protocol
- example message bodies under cURL examples of each of http://code.bandit-project.org/trac/wiki/OTIS/Doc#OTISFunctionality
- If you want to try the rest.xml provider out, it's easiest to start here http://code.bandit-project.org/trac/wiki/OTIS/Doc/DeployingAnOTISServer#Quickstart Follow either the Standalone Glassfish, or Simple Pre-configured deployment instructions
- We can expose any IdAS context as XML
- The OTIS Server can also dynamically open different server-side-configured IdAS contexts and expose them
- See the 'ContextID' element of the message at http://code.bandit-project.org/trac/wiki/OTIS/Doc/Protocol/authenticatedSessionPOSTRequest#RequestMessageFormat
- A slim client with only the cp.rest.xml can therefore access any server-configured IdAS context via OTIS
- Message body specs can be found at:
- Markus can show/explain the IdAS XDI Engine & CP
- Message body specs can be found at:
- Demonstration and discussion of the XDI Engine
- We can expose any IdAS context as XDI
- The XDI Engine can also dynamically open new IdAS contexts and expose them
- A slim client with only the XDI CP can therefore access any IdAS context via the XDI Engine
- Bandit Project has one implementation called OTIS [Jim can demo]
- Where we want to go:
- Common Client and Server components
- Should it use ROA ot SOA? If ReST, how Fielding-friendly should we be?
- Alternatives: SOAP, JMS, others?
- Investigate using a JSR311 impl
- Standardization on one or more set of nouns and content types
- Assuming we want to standardize content, which is the most appropriate body? OASIS?
- Flexibility is good!
- Bandit quickly dumbed down XML to accommodate Pipes demo
- Would be nice to be able to support other ad-hoc standards like OpenSocial ReSTful http://www.opensocial.org/Technical-Resources/opensocial-spec-v081/restful-protocol
- Oasis XDI TC is standardizing what Markus has been using
- The XDI messages as they currently stand would be a very hard sell as being "ReSTful" as there is one noun and all actions are carried in the message.
- Diagram at end of mtg
9:00-noon Review of the Context Data Model [Paul]
- Working session going through the PPT and reviewing and updating it
- We have the ability to have attributes about a single entity-attribute-value
- We need to represent attributes about the set of all values of an attribute
- need to add Agent and Person, Org, Group to PPT
- add device examples to PPT
noon-12:15 Higgins Data Model [Hank]
- Today we have Person, Organization and Group as subclasses of Agent (as subclass of Entity)
- Proposal: we add "Device" as a new subclass of Agent
noon-1pm Lunch
1:30 UN/PW Cards [Brian]
- Adding support for login to existing sites using un/pw form filling
2:00 Higgins AIR Selector Architecture [Jeesmon]
- Review current architecture
- Review proposed changes
- LICS: Local I-Card Service
- Local IdAS
3:00 ALF SSO Code [Brian Carroll]
- The ALF SSO code complements the Higgins STS.
Access Control in IdAS [Paul]
- Working session where we go through use cases together
- Access Control in IdAS, Access Control Use Cases
Models as Entities [Jim]
- review IEntity EntityId decisions
- other discussion
OpenID Support in Higgins [Paul, John, others]
- Review our goals
Architecture Harmonization [All]
- Need to pull the three "1.1" Selectors (AIR, RCP and GTK/Cocoa) closer together architecturally
- Reuse of browser extensions
- Leveraging Selector Selector (on Windows, OSX, Linux)
- Common STS infrastructure (WS-Trust, SAML2, Kerberos, etc.)
Higgins Website Enhancements
- Home page structure & content [Mary, Paul]
- Downloads page proposal [Brian]
- Other content and functions [Mary]
Higgins Whitepaper
- Objectives, audience & content [Mary]
- Create an outline
Higgins Process/Infrastructure Enhancements
- Automated nightly testing
- Review status of internationalization
- Jim: people ask often: if I get a specific higgins project, how do I know what dependencies I need?
- breaking every jar into its own Eclipse project (relationship to Orbit)
- relationship to http://www.eclipse.org/buckminster/
DigitalMe [Jim/Andy]
- Demo
- Architectural overview
I-Card next steps [Paul, Mary, etc.]
- FC2 needs [2]
- Information card ID-WSF interoperability
- Information card multi-card use cases
Co-Creating the Higgins Project Plan [Mary and all]
- New Eclipse format
- Alignment with other project/product releases (Eclipse, Higgins Contributors)
- Features
- Maturity (Internationalization, auto testing, etc..)
- Other alignments


text:
Quantity: only 3 left
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Up for sale here is an excellent. AR Denarius Silver Coin (168-180 AD) that has been certified and professionally judged to be in Extremely Fine Condition by the NGC Grading Service.This is a scarce AR Denarius with sharp XF detail and a nice overall look. Quite a remarkable coin, now nearly 2000 years old. As always, this piece is Guaranteed Genuine. About Us: Quality customer service is a top priority in our store. With rare classic gold and silver coins for their collections.
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text: Broadcast 2426 (Special Edition) Guests: Dr. James Dewar, Dr. John Jurist. Topics: Nuclear propulsion, nuclear policy, technology and more. Please direct all comments and questions regarding Space Show programs/guest(s) to the Space Show blog, http://thespaceshow.wordpress.com. Comments and questions should be relevant to the specific Space Show program. Written Transcripts of Space Show programs are a violation of our copyright and are not permitted without prior written consent, even if for your own use. Read more about Broadcast 2426 (Special Edition)Comments


text:
0.250" (6.35mm) diameter, Chrome plated. N52 Rare Earth Neodymium Sphere Magnets. Ball Magnets Magnetic Balls
Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) = 5 pcs
This Product Not Eligible for Shipment to Canada, per Section 7 of the CCPSA
|0.250" (6.35mm)
|Max Working Temp
|Aprox. Pull Force
|Neodymium 52
|Direction of Magnetism
|Across the diameter
If you encounter a problem with your order, or have questions and wish to return your parts, please contact us at 205-621-8841 or email@example.com to acquire a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number. All returns must be made within 60 days of delivery date. To ensure a return is processed quickly, an RMA number and a copy of the packing slip must be included with the shipment.
All returns should be sent to:
Attn: (RMA number)
2000 McCain Pkwy
Pelham, AL 35124
Shipping Errors or Damaged Product
Shipping cost for returns will be the responsibility of the customer unless the parts are incorrect or damaged upon arrival. For shipping errors or damage, SuperMagnetMan will bear the cost to replace the parts and the return shipment for the incorrect or damaged product. Custom orders cannot be returned unless the parts are incorrect or damaged. For details on returning parts, contact our shipping department at 205-621-8841 or email firstname.lastname@example.com for instructions.
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If possible, please ensure that all products are in their original packaging to avoid damage during the return shipment. The customer will be responsible for shielding the magnets properly so that the box or envelope is not magnetic at the surface. If a paper clip sticks to any side of the package more packing material (sheet metal, foam wrapping, peanuts, etc.) or a larger box will be required. If the parts are not properly protected, there is no guarantee the return will make it back to us in its original condition, and a refund will not be issued.
If replacement parts are not needed, refunds will be issued for parts only once they are returned to our facility in the same condition they were shipped. This does not apply if the return is for incorrect or damaged parts.
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Thank you for your business!
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American Horror Story Coven Art Sherpa BlanketRegular price $39.95 Save Liquid error (snippets/product-template line 129): Computation results in '-Infinity'%
Shipping calculated at checkout.
Product Details
After a long day of practicing incantations and dealing with Madame Lalaurie, you deserve a little R&R. Cozy up in this American Horror Story Coven Art Sherpa Blanket while watching your favorite season of AHS for the perfect night in.
- You'll never need another blanket! This blanket is the perfect addition to your home, it looks good and is a nice companion on cool nights.
- Made Of: 100% polyester.
- Care: Machine wash cold on gentle cycle with mild detergent and similar colors. Tumble dry low or lay flat to dry for longest life.
Ordering Information
- Return Policy: We will gladly accept returns for any reason within 30 days of receipt of delivery.
- Shipping: Ship times are estimates of time in transit after your product leaves the fulfillment center. Some items in your order may ship separately to arrive faster.
- Shipping Policy: For more information, see our Shipping Policy here.


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text:
Robert Hurt on Civil Rights
Opponent's Argument for voting No (The Week; Huffington Post, and The Atlantic): House Republicans had objected to provisions in the Senate bill that extended VAWA's protections to lesbians, gays, immigrants, and Native Americans. For example, Rep. Bill Johnson (R-OH) voted against the VAWA bill because it was a "politically–motivated, constitutionally-dubious Senate version bent on dividing women into categories by race, transgender politics and sexual preference." The objections can be grouped in two broadly ideological areas--that the law is an unnecessary overreach by the federal government, and that it represents a "feminist" attack on family values. The act's grants have encouraged states to implement "mandatory-arrest" policies, under which police responding to domestic-violence calls are required to make an arrest. These policies were intended to combat the too-common situation in which a victim is intimidated into recanting an abuse accusation. Critics also say VAWA has been subject to waste, fraud, and abuse because of insufficient oversight.
The Christian Coalition voter guide [is] one of the most powerful tools Christians have ever had to impact our society during elections. This simple tool has helped educate tens of millions of citizens across this nation as to where candidates for public office stand on key faith and family issues.
The CC survey summarizes candidate stances on the following topic: "Federal Marriage Amendment to prevent same sex marriage"
|2012 Governor, House and Senate candidates on Civil Rights:
|Robert Hurt on other issues:
VA Gubernatorial:
Bob McDonnell
Ken Cuccinelli
Robert Sarvis
Terry McAuliffe
Tim Kaine
VA Senatorial:
Ed Gillespie
James Webb
Mark Warner
Robert Sarvis
Tim Kaine
Newly-elected Democrats taking office Jan.2015:
AZ-7: Rep.-Elect Ruben Gallego
CA-11:Rep.-Elect Mark DeSaulnier
CA-31:Rep.-Elect Pete Aguilar(R⇒D)
CA-33:Rep.-Elect Ted Lieu
CA-35:Rep.-Elect Norma Torres
FL-2: Rep.-Elect Gwen Graham(R⇒D)
HI-1: Rep.-Elect Mark Takai
MA-6: Rep.-Elect Seth Moulton
MI-12:Rep.-Elect Debbie Dingell
MI-14:Rep.-Elect Brenda Lawrence
NE-2: Rep.-Elect Brad Ashford(R⇒D)
NJ-12:Rep.-Elect Bonnie Coleman
NY-4: Rep.-Elect Kathleen Rice
PA-13:Rep.-Elect Brendan Boyle
VA-8: Rep.-Elect Donald Beyer
Seated in special elections 2013-2014:
AL-1: Bradley Byrne(R)
FL-13:David Jolly(R)
FL-19:Curt Clawson(R)
IL-2: Robin Kelly(D)
LA-5: Vance McAllister(R)
MA-5: Katherine Clark(D)
MO-8: Jason Smith(R)
NC-12:Alma Adams(D)
NJ-1: Donald Norcross(D)
SC-1: Mark Sanford(R)
VA-7: Dave Brat(R)
Newly-elected Republicans taking office Jan.2015:
AR-2: Rep.-Elect French Hill
AR-4: Rep.-Elect Bruce Westerman
AL-6: Rep.-Elect Gary Palmer
CA-25:Rep.-Elect Steve Knight
CA-45:Rep.-Elect Mimi Walters
CO-4: Rep.-Elect Ken Buck
FL-26:Rep.-Elect Carlos Curbelo(D⇒R)
GA-1: Rep.-Elect Buddy Carter
GA-10:Rep.-Elect Jody Hice
GA-11:Rep.-Elect Barry Loudermilk
GA-12:Rep.-Elect Rick Allen(D⇒R)
IA-1: Rep.-Elect Rod Blum(D⇒R)
IA-3: Rep.-Elect David Young
IL-10:Rep.-Elect Robert Dold(D⇒R)
IL-12:Rep.-Elect Mike Bost(D⇒R)
More newly-elected Republicans taking office Jan.2015:
LA-5: Rep.-Elect Ralph Abraham
LA-6: Rep.-Elect Garret Graves
ME-2: Rep.-Elect Bruce Poliquin(D⇒R)
MI-4: Rep.-Elect John Moolenaar
MI-8: Rep.-Elect Mike Bishop
MI-11:Rep.-Elect Dave Trott
MN-6: Rep.-Elect Tom Emmer
MT-0: Rep.-Elect Ryan Zinke
NC-6: Rep.-Elect Mark Walker
NC-7: Rep.-Elect David Rouzer(D⇒R)
NH-1: Rep.-Elect Frank Guinta(D⇒R)
NJ-3: Rep.-Elect Tom MacArthur
NV-4: Rep.-Elect Cresent Hardy(D⇒R)
NY-1: Rep.-Elect Lee Zeldin(D⇒R)
NY-21:Rep.-Elect Elise Stefanik(D⇒R)
NY-24:Rep.-Elect John Katko
OK-5: Rep.-Elect Steve Russell
PA-6: Rep.-Elect Ryan Costello
TX-4: Rep.-Elect John Ratcliffe
TX-23:Rep.-Elect Will Hurd
TX-36:Rep.-Elect Brian Babin
UT-4: Rep.-Elect Mia Love(D⇒R)
VA-10:Rep.-Elect Barbara Comstock
WA-4: Rep.-Elect Dan Newhouse
WI-6: Rep.-Elect Glenn Grothman
WV-2: Rep.-Elect Alex Mooney
WV-3: Rep.-Elect Evan Jenkins(D⇒R)
Civil Rights
Foreign Policy
Free Trade
Govt. Reform
Gun Control
Health Care
Homeland Security
Social Security
Tax Reform
Main Page
Wikipedia Profile
Ballotpedia Profile
VA politicians
VA Archives
Contact info:
House Contact
Mailing Address:
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Phone number:


text:
Website UPS
Job Description:
Train and supervise daily activities of package handlers and clerks to ensure that all assigned duties are accomplished safely and timely. Supervisors typically work Monday through Friday: however, weekend work may be required based upon location and business needs. Part-time management employees are generally expected to work 5 1/2 hours per day and are paid weekly. Medical, dental, and vision benefits are offered to employees and their eligible dependents. Additional benefits include educational assistance, 401K, discounted stock, and paid vacations/holidays.
Job Requirement:
- Customer service skills (internal/external)
- Phone etiquette
- Abillity to work varying shifts, additional hours and/or overtime depending on service needs
- Multi-tasking skills
- Perform general office tasks such as paperwork, typing, and/or use of a computer, filing, calculating and the use of telephone
- Good cognitive reasoning skills
- Self motivation
- Microsoft Office knowledge (ie. excel, word, wordperfect)
- Work cooperatively in a diverse work environment
- The ability to work in adverse weather conditions
- Ability to direct the work of the other employees effectively
- Verification and submittal of timecards
- Perform other functions that may be assigned
Job Details:
Company: UPS
Vacancy Type: Full Time
Job Location: Greenville, NC, US
Application Deadline: N/A


text:
387 Lygon Street, Brunswick East, Victoria(03) 9388 9663
*Services and prices are subject to change without notice. Please contact the merchant to confirm.
**P.O.A - Price on application. This service is tailored to your specific needs. A price will be quoted at your appointment.
Like to share your experience of Sakura Massage? SIGN IN and write a testimonial.
Is this your business? SIGN IN to claim it!


text:
Veterinary Pest Genomics Center Overview
The Veterinary Pest Genomics Center (VPGC) is an initiative within the US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The vision for this initiative is to leverage big data solutions to evaluate risk from, and develop mitigations for invasive and other economically important veterinary pests. The introduction of invasive veterinary pests is accelerated by global change, including anomalies related to climate variability. An important aspect of this effort is to foster an innovation ecosystem involving the network of laboratories directly linked to ARS National Program 104 (Veterinary, Medical, and Urban Entomology), and related locations, in a way that allows ARS to leverage its scientific talent and other research assets.
VPGC's mission is to:
- Utilize key biological resources, next generation sequencing technology, and state-of-the-art bioinformatics approaches to sequence and annotate the genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes and metagenomes of important and emerging arthropod pests of veterinary importance
- Develop and use molecular tools for population genomics studies of veterinary pests in their indigenous and invasive ranges to understand the role of different evolutionary forces in shaping phenotypic variation of high-consequence to agriculture
- Apply biogeographic, spatial, and temporal analyses to quantify and predict economically important or potential veterinary pest distributional changes, and integrate these analyses with genetic studies of rapid evolution and adaptation of pests to new or changing environments
- Conduct feasibility studies to evaluate advanced computing hardware and software systems for their ability to store and analyze large data sets on veterinary pests, and the capacity to integrate results from longitudinal
environmental assessments
VPGC Datasets
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text: Apparently, the U.S. Army has a new combat mini-grenade in its arsenal. It's called the HG-86 (short for SplHG 86), and it's made by ARGES (Armaturen Gesellschaft m. b. H.) of Austria. Click here to read an active thread on the SplHG 86 mini-grenade on TacticalForums.com. Click in this link to go to a story that includes some good info …Read More »


text:
Click here for all SV University Results
Sri Venkateswara University
SVU MPED I Sem Exam Results Aug 2021
I Sem
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Welcome to our Web site, where you'll find a wealth of information in the form of newsletter articles, calculators, and research reports. We hope your visit will help you understand the opportunities and potential rewards that are available when you take a proactive approach to your personal financial situation.
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Learn more about Principal Protected Notes from Incapital


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How to get emails placed to the 'Social' tab in your Gmail mailboxTo always have our emails delivered to you successfully you will need to add them in the 'Social' not 'Promotions' tab. Please:
- Click on the "Promotions" tab to see the list of emails there.
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- Drag the subject line to 'Social' tab.
- You will see a little box near the top of your inbox 'The conversation has been moved to 'Social'. Do this for future messages from this email? Click 'Yes'.