text:
Estimated read time: 5-6 minutes
This archived news story is available only for your personal, non-commercial use. Information in the story may be outdated or superseded by additional information. Reading or replaying the story in its archived form does not constitute a republication of the story.
NEW YORK (AP) - Looking to save a few bucks while you shop for holiday gifts? Don't hit the mall without these shopping apps.
Many retailers, for instance, will match deals you find elsewhere, so these apps can help you find better prices to show the cashier. Some let you search for coupons, while others tell you whether you're better off buying online instead. And one keeps track of all those promotional fliers that do little good if you forget them at home.
I tested more than a dozen shopping apps _ in the process getting some of my holiday shopping done early. I narrowed the list to five because using them all at once can get time consuming. You want to beat others to the best deals, after all.
Unfortunately, If you prefer to shop at mom and pop stores, you won't find any deals here. But if you don't mind big retailers, these apps offer a hefty selection of deals from them. The ones I chose are all free, easy to use and beautifully designed.
_ RetailMeNot (Available for Android, iPhone)
This app lets you search for coupons from your favorite stores, so you can instantly save 10 percent, 20 percent or even more on a single item or your entire shopping cart.
You can scroll through the list of hot deals on the home page or search for a specific store. You can add your favorite stores to a list to see the deals more quickly. The app uses the phone's location information to narrow the deals to the ones near you.
I'm not saying these apps are problem-free. At Toys R Us, the cashier wasn't able to scan a 15 percent off coupon. RetailMeNot says many retailers have outdated scanners, but most will honor the discount anyway. That happened at Toys R Us after the cashier called for a manager. Getting the discount took longer than expected, and some people in line behind gave me bad looks. But the deal was worth it.
The app lets you see both in-store and online deals. After walking into a Gap retail store, I found a coupon that works only online. So I left and went to Gap's website. RetailMeNot's 35 percent off coupon code saved me $20.26 on a $57.89 purchase.
If you create an account, you can browse for deals on RetailMeNot's website. Any coupons you save on the website will show up on the app. They will delete when they expire.
One annoyance: According to RetailMeNot, about a third of the coupons are uploaded by users. Employees go through them to make sure that they work, but some bad ones get through. About a month ago, I went to Gap with a coupon that didn't have an expiration date. But after the cashier called a manager, I was told it expired a week earlier. RetailMeNot says such problems are rare. To me, the savings from this app is worth the small inconveniences.
_ Amazon and RedLaser (Available for Android, iPhone, Windows)
Many retailers, including Best Buy Co. Inc., Target Inc. and Toys R Us Inc., are promising to match cheaper prices you find online, hoping you'll buy on the spot and not wait until you can get to Amazon's website.
To take advantage of that, install Amazon.com Inc.'s app on your phone. You can scan barcodes of items in the retail store and see how much it costs on Amazon. If you find a better price, show the app to a cashier. I've gotten cashiers at Best Buy, Target and Toys R Us to knock off as much as $10 on different items. The savings can add up.
The RedLaser app, which is owned by eBay Inc., searches several online retailers, giving you more chances to find better prices than if you just searched Amazon.
RedLaser doesn't search Amazon, so use both to make sure you are getting the lowest price.
_ Cartwheel by Target (Available for Android, iPhone)
I tried apps for several retailers, but Target's was the best. Cartwheel is easy to use and has coupons for everything from electronics to toys to cereal.
You can search for coupons by category as well as "collections," such as items to help ease a cold or holiday decorations. Once you find a coupon you want to use, you tap the add button. Then present the cashier with a single barcode that has collected all the coupons you selected. These coupons don't work online, only inside Target stores.
The best part is that they can be used on top of other coupons you may find elsewhere. That can increase your savings a lot.
_ Flipp (Available for iPhone)
I never remember to save retailers' promotional fliers that come in newspapers, even when I come across one that's tempting to use. They're hard to carry around, and they usually end up in the trash.
The Flipp app can help. Flipp works with retailers and turns fliers digital. The digital version is identical to the paper one, and you can flip through it with a flick of your finger. You can also search by a store's name and digitally "clip" deals you want to save.
If there's a store you shop at often, you can have new fliers automatically appear.
While at Macy's, I found a flier that offered $10 off a $25 purchase. Several people ahead of me in line had the coupon cut out of the paper flier. I gave the cashier the coupon from the Flipp app.
You can also use the app to build a shopping list or compare prices from different stores.
Unfortunately, there's no Android version yet. The app just launched in November.
Amazon app: http://amzn.to/V0EMS6
Cartwheel by Target app: http://cartwheel.target.com
Flipp app: http://www.flipp.com
RedLaser app: http://redlaser.com
RetailMeNot app: http://www.retailmenot.com/mobile
Follow Joseph Pisani on Twitter at https://twitter.com/josephpisani
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Save 36% or moreCompare multiple travel sites with one search.
Track pricesNot ready to book? Create a price alert for when prices drop.
Free to useThere are no hidden charges or fees.
Filter your dealsChoose cabin class, free Wi-Fi and more.
We unfortunately don't have that data for this specific route.
KAYAK is a travel search engine. That means we look across the web to find the best prices we can find for our users. With over 2 billion flight queries processed yearly, we are able to display a variety of prices and options on flights from Cape Town to Fayetteville.
KAYAK's flight Price Forecast tool uses historical data to determine whether the price for a flight to Fayetteville from Cape Town is likely to change within 7 days, so travelers know whether to wait or book now.
Hacker Fares allow you to combine one-way tickets in order to save you money over a traditional return ticket. You could then fly to Fayetteville with an airline and back to Cape Town with another airline.
Sometimes travel dates aren't set in stone. If your preferred travel dates have some wiggle room, flexible dates will show you all the options when flying to Fayetteville from Cape Town up to 3 days before/after your preferred dates. You can then pick the flights that suit you best.
Cape Town (CPT)South Africa
Fayetteville (XNA)United States

subset: commoncrawl


text:
libcups2 2.1.3-4ubuntu0.6 (ppc64el binary) in ubuntu xenial
The Common UNIX Printing System (or CUPS(tm)) is a printing system and
general replacement for lpd and the like. It supports the Internet
Printing Protocol (IPP), and has its own filtering driver model for
handling various document types.
This package provides the base shared libraries for CUPS.
- Package version:
- 2.1.3-4ubuntu0.6
- Status:
- Superseded
- Component:
- main
- Priority:
- Optional
Downloadable files
ppc64el build of cups 2.1.3-4ubuntu0.6 in ubuntu xenial RELEASE produced these files:
- libcups2_2.1.3-4ubuntu0.6_ppc64el.deb (186.1 KiB)
Package relationships
- Suggests:
- Breaks:


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Blanco Andano 180-IF Half Bowl Inset Kitchen Sink
|Shipping Method
|Shipping Charges
Please Note:
Please note, delivery times quoted are approximate. We will try our best to deliver within the time indicated however there may be ocassions where delays are out of our hands. Please do not book your installer until AFTER you have received and checked your order. Any costs you may incur due to delivery days will be at your risk. For some products we may be able to offer a quicker delivery service with an additional charge. To find out more, please call our sales team on 0116 274 4059.
Price Promise
At Banyo we check our prices regularly, and this is why if you have any product at a lower price elsewhere, we'll do our best to beat it.
Here's what you need to let us know:
The product number and the price of the item you're interested in.
The web address of the competitor (sorry, no auction sites).
Please take note of the following:
- Price match includes the competitor's delivery price.
- The product on any competitor's site has to be identical to the product on our site.
- The product must be in stock with the competitor and available for delivery within 48 hours.
- Price match is valid on the day you order.
- The match needs to be verified by one of our agents – just call 0116 274 4059
- The offer is not transferable.
- Unfortunately, we are unable to offer price matching for products purchased on finance or if you have used a discount code.
- All products must be from UK suppliers with UK guarantees. We are unable to match non-UK websites which deliver into the UK.
- We are unable to price match internet-only companies which do not have showrooms where you can view products.
- Sorry, no price matching to any auction sites or products sold on Amazon.
- Call our Sales Team on 0116 274 4059
Monday - Saturday 9am to 6pm Or email us at [email protected]
Blanco Guarantee - AFTER SALES GUARANTEE AND CONTACTS (Manufacturer Warranty)
BLANCO UK reserves the right where deemed appropriate to inspect any reported defective product prior to making a decision on any remedial action. It should be noted that in all instances the manufacturers' decision is final. Your BLANCO products are manufactured to the highest standard, however in the unlikely event that you should experience any defect in the materials or manufacture, within the guarantee period indicated below, and in the judgment of BLANCO UK or an authorised representative confirms that the product is defective, we will undertake to supply replacement parts or replace the product F.O.C. BLANCO UK will not be responsible for any third party costs including labour, re installation or carriage.
This guarantee is made on the understanding that the product has been correctly installed as per our recommendations and the item has been used solely in a domestic installation and maintained and cleaned according to our instructions supplied. This guarantee is intended for the original purchaser and is not transferable.
This guarantee excludes all claims for damages to the goods if not reported prior to fitting and within the time specified from our delivery to the receipt of the goods. Normal wear and tear together with accidental damage to the product, decolouration, abuse or corrosion defects caused by in-appropriate use of un-identified chemicals or cleaners containing corrosive agents are excluded.
Any claims received within the specified guarantee period should be accompanied by a copy of the invoice confirming the date of purchase and proof of ownership. Where possible images of the product clearly identifying the basis for making a claim. Images provided must include a picture of the product including the surrounding area, at least 2 images depicting the damage/ leak where appropriate, and an image of the products unique I.D. label, found under the bowl or positioned on the tap tail. This is information is important as the details clearly identify the product and approximate date of manufacture. Failure to supply this information may affect any consideration of a claim.
The above details are intended as a brief summary of our guarantee terms and conditions, a full version is available on request.
Product improvement.
E and O.E. All products, descriptions and dimensions of our offer are subject to change without notice and in the event of non-availability, BLANCO reserves the right to replace the original product with the closest example to the current range.
This guarantee is in addition to and does not diminish your statuary or legal rights.
Terms and conditions by product Category:
|Aftersales Contact
|BLANCO UK Ltd
Tel 01923 635 200
|Stainless Steel
|25 years
|See above
|25 years
|See above
|1 year
|1 year
|Cleaning products
|5 years
|Moving parts which are subject to wear and Tear.
|BLANCO Tap Service
Tel 0808 281 5888 (Freephone)
|Ceramic Cartridges
|2 years
|Damaged Cartridges
Caused by the non-compliance to flush the system supply pipes before fitting and commissioning.
|Finish (Inc. Colour)
|1 year
|Surface defects caused by inappropriate cleaning agents of abrasives.
|Extractor Hoods
|2 years
|Lamps and Filters
|BLANCO Appliance Service
Tel 0808 281 1888 (Freephone)
|Gutmann Hoods
|2 years
|Lamps and Filters
|BLANCO Appliance Service
Tel 0808 281 1888 (Freephone)
|BLANCO Hobs
|2 years
|BLANCO Appliance Service
Tel 0808 281 1888 (Freephone)
Waste Disposal Units
|2-5 years
|Check Model
|Hot Taps
|2-5 years
|Check Model
|1 year
|Service Help Line
Light Solutions
Tel 01494 717 709
It could not be more simpler to order from us. We accept all major credit and debit cards which include MasterCard, Visa, Maestro, Switch, Delta and Solo.
Blanco Andano 180-IF Inset Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink
Blanco with more than 90 years' experience in manufacturing the stainless steel sinks has now introduced the new Blanco Andano 180-IF, an inset kitchen sink from the Andano family of Blanco STEELART. The rectangular design of this inset kitchen sink and its compact size is very handful to be used in small kitchens. Due to its size and shape Blanco Andano 180-IF can also be used as a side bowl, pairing it with other medium and large sized sinks of Andano range. Blanco Andano 180-IF in addition features an overflow and waste fitting with a space-saving pipe. This inset kitchen sink also comes with a 3 1/2" basket strainer waste and a fixing kit. This stainless steel sink has 30cm cabinet width and the depth of the bowl is 130mm.
- Installation: Inset
- Bowl depth: 130mm
- Cabinet width: 300mm
- Material: Stainless Steel
- Style: Half Bowl SS Sink
- Large bowl capacity and fully usable base
- For installation from above or undermount installation
- The combination of radii and surface design creates a modern design
- High quality features consisting of a covered C-overflow and modern basket strainer
Scope of supply
- Waste and overflow fitting with space-saving pipe
- 3 1/2" basket strainer
- Fixing kit (sealing not included)
Please Note
- Images are for illustrative purposes
Lead times on products may vary, we do though aim to deliver within the time scale quoted. It is important that you do not book your installer before you have taken delivery of the item and have checked that it is free from damage. We will not be responsible for any charges incurred for the cancellation of installers.
Compare with similar items
Special Price £248.18 was £299.02 Save: £ 50.84
Special Price £146.00 was £218.59 Save: £ 72.59
Reginox Elite Ohio L Integrated 0.5 Bowl Kitchen Sink 18X40cm
Special Price £166.50 was £246.42 Save: £ 79.92
Reginox Elite Texas L Integrated 0.5 Bowl Kitchen Sink 18X40cm
Special Price £189.79 was £228.67 Save: £ 38.88
Franke Maris MRX 110-19 Undermount 0.5 Bowl Kitchen Sink Stainless Steel
Special Price £460.32 was £657.60 Save: £ 197.28
Special Price £275.52 was £393.60 Save: £ 118.08


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Family and Cosmetic Dentistry Informational Links
Smile Magic Dental is committed to providing our patients with the knowledge and tools to make the best choices when it comes to their dental care in McKinney, Texas. Below we have provided links to other sites that include valuable information regarding maintaining good oral hygiene. We hope you find these sites useful and informative!
Oral Health Care Information
The ADA is the nation's largest dental assocation. It's website contains a vast library of information on a variety of oral health care topics, as well as in-depth explanations of almost all dental procedures.
Academy of General Dentistry is second largest dental association in the U.S. It's website made for the general public, Know Your Teeth, contains a variety of dental information, including a comprehensive glossary of dental terms.
The ADHA represents over 120,000 dental hygienists across the country. It's website also contains valuable oral health care information including proper brushing and flossing instructions.
This website was designed to help patients better understand the treatments and procedures available in dentistry.
Oral Health Care Products
Sonicare is the #1 recommended power toothbrush brand by dental professionals.
Invisalign is a powerful alternative to traditional braces. Invisalign uses series of removable, clear aligners to straighten teeth in a way that is nearly invisible to others.
Zoom! is a leader in teeth whitening.
BriteSmile's state-of-the-art Whitening System is quick, effective and gently delivers a naturally brilliant smile
Infant Health Care
Contains answers to frequently asked questions by parents about their baby's dental care.
Website dedicated to providing oral health care tips for infants and young children.
Provides various articles on how to ensure your baby grows up with healthy, strong teeth.
Interactive Oral Education for Kids
Games and activities for kids to learn about the importance of oral health care
Kids can explore this online laboratory to learn how to brush their teeth, what tobacco can do to a mouth, and how to make healthy food choices.
Uses a variety of animations to engage kids and teach them how to keep their teeth healthy.


text:
Mayor Kelce TODDLER T-Shirt
Bark Tees
Regular price
Toddler sized Heather Grey cotton t-shirt.
- 5.5 oz., 100% cotton jersey
- Ribbed crew neck
- Shoulder-to-shoulder taping
- Double-needle stitched sleeves and bottom hem
- CPSIA Compliant - tracking label in side seam
We custom print your orders on demand. To be safe, we say you'll get your order within 7-10 days, but if you are in the Philadelphia area, you will usually receive your order sooner than that time-frame, but we can't guarantee it.
We allow exchanges within a 30 day window after your order, and only if the shirt has not been damaged.
Mens 100% Cotton S/S regular fit
Mens 100% ring-spun Cotton S/S soft-style
Mens Long Sleeve 100% cotton regular fit
Mens Pullover hoodie 100% Cotton regular fit.
Ladies 100% Cotton S/S regular fit.
Ladies 100% ring-spun cotton S/S junior fit.
Ladies 100% ring-spun cotton v-neck s/s junior cut.
Kids 100% cotton s/s regular fit.
Toddler 100% Ring-Spun cotton s/s regular fit.
Infant 100% Ring-Spun cotton s/s onsie.


text:
Photo, Print, Drawing Release!
Full online access to this resource is only available at the Library of Congress.
About this Item
- Release!
- Cartoon shows a bloody clawed hand (labeled "Communist Barbarism") reaching for a pile of people (labeled "UN Prisoners"). With the caption, rejects the Communist demand that, as part of a Korean armistice, all North Korean and Chinese prisoners be returned to North Korea, even if they did not wish repatriation.
- Pease, Lute, 1869-1963, artist
Created / Published
- 1953.
- - Korean War, 1950-1953--Prisoners--North Korean
- - Korean War, 1950-1953--Prisoners--Chinese
- - Communism--Korea (North)--1950-1960
- - Hands--1950-1960
- - Cold War--1950-1960
- Drawings.
- Editorial cartoons--American.
- Editorial cartoons--American
- Drawings
- - Gift; Lute Pease; (DLC/PP-1954:R02.59).
- - mm / 860529; ljr / 950608.
- 1 drawing.
Call Number/Physical Location
- CD 1 - Pease, no. 59 (B size)
Source Collection
- Cartoon Drawings (Library of Congress)
- Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Digital Id
- acd 2a10812 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/acd.2a10812
Library of Congress Control Number
- 2016683930
Rights Advisory
- May be restricted: Information on reproduction rights available in LC P&P Restrictions Statement.
Online Format
- image
LCCN Permalink
Additional Metadata Formats
Part of
Rights & Access
The Library of Congress does not own rights to material in its collections. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material.
Ultimately, it is the researcher's obligation to assess copyright or other use restrictions and obtain permission from third parties when necessary before publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in the Library's collections.
For information about reproducing, publishing, and citing material from this collection, as well as access to the original items, see: Cartoon Drawings - Rights and Restrictions Information
- Rights Advisory: May be restricted: Information on reproduction rights available in LC P&P Restrictions Statement.
- Reproduction Number: ---
- Call Number: CD 1 - Pease, no. 59 (B size)
- Access Advisory: ---
Obtaining Copies
If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on site.)
Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Library of Congress Duplication Services.
- If a digital image is displaying: The qualities of the digital image partially depend on whether it was made from the original or an intermediate such as a copy negative or transparency. If the Reproduction Number field above includes a reproduction number that starts with LC-DIG..., then there is a digital image that was made directly from the original and is of sufficient resolution for most publication purposes.
If there is information listed in the Reproduction Number field above:
You can use the reproduction number to purchase a copy from Duplication Services. It will be
made from the source listed in the parentheses after the number.
If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog record ("About This Item") with your request.
- If there is no information listed in the Reproduction Number field above: You can generally purchase a quality copy through Duplication Services. Cite the Call Number listed above and include the catalog record ("About This Item") with your request.
Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the Duplication Services Web site.
Access to Originals
Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm.
Is the item digitized? (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.)
Yes, the item is digitized.
Please use the digital image in preference to requesting the original. All images can be
viewed at a large size when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. In some
cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available when you are outside the Library of
Congress because the item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for rights
As a preservation measure, we generally do not serve an original item when a digital image is available. If you have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with a reference librarian. (Sometimes, the original is simply too fragile to serve. For example, glass and film photographic negatives are particularly subject to damage. They are also easier to see online where they are presented as positive images.)
- No, the item is not digitized. Please go to #2.
- Yes, the item is digitized. Please use the digital image in preference to requesting the original. All images can be viewed at a large size when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. In some cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available when you are outside the Library of Congress because the item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for rights restrictions.
Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, such as microfilm or copy prints?
- Yes, another surrogate exists. Reference staff can direct you to this surrogate.
- No, another surrogate does not exist. Please go to #3.
- If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. Reference staff can advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served.
To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3.
Cite This Item
Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate.
Chicago citation style:
Pease, Lute, Artist. Release!. North Korea, 1953. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016683930/.
APA citation style:
Pease, L. (1953) Release!. North Korea, 1953. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016683930/.
MLA citation style:
Pease, Lute, Artist. Release!. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2016683930/>.


text:
War Commander Forum - Help
Need Help about War Commander? Post it here!. Join the discussion by starting a new Topic or reply to existing posts.
Latest Topics on Help Category
GameHunters.Club is a Fan Base Site and is not endorsed by or affiliated by War Commander.
All Trademarks are the property of respective owners.


text:
SaleHoo Directory gives you access to 8,000+ trusted suppliers and SaleHoo Labs is a powerful market research tool for sourcing hot products.
SaleHoo Dropship lets you add trending products from AliExpress to your Shopify store in minutes. It's simplest, smartest way to dropship.
Get access to SaleHoo's exclusive ecommerce training videos that teach you how to build a successful online store using Shopify, Amazon, eBay and more.
Your complete guide to ecommerce success
Your questions answered by our community
Want to know what sells best online? There are niches you can almost ALWAYS make good profit in.
How To Build a $100,000 Dropshipping Business On Amazon from Scratch
We're always on the lookout for trusted, legitimate suppliers to connect with SaleHoo members.


text:
KISS - Gene Simmons
Regular price $35.00
Unit price
Mini bowl featuring classic album art
Material: black glazed stoneware and resin
Width: 3.5"
Depth: 3.5"
Height: 1.5"
If it can be imagined, it can be made. If we don't have what you're looking for, we'll find it. If you wanna figure out what to do with those concert tickets you've been collecting in a box for 20 years, we gotcha. Maybe you have your own album you want turned into a resin serving tray, wall art or a cool stool... We're all about blowing your mind with handcrafted, one-of-a-kind pieces to light up your life.
*Custom pricing and timing dependent on the job
*For custom coasters, we take requests only (we don't work with your personal pictures or downloads)


text:
Category: Marquee
The marquee alert strip is a great place to get visitors' attention and display important information. When this feature is enabled, it will display a scrolling marquee at the top of your homepage. The Message Center has two fields for the marquee alert:
- Marquee Alert
- Enter the message you want displayed here. Whatever you enter will be displayed in the scrolling marquee strip at the top of the home page.
- Expires After
- Use this field to enter an expiration date for the alert. This way, you won't have to remember to take it down later. If you're announcing some event in the future, use its date here. The date should be entered in the form "mm/dd/yyyy."


text:
a high note have a good conclusion Plusword Clue Answer of Plusword puzzle game. The solution is accurate because we play the game ourselves from level 1 and then double check each answer's accuracy of each clue, before posting it here to help you guys. Keep in mind that sometimes you might find a similar meaning word with the same letter count but it will not be the solution of the clue.
a high note have a good conclusion 5 Letters


text:
perluniintro - Perl Unicode introduction
This document gives a general idea of Unicode and how to use Unicode in Perl.
Unicode is a character set standard which plans to codify all of the writing systems of the world, plus many other symbols.
Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are coordinated standards that provide code points for characters in almost all modern character set standards, covering more than 30 writing systems and hundreds of languages, including all commercially-important modern languages. All characters in the largest Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries are also encoded. The standards will eventually cover almost all characters in more than 250 writing systems and thousands of languages. Unicode 1.0 was released in October 1991, and 4.0 in April 2003.
A Unicode character is an abstract entity. It is not bound to any particular integer width, especially not to the C language
char. Unicode is language-neutral and display-neutral: it does not encode the language of the text, and it does not generally define fonts or other graphical layout details. Unicode operates on characters and on text built from those characters.
Unicode defines characters like
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A or
GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA and unique numbers for the characters, in this case 0x0041 and 0x03B1, respectively. These unique numbers are called code points.
The Unicode standard prefers using hexadecimal notation for the code points. If numbers like
0x0041 are unfamiliar to you, take a peek at a later section, "Hexadecimal Notation". The Unicode standard uses the notation
U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A, to give the hexadecimal code point and the normative name of the character.
Unicode also defines various properties for the characters, like "uppercase" or "lowercase", "decimal digit", or "punctuation"; these properties are independent of the names of the characters. Furthermore, various operations on the characters like uppercasing, lowercasing, and collating (sorting) are defined.
A Unicode logical "character" can actually consist of more than one internal actual "character" or code point. For Western languages, this is adequately modelled by a base character (like
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A) followed by one or more modifiers (like
COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT). This sequence of base character and modifiers is called a combining character sequence. Some non-western languages require more complicated models, so Unicode created the grapheme cluster concept, and then the extended grapheme cluster. For example, a Korean Hangul syllable is considered a single logical character, but most often consists of three actual Unicode characters: a leading consonant followed by an interior vowel followed by a trailing consonant.
Whether to call these extended grapheme clusters "characters" depends on your point of view. If you are a programmer, you probably would tend towards seeing each element in the sequences as one unit, or "character". The whole sequence could be seen as one "character", however, from the user's point of view, since that's probably what it looks like in the context of the user's language.
With this "whole sequence" view of characters, the total number of characters is open-ended. But in the programmer's "one unit is one character" point of view, the concept of "characters" is more deterministic. In this document, we take that second point of view: one "character" is one Unicode code point.
For some combinations, there are precomposed characters.
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE, for example, is defined as a single code point. These precomposed characters are, however, only available for some combinations, and are mainly meant to support round-trip conversions between Unicode and legacy standards (like the ISO 8859). In the general case, the composing method is more extensible. To support conversion between different compositions of the characters, various normalization forms to standardize representations are also defined.
Because of backward compatibility with legacy encodings, the "a unique number for every character" idea breaks down a bit: instead, there is "at least one number for every character". The same character could be represented differently in several legacy encodings. The converse is also not true: some code points do not have an assigned character. Firstly, there are unallocated code points within otherwise used blocks. Secondly, there are special Unicode control characters that do not represent true characters.
A common myth about Unicode is that it is "16-bit", that is, Unicode is only represented as
0x10000 (or 65536) characters from
0x0000 to
0xFFFF. This is untrue. Since Unicode 2.0 (July 1996), Unicode has been defined all the way up to 21 bits (
0x10FFFF), and since Unicode 3.1 (March 2001), characters have been defined beyond
0xFFFF. The first
0x10000 characters are called the Plane 0, or the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). With Unicode 3.1, 17 (yes, seventeen) planes in all were defined--but they are nowhere near full of defined characters, yet.
Another myth is about Unicode blocks--that they have something to do with languages--that each block would define the characters used by a language or a set of languages. This is also untrue. The division into blocks exists, but it is almost completely accidental--an artifact of how the characters have been and still are allocated. Instead, there is a concept called scripts, which is more useful: there is
Latin script,
Greek script, and so on. Scripts usually span varied parts of several blocks. For more information about scripts, see "Scripts" in perlunicode.
The Unicode code points are just abstract numbers. To input and output these abstract numbers, the numbers must be encoded or serialised somehow. Unicode defines several character encoding forms, of which UTF-8 is perhaps the most popular. UTF-8 is a variable length encoding that encodes Unicode characters as 1 to 6 bytes. Other encodings include UTF-16 and UTF-32 and their big- and little-endian variants (UTF-8 is byte-order independent) The ISO/IEC 10646 defines the UCS-2 and UCS-4 encoding forms.
For more information about encodings--for instance, to learn what surrogates and byte order marks (BOMs) are--see perlunicode.
Starting from Perl 5.6.0, Perl has had the capacity to handle Unicode natively. Perl 5.8.0, however, is the first recommended release for serious Unicode work. The maintenance release 5.6.1 fixed many of the problems of the initial Unicode implementation, but for example regular expressions still do not work with Unicode in 5.6.1.
Starting from Perl 5.8.0, the use of
use utf8 is needed only in much more restricted circumstances. In earlier releases the
utf8 pragma was used to declare that operations in the current block or file would be Unicode-aware. This model was found to be wrong, or at least clumsy: the "Unicodeness" is now carried with the data, instead of being attached to the operations. Only one case remains where an explicit
use utf8 is needed: if your Perl script itself is encoded in UTF-8, you can use UTF-8 in your identifier names, and in string and regular expression literals, by saying
use utf8. This is not the default because scripts with legacy 8-bit data in them would break. See utf8.
Perl supports both pre-5.6 strings of eight-bit native bytes, and strings of Unicode characters. The principle is that Perl tries to keep its data as eight-bit bytes for as long as possible, but as soon as Unicodeness cannot be avoided, the data is (mostly) transparently upgraded to Unicode. There are some problems--see "The "Unicode Bug"" in perlunicode.
Internally, Perl currently uses either whatever the native eight-bit character set of the platform (for example Latin-1) is, defaulting to UTF-8, to encode Unicode strings. Specifically, if all code points in the string are
0xFF or less, Perl uses the native eight-bit character set. Otherwise, it uses UTF-8.
A user of Perl does not normally need to know nor care how Perl happens to encode its internal strings, but it becomes relevant when outputting Unicode strings to a stream without a PerlIO layer (one with the "default" encoding). In such a case, the raw bytes used internally (the native character set or UTF-8, as appropriate for each string) will be used, and a "Wide character" warning will be issued if those strings contain a character beyond 0x00FF.
For example,
perl -e 'print "\x{DF}\n", "\x{0100}\x{DF}\n"'
produces a fairly useless mixture of native bytes and UTF-8, as well as a warning:
Wide character in print at ...
To output UTF-8, use the
:encoding or
:utf8 output layer. Prepending
binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
to this sample program ensures that the output is completely UTF-8, and removes the program's warning.
You can enable automatic UTF-8-ification of your standard file handles, default
open() layer, and
@ARGV by using either the
-C command line switch or the
PERL_UNICODE environment variable, see perlrun for the documentation of the
-C switch.
Note that this means that Perl expects other software to work, too: if Perl has been led to believe that STDIN should be UTF-8, but then STDIN coming in from another command is not UTF-8, Perl will complain about the malformed UTF-8.
All features that combine Unicode and I/O also require using the new PerlIO feature. Almost all Perl 5.8 platforms do use PerlIO, though: you can see whether yours is by running "perl -V" and looking for
Perl 5.8.0 also supports Unicode on EBCDIC platforms. There, Unicode support is somewhat more complex to implement since additional conversions are needed at every step.
Later Perl releases have added code that will not work on EBCDIC platforms, and no one has complained, so the divergence has continued. If you want to run Perl on an EBCDIC platform, send email to email@example.com
On EBCDIC platforms, the internal Unicode encoding form is UTF-EBCDIC instead of UTF-8. The difference is that as UTF-8 is "ASCII-safe" in that ASCII characters encode to UTF-8 as-is, while UTF-EBCDIC is "EBCDIC-safe".
To create Unicode characters in literals for code points above
0xFF, use the
\x{...} notation in double-quoted strings:
my $smiley = "\x{263a}";
Similarly, it can be used in regular expression literals
$smiley =~ /\x{263a}/;
At run-time you can use
my $hebrew_alef = chr(0x05d0);
See "Further Resources" for how to find all these numeric codes.
ord() will do the reverse: it turns a character into a code point.
Note that
\x.. (no
{} and only two hexadecimal digits),
\x{...}, and
chr(...) for arguments less than
0x100 (decimal 256) generate an eight-bit character for backward compatibility with older Perls. For arguments of
0x100 or more, Unicode characters are always produced. If you want to force the production of Unicode characters regardless of the numeric value, use
pack("U", ...) instead of
\x{...}, or
You can also use the
charnames pragma to invoke characters by name in double-quoted strings:
use charnames ':full';
my $arabic_alef = "\N{ARABIC LETTER ALEF}";
And, as mentioned above, you can also
pack() numbers into Unicode characters:
my $georgian_an = pack("U", 0x10a0);
Note that both
\x{...} and
\N{...} are compile-time string constants: you cannot use variables in them. if you want similar run-time functionality, use
chr() and
If you want to force the result to Unicode characters, use the special
"U0" prefix. It consumes no arguments but causes the following bytes to be interpreted as the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode characters:
my $chars = pack("U0W*", 0x80, 0x42);
Likewise, you can stop such UTF-8 interpretation by using the special
"C0" prefix.
Handling Unicode is for the most part transparent: just use the strings as usual. Functions like
length(), and
substr() will work on the Unicode characters; regular expressions will work on the Unicode characters (see perlunicode and perlretut).
Note that Perl considers grapheme clusters to be separate characters, so for example
use charnames ':full';
print length("\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"), "\n";
will print 2, not 1. The only exception is that regular expressions have
\X for matching an extended grapheme cluster.
Life is not quite so transparent, however, when working with legacy encodings, I/O, and certain special cases:
When you combine legacy data and Unicode the legacy data needs to be upgraded to Unicode. Normally ISO 8859-1 (or EBCDIC, if applicable) is assumed.
Encode module knows about many encodings and has interfaces for doing conversions between those encodings:
use Encode 'decode';
$data = decode("iso-8859-3", $data); # convert from legacy to utf-8
Normally, writing out Unicode data
print FH $some_string_with_unicode, "\n";
produces raw bytes that Perl happens to use to internally encode the Unicode string. Perl's internal encoding depends on the system as well as what characters happen to be in the string at the time. If any of the characters are at code points
0x100 or above, you will get a warning. To ensure that the output is explicitly rendered in the encoding you desire--and to avoid the warning--open the stream with the desired encoding. Some examples:
open FH, ">:utf8", "file";
open FH, ">:encoding(ucs2)", "file";
open FH, ">:encoding(UTF-8)", "file";
open FH, ">:encoding(shift_jis)", "file";
and on already open streams, use
binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(ucs2)");
binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(UTF-8)");
binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(shift_jis)");
The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and many encodings have several aliases. Note that the
:utf8 layer must always be specified exactly like that; it is not subject to the loose matching of encoding names. Also note that
:utf8 is unsafe for input, because it accepts the data without validating that it is indeed valid UTF8.
See PerlIO for the
:utf8 layer, PerlIO::encoding and Encode::PerlIO for the
:encoding() layer, and Encode::Supported for many encodings supported by the
Encode module.
Reading in a file that you know happens to be encoded in one of the Unicode or legacy encodings does not magically turn the data into Unicode in Perl's eyes. To do that, specify the appropriate layer when opening files
open(my $fh,'<:encoding(utf8)', 'anything');
my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
open(my $fh,'<:encoding(Big5)', 'anything');
my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
The I/O layers can also be specified more flexibly with the
open pragma. See open, or look at the following example.
use open ':encoding(utf8)'; # input/output default encoding will be UTF-8
open X, ">file";
print X chr(0x100), "\n";
close X;
open Y, "<file";
printf "%#x\n", ord(<Y>); # this should print 0x100
close Y;
With the
open pragma you can use the
:locale layer
BEGIN { $ENV{LC_ALL} = $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R' }
# the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LC_ALL
use open OUT => ':locale'; # russki parusski
open(O, ">koi8");
print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1
close O;
open(I, "<koi8");
printf "%#x\n", ord(<I>), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1
close I;
These methods install a transparent filter on the I/O stream that converts data from the specified encoding when it is read in from the stream. The result is always Unicode.
The open pragma affects all the
open() calls after the pragma by setting default layers. If you want to affect only certain streams, use explicit layers directly in the
open() call.
You can switch encodings on an already opened stream by using
binmode(); see "binmode" in perlfunc.
:locale does not currently (as of Perl 5.8.0) work with
open() and
binmode(), only with the
open pragma. The
:utf8 and
:encoding(...) methods do work with all of
binmode(), and the
open pragma.
Similarly, you may use these I/O layers on output streams to automatically convert Unicode to the specified encoding when it is written to the stream. For example, the following snippet copies the contents of the file "text.jis" (encoded as ISO-2022-JP, aka JIS) to the file "text.utf8", encoded as UTF-8:
open(my $nihongo, '<:encoding(iso-2022-jp)', 'text.jis');
open(my $unicode, '>:utf8', 'text.utf8');
while (<$nihongo>) { print $unicode $_ }
The naming of encodings, both by the
open() and by the
open pragma allows for flexible names:
koi8-r and
KOI8R will both be understood.
Common encodings recognized by ISO, MIME, IANA, and various other standardisation organisations are recognised; for a more detailed list see Encode::Supported.
read() reads characters and returns the number of characters.
seek() and
tell() operate on byte counts, as do
sysread() and
Notice that because of the default behaviour of not doing any conversion upon input if there is no default layer, it is easy to mistakenly write code that keeps on expanding a file by repeatedly encoding the data:
open F, "file";
local $/; ## read in the whole file of 8-bit characters
$t = <F>;
close F;
open F, ">:encoding(utf8)", "file";
print F $t; ## convert to UTF-8 on output
close F;
If you run this code twice, the contents of the file will be twice UTF-8 encoded. A
use open ':encoding(utf8)' would have avoided the bug, or explicitly opening also the file for input as UTF-8.
NOTE: the
:utf8 and
:encoding features work only if your Perl has been built with the new PerlIO feature (which is the default on most systems).
Sometimes you might want to display Perl scalars containing Unicode as simple ASCII (or EBCDIC) text. The following subroutine converts its argument so that Unicode characters with code points greater than 255 are displayed as
\x{...}, control characters (like
\n) are displayed as
\x.., and the rest of the characters as themselves:
sub nice_string {
map { $_ > 255 ? # if wide character...
sprintf("\\x{%04X}", $_) : # \x{...}
chr($_) =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ ? # else if control character ...
sprintf("\\x%02X", $_) : # \x..
quotemeta(chr($_)) # else quoted or as themselves
} unpack("W*", $_[0])); # unpack Unicode characters
For example,
returns the string
which is ready to be printed.
Bit Complement Operator ~ And vec()
The bit complement operator
~ may produce surprising results if used on strings containing characters with ordinal values above 255. In such a case, the results are consistent with the internal encoding of the characters, but not with much else. So don't do that. Similarly for
vec(): you will be operating on the internally-encoded bit patterns of the Unicode characters, not on the code point values, which is very probably not what you want.
Peeking At Perl's Internal Encoding
Normal users of Perl should never care how Perl encodes any particular Unicode string (because the normal ways to get at the contents of a string with Unicode--via input and output--should always be via explicitly-defined I/O layers). But if you must, there are two ways of looking behind the scenes.
One way of peeking inside the internal encoding of Unicode characters is to use
unpack("C*", ... to get the bytes of whatever the string encoding happens to be, or
unpack("U0..", ...) to get the bytes of the UTF-8 encoding:
# this prints c4 80 for the UTF-8 bytes 0xc4 0x80
print join(" ", unpack("U0(H2)*", pack("U", 0x100))), "\n";
Yet another way would be to use the Devel::Peek module:
perl -MDevel::Peek -e 'Dump(chr(0x100))'
That shows the
UTF8 flag in FLAGS and both the UTF-8 bytes and Unicode characters in
PV. See also later in this document the discussion about the
utf8::is_utf8() function.
String Equivalence
The question of string equivalence turns somewhat complicated in Unicode: what do you mean by "equal"?
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE equal to
The short answer is that by default Perl compares equivalence (
ne) based only on code points of the characters. In the above case, the answer is no (because 0x00C1 != 0x0041). But sometimes, any CAPITAL LETTER As should be considered equal, or even As of any case.
The long answer is that you need to consider character normalization and casing issues: see Unicode::Normalize, Unicode Technical Report #15, Unicode Normalization Forms and sections on case mapping in the Unicode Standard.
As of Perl 5.8.0, the "Full" case-folding of Case Mappings/SpecialCasing is implemented, but bugs remain in
qr//i with them.
String Collation
People like to see their strings nicely sorted--or as Unicode parlance goes, collated. But again, what do you mean by collate?
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE come before or after
The short answer is that by default, Perl compares strings (
gt) based only on the code points of the characters. In the above case, the answer is "after", since
0x00C1 >
The long answer is that "it depends", and a good answer cannot be given without knowing (at the very least) the language context. See Unicode::Collate, and Unicode Collation Algorithm http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr10/
Character Ranges and Classes
Character ranges in regular expression character classes (
/[a-z]/) and in the
tr/// (also known as
y///) operator are not magically Unicode-aware. What this means is that
[A-Za-z] will not magically start to mean "all alphabetic letters"; not that it does mean that even for 8-bit characters, you should be using
/[[:alpha:]]/ in that case.
For specifying character classes like that in regular expressions, you can use the various Unicode properties--
\pL, or perhaps
\p{Alphabetic}, in this particular case. You can use Unicode code points as the end points of character ranges, but there is no magic associated with specifying a certain range. For further information--there are dozens of Unicode character classes--see perlunicode.
String-To-Number Conversions
Unicode does define several other decimal--and numeric--characters besides the familiar 0 to 9, such as the Arabic and Indic digits. Perl does not support string-to-number conversion for digits other than ASCII 0 to 9 (and ASCII a to f for hexadecimal).
Will My Old Scripts Break?
Very probably not. Unless you are generating Unicode characters somehow, old behaviour should be preserved. About the only behaviour that has changed and which could start generating Unicode is the old behaviour of
chr() where supplying an argument more than 255 produced a character modulo 255.
chr(300), for example, was equal to
chr(45) or "-" (in ASCII), now it is LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH BREVE.
How Do I Make My Scripts Work With Unicode?
Very little work should be needed since nothing changes until you generate Unicode data. The most important thing is getting input as Unicode; for that, see the earlier I/O discussion.
How Do I Know Whether My String Is In Unicode?
You shouldn't have to care. But you may, because currently the semantics of the characters whose ordinals are in the range 128 to 255 is different depending on whether the string they are contained within is in Unicode or not. (See "When Unicode Does Not Happen" in perlunicode.)
To determine if a string is in Unicode, use:
print utf8::is_utf8($string) ? 1 : 0, "\n";
But note that this doesn't mean that any of the characters in the string are necessary UTF-8 encoded, or that any of the characters have code points greater than 0xFF (255) or even 0x80 (128), or that the string has any characters at all. All the
is_utf8() does is to return the value of the internal "utf8ness" flag attached to the
$string. If the flag is off, the bytes in the scalar are interpreted as a single byte encoding. If the flag is on, the bytes in the scalar are interpreted as the (multi-byte, variable-length) UTF-8 encoded code points of the characters. Bytes added to a UTF-8 encoded string are automatically upgraded to UTF-8. If mixed non-UTF-8 and UTF-8 scalars are merged (double-quoted interpolation, explicit concatenation, and printf/sprintf parameter substitution), the result will be UTF-8 encoded as if copies of the byte strings were upgraded to UTF-8: for example,
$a = "ab\x80c";
$b = "\x{100}";
print "$a = $b\n";
the output string will be UTF-8-encoded
ab\x80c = \x{100}\n, but
$a will stay byte-encoded.
Sometimes you might really need to know the byte length of a string instead of the character length. For that use either the
Encode::encode_utf8() function or the
bytes pragma and the
length() function:
my $unicode = chr(0x100);
print length($unicode), "\n"; # will print 1
require Encode;
print length(Encode::encode_utf8($unicode)), "\n"; # will print 2
use bytes;
print length($unicode), "\n"; # will also print 2
# (the 0xC4 0x80 of the UTF-8)
How Do I Detect Data That's Not Valid In a Particular Encoding?
Use the
Encode package to try converting it. For example,
use Encode 'decode_utf8';
if (eval { decode_utf8($string, Encode::FB_CROAK); 1 }) {
# $string is valid utf8
} else {
# $string is not valid utf8
Or use
unpack to try decoding it:
use warnings;
@chars = unpack("C0U*", $string_of_bytes_that_I_think_is_utf8);
If invalid, a
Malformed UTF-8 character warning is produced. The "C0" means "process the string character per character". Without that, the
unpack("U*", ...) would work in
U0 mode (the default if the format string starts with
U) and it would return the bytes making up the UTF-8 encoding of the target string, something that will always work.
How Do I Convert Binary Data Into a Particular Encoding, Or Vice Versa?
This probably isn't as useful as you might think. Normally, you shouldn't need to.
In one sense, what you are asking doesn't make much sense: encodings are for characters, and binary data are not "characters", so converting "data" into some encoding isn't meaningful unless you know in what character set and encoding the binary data is in, in which case it's not just binary data, now is it?
If you have a raw sequence of bytes that you know should be interpreted via a particular encoding, you can use
use Encode 'from_to';
from_to($data, "iso-8859-1", "utf-8"); # from latin-1 to utf-8
The call to
from_to() changes the bytes in
$data, but nothing material about the nature of the string has changed as far as Perl is concerned. Both before and after the call, the string
$data contains just a bunch of 8-bit bytes. As far as Perl is concerned, the encoding of the string remains as "system-native 8-bit bytes".
You might relate this to a fictional 'Translate' module:
use Translate;
my $phrase = "Yes";
Translate::from_to($phrase, 'english', 'deutsch');
## phrase now contains "Ja"
The contents of the string changes, but not the nature of the string. Perl doesn't know any more after the call than before that the contents of the string indicates the affirmative.
Back to converting data. If you have (or want) data in your system's native 8-bit encoding (e.g. Latin-1, EBCDIC, etc.), you can use pack/unpack to convert to/from Unicode.
$native_string = pack("W*", unpack("U*", $Unicode_string));
$Unicode_string = pack("U*", unpack("W*", $native_string));
If you have a sequence of bytes you know is valid UTF-8, but Perl doesn't know it yet, you can make Perl a believer, too:
use Encode 'decode_utf8';
$Unicode = decode_utf8($bytes);
$Unicode = pack("U0a*", $bytes);
You can find the bytes that make up a UTF-8 sequence with
@bytes = unpack("C*", $Unicode_string)
and you can create well-formed Unicode with
$Unicode_string = pack("U*", 0xff, ...)
How Do I Display Unicode? How Do I Input Unicode?
See http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/ and http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html
How Does Unicode Work With Traditional Locales?
In Perl, not very well. Avoid using locales through the
locale pragma. Use only one or the other. But see perlrun for the description of the
-C switch and its environment counterpart,
$ENV{PERL_UNICODE} to see how to enable various Unicode features, for example by using locale settings.
The Unicode standard prefers using hexadecimal notation because that more clearly shows the division of Unicode into blocks of 256 characters. Hexadecimal is also simply shorter than decimal. You can use decimal notation, too, but learning to use hexadecimal just makes life easier with the Unicode standard. The
U+HHHH notation uses hexadecimal, for example.
0x prefix means a hexadecimal number, the digits are 0-9 and a-f (or A-F, case doesn't matter). Each hexadecimal digit represents four bits, or half a byte.
print 0x..., "\n" will show a hexadecimal number in decimal, and
printf "%x\n", $decimal will show a decimal number in hexadecimal. If you have just the "hex digits" of a hexadecimal number, you can use the
hex() function.
print 0x0009, "\n"; # 9
print 0x000a, "\n"; # 10
print 0x000f, "\n"; # 15
print 0x0010, "\n"; # 16
print 0x0011, "\n"; # 17
print 0x0100, "\n"; # 256
print 0x0041, "\n"; # 65
printf "%x\n", 65; # 41
printf "%#x\n", 65; # 0x41
print hex("41"), "\n"; # 65
Unicode Consortium
Unicode FAQ
Unicode Glossary
Unicode Useful Resources
Unicode and Multilingual Support in HTML, Fonts, Web Browsers and Other Applications
UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux
Legacy Character Sets
The Unicode support files live within the Perl installation in the directory
in Perl 5.8.0 or newer, and
in the Perl 5.6 series. (The renaming to lib/unicore was done to avoid naming conflicts with lib/Unicode in case-insensitive filesystems.) The main Unicode data file is UnicodeData.txt (or Unicode.301 in Perl 5.6.1.) You can find the
$Config{installprivlib} by
perl "-V:installprivlib"
You can explore various information from the Unicode data files using the
Unicode::UCD module.
If you cannot upgrade your Perl to 5.8.0 or later, you can still do some Unicode processing by using the modules
Unicode::Map8, and
Unicode::Map, available from CPAN. If you have the GNU recode installed, you can also use the Perl front-end
Convert::Recode for character conversions.
The following are fast conversions from ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) bytes to UTF-8 bytes and back, the code works even with older Perl 5 versions.
# ISO 8859-1 to UTF-8
# UTF-8 to ISO 8859-1
perlunitut, perlunicode, Encode, open, utf8, bytes, perlretut, perlrun, Unicode::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, Unicode::UCD
Thanks to the kind readers of the email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, and firstname.lastname@example.com mailing lists for their valuable feedback.
Copyright 2001-2002 Jarkko Hietaniemi <firstname.lastname@example.com>
This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.


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About the Company: THE TRAVEL & HOSPITALITY AWARDS is an annual celebration of excellence across all sectors of travel. The independent awards programme is an annual celebration of excellence for the best hotels, spas, restaurants and tour operators.
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Four Corners Level 1B
Student's Book with Online Self-study
English Type
American English
Replaced by 9781009285995
1 Static online product, 1 Paperback
Part of
Date Published
CEF Level
Product description
Four Corners Second edition combines effective, communicative methodology with a practical, 'can-do' approach.
Four Corners Second Edition Level 1 (CEFR A1) combines effective, communicative methodology with a practical, 'can-do' approach, giving students the language they need to communicate with confidence. Clear learning outcomes and 'can-do' statements for every lesson, linked to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), help teachers and their students measure the progress being made. This version is Student's Book B with Self-study, consisting of the second six units (7-12) of Level 1. The Student's Book contains a unique code that gives access to online self-study activities.
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Touchstone Level 4
Full Contact B
Touchstone, together with Viewpoint, is a six-level English program, based on research from the Cambridge English Corpus.Authors: Jack C. Richards, David Bohlke, Michael McCarthy, Jeanne McCarten, Helen SandifordEnglish Type: American EnglishCEF Level: B1Publication date: January 2014
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Tater Bats Pro TB-243 Wood Baseball Bat | Maple | 31" (-3)
Traditional Knob | Thin Handle |
Quick Transition | Big Barrel
31" (-3) End Loaded
The TB-243 is ideal for players seeking an end-loaded bat with a bigger barrel than the average bat while having a thin handle. Preferred by power hitters of all ages.This model exceeds expectations when players pick up this bat looking for barrel size and swing weight.
The thin handle and large barrel is great for players who want to feel more of the barrel of the bat when they swing. Simply put this bat is for experienced players who want to have more power when they step up to the plate to swing the bat.
Whether it's BBCOR, USA Baseball, or USSSA Certification - all one-piece wood bats (except bamboo) are allowed for use - with or without the certification markings. This means every bat in our lineup is considered certified, or rather certification not required. Because every one of the above mentioned standards are designed to make a metal bat respond more like a wood bat.
If the standard is make metal bats respond like wood bats - meaning they take away all the benefits of metal bats(ie: exit velocity), but don't give you back any of the benefits of wood (immediate feedback)... Then why would any serious player use anything but wood? Nothing can provide you the immediate feedback that a wood bat gives, both in terms of sound and feel. Miss the sweet spot? Those stinging hands will tell you so! Plus wood bats don't have a trampolining effect, because they aren't hollow. Wood is the only option for players who want to be their best. No matter who your favorite pro player is, there's one thing that's for sure - he swings a wood bat. You should too.
Swing Like A Pro.
The Wood Bat Factory is passionate about the importance of every player using a wood bat. We also stand behind every product we offer. We know that every brand we carry starts off with the best billets available ANYWHERE. A Leatherstocking Hand-Split Billet Co. Billet.
This is why we offer a 30 day warranty on every playing bat we sell*.
We understand that transitioning to wood, and becoming a better batter requires practice. If you are new to wood bats we highly recommend swinging a bat with a thick handle. This adds durability to bat in the area where it is most vulnerable to breakage should a mis-hit occur. And as you transition to wood - mis-hits will occur. No bat regardless of brand or wood quality can sustain mis-hits near the end of the barrel, or near the label. Sooner or later, mis-hitting will lead to bat breakage, and even the pros break bats.
A broken bat - isn't necessarily while not fun - should be viewed as a learning opportunity. Maybe you should have laid off of that inside fast ball! A broken bat is just one of the feedback mechanisms that a wood bat offers that a metal bat never will. In addition to possibly breaking - wood bats provide instant feedback in the way of both tactile and audible ques. There's a reason your hands sting, or the hit sounds funny when you miss the sweet spot.
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*Our warranty does not cover neglect or abuse.
For full warranty details - see our WARRANTY PAGE HERE or Submit a Warranty Claim
Swing Like A Pro.
In-Store Pickup
Buy online, pickup in store.


text:
Peugeot 96 385 887 80 (550 79 04 00) Air Bag ECU Reset
In stock
96 385 887 80 (550 79 04 00)
Peugeot 9638588780 (550790400) ECU
Peugeot 9638588780 (550790400) ECU
*If in the unlikely event you are not happy with the service you have received and the crash data has not been removed
from your ecu then please let us know ASAP, where we cannot offer a solution to remove the crash data we will offer a full refund back to you not including any postage or packaging costs involved.
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Write Your Own Review


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- Home
- Pantone Smart TCX Swatch Cards
- PANTONE TCX SWATCH CARDS 18-0000 to 18-6330
- PANTONE SMART 18-0937 TCX Color Swatch Card, Bronze Brown
Product Description
Pantone SMART cotton swatch color standard in TCX (cotton) from the Pantone Fashion + Home system:
• Individual loose fabric swatches are available for all 2,100 TCX colors
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• The swatch illustrated on this page may not be an exact match of PANTONE SMART 18-0937X Color Swatch Card, Bronze Brown


text:
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Questions about insurance for your new home? Looking for the right auto insurance plan? Learn more at our resource centre.
Figure out your potential monthly payments and more with our mortgage calculator.
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Listen to what people have to say about Outdoorindustryjobs.com
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Classic Chess Set Fabric Game in Tin
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Search and Browse Data/Statistics Collection
The IMF eLibrary Complete includes four statistical databases - International Financial Statistics (IFS), Balance of Payments Statistics (BPS), Government Finance Statistics (GFS) and Direction of Trade Statistics (DOT) - and a growing list of over 14,000 books and reports that are derived from the IMF Books and Analytical Papers, Periodicals and Reports, and the Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions (AREAER) databases. Individual documents are also available from the library catalogue.
Data Access: McMaster Users
Type: Statistics
Country: Canada, International, US
URL: http://library.mcmaster.ca/articles/imf-elibrary McMaster UsersMore Info/Permalink
A jointly funded project between the Ontario Council of University Libraries (OCUL) and OntarioBuys provides university researchers with access to datasets in a web-based data extraction system delivered through the Scholars Portal model. The project targets Statistics Canada datasets, datafiles from Gallup Canada and other polling companies, public-domain files such as the Canadian National Election Surveys and selected files from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). The files are marked-up using DDI, an international, XML-based metadata tagging system which allows data resource discovery, distributed access, extraction and analysis ... researchers working with opinion polls will be able to search across hundreds of datasets and collections to see trends and historical patterns over time"--summarized from the project page.
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The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) online library of books, reports, working papers, periodicals and statistical data covering a wide range of subjects including agriculture & food, development, economics, education, employment, energy, environment, finance & investment, governance, industry & services, social issues, migration & health, taxation and transport. Search by keyword(s) or browse by theme or by country name.
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Passport is a global market research database providing statistics, analysis, reports, surveys and breaking news on industries, countries and consumers worldwide.
The Library subscribes to the following modules in Passport:
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- Industries - Includes global statistics and analysis for 27 major consumer industries worldwide. Contains historic and forecast market sizes, distribution channel analysis, company and brand share data, company profiles, global industry reports, expert and breaking news & articles and more.
- Cities - Provides socioeconomic data and analysis on 850 of the world's largest cities.
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- Industrials (Canada) - Breaks down the Canadian economy into 177 different industry sectors from a B2B perspective. Data and analysis is provided for Agriculture, Forestry, Mining, Alcoholic Beverages and many other industries.
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The AmericasBarometer is the only survey of democratic public opinion and behavior that covers the Americas. It is an effort by LAPOP to measure democratic values and behaviors in the Americas using national probability samples of voting-age adults.
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This chakra is about sensuality, emotions, and intuition. It gives you the ability to relate to others in an open and friendly way, moving toward a fulfilling emotional and sexual live.
- Unscented Palm Wax
- Burn Time: 100 hrs
- 16 oz. Candle
- 8 Tall
Eco Palm Wax from United Plantations and Golden Hope Plantations is no threat to rainforests or orangutans' ecosystems. We prefer palm based candles to genetically modified, chemically distilled, commercially grown soy wax. Palm oil uses one-tenth of the land as compared to soy production and is a sustainable tree crop that enhances biodiversity and carbon sequestering.
In 1993, Aloha Bay began manufacturing and wholesaling hand dipped paraffin tapers, painted with palm wax. These beautiful tapers are still popular in the gift industry.
And in 1997, we developed the first 100% Palm Wax votives and richly scented jar candles. Over the years, we have expanded our use of pure essential oils and have become a wholesale supplier to the natural food industry.
Aloha Bay has continued to experiment with every type of vegetable wax (soy, coconut, rice bran, carnauba, candelilla, bayberry, jojoba and even castor oil). We have found that palm wax makes the best candles. Most vegetable waxes (e.g. soy wax) are too soft and oily to be used by themselves, so they are often mixed together with large percentages of palm wax.Disclaimer These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. (Please note: Description is informational only. Always read the product label before use and check with your health professional before using this product)
Pack Size: 17 OZ