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This lab presents the steps to setup an environment for using the EVAL-AD5254SDZ evaluation board together with the BeMicro SDK USB stick, the Nios II Embedded Development Suite (EDS) and the Micrium μC-Probe run-time monitoring tool. Below is presented a picture of the EVAL-AD5254SDZ Evaluation Board with the BeMicro SDK Platform.
For component evaluation and performance purposes, as opposed to quick prototyping, the user is directed to use the part evaluation setup. This consists of:
The SDP-B controller board is part of Analog Devices System Demonstration Platform (SDP). It provides a high speed USB 2.0 connection from the PC to the component evaluation board. The PC runs the evaluation software. Each evaluation board, which is an SDP compatible daughter board, includes the necessary installation file required for performance testing.
Note: it is expected that the analog performance on the two platforms may differ.
Below is presented a picture of SDP-B Controller Board with the EVAL-AD5254SDZ Evaluation Board.
The AD5254 is quad-channel, I2C, nonvolatile memory, digitally controlled potentiometer with 256 positions. This device performs the same electronic adjustment functions as mechanical potentiometers, trimmers, and variable resistors. The part's versatile programmability allows multiple modes of operation, including read/write access in the RDAC and EEMEM registers, increment/decrement of resistance, resistance changes in ±6 dB scales, wiper setting readback, and extra EEMEM for storing user-defined information, such as memory data for other components, look-up table, or system identification information.
The EVAL-AD5254SDZ evaluation board is designed to help customers quickly prototype new AD5254 circuits and reduce design time. The EVAL-AD5254SDZ incorporates several test circuits to evaluate the AD5254 performance.
The first objective is to ensure that you have all of the items needed and to install the software tools so that you are ready to create and run the evaluation project.
Below is presented the list of required hardware items:
Below is presented the list of required software tools:
The Quartus II design software and the Nios II EDS is available via the Altera Complete Design Suite DVD or by downloading from the web.
The Micrium uC/Probe Trial version 2.5 is available via download from the web at http://micrium.com/tools/ucprobe/trial/. After installation add to the "Path" system variable the entry "%QUARTUS_ROOTDIR%\bin\" on the third position in the list.
Create a folder called "ADIEvalBoardLab" on your PC and extract the ad5254_evalboardlab.zip archive to this folder. Make sure that there are NO SPACES in the directory path. After extracting the archive the following folders should be present in the ADIEvalBoardLab folder: FPGA, Software, ucProbeInterface, NiosCpu.
After the Quartus II and Nios II software packages are installed, you can plug the BeMicro SDK board into your USB port. Your Windows PC will find the new hardware and try to install the driver.
Since Windows cannot locate the driver for the device the automatic installation will fail and the driver has to be installed manually. In the Device Manager right click on the USB-Blaster device and select Update Driver Software.
In the next dialog box select the option Browse my computer for driver software. A new dialog will open where it is possible to point to the driver's location. Set the location to altera\<version number>\quartus\drivers\usb-blaster and press Next.
If Windows presents you with a message that the drivers have not passed Windows Logo testing, please click "Install this driver software anyway". Upon installation completion a message will be displayed to inform that the installation is finished.
The next sections of this lab present all the steps needed to create a fully functional project that can be used for evaluating the operation of the ADI platform. It is possible to skip these steps and load into the FPGA an image that contains a fully functional system that can be used together with the uC-Probe interface for the ADI platform evalution. The first step of the quick evaluation process is to program the FPGA with the image provided in the lab files. Before the image can be loaded the Quartus II Web Edition tool or the Quartus II Programmer must be installed on your computer. To load the FPGA image run the program_fpga.bat batch file located in the ADIEvalBoardLab/FPGA folder. After the image was loaded the system must be reset. Now the FPGA contains a fully functional system and it is possible to skip directly to the DEMONSTRATION PROJECT USER INTERFACE section of this lab.
The lab is delivered together with a set of design files that are used to evaluate the ADI part. The FPGA image that must be loaded into the BeMicroSDK FPGA is included in the design files. This section presents the components included in the FPGA image and also the procedure to load the image into the FPGA.
The following components are implemented in the FPGA design:
|Main PLL
|uC-Probe UART
|OnChip RAM
To load the FPGA image the following steps must be performed:
After finishing, the image is permanently loaded to the configuration Flash and the system will start with a blinking LED after reset or power up.
This section presents the steps for developing a software application that will run on the BeMicroSDK system and will be used for controlling and monitoring the operation of the ADI evaluation board.
Launch the Nios II SBT from the Start → All Programs → Altera → Nios II EDS 11.0 → Nios II 11.0 Software Build Tools for Eclipse (SBT).
NOTE: Windows 7 users will need to right-click and select Run as administrator. Another method is to right-click and select Properties and click on the Compatibility tab and select the Run This Program As An Administrator checkbox, which will make this a permanent change.
The tool will create two new software project directories. Each Nios II application has 2 project directories in the Eclipse workspace.
Since you chose the blank project template, there are no source files in the application project directory at this time. The BSP contains a directory of software drivers as well as a system.h header file, system initialization source code and other software infrastructure.
The software project provided in this lab does not make use of an operating system. All stdout, stdin and stderr messages will be directed to the jtag_uart.
In addition to the board support package settings configured using the BSP Editor, there are other compilation settings managed by the Eclipse environment such as compiler flags and optimization level.
In Windows Explorer locate the project directory which contains a directory called Software. In Windows Explorer select all the files and directories from the Software folder and drag and drop them into the Eclipse software project ADIEvalBoard.
Just as you configured the optimization level for the BSP project, you should set the optimization level for the application software project ADIEvalBoard as well.
Application code can be conveniently organized in a directory structure. This section shows how to define these paths in the makefile.
These 2 steps will compile and build the associated board support package, then the actual application software project itself. The result of the compilation process will be an Executable and Linked Format (.elf) file for the application, the ADIEvalBoard.elf file.
The BeMicroSDK hardware is designed with a System ID peripheral. This peripheral is assigned a unique value based on when the hardware design was last modified in the SOPC Builder tool. SOPC Builder also places this information in the .sopcinfo hardware description file. The BSP is built based on the information in the .sopcinfo file.
To run the software project on the Nios II processor:
This will re-build the software project to create an up–to-date executable and then download the code into memory on the BeMicroSDK hardware. The debugger resets the Nios II processor, and it executes the downloaded code. Note that the code is verified in memory before it is executed.
The code size and start address might be different than the ones displayed in the above screenshot.
A notable challenge in embedded systems development is to overcome the lack of feedback that such systems typically provide. Many developers resort to blinking LEDs or instrumenting their code with printf() in order to determine whether or not their systems are running as expected. Micrium provides a unique tool named μC-Probe to assist these developers. With this tool, developers can effortlessly read and write the variables on a running embedded system. This section presents the steps required to install the Micrium uC-Probe software tool and to run the demonstration project for the ADI evaluation board. A description of the uC-Probe demonstration interface is provided.
Launch uC-Probe from the Start → All Programs → Micrium → uC-Probe.
Select uC-Probe options.
Set target board communication protocol as JTAG UART
Setup JTAG UART communication settings
The following figure presents the uC-Probe interface that can be used for monitoring and controlling the operation of the EVAL-AD5254SDZ evaluation board.
Section A is used to activate the board and monitor activity. The communication with the board is activated / deactivated by toggling the ON/OFF switch. The Activity LED turns green when the communication is active. If the ON/OFF switch is set to ON and the Activity LED is BLACK it means that there is a communication problem with the board. See the Troubleshooting section for indications on how to fix the communication problems.
Section B is used to send two bytes to the AD5254 circuit. A customized I2C data-word can be sent by manually switching the buttons from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0 as desired and then clicking Send Data.
Section C is used to enable or disable the AD5254 WP pin.
Section D is used to update the RDAC registers. The RDAC registers can be updated by selecting a desirable value on the slider and clicking Load button.
Section E is used to read/write data from/into memory block. The location can be chosen from the EEMEM slider. Each location can be read, or updated with the value from the second slider.
Section F is used to display the stored tolerance of each internal resistor.
Section G is used to send the AD5254 quick commands directly to the AD5254.
In case there is a communication problem with the board the follwing actions can be perfomed in order to try to fix the issues:


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Our spine changes in several ways as we age, but you can slow down or even prevent some of the problems of an aging spine with regular chiropractic visits.Read more
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Babies, toddlers and children of all ages can benefit from chiropractic care to treat a variety of conditions safely and effectively and to help keep the growing body and nervous system in optimal health.Read more
A poorly arranged workspace can put you at risk of developing a painful condition or getting injured, but there are some simple things you can do to make your work environment more conducive to maintaining good health. We can provide many helpful suggestions.Read more
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Chronic inflammation can contribute to a variety of ill health conditions, but chiropractic adjustments have been shown to reduce inflammatory chemicals and boost infection-fighters in the bloodstream.Read more
You don't have to have a painful problem to visit a chiropractor. Chiropractic care is about restoring and maintaining good overall health and keeping your body functioning the way it's meant to.Read more
Maintaining wellness leads to an overall more enjoyable life. We can guide you toward a healthier lifestyle and recommend some lifestyle adjustments for your unique situation.Read more
Poor posture over the years can lead to numerous ill health effects. When your spine is in alignment, good posture will come more naturally so you can breathe better, feel younger and avoid many aches and pains.Read more
Without quality sleep, our bodies can't rest and repair, our energy can't be replenished, and important hormones aren't released. If you suffer from sleep problems, chiropractic care may be able to help.Read more
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In-air flight time: 4 hours, 57 minutes
From gate to gate: 5 hours, 17 minutes
Constant 500 mph: 4 hours, 30 minutes
Open this map directly on Google Maps. For a quick answer, you can use TheDistanceNow.com to get the distance from Ashburn to San Diego.
The total flight duration from Ashburn, VA to San Diego, CA is 4 hours, 57 minutes.
This is the average in-air flight time (wheels up to wheels down on the runway) based on actual flights taken over the past year, including routes like IAD to SAN. It covers the entire time on a typical commercial flight including take-off and landing.
If you're planning a trip, you should also factor in extra time for the plane to pull back from the gate and taxi to the runway, as well as reaching the destination gate after landing. If you include this extra time on the tarmac, the average total elapsed time from gate to gate flying from Ashburn, VA to San Diego, CA is 5 hours, 17 minutes.
Finally, pilots might want to estimate the flight time using an average flight speed for a commercial airliner of 500 mph, which is equivalent to 805 km/h or 434 knots. If you don't add any extra time to increase or decrease speed for take-off and landing, then at constant speed your flight time would be 4 hours, 30 minutes.
If you're booking a flight, make sure you check the scheduled departure and arrival times. You should also factor in airport wait times and possible equipment or weather delays. If you're trying to figure out what time you'll arrive at the destination, you may want to see if there's a time difference between Ashburn, VA and San Diego, CA.
The calculation of flight time is based on the straight line distance from Ashburn, VA to San Diego, CA ("as the crow flies"), which is about 2,250 miles or 3 621 kilometers.
Your trip begins in Ashburn, Virginia.
It ends in San Diego, California.
Your flight direction from Ashburn, VA to San Diego, CA is West (-89 degrees from North).
The flight time calculator measures the average flight duration between points. It uses the great circle formula to compute the travel mileage.
Travelmath provides an online flight time calculator for all types of travel routes. You can enter airports, cities, states, countries, or zip codes to find the flying time between any two points. The database uses the great circle distance and the average airspeed of a commercial airliner to figure out how long a typical flight would take. Find your travel time to estimate the length of a flight between airports, or ask how long it takes to fly from one city to another.


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With Invisalign, you can eat all of your favorite foods while working on your straighter smile. Aligners do need to be removed before you eat to avoid staining, and they should be cleaned and rinsed out with warm water at least once or twice a day. Since you can remove your aligners, you don't have to worry about any food restrictions. This is pretty significant because food restrictions are often the biggest learning curve with traditional braces.
With Invisalign aligners, there are no pesky wires to poke out and irritate your mouth, and there aren't any adjustment appointments, either. Invisalign wearers are still expected to attend follow-up visits about every 6-8 weeks so that our doctors can be sure that your teeth are making good progress.
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Keep in mind that every patient will respond to orthodontic treatment differently. Since Invisalign works in a slightly different and less invasive way than braces to straighten your teeth, it's hard to say for sure how long each patient will have to wear their aligners before they see significant results. The average is somewhere between 6 and 18 months, this can vary widely from case to case. Treatment time depends in large part on patient compliance.
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FINDLAY, Ohio (AP) — A man who disappeared decades ago is finding out there's no easy way to come back from the dead.
Donald Miller Jr. went to court this week to ask a county judge to reverse a 1994 ruling that declared him legally dead after he had vanished from his home eight years earlier. But the judge turned down his request, citing a three-year time limit for changing a death ruling.
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Robin Miller said her former husband vanished because he owed big child support payments and that the overdue payments had totaled $26,000 by 1994, The (Findlay) Courier reported.
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I am 38 years old, live in West Bend and I am a mature separated woman. I'm way too anxious to move in clubs or pubs looking for potential lovers. I much prefer meeting people online because it allows me to communicate with men more easily. As I am a mature woman, I get excited by young guys who are under 39 years old. I love ordering during a one night stand because I know very well how to take care of you to make you hard. I have no taboos because I am a free woman. I'll be expecting you at the beginning of next week, and preferably in the morning. We can meet up wherever you want but somewhere around West Bend. I just want to have fun right now. Since I feel like a Cougar, I'm looking for young guys, or at least one guy who is really younger than me. So if you're thinking about fucking me, don't hesitate to contact me. I demand a quite virile type. I kiss you.
I'm a 44 year old woman who is very lonely for a naughty night out on Fountainebleau
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First name: Marie-chantale, Age: 44 yo, City: Fountainebleau (FL)
Ideally, I would like the men who write to me to be blond and rather handsome. The boy I'm looking for will have to be up to the task, because sexually I demand a lot. I can stay in bed all weekend if my partner knows what they're doing. I love fucking with a guy and guiding him so that I can reach seventh heaven. I'm very naughty to make you hard. I'm also very good at giving blowjobs. But I want a hot man for this fuck date. We can meet at my place or yours, I'm mobile, but I won't cross the region. There are no hotels around here, which seems a bit suspicious to me. I am available in the evening and all day on Sundays. So, I'm looking forward to hearing your comments. I can't wait to have a steamy night with you. I'm sure we'll get along just fine during this swingers' party. See you soon! I give you a big hug.
A married couple from Palm Bay looking for a sexual encounter in a private club
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First name: Tchelsy, Age: 35 yo, City: Palm Bay (FL)
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A horny cougar wants to sleep with a young stud on Farmington
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First name: Fanny, Age: 44 yo, City: Farmington (NM)
I really enjoy showing myself naked in the woods and having my picture taken. However, what really gets me excited are the quickies in atypical places (parking lots, bathrooms, etc.), it's up to you to be creative in the streets of Farmington. I am free on Saturday and rather in the afternoon. We can meet wherever you want. From now on, I just want to have fun. Since I feel more like a Cougar, I only look for young guys, or at least a man much younger than me.I want to have this lover who will want to make all my erotic fantasies come true. I'm excited to see your responses. Looking forward to meeting you, kisses. Bye.
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My slutty girlfriend and I are looking for a third person to join us in some hot, three-way action
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First name: Francisca, Age: 22 yo, City: Bangor (ME)
Hello guys, I am a rather charming and sexy 22-year-old woman. My name is Francisca. We are fans of candaulism. I'm quite a slutty girl, I love having sex with other couples including my boyfriend. We're looking to have some fun with a libertine couple during an evening of no-holds-barred sex. I'm a slutty girl who's good at making dicks bigger. I agree to meet you at your place. I'm not opposed to meeting up for a date in the woods near Bangor. In short, we will read your messages for this evening fuck. Looking forward to seeing you on Bangor! Kisses! See you soon.
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First name: Frederica, Age: 32 yo, City: Coon Rapids (MN)
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text:
Princeton researchers have found a simple and economical way to nearly triple the efficiency of organic solar cells, the cheap and flexible plastic devices that many scientists believe could be the future of solar power.
The researchers, led by electrical engineer Stephen Chou, were able to increase the efficiency of the solar ce lls 175 percent by using a nanostructured "sandwich" of metal and plastic that collects and traps light. Chou said the technology also should increase the efficiency of conventional inorganic solar collectors, such as standard silicon solar panels, although he cautioned that his team has not yet completed research with inorganic devices.
Chou, the Joseph C. Elgin Professor of Engineering, said the research team used nanotechnology to overcome two primary challenges that cause solar cells to lose energy: light reflecting from the cell, and the inability to fully capture light that enters the cell.
With their new metallic sandwich, the researchers were able to address both problems. The sandwich – called a subwavelength plasmonic cavity – has an extraordinary ability to dampen reflection and trap light. The new technique allowed Chou's team to create a solar cell that only reflects about 4 percent of light and absorbs as much as 96 percent. It demonstrates 52 percent higher efficiency in converting light to electrical energy than a conventional solar cell.
That is for direct sunlight. The structure achieves even more efficiency for light that strikes the solar cell at large angles, which occurs on cloudy days or when the cell is not directly facing the sun. By capturing these angled rays, the new structure boosts efficiency by an additional 81 percent, leading to the 175 percent total increase.
Chou said the system is ready for commercial use although, as with any new product, there will be a transition period in moving from the lab to mass production.
The physics behind the innovation is formidably complex. But the device structure, in concept, is fairly simple.
The top layer, known as the window layer, of the new solar cell uses an incredibly fine metal mesh: the metal is 30 nanometers thick, and each hole is 175 nanometers in diameter and 25 nanometers apart. (A nanometer is a billionth of a meter and about one hundred-thousandth the width of human hair). This mesh replaces the conventional window layer typically made of a material called indium-tin-oxide (ITO).
The mesh window layer is placed very close to the bottom layer of the sandwich, the same metal film used in conventional solar cells. In between the two metal sheets is a thin strip of semiconducting material used in solar panels. It can be any type – silicon, plastic or gallium arsenide – although Chou's team used an 85-nanometer-thick plastic.
The solar cell's features – the spacing of the mesh, the thickness of the sandwich, the diameter of the holes – are all smaller than the wavelength of the light being collected. This is critical because light behaves in very unusual ways in subwavelength structures. Chou's team discovered that using these subwavelength structures allowed them to create a trap in which light enters, with almost no reflection, and does not leave.
"It is like a black hole for light," Chou said. "It traps it."
The team calls the system a "plasmonic cavity with subwavelength hole array" or PlaCSH. Photos of the surface of the PlaCSH solar cells demonstrate this light-absorbing effect: under sunlight, a standard solar power cell looks tinted in color due to light reflecting from its surface, but the PlaCSH looks deep black because of the extremely low light reflection.
The researchers expected an increase in efficiency from the technique, "but clearly the increase we found was beyond our expectations," Chou said.
Chou and electrical engineering graduate student Wei Ding reported their findings in the journal Optics Express, published online November 2, 2012. Their work was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
The researchers said the PlaCSH solar cells can be manufactured cost-effectively in wallpaper-size sheets. Chou's lab used "nanoimprint," a low-cost nanofabrication technique Chou invented 16 years ago, which embosses nanostructures over a large area, like printing a newspaper.
Besides the innovative design, the work involved optimizing the system. Getting the structure exactly right "is critical to achieving high efficiency", Ding said.
Chou said that the development could have a number of applications depending on the type of solar collector. In this series of experiments, Chou and Ding worked with solar cells made from plastic, called organic solar cells. Plastic is cheap and malleable and the technology has great promise, but it has been limited in commercial use because of organic solar cells' low efficiency.
In addition to a direct boost to the cells' efficiency, the new nanostructured metal film also replaces the current ITO electrode that is the most expensive part of most current organic solar cells.
"PlaCSH also is extremely bendable," Chou said. "The mechanical property of ITO is like glass; it is very brittle."
The nanostructured metal film is also promising for silicon solar panels that now dominate the market. Because the PlaCSH sandwich captures light independent of what electricity-generating material is used as the middle layer, it should boost efficiency of silicon panels as well. It also can reduce the thickness of the silicon used in traditional silicon solar panels by a thousand-fold, which could substantially decrease manufacturing costs and allow the panels to become more flexible.
Chou said the team plans further experiments and expects to increase the efficiency of the PlaCSH system as they refine the technology.
Check the following link to read/download the Full Research – "Ultrathin, High-Efficiency, Broad-Band, Omni-Acceptance, Organic Solar Cells Enhanced by Plasmonic Cavity with Subwavelength Hole Array":
Source: By John Sullivan, Princeton.


text:
Dominican Republic Population: 10,298,7569 VISITORS FROM HERE!
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|The Taino - indigenous inhabitants of Hispaniola prior to the arrival of the Europeans - divided the island into five chiefdoms and territories. Christopher COLUMBUS explored and claimed the island on his first voyage in 1492; it became a springboard for Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821 but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative rule followed, capped by the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas TRUJILLO from 1930 to 1961. Juan BOSCH was elected president in 1962 but was deposed in a military coup in 1963. In 1965, the US led an intervention in the midst of a civil war sparked by an uprising to restore BOSCH. In 1966, Joaquin BALAGUER defeated BOSCH in the presidential election. BALAGUER maintained a tight grip on power for most of the next 30 years when international reaction to flawed elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then, regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition candidates have won the presidency. Former President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (first term 1996-2000) won election to a new term in 2004 following a constitutional amendment allowing presidents to serve more than one term, and was later reelected to a second consecutive term. In 2012, Danilo MEDINA Sanchez became president; he was reelected in 2016.
|Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 48,670 sq km
land: 48,320 sq km
water: 350 sq km
Size comparison: slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 376 km border countries (1): Haiti 376 km
|1,288 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
|tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
|rugged highlands and mountains interspersed with fertile valleys
|Natural resources:
|nickel, bauxite, gold, silver, arable land
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 51.5% (2011 est.) arable land: 16.6% (2011 est.)
permanent crops: 10.1% (2011 est.) permanent pasture: 24.8% (2011 est.) forest: 40.8% (2011 est.)
other: 7.7% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|3,070 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts
|Current Environment Issues:
|water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs; deforestation
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
|^Back to Top
| noun: Dominican(s)
adjective: Dominican
|Ethnic groups:
|mixed 70.4% (mestizo/indio 58%, mulatto 12.4%), black 15.8%, white 13.5%, other 0.3% (2014 est.) note: respondents self-identified their race; the term "indio" in the Dominican Republic is not associated with people of indigenous ancestry but people of mixed ancestry or skin color between light and dark
|Spanish (official)
|Roman Catholic 47.8%, Protestant 21.3%, other 2.2%, none 28%, don't know/no response .7% (2017 est.)
|10,298,756 (July 2018 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 27.56% (male 1,442,926 /female 1,395,809)
15-24 years: 18.52% (male 969,467 /female 937,765)
25-54 years: 40.28% (male 2,112,813 /female 2,035,902)
55-64 years: 7.71% (male 397,821 /female 396,172)
65 years and over: 5.92% (male 286,300 /female 323,781) (2018 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 57.8 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 47.3 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 10.5 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 9.5 (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 27.3 years
male: 27.1 years
female: 27.4 years (2018 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|0.99% (2018 est.)
|Birth rate:
|18.9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Death rate:
|6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-2.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
| urban population: 81.1% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 2.06% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|3.172 million SANTO DOMINGO (capital) (2018)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 21.3 years (2013 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 25-29
|Maternal mortality rate:
|92 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 22.7 deaths/1,000 live births male: 25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 20.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 71.3 years male: 69.7 years
female: 73.1 years (2018 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.28 children born/woman (2018 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|69.5% (2014)
|Physicians density:
|1.56 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
|Hospital bed density:
|1.6 beds/1,000 population (2014)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 85.4% of population
rural: 81.9% of population
total: 84.7% of population
urban: 14.6% of population
rural: 18.1% of population
total: 15.3% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 86.2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 75.7% of population (2015 est.)
total: 84% of population (2015 est.)
urban: 13.8% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 24.3% of population (2015 est.)
total: 16% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.9% (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|67,000 (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|2,600 (2017 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|27.6% (2016)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|4% (2013)
|Education expenditures:
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2016 est.)
total population: 93.8%
male: 93.8%
female: 93.8% (2016 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 14 years male: 13 years female: 14 years (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 13.5% male: 9.9% female: 19.7% (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Dominican Republic
conventional short form: The Dominican
local long form: Republica Dominicana
local short form: La Dominicana
etymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Santo Domingo (Saint Dominic)
|Government type:
|presidential republic
| name: Santo Domingo
geographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 69 54 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: named after Saint Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221), founder of the Dominican Order
|Administrative divisions:
|10 regions (regiones, singular - region); Cibao Nordeste, Cibao Noroeste, Cibao Norte, Cibao Sur, El Valle, Enriquillo, Higuamo, Ozama, Valdesia, Yuma
|27 February 1844 (from Haiti)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 27 February (1844)
|history: many previous (38 total); latest proclaimed 13 June 2015 amendments: proposed by a special session of the National Congress called the National Revisory Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority approval by at least one-half of those present in both houses of the Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles such as fundamental rights and guarantees, territorial composition, nationality, or the procedures for constitutional reform also requires approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2017 (2018)
|Legal system:
|civil law system based on the French civil code; Criminal Procedures Code modified in 2004 to include important elements of an accusatory system
|18 years of age; universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age can vote; note - members of the armed forces and national police by law cannot vote
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (since 16 August 2012); Vice President Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (since 16 August 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (since 16 August 2012); Vice President Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (since 16 August 2012)
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a maximum of two consecutive terms); election last held on 15 May 2016 (next to be held in 2020)
election results: Danilo MEDINA Sanchez reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (PLD) 61.7%, Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 35%, other 3.3%; Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (PLD) reelected vice president
|Legislative branch:
| description: bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of: Senate or Senado (32 seats; note - electoral system changes by the Central Election Commission are being challenged by the ruling party and opposition) House of Representatives or Camara de Diputados (190 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held on 15 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2020) House of Representatives - last held on 15 May 2016 (next to be held in May 2020)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLD 26, PRM 2, BIS 1, PLRD 1, PRD 1, PRSC 1; composition as of 2018 - men 29, women 3, percent of women 9.4% House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLD 106, PRM 42, PRSC 18, PRD 16, PLRD 3, other 5; composition as of 2018 - men 139, women 51, percent of women 26.8%; note - total National Congress percent of women 24.3%
|Judicial branch:
| highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia (consists of a minimum of 16 magistrates); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges); note - the Constitutional Court was established in 2010 by constitutional amendment judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary comprised of the president, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the president of the Supreme Court, and a non-governing party congressional representative; Supreme Court judges appointed for 7-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: courts of appeal; courts of first instance; justices of the peace; special courts for juvenile, labor, and land cases; Contentious Administrative Court for cases filed against the government
|Political parties and leaders:
|Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna] Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Miguel VARGAS Maldonado] Institutional Social Democratic Bloc or BIS Liberal Reformist Party or PRL (formerly the Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic or PLRD) Modern Revolutionary Party or PRM [Jose Ignacio PALIZA] National Progressive Front or FNP [Vinicio CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO] Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Federico ANTUN]
|International organization participation:
|ACP, AOSIS, BCIE, Caricom (observer), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA (associated member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
| palmchat (bird);
national colors: red, white, blue
|National anthem:
| name: "Himno Nacional" (National Anthem)
lyrics/music: Emilio PRUD'HOMME/Jose REYES
note: adopted 1934; also known as "Quisqueyanos valientes" (Valient Sons of Quisqueye); the anthem never refers to the people as Dominican but rather calls them "Quisqueyanos," a reference to the indigenous name of the island
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Tomas PEREZ Vazquez(since 23 February 2015)
chancery: 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-6280
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulate(s): San Francisco
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Robin BERNSTEIN (since 6 September 2018)
embassy: Av. Republica de Colombia # 57, Santo Domingo
mailing address: Unit 5500, APO AA 34041-5500
telephone: [1] (809) 567-7775
|^Back to Top
The Dominican Republic was for most of its history primarily an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, but over the last three decades the economy has become more diversified as the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy's largest employer, due to growth in construction, tourism, and free trade zones. The mining sector has also played a greater role in the export market since late 2012 with the commencement of the extraction phase of the Pueblo Viejo Gold and Silver mine, one of the largest gold mines in the world. For the last 20 years, the Dominican Republic has been one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America. The economy rebounded from the global recession in 2010-16, and the fiscal situation is improving. A tax reform package passed in November 2012, a reduction in government spending, and lower energy costs helped to narrow the central government budget deficit from 6.6% of GDP in 2012 to 2.6% in 2016, and public debt is declining. Marked income inequality, high unemployment, and underemployment remain important long-term challenges; the poorest half of the population receives less than one-fifth of GDP, while the richest 10% enjoys nearly 40% of GDP. The economy is highly dependent upon the US, the destination for approximately half of exports and the source of 40% of imports. Remittances from the US amount to about 7% of GDP, equivalent to about a third of exports and two-thirds of tourism receipts. The Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement came into force in March 2007, boosting investment and manufacturing exports.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| $173 billion (2017 est.) $165.4 billion (2016 est.) $155.2 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|$76.09 billion (2017 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|4.6% (2017 est.) 6.6% (2016 est.) 7% (2015 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| $17,000 (2017 est.) $16,400 (2016 est.) $15,500 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|21.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 20.8% of GDP (2016 est.) 20.7% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 69.3% (2017 est.) government consumption: 12.2% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 21.9% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: -0.1% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 24.8% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -28.1% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 5.6% (2017 est.) industry: 33% (2017 est.) services: 61.4% (2017 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|cocoa, tobacco, sugarcane, coffee, cotton, rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; cattle, pigs, dairy products, beef, eggs
|tourism, sugar processing, gold mining, textiles, cement, tobacco, electrical components, medical devices
|Industrial production growth rate:
|3.1% (2017 est.)
|Labor force:
|4.732 million (2017 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 14.4%
industry: 20.8% (2014)
services: 64.7% (2014 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|5.1% (2017 est.) 5.5% (2016 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|30.5% (2016 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 37.4% (2013 est.)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|47.1 (2013 est.) 45.7 (2012 est.)
| revenues: 11.33 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 13.62 billion (2017 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|14.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
|Public debt:
|37.2% of GDP (2017 est.) 34.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|3.3% (2017 est.) 1.6% (2016 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$165 million (2017 est.) -$815 million (2016 est.)
|$10.12 billion (2017 est.) $9.86 billion (2016 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|gold, silver, cocoa, sugar, coffee, tobacco, meats, consumer goods
|Exports - partners:
|US 50.3%, Haiti 9.1%, Canada 8.2%, India 5.6% (2017)
|$17.7 billion (2017 est.) $17.4 billion (2016 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
|Imports - partners:
|US 41.4%, China 13.9%, Mexico 4.5%, Brazil 4.3% (2017)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$6.873 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $6.134 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$29.16 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $27.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$37.15 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $33.56 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$408.6 million (31 December 2017 est.) $387.8 million (31 December 2016 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|Exchange rates:
|Dominican pesos (DOP) per US dollar - 47.42 (2017 est.) 46.078 (2016 est.) 46.078 (2015 est.) 45.052 (2014 est.) 43.556 (2013 est.)
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|Electricity - production:
|18.03 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|15.64 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|0 kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|3.839 million kW (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|77% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|16% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|7% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|16,980 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|16,060 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|134,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|108,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|1.161 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|1.161 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|23.79 million Mt (2017 est.)
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|Cellular Phones in use:
| total subscriptions: 8,769,127
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 82 (2017 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: relatively efficient system based on island-wide microwave radio relay network; there are multiple operators licensed to provide services, most of them are small and localized; the telecom sector across the Caribbean region remains one of the key growth areas (2018)
domestic: fixed-line teledensity is about 12 per 100 persons; multiple providers of mobile-cellular service with a subscribership of over 80 per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 1-809; 1-829; 1-849; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), Antillas 1, AMX-1, and the Fibralink submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
|Broadcast media:
|combination of state-owned and privately owned broadcast media; 1 state-owned TV network and a number of private TV networks; networks operate repeaters to extend signals throughout country; combination of state-owned and privately owned radio stations with more than 300 radio stations operating (2019)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
| total: 6,504,998
percent of population: 61.3% (July 2016 est.)
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|36 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 16
(2017) over 3,047 m: 3 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2017)
under 914 m: 1 (2017)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 20
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
under 914 m: 18 (2013)
|1 (2013)
|27 km gas, 103 km oil (2013)
| total 496 km
(2014) standard gauge: 354 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
narrow gauge: 142 km 0.762-m gauge (2014)
| total 19,705 km
(2002) paved: 9,872 km (2002)
unpaved: 9,833 km (2002)
|Merchant marine:
| total 23
by type: general cargo 2, oil tanker 1, other 20 (2018)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Puerto Haina, Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo oil terminal(s): Punta Nizao oil terminal LNG terminal(s) (import): Andres LNG terminal (Boca Chica)
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Army (Ejercito Nacional, EN), Navy (Marina de Guerra, MdG, includes naval infantry), Dominican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Dominicana, FAD) (2017)
|Military service age and obligation:
|17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; recruits must have completed primary school and be Dominican Republic citizens; women may volunteer (2012)
|Military expenditures:
|0.66% of GDP (2017) 0.67% of GDP (2016) 0.67% of GDP (2015) 0.67% of GDP (2014) 0.62% of GDP (2013)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the Dominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find better work
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
stateless persons: 133,770 (2016); note - a September 2013 Constitutional Court ruling revoked the citizenship of those born after 1929 to immigrants without proper documentation, even though the constitution at the time automatically granted citizenship to children born in the Dominican Republic and the 2010 constitution provides that constitutional provisions cannot be applied retroactively; the decision overwhelmingly affected people of Haitian descent whose relatives had come to the Dominican Republic since the 1890s as a cheap source of labor for sugar plantations; a May 2014 law passed by the Dominican Congress regularizes the status of those with birth certificates but will require those without them to prove they were born in the Dominican Republic and to apply for naturalization; the government has issued documents to thousands of individuals who may claim citizenship under this law, but no official estimate has been released note: revised estimate includes only individuals born to parents who were both born abroad; it does not include individuals born in the country to one Dominican-born and one foreign-born parent or subsequent generations of individuals of foreign descent; the estimate, as such, does not include all stateless persons (2015)
|Illicit drugs:
|transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada; substantial money laundering activity in particular by Colombian narcotics traffickers; significant amphetamine consumption
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook


text:
10k & Rhodium Saint Jude Charm, Best Quality Free Gift Box Satisfaction Guaranteed
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This adds a sense of charm to your favorite collection.10k & Rhodium Saint Jude Charm. Model No.: 10C1041. 10k Yellow w/Rhodium. Product Type: Jewelry. Jewelry Type: Pendants & Charms. Pendant/Charm Type: Themed Charm. Material: Primary: Gold. Material: Primary - Color: Two-Tone. Material: Primary - Purity: 10K. Sold By Unit: Each. Charm Length: 25 mm. Charm Width: 6 mm. Got questions about this item? If you wish to know any additional info or have any additional questions regarding this item, please don't hesitate to send us an email. We will answer any questions in a timely manner. Thank you. Please be sure to include the Model No. of the product you are inquiring about in your message. Contact us as we may have them in stock..


text:
Please only use after talking to us about calibrationPlease be sure to list your Calibration Points
This is for 3 point FULL UKAS Calibration ONLY of Thermometers
Lead time for Calibration will take around 10 days - 2 weeks
Be the first to Write a Review for this item!
1st Class post up to 14 days for delivery Long delays due to Covid-19
Carrier Service 1-14 days, is an estimated day of delivery is given when you place a order.
Delivery can be from 8.30am to 6pm
Please note all shipping is PER ORDER , NOT PER ITEM
Next day delivery is extra but we can not be held liable for the carriers delaying the (WEEKENDS AND BANK HOILIDAYS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN WORKING DAYS). Highlands and Islands / IV BT, IM TR 21-25, HS, KA27,28, KW1-3, 5-15, PA20-49, 62-77,61,78,PH17-26, 30-44, 49-50, ZE1-3 postcodes takes 48 hour
We must have the order by 3pm to have a chance of getting the order out the same day ( AS LONG AS GOODS ARE IN STOCK) Next day not available for European Orders
ORDERS OVER £65 POST FREE (Excluding European Orders)
For those orders over £65 we will send Post Free. To 1 address if more then 1 address per order, a delivery charge either £6.96 or £3.60 will be addedOnce the parcels have left our premises the responsibility for delivery is with the Royal Mail or our Carrier.
We are not responsible for late delivery's that may of happened once the parcel has left us as we will try and get the parcel out to you as fast as we can. Please contact us if any problems, problems do happen but we are always here to help.Or if you are still waiting for a parcel (over 10 working days Royal Mail) please let us know so we can sort out the problem.Orders are dispatched by post / carrier to the name and address you have given to us. If we have received incorrect or inadequate information for the delivery of the goods we cannot accept any liability for late or failed delivery as a result of this.
Delivery Schedule We process your order right away. We will normally send your order to you in 2 - 5 business days . International orders are generally received in under 10 days.Does not Include Trade Orders OR Purchase Orders
A calibrated thermometer if ordered in error / or not wanted can only be returned upto 14 days after purchase because the certificate has a expiry date
We accept Orders from Government based purchases, we regularly supply the following organisations
There is £50 minimum order value for purchase order
P&P on all Purchase Orders under £65 (ex Vat) £5.42+VATP&P will be free on Orders over £65 (ex vat)
Send your order by Email:- email@example.com
Payment must be made within 30 days by BACS or Cheque


text:
Bahrain Population: 1,442,6591 VISITOR FROM HERE!
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|In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. A steady decline in oil production and reserves since 1970 prompted Bahrain to take steps to diversify its economy, in the process developing petroleum processing and refining, aluminum production, and hospitality and retail sectors. It has also endeavored to become a leading regional banking center, especially with respect to Islamic finance. Bahrain's small size, central location among Gulf countries, economic dependence on Saudi Arabia, and proximity to Iran require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Its foreign policy activities usually fall in line with Saudi Arabia and the UAE. The Sunni royal family has long struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar pro-democracy and reform protests at home with police and military action, including deploying Gulf Cooperation Council security forces to Bahrain. Failed political talks prompted opposition political societies to boycott 2014 legislative and municipal council elections. In 2018, a law preventing members of political societies dissolved by the courts from participating in elections effectively sidelined the majority of opposition figures from taking part in national elections. As a result, most members of parliament are independents. Ongoing dissatisfaction with the political status quo continues to factor into sporadic clashes between demonstrators and security forces.
|Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 760 sq km
land: 760 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Size comparison: 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
|Land Boundaries:
|0 km
|161 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined
|arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
|mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment
|Natural resources:
|oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 11.3% (2016 est.) arable land: 2.1% (2016 est.)
permanent crops: 3.9% (2016 est.) permanent pasture: 5.3% (2016 est.) forest: 0.7% (2016 est.)
other: 88% (2016 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|40 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|periodic droughts; dust storms
|Current Environment Issues:
|desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs); lowered water table leaves aquifers vulnerable to saline contamination; desalinization provides some 90% of the country's freshwater
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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| noun: Bahraini(s)
adjective: Bahraini
|Ethnic groups:
|Bahraini 46%, Asian 45.5%, other Arab 4.7%, African 1.6%, European 1%, other 1.2% (includes Gulf Co-operative country nationals, North and South Americans, and Oceanians) (2010 est.)
|Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu
|Muslim 73.7%, Christian 9.3%, Jewish 0.1%, other 16.9% (2017 est.)
|1,442,659 (July 2017 est.) (July 2018 est.) note: immigrants make up approximately 48% of the total population, according to UN data (2017)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 18.88% (male 138,309 /female 134,067)
15-24 years: 15.49% (male 126,564 /female 96,834)
25-54 years: 56.06% (male 527,417 /female 281,391)
55-64 years: 6.49% (male 59,404 /female 34,284)
65 years and over: 3.08% (male 22,258 /female 22,131) (2018 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 30.2 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 27.1 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 3 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 33.1 (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 32.5 years
male: 34 years
female: 29.8 years (2018 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|2.19% (2018 est.)
|Birth rate:
|13.1 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Death rate:
|2.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|11.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
| urban population: 89.3% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 4.38% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|565,000 MANAMA (capital) (2018)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.31 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.87 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.73 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female
total population: 1.54 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|15 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 8.8 deaths/1,000 live births male: 9.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 79.1 years male: 76.9 years
female: 81.5 years (2018 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|1.73 children born/woman (2018 est.)
|Physicians density:
|0.93 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
|Hospital bed density:
|2 beds/1,000 population (2014)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 99.2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 99.2% of population (2015 est.)
total: 99.2% of population (2015 est.)
urban: 0.8% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 0.8% of population (2015 est.)
total: 0.8% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|<.1% (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|<500 (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|<100 (2017 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|29.8% (2016)
|Education expenditures:
|2.3% of GDP (2017)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
total population: 95.7%
male: 96.9%
female: 93.5% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2017)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 5.3% male: 2.6% female: 12.2% (2012 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain
conventional short form: Bahrain
local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn
local short form: Al Bahrayn
former: Dilmun, Tylos, Awal, Mishmahig, Bahrayn, State of Bahrain
etymology: the name means "the two seas" in Arabic and refers to the water bodies surrounding the archipelago
|Government type:
|constitutional monarchy
| name: Manama
geographic coordinates: 26 14 N, 50 34 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: name derives from the Arabic "al-manama" meaning "place of rest" or "place of dreams"
|Administrative divisions:
| 4 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Asimah (Capital), Janubiyah (Southern), Muharraq, Shamaliyah (Northern)
note: each governorate administered by an appointed governor
|15 August 1971 (from the UK)
|National holiday:
|National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection
|history: adopted 14 February 2002 amendments: proposed by the king or by at least 15 members of either chamber of the National Assembly followed by submission to an Assembly committee for review and, if approved, submitted to the government for restatement as drafts; passage requires a two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both chambers and validation by the king; constitutional articles on the state religion (Islam), state language (Arabic), and the monarchy and "inherited rule" cannot be amended; amended 2012, 2017 (2017)
|Legal system:
|mixed legal system of Islamic law, English common law, Egyptian civil, criminal, and commercial codes; customary law
|20 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 1971); First Deputy Prime Minister SALMAN bin Hamad Al- Khalifa (since 11 March 2013); Deputy Prime Ministers MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa (since September 2005), Jawad bin Salim al-ARAIDH, ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 11 December 2006), KHALID bin Abdallah Al-Khalifa (since November 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
|Legislative branch:
| description: bicameral National Assembly consists of: Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (40 seats; members appointed by the king) Council of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwab (40 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 4-year renewable terms)
elections: Consultative Council - last appointments on 12 December 2018 (next NA) Council of Representatives - first round for 9 members held on 24 November 2018; second round for remaining 31 members held on 1 December 2018 (next to be held in 2022)
election results: Consultative Council - composition - men 31, women 9, percent of women 22.5% Council of Representatives (for 2018 election) - percent of vote by society - NA; seats by society - Islamic Al-Asalah (Sunni Salafi) 3, Minbar al-Taqadumi (Communist) 2, National Unity Gathering (Sunni progovernment) 1, National Islamic Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 1, independent 33; composition - men 34, women 6, percent of women 15%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 19%
|Judicial branch:
| highest courts: Court of Cassation (consists of the chairman and 3 judges); Supreme Court of Appeal (consists of the chairman and 3 judges; Constitutional Court (consists of the president and 6 members); High Sharia Court of Appeal (court sittings include the president and at least one judge) judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges appointed by royal decree and serve for a specified tenure; Constitutional Court president and members appointed by the Higher Judicial Council, a body chaired by the monarch and includes judges from the Court of Cassation, sharia law courts, and Civil High Courts of Appeal; members serve 9-year terms; High Sharia Court of Appeal member appointments by royal decree for a specified tenure
subordinate courts: Civil High Courts of Appeal; middle and lower civil courts; High Sharia Court of Appeal; Senior Sharia Court; Administrative Courts of Appeal; military courts note: the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into civil law courts and sharia law courts; sharia courts (involving personal status and family law) are further divided into Sunni Muslim and Shia Muslim; the Courts are supervised by the Supreme Judicial Council.
|Political parties and leaders:
|note: political parties are prohibited, but political societies were legalized under a July 2005 law
|International organization participation:
|ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CICA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
| a red field surmounted by a white serrated band with five white points;
national colors: red, white
|National anthem:
| name: "Bahrainona" (Our Bahrain)
lyrics/music: unknown
note: adopted 1971; although Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, they were changed in 2002 following the transformation of Bahrain from an emirate to a kingdom
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Abdulla bin Rashid AL KHALIFA (since 21 July 2017)
chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 342-1111
consulate(s) general: New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Justin H. SIBERELL (since November 2017)
embassy: Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 331, Zinj District, Manama
mailing address: PSC 451, Box 660, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama
telephone: [973] 1724-2700
|^Back to Top
Oil and natural gas play a dominant role in Bahrain's economy. Despite the Government's past efforts to diversify the economy, oil still comprises 85% of Bahraini budget revenues. In the last few years lower world energy prices have generated sizable budget deficits - about 10% of GDP in 2017 alone. Bahrain has few options for covering these deficits, with low foreign assets and fewer oil resources compared to its GCC neighbors. The three major US credit agencies downgraded Bahrain's sovereign debt rating to "junk" status in 2016, citing persistently low oil prices and the government's high debt levels. Nevertheless, Bahrain was able to raise about $4 billion by issuing foreign currency denominated debt in 2017. Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil and gas –finance, and construction. Bahrain continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. In April 2018 Bahrain announced it had found a significant oil field off the country's west coast, but is still assessing how much of the oil can be extracted profitably. In addition to addressing its current fiscal woes, Bahraini authorities face the long-term challenge of boosting Bahrain's regional competitiveness — especially regarding industry, finance, and tourism — and reconciling revenue constraints with popular pressure to maintain generous state subsidies and a large public sector. Since 2015, the government lifted subsidies on meat, diesel, kerosene, and gasoline and has begun to phase in higher prices for electricity and water. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. It plans to introduce a Value Added Tax (VAT) by the end of 2018.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| $71.17 billion (2017 est.) $68.59 billion (2016 est.) $66.3 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|$35.33 billion (2017 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|3.8% (2017 est.) 3.5% (2016 est.) 2.9% (2015 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| $49,000 (2017 est.) $48,200 (2016 est.) $48,400 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|19.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 21.2% of GDP (2016 est.) 22% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 45.8% (2017 est.) government consumption: 15.5% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 26.1% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0.4% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 80.2% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -67.9% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 0.3% (2017 est.) industry: 39.3% (2017 est.) services: 60.4% (2017 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish
|petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism
|Industrial production growth rate:
|0.6% (2017 est.)
|Labor force:
|831,600 (2017 est.) note: excludes unemployed; 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 1%
industry: 32%
services: 67% (2004 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|3.6% (2017 est.) 3.7% (2016 est.) note: official estimate; actual rate is higher
|Population below poverty line:
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: n/a
highest 10%: n/a
| revenues: 5.854 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 9.407 billion (2017 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|16.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -10.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
|Public debt:
|88.5% of GDP (2017 est.) 81.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|1.4% (2017 est.) 2.8% (2016 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$1.6 billion (2017 est.) -$1.493 billion (2016 est.)
|$15.38 billion (2017 est.) $12.78 billion (2016 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles
|Exports - partners:
|UAE 19.6%, Saudi Arabia 11.7%, US 10.8%, Oman 8.1%, China 6.5%, Qatar 5.7%, Japan 4.2% (2017)
|$16.08 billion (2017 est.) $13.59 billion (2016 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|crude oil, machinery, chemicals
|Imports - partners:
|China 8.8%, UAE 7.2%, US 7.1%, Australia 5.3%, Japan 4.8% (2017)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$2.349 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $3.094 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$52.15 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $42.55 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$22.08 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $21.56 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$10.66 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $10.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$19.25 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $22.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $18.57 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - 0.376 (2017 est.) 0.376 (2016 est.) 0.376 (2015 est.) 0.376 (2014 est.) 0.376 (2013 est.)
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|Electricity - production:
|26.81 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|26.11 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|213 million kWh (2015 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|276 million kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|3.928 million kW (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|45,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|226,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|124.6 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|274,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|61,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|245,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|14,530 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|15.89 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|15.89 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|92.03 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|37.98 million Mt (2017 est.)
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|Cellular Phones in use:
| total subscriptions: 2,364,477
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 168 (2017 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: modern system; well-developed LTE networks, 5G trials tested and deployment in near future; mobile penetration is high compared to the region; development of its own National Broadband Network (NBN); competition is good and telecoms are regulated (2018)
domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones; 20 per 100 fixed-line, 168 per 100 mobile-cellular; (2018)
international: country code - 973; landing points for the FALCON, Tata TGN-Gulf, GBICS/MENA, and FOG submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Africa; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1
|Broadcast media:
|state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2019)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
| total: 1,351,326
percent of population: 98% (July 2016 est.)
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|4 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 4
(2017) over 3,047 m: 3 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2017)
|1 (2013)
|20 km gas, 54 km oil (2013)
| total 4,122 km
(2010) paved: 3,392 km (2010)
unpaved: 730 km (2010)
|Merchant marine:
| total 259
by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 12, oil tanker 4, other 241 (2018)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Mina' Salman, Sitrah
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|Military branches:
|Bahrain Defense Force (BDF): Royal Bahraini Army (RBA), Royal Bahraini Navy (RBN), Royal Bahraini Air Force (RBAF), Royal Bahraini Air Defense Force (RBADF) (2013)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2012)
|Military expenditures:
|4.59% of GDP (2015) 4.42% of GDP (2014) 4.14% of GDP (2013) 3.84% of GDP (2012) 3.59% of GDP (2011)
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|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook