text:
In order to deliver a personalized, responsive service and to improve the site, we remember and store
information about how you use it. This is done using simple text files called cookies which sit on your computer. By continuing to use this site and access its features, you are consenting to our use of cookies. To find out more about the way Informa uses cookies please go to our Cookie Policy page.
I Agree
Copyright © 2023. All rights reserved. Informa Markets, a trading division of Informa PLC.


text:
TroLion, Inc./Rush49, (Rush49), is committed to keeping any and all personal information collected of those individuals that visit our website and make use of our online facilities and services accurate, confidential, secure and private. Our privacy policy has been designed and created to ensure those affiliated with TroLion, Inc./Rush49 of our commitment and realization of our obligation not only to meet but to exceed most existing privacy standards.
THEREFORE, this Privacy Policy Agreement shall apply to TroLion, Inc./Rush49 , and thus it shall govern any and all data collection and usage thereof. Through the use of rush49.com you are herein consenting to the following data procedures expressed within this agreement.
This website collects various types of information, such as:
TroLion, Inc./Rush49 may have the occasion to collect anonymous demographic information, such as age, gender, household income, political affiliation, race and religion at a later time.We may also gather information about the type of browser you are using, IP address or type of operating system to assist us in providing and maintaining superior quality service.
It is highly recommended and suggested that you review the privacy policies and statements of any website you choose to use or frequent as a means to better understand the way in which other websites garner, make use of and share information collected.
TroLion, Inc./Rush49 may collect and may make use of personal information to assist in the operation of our website and to ensure delivery of the services you need and request. At times, we may find it necessary to use personally identifiable information as a means to keep you informed of other possible products and/or services that may be available to you from rush49.com. TroLion, Inc./Rush49 may also be in contact with you with regards to completing surveys and/or research questionnaires related to your opinion of current or potential future services that may be offered.
TroLion, Inc./Rush49 does not now, nor will it in the future, sell, rent or lease any of our customer lists and/or names to any third parties.
TroLion, Inc./Rush49 may deem it necessary to follow websites and/or pages that our users may frequent in an effort to gleam what types of services and/or products may be the most popular to customers or the general public.
TroLion, Inc./Rush49 may disclose your personal information, without prior notice to you, only if required to do so in accordance with applicable laws and/or in a good faith belief that such action is deemed necessary or is required in an effort to:
TroLion, Inc./Rush49 does not knowingly collect personal identifiable information from children under the age of thirteen (13) without verifiable parental consent. If it is determined that such information has been inadvertently collected on anyone under the age of thirteen (13), we shall immediately take the necessary steps to ensure that such information is deleted from our system's database. Anyone under the age of thirteen (13) must seek and obtain parent or guardian permission to use this website.
All users and/or visitors to our website have the option to discontinue receiving communication from us and/or reserve the right to discontinue receiving communications by way of email or newsletters. To discontinue or unsubscribe to our website please send an email that you wish to unsubscribe to firstname.lastname@example.com. If you wish to unsubscribe or optout from any third party websites, you must go to that specific website to unsubscribe and/or opt-out.
Our website does contain links to affiliate and other websites. TroLion, Inc./Rush49 does not claim nor accept responsibility for any privacy policies, practices and/or procedures of other such websites. Therefore, we encourage all users and visitors to be aware when they leave our website and to read the privacy statements of each and every website that collects personally identifiable information. The aforementioned Privacy Policy Agreement applies only and solely to the information collected by our website.
TroLion, Inc./Rush49 shall endeavor and shall take every precaution to maintain adequate physical, procedural and technical security with respect to our offices and information storage facilities so as to prevent any loss, misuse, unauthorized access, disclosure or modification of the user's personal information under our control.
The company also uses Secure Socket Layer (SSL) for authentication and private communications in an effort to build users' trust and confidence in the internet and website use by providing simple and secure access and communication of credit card and personal information. In addition, TroLion, Inc./Rush49 is a licensee of TRUSTe. The website is also secured by VeriSign.
TroLion, Inc./Rush49 reserves the right to update and/or change the terms of our privacy policy, and as such we will post those change to our website homepage at rush49.com, so that our users and/or visitors are always aware of the type of information we collect, how it will be used, and under what circumstances, if any, we may disclose such information. If at any point in time TroLion, Inc./Rush49 decides to make use of any personally identifiable information on file, in a manner vastly different from that which was stated when this information was initially collected, the user or users shall be promptly notified by email. Users at that time shall have the option as to whether or not to permit the use of their information in this separate manner.
Through the use of this website, you are hereby accepting the terms and conditions stipulated within the aforementioned Privacy Policy Agreement. If you are not in agreement with our terms and conditions, then you should refrain from further use of our sites. In addition, your continued use of our website following the posting of any updates or changes to our terms and conditions shall mean that you are in agreement and acceptance of such changes.
If you have any questions or concerns regarding the Privacy Policy Agreement related to our website, please feel free to contact us at the following email, telephone number or mailing address.
Email: email@example.com
Mailing Address:
TroLion, Inc./Rush49
300 Continental Blvd Ste 180
El Segundo, California 90245

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Perrywinkle's men's
Perrywinkle's men's
pinewoods plain wedding band
In sterling silver
Exceptionally crafted fine jewelry by Perrywinkle's . All of our pieces are handmade in North America with ethically sourced materials.
* Prices are valid for in-stock items only.
Perrywinkle's is owned by Bixler's, America's Oldest Jeweler™ founded in 1785. We're the family business in America. Our founder, Christian Bixler III, set the standard for excellence more than two centuries ago in "creating friendships" rather than "making sales." Today, our jewelers, diamond setters, designers, casters, lappers, hand-engravers and gemologists, work in our production shops in Vermont and Montreal. Christian Bixler III would certainly approve of their meticulous work and we hope that you will too.
In addition to our Perrywinkle creations, we represent international luxury brands including Rolex, Tudor, and Marco Bicego.
100% Natural and Responsible
Made locally with fine metals and gemstones, Perrywinkle's guarantees that all materials are responsibly sourced and 100% natural. Each diamond undergoes a journey of rigorous hand-selection.
Corporate Responsibility
Perrywinkle's is dedicated to the economic, social, and environmental sustainability in all areas of our business.
Supply Chain Due Diligence Annual Report 2023
Grievance Mechanism Procedure
Supply Chain Policy
Please choose a Perrywinkle's Store
- Burlington,
- Plattsburgh,
- Watertown,
- Rolex
- Tudor


text:
Printful and Teespring are two companies who have grown significantly in the past year. With the growth of both of these companies, print on demand has become remarkably popular with consumers. But which is the better option for you?
Printful and Teespring are both similar kinds of goods printing services and are often not quite a close comparison to one another. If you are just beginning to learn how to utilize print on demand, then it might be helpful to start off with novices printable guide by going here . The guide will help you get the hang of using the services and will give you the basics of how to purchase your printables. As soon as you have completed the beginner's manual, you should go here to explore more about how you can optimize your printable resources and save money by using this form of service.
Both Printful and Teespring provide you with many printable products. However, there are differences between the services that both of these companies offer. Here is a comparison of the differences between the two which you need to consider.
Print on Demand lets you print items for any occasion. Items that are supplied as part of the packages include business cards, flyers, catalogs and brochures. If you are wanting to create an instant promotion for a company or product, then this could be the perfect way to do so. It gives you all of the tools and materials required to create a powerful marketing campaign.
Printless Layout Software is also offered as a service. This program permits you to create a layout and print to a printer on-demand. This type of printless design is much easier than most print services and products available. You can also use it to create your very own unique promotions and save money while doing it.
You may also save a significant amount of money by choosing Printless Teespring instead of Printful. By saving money on printing costs, you can spend that money more wisely on other aspects of your online business. You can use the money you save on advertising to increase your visibility or you could invest that money into generating more advertising to market your business. There is no need to buy expensive advertisements for your printless promotion since it can be printed out to anyone's email address and spread for free.
In addition to these savings, there is also the option to purchase printless items in Printless. Teespring provides a great choice of items which you can create, including promotional items, calendars, stickers and business cards. This allows you to make items that are related to your own business without having to spend a ton of money on advertisements.
As there are several benefits to utilizing Printless, you should consider using it if you're seriously interested in promoting your online business. Due to the amount of options available for consumers to utilize, you need to do your research before making a choice. You can even take advantage of printless pricing which allows you to print less, save money and spare time while still creating a high return on investment.
Among the best places to look for a fantastic deal on printless items is on Teespring. They have thousands of items to choose from and they also offer a great choice of promotional products. This permits you to pick the ideal item to use at the ideal cost and give it to your customers with confidence that it will get the job done.
Many companies utilize Teespring as a way to save money on their advertising expenditures. Teespring can be utilised as part of your advertising mix for your printless advertising effort. For example, if you're offering free delivery on a product for your clients, you can include this in your marketing mix by simply giving them an email when they buy this exceptional item through your own promotions.
You can also take advantage of the printing process by using it as a fantastic way to print a wide variety of things for your advertising mix. If you publish a flyer, calendar, brochure or catalogue, they will provide you with a excellent way to produce your custom items. This allows you to create your own special items that you can offer to your clients. The more you can print, the more unique your promotion will appear and the more options you will have.
With all of the options you have to save money on printing and advertising through Printless, you will have the ability to create unique promotions that will work for your budget. You'll also have the ability to use Printless as a valuable tool for your online business. You may save money and use your time on the other things that matter in your company.


text:
African Basket Rwanda Woven Basket - Color Block
Stunning one-of-a-kind pieces rich in cultural meaning and purpose -- a perfect center piece, bread/fruit bowl, or wall hanging. Whether as a wall hanging or displayed as a centerpiece, these traditional baskets lend versatility around any home. Each bowl is intricately hand woven by The African Home Goods in Rwanda
Baskets carry a special symbolism in Rwanda: friends give them to one another to celebrate milestones (weddings, births, etc.), and they are proudly displayed as a reflection of abundance in friendships, family and life.
The linear rays emanating from the SUNRISE pattern of this basket paints a picture of dawn's first light peeking through the morning mist over the beautiful hills in Rwanda. The radiating light reveals stillness and peace, uniting the people of each region with a warm glow as they emerge from the dark of night.
- Safe to use with food
- Includes a hang loop on the back for option of wall decor
- Made by hand in Rwanda using organic dyes and all natural fibers of sisal and sweet grass
*All products are made by hand with love and vary slightly in color and size
Care Instructions:
-Made of natural fibers and grass; do not submerge or wash with water.
-If necessary, use a damp cloth to wipe the basket clean.


text:
Model: FRSDPA
From highway driving, to heavy load applications, the Timbren Suspension Enhancement System will protect your current suspension, and will improve the performance of your vehicle whether it's a pickup, suv, medium duty straight truck, or a full size class 8 truck.
The Timbren Suspension Load Booster is designed to provide stability, reduce swag, eliminate sway, and level the vehicle for an overall improved, "rubber cushion" ride - on or off the road. All while maintaining the current ride height.
If your 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 F450 Super Duty leans on turns and curves, drifts on the highway, bottoms out, or provides a general bumpy ride when loaded, a Timbren Suspension Kit is the solution for your suspension problem.
The Timbren Kits we offer are extremely simple to install, require no maintenance, and come with a lifetime of use backed by warranty. The award winning "over load" systems are made of Rubber Aeon Springs and designed to provide maximum performance for stock suspensions.
- 11,000 lbs. Level Load Capacity
- Reduces sag and sway
- Eliminate vehicle from bottoming out
- Perfect for handling heavy cargo loads
- Ride quality unaffected when not loaded
- Sold as Pair (left and right)


text:
You are here
Export 7 results:Author Title [ Type] Year
Filters: Author is G. Santaera [Clear All Filters]
Journal Article
"Humanoids at Work: The WALK-MAN Robot in a Postearthquake Scenario", IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine, pp. 1-1, 2018. paper_ram_rev2.pdf (4.06 MB),
" Enhancing Adaptive Grasping Through a Simple Sensor-Based Reflex Mechanism ", IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1664 - 1671, 2017 [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7875417/,
Conference Paper
"Touch-Based Grasp Primitives for Soft Hands: Applications to Human-to-Robot Handover Tasks and Beyond", in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2018. icra_2018.pdf (4.52 MB),
"Low-cost, Fast and Accurate Reconstruction of Robotic and Human Postures via IMU Measurements", in IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA2015), Seattle, USA, 25 - 30 May, 2015, pp. 2728 - 2735. [PDF] (1.14 MB),
"Estimating Contact Forces from Postural Measures in a class of Under-Actuated Robotic Hands", in IEEE International Conference of Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS2017), Vancouver, Canada, September 24–28, 2017, 2017. [PDF] (4.13 MB),
"Comparison of Three Hand Pose Reconstruction Algorithms Using Inertial and Magnetic Measurement Units", in 18th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, Humanoids 2018, 2019 [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8624929 kivelipr-humanoids18.pdf (1.49 MB),
"Advanced grasping with the Pisa/IIT softHand", in Robotic Grasping and Manipulation Challenge , 2018, pp. pp. 19-38. bonilla2018_chapter_advancedgraspingwiththepisaiit.pdf (2.81 MB),


text:
Send Results to This Email:
Street Address:
Street Address:
CEO pay has been going in one direction for the past three years: up.
The head of a typical large public company made $9.7 million in 2012, a 6.5 percent increase from a year earlier that was aided by a rising stock market, according to an analysis by The Associated Press using data from Equilar, an executive pay research firm.
CEO pay, which fell two years straight during the Great Recession but rose 24 percent in 2010 and 6 percent in 2011, has never been higher.
Companies say they need to pay CEOs well so they can attract the best talent, and that this is ultimately in the interest of shareholders. But shareholder activists and some corporate governance experts say many CEOs are being paid far above what is reasonable or what their performance merits.
Pay for all U.S. workers rose 1.1 percent in 2010, 1.2 percent in 2011 and 1.6 percent last year – not enough to keep up with inflation. The median wage in the U.S. was about $39,900 in 2012, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
After years of pressure from corporate governance activists unhappy about big payouts, many companies have revamped their compensation formulas. They have awarded a bigger chunk of compensation in stock to align pay more closely to performance, become more transparent about how compensation decisions are made and in some cases promised to claw back pay from fired executives.
Shareholder activists say the changes are a step in the right direction, yet they argue that CEO pay remains too high and that there is still too much incentive to focus on short-term results.
The highest paid CEO was Leslie Moonves of CBS, who made $60.3 million. He beat the second-place finisher handily: David Zaslav of Discovery Communications, who made $49.9 million. Five of the 10 highest-paid CEOs were from the entertainment and media industry.
For the fourth year in five, health care CEOs received the highest median pay at $11.1 million, while utility CEOs had the lowest at $7.5 million. The median value is the midpoint; half the CEOs in that group made more and half less.
The median pay for women CEOs was higher than it was for men – $11.2 million compared with $9.6 million – although only 3 percent of the companies analyzed were run by women. Irene Rosenfeld of Mondelez International, the snack giant that was spun off from Kraft Foods last year, was the highest-paid female CEO, taking in $22 million.
The biggest changes in compensation last year came from stock, which increased 17.2 percent, and from stock options, which declined by 16 percent. Over the past five years, the amount of compensation that comes from stock has risen from 31.7 percent to 44.3 percent, while the amount from stock options has fallen from 31.9 percent to 17.6 percent. Shareholders tend to favor stock compensation because it can be tied to metrics like revenue and earnings, whereas the value of stock options depends only on the stock price.
Salary and perks rose last year, while bonuses fell. As a proportion of total pay, bonuses accounted for 23.8 percent, salary 10.4 percent and perks 3.8 percent.
The third straight year of rising pay coincided with an improving economy and an increase in corporate revenue, profits and stock prices. The S&P 500 index rose 13.4 percent last year. The median profit increase at the companies in the Equilar study was 6.1 percent, and the median revenue gain was 7.6 percent.
With the economy on steadier footing and the stock market surging, the debate over CEO pay is settling into more of a simmer than a boil. Companies cut CEO pay in 2008 and 2009 amid investors' white-hot anger over the losses they suffered during the financial crisis. Since 2011 they have been required by law to hold "say on pay" votes, which give shareholders the right to express whether they approve of the CEO's pay. The vote is nonbinding, but companies don't want to deal with the public embarrassment of a "no."
Companies say they are listening to their shareholders' concerns. They point to changes in how CEOs are rewarded that are meant to tie pay more closely to company performance. For example, they're more often linking stock awards to revenue, earnings and share price targets, rather than just handing them out automatically.
"I've never seen an environment where boards take more time trying to get this right," says Charlie Tharp, CEO of the Center on Executive Compensation, an advocacy group that supports corporations.
Pay is up partly because a bigger proportion is coming from stock, and stock markets are hitting all-time highs. But it's a two-way street: If stock markets decline, pay could decline or at least grow more slowly in future years.
But changing the pay structure has hardly silenced the critics. They say formulas for stock awards, for example, can drive CEOs to focus on short-term results. And they're anxious for the Securities and Exchange Commission to implement a rule required under the Dodd-Frank financial reform law that would force big public companies to disclose the ratio of their CEOs' pay compared with the median pay for their entire workforce.
"If you're making $10 million a year, you get into a situation where life isn't real anymore," says Eleanor Bloxham, CEO of the Corporate Governance Alliance, which advises boards.
Charles Elson, a well-known shareholder rights expert who is director at the Weinberg Center for Corporate Governance at the University of Delaware, has been crusading for companies to stop compensating their CEOs based on what their peers at similar companies are making.
The trouble with peer groups, Elson says, is that a CEO could have a terrible year, "but if my peer's pay goes up, my pay will too."
To calculate pay, Equilar looked at salary, bonus, perks, the potential future value of stock awards and option awards, and other pay that companies have to report for their top executives in regulatory filings each year. This year's study examined pay for 323 CEOs at S&P 500 companies that had filed their shareholder proxies by April 30. The sample includes only CEOs in place for at least two years.
Sixty percent of CEOs received a raise, 37 percent got a pay cut and the rest had pay that was virtually flat. Some other findings from AP's analysis of the Equilar data:
– MONEY IN THE BANK: Among the six U.S. megabanks, Wells Fargo CEO John Stumpf knocked off JPMorgan Chase's Jamie Dimon for the title of best-paid banker. Stumpf's pay grew 8 percent to $19.3 million. Dimon's board of directors slashed his pay after a surprise trading loss at the bank that has led to regulatory investigations and congressional hearings. Dimon's pay declined 19 percent to $18.7 million.
– TV NATION: If CEO pay says anything about what our country values, then we like coffee and online shopping but love TV. In addition to Moonves and Zaslav taking the No. 1 and 2 spots, Bob Iger of Disney ($37.1 million) was No. 3; Philippe Dauman of Viacom, which owns MTV ($33.4 million) was No. 4; and Brian Roberts of Comcast, which owns NBCUniversal ($29.1 million) was No. 6.
The rest in the top 10 included No. 5 John Donahoe of eBay, who made $29.7 million, and No. 7 Howard Schultz of Starbucks, who made $28.9 million. Behind them were Ken Chenault of American Express ($28 million), Rex Tillerson of Exxon Mobil ($27.2 million), and Kent Thiry of DaVita HealthCare ($26.8 million). CEOs of financial companies used to dominate the Top 10 list, but Chenault's appearance marked the first time since 2008 that a CEO from the industry made the list.
– POWER AND PERKS: Wynn Resorts kept a suite at its tony Las Vegas resort constantly open for founder and CEO Steve Wynn, a perk valued at $452,000. IBM, upon the retirement of CEO Samuel Palmisano, let him keep an office and renovated it for $1 million. Constellation Brands, maker of Corona Light beer and Paul Masson brandy, gave CEO Robert Sands a "product allowance" of up to $10,000 for fiscal 2012, though he used only $5,532.
– THE SHAREHOLDER REVOLUTION?: So far this year, only 14 U.S. companies have had shareholders vote down their executive pay packages, according to proxy adviser Glass Lewis. That compares with 56 companies all last year. Even that number was tiny in relative terms – because it came from a sample of 2,100 companies. Some high-profile companies that lost their "say on pay" votes last year, including Citigroup, Big Lots and Chesapeake Energy, have gotten new CEOs since then.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Copyright 1995 -
by The Daily News Publishing Co. Inc. - All Rights Reserved


text:
Proudly serving VT, NY and NH including - Keene, Concord, Burlington and nearby
The CleanSpace® Crawl Space Vapor Barrier is the heart and soul of the CleanSpace® system. This durable, bright white crawl space liner installs on the walls and floors, preventing water vapor and humidity from passing through. By keeping your crawl space dry, you protect your structure and insulation from mold and rot.
With a 25-year warranty against rips and tears, this durable 20-mil poly-reinforced crawl space liner converts your crawl space into a usable storage area. And with its mold-resistant additive "UltraFresh", CleanSpace® will never support mildew or mold growth on its surface.
The CleanSpace® Crawl Space Vapor Barrier installs quickly in your home, attaching to the walls with plastic pegs. Typical jobs take less than a day.
View All Before & After Photos
Installing a crawl space vapor barrier is one of the most cost-effective ways to improve your home and prevent the need for future crawl space repairs.
Along with protection from mold and rot, a dry crawl space will also be inhospitable to termites, cockroaches, ants, crickets, and many other pests that need excess moisture to survive. Mice and rats are deterred by the plastic vapor barrier, and flooding waters will be kept at bay.
By sealing a crawl space, you also keep away odors and allergenic mold spores that would otherwise rise up through the floor and into your home due to the stack effect.
By sealing your crawl space, you keep the summer heat out of your home and the winter cold away from your furnace, water heater, and other utilities.
As an additional benefit, the CleanSpace® crawl space vapor barrier acts as a passive radon mitigation system. It is also compatible with your active radon mitigation system as well as products such as crawl space sump pumps and the SaniDry™ dehumidifier.
Call us for a free crawl space drainage quote today!
We service Concord, Burlington, Keene, Essex, Colchester, Plattsburgh, NY, Rutland, Laconia, Bennington, South Burlington, Claremont, Hanover, Suncook, Milton, Berlin and many nearby areas in Vermont and New Hampshire.
Looking for a price? Get a no cost, no obligation free estimate.


text:
Safe PaymentPay with the world's most payment methods.
ConfidenceProtection covers your purchase and personal data.
Delivery Across IndiaFREE & fast shipping to over 500+ cities & regions.
HotlineTalk to help line for your question on 803 521 6581
Product Details
This Lovely combo consists of Purple Orchids bouquet, Half kg Chocolate Cake and a Teddy.
- 10 Purple Orchids Bouquet
- Half kg Chocolate Cake
- 6 inch Teddy
Note: While we always strive to ensure that products are accurately represented in our photographs, from season to season and subject to availability, our florists may be required to substitute one or more flowers for a variety of equal or greater quality, appearance and value. Also for cakes, Actual design and arrangement might differ based on chef, seasonal elements and ingredient availability.
Product Reviews
Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Returns Policy
Please click here
Recently Viewed Product
Purple Orchids, Teddy And Cake Combo


text:
perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
Unicode support is an extensive requirement. While Perl does not implement the Unicode standard or the accompanying technical reports from cover to cover, Perl does support many Unicode features.
Perl knows when a filehandle uses Perl's internal Unicode encodings (UTF-8, or UTF-EBCDIC if in EBCDIC) if the filehandle is opened with the ":utf8" layer. Other encodings can be converted to Perl's encoding on input or from Perl's encoding on output by use of the ":encoding(...)" layer. See open.
To indicate that Perl source itself is using a particular encoding, see encoding.
The regular expression compiler produces polymorphic opcodes. That is, the pattern adapts to the data and automatically switches to the Unicode character scheme when presented with Unicode data--or instead uses a traditional byte scheme when presented with byte data.
use utf8 still needed to enable UTF-8/UTF-EBCDIC in scripts
As a compatibility measure, the
use utf8 pragma must be explicitly included to enable recognition of UTF-8 in the Perl scripts themselves (in string or regular expression literals, or in identifier names) on ASCII-based machines or to recognize UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC-based machines. These are the only times when an explicit
use utf8 is needed. See utf8.
You can also use the
encoding pragma to change the default encoding of the data in your script; see encoding.
use encoding needed to upgrade non-Latin-1 byte strings
By default, there is a fundamental asymmetry in Perl's unicode model: implicit upgrading from byte strings to Unicode strings assumes that they were encoded in ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1), but Unicode strings are downgraded with UTF-8 encoding. This happens because the first 256 codepoints in Unicode happens to agree with Latin-1.
If you wish to interpret byte strings as UTF-8 instead, use the
encoding pragma:
use encoding 'utf8';
See "Byte and Character Semantics" for more details.
Beginning with version 5.6, Perl uses logically-wide characters to represent strings internally.
In future, Perl-level operations will be expected to work with characters rather than bytes.
However, as an interim compatibility measure, Perl aims to provide a safe migration path from byte semantics to character semantics for programs. For operations where Perl can unambiguously decide that the input data are characters, Perl switches to character semantics. For operations where this determination cannot be made without additional information from the user, Perl decides in favor of compatibility and chooses to use byte semantics.
This behavior preserves compatibility with earlier versions of Perl, which allowed byte semantics in Perl operations only if none of the program's inputs were marked as being as source of Unicode character data. Such data may come from filehandles, from calls to external programs, from information provided by the system (such as %ENV), or from literals and constants in the source text.
bytes pragma will always, regardless of platform, force byte semantics in a particular lexical scope. See bytes.
utf8 pragma is primarily a compatibility device that enables recognition of UTF-(8|EBCDIC) in literals encountered by the parser. Note that this pragma is only required while Perl defaults to byte semantics; when character semantics become the default, this pragma may become a no-op. See utf8.
Unless explicitly stated, Perl operators use character semantics for Unicode data and byte semantics for non-Unicode data. The decision to use character semantics is made transparently. If input data comes from a Unicode source--for example, if a character encoding layer is added to a filehandle or a literal Unicode string constant appears in a program--character semantics apply. Otherwise, byte semantics are in effect. The
bytes pragma should be used to force byte semantics on Unicode data.
If strings operating under byte semantics and strings with Unicode character data are concatenated, the new string will be created by decoding the byte strings as ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1), even if the old Unicode string used EBCDIC. This translation is done without regard to the system's native 8-bit encoding. To change this for systems with non-Latin-1 and non-EBCDIC native encodings, use the
encoding pragma. See encoding.
Under character semantics, many operations that formerly operated on bytes now operate on characters. A character in Perl is logically just a number ranging from 0 to 2**31 or so. Larger characters may encode into longer sequences of bytes internally, but this internal detail is mostly hidden for Perl code. See perluniintro for more.
Character semantics have the following effects:
Strings--including hash keys--and regular expression patterns may contain characters that have an ordinal value larger than 255.
If you use a Unicode editor to edit your program, Unicode characters may occur directly within the literal strings in one of the various Unicode encodings (UTF-8, UTF-EBCDIC, UCS-2, etc.), but will be recognized as such and converted to Perl's internal representation only if the appropriate encoding is specified.
Unicode characters can also be added to a string by using the
\x{...} notation. The Unicode code for the desired character, in hexadecimal, should be placed in the braces. For instance, a smiley face is
\x{263A}. This encoding scheme only works for characters with a code of 0x100 or above.
Additionally, if you
use charnames ':full';
you can use the
\N{...} notation and put the official Unicode character name within the braces, such as
If an appropriate encoding is specified, identifiers within the Perl script may contain Unicode alphanumeric characters, including ideographs. Perl does not currently attempt to canonicalize variable names.
Regular expressions match characters instead of bytes. "." matches a character instead of a byte. The
\C pattern is provided to force a match a single byte--a
char in C, hence
Character classes in regular expressions match characters instead of bytes and match against the character properties specified in the Unicode properties database.
\w can be used to match a Japanese ideograph, for instance.
(However, and as a limitation of the current implementation, using
\w or
\W inside a
[...] character class will still match with byte semantics.)
Named Unicode properties, scripts, and block ranges may be used like character classes via the
\p{} "matches property" construct and the
\P{} negation, "doesn't match property".
For instance,
\p{Lu} matches any character with the Unicode "Lu" (Letter, uppercase) property, while
\p{M} matches any character with an "M" (mark--accents and such) property. Brackets are not required for single letter properties, so
\p{M} is equivalent to
\pM. Many predefined properties are available, such as
\p{Mirrored} and
The official Unicode script and block names have spaces and dashes as separators, but for convenience you can use dashes, spaces, or underbars, and case is unimportant. It is recommended, however, that for consistency you use the following naming: the official Unicode script, property, or block name (see below for the additional rules that apply to block names) with whitespace and dashes removed, and the words "uppercase-first-lowercase-rest".
Latin-1 Supplement thus becomes
You can also use negation in both
\p{} and
\P{} by introducing a caret (^) between the first brace and the property name:
\p{^Tamil} is equal to
NOTE: the properties, scripts, and blocks listed here are as of Unicode 3.2.0, March 2002, or Perl 5.8.0, July 2002. Unicode 4.0.0 came out in April 2003, and Perl 5.8.1 in September 2003.
Here are the basic Unicode General Category properties, followed by their long form. You can use either;
\p{Lu} and
\p{UppercaseLetter}, for instance, are identical.
Short Long
L Letter
Lu UppercaseLetter
Ll LowercaseLetter
Lt TitlecaseLetter
Lm ModifierLetter
Lo OtherLetter
M Mark
Mn NonspacingMark
Mc SpacingMark
Me EnclosingMark
N Number
Nd DecimalNumber
Nl LetterNumber
No OtherNumber
P Punctuation
Pc ConnectorPunctuation
Pd DashPunctuation
Ps OpenPunctuation
Pe ClosePunctuation
Pi InitialPunctuation
(may behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage)
Pf FinalPunctuation
(may behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage)
Po OtherPunctuation
S Symbol
Sm MathSymbol
Sc CurrencySymbol
Sk ModifierSymbol
So OtherSymbol
Z Separator
Zs SpaceSeparator
Zl LineSeparator
Zp ParagraphSeparator
C Other
Cc Control
Cf Format
Cs Surrogate (not usable)
Co PrivateUse
Cn Unassigned
Single-letter properties match all characters in any of the two-letter sub-properties starting with the same letter.
L& is a special case, which is an alias for
Lu, and
Because Perl hides the need for the user to understand the internal representation of Unicode characters, there is no need to implement the somewhat messy concept of surrogates.
Cs is therefore not supported.
Because scripts differ in their directionality--Hebrew is written right to left, for example--Unicode supplies these properties:
Property Meaning
BidiL Left-to-Right
BidiLRE Left-to-Right Embedding
BidiLRO Left-to-Right Override
BidiR Right-to-Left
BidiAL Right-to-Left Arabic
BidiRLE Right-to-Left Embedding
BidiRLO Right-to-Left Override
BidiPDF Pop Directional Format
BidiEN European Number
BidiES European Number Separator
BidiET European Number Terminator
BidiAN Arabic Number
BidiCS Common Number Separator
BidiNSM Non-Spacing Mark
BidiBN Boundary Neutral
BidiB Paragraph Separator
BidiS Segment Separator
BidiWS Whitespace
BidiON Other Neutrals
For example,
\p{BidiR} matches characters that are normally written right to left.
The script names which can be used by
\p{...} and
\P{...}, such as in
\p{Latin} or
\p{Cyrillic}, are as follows:
Extended property classes can supplement the basic properties, defined by the PropList Unicode database:
and there are further derived properties:
Alphabetic Lu + Ll + Lt + Lm + Lo + OtherAlphabetic
Lowercase Ll + OtherLowercase
Uppercase Lu + OtherUppercase
Math Sm + OtherMath
ID_Start Lu + Ll + Lt + Lm + Lo + Nl
ID_Continue ID_Start + Mn + Mc + Nd + Pc
Any Any character
Assigned Any non-Cn character (i.e. synonym for \P{Cn})
Unassigned Synonym for \p{Cn}
Common Any character (or unassigned code point)
not explicitly assigned to a script
For backward compatibility (with Perl 5.6), all properties mentioned so far may have
Is prepended to their name, so
\P{IsLu}, for example, is equal to
In addition to scripts, Unicode also defines blocks of characters. The difference between scripts and blocks is that the concept of scripts is closer to natural languages, while the concept of blocks is more of an artificial grouping based on groups of 256 Unicode characters. For example, the
Latin script contains letters from many blocks but does not contain all the characters from those blocks. It does not, for example, contain digits, because digits are shared across many scripts. Digits and similar groups, like punctuation, are in a category called
For more about scripts, see the UTR #24:
For more about blocks, see:
Block names are given with the
In prefix. For example, the Katakana block is referenced via
\p{InKatakana}. The
In prefix may be omitted if there is no naming conflict with a script or any other property, but it is recommended that
In always be used for block tests to avoid confusion.
These block names are supported:
The special pattern
\X matches any extended Unicode sequence--"a combining character sequence" in Standardese--where the first character is a base character and subsequent characters are mark characters that apply to the base character.
\X is equivalent to
tr/// operator translates characters instead of bytes. Note that the
tr///CU functionality has been removed. For similar functionality see pack('U0', ...) and pack('C0', ...).
Case translation operators use the Unicode case translation tables when character input is provided. Note that
uc(), or
\U in interpolated strings, translates to uppercase, while
ucfirst, or
\u in interpolated strings, translates to titlecase in languages that make the distinction.
Most operators that deal with positions or lengths in a string will automatically switch to using character positions, including
write(), and
length(). Operators that specifically do not switch include
pack(), and
unpack(). Operators that really don't care include operators that treats strings as a bucket of bits such as
sort(), and operators dealing with filenames.
unpack() letters
c and
C do not change, since they are often used for byte-oriented formats. Again, think
char in the C language.
There is a new
U specifier that converts between Unicode characters and code points.
chr() and
ord() functions work on characters, similar to
pack("U") and
unpack("U"), not
pack("C") and
pack("C") and
unpack("C") are methods for emulating byte-oriented
chr() and
ord() on Unicode strings. While these methods reveal the internal encoding of Unicode strings, that is not something one normally needs to care about at all.
The bit string operators,
& | ^ ~, can operate on character data. However, for backward compatibility, such as when using bit string operations when characters are all less than 256 in ordinal value, one should not use
~ (the bit complement) with characters of both values less than 256 and values greater than 256. Most importantly, DeMorgan's laws (
~($x|$y) eq ~$x&~$y and
~($x&$y) eq ~$x|~$y) will not hold. The reason for this mathematical faux pas is that the complement cannot return both the 8-bit (byte-wide) bit complement and the full character-wide bit complement.
lc(), uc(), lcfirst(), and ucfirst() work for the following cases:
the case mapping is from a single Unicode character to another single Unicode character, or
the case mapping is from a single Unicode character to more than one Unicode character.
Things to do with locales (Lithuanian, Turkish, Azeri) do not work since Perl does not understand the concept of Unicode locales.
See the Unicode Technical Report #21, Case Mappings, for more details.
And finally,
scalar reverse() reverses by character rather than by byte.
You can define your own character properties by defining subroutines whose names begin with "In" or "Is". The subroutines must be defined in the
main package. The user-defined properties can be used in the regular expression
\p and
\P constructs. Note that the effect is compile-time and immutable once defined.
The subroutines must return a specially-formatted string, with one or more newline-separated lines. Each line must be one of the following:
Two hexadecimal numbers separated by horizontal whitespace (space or tabular characters) denoting a range of Unicode code points to include.
Something to include, prefixed by "+": a built-in character property (prefixed by "utf8::"), to represent all the characters in that property; two hexadecimal code points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
Something to exclude, prefixed by "-": an existing character property (prefixed by "utf8::"), for all the characters in that property; two hexadecimal code points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
Something to negate, prefixed "!": an existing character property (prefixed by "utf8::") for all the characters except the characters in the property; two hexadecimal code points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
For example, to define a property that covers both the Japanese syllabaries (hiragana and katakana), you can define
sub InKana {
return <<END;
Imagine that the here-doc end marker is at the beginning of the line. Now you can use
\p{InKana} and
You could also have used the existing block property names:
sub InKana {
return <<'END';
Suppose you wanted to match only the allocated characters, not the raw block ranges: in other words, you want to remove the non-characters:
sub InKana {
return <<'END';
The negation is useful for defining (surprise!) negated classes.
sub InNotKana {
return <<'END';
You can also define your own mappings to be used in the lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), and ucfirst() (or their string-inlined versions). The principle is the same: define subroutines in the
main package with names like
ToLower (for lc() and lcfirst()),
ToTitle (for the first character in ucfirst()), and
ToUpper (for uc(), and the rest of the characters in ucfirst()).
The string returned by the subroutines needs now to be three hexadecimal numbers separated by tabulators: start of the source range, end of the source range, and start of the destination range. For example:
sub ToUpper {
return <<END;
defines an uc() mapping that causes only the characters "a", "b", and "c" to be mapped to "A", "B", "C", all other characters will remain unchanged.
If there is no source range to speak of, that is, the mapping is from a single character to another single character, leave the end of the source range empty, but the two tabulator characters are still needed. For example:
sub ToLower {
return <<END;
defines a lc() mapping that causes only "A" to be mapped to "a", all other characters will remain unchanged.
(For serious hackers only) If you want to introspect the default mappings, you can find the data in the directory
$Config{privlib}/unicore/To/. The mapping data is returned as the here-document, and the
utf8::ToSpecFoo are special exception mappings derived from <$Config{privlib}>/unicore/SpecialCasing.txt. The
Digit and
Fold mappings that one can see in the directory are not directly user-accessible, one can use either the
Unicode::UCD module, or just match case-insensitively (that's when the
Fold mapping is used).
A final note on the user-defined property tests and mappings: they will be used only if the scalar has been marked as having Unicode characters. Old byte-style strings will not be affected.
See Encode.
The following list of Unicode support for regular expressions describes all the features currently supported. The references to "Level N" and the section numbers refer to the Unicode Technical Report 18, "Unicode Regular Expression Guidelines", version 6 (Unicode 3.2.0, Perl 5.8.0).
Level 1 - Basic Unicode Support
2.1 Hex Notation - done [1]
Named Notation - done [2]
2.2 Categories - done [3][4]
2.3 Subtraction - MISSING [5][6]
2.4 Simple Word Boundaries - done [7]
2.5 Simple Loose Matches - done [8]
2.6 End of Line - MISSING [9][10]
[ 1] \x{...}
[ 3] . \p{...} \P{...}
[ 4] now scripts (see UTR#24 Script Names) in addition to blocks
[ 5] have negation
[ 6] can use regular expression look-ahead [a]
or user-defined character properties [b] to emulate subtraction
[ 7] include Letters in word characters
[ 8] note that Perl does Full case-folding in matching, not Simple:
for example U+1F88 is equivalent with U+1F00 U+03B9,
not with 1F80. This difference matters for certain Greek
capital letters with certain modifiers: the Full case-folding
decomposes the letter, while the Simple case-folding would map
it to a single character.
[ 9] see UTR #13 Unicode Newline Guidelines
[10] should do ^ and $ also on \x{85}, \x{2028} and \x{2029}
(should also affect <>, $., and script line numbers)
(the \x{85}, \x{2028} and \x{2029} do match \s)
[a] You can mimic class subtraction using lookahead. For example, what UTR #18 might write as
in Perl can be written as:
But in this particular example, you probably really want
which will match assigned characters known to be part of the Greek script.
Also see the Unicode::Regex::Set module, it does implement the full UTR #18 grouping, intersection, union, and removal (subtraction) syntax.
[b] See "User-Defined Character Properties".
Level 2 - Extended Unicode Support
3.1 Surrogates - MISSING [11]
3.2 Canonical Equivalents - MISSING [12][13]
3.3 Locale-Independent Graphemes - MISSING [14]
3.4 Locale-Independent Words - MISSING [15]
3.5 Locale-Independent Loose Matches - MISSING [16]
[11] Surrogates are solely a UTF-16 concept and Perl's internal
representation is UTF-8. The Encode module does UTF-16, though.
[12] see UTR#15 Unicode Normalization
[13] have Unicode::Normalize but not integrated to regexes
[14] have \X but at this level . should equal that
[15] need three classes, not just \w and \W
[16] see UTR#21 Case Mappings
Level 3 - Locale-Sensitive Support
4.1 Locale-Dependent Categories - MISSING
4.2 Locale-Dependent Graphemes - MISSING [16][17]
4.3 Locale-Dependent Words - MISSING
4.4 Locale-Dependent Loose Matches - MISSING
4.5 Locale-Dependent Ranges - MISSING
[16] see UTR#10 Unicode Collation Algorithms
[17] have Unicode::Collate but not integrated to regexes
Unicode characters are assigned to code points, which are abstract numbers. To use these numbers, various encodings are needed.
UTF-8 is a variable-length (1 to 6 bytes, current character allocations require 4 bytes), byte-order independent encoding. For ASCII (and we really do mean 7-bit ASCII, not another 8-bit encoding), UTF-8 is transparent.
The following table is from Unicode 3.2.
Code Points 1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
U+D800..U+DFFF ******* ill-formed *******
Note the
A0..BF in
U+0800..U+0FFF, the
80..9F in
U+D000...U+D7FF, the
90..BF in
U+10000..U+3FFFF, and the
80...8F in
U+100000..U+10FFFF. The "gaps" are caused by legal UTF-8 avoiding non-shortest encodings: it is technically possible to UTF-8-encode a single code point in different ways, but that is explicitly forbidden, and the shortest possible encoding should always be used. So that's what Perl does.
Another way to look at it is via bits:
Code Points 1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
0aaaaaaa 0aaaaaaa
00000bbbbbaaaaaa 110bbbbb 10aaaaaa
ccccbbbbbbaaaaaa 1110cccc 10bbbbbb 10aaaaaa
00000dddccccccbbbbbbaaaaaa 11110ddd 10cccccc 10bbbbbb 10aaaaaa
As you can see, the continuation bytes all begin with
10, and the leading bits of the start byte tell how many bytes the are in the encoded character.
Like UTF-8 but EBCDIC-safe, in the way that UTF-8 is ASCII-safe.
UTF-16, UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, Surrogates, and BOMs (Byte Order Marks)
The followings items are mostly for reference and general Unicode knowledge, Perl doesn't use these constructs internally.
UTF-16 is a 2 or 4 byte encoding. The Unicode code points
U+0000..U+FFFF are stored in a single 16-bit unit, and the code points
U+10000..U+10FFFF in two 16-bit units. The latter case is using surrogates, the first 16-bit unit being the high surrogate, and the second being the low surrogate.
Surrogates are code points set aside to encode the
U+10000..U+10FFFF range of Unicode code points in pairs of 16-bit units. The high surrogates are the range
U+D800..U+DBFF, and the low surrogates are the range
U+DC00..U+DFFF. The surrogate encoding is
$hi = ($uni - 0x10000) / 0x400 + 0xD800;
$lo = ($uni - 0x10000) % 0x400 + 0xDC00;
and the decoding is
$uni = 0x10000 + ($hi - 0xD800) * 0x400 + ($lo - 0xDC00);
If you try to generate surrogates (for example by using chr()), you will get a warning if warnings are turned on, because those code points are not valid for a Unicode character.
Because of the 16-bitness, UTF-16 is byte-order dependent. UTF-16 itself can be used for in-memory computations, but if storage or transfer is required either UTF-16BE (big-endian) or UTF-16LE (little-endian) encodings must be chosen.
This introduces another problem: what if you just know that your data is UTF-16, but you don't know which endianness? Byte Order Marks, or BOMs, are a solution to this. A special character has been reserved in Unicode to function as a byte order marker: the character with the code point
U+FEFF is the BOM.
The trick is that if you read a BOM, you will know the byte order, since if it was written on a big-endian platform, you will read the bytes
0xFE 0xFF, but if it was written on a little-endian platform, you will read the bytes
0xFF 0xFE. (And if the originating platform was writing in UTF-8, you will read the bytes
0xEF 0xBB 0xBF.)
The way this trick works is that the character with the code point
U+FFFE is guaranteed not to be a valid Unicode character, so the sequence of bytes
0xFF 0xFE is unambiguously "BOM, represented in little-endian format" and cannot be
U+FFFE, represented in big-endian format".
The UTF-32 family is pretty much like the UTF-16 family, expect that the units are 32-bit, and therefore the surrogate scheme is not needed. The BOM signatures will be
0x00 0x00 0xFE 0xFF for BE and
0xFF 0xFE 0x00 0x00 for LE.
Encodings defined by the ISO 10646 standard. UCS-2 is a 16-bit encoding. Unlike UTF-16, UCS-2 is not extensible beyond
U+FFFF, because it does not use surrogates. UCS-4 is a 32-bit encoding, functionally identical to UTF-32.
A seven-bit safe (non-eight-bit) encoding, which is useful if the transport or storage is not eight-bit safe. Defined by RFC 2152.
Malformed UTF-8
Unfortunately, the specification of UTF-8 leaves some room for interpretation of how many bytes of encoded output one should generate from one input Unicode character. Strictly speaking, the shortest possible sequence of UTF-8 bytes should be generated, because otherwise there is potential for an input buffer overflow at the receiving end of a UTF-8 connection. Perl always generates the shortest length UTF-8, and with warnings on Perl will warn about non-shortest length UTF-8 along with other malformations, such as the surrogates, which are not real Unicode code points.
Regular expressions behave slightly differently between byte data and character (Unicode) data. For example, the "word character" character class
\w will work differently depending on if data is eight-bit bytes or Unicode.
In the first case, the set of
\w characters is either small--the default set of alphabetic characters, digits, and the "_"--or, if you are using a locale (see perllocale), the
\w might contain a few more letters according to your language and country.
In the second case, the
\w set of characters is much, much larger. Most importantly, even in the set of the first 256 characters, it will probably match different characters: unlike most locales, which are specific to a language and country pair, Unicode classifies all the characters that are letters somewhere as
\w. For example, your locale might not think that LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH is a letter (unless you happen to speak Icelandic), but Unicode does.
As discussed elsewhere, Perl has one foot (two hooves?) planted in each of two worlds: the old world of bytes and the new world of characters, upgrading from bytes to characters when necessary. If your legacy code does not explicitly use Unicode, no automatic switch-over to characters should happen. Characters shouldn't get downgraded to bytes, either. It is possible to accidentally mix bytes and characters, however (see perluniintro), in which case
\w in regular expressions might start behaving differently. Review your code. Use warnings and the
strict pragma.
The way Unicode is handled on EBCDIC platforms is still experimental. On such platforms, references to UTF-8 encoding in this document and elsewhere should be read as meaning the UTF-EBCDIC specified in Unicode Technical Report 16, unless ASCII vs. EBCDIC issues are specifically discussed. There is no
utfebcdic pragma or ":utfebcdic" layer; rather, "utf8" and ":utf8" are reused to mean the platform's "natural" 8-bit encoding of Unicode. See perlebcdic for more discussion of the issues.
Usually locale settings and Unicode do not affect each other, but there are a couple of exceptions:
You can enable automatic UTF-8-ification of your standard file handles, default
open() layer, and
@ARGV by using either the
-C command line switch or the
PERL_UNICODE environment variable, see perlrun for the documentation of the
-C switch.
Perl tries really hard to work both with Unicode and the old byte-oriented world. Most often this is nice, but sometimes Perl's straddling of the proverbial fence causes problems.
While Perl does have extensive ways to input and output in Unicode, and few other 'entry points' like the @ARGV which can be interpreted as Unicode (UTF-8), there still are many places where Unicode (in some encoding or another) could be given as arguments or received as results, or both, but it is not.
The following are such interfaces. For all of these interfaces Perl currently (as of 5.8.3) simply assumes byte strings both as arguments and results, or UTF-8 strings if the
encoding pragma has been used.
One reason why Perl does not attempt to resolve the role of Unicode in this cases is that the answers are highly dependent on the operating system and the file system(s). For example, whether filenames can be in Unicode, and in exactly what kind of encoding, is not exactly a portable concept. Similarly for the qx and system: how well will the 'command line interface' (and which of them?) handle Unicode?
chmod, chmod, chown, chroot, exec, link, lstat, mkdir, rename, rmdir, stat, symlink, truncate, unlink, utime, -X
glob (aka the <*>)
open, opendir, sysopen
qx (aka the backtick operator), system
readdir, readlink
Sometimes (see "When Unicode Does Not Happen") there are situations where you simply need to force Perl to believe that a byte string is UTF-8, or vice versa. The low-level calls utf8::upgrade($bytestring) and utf8::downgrade($utf8string) are the answers.
Do not use them without careful thought, though: Perl may easily get very confused, angry, or even crash, if you suddenly change the 'nature' of scalar like that. Especially careful you have to be if you use the utf8::upgrade(): any random byte string is not valid UTF-8.
If you want to handle Perl Unicode in XS extensions, you may find the following C APIs useful. See also "Unicode Support" in perlguts for an explanation about Unicode at the XS level, and perlapi for the API details.
DO_UTF8(sv) returns true if the
UTF8 flag is on and the bytes pragma is not in effect.
SvUTF8(sv) returns true is the
UTF8 flag is on; the bytes pragma is ignored. The
UTF8 flag being on does not mean that there are any characters of code points greater than 255 (or 127) in the scalar or that there are even any characters in the scalar. What the
UTF8 flag means is that the sequence of octets in the representation of the scalar is the sequence of UTF-8 encoded code points of the characters of a string. The
UTF8 flag being off means that each octet in this representation encodes a single character with code point 0..255 within the string. Perl's Unicode model is not to use UTF-8 until it is absolutely necessary.
uvuni_to_utf8(buf, chr) writes a Unicode character code point into a buffer encoding the code point as UTF-8, and returns a pointer pointing after the UTF-8 bytes.
utf8_to_uvuni(buf, lenp) reads UTF-8 encoded bytes from a buffer and returns the Unicode character code point and, optionally, the length of the UTF-8 byte sequence.
utf8_length(start, end) returns the length of the UTF-8 encoded buffer in characters.
sv_len_utf8(sv) returns the length of the UTF-8 encoded scalar.
sv_utf8_upgrade(sv) converts the string of the scalar to its UTF-8 encoded form.
sv_utf8_downgrade(sv) does the opposite, if possible.
sv_utf8_encode(sv) is like sv_utf8_upgrade except that it does not set the
UTF8 flag.
sv_utf8_decode() does the opposite of
sv_utf8_encode(). Note that none of these are to be used as general-purpose encoding or decoding interfaces:
use Encode for that.
sv_utf8_upgrade() is affected by the encoding pragma but
sv_utf8_downgrade() is not (since the encoding pragma is designed to be a one-way street).
is_utf8_char(s) returns true if the pointer points to a valid UTF-8 character.
is_utf8_string(buf, len) returns true if
len bytes of the buffer are valid UTF-8.
UTF8SKIP(buf) will return the number of bytes in the UTF-8 encoded character in the buffer.
UNISKIP(chr) will return the number of bytes required to UTF-8-encode the Unicode character code point.
UTF8SKIP() is useful for example for iterating over the characters of a UTF-8 encoded buffer;
UNISKIP() is useful, for example, in computing the size required for a UTF-8 encoded buffer.
utf8_distance(a, b) will tell the distance in characters between the two pointers pointing to the same UTF-8 encoded buffer.
utf8_hop(s, off) will return a pointer to an UTF-8 encoded buffer that is
off (positive or negative) Unicode characters displaced from the UTF-8 buffer
s. Be careful not to overstep the buffer:
utf8_hop() will merrily run off the end or the beginning of the buffer if told to do so.
pv_uni_display(dsv, spv, len, pvlim, flags) and
sv_uni_display(dsv, ssv, pvlim, flags) are useful for debugging the output of Unicode strings and scalars. By default they are useful only for debugging--they display all characters as hexadecimal code points--but with the flags
UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH, and
UNI_DISPLAY_QQ you can make the output more readable.
ibcmp_utf8(s1, pe1, u1, l1, u1, s2, pe2, l2, u2) can be used to compare two strings case-insensitively in Unicode. For case-sensitive comparisons you can just use
memEQ() and
memNE() as usual.
For more information, see perlapi, and utf8.c and utf8.h in the Perl source code distribution.
Use of locales with Unicode data may lead to odd results. Currently, Perl attempts to attach 8-bit locale info to characters in the range 0..255, but this technique is demonstrably incorrect for locales that use characters above that range when mapped into Unicode. Perl's Unicode support will also tend to run slower. Use of locales with Unicode is discouraged.
When Perl exchanges data with an extension, the extension should be able to understand the UTF-8 flag and act accordingly. If the extension doesn't know about the flag, it's likely that the extension will return incorrectly-flagged data.
So if you're working with Unicode data, consult the documentation of every module you're using if there are any issues with Unicode data exchange. If the documentation does not talk about Unicode at all, suspect the worst and probably look at the source to learn how the module is implemented. Modules written completely in Perl shouldn't cause problems. Modules that directly or indirectly access code written in other programming languages are at risk.
For affected functions, the simple strategy to avoid data corruption is to always make the encoding of the exchanged data explicit. Choose an encoding that you know the extension can handle. Convert arguments passed to the extensions to that encoding and convert results back from that encoding. Write wrapper functions that do the conversions for you, so you can later change the functions when the extension catches up.
To provide an example, let's say the popular Foo::Bar::escape_html function doesn't deal with Unicode data yet. The wrapper function would convert the argument to raw UTF-8 and convert the result back to Perl's internal representation like so:
sub my_escape_html ($) {
my($what) = shift;
return unless defined $what;
Sometimes, when the extension does not convert data but just stores and retrieves them, you will be in a position to use the otherwise dangerous Encode::_utf8_on() function. Let's say the popular
Foo::Bar extension, written in C, provides a
param method that lets you store and retrieve data according to these prototypes:
$self->param($name, $value); # set a scalar
$value = $self->param($name); # retrieve a scalar
If it does not yet provide support for any encoding, one could write a derived class with such a
param method:
sub param {
my($self,$name,$value) = @_;
utf8::upgrade($name); # make sure it is UTF-8 encoded
if (defined $value)
utf8::upgrade($value); # make sure it is UTF-8 encoded
return $self->SUPER::param($name,$value);
} else {
my $ret = $self->SUPER::param($name);
Encode::_utf8_on($ret); # we know, it is UTF-8 encoded
return $ret;
Some extensions provide filters on data entry/exit points, such as DB_File::filter_store_key and family. Look out for such filters in the documentation of your extensions, they can make the transition to Unicode data much easier.
Some functions are slower when working on UTF-8 encoded strings than on byte encoded strings. All functions that need to hop over characters such as length(), substr() or index(), or matching regular expressions can work much faster when the underlying data are byte-encoded.
In Perl 5.8.0 the slowness was often quite spectacular; in Perl 5.8.1 a caching scheme was introduced which will hopefully make the slowness somewhat less spectacular, at least for some operations. In general, operations with UTF-8 encoded strings are still slower. As an example, the Unicode properties (character classes) like
\p{Nd} are known to be quite a bit slower (5-20 times) than their simpler counterparts like
\d (then again, there 268 Unicode characters matching
Nd compared with the 10 ASCII characters matching
Perl 5.8 has a different Unicode model from 5.6. In 5.6 the programmer was required to use the
utf8 pragma to declare that a given scope expected to deal with Unicode data and had to make sure that only Unicode data were reaching that scope. If you have code that is working with 5.6, you will need some of the following adjustments to your code. The examples are written such that the code will continue to work under 5.6, so you should be safe to try them out.
A filehandle that should read or write UTF-8
if ($] > 5.007) {
binmode $fh, ":utf8";
A scalar that is going to be passed to some extension
Be it Compress::Zlib, Apache::Request or any extension that has no mention of Unicode in the manpage, you need to make sure that the UTF-8 flag is stripped off. Note that at the time of this writing (October 2002) the mentioned modules are not UTF-8-aware. Please check the documentation to verify if this is still true.
if ($] > 5.007) {
require Encode;
$val = Encode::encode_utf8($val); # make octets
A scalar we got back from an extension
If you believe the scalar comes back as UTF-8, you will most likely want the UTF-8 flag restored:
if ($] > 5.007) {
require Encode;
$val = Encode::decode_utf8($val);
Same thing, if you are really sure it is UTF-8
if ($] > 5.007) {
require Encode;
A wrapper for fetchrow_array and fetchrow_hashref
When the database contains only UTF-8, a wrapper function or method is a convenient way to replace all your fetchrow_array and fetchrow_hashref calls. A wrapper function will also make it easier to adapt to future enhancements in your database driver. Note that at the time of this writing (October 2002), the DBI has no standardized way to deal with UTF-8 data. Please check the documentation to verify if that is still true.
sub fetchrow {
my($self, $sth, $what) = @_; # $what is one of fetchrow_{array,hashref}
if ($] < 5.007) {
return $sth->$what;
} else {
require Encode;
if (wantarray) {
my @arr = $sth->$what;
for (@arr) {
defined && /[^\000-\177]/ && Encode::_utf8_on($_);
return @arr;
} else {
my $ret = $sth->$what;
if (ref $ret) {
for my $k (keys %$ret) {
defined && /[^\000-\177]/ && Encode::_utf8_on($_) for $ret->{$k};
return $ret;
} else {
defined && /[^\000-\177]/ && Encode::_utf8_on($_) for $ret;
return $ret;
A large scalar that you know can only contain ASCII
Scalars that contain only ASCII and are marked as UTF-8 are sometimes a drag to your program. If you recognize such a situation, just remove the UTF-8 flag:
utf8::downgrade($val) if $] > 5.007;
perluniintro, encoding, Encode, open, utf8, bytes, perlretut, "${^UNICODE}" in perlvar


text:
Project ID: 69597
My test lab , DO NOT USE
Installation Instructions
Instructions not filled in by author. Author knows what to do. Everybody else should avoid this repo.
Active Releases
The following unofficial repositories are provided as-is by owner of this project. Contact the owner directly for bugs or issues (IE: not bugzilla).
|Repo Download
|Fedora 37
|x86_64 (22)*
|Fedora 37 (15 downloads)
* Total number of packages downloaded in the last seven days.
Quick Enable
#> dnf copr enable cosmicfusion/testMore info about enabling Copr repositories


text:
Neptune Arundel Bench – Natural Oak – (2/3/4 Seater)
€790.00 – €1,205.00
Additional information
|Seat Width
73 cm
|Wood Finish
Natual Oak
If you want to give your dining space a more relaxed feel, then use a bench. This one has a modern country feel thanks to its A-frame legs and the tactile, weighty oak it's made from. Arundel's also just as useful in a hallway as somewhere to sit when putting on shoes, as an end-of-the-bed piece, or as a low-level, contemporary alternative to a console table, styled with tall vases and piles of coffee table books.
Shipping and Delivery Policy
Small items will be shipped with An Post and are normally delivered within 3 days.
Please ensure that all goods are inspected within 24 hours of delivery and any damages or shortages
are reported to firstname.lastname@example.com, including pictures if possible.
All larger goods are delivered by our own staff or by courier service and normally take between 3-7
days depending on location. You will be contacted prior to delivery day to advise approximate time
for delivery.
Shipping costs
- All shipping charges are applied at checkout
- All items priced above €3000 :— Free van delivery nationwide (either store van or courier)
- Large items priced below €3000 :— €70 charge outisde 60km from store and free delivery inside 60km from store
- Small items (e.g. accessories, bed linen etc.) : — €10 courier charge
Damages and Return Policy
In the event that you receive a faulty or defective item, the following conditions apply:-
- Please inspect your order upon delivery within 24 hours of delivery and contact us immediately if the item is defective, damaged or if you receive the wrong item.
- Report damaged items by email to firstname.lastname@example.com, attaching pictures of damaged item if possible.
- Shipping costs for return/exchange of damaged item is free of charge and will be arranged by Trevor Morrow Ltd.
- A refund will be issued where the customer doesn't want an exchange.
Cancellation Policy
Please let us know as soon as possible if you would like to cancel your order.
Once your items have been shipped, or delivered, there will be charges for delivery and uplifts.
You can cancel your order by calling our store on 096-71247 or contacting us via email to: email@example.com.
Refund Policy
We have a 7-day return policy, which means you have 7 days after receiving your item to request a return.
In order to initiate a return of an item that you are not happy with, the following conditions apply:-
- To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging.
- Bespoke or special order items one-off items cannot not be returned if the item is of perfect merchantable quality.
- You'll need the receipt or proof of purchase.
- There is a 25% restocking charge.
- The customer is responsible for shipping costs of returning the item.
- Upon receipt of the returned item, we will inspect the item.
- Once we are satisfied that the condition of the item is in the same condition when it was originally purchased, we will issue a refund.
- If the condition of the item is not in the same merchantable quality as when it was sold, a refund will not be offered.


text:
Reuse Value. Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine / eds. Richard Brilliant, Dale Kinney
Review Date:6 Sep 2012
One can hardly imagine that several decades ago the concept of spolia did not yet indicate a field of widespread research in the history of architecture, art and archaeology. The title of this volume with 12 essays and a fascinating introduction, points to this change in research focus, since the value of reuse of objects and materials has not always been recognized.


text:
"Very pleased with the results from Carpet Bright UK's carpet cleaning service. I have 3 dogs and our lounge required urgent cleaning. Much cleaner and fresher now."
Rug cleaning Hemel Hempstead
Muddy feet, pet stains, odours and accidental spillages can take their toll on a rug over time. To get your rug back to good shape, our rug cleaning Hemel Hempstead services are here to help.
Carpet Bright UK has earned itself an enviable reputation for cleaning rugs in the Hemel Hempstead area. In fact, regionally, it has been voted as the top place to go to, to get your rugs professionally cleaned.
What makes us so popular is our impressive cleaning results. No matter what type or size of rug you own, we understand how to go about cleaning it expertly and carefully.
If you own a contemporary rug bursting to life with colour, you may be concerned that cleaning could cause the colours to run in your rug. With our rug pre-inspection and expert dye and pH testing services, we'll check the properties of your rug before cleaning begins, to see how the colours stand up to the cleaning process. We will then adapt the cleaning procedure accordingly.
Additionally, if your rug is very old, rare or made up of unique fabrics or fibres, our rug cleaners in Hemel Hempstead will use the most appropriate, gentle cleaning techniques that restore the vitality of your rug, without affecting its delicate or vulnerable features.
Although our five-step cleaning process uses the latest methods and techniques, we shun toxic cleaning products and only opt for those that are gentle and kind to the environment. This doesn't compromise the quality of the cleaning results, but means you can safely allow children and pets to have contact with the rug following cleaning, without worrying that they may be exposed to harsh chemicals.
Removing dirt, grime and stains is where our rug cleaning Hemel Hempstead business excels, but to ensure premium quality results, the drying process is given just as much consideration as the washing process. At the end, we will thoroughly inspect your cleaned rug to ensure it ticks all our stringent boxes for cleanliness, before being carefully packaged for its return to your home or business.
If you can't get your rug to our Hemel Hempstead site, we are more than happy to collect it from your premises and return it again. We'll even do this free of charge! As a bonus, we also offer rug cleaning in situ, if this is more convenient to you.
Contact our expert Hemel Hempstead rug cleaners today for a free consultation.
We Guarantee...
The highest quality of rug cleaning in Hemel Hempstead.
Our specialist rug cleaning facility is state-of-the-art.
To offer the most thorough rug cleaning possible.
We've been voted #1 rug cleaner in hertfordshire.
We've served over 60,000+ happy customers!
Call Our Local Rug Cleaning Branch On 01442 935001
View our recent work in Hemel Hempstead
Need rugs cleaned?
Carpet Bright UK
- 60 Brookfield House,
- Selden Hill,
- Hemel Hempstead,
- Hertfordshire,
- 01442 935001
- email@example.com
20,000+ Positive Reviews And Counting...
Super nice guy and worked very efficiently
Andy was our technician. Super nice guy and worked very efficiently. He did a...Read more
Lynne Jordan – Clapham, SW2
Amazing results, very courteous employees
Amazing results, very courteous employees and very knowledgeable staff. Would...Read more
Maureen Sharpe – Soho, W1F
Excellent experience from start to finish
Excellent experience from start to finish. The technician, Andy, provided gre...Read more
Rob Wright – Waterloo, SE1
Excellent work attitude, great communication
Excellent work attitude, great communication, service and price. Highly recom...Read more
Sarah Hiscox – Blackheath, SE3
Great job! Good service and very professional
Great job! Good service and very professional. They were very efficient and n...Read more
Tammy Martin – Camden, NW1
Excellent job done by Carpet Bright
Excellent job done by Carpet Bright ! Turned up on the day and was extremely ...Read more
Jean Roseman – Chelsea, SW3
I had an excellent experience
I had an excellent experience. Matt came on time, carpets look fantastic, ser...Read more
Emma Jayne – Holloway, N7
Very happy with the result...
I had my lounge and 2 rugs cleaned by CarpetBright UK today. Very happy with ...Read more
Jane Cane – Fulham, SW6
Very impressed with the results
Very friendly cleaners. Arrived on time, got the job done very efficiently! V...Read more
Julie Gilby
Cool guy, funny and serious about his job
James came to steam my place. Cool guy, funny and serious about his job at th...Read more
Janice Wyatt – Finchley, N3


text:
Medium Mirrors 600-1199mm(103)
The mirrors shown below all come with a width of between 600-1199mm, so you can find the ideal mirror for your bathroom. As standard with these mirrors, you'll receive IP44 and high-quality LED lighting. Choose to upgrade these mirrors to make them a true centrepiece with the options of infrared sensors, shaver sockets, demister pads, pull cords and digital clocks. More…
Elysius Backlit Shaver Mirror600 x 600mm (HxW) Dispatch by
Poyel Shaver Edge Mirror700 x 700mm (HxW) Dispatch by
Ikaris Backlit Shaver Mirror900 x 900mm (HxW) Dispatch by
Arto Bronze Effect Frame Shaver Edge Mirror
Saari Brass Effect Frame Shaver Edge Mirror
Aksel Anthracite Frame Shaver Edge Mirror
Oskari Black Frame Shaver Edge Mirror
Freja White Frame Shaver Edge Mirror
All of these medium sized mirrors are available in a range of styles, including edge-lit, bar lighting, dot lighting, backlit, top light, side ambience, Hollywood and so much more. Each mirror is manufactured using Illuminated Mirror's same high-quality standards and you can choose the size, style and extras that you want. What's more, they all come with a 10-year manufacturer warranty, the option to pay in instalments and free delivery options.


text:
Slim Bracelet
Our Slim Bracelet is handmade in Brooklyn using fine Italian vegetable tanned leather sourced from a small family owned tannery in Tuscany.
- The Small/Medium bracelet has 7" circumference and the Large/XL has 8" circumference.
- Available in Green, Clay, Black and Chestnut
- Bracelet features a brass button closure
Please note: Because of the natural tanning and dying process of our vegetable tanned leather, this piece is one of a kind. Variations in grain, texture, color and markings are what makes this leather and each Sylvan Park piece unique. Daily use, exposure to the sun, and the oils from your skin will change the color and finish of your vegetable tanned leather piece; developing what is known as its patina. All Sylvan Park pieces are designed to embrace, and be enhanced, by this change.
Shipping and Availability:
All Sylvan Park products are all made by hand. We often produce items after your order is placed, but also attempt to keep some items in stock to be able to ship as quickly as possible. Items usually ship within 5-7 business days and "Made to Order" pieces ship in approximately two weeks. Ground shipping (including Free Shipping) may be shipped via USPS, UPS Ground or Fed Ex Ground. Shipping carrier for free domestic shipping is at the discretion of Sylvan Park. If you need to expedite your order, or to confirm a shipping date, please contact us directly with your timeframe and we will inform you of your shipping options and any costs that might apply.
Returns and Exchanges:
If you are not satisfied with your order via shopsylvanpark.com, you can return or exchange your order for a refund or exchange within 7 days. In order to be eligible for a refund, all products must be in the original (unused and unworn) condition with the tags and packaging attached and included. Return shipping charges are not refundable. To arrange for a refund or exchange please contact us via email (proof of purchase will be required).
Items purchased in directly from Sylvan Park at an event/market, custom monogramming, sale items and/or sample sales are not subject to this return policy. All these purchases are final sale.
Items purchased through one of our stockists will be subject to the store's return policy.
For complete Sylvan Park Customer Service Policy, click here.


text:
A.HOT Tatsumaki One Punch Man Seat Covers
BUY HERE: HOT Tatsumaki One Punch Man Seat Covers
B. About Boxboxshirt.com
The website is a creative artist team focused on creating unique designs for your demand.
Each design is unique, and to each, we bring passion and expertise with our multidisciplinary creative teams skilled in 3D visualization, animation.
Our factory is located in the USA and VietNam and we always work to manufacture top-quality items to your exact specifications.
We strive to bring you a variety of high-quality products for the lowest possible prices. Our mission is to reduce crime in communities and bring you a safe, sweet home.
We focus on providing excellent service to our amazing customers!
Our store was created for the sole purpose of providing a unique and fun online experience for all of our customers.
Internal Links: Ethershirt.org
See More At: 93store


text:
12 Apr, 2013, 12:49 ET
PHILADELPHIA, April 12, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Aberdeen Asia-Pacific Income Fund, Inc. (NYSE MKT: FAX) (the "Fund"), a closed-end fund, today announced that it paid on April 12, 2013, a distribution of US $0.035 per share to all shareholders of record as of March 28, 2013.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20121106/NE07292LOGO )
Your Fund's distribution policy is to provide investors with a stable monthly distribution out of current income, supplemented by realized capital gains and, to the extent necessary, paid-in capital.
Under U.S. tax rules applicable to the Fund, the amount and character of distributable income for each fiscal year can be finally determined only as of the end of the Fund's fiscal year. However, under Section 19 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act") and related Rules, the Fund may be required to indicate to shareholders the source of certain distributions to shareholders.
The following table sets forth the estimated amounts of the sources of the distribution for purposes of Section 19 of the 1940 Act and the Rules adopted thereunder. The table has been computed based on generally accepted accounting principles. The table includes estimated amounts and percentages for this distribution and for the cumulative distributions paid fiscal year to date (11/01/2012 - 03/31/2013), from the following sources: net investment income; net realized short-term capital gains; net realized long-term capital gains; and return of capital. The estimated composition of the distributions may vary from month to month because the estimated composition may be impacted by future income, expenses and realized gains and losses on securities.
Estimated Amounts of Current Month Distribution per share ($)
Estimated Amounts of Current Month Distribution per share (%)
Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year to Date Cumulative Distributions per share ($)
Estimated Amounts of Fiscal Year to Date Cumulative Distributions per share (%)
Net Investment Income
Net Realized Short-Term Capital Gains *
Net Realized Long-Term Capital Gains
Return of Capital
Total (per common share)
*includes currency gains
The Fund estimates that it has distributed more than its income and capital gains; therefore, a portion of your distribution may be a return of capital. A return of capital may occur for example, when some or all of the money that you invested in the Fund is paid back to you. A return of capital distribution does not necessarily reflect the Fund's investment performance and should not be confused with "yield" or "income."
Shareholders should not draw any conclusions about the Fund's investment performance from the amount of the Fund's current distributions or from the terms of the distribution policy (the "Distribution Policy").
The amounts and sources of distributions reported in this notice are only estimates and are not being provided for tax reporting purposes. The final determination of the source of all distributions in 2013 will be made after year-end. The actual amounts and sources of the amounts for tax reporting purposes will depend upon the Fund's investment experience during the remainder of the fiscal year and may be subject to change based on tax regulations. The Fund will send you a Form 1099-DIV for the calendar year that will tell you how to report these distributions for federal income tax purposes.
The following table provides the Fund's total return performance based on net asset value (NAV) over various time periods compared to the Fund's annualized and cumulative distribution rates.
Average Annual Total Return on NAV for the 5 Year Period Ending 02/28/20131
Current Fiscal Period's Annualized Distribution Rate on NAV2
Fiscal Year to Date (11/01/2012 to 02/28/2013)
Cumulative Total Return on NAV1
Cumulative Distribution Rate on NAV2
1All return data assumes reinvestment of all dividend and capital gain distributions reinvested at prices obtained under the Fund's dividend reinvestment plan.
2 Based on the Fund's NAV as of February 28, 2013.
While NAV performance may be indicative of the Fund's investment performance, it does not measure the value of a shareholder's investment in the Fund. The value of a shareholder's investment in the Fund is determined by the Fund's market price, which is based on the supply and demand for the Fund's shares in the open market.
Pursuant to an exemptive order granted to the Fund by the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 30, 2010, the Fund may distribute any long-term capital gains more frequently than the limits provided in Section 19(b) under the 1940 Act and Rule 19b-1 thereunder. Therefore, distributions paid by the Fund during the year may include net income, short-term capital gains, long-term capital gains and/or a return of capital. Net income dividends and short-term capital gain dividends, while generally taxable at ordinary income rates, may be eligible, to the extent of qualified dividend income earned by the Fund, to be taxed at a lower long-term capital gains rate. If the total distributions made in any calendar year exceed investment company taxable income and net capital gain, such excess distributed amount would be treated as ordinary income to the extent of the Fund's current and accumulated earnings and profits. Distributions in excess of the earnings and profits would first be a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the adjusted tax basis in the shares. After such adjusted tax basis is reduced to zero, the distribution would constitute capital gain (assuming the shares are held as capital assets).
The payment of distributions in accordance with the Distribution Policy may result in a decrease in the Fund's net assets. A decrease in the Fund's net assets may cause an increase in the Fund's annual operating expense ratio and a decrease in the Fund's market price per share to the extent the market price correlates closely to the Fund's net asset value per share. The Distribution Policy may also negatively affect the Fund's investment activities to the extent that the Fund is required to hold larger cash positions than it typically would hold or to the extent that the Fund must liquidate securities that it would not have sold or hold securities that it would liquidate, for the purpose of paying the distribution. The Distribution Policy may, under certain circumstances, cause the amounts of taxable distributions to exceed the levels required to be distributed under the Internal Revenue Code (i.e., to the extent the Fund has capital losses in any taxable year, such losses may be carried forward to reduce the amount of capital gains required to be distributed in future years; if distributions in a year exceed the amount minimally required to be distributed under the tax rules, such excess will be taxable as ordinary income to the extent loss carry-forwards reduce the required amount of capital gains distributions in that year). The Fund's Board of Directors has the right to amend, suspend or terminate the Distribution Policy at any time. The amendment, suspension or termination of the Distribution Policy may affect the Fund's market price per share. Investors should consult their tax advisor regarding federal, state and local tax considerations that may be applicable in their particular circumstances.
Circular 230 disclosure: To ensure compliance with requirements imposed by the U.S. Treasury, we inform you that any U.S. tax advice contained in this communication (including any attachments) is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed herein.
Closed-end funds are traded on the secondary market through one of the stock exchanges. The Fund's investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor's shares may be worth more or less than the original cost. Shares of closed-end funds may trade above (a premium) or below (a discount) the NAV of the fund's portfolio. There is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
Investors should consider a fund's investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses carefully before investing. A copy of the prospectus for Aberdeen Asia Pacific Income Fund, Inc. that contains this and other information about the fund may be obtained by calling 800-522-5465. Please read the prospectus carefully before investing. Investing in funds involves risk, including possible loss of principal.
If you wish to receive this information electronically, please contact [email protected]
SOURCE Aberdeen Asia-Pacific Income Fund, Inc.


text:
Upcoming ARISS Contact Schedule as of 2007-01-30 17:15 UTC
Upcoming ARISS Contact Schedule as of 2007-01-30 17:15 UTC
Quick list of scheduled contacts and events:
Total number of ARISS school contacts is 267.
QSL information may be found at: http://www.arrl.org/ARISS/arissfaq.html http://www.rac.ca/ariss/oindex.htm#QSL%27s
ISS callsigns: DP0ISS, NA1SS, RS0ISS
The schedule page has been updated as of 2007-01-30 17:15 UTC. Here you will find a listing of all scheduled school contacts, and questions, other ISS related websites, IRLP and Echolink websites, and instructions for any contact that may be streamed live. http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/arissnews.txt
The successful school list has been updated as of 2007-01-26 04:00 UTC http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/Successful_ARISS_schools.rtf
Frequency chart for packet, voice, and crossband repeater modes showing Doppler correction as of 2005-07-29 04:00 UTC http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/ne ws/ISS_frequencies_and_Doppler_correction.rtf
Listing of ARISS related magazine articles as of 2006-07-10 03:30 UTC: http://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/ARISS_magazine_articles.rtf
There has been a rumor that the ISS was having direct contacts on the 40 meter band. There is no HF radio equipment on board and available yet. The HF antenna is mounted. Sometimes WA3NAN will retransmit shuttle audio.
Expedition 14 on orbit: Michael Lopez-Alegria KE5GTK Mikhail Tyurin, RZ3FT
Expedition 14/15 on orbit: Sunita Williams, KD5PLB
73, Charlie Sufana AJ9N One of the ARISS operation team mentors
participants (1)


text:
- Push up shape-enhancing and body contouring details
- High waisted and soft elastic wide waistband design to advoid exposure happens
- Sexy Booty Shorts with wonderful ruching details at back, push-up and butt lifting design
- Moisture wicking material make you always feel cool when you sweat a lot, offering long-lasting comfortable performance
- NOTE:Please kindly check the size chart before ordering
Please refer to your shipping confirmation email to track your order. If you have any questions, please contact our Customer Care team anytime!
Please allow 3 business day to process in addition to the shipping times listed below for your selected shipping method.
Expedited shipping: 5-12 business days
FREE for orders over $99.
Express shipping: 2-7 business days
FREE for orders over $199.
Thank you for shopping on ZASUWA
We want you to be completely happy with your new purchase.
If you don't love it, send it back!
Orders can be returned within 30 days of purchase. We will gladly accept unworn, unwashed, unaltered or unused merchandise in sellable condition for a full refund within this time frame. Please allow 2 to 4 business days to process the return once it's received. You will be notified via email once the refund has been issued!
ZASUWA is not responsible for any lost returns. We recommend a shipping method with a proof of delivery or tracking number.
We currently do not generate return labels for international shipments, customers will be responsible for return shipments & cost.
We do not offer exchanges or price-matching at this time. Please follow the return policy steps for the items you wish to exchange and visit us to submit a new order for your new items.
Return Process
Step 1: Please email our customer service representatives at firstname.lastname@example.com to get a return authorization and return address.
Step 2: After receiving your email with return request, our customer service representatives will send the return instructions back to you via email. Please follow the instructions to process the return.
Contact Us
If you have any problem please email us: email@example.com
Customer Reviews
This is gorgeous! The fit, the color and the feel of it! Its empowering?
Customer Reviews
This is gorgeous! The fit, the color and the feel of it! Its empowering?


text:
MAPL.SG | Mapletree Logistics Trust
Quick infos
Trade prices
Earnings History
Historical Data
SGX - Singapore Exchange
MAPL.SG Dividends
Talk about Mapletree Logistics Trust below in comments section below.
Do you think you'll buy? Do you already have active trades now?
EarningsAhead is not affiliated with and this is not an endorsement of the companies featured above.
Share it with fellow traders:
or join discussions in FB below
( FB comments )
Support this project
If you want to help pay for server cost or for improving this tool. You can send it via Paypal.
Social Media
Recommended Books
Buy on Amazon
Technical analysis is a collection of techniques designed to help you make trading decisions in securities markets. Technical Analysis For Dummies helps you take a hard-headed look at what securities prices are actually doing rather than what economists or analysts say they should be doing, giving you the know-how to use that data to decide whether to buy or sell individual securities.
A simple, straightforward guide to the fundamentals of technical analysis