text:
perlsub - Perl subroutines
To declare subroutines:
sub NAME; # A "forward" declaration.
sub NAME(PROTO); # ditto, but with prototypes
sub NAME : ATTRS; # with attributes
sub NAME(PROTO) : ATTRS; # with attributes and prototypes
sub NAME BLOCK # A declaration and a definition.
sub NAME(PROTO) BLOCK # ditto, but with prototypes
sub NAME : ATTRS BLOCK # with attributes
sub NAME(PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK # with prototypes and attributes
To define an anonymous subroutine at runtime:
$subref = sub BLOCK; # no proto
$subref = sub (PROTO) BLOCK; # with proto
$subref = sub : ATTRS BLOCK; # with attributes
$subref = sub (PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK; # with proto and attributes
To import subroutines:
use MODULE qw(NAME1 NAME2 NAME3);
To call subroutines:
NAME(LIST); # & is optional with parentheses.
NAME LIST; # Parentheses optional if predeclared/imported.
&NAME(LIST); # Circumvent prototypes.
&NAME; # Makes current @_ visible to called subroutine.
Like many languages, Perl provides for user-defined subroutines. These may be located anywhere in the main program, loaded in from other files via the
require, or
use keywords, or generated on the fly using
eval or anonymous subroutines. You can even call a function indirectly using a variable containing its name or a CODE reference.
The Perl model for function call and return values is simple: all functions are passed as parameters one single flat list of scalars, and all functions likewise return to their caller one single flat list of scalars. Any arrays or hashes in these call and return lists will collapse, losing their identities--but you may always use pass-by-reference instead to avoid this. Both call and return lists may contain as many or as few scalar elements as you'd like. (Often a function without an explicit return statement is called a subroutine, but there's really no difference from Perl's perspective.)
Any arguments passed in show up in the array
@_. Therefore, if you called a function with two arguments, those would be stored in
$_[0] and
$_[1]. The array
@_ is a local array, but its elements are aliases for the actual scalar parameters. In particular, if an element
$_[0] is updated, the corresponding argument is updated (or an error occurs if it is not updatable). If an argument is an array or hash element which did not exist when the function was called, that element is created only when (and if) it is modified or a reference to it is taken. (Some earlier versions of Perl created the element whether or not the element was assigned to.) Assigning to the whole array
@_ removes that aliasing, and does not update any arguments.
return statement may be used to exit a subroutine, optionally specifying the returned value, which will be evaluated in the appropriate context (list, scalar, or void) depending on the context of the subroutine call. If you specify no return value, the subroutine returns an empty list in list context, the undefined value in scalar context, or nothing in void context. If you return one or more aggregates (arrays and hashes), these will be flattened together into one large indistinguishable list.
If no
return is found and if the last statement is an expression, its value is returned. If the last statement is a loop control structure like a
foreach or a
while, the returned value is unspecified. The empty sub returns the empty list.
Perl does not have named formal parameters. In practice all you do is assign to a
my() list of these. Variables that aren't declared to be private are global variables. For gory details on creating private variables, see "Private Variables via my()" and "Temporary Values via local()". To create protected environments for a set of functions in a separate package (and probably a separate file), see "Packages" in perlmod.
sub max {
my $max = shift(@_);
foreach $foo (@_) {
$max = $foo if $max < $foo;
return $max;
$bestday = max($mon,$tue,$wed,$thu,$fri);
# get a line, combining continuation lines
# that start with whitespace
sub get_line {
$thisline = $lookahead; # global variables!
LINE: while (defined($lookahead = <STDIN>)) {
if ($lookahead =~ /^[ \t]/) {
$thisline .= $lookahead;
else {
last LINE;
return $thisline;
$lookahead = <STDIN>; # get first line
while (defined($line = get_line())) {
Assigning to a list of private variables to name your arguments:
sub maybeset {
my($key, $value) = @_;
$Foo{$key} = $value unless $Foo{$key};
Because the assignment copies the values, this also has the effect of turning call-by-reference into call-by-value. Otherwise a function is free to do in-place modifications of
@_ and change its caller's values.
upcase_in($v1, $v2); # this changes $v1 and $v2
sub upcase_in {
for (@_) { tr/a-z/A-Z/ }
You aren't allowed to modify constants in this way, of course. If an argument were actually literal and you tried to change it, you'd take a (presumably fatal) exception. For example, this won't work:
It would be much safer if the
upcase_in() function were written to return a copy of its parameters instead of changing them in place:
($v3, $v4) = upcase($v1, $v2); # this doesn't change $v1 and $v2
sub upcase {
return unless defined wantarray; # void context, do nothing
my @parms = @_;
for (@parms) { tr/a-z/A-Z/ }
return wantarray ? @parms : $parms[0];
Notice how this (unprototyped) function doesn't care whether it was passed real scalars or arrays. Perl sees all arguments as one big, long, flat parameter list in
@_. This is one area where Perl's simple argument-passing style shines. The
upcase() function would work perfectly well without changing the
upcase() definition even if we fed it things like this:
@newlist = upcase(@list1, @list2);
@newlist = upcase( split /:/, $var );
Do not, however, be tempted to do this:
(@a, @b) = upcase(@list1, @list2);
Like the flattened incoming parameter list, the return list is also flattened on return. So all you have managed to do here is stored everything in
@a and made
@b empty. See "Pass by Reference" for alternatives.
A subroutine may be called using an explicit
& prefix. The
& is optional in modern Perl, as are parentheses if the subroutine has been predeclared. The
& is not optional when just naming the subroutine, such as when it's used as an argument to defined() or undef(). Nor is it optional when you want to do an indirect subroutine call with a subroutine name or reference using the
&$subref() or
&{$subref}() constructs, although the
$subref->() notation solves that problem. See perlref for more about all that.
Subroutines may be called recursively. If a subroutine is called using the
& form, the argument list is optional, and if omitted, no
@_ array is set up for the subroutine: the
@_ array at the time of the call is visible to subroutine instead. This is an efficiency mechanism that new users may wish to avoid.
&foo(1,2,3); # pass three arguments
foo(1,2,3); # the same
foo(); # pass a null list
&foo(); # the same
&foo; # foo() get current args, like foo(@_) !!
foo; # like foo() IFF sub foo predeclared, else "foo"
Not only does the
& form make the argument list optional, it also disables any prototype checking on arguments you do provide. This is partly for historical reasons, and partly for having a convenient way to cheat if you know what you're doing. See "Prototypes" below.
Since Perl 5.16.0, the
__SUB__ token is available under
use feature 'current_sub' and
use 5.16.0. It will evaluate to a reference to the currently-running sub, which allows for recursive calls without knowing your subroutine's name.
use 5.16.0;
my $factorial = sub {
my ($x) = @_;
return 1 if $x == 1;
return($x * __SUB__->( $x - 1 ) );
Subroutines whose names are in all upper case are reserved to the Perl core, as are modules whose names are in all lower case. A subroutine in all capitals is a loosely-held convention meaning it will be called indirectly by the run-time system itself, usually due to a triggered event. Subroutines that do special, pre-defined things include
DESTROY plus all functions mentioned in perltie and PerlIO::via.
INIT and
END subroutines are not so much subroutines as named special code blocks, of which you can have more than one in a package, and which you can not call explicitly. See "BEGIN, UNITCHECK, CHECK, INIT and END" in perlmod
my $foo; # declare $foo lexically local
my (@wid, %get); # declare list of variables local
my $foo = "flurp"; # declare $foo lexical, and init it
my @oof = @bar; # declare @oof lexical, and init it
my $x : Foo = $y; # similar, with an attribute applied
WARNING: The use of attribute lists on
my declarations is still evolving. The current semantics and interface are subject to change. See attributes and Attribute::Handlers.
my operator declares the listed variables to be lexically confined to the enclosing block, conditional (
if/unless/elsif/else), loop (
for/foreach/while/until/continue), subroutine,
eval, or
do/require/use'd file. If more than one value is listed, the list must be placed in parentheses. All listed elements must be legal lvalues. Only alphanumeric identifiers may be lexically scoped--magical built-ins like
$/ must currently be
localized with
local instead.
Unlike dynamic variables created by the
local operator, lexical variables declared with
my are totally hidden from the outside world, including any called subroutines. This is true if it's the same subroutine called from itself or elsewhere--every call gets its own copy.
This doesn't mean that a
my variable declared in a statically enclosing lexical scope would be invisible. Only dynamic scopes are cut off. For example, the
bumpx() function below has access to the lexical $x variable because both the
my and the
sub occurred at the same scope, presumably file scope.
my $x = 10;
sub bumpx { $x++ }
eval(), however, can see lexical variables of the scope it is being evaluated in, so long as the names aren't hidden by declarations within the
eval() itself. See perlref.
The parameter list to my() may be assigned to if desired, which allows you to initialize your variables. (If no initializer is given for a particular variable, it is created with the undefined value.) Commonly this is used to name input parameters to a subroutine. Examples:
$arg = "fred"; # "global" variable
$n = cube_root(27);
print "$arg thinks the root is $n\n";
fred thinks the root is 3
sub cube_root {
my $arg = shift; # name doesn't matter
$arg **= 1/3;
return $arg;
my is simply a modifier on something you might assign to. So when you do assign to variables in its argument list,
my doesn't change whether those variables are viewed as a scalar or an array. So
my ($foo) = <STDIN>; # WRONG?
my @FOO = <STDIN>;
both supply a list context to the right-hand side, while
my $foo = <STDIN>;
supplies a scalar context. But the following declares only one variable:
my $foo, $bar = 1; # WRONG
That has the same effect as
my $foo;
$bar = 1;
The declared variable is not introduced (is not visible) until after the current statement. Thus,
my $x = $x;
can be used to initialize a new $x with the value of the old $x, and the expression
my $x = 123 and $x == 123
is false unless the old $x happened to have the value
Lexical scopes of control structures are not bounded precisely by the braces that delimit their controlled blocks; control expressions are part of that scope, too. Thus in the loop
while (my $line = <>) {
$line = lc $line;
} continue {
print $line;
the scope of $line extends from its declaration throughout the rest of the loop construct (including the
continue clause), but not beyond it. Similarly, in the conditional
if ((my $answer = <STDIN>) =~ /^yes$/i) {
} elsif ($answer =~ /^no$/i) {
} else {
chomp $answer;
die "'$answer' is neither 'yes' nor 'no'";
the scope of $answer extends from its declaration through the rest of that conditional, including any
elsif and
else clauses, but not beyond it. See "Simple Statements" in perlsyn for information on the scope of variables in statements with modifiers.
foreach loop defaults to scoping its index variable dynamically in the manner of
local. However, if the index variable is prefixed with the keyword
my, or if there is already a lexical by that name in scope, then a new lexical is created instead. Thus in the loop
for my $i (1, 2, 3) {
the scope of $i extends to the end of the loop, but not beyond it, rendering the value of $i inaccessible within
Some users may wish to encourage the use of lexically scoped variables. As an aid to catching implicit uses to package variables, which are always global, if you say
use strict 'vars';
then any variable mentioned from there to the end of the enclosing block must either refer to a lexical variable, be predeclared via
our or
use vars, or else must be fully qualified with the package name. A compilation error results otherwise. An inner block may countermand this with
no strict 'vars'.
my has both a compile-time and a run-time effect. At compile time, the compiler takes notice of it. The principal usefulness of this is to quiet
use strict 'vars', but it is also essential for generation of closures as detailed in perlref. Actual initialization is delayed until run time, though, so it gets executed at the appropriate time, such as each time through a loop, for example.
Variables declared with
my are not part of any package and are therefore never fully qualified with the package name. In particular, you're not allowed to try to make a package variable (or other global) lexical:
my $pack::var; # ERROR! Illegal syntax
In fact, a dynamic variable (also known as package or global variables) are still accessible using the fully qualified
:: notation even while a lexical of the same name is also visible:
package main;
local $x = 10;
my $x = 20;
print "$x and $::x\n";
That will print out
20 and
You may declare
my variables at the outermost scope of a file to hide any such identifiers from the world outside that file. This is similar in spirit to C's static variables when they are used at the file level. To do this with a subroutine requires the use of a closure (an anonymous function that accesses enclosing lexicals). If you want to create a private subroutine that cannot be called from outside that block, it can declare a lexical variable containing an anonymous sub reference:
my $secret_version = '1.001-beta';
my $secret_sub = sub { print $secret_version };
As long as the reference is never returned by any function within the module, no outside module can see the subroutine, because its name is not in any package's symbol table. Remember that it's not REALLY called
$some_pack::secret_version or anything; it's just $secret_version, unqualified and unqualifiable.
This does not work with object methods, however; all object methods have to be in the symbol table of some package to be found. See "Function Templates" in perlref for something of a work-around to this.
There are two ways to build persistent private variables in Perl 5.10. First, you can simply use the
state feature. Or, you can use closures, if you want to stay compatible with releases older than 5.10.
Beginning with Perl 5.9.4, you can declare variables with the
state keyword in place of
my. For that to work, though, you must have enabled that feature beforehand, either by using the
feature pragma, or by using
-E on one-liners (see feature). Beginning with Perl 5.16, the
CORE::state form does not require the
feature pragma.
For example, the following code maintains a private counter, incremented each time the gimme_another() function is called:
use feature 'state';
sub gimme_another { state $x; return ++$x }
Also, since
$x is lexical, it can't be reached or modified by any Perl code outside.
When combined with variable declaration, simple scalar assignment to
state variables (as in
state $x = 42) is executed only the first time. When such statements are evaluated subsequent times, the assignment is ignored. The behavior of this sort of assignment to non-scalar variables is undefined.
Just because a lexical variable is lexically (also called statically) scoped to its enclosing block,
eval, or
do FILE, this doesn't mean that within a function it works like a C static. It normally works more like a C auto, but with implicit garbage collection.
Unlike local variables in C or C++, Perl's lexical variables don't necessarily get recycled just because their scope has exited. If something more permanent is still aware of the lexical, it will stick around. So long as something else references a lexical, that lexical won't be freed--which is as it should be. You wouldn't want memory being free until you were done using it, or kept around once you were done. Automatic garbage collection takes care of this for you.
This means that you can pass back or save away references to lexical variables, whereas to return a pointer to a C auto is a grave error. It also gives us a way to simulate C's function statics. Here's a mechanism for giving a function private variables with both lexical scoping and a static lifetime. If you do want to create something like C's static variables, just enclose the whole function in an extra block, and put the static variable outside the function but in the block.
my $secret_val = 0;
sub gimme_another {
return ++$secret_val;
# $secret_val now becomes unreachable by the outside
# world, but retains its value between calls to gimme_another
If this function is being sourced in from a separate file via
require or
use, then this is probably just fine. If it's all in the main program, you'll need to arrange for the
my to be executed early, either by putting the whole block above your main program, or more likely, placing merely a
BEGIN code block around it to make sure it gets executed before your program starts to run:
my $secret_val = 0;
sub gimme_another {
return ++$secret_val;
See "BEGIN, UNITCHECK, CHECK, INIT and END" in perlmod about the special triggered code blocks,
INIT and
If declared at the outermost scope (the file scope), then lexicals work somewhat like C's file statics. They are available to all functions in that same file declared below them, but are inaccessible from outside that file. This strategy is sometimes used in modules to create private variables that the whole module can see.
WARNING: In general, you should be using
my instead of
local, because it's faster and safer. Exceptions to this include the global punctuation variables, global filehandles and formats, and direct manipulation of the Perl symbol table itself.
local is mostly used when the current value of a variable must be visible to called subroutines.
# localization of values
local $foo; # make $foo dynamically local
local (@wid, %get); # make list of variables local
local $foo = "flurp"; # make $foo dynamic, and init it
local @oof = @bar; # make @oof dynamic, and init it
local $hash{key} = "val"; # sets a local value for this hash entry
delete local $hash{key}; # delete this entry for the current block
local ($cond ? $v1 : $v2); # several types of lvalues support
# localization
# localization of symbols
local *FH; # localize $FH, @FH, %FH, &FH ...
local *merlyn = *randal; # now $merlyn is really $randal, plus
# @merlyn is really @randal, etc
local *merlyn = 'randal'; # SAME THING: promote 'randal' to *randal
local *merlyn = \$randal; # just alias $merlyn, not @merlyn etc
local modifies its listed variables to be "local" to the enclosing block,
eval, or
do FILE--and to any subroutine called from within that block. A
local just gives temporary values to global (meaning package) variables. It does not create a local variable. This is known as dynamic scoping. Lexical scoping is done with
my, which works more like C's auto declarations.
Some types of lvalues can be localized as well: hash and array elements and slices, conditionals (provided that their result is always localizable), and symbolic references. As for simple variables, this creates new, dynamically scoped values.
If more than one variable or expression is given to
local, they must be placed in parentheses. This operator works by saving the current values of those variables in its argument list on a hidden stack and restoring them upon exiting the block, subroutine, or eval. This means that called subroutines can also reference the local variable, but not the global one. The argument list may be assigned to if desired, which allows you to initialize your local variables. (If no initializer is given for a particular variable, it is created with an undefined value.)
local is a run-time operator, it gets executed each time through a loop. Consequently, it's more efficient to localize your variables outside the loop.
local is simply a modifier on an lvalue expression. When you assign to a
localized variable, the
local doesn't change whether its list is viewed as a scalar or an array. So
local($foo) = <STDIN>;
local @FOO = <STDIN>;
both supply a list context to the right-hand side, while
local $foo = <STDIN>;
supplies a scalar context.
If you localize a special variable, you'll be giving a new value to it, but its magic won't go away. That means that all side-effects related to this magic still work with the localized value.
This feature allows code like this to work :
# Read the whole contents of FILE in $slurp
{ local $/ = undef; $slurp = <FILE>; }
Note, however, that this restricts localization of some values ; for example, the following statement dies, as of perl 5.9.0, with an error Modification of a read-only value attempted, because the $1 variable is magical and read-only :
local $1 = 2;
One exception is the default scalar variable: starting with perl 5.14
local($_) will always strip all magic from $_, to make it possible to safely reuse $_ in a subroutine.
WARNING: Localization of tied arrays and hashes does not currently work as described. This will be fixed in a future release of Perl; in the meantime, avoid code that relies on any particular behaviour of localising tied arrays or hashes (localising individual elements is still okay). See "Localising Tied Arrays and Hashes Is Broken" in perl58delta for more details.
The construct
local *name;
creates a whole new symbol table entry for the glob
name in the current package. That means that all variables in its glob slot ($name, @name, %name, &name, and the
name filehandle) are dynamically reset.
This implies, among other things, that any magic eventually carried by those variables is locally lost. In other words, saying
local */ will not have any effect on the internal value of the input record separator.
It's also worth taking a moment to explain what happens when you
localize a member of a composite type (i.e. an array or hash element). In this case, the element is
localized by name. This means that when the scope of the
local() ends, the saved value will be restored to the hash element whose key was named in the
local(), or the array element whose index was named in the
local(). If that element was deleted while the
local() was in effect (e.g. by a
delete() from a hash or a
shift() of an array), it will spring back into existence, possibly extending an array and filling in the skipped elements with
undef. For instance, if you say
%hash = ( 'This' => 'is', 'a' => 'test' );
@ary = ( 0..5 );
local($ary[5]) = 6;
local($hash{'a'}) = 'drill';
while (my $e = pop(@ary)) {
print "$e . . .\n";
last unless $e > 3;
if (@ary) {
$hash{'only a'} = 'test';
delete $hash{'a'};
print join(' ', map { "$_ $hash{$_}" } sort keys %hash),".\n";
print "The array has ",scalar(@ary)," elements: ",
join(', ', map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' } @ary),"\n";
Perl will print
6 . . .
4 . . .
3 . . .
This is a test only a test.
The array has 6 elements: 0, 1, 2, undef, undef, 5
The behavior of local() on non-existent members of composite types is subject to change in future.
You can use the
delete local $array[$idx] and
delete local $hash{key} constructs to delete a composite type entry for the current block and restore it when it ends. They return the array/hash value before the localization, which means that they are respectively equivalent to
do {
my $val = $array[$idx];
local $array[$idx];
delete $array[$idx];
do {
my $val = $hash{key};
local $hash{key};
delete $hash{key};
except that for those the
local is scoped to the
do block. Slices are also accepted.
my %hash = (
a => [ 7, 8, 9 ],
b => 1,
my $a = delete local $hash{a};
# $a is [ 7, 8, 9 ]
# %hash is (b => 1)
my @nums = delete local @$a[0, 2]
# @nums is (7, 9)
# $a is [ undef, 8 ]
$a[0] = 999; # will be erased when the scope ends
# $a is back to [ 7, 8, 9 ]
# %hash is back to its original state
WARNING: Lvalue subroutines are still experimental and the implementation may change in future versions of Perl.
It is possible to return a modifiable value from a subroutine. To do this, you have to declare the subroutine to return an lvalue.
my $val;
sub canmod : lvalue {
$val; # or: return $val;
sub nomod {
canmod() = 5; # assigns to $val
nomod() = 5; # ERROR
The scalar/list context for the subroutine and for the right-hand side of assignment is determined as if the subroutine call is replaced by a scalar. For example, consider:
data(2,3) = get_data(3,4);
Both subroutines here are called in a scalar context, while in:
(data(2,3)) = get_data(3,4);
and in:
(data(2),data(3)) = get_data(3,4);
all the subroutines are called in a list context.
They appear to be convenient, but there is at least one reason to be circumspect.
They violate encapsulation. A normal mutator can check the supplied argument before setting the attribute it is protecting, an lvalue subroutine never gets that chance. Consider;
my $some_array_ref = []; # protected by mutators ??
sub set_arr { # normal mutator
my $val = shift;
die("expected array, you supplied ", ref $val)
unless ref $val eq 'ARRAY';
$some_array_ref = $val;
sub set_arr_lv : lvalue { # lvalue mutator
# set_arr_lv cannot stop this !
set_arr_lv() = { a => 1 };
WARNING: The mechanism described in this section was originally the only way to simulate pass-by-reference in older versions of Perl. While it still works fine in modern versions, the new reference mechanism is generally easier to work with. See below.
Sometimes you don't want to pass the value of an array to a subroutine but rather the name of it, so that the subroutine can modify the global copy of it rather than working with a local copy. In perl you can refer to all objects of a particular name by prefixing the name with a star:
*foo. This is often known as a "typeglob", because the star on the front can be thought of as a wildcard match for all the funny prefix characters on variables and subroutines and such.
When evaluated, the typeglob produces a scalar value that represents all the objects of that name, including any filehandle, format, or subroutine. When assigned to, it causes the name mentioned to refer to whatever
* value was assigned to it. Example:
sub doubleary {
local(*someary) = @_;
foreach $elem (@someary) {
$elem *= 2;
Scalars are already passed by reference, so you can modify scalar arguments without using this mechanism by referring explicitly to
$_[0] etc. You can modify all the elements of an array by passing all the elements as scalars, but you have to use the
* mechanism (or the equivalent reference mechanism) to
pop, or change the size of an array. It will certainly be faster to pass the typeglob (or reference).
Even if you don't want to modify an array, this mechanism is useful for passing multiple arrays in a single LIST, because normally the LIST mechanism will merge all the array values so that you can't extract out the individual arrays. For more on typeglobs, see "Typeglobs and Filehandles" in perldata.
Despite the existence of
my, there are still three places where the
local operator still shines. In fact, in these three places, you must use
local instead of
You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_.
The global variables, like
@ARGV or the punctuation variables, must be
localized with
local(). This block reads in /etc/motd, and splits it up into chunks separated by lines of equal signs, which are placed in
local @ARGV = ("/etc/motd");
local $/ = undef;
local $_ = <>;
@Fields = split /^\s*=+\s*$/;
It particular, it's important to
localize $_ in any routine that assigns to it. Look out for implicit assignments in
while conditionals.
You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function.
A function that needs a filehandle of its own must use
local() on a complete typeglob. This can be used to create new symbol table entries:
sub ioqueue {
local (*READER, *WRITER); # not my!
pipe (READER, WRITER) or die "pipe: $!";
return (*READER, *WRITER);
($head, $tail) = ioqueue();
See the Symbol module for a way to create anonymous symbol table entries.
Because assignment of a reference to a typeglob creates an alias, this can be used to create what is effectively a local function, or at least, a local alias.
local *grow = \&shrink; # only until this block exits
grow(); # really calls shrink()
move(); # if move() grow()s, it shrink()s too
grow(); # get the real grow() again
See "Function Templates" in perlref for more about manipulating functions by name in this way.
You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash.
You can
localize just one element of an aggregate. Usually this is done on dynamics:
local $SIG{INT} = 'IGNORE';
funct(); # uninterruptible
# interruptibility automatically restored here
But it also works on lexically declared aggregates. Prior to 5.005, this operation could on occasion misbehave.
If you want to pass more than one array or hash into a function--or return them from it--and have them maintain their integrity, then you're going to have to use an explicit pass-by-reference. Before you do that, you need to understand references as detailed in perlref. This section may not make much sense to you otherwise.
Here are a few simple examples. First, let's pass in several arrays to a function and have it
pop all of then, returning a new list of all their former last elements:
@tailings = popmany ( \@a, \@b, \@c, \@d );
sub popmany {
my $aref;
my @retlist = ();
foreach $aref ( @_ ) {
push @retlist, pop @$aref;
return @retlist;
Here's how you might write a function that returns a list of keys occurring in all the hashes passed to it:
@common = inter( \%foo, \%bar, \%joe );
sub inter {
my ($k, $href, %seen); # locals
foreach $href (@_) {
while ( $k = each %$href ) {
return grep { $seen{$_} == @_ } keys %seen;
So far, we're using just the normal list return mechanism. What happens if you want to pass or return a hash? Well, if you're using only one of them, or you don't mind them concatenating, then the normal calling convention is ok, although a little expensive.
Where people get into trouble is here:
(@a, @b) = func(@c, @d);
(%a, %b) = func(%c, %d);
That syntax simply won't work. It sets just
@a or
%a and clears the
@b or
%b. Plus the function didn't get passed into two separate arrays or hashes: it got one long list in
@_, as always.
If you can arrange for everyone to deal with this through references, it's cleaner code, although not so nice to look at. Here's a function that takes two array references as arguments, returning the two array elements in order of how many elements they have in them:
($aref, $bref) = func(\@c, \@d);
print "@$aref has more than @$bref\n";
sub func {
my ($cref, $dref) = @_;
if (@$cref > @$dref) {
return ($cref, $dref);
} else {
return ($dref, $cref);
It turns out that you can actually do this also:
(*a, *b) = func(\@c, \@d);
print "@a has more than @b\n";
sub func {
local (*c, *d) = @_;
if (@c > @d) {
return (\@c, \@d);
} else {
return (\@d, \@c);
Here we're using the typeglobs to do symbol table aliasing. It's a tad subtle, though, and also won't work if you're using
my variables, because only globals (even in disguise as
locals) are in the symbol table.
If you're passing around filehandles, you could usually just use the bare typeglob, like
*STDOUT, but typeglobs references work, too. For example:
sub splutter {
my $fh = shift;
print $fh "her um well a hmmm\n";
$rec = get_rec(\*STDIN);
sub get_rec {
my $fh = shift;
return scalar <$fh>;
If you're planning on generating new filehandles, you could do this. Notice to pass back just the bare *FH, not its reference.
sub openit {
my $path = shift;
local *FH;
return open (FH, $path) ? *FH : undef;
Perl supports a very limited kind of compile-time argument checking using function prototyping. If you declare
sub mypush (+@)
mypush() takes arguments exactly like
push() does. The function declaration must be visible at compile time. The prototype affects only interpretation of new-style calls to the function, where new-style is defined as not using the
& character. In other words, if you call it like a built-in function, then it behaves like a built-in function. If you call it like an old-fashioned subroutine, then it behaves like an old-fashioned subroutine. It naturally falls out from this rule that prototypes have no influence on subroutine references like
\&foo or on indirect subroutine calls like
&{$subref} or
Method calls are not influenced by prototypes either, because the function to be called is indeterminate at compile time, since the exact code called depends on inheritance.
Because the intent of this feature is primarily to let you define subroutines that work like built-in functions, here are prototypes for some other functions that parse almost exactly like the corresponding built-in.
Declared as Called as
sub mylink ($$) mylink $old, $new
sub myvec ($$$) myvec $var, $offset, 1
sub myindex ($$;$) myindex &getstring, "substr"
sub mysyswrite ($$$;$) mysyswrite $buf, 0, length($buf) - $off, $off
sub myreverse (@) myreverse $a, $b, $c
sub myjoin ($@) myjoin ":", $a, $b, $c
sub mypop (+) mypop @array
sub mysplice (+$$@) mysplice @array, 0, 2, @pushme
sub mykeys (+) mykeys %{$hashref}
sub myopen (*;$) myopen HANDLE, $name
sub mypipe (**) mypipe READHANDLE, WRITEHANDLE
sub mygrep (&@) mygrep { /foo/ } $a, $b, $c
sub myrand (;$) myrand 42
sub mytime () mytime
Any backslashed prototype character represents an actual argument that must start with that character (optionally preceded by
our or
local), with the exception of
$, which will accept any scalar lvalue expression, such as
$foo = 7 or
my_function()->[0]. The value passed as part of
@_ will be a reference to the actual argument given in the subroutine call, obtained by applying
\ to that argument.
You can use the
\[] backslash group notation to specify more than one allowed argument type. For example:
sub myref (\[$@%&*])
will allow calling myref() as
myref $var
myref @array
myref %hash
myref &sub
myref *glob
and the first argument of myref() will be a reference to a scalar, an array, a hash, a code, or a glob.
Unbackslashed prototype characters have special meanings. Any unbackslashed
@ or
% eats all remaining arguments, and forces list context. An argument represented by
$ forces scalar context. An
& requires an anonymous subroutine, which, if passed as the first argument, does not require the
sub keyword or a subsequent comma.
* allows the subroutine to accept a bareword, constant, scalar expression, typeglob, or a reference to a typeglob in that slot. The value will be available to the subroutine either as a simple scalar, or (in the latter two cases) as a reference to the typeglob. If you wish to always convert such arguments to a typeglob reference, use Symbol::qualify_to_ref() as follows:
use Symbol 'qualify_to_ref';
sub foo (*) {
my $fh = qualify_to_ref(shift, caller);
+ prototype is a special alternative to
$ that will act like
\[@%] when given a literal array or hash variable, but will otherwise force scalar context on the argument. This is useful for functions which should accept either a literal array or an array reference as the argument:
sub mypush (+@) {
my $aref = shift;
die "Not an array or arrayref" unless ref $aref eq 'ARRAY';
push @$aref, @_;
When using the
+ prototype, your function must check that the argument is of an acceptable type.
A semicolon (
;) separates mandatory arguments from optional arguments. It is redundant before
@ or
%, which gobble up everything else.
As the last character of a prototype, or just before a semicolon, a
@ or a
%, you can use
_ in place of
$: if this argument is not provided,
$_ will be used instead.
Note how the last three examples in the table above are treated specially by the parser.
mygrep() is parsed as a true list operator,
myrand() is parsed as a true unary operator with unary precedence the same as
rand(), and
mytime() is truly without arguments, just like
time(). That is, if you say
mytime +2;
you'll get
mytime() + 2, not
mytime(2), which is how it would be parsed without a prototype. If you want to force a unary function to have the same precedence as a list operator, add
; to the end of the prototype:
sub mygetprotobynumber($;);
mygetprotobynumber $a > $b; # parsed as mygetprotobynumber($a > $b)
The interesting thing about
& is that you can generate new syntax with it, provided it's in the initial position:
sub try (&@) {
my($try,$catch) = @_;
eval { &$try };
if ($@) {
local $_ = $@;
sub catch (&) { $_[0] }
try {
die "phooey";
} catch {
/phooey/ and print "unphooey\n";
That prints
"unphooey". (Yes, there are still unresolved issues having to do with visibility of
@_. I'm ignoring that question for the moment. (But note that if we make
@_ lexically scoped, those anonymous subroutines can act like closures... (Gee, is this sounding a little Lispish? (Never mind.))))
And here's a reimplementation of the Perl
grep operator:
sub mygrep (&@) {
my $code = shift;
my @result;
foreach $_ (@_) {
push(@result, $_) if &$code;
Some folks would prefer full alphanumeric prototypes. Alphanumerics have been intentionally left out of prototypes for the express purpose of someday in the future adding named, formal parameters. The current mechanism's main goal is to let module writers provide better diagnostics for module users. Larry feels the notation quite understandable to Perl programmers, and that it will not intrude greatly upon the meat of the module, nor make it harder to read. The line noise is visually encapsulated into a small pill that's easy to swallow.
If you try to use an alphanumeric sequence in a prototype you will generate an optional warning - "Illegal character in prototype...". Unfortunately earlier versions of Perl allowed the prototype to be used as long as its prefix was a valid prototype. The warning may be upgraded to a fatal error in a future version of Perl once the majority of offending code is fixed.
It's probably best to prototype new functions, not retrofit prototyping into older ones. That's because you must be especially careful about silent impositions of differing list versus scalar contexts. For example, if you decide that a function should take just one parameter, like this:
sub func ($) {
my $n = shift;
print "you gave me $n\n";
and someone has been calling it with an array or expression returning a list:
func( split /:/ );
Then you've just supplied an automatic
scalar in front of their argument, which can be more than a bit surprising. The old
@foo which used to hold one thing doesn't get passed in. Instead,
func() now gets passed in a
1; that is, the number of elements in
@foo. And the
split gets called in scalar context so it starts scribbling on your
@_ parameter list. Ouch!
This is all very powerful, of course, and should be used only in moderation to make the world a better place.
Functions with a prototype of
() are potential candidates for inlining. If the result after optimization and constant folding is either a constant or a lexically-scoped scalar which has no other references, then it will be used in place of function calls made without
&. Calls made using
& are never inlined. (See constant.pm for an easy way to declare most constants.)
The following functions would all be inlined:
sub pi () { 3.14159 } # Not exact, but close.
sub PI () { 4 * atan2 1, 1 } # As good as it gets,
# and it's inlined, too!
sub ST_DEV () { 0 }
sub ST_INO () { 1 }
sub FLAG_FOO () { 1 << 8 }
sub FLAG_BAR () { 1 << 9 }
sub FLAG_MASK () { FLAG_FOO | FLAG_BAR }
sub OPT_BAZ () { not (0x1B58 & FLAG_MASK) }
sub N () { int(OPT_BAZ) / 3 }
sub FOO_SET () { 1 if FLAG_MASK & FLAG_FOO }
Be aware that these will not be inlined; as they contain inner scopes, the constant folding doesn't reduce them to a single constant:
sub foo_set () { if (FLAG_MASK & FLAG_FOO) { 1 } }
sub baz_val () {
if (OPT_BAZ) {
return 23;
else {
return 42;
If you redefine a subroutine that was eligible for inlining, you'll get a warning by default. (You can use this warning to tell whether or not a particular subroutine is considered constant.) The warning is considered severe enough not to be affected by the -w switch (or its absence) because previously compiled invocations of the function will still be using the old value of the function. If you need to be able to redefine the subroutine, you need to ensure that it isn't inlined, either by dropping the
() prototype (which changes calling semantics, so beware) or by thwarting the inlining mechanism in some other way, such as
sub not_inlined () {
23 if $];
Many built-in functions may be overridden, though this should be tried only occasionally and for good reason. Typically this might be done by a package attempting to emulate missing built-in functionality on a non-Unix system.
Overriding may be done only by importing the name from a module at compile time--ordinary predeclaration isn't good enough. However, the
use subs pragma lets you, in effect, predeclare subs via the import syntax, and these names may then override built-in ones:
use subs 'chdir', 'chroot', 'chmod', 'chown';
chdir $somewhere;
sub chdir { ... }
To unambiguously refer to the built-in form, precede the built-in name with the special package qualifier
CORE::. For example, saying
CORE::open() always refers to the built-in
open(), even if the current package has imported some other subroutine called
&open() from elsewhere. Even though it looks like a regular function call, it isn't: the CORE:: prefix in that case is part of Perl's syntax, and works for any keyword, regardless of what is in the CORE package. Taking a reference to it, that is,
\&CORE::open, only works for some keywords. See CORE.
Library modules should not in general export built-in names like
open or
chdir as part of their default
@EXPORT list, because these may sneak into someone else's namespace and change the semantics unexpectedly. Instead, if the module adds that name to
@EXPORT_OK, then it's possible for a user to import the name explicitly, but not implicitly. That is, they could say
use Module 'open';
and it would import the
open override. But if they said
use Module;
they would get the default imports without overrides.
The foregoing mechanism for overriding built-in is restricted, quite deliberately, to the package that requests the import. There is a second method that is sometimes applicable when you wish to override a built-in everywhere, without regard to namespace boundaries. This is achieved by importing a sub into the special namespace
CORE::GLOBAL::. Here is an example that quite brazenly replaces the
glob operator with something that understands regular expressions.
package REGlob;
require Exporter;
@ISA = 'Exporter';
@EXPORT_OK = 'glob';
sub import {
my $pkg = shift;
return unless @_;
my $sym = shift;
my $where = ($sym =~ s/^GLOBAL_// ? 'CORE::GLOBAL' : caller(0));
$pkg->export($where, $sym, @_);
sub glob {
my $pat = shift;
my @got;
if (opendir my $d, '.') {
@got = grep /$pat/, readdir $d;
closedir $d;
return @got;
And here's how it could be (ab)used:
#use REGlob 'GLOBAL_glob'; # override glob() in ALL namespaces
package Foo;
use REGlob 'glob'; # override glob() in Foo:: only
print for <^[a-z_]+\.pm\$>; # show all pragmatic modules
The initial comment shows a contrived, even dangerous example. By overriding
glob globally, you would be forcing the new (and subversive) behavior for the
glob operator for every namespace, without the complete cognizance or cooperation of the modules that own those namespaces. Naturally, this should be done with extreme caution--if it must be done at all.
REGlob example above does not implement all the support needed to cleanly override perl's
glob operator. The built-in
glob has different behaviors depending on whether it appears in a scalar or list context, but our
REGlob doesn't. Indeed, many perl built-in have such context sensitive behaviors, and these must be adequately supported by a properly written override. For a fully functional example of overriding
glob, study the implementation of
File::DosGlob in the standard library.
When you override a built-in, your replacement should be consistent (if possible) with the built-in native syntax. You can achieve this by using a suitable prototype. To get the prototype of an overridable built-in, use the
prototype function with an argument of
"CORE::builtin_name" (see "prototype" in perlfunc).
Note however that some built-ins can't have their syntax expressed by a prototype (such as
system or
chomp). If you override them you won't be able to fully mimic their original syntax.
The built-ins
require and
glob can also be overridden, but due to special magic, their original syntax is preserved, and you don't have to define a prototype for their replacements. (You can't override the
do BLOCK syntax, though).
require has special additional dark magic: if you invoke your
require replacement as
require Foo::Bar, it will actually receive the argument
"Foo/Bar.pm" in @_. See "require" in perlfunc.
And, as you'll have noticed from the previous example, if you override
glob, the
<*> glob operator is overridden as well.
In a similar fashion, overriding the
readline function also overrides the equivalent I/O operator
<FILEHANDLE>. Also, overriding
readpipe also overrides the operators
`` and
Finally, some built-ins (e.g.
exists or
grep) can't be overridden.
If you call a subroutine that is undefined, you would ordinarily get an immediate, fatal error complaining that the subroutine doesn't exist. (Likewise for subroutines being used as methods, when the method doesn't exist in any base class of the class's package.) However, if an
AUTOLOAD subroutine is defined in the package or packages used to locate the original subroutine, then that
AUTOLOAD subroutine is called with the arguments that would have been passed to the original subroutine. The fully qualified name of the original subroutine magically appears in the global $AUTOLOAD variable of the same package as the
AUTOLOAD routine. The name is not passed as an ordinary argument because, er, well, just because, that's why. (As an exception, a method call to a nonexistent
import or
unimport method is just skipped instead. Also, if the AUTOLOAD subroutine is an XSUB, there are other ways to retrieve the subroutine name. See "Autoloading with XSUBs" in perlguts for details.)
AUTOLOAD routines load in a definition for the requested subroutine using eval(), then execute that subroutine using a special form of goto() that erases the stack frame of the
AUTOLOAD routine without a trace. (See the source to the standard module documented in AutoLoader, for example.) But an
AUTOLOAD routine can also just emulate the routine and never define it. For example, let's pretend that a function that wasn't defined should just invoke
system with those arguments. All you'd do is:
sub AUTOLOAD {
my $program = $AUTOLOAD;
$program =~ s/.*:://;
system($program, @_);
who('am', 'i');
In fact, if you predeclare functions you want to call that way, you don't even need parentheses:
use subs qw(date who ls);
who "am", "i";
ls '-l';
A more complete example of this is the Shell module on CPAN, which can treat undefined subroutine calls as calls to external programs.
Mechanisms are available to help modules writers split their modules into autoloadable files. See the standard AutoLoader module described in AutoLoader and in AutoSplit, the standard SelfLoader modules in SelfLoader, and the document on adding C functions to Perl code in perlxs.
A subroutine declaration or definition may have a list of attributes associated with it. If such an attribute list is present, it is broken up at space or colon boundaries and treated as though a
use attributes had been seen. See attributes for details about what attributes are currently supported. Unlike the limitation with the obsolescent
use attrs, the
sub : ATTRLIST syntax works to associate the attributes with a pre-declaration, and not just with a subroutine definition.
The attributes must be valid as simple identifier names (without any punctuation other than the '_' character). They may have a parameter list appended, which is only checked for whether its parentheses ('(',')') nest properly.
Examples of valid syntax (even though the attributes are unknown):
sub fnord (&\%) : switch(10,foo(7,3)) : expensive;
sub plugh () : Ugly('\(") :Bad;
sub xyzzy : _5x5 { ... }
Examples of invalid syntax:
sub fnord : switch(10,foo(); # ()-string not balanced
sub snoid : Ugly('('); # ()-string not balanced
sub xyzzy : 5x5; # "5x5" not a valid identifier
sub plugh : Y2::north; # "Y2::north" not a simple identifier
sub snurt : foo + bar; # "+" not a colon or space
The attribute list is passed as a list of constant strings to the code which associates them with the subroutine. In particular, the second example of valid syntax above currently looks like this in terms of how it's parsed and invoked:
use attributes __PACKAGE__, \&plugh, q[Ugly('\(")], 'Bad';
For further details on attribute lists and their manipulation, see attributes and Attribute::Handlers.
See "Function Templates" in perlref for more about references and closures. See perlxs if you'd like to learn about calling C subroutines from Perl. See perlembed if you'd like to learn about calling Perl subroutines from C. See perlmod to learn about bundling up your functions in separate files. See perlmodlib to learn what library modules come standard on your system. See perlootut to learn how to make object method calls.


text:
Golden Retriever
Looking for a Golden Retriever puppy? Click here.
Offspring of Mia Amore Boekholt (11/16/2017-)
(This list may not be comprehensive. This list only contains those dogs in the database for which this dog is a parent. Dogs that have not been entered into the database will not appear in this list.)
No offspring found in database.
Return to home page

subset: commoncrawl


text:
House prices surged by 11% year-on-year in August to reach another new all-time high of £189,306 on average, Nationwide has reported.
Property values were pushed up by 0.8% month-on-month, marking the sixteenth monthly increase in a row, and the annual pace of price growth accelerated from 10.6% in July as a result.
Typical UK house prices first surpassed their 2007 peak in cash terms in May this year and they have been hitting new records every month since.
Tom Copley, Labour's housing spokesman in the London Assembly, warned that "sky-high" property prices were making parts of the capital "the preserve of the super-rich".
Blogging for the Huffington Post UK, he wrote: "With people increasingly having to move to outer London just to be able to afford to rent or buy a property, our capital is in danger of losing its distinctive character - that of a diverse, multi-cultural and socially mobile city."
See also: "Out of Control Property Prices: A Serious Threat to London's Economy," blogs Tom Copley
According to Nationwide, year-on-year house price growth has been in double digits since April. Despite property values reaching record highs over the summer, there have also been signs of a cool down in the market in recent months.
Mortgage approvals generally dipped after stricter lending rules, which force lenders to ask for more detail about a mortgage applicant's spending habits, came into force at the end of April but approvals have since rebounded slightly.
Nationwide said it is still unclear how much of the cooling in activity was due to the introduction of the new Mortgage Market Review (MMR) rules as opposed to an underlying loss of momentum in the market.
This comes as separate research released by property analyst Hometrack suggested there were signs that house price increases were going to slow in the coming months, as the gap between house sellers' asking prices and the amounts that buyers are willing to pay was widening.
In further signs that competition among buyers is starting to ease, the National Association of Estate Agents (NAEA) reported this week that only one in 25 (4%) of homes were sold for above the asking price in July, compared with nearly one in five (19%) in May.
Robert Gardner, Nationwide's chief economist, said that while house price growth continues to outpace earnings by "a wide margin", cheap mortgage rates mean that, at present, typical mortgage payments as a share of people's take-home pay are relatively affordable.
Recent speculation about the possibility of the Bank of England base rate moving from its historic 0.5% low has prompted calls for homeowners to start preparing now for how they will cope with the prospect of borrowing costs becoming more expensive.
Gardner said: "The prospect of interest rate increases together with subdued wage growth may temper demand in the quarters ahead.
"However, the brightening economic outlook is likely to provide ongoing support for housing demand. Consumer sentiment remains buoyant thanks to declining inflation and sustained increases in employment.
"Similarly, the first increase in interest rates still appears some way off - we expect the first increase in the first quarter of 2015.
"Guidance from the Bank of England suggests that the increase in interest rates is likely to be gradual, and they are expected to settle at a level somewhat below the average prevailing before the financial crisis.


text:
Rocky Mountain Hardware E356/E356
Full Dummy Set - 2-1/2" x 13" Stepped EscutcheonsFull Dummy Set E356/E356
Exterior Escutcheon (E356): 2-1/2" x 13"
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starting at
$664.40Price shown is manufacturer's FULL LIST PRICE. Submit your order as an estimate in our shopping cart, send us an email or contact us by phone to receive your discounted price.
To customize, follow the steps below
purchase Options
our showroom customer service shipping info testimonials door handing & glossary contact us privacy policy


text:
New Hampshire Hotel insurance can help protect your business, your guests, staff, and property and provide a safe and satisfying experience to people who come to stay at your establishment. At Financial Insurance Services, we understand the risks involved in this industry and can assist you with the coverage you need at an affordable price.
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text:
As of October 1st, 2022 the CLC has reduced the annual e-membership dues to $25. Non-CLC members in the forums, time to join and experience all the other benefits? See post in the General Discussion forum for a link to the Join page
Page created in 0.066 seconds with 21 queries.


text:
Karvy Stock Broking Ltd. - One of the leading stock broking company in Anna Nagar.
Address: K G ENCLAVE T-85, FIRST FLOOR, 5TH MAIN ROAD, ANNANAGAR, CHENNAI - 600040 - - Tamil Nadu
Ph No:
Karvy Stock Broking is the stock broking arm of the Karvy Group which is a renowned name in the financial industry. We have a network of over 900 branches spread across the length and breadth of the country. Being one of the prominent stock brokers in Anna Nagar, we facilitate for all investment needs under one roof. Our best in class trading tools include KarvyOnline Web Trading Tool (www.karvyonline.com), KarvyOnline Mobile Trading App and NEST Application which offer wide investment options for trading stocks, equities, derivatives, mutual funds, commodities, currencies and other financial instruments approved by the exchanges. As a leading stock broker in Anna Nagar, we serve several corporate, MNCs, institutions, NRI clients, and retail investors. Our cutting-edge technology enables us to offer value-added services like Support Desk, Ask the Expert, Trade through call and sms, etc. To know more about our services and Open a Demat and Trading account along with Mutual Fund Investment Account, visit your nearest branch in Anna Nagar.
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Member FINRA/SIPC Uday Raval, 11 Broadway, Suite 1568, Ny, Ny 10004 Fax: 212 267 4335


text:
Let's Chat!
Learn my tips, hints, etc. to help you make the most of your whatever.
Schedule a time to do something about something.
Daren Hall
Exit Hallway Realty
2853 Geer Road
Suite B ,
Turlock, CA 95382
This information has been obtained from sources believed reliable. We have not verified it and make no guarantee, warranty or representation about it. Any projections, opinions, assumptions or estimates used are for example only and do not represent the current or future performance of the property. You and your advisors should conduct a careful, independent investigation of the property to determine to your satisfaction the suitability of the property for your needs.


text:
Table of Content
Versions and Availability
▶ Display Module Names for raxml on all clusters.
▶ Module FAQ?
The information here is applicable to LSU HPC and LONI systems.
A user may choose between using /bin/bash and /bin/tcsh. Details about each shell follows.
System resource file: /etc/profile
When one access the shell, the following user files are read in if they exist (in order):
- ~/.bash_profile (anything sent to STDOUT or STDERR will cause things like rsync to break)
- ~/.bashrc (interactive login only)
- ~/.profile
When a user logs out of an interactive session, the file ~/.bash_logout is executed if it exists.
The default value of the environmental variable, PATH, is set automatically using Modules. See below for more information.
The file ~/.cshrc is used to customize the user's environment if his login shell is /bin/tcsh.
Modules is a utility which helps users manage the complex business of setting up their shell environment in the face of potentially conflicting application versions and libraries.
Default Setup
When a user logs in, the system looks for a file named .modules in their home directory. This file contains module commands to set up the initial shell environment.
Viewing Available Modules
The command
$ module avail
displays a list of all the modules available. The list will look something like:
--- some stuff deleted --- velvet/1.2.10/INTEL-14.0.2 vmatch/2.2.2 ---------------- /usr/local/packages/Modules/modulefiles/admin ----------------- EasyBuild/1.11.1 GCC/4.9.0 INTEL-140-MPICH/3.1.1 EasyBuild/1.13.0 INTEL/14.0.2 INTEL-140-MVAPICH2/2.0 --- some stuff deleted ---
The module names take the form appname/version/compiler, providing the application name, the version, and information about how it was compiled (if needed).
Managing Modules
Besides avail, there are other basic module commands to use for manipulating the environment. These include:
add/load mod1 mod2 ... modn . . . Add modules rm/unload mod1 mod2 ... modn . . Remove modules switch/swap mod . . . . . . . . . Switch or swap one module for another display/show . . . . . . . . . . List modules loaded in the environment avail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List available module names whatis mod1 mod2 ... modn . . . . Describe listed modules
The -h option to module will list all available commands.
▶ Did not find the version you want to use??
If a software package you would like to use for your research is not available on a cluster, you can request it to be installed. The software requests are evaluated by the HPC staff on a case-by-case basis. Before you send in a software request, please go through the information below.
Types of request
Depending on how many users need to use the software, software requests are divided into three types, each of which corresponds to the location where the software is installed:
- The user's home directory
- Software packages installed here will be accessible only to the user.
- It is suitable for software packages that will be used by a single user.
- Python, Perl and R modules should be installed here.
- /project
- Software packages installed in /project can be accessed by a group of users.
- It is suitable for software packages that
- Need to be shared by users from the same research group, or
- are bigger than the quota on the home file syste.
- This type of request must be sent by the PI of the research group, who may be asked to apply for a storage allocation.
- /usr/local/packages
- Software packages installed under /usr/local/packages can be accessed by all users.
- It is suitable for software packages that will be used by users from multiple research groups.
- This type of request must be sent by the PI of a research group.
How to request
Please send an email to email@example.com with the following information:
- Your user name
- The name of cluster where you want to use the requested software
- The name, version and download link of the software
- Specific installation instructions if any (e.g. compiler flags, variants and flavor, etc.)
- Why the software is needed
- Where the software should be installed (locally, /project, or /usr/local/packages) and justification explaining how many users are expected.
Please note that, once the software is installed, testing and validation are users' responsibility.
About the Software
RAxML (Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood) is a program for sequential and parallel Maximum Likelihood based inference of large phylogenetic trees.
Last modified: September 10 2020 11:58:50.


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1/10 Touring Car Size/Use 3mm offset wheel for 190mm width chassis
Power, performance and luxury have been the mainstays of Lexus cars since they were first introduced. With the LS460 luxury sedan, Lexus has once again surpassed all expectations! The huge 5-litre hybrid V8 pumps out up to 439 horsepower and features a technologically unique 8-speed automatic transmission, as well as the familiar Lexus styling cues that mark it as the flagship sedan of the Lexus line-up.
HPI is proud to be able to bring the Lexus LS460 to RC modellers in a realistic 1/10th scale, ready to fit on a huge range of touring car type chassis. Like all HPI bodies, the Lexus LS460 Sessions Ver. Body comes with a clear protective overspray film, window masks and large pre-cut decal sheets for making a proper scale replica. The body also has drill locations marked for HPI touring car chassis, making it easy to line up the body mount and antenna holes. Included with the body is a huge pre-cut vinyl decal sheet with window lines, headlights, grilles, tail lights and HPI logos. The 200mm width is perfect for all electric and nitro touring cars.
Premium vinyl decals include window frames, headlights, grill, tail lights, official logos and more – for a perfect finish with a lot of details
High quality, crystal clear 0.030" polycarbonate with excellent dimensional stability and impact resistance, for extra strength and longer life
Clear, easy-peel overspray paint film makes painting quick and easy
A decal instruction sheet is included for precise decal placement, letting owners create a concours-winning car in no time
Pre-marked body post holes for easy mounting on HPI cars
Complete painting and detailing instructions provided in color, step-by-step
Officially licensed body
Use with our range of replica wheels and tires to complete the realistic scale look! HPI wheels are available in a wide variety of offsets, from 0mm to 9mm, to allow you to fit wide bodies on narrow chassis, and narrow bodies on wide chassis, as you need.


text: Frazho, Saundra L., D.C.ShareFacebook Twitter WhatsApp Professional Category: General DCProfessional Tags: Chiropractic, Top Chiropractor, Top Chiropractors 2015, Top Chiropractors 2016, and Top Chiropractors 2017 Profile MapNo Records FoundSorry, no records were found. Please adjust your search criteria and try again.Google Map Not LoadedSorry, unable to load Google Maps API. DrivingWalkingBicyclingPublic Transport MilesKilometers PreviousNext


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The New England Patriots have a new backup quarterback.
The Patriots traded Ryan Mallett to the Houston Texans, a source told NFL Media's Ian Rapoport on Sunday and New England later confirmed. The team said it received an undisclosed draft pick in the deal, but Patriots Football Weekly's Paul Perillo said it appears it's a conditional seventh-round choice that would become a sixth-rounder should Mallett take at least 40 percent of Houston's snaps this season.
Texans head coach Bill O'Brien was the Patriots' offensive coordinator in 2011, when the team drafted Mallett in the third round.
The Patriots took quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo in the second round of this year's NFL draft, and after a strong preseason, he'll be Tom Brady's backup. Garoppolo started in the Patriots' preseason finale last week and played all four quarters.
The Patriots also shopped Mallett to the Dallas Cowboys and Buffalo Bills, a source told the Boston Herald's Jeff Howe.
Mallett joins a mediocre quarterback group in Houston, where Ryan Fitzpatrick is expected to be O'Brien's starter. The Texans also have Case Keenum and Tom Savage on their roster.


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See all variations of this ring design: www.etsy.com/shop/CelticEternity?search_query=1510
His Band Height:
Size 4 - 6mm
Size 5 - 6.4mm
Size 6 - 6.6mm
Size 7 - 6.9mm
Size 8 - 7.2mm
Size 9 - 7.4mm
Size 10 - 7.7mm
Size 11 - 7.9mm
Size 12 - 8.2mm
Size 13 - 8.5mm
Her Band Height:
Size 4 - 4.7mm
Size 5 - 5mm
Size 6 - 5.2mm
Size 7 - 5.4mm
Size 8 - 5.6mm
Size 9 - 5.8mm
Size 10 - 6mm
Size 11 - 6.2mm
Size 12 - 6.4mm
Size 13 - 6.6mm
This matching His & Her ring set features unique Celtic knotwork representing the intersection of two lives woven together into a single thread. Continuous, and never-ending, this ring is perfect for the lover of symmetry and clean lines.
Every ring is handmade to order and in YOUR CUSTOM size; we do not keep backstock. Please buy our refundable ring sizer (BEFORE ORDERING) as most rings cannot be resized because of the continuous knotwork: www.etsy.com/listing/937178260
About This Item: Cast in solid gold or platinum, these rings are made of 100% recycled metal. We hallmark all our rings with correlating metal purity stamp. Please note color may vary slightly depending on your screen calibration and brightness. These images are under studio lighting to show items in ideal conditions.
About Us:
All our jewelry is made in the USA from recycled metal and set with lab-grown stones (better for the earth!). Contact us for a quote if you desire a natural stone. We have designed 1,000's of rings and have over 20 years in the industry. Each design is our own creation, from start to finish. Our small team here in Colorado, USA creates each piece from scratch and we hand finish and polish each one.
Most rings can be customized – metal choice: sterling silver, gold, or platinum (we do not offer tungsten, steel, titanium, or palladium) adding stones, adding rails etc. If you have a custom idea or request, please message us a link to the ring you are asking about and provide:
1. Ring Size
2. Metal Desired - Silver, Gold (include 10k 14k or 18k and COLOR), or Platinum
3. Design # you are interested in (# at end of listing title ex. 1052)
4. Description of changes. Add if ring is for woman, man, engagement
5. Date you need the ring
We offer layaway for designs over $400. Message us with a link to the ring(s) you want and we will set one up for you.
21-28 business days
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 3 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 7 days of delivery
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
Please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Depending on your needs, we may accept custom requests. Please send us a message with
1. Ring Size
2. Metal Desired - Silver, Gold (include 10k 14k or 18k and color), Platinum
3. Design # you are interested in (# at end of listing ex. 1052)
4. Description of changes. Add if ring is for woman, man, engagement
5. Wedding Date
If it's not based on one of our existing designs, you will NEED to send us a sketch of what you are looking for.
We will give you a quote and if you agree, begin working on your custom design. This can take 4-12 weeks. Once you approve the design, we will create a custom listing for purchase. Upon full payment, your ring will enter production which takes 4-6 weeks.
Our rings are made with lab-grown stones. These are REAL STONES (not fake cubic zirconia) and they are chemically identical to naturally occurring ones, but they are better for the earth because we can find them in a lab versus having to dig randomly in the soil.
We can make any ring in sterling silver, gold (10K, 14K, 18K, yellow, white, or rose) or platinum. We do not offer tungsten, steel, or titanium.
It is industry standard to recommend that fine jewelry be removed before interacting with water, lotion, or other chemicals. This will allow the ring's finish and patina to last as long as possible. That said, our rings are made of precious metals and water will not affect the structural integrity of the ring.
All our rings are made custom to your exact ordered size (we highly, highly suggest you purchase our refundable ring sizer). https://www.etsy.com/listing/93717826
For rings with stones or continuous knotwork (80% of our designs), we cannot resize the ring and you will need to purchase a brand new ring at 35% of the original cost to cover the labor required to make a new ring. Creating a new ring takes our standard 4-6 weeks. We only offer this discounted remake service once; if you order the incorrect size again, you will have to purchase the ring at full value. We know this is frustrating but we are a small business.
You must contact us within 3 days of receiving your ring to tell us if you need a resize. Original ring must be returned.
For purchases over $400, we offer a 2 payment layaway option.
For purchases over $800, we offer 2 or 4 payment layaway option.
For purchases over $1500, we offer 2, 4 or 6 layaway option.
We are flexible on finish dates, but we require rings to be paid in full before we begin working on them (rings take 4-6 weeks to create). Please complete all payments 3 months before any special dates, wedding, anniversary etc to allow enough time for production and rare shipping delays.
We suggest polished + patina for most rings.
Patina is a method of darkening metal through oxidation. This allows small details to stand out and gives the ring a beautiful contrast. Almost all our photos use patina.
Polish is the standard finish you see in high end jewelry - bright, shiny and very reflective.
Brushed is a matte finish recommended for those who are hard on their hands or do rough work. The surface will not be shiny so it hides any scuffs that might occur during wear. Be warned, this will look much duller than our polished finish.
Please see last image in listings for examples of the different finish styles.
Our rings are handmade and take 4-6 weeks to create from the time an order is placed, plus 3-10 days for USA shipping.
Please contact us BEFORE purchasing to see if the design you are interested in can be engraved. Rings with stones or cut-throughs cannot be engraved.
We are sorry, but we cannot tell you what the cost of import or custom fees will be. This is specific to your country and region. Please contact your local post office or government.
This estimator may be helpful. Please note, we are not affiliated with this site and are not liable for the import fees it estimates for you. It is just to give a helpful general idea.
Our rings are handmade and most take 5 weeks to craft. You can upgrade your shipping at checkout to a 2 day express option (USA)and add in the order notes the day of your wedding. We will try our best for requests that are within the 4-5 week mark, but we cannot make any guarantees. 2tone rings, platinum and rings with gemstones will take longer than solid wedding bands.
Upgrading your shipping option will decrease transit time but it does not mean production time will be decreased.


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Is this your company?
Customise your company's profile by adding your website URL, logo, social media links and an introduction to your company. A customised company profile can be used as a tool to showcase important information and demonstrate your legitimacy as a company, on the official public record. Annual membership is £175.00+ VAT and a 30 day membership is £19.99+ VAT, billed on a recurring basis.Register
About BRIGHT ROAD INVESTMENTS LTD
- Company type:
- Private limited company
- Incorporated on:
- 23 October 2015
- Nature of business (SIC):
- Director
- DOBA, Czeslaw Aleksander


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Mortgage 101
Since there are so many components to the mortgage process, we have taken special care to organize the most important qualifying steps, lending frequently asked questions, home buying and mortgage processes below.
We realize that that the information contained in this site could literally take you weeks to research and digest, so please contact us at any time for a personal consultation where we can address your specific needs and questions.
Get our Free Mortgage 101 Guide for Expanded Topic Information
1. Mortgage Basics:
What is a mortgage, and who owns my home if I have secured financing to purchase it?
Whether you're new to the home buying process, or a seasoned investor, I bet you didn't realize that there are at least 20 top mortgage-related terms that you may want to understand prior to speaking with a real estate agent or loan originator.
This section highlights some of the basic math and topics of interest that will help you get started on your home buying and financing journey.
2. Mortgage Approval Process:
Required down payment, income / employment information and credit standing are a few of the important factors lenders look at when considering a borrower for a mortgage loan approval.
There are several questions that a loan originator needs to ask before a simple pre-approval letter can be issued. But more importantly, there are at least 8 top questions that you should be asking your lender before taking any steps to fill out an application.
Being prepared with the proper documents and personal information will allow you to spend more quality time with your loan originator addressing the important points of your pre-approval and mortgage program options.
3. Understanding Your Credit:
Your credit picture plays a key role in the mortgage approval process, and it is essential to understand how scores are measured and calculated.
Should you close all cards or keep them open? What if you don't have any credit history that shows up on a report, is there a way to use other alternative monthly bills and/or build credit in a timely manner?
In this section, you'll learn the basic rules about preparing your credit standing prior to speaking with a lender for qualification.
4. Mortgage Payments:
In addition to mortgage rates, there are many other obligations that factor into your overall mortgage payment.
HOA Dues, Hazard Insurance, Property Taxes…. to name a few.
It helps to be aware of the expenses involved in owning real estate in order to set a monthly budget that is true to your financial goals and expectations.
5. Mortgage Rates:
Mortgage rates can fluctuate several times a day, and are influenced by many factors that are out of the loan originator's control.
Determining if you're getting the best deal at any given moment boils down to whether or not you trust that your preferred loan originator is truly looking out for your best interests.
Fortunately, there are economic indicators that impact the typical movement of interest rate markets which you can be aware on a daily basis. When the media reports that the Fed is moving rates down, it always seems that home loan rates go up. What about the points vs no points, and APR?
6. Mortgage Programs:
It's amazing how many mortgage programs have been designed to help First-Time Borrowers get financing on new homes.
Before you start shopping for a listing that fits your living needs, it would be extremely beneficial to know what type of lending scenario best fits the type of property or neighborhood you're looking to buy in.
With regards to a refinance, you may actually qualify for a new government-sponsored program that has been designed with current market conditions in mind.
7. Home Buying Process:
What comes first – the approval or the purchase contract?
Once you have weighed the basic pros and cons of owning a home vs renting, tax benefits and timely market influences, assembling a winning team of real estate and mortgage professionals will help you cover all of your bases.
There are also some very important time lines that you'll need to be aware of, such as an appraisal, home inspection, and loan approval dates.
Can the type of Home Owners Association affect your loan approval? Absolutely.
If you're feeling a little anxious at this point, then that just means you're actually taking this home buying thing seriously.
Don't worry, we'll make sure you are kept in the loop throughout the entire home buying process.
8. Closing Process:
With the right home buying team on your side, the closing process should be a smooth transition from signed documents to a closing celebration.
The excitement has been building throughout the entire process from home shopping to mortgage approval; so it's easy to overlook some important details at the end.
Understanding the industry lingo will certainly help you avoid feeling like you're on a roller-coaster while all the team players come together at the end to ensure pre-closing conditions are cleared, final docs are in order…
It also helps to know about all of the fees associated with a new home purchase or refinance. Understanding the difference between the fixed and variable fees will help you set a more accurate budget.
9. Refinance Process:
Properly estimating neighborhood property values and your closing costs will help determine the net benefit of a refinance transaction.
Some homeowners just want to know the best approach of finding money to make home improvements, while other borrowers are in a situation where their rate is adjusting.
Either way, it's easy to get caught off guard if you don't have the essential knowledge about your mortgage refinance options.


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NJ Office Furniture Depot
New & Pre-Owned Office Furniture | Monroe NJ | Serving NJ, NY, PA, & DE
August 3, 2020 By NJ Office Furniture Depot
957 Route 33 West
Monroe Township, NJ 08831
Mon-Fri - 9AM to 5PM
Saturday & Sunday Available by Appointment for Commercial Industry
Quality Office Furniture at Great Prices!
(732) 641-2791
[email protected]
Listen to Our Radio Spot
Speak with a Sales Representative today to help with your project and design needs!
Call Us Directly: (732) 360-5091
Get directions to our showroom
Fill out our contact form


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Line Cook
| Estimated Pay
|$14 per hour
|Full-time, Part-time
| 75 Peppers Ferry Road
Christiansburg, Virginia
Compare PayEstimated Pay
About this job
Job Overview
Do you have a passion for food and a craft for cooking? As a Line Cook at Red Lobster, your execution of our delicious recipes will contribute to the extraordinary dining experience that keep our guests coming back for more. The results of your work will allow our guests to "sea" food differently!
What You Need to Succeed
•The Willingness and Ability to Cross-Train and Work in Multiple Positions – We believe in the concept of ONE Kitchen, where your training and flexibility will enable you to become an expert in all Heart of House roles
•Skills to Make the Grade – Multi-tasking, following recipes to create delicious dishes
•Job Qualifications – Must be at least 18 years of age, any culinary education is a plus!
•Perform the Physical Demands – Remain on your feet for several hours at a time, ability to lift and carry up to 45 pounds, withstand high temperature conditions, bend, kneel, and stoop
BIG plans are on the horizon for Red Lobster. Our team and restaurants are great today, but our future is even better. There is no better time than now to join the Red Lobster Family!
Great Seafood
You can be proud of the food you serve. The tremendous variety of seafood makes us the perfect destination for seafood lovers. Our annual "Ultimate Events" like Lobsterfest, Crabfest, and Endless Shrimp are more widely known than practically any other restaurant.
You will serve fish at a premium standard. We are a global pioneer and an industry leader in Seafood Sustainability. With seafood served from over 30 countries, Red Lobster has a long standing commitment to sustainable fishing and farming. We are a founder and current member of the Global Aquaculture Alliance and a current member of National Fisheries Institute. Our team is proud to be known for not serving any endangered species on the menu and for buying only from fisheries that are sustainably managed through BAP (Best Aquaculture Practices) standards.
Great People
You will work at a destination for celebration. Our restaurants have a rich history of hosting birthdays, anniversaries, receptions, reunions, and other important memorable occasions.
You are part of an amazing family. Our restaurants are a place where you can both make friends and find a mentor. It's important that our family of team members flourish, learn and grow. Our RL Cares program, for instance, is designed to help team members with unplanned expenses in times of great need.
You give back to the community. Our RL Shares program donates millions of pounds of food to Food Banks and Food Shelters across the country – making a significant difference for the homeless and hungry in the communities where we operate.
Great Results
The #1 Seafood Restaurant Company in the US. Opened in 1968, we have earned an exceptional name, brand recognition, and reputation.
The #1 casual dining employer for our size. (Forbes Magazine 2016 List of America's Best Employers and 2016 List of Canada's Best Employers)
A restaurant that is loved. Our ratings are among the highest in casual dining for restaurant followers and consumer engagement.


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Monday, March 12, 2012
Instruction for application of drugs to the eye
Contact for Appointment
Clinic & Camp Clinics
Vivekanantha Homoeo Clinic & Psychological Counselling Center
Dr.Senthil Kumar's Consultation Schedule
Chennai –
Head Office
Monday to Saturday:- 10.00am to 12.30pm &
5.00pm to 8.30pm
Sunday: - 10.30am to 12.30pm
(Consultation by Appointment only)
For Appointment
Please call: 09443054168,
Paramount Park
(Dr Plaza) - B Block,
B-12, Second Floor,
Velachery Main Road,
Direct Opposite to Saravana Stores,
Supreme Mobiles upstairs,
Near Vijaya nagar Bus Stand,
Velachery, Chennai 42,
Branch Office
Monday(First & Third Monday of Every Month)
10.00am to 12.30pm &
05.30pm to 8.30pm
(Consultation by Appointment only)
For Appointment
Please call: 09443054168,
11, Kuchipalayam Street
(Opposite lane to Boys Hr Sec School), Panruti-607106,
Cuddalore District,
Tamil Nadu, India
Branch Office
Every Saturday:
11.00am to 02.00pm
(Consultation by Appointment only)
Please call: 09443054168,
Ø We are taking only minimum number of patients per day.
Ø We are allotting 40 to 5o minutes for new patients & 15 to 20 minutes for follow-ups.
Ø So be there at time to avoid unwanted waiting
Ø we concentrate more to patient's privacy, so we are allotting 40 to 50 minutes/client – "so be there at time"
Ø We treat Many Diseases, so no one can know for what problem you are taking the treatment – So feel free to talk with Doctor and visit the Clinic.
For Appointment
Please call: 09443054168, 09786901830
Please call the Doctor and explain your problems in short, then SMS your Name – Mobile Number - Problem in Single word - date and day - Place of appointment (Eg: Rajini - 99xxxxxxx0 – Psoriasis – 21st Oct Sunday - Chennai )
You will receive Appointment details through SMS
For Foreign patients
For more detail and mode of payment
Send mail to email@example.com
Call +91 9443054168, +91 9786901830
Professional secrecy will be maintained
(Your complaints and other Details should be kept very confidential)
Join with me in Facebook
-----=====----- Like - Vivekanantha Homeopathy Clinc
Disclaimer: These articles is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. we used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.


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INFOCUS Exclusive List:
Updated: 11/06/2023
Minimum Order: 3,000 Names
Read More
*Includes DPV and CASS
Medical Imaging
SOURCE: APCA Certification Records
LIST UPDATED: Monthly
Terms & Conditions
One time use only.
Sample mail piece required for approval.
20% commission to qualified list brokers.
Allow 2-5 business days to process order after list owner approval.
Any abbreviation or version of the name or logo of this association may not be used in any mail piece.
Reuse discount: $10/M off base price. Approval required.
Appending of phone numbers, fax numbers, or email addresses is strictly prohibited.
Lists must be used within 6 months of date of receipt.
Orders cancelled prior to the mail date are subject to a $100 cancellation fee plus running and material charges.
Pre-payment required for first-time mailers.
Orders cancelled after the mail date are due in full.
Customer is responsible for all costs of collection, including reasonable attorney fees and court costs, if it becomes necessary to pursue any debt owed by customer.
Usage Available Upon Request
We believe the information on this datacard to be accurate, however, make no guarantees on accuracy or the results of usage. To verify any information on this datacard, call 800-708-5478 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
INFOCUS Marketing, Inc.
14157 Robert Paris Court, Suite B
Chantilly, VA 20151
Phone: 800.708.5478
Fax: 866.708.5478
© 2012
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Guy Laroche Drakkar Essence for men - Opinios Reviews
9.2 out of 10
8 ratings
Popularity Total Hits: 15364
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If you have Guy Laroche Drakkar Essence then be the first to review it, comment on it and tell us what you think about it. Your experience with this perfume will help others decide if this fragrance suits them might it be for a special occasion or particular season of the year, or does it suit any personality, what audience would like this scent or is it just an aroma worth trying... your opinion is valuable and counts, so please share it here.
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Handcrafted Polymer Clay Earrings- Holiday
Shipping calculated at checkout.
Lightweight polymer clay earrings.
Earrings are one of a kind with nickel free earring backs.
Free Shipping in the United States.
Actual product color may differ slightly from images due to camera and individual monitor settings.
Actual product color may differ slightly from images due to camera and individual monitor settings.
Polymer clay, is mostly flexible and waterproof. However, stains and cracks may occur on earrings if not properly cared for.
Care recommendations:
- avoid wearing the earrings when applying any sort of liquid such as perfumes, oils, hairspray, and more.
- remove your earrings when showering or going into the pool/water.
- avoid dropping your earrings as they can crack, and small, intricate parts on the earrings can break off due to the impact.
- when not in use or when traveling, store them in a container to avoid scratches from sharp objects
See something you like but isn't exactly what you're looking for? Not a problem, just ask about custom made just for you!