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Property Details
Property Details
- REcolorado: 9633685
- Sale Office: IRFSTA
The content relating to real estate for sale in this Web site comes in part from the Internet Data eXchange ("IDX") program of METROLIST, INC., DBA RECOLORADO® Real estate listings held by brokers other than PorchLight Real Estate Group are marked with the IDX Logo. This information is being provided for the consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any other purpose. All information subject to change and should be independently verified.
This publication is designed to provide information with regard to the subject matter covered. It is displayed with the understanding that the publisher and authors are not engaged in rendering real estate, legal, accounting, tax, or other professional services and that the publisher and authors are not offering such advice in this publication. If real estate, legal, or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent, professional person should be sought.
The information contained in this publication is subject to change without notice. METROLIST, INC., DBA RECOLORADO MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS MATERIAL, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. METROLIST, INC., DBA RECOLORADO SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ERRORS CONTAINED HEREIN OR FOR ANY DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE FURNISHING, PERFORMANCE, OR USE OF THIS MATERIAL.
All real estate advertised herein is subject to the Federal Fair Housing Act and the Colorado Fair Housing Act, which Acts make it illegal to make or publish any advertisement that indicates any preference, limitation, or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin.
METROLIST, INC., DBA RECOLORADO will not knowingly accept any advertising for real estate that is in violation of the law. All persons are hereby informed that all dwellings advertised are available on an equal opportunity basis.
©2023 METROLIST, INC., DBA RECOLORADO® – All Rights Reserved 6455 S. Yosemite St., Suite 300 Greenwood Village, CO 80111 USA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WORLDWIDE. No part of this publication may be reproduced, adapted, translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. The information contained herein including but not limited to all text, photographs, digital images, virtual tours, may be seeded and monitored for protection and tracking.
Contact us using the form below or give us a call.
Contact us using the form below or give us a call.
Contact us using the form below or give us a call.


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IP Address Inspector
The Project Honey Pot system has detected behavior from the IP address consistent with that of a dictionary attacker. Below we've reported some other data associated with this IP. This interrelated data helps map spammers' networks and aids in law enforcement efforts. If you know something about this IP, please leave a comment.
Lookup IP In: Domain Tools | SpamHaus | Spamcop | SenderBase | Google Groups | Google
|Geographic Location
|Spider First Seen
|approximately 5 years, 4 months, 5 weeks ago
|Spider Last Seen
|within 4 years, 7 months, 4 weeks
|Spider Sightings
|36 visit(s)
|seen with 30 user-agent(s)
|Dictionary Attacks
|2 email(s) sent from this IP
|First Received From
|approximately 12 years, 5 months, 3 weeks ago
|Last Received From
|within 12 years, 5 months, 3 weeks
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subset: commoncrawl


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Port Hedland Country News
A Must Read for all Australians
The author is asking each addressee to forward this email to a minimum of twenty people on their address list; in turn ask each of those to do likewise. In three days, most people in Australia will have this message
By: AUSREGUpdated: 19 Feb 2018
Read Article
You can write an article for Port Hedland Country News hereCreate an account then select Articles and use the Editor.
Include Photos or Video with your Article
Got an Issue, Good News, or want to Promote Something?If you want it to be more than a fleeting glimpse on Social Media create your Article here first and THEN share it to your Port Hedland Social Media Groups.. Get it? Tell your story to your community today through Port Hedland and all Australian Towns and Regions Network Map
Please share this or use Tell a Friend and pass this to someone who may benefit
The Australian Regional Network is an Australian family business
Found 1 article in Port Hedland Country News
Page 1
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Some search tips to help you find what you need:
- Try browsing another category (you are in Garage sales, yard sales category now)
- Change selected location (current location is Mayo)
- Use more general keywords
- Check the spelling of your keywords
Still cannot find what you need?
You won't lose anything by posting your classified ad to buy for Garage sales, yard sales. It is easy, FREE and secure to post a Want ad in FREEADS in Ireland Mayo. It is secure because you will receive NO spam emails and NO unwanted phone calls. Just check your account regularly to find the offers sent into your private account in FREEADS in Ireland. Each time you get a new offer we send you an email reminder. You can stop reminder or cancel your ad any time you want.
So do not waste your time post your want ad now
If you want to sell any goods or offer any services you can use our easy form to post free classifieds for Garage sales, yard sales in Mayo. Just click Post ad for FREE button to have your classified ad for sale posted on our listings in Garage sales, yard sales, Mayo within few minutes.


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When you feel "less is bore", then it is time to put on some fancy outfit, or at least wear a sparkling iwatch band to shine from the crowd.
- Glittering sequin on faux leather
- Adjustable strap
- Fit most wrist size: 5.3"-7.4" (130mm-196mm)
- Compatible for Apple iWatch series SE / 1/2/3/4/5/ 6 / 7; size models: 38 / 40 / 42 / 44 mm, new 41 / 45 mm
- Colors: black sequin with dark purple
- Silver-tone adaptor
- Easy to install
Note: only the watch band, watch not included
Shipping & Returns
ReturnsWe offer 15 days period for returning / exchange after parcel delivered. Details can be found out on Returns / Exchange page at footer.
Free shipping worldwide ( selective countries ) ; for orders over $35. $2.99 standard shipping for orders under $35. Order is processed in 1-3 days. Shipping time is normally 7-12 days to US after dispatch; 6-14 days to other countries.
We suggest leaving your address in English for a smooth delivery.
You can track your order online with the shipping info we send to your email after the order is dispatched.
Please refer to the Shipping Page for more details.
Packing & Gift Wrapping
Sustainable PackagesWe are trying to minimize the use of plastic bag. 80% of the packages used so far are eco-friendly recyclable ones. And we are working on to increase this rate further. For sustainability purpose, we are keeping packages simple (no excessive packaging); but still decent and strong enough to withstand the impacts of long bumpy international shipping. Please pardon that for most of the products, there might not be individual plastic bag wrapped.
Gift WrappingIf you need special gift wrapping or would like to include a gift card with a message, just reach out, email@example.com. Our customer support team would be happy to do this for you.
Glitter Sequin Apple Watch Strap
We ship worldwide; and offer free shipping (standard) to the following countries on orders $35+:
- US, Canada, Mexico
- Brazil
- UK, Ireland, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland
- Australia, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Philipine.
Shipping to other countries can be arranged with a freight cost. If you are in a country that is not covered above, please leave a message to firstname.lastname@example.com. We would be happy to find appropriate solutions for you.
And we suggest all our customers to leave their address in English for a smooth shipping and delivery.
It usually takes 1-3 days to process the order and dispatch to the shipping forwarder. If you order is urgent, you can reach us via email to email@example.com for help.SHIPPING WAYS, RATES & TIME
We offer free shipping for orders over $35 to the above countries by using Fast Line shipping solution. For orders under $35, freight cost is US$2.99.
Shipping time is usually 7-12 days to US, 6-14 days to most other countries (depending on your destination). Please be noted that shipping time may be affected by factors like flight arrangement, weather conditions and local covid situation. Due to the lockdown of some areas and overcrowded parcels waiting for delivery, the local delivery time may result in delay. Local delivery is couducted by post network. For example for US orders, delivery is done by USPS.
If you have not received the package in 15 days, please just contact us. We will check with the shipping forwarder for you.
Expedited Shipping (DHL / UPS / FedEx / TNT) can be arranged with extra charge of $14.9. The shipping time is around 6-12 days in a more stable manner.
We offer free shipping at this stage to the above mentioned countries for orders over $35.
Shipping terms may change by time. It will be updated here on this page and on the Checkout page.
For Retail Orders
To United States
There is no duties need to pay unless the order amount over $800.
To EU Countries
We will cover the VAT for retailing orders.
For Wholesale Orders
Depending on the country / city, and order amount, there will be import tax charges. Please consult with your local related department for detailed info on this to take into account of the cost.
You can track your order online. After your order is dispatched, you will receive an email from us notifying the tracking information. You can get to the tracking web page and put in the tracking number you received to follow your order.
Order Tracking page is here.SHIPPING ADDRESS CHANGING
Before the order was dispatched, you can change the shipping address by sending us your new address to firstname.lastname@example.com.
But if the order has already been dispatched, we can't change the address any more. However, you can still contact us about the issue, we will try our best to help you out.


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Plan 2 Plan
Ready to Build
14201 Cornelia Circle, Beaumont CA 92223
Home by Taylor Morrison
at Olivewood
Last Updated 2 days ago
- from $489,990 What does this Price Range mean?
The Price Range displayed reflects the base price of the homes built in this community.
You get to select from the many different types of homes built by this Builder and personalize your New Home with options and upgrades. $504,340 $14,350
Schedule a Tour Today!
14201 Cornelia Circle, Beaumont, CA 92223
Sales Agent LaDonia & Tammy
Hours Fri:10AM-5PM;Mon:10AM-5PM;Sat:10AM-5PM;Sun:10AM-5PM;Thu:10AM-5PM;Tue:10AM-5PM;Wed:10AM-5PM;
Please be aware that current conditions may impact hours of operation.
Plan2a-1024x576 1/22
Home Details
- Single Family
- 1,722 Sq Ft
- 2 Stories
- 2 Bathrooms
- 1 Half Bathroom
- 3 Bedrooms
- 2 Car Garage
- Primary Bed Upstairs
Plan 2 Plan Info
A covered porch leads you into the front foyer. The Great Room integrates beautifully with dining and kitchen area. The Kitchen provides an island with double stainless steel sink, granite counter tops, walk-in pantry and Shaker style cabinets. Upstairs, a master suite showcases a large walk-in closet, private bathroom with a walk-in shower, dual sink vanity and an enclosed water closet. Two additional bedrooms and a full bath, linen closet and laundry room complete the upstairs. Energy efficient appliances, tankless water heater and LED lighting.
Home Customization
Floor Plan Center
View floor plan details for this property.
- Floor Plans
- Exterior Images
- Interior Images
- Other Media
Explore custom options for this floor plan.
- Choose Option
- Include Features
Area & Community
Map & Directions
14201 Cornelia Circle
Beaumont, CA 92223
Community & Neighborhood
Community Info
Welcome Home to Olivewood Discover vibrant vistas and peaceful surroundings at Olivewood, an idyllic community with new homes in Beaumont, CA. With a short commute to nearby golf courses and lush state parks, you'll experience tranquility in one of the best places to live in Riverside County. Explore our virtual tours! More Info About Olivewood
Ready to Build
Build the home of your dreams with the Plan 2 plan by selecting your favorite options. For the best selection, pick your lot in Olivewood today!
Community & Neighborhood
Schools Near Olivewood
- Oro Grande SD
- Beaumont USD
Actual schools may vary. Contact the builder for more information.
Health and Fitness
- Pool
- Trails
Community Services & Perks
- Play Ground
- Park
Neighborhood Amenities
Grocery Stores
- Stater Bros Markets
2.33 miles away
1004 Cherry Valley Blvd
- Seven Day Market Restaurants
2.42 miles away
1111 Beaumont Ave
- Stater Bros Markets
2.60 miles away
1430 Beaumont Ave
- Stop & Shop
2.85 miles away
846 E Sixth St
- Cherry Valley Market
3.44 miles away
10376 Beaumont Ave
- Stater Bros Markets
Specialized Stores
- Dowling Fruit Orchard
1.49 miles away
38021 US Highway 60
- Cookie Plug
2.33 miles away
1491 E Sixth St
- Sabina's Pastries
2.50 miles away
330 E Third St
- Carb Tech Solution
2.55 miles away
625 Magnolia Ave
- Dowling Fruit Orchard
- The Sand Trap Sports Bar & Grill
1.48 miles away
892 Oak Valley Pkwy
- 2 Krzy Grill
1.48 miles away
892 Oak Valley Pkwy
- Ranchero Road Inc
1.49 miles away
886 Oak Valley Pkwy
- Domenicos Italian Kitchen
1.50 miles away
890 Oak Valley Pkwy
- Subway
1.50 miles away
890 Oak Valley Pkwy
- The Sand Trap Sports Bar & Grill
Coffee Shops
- Yum Yum Donuts
2.46 miles away
380 E Sixth St
- Cafe Agape
2.46 miles away
381 E Sixth St
- Starbucks
2.59 miles away
1420 Beaumont Ave
- Starbucks
2.60 miles away
1610 E 2nd Street Market Pl
- Kolsa's Donuts
2.60 miles away
Beaumont Ave
- Yum Yum Donuts
- Xtreme Diamond Sports
1.63 miles away
875 W Fourth St
- Online Shoes
1.99 miles away
1020 Prosperity Way
- Mermaid Lounge Boutique
2.03 miles away
1659 Lakeside Ave
- Woodley's Jewelers
2.42 miles away
975 Beaumont Ave
- Best Buy Properties
2.44 miles away
965 Beaumont Ave
- Xtreme Diamond Sports
Bars & Nightlife
- The Sand Trap Sports Bar & Grill
1.48 miles away
892 Oak Valley Pkwy
- The Craft Lounge
2.47 miles away
690 Beaumont Ave
- Chili's
3.76 miles away
1490 E Second St
- Applebee's Grill + Bar
4.04 miles away
1585 E Sixth St
- The Sand Trap Sports Bar & Grill
Please note this information may vary. If you come across anything inaccurate, please contact us
Builder Details
Taylor Morrison
The Taylor Morrison experience is rooted in the relationships we establish with our homebuyers, the quality of the homes we build, and the thoughtfulness of the communities we create. We're here for our homebuyers every step of the way because we understand the house you're going to call home is the most important we can build. We strive to earn your trust by providing the resources, support and deep industry experience to inspire you, and help you make educated decisions about your purchase. It's this trust that earned Taylor Morrison the recognition of being America's Most Trusted® Home Builder for 8 years in a row. We approach each home with a discerning eye, ensuring we select locations and amenities that are fit for our homebuyers' lifestyles. Your home is a place to create a lifetime of lasting memories and with more than 100 years of experience, you can rest assured we'll build the right home for you. At Taylor Morrison, "inspired by you" is more than just a catchphrase . . . it's our passion.
Take the next steps toward your new home
See it for yourself
Take virtual tours over video
chat or in person!
Ask the builder
Design options? Pricing details?
Corner lot?
Don't lose this home!
Save this home so you
don't lose track of it!
Is this a good fit?
Use our affordability calculator
to check the boxes!
Estimated Mortgage: $3,460/month . Go to mortgage calculator Estimated monthly payment does not include amounts for taxes, insurance premiums and home upgrades. $0 down for Veterans
Plan 2 Plan by Taylor Morrison
saved to favorites!
To see all the homes you've saved, visit the My Favorites section of your account.


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New photos coming! Flooring just replaced upstairs and refinished down. The owner has meticulously maintained and updated this 3-bedroom 3-bath townhome while utilizing it as their primary residence. This offering presents an excellent opportunity for an investor looking for rental income or a buyer who is looking to make this piece of paradise their home. This sale includes your own private deep-water 7,000 lb. boat lift on the Folly River, access to the community dock and pool and your own private two-car garage and open carport! Enter the home to find hardwood floors that run throughout the first floor living areas of this spacious townhome. The kitchen and great room combine to create an OPEN FLOOR PLAN. In the kitchen, enjoy updated stainless steel appliances, new light fixtures, new
James Schiller
About Me
What makes me different and more worthy than any other agent? Great Question…
1.) I have been in the real estate industry since 1998
2.) At 29 years old I founded a wholesale mortgage firm here in Charleston and as such being the President/CEO I was responsible for overseeing 13 team members, two branches, ALL the marketing functions, business development, training of real estate agents in financing, training of my loan officers, and making sure over $85 Million in loans got closed. Of which most were purchases. So I have REAL business knowledge and real estate is business vs an agent without that savvy business skills.
3.) I graduated from University of S.C. where my major was media arts. What's that mean? What you are reading right now is media. Everything you see and hear is media. Everything on a computer is digital media, websites, video, photographs, and audio. I studied video production, photography/lighting courses, audio recording, and more. Even post cards, billboards, news paper are ALL media, print media. (Although it's an antiquated media). With that knowledge your home will have the most beautiful representation to the prospective buyers, instead of most of what you see out there (poorly lit, poorly framed, bad photos and video that put off buyers).
4.) 95% OF ALL REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS BEGIN WITH THE INTERNET… PERIOD, IT IS FACT. I am a digital internet marketing expert. I consult other businesses on how to harness the internet's power through web design, SEO (search engine optimization), content marketing, image marketing, user experience design, online ad management and more.
When listing a home for sale there isn't an exact science to it, but what is required is knowing all the facts, and that's where I come in. What's a home valuation really anyway?
Estimating the value of real property is important to a variety reasons, but for most people, determining the asking or purchase price of a property is the most useful application of real estate valuation. This article will provide an introduction to the basic concepts and methods of real estate valuation, particularly as it pertains to real estate sales.
That's all well and good, however what most home owners in Charleston SC and the U.S. really want to know is what's my property worth now if I were to try to sell it? The most common method that 90% of listing agent use is:
The Sales Comparison Approach.
Value -
A main consideration in appraising is to determine a property's value: the present worth of future benefitsarising from the ownership of real property. Unlike many consumer goods such as oil, lumber, food, etc. that are quickly used, the benefits of real property are generally realized over a long period of time. Therefore, an estimate of a property's value must take into consideration economic and social factors, as well as governmental controls or regulations and environmental conditions that may influence the four elements of value:
- Demand – the desire or need for ownership supported by the financial means to satisfy the desire;
- Utility – the ability to satisfy future owners' desires and needs;
- Scarcity – the finite supply of competing properties
- Transfer-ability – the ease with which ownership rights are transferred.
– What have the homes that are MOST comparable to yours (subject property) sold for recently per sq ft., and what is currently for sale (taking into account scarcity from above)?
– What are the prices being asked by your competing listings in and around your neighborhood.
Other Factors inside the two primary ones above include: (age of home, physical features, location, conditions of the sale, economic conditions)
See This Property
Data is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by the MLS.
This data is provided exclusively for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties they may be interested in purchasing.
Powered by Wizard Tech Consulting


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We found the following possible answers for: It's a Wonderful Life director Frank crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on November 22 2022 Wall Street Journal Crossword puzzle. The solution we have for It's a Wonderful Life director Frank has a total of 5 letters.
We have found 1 other crossword clues with the same answer.
We have found 0 other crossword answers for this clue.
|It's a Wonderful Life director Frank
|Wall Street Journal
There are a total of 75 clues in November 22 2022 crossword puzzle.
If you have already solved this crossword clue and are looking for the main post then head over to Wall Street Journal Crossword November 22 2022 Answers


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The second African Council of Touring and Automobile Clubs (ACTA) Road Patrol Training for Excellence was held in Nairobi,...
6 November 2023 – The Hi-Drive user education campaign launches today across 11 countries in Europe. Automated driving (AD)...
From 17-20 October, the FIA Region I and ARC Europe co-organized the 2023 Road Patrol Training for Excellence in...
From 6 to 8 October, 22 Best Young Driver finalists were in Teesdorf, Austria to compete for this year's...
FAME will develop and validate common methodologies and tools to facilitate the sharing of best practices and lessons learned to support the collaboration within...
A campaign to lower vehicle mass weight which can lead in EU's CO2 reduction goal.
A campaign to highlight the legal and consumer concerns about connected vehicles.
Calling for member states to remain in control of road charging
A campaign calling road users to respect each other and drive with care.
A campaign to increase awareness about odometer fraud, also known as 'invisible' crime.
Our road safety campaign to raise awareness against distraction while on the road.
Green NCAP is an independent, pan European consumer programme to test and rate vehicles' environmental performance
The EU model Parking Card and tips for people with disabilities visiting EU and EEA countries.
A global campaign to assist the UN in saving five million lives on the world's roads in 10 years.
A campaign setting road users priorities for the upcoming elections and new legislative term.
A Brussels-based association that make use of various transports operations through stakeholders.
A campaign that focuses on consumer choice and effective competition in the automotive aftermarket.
A campaign that teaches kids the importance of being visible in the dark as cyclists and pedestrians.
An initiative to encourage FIA member Club to commit 's commitment to road safety.
The Federation Internationale d'Automobile (FIA) supports the implementation of the Safer and Cleaner Used Vehicles for Africa project.
A campaign calling for reflection on mobile distraction while driving.
A campaign to raise drivers' awareness on Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
Today, the FIA Region I unveils its 2021 road safety campaign on Personal Mobility Devices (PMDs). The campaign raises awareness on the diversity of...
A campaign to reduce the high number of deaths and injuries among cyclists and motorcyclists.


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Posted: 06.11.2018 • no comments
On Monday, May 3rd, 2021 This Spaceship Earth is hosting Mission 2030: Global Youth Climate Summit. This summit is designed for young people around the world to learn about our climate crisis, to participate by sharing their climate thoughts and actions, and to enable youth around the world to meet and get to know their peers.
Learn More and Register for the Summit
Click here to learn more


text:
Trendy Latina
Latina Fashion Blogger, Latina Beauty Blogger and Latina Car Reviewer
November 12, 2013 By Claudia Krusch Leave a Comment
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Join our Trendy Talk Facebook Group for tips on growing your Social Media and taking your business to the next level.
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- Designer Brands
- Collections
- Diamonds
- Gold
- Silver
- Gemstones
- About Us
With This Stunning Gold Quartz Ring you will receive a certificate of authenticity each of these Nuggets or Quartz. Are Gold Quartz is hand cut to fit the design, then we use 6 different wheels to produce the shine. Each nugget is Inlaid in like a puzzle Solder in by the Jeweler. The Casting is 14K Yellow Gold.
Attention:" You WillReceive A Similar Piece " All My Specials I picture 1 time and They are Pre Made and Built by the Master Jewelers at Orocal Manufacture the #1 Natural Gold Company In the World. The Reason why I do this is to keep the Cost Low By Only Picturing this Item 1 Time I can keep restocking. If you have any questions or concerns about this process feel free to contact me.Check out the Gold Quartz Guide Below to learn more about this rare beautiful stone. Message us if you request a specific size before shipping, Or add it in the notes at check out. Gold Quartz is a durable stone, in fact it is a 7 out of 10 on the Hardness scale. All jewelry is backed by the Manufacturer. All chains that come with piece are free with purchase and gold plated for display only , we do not provide 14k chains.
Gold Quartz Guide:
What is it?Millions of years ago, gold was formed in quartsz deposits by hydro-thermal pressure, deep within the earth. Gold remaining in these deposits is called Gold Bearing Quartz or Gold Quartz for short. It is extremely rare, accounting for less than 1/20th of 1% of all gold found annually.
Where is it Found? Gold Quartz is found in underground hard rock mines in the same areas where gold nuggets are found. In Alaska, it was first discovered in 1880 in the town Juneau. Regions of Canada, California, and Australia are also well known for Gold Quartz.
Grading: Like other precious gemstones, Gold Quartz comes in different grades. Orocal is well know for having the highest quality authentic Gold Quartz with spectacular patterns of Gold. We grade the quartz on a few different factors being how white the stone is. The brightness of the white increases the value along with the vein of gold. The actual pattern and placement of the exquisite gold vein. In fact that vein is very pure around 23% purity.
Authenticity: Some Stores sell man-made imitation gold quartz which is fragile and frail. This leads consumers to believe its natural when it clearly is not. When buying from me you know its authentic coming directly from Orocal the source. We offer a 110% money back Guarantee card which is called are certificate of Authenticity.
What is a Natural Gold Nugget? It is a piece of gold that broke out of quartz deposits within the earth when erosion took place. It also goes by the name Placer Gold and each piece is a one of a kind with no two being exactly alike.
· Where can they be found? Wherever the effects of erosion took place. That would include rivers, streams, ancient dried up river channels and underground riverbeds.
· How pure are they? Gold nuggets range from 65 to 95 fine 16-23KT gold and can have other mineral content such as silver and copper mixed in with it.
· What sizes do they come in? Gold Nuggets come in all sizes, the smaller one range in sizes from 1 millimeter up to 6 and is often referred to as flakes. Bigger flakes are called nuggets and have been found as large as 2500 ounces although almost all nuggets bigger than 300 ounces were melted.
· How Are Natural Gold Nuggets found? They can be found in rivers and streams using a gold pan or suction dredges that act like an underground vacuum cleaner. Larger operations use large machinery that dig up huge sections of dirt weighing several tons and run it through machines that separate the gold from the dirt. Nuggets are also found using a metal detector.
· How are they weighed? They are weighed by the troy ounces. 12 ounces = one pound which differs from weight which is 16 ounces to the pound. The troy ounces are broke up into 20-penny weight to the ounces and use the symbol DWT or by the grams which has 31.1 to the ounces. The larger the nugget the more rare and valuable they are. A one-ounce nugget is now considered as rare as a five-carat diamond. (How many of those do you own?)
· Why are some real bright and others dull? Because it was formed underground in quartz deposit you often find quartz mixed in with it. When they broke off into the rivers and streams they tumbled against the sand and gravel, which gave the nuggets, it?s texture but dulled it. They can be cleaned in different solutions, and then tumbled in different media to give it the shine.
· What do we mean by My Authentic Natural Gold Nuggets under 4 grams come from two main sources. One is located near Dawson in the Yukon Territory. The second is Atlin, BC Canada about 50 miles as the crow flies from Skagway, Alaska. Skagway was where the miners of the 1898 Klondike gold rush traveled through to reach the gold fields. This is the reason I describe them as Alaskan Yukon BC Nuggets., Genuine, Natural Gold Nuggets
Not all Gold nuggets are natural, some people man-make them by taking smaller gold flakes melting them and casting them into the shape of a nugget. Make sure to ask if they are genuine natural gold nuggets as found by the miners and come with a certificate of authenticity.
* All Nuggets are Pictured or Partially Pictured with a U.S. Quarter to give you an idea of Size Proportion
The karat system is used to measure the amount of pure gold found in solid gold jewelry. In the US, numbers are associated with the percentage of pure gold in a piece.
The phrase "solid gold jewelry" is a misnomer because, most times, this jewelry is not made up of solid gold. This term references jewelry that has a gold alloy throughout the entire piece.
On the other hand, the phrase "pure gold jewelry" is used to describe jewelry that is made up entirely of gold with little to no alloys present.
A portion of the gold is mixed with different alloys or metals, which creates a specific formula. Each gold color, like white gold or rose gold, uses a different combination of alloys.
The term karat is also used on gold filled and gold plated jewelry. Even though these pieces are not solid gold, the gold portion of the jewelry has a certain percentage of pure gold designated through karats.
Expert Tip:If your piece of jewelry is marked 14KGF or 10KGF, that is a common indication that the item is gold filled and is not solid gold. However, the marking 14KP or 14KP does not necessarily mean gold plated. It also can stand for 14K gold plumb, which is solid gold.
If your piece of jewelry has a P in the marking, be sure to have the gold tested.
These values are primarily used on gold from the Unites States. You will see a lot of 22k gold and 9k gold in other countries. Gold jewelry from other countries may have an entirely different set of gold markings they use.
Collections: Orocal
Type: Gold Quartz Ladies Rings


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Hawaii Time Pacific Time Mountain Time Central Time* Eastern Time Western European Eastern European Eastern Daylight (GMT -10) (GMT -8) (GMT -7) (GMT -6) (GMT -5) (GMT 0) (GMT +1) (GMT +10)
*Official unit time is Central Time. All times posted are in the Unit time unless otherwise indicated.
[ACCEPTED] Rhodes Application
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Toshiba offers a wide range of bipolar transistors suitable for various applications, including radio frequency (RF) and power supply devices.
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About information presented in this cross reference
The information presented in this cross reference is based on TOSHIBA's selection criteria and should be treated as a suggestion only. Please carefully review the latest versions of all relevant information on the TOSHIBA products, including without limitation data sheets and validate all operating parameters of the TOSHIBA products to ensure that the suggested TOSHIBA products are truly compatible with your design and application.
Please note that this cross reference is based on TOSHIBA's estimate of compatibility with other manufacturers' products, based on other manufacturers' published data, at the time the data was collected.
TOSHIBA is not responsible for any incorrect or incomplete information. Information is subject to change at any time without notice.
Bipolar transistors and switching diodes whose junction temperature ratings have been extended to 150 °C for a wider range of applications


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Skip Bin Hire Casula
Bins Express provides a professional, fast and reliable skip bin hire to the Casula area 7 days a week, ensuring we meet the need of every customer. Bins Express Casula provides skip bins for residential, commercial & the building & construction industry with a wide variety of skip bin sizes.
Standard skip bin hire to Casula is for 7 days, but at Bins Express we understand that things don't always work according to plan and will extend the hire time if required. Please advise us if this is the case.
If you are not sure what skip bin size is needed for your Casula project please use our Skip Bin Calculator or visit our Skip Bin Sizes page.


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In today's market, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition. ACI members have it…they are engaged, informed, and stay up to date by taking advantage of benefits that ACI membership provides them.
Read more about membership
Learn More
Become an ACI Member
Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA, the American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete.
Staff Directory
ACI World Headquarters
38800 Country Club Dr.
Farmington Hills, MI
Phone: 1.248.848.3800
Fax: 1.248.848.3701
ACI Middle East Regional Office
Second Floor, Office #207
The Offices 2 Building, One Central
Dubai World Trade Center Complex
Dubai, UAE
Phone: +971.4.516.3208 & 3209
ACI Resource Center
Southern California
Mid Atlantic
Feedback via Email
Phone: 1.248.848.3800
Home > Education > Free Web Sessions > Complete Listing > Course Previews
Download the PDF
Interested in sponsoring ACI's Free Online Education Presentations? For more information on this opportunity please contact Kim Spillane at firstname.lastname@example.com or +1.248.848.3197
ACI has over 170 online learning opportunities on a variety of concrete related topics
On Demand Course: Performance Engineered Concrete Mixtures
On-Demand Course: ACI 201.2R-16: Updated Guidance on Concrete Durability (Part 1)
On-Demand Course: ACI 201.2R-16: Updated Guidance on Concrete Durability (Part 2)
On-Demand Course: ACI 562-16-The Concrete Repair Code – Presented in Spanish
On-Demand Course: An Overview of Salt-Scaling Damage
On-Demand Course: Be the Cure! Concrete Curing Explained
On-Demand Course: Chemical Admixtures for Concrete: Shrinkage-Reducing, Shrinkage-Compensating, and Permeability-Reducing Admixtures
On-Demand Course: Concrete Materials and Construction Provisions of ACI 318
On-Demand Course: Corrosion-Inhibiting Admixtures for Concrete
On-Demand Course: Creating Durable Concrete in Cold Weather


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This sweater, which will both warm you up and visually add beauty to your beauty in winter and autumn months, is now in our store. Different size and color options are available. Made in top quality polyester. It does not harm your skin. We bring together aesthetics and quality and offer it to you at an affordable price. Order now by choosing the color and size you like and don't miss the free shipping opportunity.
Designed by ClothesRoyal
- Over 37,000 happy customers worldwide
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Melted Edge Flickerbright Cream Candle - Battery Operated 23cm
In stock
Battery operated.
23cm melted edge flickerbright cream candle.
Product Sku: 402020
- Indoor use only
- Not suitable for children under 3 years - contains small parts - potential choking hazard
- Requires: 3 x AA size batteries (not included)
- Height 23cm
- Boxed item
|Product Sku
|Stock Availability
|Out of Stock
- Local Delivery Available (within 30 miles of Scotsdales CB22 5JT)
- Click and Collect - Great Shelford only
- Available Cambridge
- Courier Available - Delivery fee set per weight of items, preview available in basket
If you're not totally happy with anything you've bought from us, you can return it for an exchange or refund.
- Items bought in our garden centres can be returned within 28 days with proof of purchase.
- After 28 days, items can still be returned at the discretion of our staff, excluding garden tools, electrical goods, and plants under our 1-year guarantee.
- Items bought from our website can also be returned: please call us first on 01223 842777.
- Scotsdales are fully compliant with all regulations concerning distance selling. You can return any item you're not happy with within 28 days of receiving it provided you have contacted us within 7 working days of receipt to advise of its return.
- Unless the item is faulty, you'll need to pay postage to return it to us.
- For your protection and peace of mind, we recommend you use a recorded delivery service, and check that the compensation value covers the value of the item.
- To get a full refund, simply return the item to us in its original condition, in its original packaging within 28 days of cancellation.
- Items should be returned to the following address: Web Sales, Scotsdales Garden Centre, Cambridge Road, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB22 5JT


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SYNOPSIS[-CVgp ] [-I path ] [-d destdir ] SYSTEM_NAME
[-x kernel ]
DESCRIPTIONThe utility builds a set of system configuration files from the file SYSTEM_NAME which describes the system to configure. A second file tells what files are needed to generate a system and can be augmented by configuration specific set of files that give alternate files for a specific machine (see the Sx FILES section below).
Available options and operands:
- Print the version number.
- If the INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE is present in a configuration file, kernel image will contain full configuration files included literally (preserving comments). This flag is kept for backward compatibility.
- -I path
- Search in path for any file included by the include directive. This option may be specified more than once.
- -d destdir
- Use destdir as the output directory, instead of the default one. Note that does not append SYSTEM_NAME to the directory given.
- -m
- Print the MACHINE and MACHINE_ARCH values for this kernel and exit.
- -g
- Configure a system for debugging.
- -x kernel
- Print kernel configuration file embedded into a kernel file. This option makes sense only if options INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE entry was present in your configuration file.
- -p
- Configure a system for profiling; for example, kgmon(8) and gprof(1). If two or more -p options are supplied, configures a system for high resolution profiling.
- Specify the name of the system configuration file containing device specifications, configuration options and other system parameters for one system configuration.
The utility should be run from the conf subdirectory of the system source (usually /sys/ ARCH /conf where ARCH represents one of the architectures supported by Fx . The utility creates the directory ../compile/ SYSTEM_NAME or the one given with the -d option as necessary and places all output files there. The output of consists of a number of files; for the i386 they are: Makefile used by make(1) in building the system; header files, definitions of the number of various devices that will be compiled into the system.
After running , it is necessary to run ``make depend '' in the directory where the new makefile was created. The utility prints a reminder of this when it completes.
If any other error messages are produced by , the problems in the configuration file should be corrected and should be run again. Attempts to compile a system that had configuration errors are likely to fail.
DEBUG KERNELSTraditional BSD kernels are compiled without symbols due to the heavy load on the system when compiling a ``debug'' kernel. A debug kernel contains complete symbols for all the source files, and enables an experienced kernel programmer to analyse the cause of a problem. The debuggers available prior to BSD 4.4 Lite were able to find some information from a normal kernel; gdb(1) provides very little support for normal kernels, and a debug kernel is needed for any meaningful analysis.
For reasons of history, time and space, building a debug kernel is not the default with Fx : a debug kernel takes up to 30% longer to build and requires about 30 MB of disk storage in the build directory, compared to about 6 MB for a non-debug kernel. A debug kernel is about 11 MB in size, compared to about 2 MB for a non-debug kernel. This space is used both in the root file system and at run time in memory. Use the -g option to build a debug kernel. With this option, causes two kernel files to be built in the kernel build directory:
- kernel.debug is the complete debug kernel.
- kernel is a copy of the kernel with the debug symbols stripped off. This is equivalent to the normal non-debug kernel.
There is currently little sense in installing and booting from a debug kernel, since the only tools available which use the symbols do not run on-line. There are therefore two options for installing a debug kernel:
- ``make install '' installs kernel in the root file system.
- ``make install.debug '' installs kernel.debug in the root file system.
- /sys/conf/files
- list of common files system is built from
- /sys/conf/Makefile. ARCH
- generic makefile for the ARCH
- /sys/conf/files. ARCH
- list of ARCH specific files
- /sys/ ARCH /compile/ SYSTEM_NAME
- default kernel build directory for system SYSTEM_NAME on ARCH
HISTORYThe utility appeared in BSD 4.1
Before support for -x was introduced, options INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE included entire configuration file that used to be embedded in the new kernel. This meant that strings(1) could be used to extract it from a kernel: to extract the configuration information, you had to use the command:
"strings -n 3 kernel | sed -n 's/^___//p'"
BUGSThe line numbers reported in error messages are usually off by one.


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Do you want to order gold jewelry? Prices shown are approximative!
Contact us to receive an actual price before placing an order.
Do you want to order gold jewelry? Prices shown are approximative!
Contact us to receive an actual price before placing an order.
The ring is entirely handmade of precious metals (Sterling Silver, Yellow Gold or White Gold). Its weight is approximately 17 grams and it's unisex design makes it great for both - men and women. It could be made with the following finishes: vintage/antique, rustic, polished, matte.
The Biker ring could be customized by your own requirements. Every detail of the ring could be changed, removed or made by your own design. This features guarantee you will own and wear one truly unique piece of art made especially for you.
! Note: Please contact us if you want to buy a customized jewel to discuss the details.
Every piece of jewelry you find on forefathers-art.com is delivered in a luxury velvet pouch. If you want to buy a luxury box for it you can do it HERE.
|Jewelry crafting details
|Crafting origin
|Entirely Handmade
|Metal varieties
|Sterling Silver .925, Yellow Gold, White Gold, Gold Plated
|Purity varieties
|.925, 10k, 14k, 18k, 24k
|Approximate Weight
|19 grams (weight in silver; x1,2 in Gold 14ct; x1,3 in Gold 18ct)
|Top dimensions
|~ 23 x 21 mm
|Size varieties
|Any sizes
|Shipping & Handling Time
|Crafting time
|~ 10 business days
|Standard shipping
|2-5 weeks (depends on destination and other factors that not depends on us)
|Express shipping
|DHL (1-4 business days, depends on destination). By default, all Gold Jewelry is shipped with DHL or equal post service WITH INCLUDED INSURANCE and it`s included in the price.


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Holidays to Harbour Island
Decided it's time for a holiday and thinking about Bahamas? Harbour Island, in Bahamas - Out Island, has bags to offer. So what are you waiting for? Let's get planning.
Hopefully you'll find these insider titbits useful, but there's really no reason to follow the crowd. With 3 hotels on our books, we're bound to have one that's up your street. What you pay all depends on what you're after.
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Hotels in Harbour Island
Browse a cracking selection of the most popular hotels in Harbour Island
Similar Destinations
Alternative holidays we think you might like
Why Choose Travel Republic?
Enjoy your holiday, knowing that we've got you covered…


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Home > Find Your School > Primary Schools > St James
Brand: JAM
Contact us:
Phone: 01277 363275
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Unit 1 Chancerygate
33 Tallon Road
Brentwood Essex CM13 1TE
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We have parts available for Ford, Lincoln and other major vehicle brands. With the addition of the Omnicraft™ line, we've got you covered up to 90 percent of vehicles on the road.
When you need parts for a Ford, choose Ford Parts parts specifically designed to fit Ford vehicles. By design, they help to restore original vehicle performance and reliability. And you can count on OEM quality, great prices and the assurance of being backed by Ford.
If you're looking for high-quality, competitively priced parts for any Ford vehicle, Motorcraft® is what you need. Not only is Motorcraft® recommended by the Ford Motor Company, you can also count on the right fit, the first time. And that helps to keep your vehicle's performance and reliability at its best, all while giving you Ford peace of mind.
Omnicraft™ is the newest brand in the Ford parts lineup, offering premium parts designed for non-Ford/Lincoln vehicles. Backed by Ford Motor Company, the Omnicraft™ line includes filters, brake parts, electrical and more. Every vehicle deserves Ford quality, even if it's made by someone else.


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text: Previous Next Dining Out Categories: Fast Food | Take Away Pizza | PastaPhotosMapReviewsFranchisesDining Out Loading...No Records Found Sorry, no records were found. Please adjust your search criteria and try again.Maps failed to load Sorry, unable to load the Maps API.Enter your locationGet DirectionsTravel modeDrivingWalkingBicyclingPublic TransportDistance unitsMilesKilometres Leave a Review. Cancel replyYou must be logged in to post a comment.This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. No listings were found matching your selection. Something missing? Why not add a listing?.Next


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The Secret Dress by Alyce Paris 1711
- Brand: The Secret Dress by Alyce
- Style #: 1711 - Quick Delivery*Quick Delivery*
- Availability: In Stock
The Fabric In This The Secret Dress by Alyce Paris Style Is Jacquard
Hi, welcome to Deja Vu Boutique. We are a retail store in Maryland and are here to serve you. Feel free to call us or email us with any questions.
Quick Delivery:
- Pink/gold: 2
*A style on our web site listed as in-stock can usually be shipped today or next day for immediate delivery or quick delivery. An item listed as "Ships Today" can be sent the same business day as long as the order is placed before the cutoff time.


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- One Community
Acupuncture Center342 S Main St.
Unit 1 Lower Level
Bartlett, Illinois 60103(630) 837-4241
HoursMon3pm-7pmTue9am-1pmWed10am-1pm, 3pm-7pmFri10am-1pm, 3pm-7pmSat1pm-4pm
Reviews from GoogleCarlos is an incredibly knowledgeable and professional acupuncturist. He has he helped me with various ailments ranging from emotional instability to physical pain over the course of the last four years. His kind and compassionate demeanor is exactly what you're looking for when it comes to a healthcare provider. I highly recommend him and all of his massage therapists at OCAC.EleLotus Yoga Amy B01:02 12 Aug 18For years I suffered from migraines and as a result I was taking two medications. I was beginning to have serious side effects from the medication so I decided to try acupuncture with Carlos. I am happy to say that I am now completely off all medication and I don't have migraines anymore! It is amazing what acupuncture can do and Carlos is a master. I have referred many family members to Carlos (including some who were afraid of needles) and they all had positive results. My husband's back injury was cured quickly while my daughter finds acupuncture and cupping helpful in relieving stress. I have a relative with lupus who could not sleep due to pain in her legs and she found great relief after seeing Carlos. I have also known women with fertility issues who were able to conceive after treatment with Carlos. I believe that any problem, whether it be physical, mental, emotional, or psychological can be helped by acupuncture and Carlos' friendly manner and gentle approach puts his patients at ease.Teresa22:36 18 Feb 18In my experience, Carlos is the most experienced and skillful acupuncturist in Chicago's western & northern suburbs. Highly recommended. Very kind. Very reasonable rates. Carlos made a big difference in my successful recovery from surgery as well as calming stress.P Rush14:33 18 Dec 17I had been experiencing digestion issues for over 6 months. I tried traditional medicine and multiple remedies before finding Carlos. I couldn't be more grateful I did. After regular weekly visits (which include acupuncture and cupping), I am off all medications recommended by doctors and back to having a full functioning digestive system in and of itself. Carlos is incredibly knowledgable and makes every experience an enjoyable one. Would highly recommend him to anyone.Meryl Cripe23:42 31 Jul 17Carlos was able to alleviate my back and shoulder pain in just a couple sessions. My experience is always relaxing and I would recommend to anyone looking to avoid pain medication and other traditional treatments which tend to provide only symptomatic relief but require constant use.Kristin Kinnaman21:36 14 Aug 17Carlos is great! He helped me with a shoulder issue before a big event, without his help I would have struggled through the event.Nicole Pawola00:13 22 Nov 18A friend of mine recommended Carlos for a shoulder issue that I was dealing with. I was so grateful because after 2 sessions he had me back to 100% range of movement. I highly recommend Carlos. He's very knowledgeable and compassionate.Patti Salwach01:23 15 Mar 19Carlos is incredible! I struggled to get pregnant for over a year, and was referred to acupuncture. My chiropractor shouted Carlos' name without hesitation! Carlos has such knowledge and precision in his practice. He has helped calm my anxiety, migraines, body aches, and with a few months of treatment, I was able to get pregnant. I had a small surgery in between, but acupuncture helped ease the pain and was able to get me up and running in no time. It has also helped me to relax in my pregnancy. I look forward to my sessions for the calm, inward focus of myself. Carlos has taught me a LOT. Thank you for all you have done thus far!Carmella Mahaz02:35 01 Aug 19I highly highly recommend Carlos. Before I started Accupuncture, I had horrible back pain, migraines, anxiety, depression, mood changes. After 10 meetings, I feel so great, so relaxed and "me" again. In the last 3 years, I did Phisical Therapy, I was taking medicines for migraines, but non of them helped me that much and in a shorter period of time how Accupuncture did. Carlos has "golden" hands and is very knowledgeable. Don't hesitate to schedule an appointment with Carlos, you won't regret it!mirela craciun19:16 04 Oct 19I have been experiencing overwhelming anxiety and panic attacks for years. I've tried traditional medicine and read all the books and websites to learn how to manage my anxiety, I've tried it all with minimal results. I finally decided to try acupuncture. I can't tell you what a difference it has made. I have my quality of life back, and within 3 visits. Carlos is caring and dedicated and wants to help you feel better and be you best self. The office is a relaxing and warm environment. Best decision I have ever made. I highly recommend you visit Carlos and get your health back.Paula Kintzel02:19 19 Dec 16I had been dealing with groan strain for years, I could not believe how effective Carlos's treatment was. Highly recommend his practice.Thomas Tukiendorf17:48 26 Apr 21I have chronic neck pain, that drs wanted to burn my nerves in my neck to help with pain management. Carlos has helped me with the pain without the surgical treatments.Cami Mears19:15 05 Mar 21Carlos is amazing at what he does. He is very dedicated to his work and extremely knowledgeable of acupuncture. He helped me get rid of my pain and I highly recommend Carlos to anyone suffering.J M18:27 17 Sep 20Carlos Carpintero, L.Ac. Is a very good acupuncturist. He is very professional and has a good personality to put you to ease. I would whole heartedly recommend Carlos.Scott Trebes21:47 01 Jun 21I've been coming for few months now and can say all the good things about the place and Carlos. He's helped me with my back pain, bad migrainces, low energy levels, high stress level and boost my immune system. I continue going to keep myself healthy. I since then sent there my husband with his back pain and my Mom for her back problems, hands numbness and high blood pressure. Highly recommended!Aneta Cybruch21:27 14 Jan 22I have been experiencing join pain and chronic fatigue for 6 years. I have seen multiple doctors and have have been diagnosed with lupus and fibromyalgia. I have tried medicine with minimal improvement. My friends kept asking if I had ever tried acupuncture. 2 months ago, I have decided to make an appointment at One Community Acupuncture Center. At that time, I was experiencing constant fatigue for 3 weeks struggling to make it to the end of each day, taking care of my kids and having full time job. It was very easy to make an appointment with Carlos since he was willing to work with my schedule. The office setting is very calm and relaxing. Carlos provided compassionate care from the very beginning demonstrating effective listening skills, in depth knowledge about various treatments and accurate assessment of physical and emotional state of his patient. Just after the first acupuncture treatment my fatigue was gone! After every visit I feel relaxed, and when I wake up the next morning I keep thinking about how much energy I have all day, even when I work 12 hour shift! Carlos also provided treatment with cupping and that was incredibly helpful as well. My energy level increased so significantly that I am able to exercise on regular basis now. I am also able to manage my stress level much better. I am extremely happy and thankful for all the positive changes I have been experiencing since my first visit with Carlos. I feel 90% better now then before my first visit. Carlos' compassionate and insightful manner was not only able to improve my physical but also my psychological well-being, which I believe has significant impact on our overall health. I highly recommend One Community Acupuncture Center.Magdalena Socki10:49 16 Sep 21I came here by recommendation from my chiropractor suffering with very painful hip bursitis pain. Within 2 treatments I felt significant relief. The bonus treatment I received was relaxation, the acupuncturist Carlos found relaxation points to relax me as well. Outstanding treatment. Carlos listens, cares, and treats pain until it disappears!! I highly recommend One Community Acupuncture.Myra Onesimus12:00 20 Oct 21Carlos has been treating my husband for the past 2 month. He's been able to help him regain his strength and relieve pressure in his head that no neurologist has been to help him since there is no medical diagnosis. I highly recommend visiting Carlos.Alejandra Gonzalez01:44 01 Sep 21I started going to Carlos a little over a month ago after I tried many different types of therapies to try and relieve my upper back pain, but nothing was helping. Carlos took the time to understood my pain and the issues that I was feeling. After the first two sessions, I felt great! I have never had acupuncture or cupping before, so I was unsure what to expect. However, he takes the time to explain the process and makes you feel right at ease. I also feel so relaxed afterwards, which is another reason I like going. For anyone looking to get some pain relief after trying many different therapies, I would highly recommend trying acupuncture and going with Carlos.Ian Petersen20:35 14 May 22I had been struggling with bone on bone arthritis in my shoulder for almost 2 years. After a car accident the end of October, I began seeing Dr. Carpintero twice a week. After six weeks, my pain has significantly lessened and my range of motion is greatly improved. At the same time I am receiving acupuncture for the plantar fasciitis I have in both feet. That condition has also greatly improved. Surprisingly, one of the most profound shifts I have experienced is been in the amount of stamina and energy I have regained after adding acupuncture to my wellness practice. For anyone looking to enhance their health and well-being, I definitely recommend One Community Acupuncture Center.Pam Schilling21:06 14 Dec 22Great place he helps with all kinds of pain I've been having headaches for years I had an MRI from my doctor then went to the neurologist but nothing worked till I seen Carlos now I have no headaches it even helped me with anxiety try this place its covered by most insurance 5 stars I would give him 10 stars if I couldRon Rose21:37 01 Dec 22‹›
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Tag Archives: blood flow
Acupuncture for Boosting Your Circulation
Healthy blood circulation is a vital component of life for human beings. Without proper blood flow, life would cease to exist. Blood isn't the only thing that's important, it's what the blood is carrying that makes circulation so important. Blood carries fresh oxygen, hormones and nutrients that we absorb from our food. Without these components, the organs and tissues
Posted in Acupuncture, Circulation, Traditional Chinese Medicine Also tagged circulation, tcm Comments Off on Acupuncture for Boosting Your Circulation


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- DAB Cable: L = 5m / Z = 50 Ohm / C = 101 pF/m
- DAB Connector: SMB Female
- AM/FM Connector: Din Female To Toyota Male Adapter Included.
- DAB & AM/FM Power: 12V (dedicated mode)
- DAB Frequency Band: III band 174-240 Mhz
- AM/FM Frequency Band: AM band 0.52 – 1.71 MHz / FM 88-108 MHz
- DAB Gain (dB): III Band 16 dB
- AM/FM Gain (dB): AM 28 dB / FM 8dB
- AM/FM & DAB Consumption: 85 mA
- Overall Dimensions (LxWxH): 12cm x 8cm x 7cm
- Roof Mounting: 15mm x 15mm (Square) or 19mm Diameter
Compatible with the following LC200 Landcruiser Vehicles:-
- Late 2015 to Current VX and Sahara models with 9 inch screen
- Late 2015 to Current GXL with aftermarket headunit installed (additional adapters under related items may be required)
Q – Can these antennas be painted to match the vehicle colour?
A – It is not recommended to paint these antennas as it is known to affect the quality of the radio reception.
Q – Can these antennas be mounted under Roof Racks?
A – Extensive testing has not yet been completed on vehicles with Roof Racks so the performance can not yet be guaranteed.
Product Information
Calearo Antenna Brochure - Download
This product comes with a 1 Year return to base warranty against manufacturing defects. For all technical support or to make a warranty claim, contact the company/business that supplied/installed the product for you. Advanced ICE Pty Ltd is not liable for any remove or refit charges incurred. If the product fails within 30 days of purchase or installation, the product will be replaced or exchanged provided sufficient proof can be provided via picture or video that the fault/problem is as a result of a manufacturing defect. If the product fails after 30 days, the product should be returned to Advanced ICE Pty Ltd and it will be repaired or replaced once confirmation is made that the fault/problem is because of a manufacturing defect. This warranty does not cover faults related to user error, damage or incorrect installation.
Please contact the company/business that installed the product for you and arrange a time to have the product inspected. If you do not know this information or you are experiencing problems making the warranty claim, please log a support case by emailing Advanced ICE Pty Ltd directly on the below email address. Before emailing, please ensure you have a copy of the Proof of purchase, the products serial number (if product is serialised) and the product has been registered on the Advanced ICE website.
Advanced ICE Pty Ltd – Email – firstname.lastname@example.com – Website – www.advancedice.com.au
1 – This warranty document supersedes all other warranty information that may be listed on the Manufacturers website or in provided manuals or documentation.
2 – The end user agrees to use this product in compliance with all State and Federal laws. Advanced ICE Pty Ltd, the manufacturer or the seller will not be held liable for misuse of this product. If you do not agree, please do not purchase or install this product.
3 – We reserve the right to carry out technical changes to improve products at any time. Advanced ICE Pty Ltd does not guarantee that products can be updated with new features or software enhancements. If software updates are available, the product must be sent in at own cost. Advanced ICE Pty Ltd will not cover the labour cost for the removal and refitting of the product and other expenses involved with the software-updates.
4 – If the product is connected to or utilises the functionality or connectivity of other accessories or devices (ie Mobile Phone), Advanced ICE Pty Ltd does not guarantee the product will be compatible with future software updates of the device or new devices.
5 – Advanced ICE Pty Ltd does not guarantee that this product can be transferred to another vehicle, even though it may be a similar make and model.
6 – Advanced ICE Pty Ltd does not guarantee this product against future vehicle updates or warranty repairs (hardware or software) performed by the vehicle manufacturer.
7 – Please check with the vehicles manufacturer if installation of aftermarket products will affect the vehicles warranty before purchasing and/or installing this product. Advanced ICE Pty Ltd assumes no liability.
8 – Removal and refit charges related to any warranty claim are at the discretion of the seller of the product. If another seller is used for removal and refit of any warranty claim this will be payable by the end user.
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PLEASE NOTE: United States may span multiple time zones. We are using the America/Denver time zone. For more accuracy, choose specific cities for each location. For example, compare Europe to Indianapolis, IN with Europe to Phoenix, AZ.
Europe 11:17 AM on Wednesday, Dec 6, 2023
United States 3:17 AM on Wednesday, Dec 6, 2023
Unfortunately, there aren't any times that overlap between your normal working hours and theirs. The best we can do with the meeting planner is to expand the range to cover from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM your time (Europe).
To schedule a conference call or plan a meeting at the best time for both parties, you should try between 4:00 PM and 6:00 PM your time in Europe. That will end up being between 8:00 AM and 10:00 AM in United States. The chart below shows overlapping times.
If you live in Europe and you want to call a friend in United States, you can try calling them between 3:00 PM and 7:00 AM your time. This will be between 7AM - 11PM their time, since United States is 8 hours behind Europe.
If you're available any time, but you want to reach someone in United States at work, you may want to try between 5:00 PM and 1:00 AM your time. This is the best time to reach them from 9AM - 5PM during normal working hours.
|UTC+1 hour
|UTC-7 hours
|United States
Travelmath provides an online time zone converter for places all over the world. You can enter airports, cities, states, countries, or zip codes to find the time difference between any two locations. The calculator will automatically adjust for daylight saving time (DST) in the summer. You can use it as a meeting planner or a scheduler to find the best time to make international phone calls. World time zones have a positive or negative offset computed from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). UTC has uniform seconds defined by International Atomic Time (TAI), with leap seconds announced at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation. The tz database or zoneinfo database uses the closest city, rather than the more common Eastern, Central, Mountain or Pacific time zones in the United States. Countries often change their daylight saving rules, so please help us stay current by letting us know if you find any pages that need updates.


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Superceeded by the ietf draft.
Ogg Mapping for Opus
The IETF Opus codec is a low-latency audio codec optimized for both voice and general-purpose audio. See the Opus Specification for technical details.
Almost everything about Opus is either fixed or dynamically switchable, so most of the usual ID and setup header parameters in the header packets of an Ogg encapsulation aren't needed. In particular, bitrate, packet duration, mono/stereo flags, and coding modes are all dynamically switchable from packet to packet. The first one or two bytes in each data packet, the start of the 'TOC sequence' that defines the layout of the packet, specifies all of these parameters for that particular packet. See Section 3 of the Opus Specification for the exact format of the TOC sequence.
The remaining parameters that must be signaled are
- The magic number for stream identification,
- The stream count and coupling for multichannel audio, and
- Any metadata or tags.
Content Type
The recommended mime-type for Ogg Opus files is audio/ogg, defined in RFC 5334.
If more specificity is desired, one can distinguish Opus files as 'audio/ogg; codecs=opus'.
The recommended filename extension for Ogg Opus files is .opus.
Packet Organization
Opus is framed in a continuous logical Ogg stream.
There are two mandatory headers. The granule position of the pages containing these headers MUST be zero.
The first packet in the logical Ogg stream MUST contain the identification header, which uniquely identifies a stream as Opus audio. It MUST begin with the 8 bytes "OpusHead". It MUST be placed alone in the first page of the logical Ogg stream. This page MUST have the 'beginning of stream' flag set.
The second Opus packet MUST contain the comment header. It must begin with the 8 bytes "OpusTags". It MAY span one or more pages, beginning on the second page of the logical stream. However many pages it spans, the comment header packet MUST finish the page on which it ends.
All subsequent pages are audio data pages and the packets they contain are audio data packets. The first audio page SHOULD NOT have the 'continued packet' flag set (which would indicate the first audio packet is continued from a previous page). Packets MUST be placed into Ogg pages in order until the end of stream. Audio packets MAY span page boundaries. A decoder MUST treat a zero-byte audio packet as if it were an Opus packet with an illegal TOC sequence. The last page SHOULD have the 'end of stream' flag set, but implementations should be prepared to deal with truncated streams which do not have a page marked 'end of stream'. The final packet SHOULD complete on the last page, i.e., the final lacing value should be less than 255. There MUST NOT be any more pages in an Opus logical stream after a page marked 'end of stream'.
Granule Position
The granule position of an audio page encodes the total number of PCM samples in the stream up to and including the last fully-decodable sample from the last packet completed on that page. A page that is entirely spanned by a single packet (that completes on a subsequent page) has no granule position, and the granule position field MUST be set to the special value '-1' in two's complement.
The granule position of an audio page is in units of PCM audio samples at a fixed rate of 48 kHz (per channel; a stereo stream's granule position does not increment at twice the speed of a mono stream). It is possible to run a decoder at other sampling rates, but the format and this specification always count samples assuming a 48 kHz decoding rate.
The duration of an Opus packet may be any multiple of 2.5 ms, up to a maximum of 120 ms. This duration is encoded in the TOC sequence at the beginning of each packet. The number of samples returned by a decoder corresponds to this duration exactly, even for the first few packets. For example, a 20 ms packet fed to a decoder running at 48 kHz will always return 960 samples. A demuxer can parse these TOC sequences to work backwards or forwards from a packet with a known granule position (i.e., the last packet completed on some page) in order to assign granule positions to every packet, or even every individual sample. The one exception is the last page in the stream, as described below.
All other pages with completed packets after the first MUST have a granule position equal to the number of samples contained in packets that complete on that page plus the granule position of the most recent page with completed packets. This guarantees that a demuxer can assign individual packets the same granule position when working forwards as when working backwards. There must not be any gaps. In order to support capturing a stream that uses discontinuous transmission (DTX), an encoder SHOULD emit packets that explicitly request the use of Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) (i.e., with a frame length of 0, as defined in Section 3.2.1 of the Opus Specification) in place of the packets that were not transmitted.
There is some amount of latency introduced during the decoding process, to allow for overlap in the MDCT modes, stereo mixing in the LP modes, and resampling, and the encoder will introduce even more latency (though the exact amount is not specified). Therefore the first few samples produced by the decoder do not correspond to any real, input audio, but are instead composed of padding inserted by the encoder to compensate for this latency. These samples must be stored and decoded, as Opus is an asymptotically convergent predictive codec, meaning the decoded contents of each frame depend on the recent history of decoder inputs. A 'pre-skip' field in the ID header signals the number of samples which should be skipped at the beginning of the stream. This provides sufficient history to the decoder so that it has already converged before the stream's output begins. It may also be used to perform sample-accurate cropping of existing encoded streams. This amount need not be a multiple of 2.5 ms, may be smaller than a single packet, or may span the contents of several packets.
The PCM sample position is determined from the granule position using the formula
'PCM sample position' = 'granule position' - 'pre-skip' .
For example, if the granule position of the first page is 59971, and the pre-skip is 11971, then the PCM sample position of the last decoded sample from the first page is 48000. This may be converted into a playback time using the formula
'PCM sample position' 'playback time' = --------------------- . 48000.0
The initial PCM sample position before any samples are played is normally '0'. In this case, the PCM sample position of the first audio sample to be played starts at '1', because it marks the time on the clock after that sample has been played, and a stream that is exactly one second long has a final PCM sample position of '48000', as in the example here.
Vorbis streams use a granule position smaller than the number of audio samples contained in the first page to indicate that some of those samples must be trimmed from the output. However, to do so it requires that the first page contains exactly two packets, in order to allow the decoder to perform PCM position adjustments before needing to return any PCM data. Opus uses the pre-skip mechanism for this purpose instead, since the encoder may introduce more than a single packet's worth of latency, and since very large packets in streams with a very large number of channels may not fit on a single page.
The page with the 'end of stream' flag set MAY have a granule position that indicates the page contains less audio data than would normally be returned by decoding up through the final packet. This is used to end the stream somewhere other than an even frame boundary. The granule position of the most recent audio page with completed packets is used to make this determination, or '0' is used if there were no previous audio pages with a completed packet. The difference between these granule positions indicates how many samples to keep after decoding the packets that completed on the final page. The remaining samples are discarded. The number of discarded samples SHOULD be smaller than the number decoded from the last packet.
The granule position of the first audio page with a completed packet MAY be larger than the number of samples contained in packets that complete on that page, however it MUST NOT be smaller, unless that page has the 'end of stream' flag set. Allowing a granule position larger than the number of samples allows the beginning of a stream to be cropped without rewriting the granule position of all the remaining pages. This means that the PCM sample position just before the first sample to be played may be larger than '0', but the PCM sample position relative to '0' should still be used for the purposes of synchronization when multiplexing with other logical streams. This does not affect the behavior of pre-skip: exactly 'pre-skip' samples should be skipped from the beginning of the decoded output, even if the initial PCM sample position is greater than zero.
On the other hand, a granule position that is smaller than the number of decoded samples prevents a demuxer from working backwards to assign each packet or each individual sample a valid granule position, since granule positions must be non-negative. A decoder MUST reject as invalid any stream where the granule position is smaller than the number of samples contained in packets that complete on the first page with a completed packet, unless that page has the 'end of stream' flag set. It MAY defer this action until it decodes the last packet completed on that page. If that page has the 'end of stream' flag set, a demuxer can work forwards from the granule position '0', but MUST reject as invalid any stream where the granule position is smaller than the 'pre-skip' amount. This would indicate that more samples should be skipped from the initial decoded output than exist in the stream.
ID Header
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 'O' | 'p' | 'u' | 's' | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 'H' | 'e' | 'a' | 'd' | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | version = 1 | channel count | pre-skip | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | original input sample rate in Hz | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | output gain Q7.8 in dB | channel map | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : | | : optional channel mapping table... : | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Brief description of each field:
- Magic signature: "OpusHead" (64 bits) - Version number (8 bits unsigned): 0x01 for this spec - Channel count 'c' (8 bits unsigned): MUST be > 0 - Pre-skip (16 bits unsigned, little endian) - Input sample rate (32 bits unsigned, little endian): informational only - Output gain (16 bits, little endian, signed Q7.8 in dB) to apply when decoding - Channel mapping family (8 bits unsigned) -- 0 = one stream: mono or L,R stereo -- 1 = channels in vorbis spec order: mono or L,R stereo or ... or FL,C,FR,RL,RR,LFE, ... -- 2..254 = reserved (treat as 255) -- 255 = no defined channel meaning If channel mapping family > 0 - Stream count 'N' (8 bits unsigned): MUST be > 0 - Two-channel stream count 'M' (8 bits unsigned): MUST satisfy M <= N, M+N <= 255 - Channel mapping (8*c bits) -- one stream index (8 bits unsigned) per channel (255 means silent throughout the file)
Detailed definition of each field:
- Magic signature
The magic signature "OpusHead" allows codec identification and is human readable. Starting with 'Op' helps distinguish it from data packets, as this is an invalid TOC sequence.
- Version
The version number MUST always be '1' for this version of the encapsulation specification.
Implementations SHOULD treat streams where the upper four bits of the version number match a recognized specification as backwards-compatible with that specification. That is, the version number can be considered split into "major" and "minor" version sub-fields, with changes to the "minor" sub-field in the lower four bits signaling compatible changes. For example, a decoder implementing this specification SHOULD accept any stream with a version number 15 or less, and SHOULD assume any stream with a version number 16 or greater is incompatible. The initial version '1' was chosen to keep implementations from relying on this byte as a null terminator for the OpusHead string.
- Channel count 'c'
The number of channels byte specifies the number of output channels (1...255) for this Ogg Opus stream.
- Pre-skip
This is the number of samples (at 48 kHz) to discard from the decoder output when starting playback, and also the number to subtract from a page's granule position to calculate its PCM sample position.
When constructing cropped Ogg Opus streams, a pre-skip of at least 3840 samples (80 ms) is RECOMMENDED to ensure complete convergence.
- Input sample rate
This is not the sample rate to use for playback of the encoded data.
Opus has a handful of coding modes, with internal audio bandwidths of 4, 6, 8, 12, and 20 kHz. Each packet in the stream may have a different audio bandwidth. Regardless of the audio bandwidth, the reference decoder supports decoding any stream at a sample rate of 8, 12, 16, 24, or 48 kHz. The original sample rate of the encoder input is not preserved by the lossy compression.
An Ogg Opus player SHOULD select the playback sample rate according to the following procedure:
- If the hardware supports 48 kHz playback, decode at 48 kHz,
- else if the hardware's highest available sample rate is a supported rate, decode at this sample rate,
- else if the hardware's highest available sample rate is less than 48 kHz, decode at the next higher supported rate and resample,
- else decode at 48 kHz and resample.
However, the 'input sample rate' field allows the encoder to pass the sample rate of the original input stream as metadata. This may be useful when the user requires the output sample rate to match the input sample rate. For example, a non-player decoder writing PCM format to disk might choose to resample the output audio back to the original input rate to reduce surprise to the user, who might reasonably expect to get back a file with the same sample rate as the one they fed to the encoder.
A value of zero indicates 'unspecified'. Encoders SHOULD write the actual input rate or zero, but decoder implementations which do something with this field SHOULD take care to behave sanely if given crazy values (e.g. don't actually upsample the output to 10 MHz if requested).
- Output gain
This is a gain to be applied by the decoder. Virtually all players and media frameworks should apply it by default. If a player chooses to apply any volume adjustment or gain modification, such as the R128_TRACK_GAIN or a user-facing volume knob, the adjustment MUST be applied in addition to this output gain in order to achieve playback at the desired volume.
An encoder SHOULD set the output gain to zero, and instead apply any gain prior to encoding, when this is possible and does not conflict with the user's wishes. The output gain should only be nonzero when the gain is adjusted after encoding, or when the user wishes to adjust the gain for playback while preserving the ability to recover the original signal amplitude.
Although the output gain has enormous range (+/- 128 dB, enough to amplify inaudible sounds to the threshold of physical pain), most applications can only reasonably use a small portion of this range around zero. The large range serves in part to ensure that gain can always be losslessly transferred between OpusHead and R128_TRACK_GAIN (see below) without saturating.
The gain is the 20 log10 ratio of output to input sample values to be applied to the decoder output. E.g.
sample *= pow(10, header.gain/(20.*256)) where header.gain is the raw 16 bit Q7.8 value from the header.
- Channel mapping family
This byte indicates the order and semantic meaning of the various channels encoded in each Opus packet.
Each possible value of this byte indicates a mapping family, which defines a set of allowed numbers of channels, and the ordered set of channel names for each allowed number of channels. Currently there are three defined mapping families, although more may be added:
- Family 0 (RTP mapping)
- Allowed numbers of channels: 1 or 2
- 1 channel: monophonic (mono)
- 2 channels: stereo (left, right)
- Special mapping: this channel mapping value also indicates that the contents consists of a single Opus stream that is stereo if and only if c==2, with stream index 0 mapped to channel 0, and (if stereo) stream index 1 mapped to channel 1. When the channel mapping byte has this value, no further fields are present in OpusHead.
- Family 1 (Vorbis channel order)
- Allowed numbers of channels: 1 ... 8
- Channel meanings depend on the number of channels, see the Vorbis mapping for details.
- Family 255 (no defined channel meaning)
- Allowed numbers of channels: 1...255
- Channels are unidentified. General-purpose players SHOULD NOT attempt to play these streams, and offline decoders MAY deinterleave the output into separate PCM files, one per channel. Decoders SHOULD NOT produce output for channels mapped to stream index 255 (pure silence) unless they have no other way to indicate the index of non-silent channels.
The remaining channel mapping families (2...254) are reserved. A decoder encountering a reserved mapping byte should act as though the mapping byte is 255.
An Ogg Opus player MUST play any Ogg Opus stream with a channel mapping family of 0 or 1, even if the number of channels does not match the physically connected audio hardware. Players SHOULD perform channel mixing to increase or reduce the number of channels as needed.
- Stream count 'N'
This field indicates the total number of streams so the decoder can correctly parse the packed Opus packets inside the Ogg packet.
For channel mapping family 0, this value defaults to 1, and is not coded.
A multi-channel Opus file is composed of one or more individual Opus streams, each of which produce one or two channels of decoded data. Each Ogg packet contains one Opus packet from each stream. The first N-1 Opus packets are packed using the self-delimiting framing from Appendix B of the Opus Specification. The remaining Opus packet is packed using the regular, undelimited framing from Section 3 of the Opus Specification. All the Opus packets in a single Ogg packet MUST be constrained to produce the same number of decoded samples. A decoder SHOULD treat any Opus packet whose duration is different from that of the first Opus packet in an Ogg packet as if it were an Opus packet with an illegal TOC sequence.
- Two-channel stream count 'M'
Describes the number of streams whose decoders should be configured to produce two channels. This must be no larger than the number of total streams.
For channel mapping family 0, this value defaults to c-1 (i.e., 0 for mono and 1 for stereo), and is not coded.
Each packet in an Opus stream has an internal channel count of 1 or 2, which can change from packet to packet. This is selected by the encoder depending on the bitrate and the contents being encoded. The original channel count of the encoder input is not preserved by the lossy compression.
Regardless of the internal channel count, any Opus stream may be decoded as mono (a single channel) or stereo (two channels) by appropriate initialization of the decoder. The "two-channel stream count" field indicates that the first M Opus decoders should be initialized in stereo mode, and the remaining N-M decoders should be initialized in mono mode. The total number of decoded channels (M+N) MUST be no larger than 255, as there is no way to index more channels than that in the channel mapping.
- Channel mapping
Contains one index per output channel indicating which decoded channel should be used. If the index is less than 2*M, the output MUST be taken from decoding stream (index/2) as stereo and selecting the left channel if index is even, and the right channel if index is odd. If the index is 2*M or larger, the output MUST be taken from decoding stream (index-M) as mono. As a special case, an index of 255 means that the corresponding output channel MUST contain pure silence.
For channel mapping family 0, the first index defaults to 0, and if c==2, the second index defaults to 1. Neither index is coded.
The number of output channels (c) is not constrained to match the number of decoded channels (M+N). A single index MAY appear multiple times, i.e., the same decoded channel may be mapped to multiple output channels. Some decoded channels might not be assigned to any output channel, as well.
Comment Header
- 8 byte 'OpusTags' magic signature (64 bits) - The remaining data follows the vorbis-comment header design used in OggVorbis (without the "framing-bit"), OggTheora, and Speex: * Vendor string (always present). ** 4-byte little-endian length field, followed by length bytes of UTF-8 vendor string. * TAG=value metadata strings (zero or more). ** 4-byte little-endian string count. ** Count strings consisting of 4-byte little-endian length and length bytes of UTF-8 string in "tag=value" form.
One new comment field is introduced for Ogg Opus:
representing the volume shift needed to normalize the track's volume. The gain is a Q7.8 fixed point number in dB, as in the OpusHead "output gain" field. This field is similar to the REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_GAIN field in Vorbis, although the normal volume reference is the EBU-R128 standard.
An Ogg Opus file MUST NOT have more than one such field, and if present its value MUST be an integer from -32768 to +32767 inclusive, represented in ASCII with no whitespace. If present, it MUST correctly represent the R128 normalization gain (relative to the OpusHead output gain). If a player chooses to make use of the TRACK_GAIN, it MUST be applied in addition to the OpusHead output gain. If an encoder populates the TRACK_GAIN field, and the output gain is not otherwise constrained or specified, the encoder SHOULD write the R128 gain into the OpusHead output gain and write "R128_TRACK_GAIN=0". If a tool modifies the OpusHead "output gain" field, it MUST also update or remove the R128_TRACK_GAIN comment field.
There is no comment field corresponding to Replaygain's ALBUM_GAIN; that information should instead be stored in the OpusHead 'output gain' field.
To avoid confusion with multiple normalization schemes, an OpusTags packet SHOULD NOT contain any of the REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_GAIN, REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_PEAK, REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_GAIN, or REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_PEAK fields.
Other Implementation Notes
When seeking within an Ogg Opus stream, the decoder should start decoding (and discarding the output) at least 3840 samples (80 ms) prior to the seek point in order to ensure that the output audio is correct at the seek point.
Technically valid Opus packets can be arbitrarily large due to the padding format, although the amount of non-padding data they can contain is bounded. These packets may be spread over a similarly enormous number of Ogg pages. Encoders SHOULD use no more padding than required to make a variable bitrate (VBR) stream constant bitrate (CBR). Decoders SHOULD avoid attempting to allocate excessive amounts of memory when presented with a very large packet. The presence of an extremely large packet in the stream could indicate a potential memory exhaustion attack or stream corruption. Decoders should reject a packet that is too large to process, and print a warning message.
In an Ogg Opus stream, the largest possible valid packet that does not use padding has a size of (61,298*N - 2) bytes, or about 60 kB per Opus stream. With 255 streams, this is 15,630,988 bytes (14.9 MB) and can span up to 61,298 Ogg pages, all but one of which will have a granulepos of -1. This is of course a very extreme packet, consisting of 255 streams, each containing 120 ms of audio encoded as 2.5 ms frames, each frame using the maximum possible number of bytes (1275) and stored in the least efficient manner allowed (a VBR code 3 Opus packet). Even in such a packet, most of the data will be zeros, as 2.5 ms frames, which are required to run in the MDCT mode, cannot actually use all 1275 bytes. The largest packet consisting entirely of useful data is (15,326*N - 2) bytes, or about 15 kB per stream. This corresponds to 120 ms of audio encoded as 10 ms frames in either LP or Hybrid mode, but at a data rate of over 1 Mbps, which makes little sense for the quality achieved. A more reasonable limit is (7,664*N - 2) bytes, or about 7.5 kB per stream. This corresponds to 120 ms of audio encoded as 20 ms stereo MDCT-mode frames, with a total bitrate just under 511 kbps (not counting the Ogg encapsulation overhead). With N=8, the maximum useful number of streams for the channel meanings currently defined by mapping family 1, this gives a maximum packet size of 61,310 bytes, or just under 60 kB. This is still quite conservative, as it assumes each output channel is taken from one decoded channel of a stereo packet. An implementation could reasonably choose any of these numbers for its internal limits.
Test Vectors
- Planned test vectors for OggOpus
- Opus test vectors