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George Kaufman
The first criminal investigation in Australia – and one of the first in the world – to use DNA to solve a case.
by Liz Porter
The affluent middle-class suburb of North Caulfield, in the southern Australian city of Melbourne, is the kind of area that sends real estate brokers into rhapsodies about "lifestyle" and "leafy outlooks." Narong Road is located in the very heart of this safe and conservative area. Quiet, respectable and offering a mix of low-rise apartment blocks and spacious houses, it's a popular address for religious Jewish families because of the short walk to the nearby Caulfield synagogue on the Sabbath.
Yet, over four years in the early to mid-1980s, this pleasant little street became the favorite hunting ground of a brutal and coolly efficient rapist.
The attacks, which began in March 1982 and continued until September 1986, were on women aged from their 20s to 55 and living in the southeastern Melbourne suburbs of Caulfield, Armadale, St. Kilda or areas adjacent to them. There were odd patterns in their occurrence, with intense bursts of activity followed by periods of quiet. Five rapes took place between March and July 1982, the first in Narong Road. Then, between September 1984 and January 1985, there were five more – beginning, again, in Narong Road. A hiatus of almost 18 months followed. Then the rapist resurfaced in July 1986. Once again, his first victim lived in a flat in Narong Road.
With his face masked by a balaclava or clothing and with gloves or socks on his hands to avoid depositing fingerprints, the rapist left so little in the way of traces that the 1988 police operation set up to trap him was dubbed "Operation Shadow."
Modus Operandi
The mere outline of his modus operandi may still send a shiver of fear through any woman who lives alone in a ground-floor flat. Especially a flat in a block which, like many in Narong Road, backed on to a laneway. Having observed his target's home to ascertain the lack of a male resident, the man would break in while the woman was out and burgle the premises. He would then prepare for her return by searching her bedroom for clothing he could use to gag, blindfold and tie her up. He would lie in wait, chain-smoking cigarettes, flushing the butts down the toilet, and arming himself with a kitchen knife or razorblade he had found on the premises. When his victim returned, he would grab her from behind, tie her hands and legs, blindfold and gag her, and rape her. He forced his victims to perform oral sex on him, sometimes washing himself and the victim afterwards. He sometimes also raped his victims vaginally, although he had trouble getting an erection. He would always demand money and insist that his terrified victims then give him time to escape.
Back in 1982 when the rapes first started, Stephen Fontana was a 25-year-old detective senior constable based at Elsternwick, a suburb less than two miles from Narong Road. Accordingly, he was part of a special operation set up after police noted the similarities in the assailant's mode of attack and concluded that a serial rapist was operating. Most nights, plainclothes officers patrolled the area, hoping to intercept the man before his next attack. They could do little else. The attacker's efficiency left them with no leads for other methods of inquiry.
Like the kitchen knife or razor, the stockings the man used to tied up and blindfold his victims were always their property. If he had brought tape or rope with him, it might be traced. The victims always lived in ground-floor flats, some of which had been previously burgled. The only evidence that was available – the man's semen – was collected when the victim was medically examined and stored. It would only be useful when the police finally had a suspect. A new policy on so-called unknown offender rapes had decreed that all samples taken after these rapes should be screened for semen, then bagged, labeled and stored at -94°F.
If the rapes had happened now, and the rapist had any kind of criminal record, his DNA profile would have been one of hundreds of thousands on the Australian national DNA database, and these semen samples would have been enough to implicate him. But this was 1982. The use of DNA as an investigative tool was still years in the future.
And who were the police looking for? Because of his mask and the trauma of an ordeal that lasted for several hours, victims could offer police only the vaguest of details about their attacker's appearance. Then, in July 1982, the rapes suddenly ceased.
The Rapist Ends His Hiatus
The rapist resumed his attacks in September 1984, attacking five women between September 7 and January 2, 1985. But these crimes were only later positively identified as this particular rapist's work. Other serial sex offenders were at large for long periods during the 1980s – one, in particular, operating across Melbourne's eastern suburbs. This fact was later directly attributed to the lack of a central rape squad with the ability to quickly gather and compare information from investigations carried out by different divisions of the force and into previous similar incidents.
Then, on the night of July 5, 1986, a man with a balaclava over his face emerged from his hiding place in a Narong Road apartment, grabbed the terrified female occupant, held a knife to her throat and raped her. Three similar attacks ensued in the adjoining suburb of Armadale and a few suburbs away on August 3, 11 and 25. After the fifth of these attacks, a small task force of local detectives was set up to catch the man. Fortunately for the investigation, Steve Fontana was one of the officers co-opted to the group.
Detective Steve Fontana on the Case
Now a sergeant with the Caulfield crime car squad, his memories of the 1982 Narong Road rapes were still fresh. To Fontana, this coincidence of location seemed ominous. But what, he wondered, had this rapist been doing in the meantime? A chart of unsolved rapes at the police's Criminal Record Branch was his first step towards an answer.
Its column headings summarized methods used in the different crimes: masks or no masks; balaclavas; knives; no weapons at all; daytime or night-time. After many hours of poring over files, Fontana had collected a pile of 35 folders, all "possible" on this criminal's brutal CV. Feeling increasingly sick at heart, he read through all 35 victims' statements.
The rape task force officers had documented a spate of burglaries in the same area. The wave of 1982 rapes had also been associated with break-ins, and Fontana was certain there was a connection. By August 1986, he could point to some evidence to support his theory. On August 8, 1986, a woman living alone in Armadale, arrived home late to find the unmistakably heavy odor of recently smoked cigarettes in the air of her usually fresh-smelling apartment. Shocked, she turned to speak to her boyfriend, who was a few steps behind her in the hallway. There was a sudden crash from inside the flat as an intruder who had been waiting in another room knocked over a photo frame and stepped down hard on it in his rush to escape out a window. Walking into her bedroom, the woman found pantyhose and scarves spread out on her bed.
The Narong Road rapist, Fontana noted, had prepared in just this way, laying out beforehand the material he needed to tie up and blindfold his victims. On this occasion, the intruder, so careful in other ways, had been unable to control the circumstances of his sudden exit. He had left a footprint on the glass of the photo frame. The shoe sole had an odd circular pattern, characteristic of a certain kind of Nike runner. The kind available locally had a blue sole, the investigators had been told by the shoe's importers. A footprint like this one had also been recorded at the scene of a few other break-ins in the area.
Almost Nabbed – But a Breakthrough
On August 30, a ground-floor apartment in Narong Road was burgled, and money and jewelry were stolen. Told about it by a colleague from Elsternwick police, Fontana urged that every robbery in the area be closely scrutinized. Further investigations revealed that, besides also stealing pantyhose and a kitchen knife, the intruder had spent time in the flat – eating chocolate, watching TV and smoking. It looked as if he had been waiting for the female occupant to return from her Saturday night outing.
"I just had a gut feeling he was going to come back," recalls Fontana. Backing his instinct, he insisted on setting up a "sting," placing a fellow officer in the same flat the following Saturday night, September 6. He badly wanted to be there himself, but his 30th birthday was on September 7 and the Saturday night had been set for a celebration with his wife.
At 9:35 p.m. the following Saturday, the policeman waiting inside the Narong Road flat heard the doorbell ring. An hour later, his adrenaline surged at the unmistakable sound of a window being forced open. With every creak of the window frame discernible in the silence, he couldn't use his police radio. Reaching his hand out to the phone, he began to dial the local police station. But with his first turn of the dial, there was a click and a ringing sound from another phone extension somewhere else in the flat. He hadn't seen it earlier. He heard a thump and the sound of running feet as the would-be intruder fled.
Within minutes, police cars were screeching to a halt downstairs, and officers were rushing to seal off the surrounding streets. They knocked on doors and scoured every laneway and garden, but found no sign of their quarry.
By midnight Fontana was home, birthday celebrations forgotten as he directed the operation by phone, ordering a check on the license number of every car parked in the surrounding streets. Through the night, police were called to three other break-ins – all flats in Narong Road where the intruder had hidden during the police search. One of them was a flat whose occupant had been raped two months earlier on July 5, in the first of this assailant's wave of 1986 attacks. It was in this flat that police found one of the characteristic round-patterned Nike footprints.
The car registration checks and follow-up calls yielded one car, a Ford sedan parked in a nearby road and not owned by a resident or known visitor. It was traced to a car yard. Its owner told Fontana that the Ford had been lent to a mate of his. The man's name was George Gerald Kaufman.
George Kaufman – Heroin Addict and Rapist
As the detective ran through the results of his background check on this man, Fontana felt like a poker player who had just been dealt two pairs of aces. Kaufman was a drug user and convicted thief who had done several prison stints over recent years. His dates of incarceration (September 1982 to August 1984, and January 1985 to early July 1986) coincided exactly with the periods when the rapist had been out of action. The first rape in the most recent series had happened on July 5. Kaufman had been released from prison the day before.
The scant descriptive details available ("between 25 and 35 years old"; "between 175 and 183 cm tall"; "of slim build"; "probably with brown hair;" and "Australian") matched. Kaufman was 5 feet 10 inches tall (178 cm) of medium build, with brown hair and blue eyes. A report after one attack also quoted a victim as saying he was "well-spoken." At the time, he was living within less than a mile from the Armadale break-in.
The day after his visit to the car yard, Fontana approached Kaufman for an interview, carefully restricting his questions to the break-ins on the previous Saturday night. He didn't want his quarry to know he was a rape suspect. Politely and calmly, Kaufman denied all knowledge of the incident. Without a scintilla of evidence to back his instincts, the detective had to let the suspect go. He assuaged his disappointment with a review of recent break-ins in the area, and discovered a clutch of "unsolved" around Narong Road. They were Kaufman's too, he believed. Fontana arranged for Kaufman to be placed under surveillance, briefly, but the suspect didn't put a foot wrong.
The officer in charge of the task force was unimpressed with Fontana's instincts. Kaufman's criminal history of theft and heroin use contained nothing to qualify him as a potential sex offender. Heroin suppresses the sex drive and the ability to get an erection. (Of course, with the wisdom of hindsight, the mystery assailant's difficulties in achieving an erection could also have been a clue to the possibility of his being a heroin user.)
With three more attacks in September, the task force followed other leads, investigating other suspects and arresting another man for a similar-sounding rape in the area. This man had left fingerprints and his victim had identified him. But all police in the suburbs around Caulfield, Armadale and St. Kilda had been briefed to watch out for any offender wearing Nike runners with the unusual round-patterned sole.
Nike Shoes
In November 1986, St. Kilda police spotted George Kaufman entering a motel. He was wearing Nike runners like the ones they had been told to look for – except they had a red sole. They radioed Fontana and his colleagues, who immediately descended on the motel, seized the Nike runners, and sent them to the shoe-mark experts at the State Forensic Science Laboratory. These investigators already had moulds of the footprints left at recent robberies, as well as the photo frame with a footprint left by the intruder in the Armadale flat on August 8.
The job went into the queue, and Fontana spent Christmas looking forward to the prospect of a result. By January he had one: Kaufman's shoe, the forensic report said, could be positively identified as the shoe that had left the mark on the picture frame. A small surveillance operation was then mounted on Kaufman. He needed to be caught in the act – and burglary would do for a start.
Kaufman's Arrest
On the night of January 31, 1987, Fontana and three colleagues followed Kaufman to an address in Caulfield. They watched from their van as he walked into an apartment block, returned to his car, opened the boot, removed a jimmy and walked back on to the property. Suddenly an alarm went off, and a panicked Kaufman took off down the road.
Fontana was chilled by the man's reaction when the police caught up with him. In their previous encounters, Kaufman had been calm to the point of meekness. The man in front of him was a different creature. Fired up, sweating and aggressive, he was ready to take a swing at his plain-clothes pursuers, until they pounced on him and threw him in the back of the van.
"I thought: 'This is what he's like when he's confronted those women,'" Fontana recalls.
By the time the group had arrived at the police station, Kaufman was back to his usual cool self.
But Fontana knew better. The detective wasn't surprised when, asked about the Armadale Street break-in, Kaufman denied having left the flat occupant's pantyhose out on the bed as part of preparations to rape her. Knowing he had the footprint evidence, Fontana charged Kaufman with the crime anyway, along with the burglary he and his colleagues had caught him starting.
By April 1987, Kaufman was serving a 16-month prison term for that burglary, with his release date set for August 1988. Fontana was shattered when, a few months later, a magistrate dismissed the "burglary with attempt to rape" charges at a committal hearing (a pre-hearing held to determine whether there is enough evidence for a properly instructed jury to convict on). No jury would convict on the basis of a single footprint, the magistrate argued.
"I told you – I'm not the rapist," Kaufman called out as he was led out of the court and back to prison to serve the rest of his sentence.
"George, I'll be waiting for you when you get out," Fontana replied.
The detective remained true to his word. But by early 1988 he was looking back on a year of frustration in his quest to trap Kaufman. His commanding officer on the task force, who had arrested Kaufman on prior occasions on drug and theft charges, continued to reject Fontana's insistence that Kaufman was the Narong Road rapist. He was the boss; Fontana was just a sergeant in the crime car squad.
Yet, Fontana felt he knew George Kaufman. He understood what he was capable of – and how his mind worked. The stakeout on his 30th birthday in September 1986 hadn't been the only time he had predicted the rapist's next target. A few weeks later, he had been investigating a break-in at a block of units in a laneway in Armadale where a woman had fought off a balaclava-clad attacker. (The tell-tale Nike footprints had been found later in another flat where the perpetrator had broken in to hide). Fontana had looked through the window of the flat next-door, where women's underwear could be seen drying on a clothes rack, in full view of any prowler.
"He'll hit that flat," Fontana had said, frustrated that the flat's occupant was out at the time and couldn't be warned about the possible dangers she was facing. An hour later he was called to the block, when a man was seen trying to break into the flat he had identified.
With no support from above, all Steve Fontana could do was write a report, recommending that Kaufman be targeted on his release – and put it on file.
A New Rape-Investigation Team is Formed
In April 1988, Kaufman was still in prison and Fontana was still thinking about him. But his hopes of finally catching the rapist soared when he was asked to join a new Victoria Police team, headed by Detective-Inspector (and now Assistant Commissioner) Dannye Moloney. Moloney had been allotted the task of evaluating and improving Victoria Police's methods of rape investigation. Scanning the force to find people with a demonstrated interest in the area, he came across Steve Fontana's name. Fontana agreed to join the team on one condition: that he could investigate Kaufman the moment he was released.
Moloney agreed. He had been researching UK and U.S. police force advances in rape investigation and what he had read had filled him with huge optimism. Police overseas were beginning to use a revolutionary new tool in crime investigation, known as DNA. The scientists over at the State Forensic Science Laboratory were excited about it, and other Australian police were also interested.
A few months earlier, Tasmanian police investigating a murder/rape case had sent samples to the UK for DNA analysis, while ACT police were making plans to send samples to a U.S. company. In Victoria, the homicide squad had been talking about using DNA analysis in an unsolved murder case. The Kaufman case might be the Victorian rape investigators' chance to have a go at this promising-sounding new technology.
The big challenge ahead for Moloney was convincing the top brass in the police hierarchy of the benefits of this expensive, untested and (for them) unheard-of technique in rape investigation. The process was very difficult to explain – and the exercise of sending samples to a U.S. lab would leave little change from $20,000.
The Birth of DNA Fingerprinting
During the period in which the Narong Road rapist had been operating, a UK-based scientist had made the most dramatic discovery in the entire history of forensic science. In 1984, University of Leicester molecular biologist Professor Alec Jeffreys had developed a technique he called DNA fingerprinting.
DNA (or deoxyribo- nucleic acid) is a long double-stranded spiral molecule coiled inside the nucleus of most human cells. It is composed of four different molecules, which scientists often describe as chemical "letters" in a four-letter alphabet. These "letters" (actually the building-block molecules adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine) repeat millions of times down the long DNA molecule to form different patterns. Some points on the long DNA strand feature patterns which code for general human characteristics (such as heart function). Other patterns code for variations such as hair or eye color. Jeffreys was looking at those areas of the DNA molecule that don't appear to code for anything, but which vary widely from individual to individual and feature repetitions or "stutters" of code letters, different in every individual. The scientist had discovered a way of recording and comparing those "stutters" (called mini-satellites), producing the results of his analyses as a pattern of bands or stripes on X-ray film – like barcodes. Instead of denoting supermarket products, they referred to part of the genetic make-up of an individual human being.
In 1985, Jeffreys' expertise had been used in an immigration case to prove that a young man who had been accused of being an illegal immigrant was, in fact, the son of a UK citizen. The same year, the scientist and his team were able to refine their DNA analysis, devising a new technique they called DNA profiling. Instead of looking at several mini-satellites at once, which produced a result that was hard to interpret, the new technique isolated individual mini-satellites at different points on the DNA molecule. This new method produced a pattern on X-ray film that was easier to read and interpret because it showed just two bands per individual – one from the person's mother and one from their father.
In 1986, the Leicestershire police came to Jeffreys for help with two unsolved murders. In 1983, a 15-year-old schoolgirl had been raped and murdered in the small village of Enderby. In 1986, when another teenage girl was raped and murdered in a strikingly similar way in the nearby village of Narborough, police had arrested a 17-year-old youth who had been working as a kitchen porter at a local mental institution. The youth had been spotted near the murder scene on several occasions, had a history of molesting children, and couldn't give police a reason for his presence near the lane where the girl's body had been found. Already emotionally disturbed, the intimidated teenager cracked under the pressure of the police questioning and confessed to the second murder. But he continued to frustrate the police with his stubborn denial of any involvement in the first.
In November 1986, the police decided to use science to tell them what the young man wouldn't. Confident of finding a match that would tie up their case, they asked Professor Jeffreys to compare the suspect's blood to semen samples taken from the two victims.
The detectives were shocked with the results. While the DNA profiles of the two semen samples from the different scenes matched each other, they didn't match the profile of the suspect's blood sample. Jeffreys, fearing that the technology might somehow have failed, arranged for the Home Office's Forensic Science Service to do additional testing to check his results. But no mistake had been made in the testing. Like many emotionally vulnerable suspects before and since, the fragile young man had been unable to deal with the pressure of being under suspicion and had made a false confession. Much to the relief of his parents, he was released.
The police then sought Jeffreys's assistance in organizing the world's first DNA manhunt – an undertaking immortalized in novelist Joseph Wambaugh's true-crime epic The Blooding. The mass test, involving almost 5,000 men from the neighboring villages where the killings had occurred, finally unearthed the culprit – but only by chance, when a man was overheard boasting in a pub that he had taken the test for someone else. The man who had missed the "blooding" confessed, and gave a blood sample that matched the crime scene samples.
Back in Melbourne, at the State Forensic Science Laboratory, Victoria Police forensic scientist Dr. Stephen Gutowski had been following the Narborough case and the work of Professor Jeffreys with increasing excitement. At a Copenhagen conference in August 1985, Gutowski had seen Dr. Ivan Balazs of Lifecodes Corporation, New York, present his work using DNA profiling for paternity testing. He could see that this work, in concert with Professor Jeffreys's research, was about to propel forensic biology in a dramatic new direction.
DNA Profiling as the Future of Crime Investigation
By September 1986, with the enthusiastic support of his immediate superiors at the lab, Gutowski began assembling the scientific equipment necessary for DNA profiling. Over the next 18 months, he and his colleagues assessed the different techniques available in the U.S. and the UK. Victoria Police finally chose the U.S. company, Lifecodes, which already had a track record in the American court system. The company was prepared to sell them a system, and, unlike some others, was prepared to train an Australian scientist to use it.
In July 1988, Gutowski flew to New York to train at the Lifecodes lab, taking with him some blood samples given to him by detectives from the Victorian homicide squad. They had been arguing for the use of DNA in the investigation of a brutal rape/murder in the Victorian town of Geelong and had convinced police command to try the new technology. The venture was a success, in that the scientist obtained excellent scientific results. But their use as evidence was delayed a number of years by the lack of a good comparison sample from the suspect, and when the case finally went to court in 1993 the suspect was acquitted.
On Gutowski's return to Melbourne, the Victorian laboratory began to implement the Lifecodes system – a decision backed by a $100,000 state government grant which put the lab well on the way to being able to use the new U.S. system for routine local casework.
Moloney and Fontana had been eagerly awaiting Gutowski's news that the first tests had worked well. If DNA was the future of crime investigation, they wanted to be part of it. The decision to try DNA to finally implicate or eliminate George Kaufman was an expensive one, but from the police point of view, it was money well spent. There was, as yet, no legislation allowing police to take blood (or fingerprint) samples without a suspect's consent. Police wanted this legislation desperately. There could be no more convincing argument for their view than the successful use of DNA in catching a brutal rapist.
Operation Shadow
Operation Shadow, as the joint police and forensic scientists' plan to trap George Kaufman was called, began on August 17, 1988, the day the convicted thief and alleged rapist was released from prison. It involved a 20-day, around-the-clock surveillance of Kaufman, after which police would obtain samples of his DNA by raiding his house for drugs – a legitimate reason given their knowledge of his regular heroin use.
In preparation, detectives examined the files on the 14 rape cases that, Fontana felt, could be categorically attributed to Kaufman. Samples and exhibits from all the cases were tracked down and sent to Gutowski and his team. Some of them had been in storage since 1982, when blood-grouping and enzyme-typing had been the only testing procedures available.
Of the 14 cases, 11 provided frozen semen samples for the scientists to work with. There were also samples of blood from six victims taken fresh in 1988, and bloodstains made from blood taken from three of the victims at the time of the offence and stored at -94°F (-70°C) .The aim was to profile DNA from as many seminal stains as possible, using the victims' sample to eliminate any contributing DNA from them. The remaining DNA would then be compared with DNA from the suspect.
But what about Kaufman's own DNA sample? Not only did police have no powers to take a blood sample from him without consent, but they had no intention of letting their target know he was under suspicion for rape.
Kaufman was behaving himself, undoubtedly aware he was under surveillance. A friend had found him a job fitting shower screens (a chilling thought to any woman whose bathroom he may have worked in). Apart from possessing and using heroin, he was leading a law-abiding life. He gave police no grounds to arrest him for theft, let alone for attempted rape.
Fontana had appeared on TV in news reports involving other rape investigations. So, when the house Kaufman was sharing with a girlfriend was the site of a drug raid, he wasn't part of the team. In this raid, police seized soiled sheets, underpants (both his and hers) and discarded chewing gum – anything that, the scientists had advised them, might yield Kaufman's DNA, which could then be compared to the samples taken at the rapes.
"Inferred DNA Profiling"
Unlike today, the testing techniques in use at the time required comparatively large samples of DNA (at least a 25-cent-piece sized bloodstain or a five cent-piece sized semen stain). Accordingly, Gutowski wasn't optimistic about getting definite results from the samples he had been given from the suspect. Fortunately, there was another way. If Kaufman's estranged former wife and daughter were willing to help police by providing blood samples, the scientist could work out the suspect's profile by looking at the child's genotype and subtracting her mother's genetic contribution. This "inferred profile" could then be compared to profiles taken from the crime scene samples.
Dannye Moloney immediately flew interstate, to visit Kaufman's former wife, and returned with the samples.
The Victoria Police laboratory was in the process of implementing the Lifecodes system in-house, but it took time. Equipment needed to be manufactured, extensive quality assurance programs run, and legal and contract issues negotiated. Fortunately, the U.S. company agreed to a second visit by Gutowski where he would provide the labor, while they, once again, opened their lab to him.
In November 1988, Gutowski left for New York with the DNA samples from the Kaufman case (and a few others) sealed and packed, in dry ice, in a small polystyrene container in his hand luggage. Before his departure, he had done the first phase of the DNA profiling himself. This involved the extraction of the DNA from the samples, by treating them with a chemical known as proteinase K, an enzyme that digests the protein in blood and semen stains but leaves the DNA intact.
The extraction process was lengthy and, as Gutowski had feared might happen, the chewing gum saliva and most of the samples seized from the suspect's home yielded only the DNA of bacteria or viruses present in the saliva or semen, rather than human DNA. Yet, Gutowski expected to be able to get a good partial profile of Kaufman by analyzing his former wife and daughter's samples. That would give him something to compare with the samples taken from the scenes. Not all of them had furnished testable DNA. But there was enough – seven samples from different rape scenes had proved to be testable.
The scientist did the rest of the testing at the Lifecodes's headquarters, an hour's train ride north of Manhattan. First he used a special enzymes known as "restriction" enzymes to "cut" the DNA at the critical "mini-satellite" or "stutter" points, which occur at different places in different people. These fragments from the three different DNA sources (the suspect's wife and child, the victims, and the crime scene semen) were then slotted, side by side, into a special slab of gel and sorted by a process known as electrophoresis, in which an electric current pulls the fragments through the gel, dragging shorter fragments more quickly. Once the current stops, the fragments are lined up in order of length, creating a pattern of bands, one for each sample. The fragments were then transferred on to a nylon membrane which absorbed the pattern and immobilized it on a tough background.
The membrane was then bathed in a solution containing a "probe" made of special laboratory-manufactured synthetic DNA, tagged with a radioactive marker and designed to attach itself to the areas being examined. The excess probe material was then washed off, leaving the bands marked by the probe. At this stage the bands were still invisible. An X-ray film was then pressed against the membrane, registering the radiation-marked bands as barcode-like stripes. With the bands of each sample lined up against each other they could be easily compared.
Importantly, the sizes of the gels and membranes were standardized so that an accurate actual size could be determined for each DNA fragment in the evidentiary samples and reference samples. The fragments could then be compared even when they hadn't been run through next to one another.
This process was then repeated with different probes, designed to attach themselves to other mini-satellites on the DNA. If the band patterns of the suspect and crime scene sample continued to "match" with each successive probe, the probability increased that the cells in the crime scene sample came from the suspect.
Back in Melbourne, Moloney and Fontana waited anxiously as the results of each successive probe were phoned through to them. The detectives were working on other serial rapist cases. But success or failure in this case had the potential to affect every investigation they did in the future.
It was a slow process, with each result taking up to a week to come up on the X-ray film. The first test, Gutowski recalls, produced a frustrating result. It was a combination of two separate probes, the first giving an ambiguous result – not an exclusion, but not really an inclusion either. The other probe showed clear matches for the suspect's inferred profile with samples from four different victims. This was good news. But there was one problem. DNA testing then, as it does now, involves the comparison of all results with population databases which record the frequency (or otherwise) of a particular DNA band pattern at a particular point on the DNA molecule in the general population. At the time of these tests, there were no population statistics available for this probe. So, the results couldn't be used to provide any statistical evidence for an inferred profile.
The second probing provided Gutowski with some positive results to give the detectives. The suspect's inferred band pattern again matched a band in the four victims. But there were statistics for the patterns associated with this probe. The suspect's pattern was present in only 6.4 per cent of the American Caucasian population. This was the first solid link between Kaufman and the victims. At the third probing, done by an American scientist after Gutowski had returned to Melbourne, the suspect's band was present only in 0.3 per cent of the American Caucasian population.
Finally, a repeat of the first probing gave clear-cut results for the part of that probe which had initially given ambiguous results. It only gave a clear result for one victim, but the matching band here was present in only 2.8 per cent of American Caucasians. The overall frequency of this inferred profile, where bands were detected in all three probings, was calculated by multiplying all three percentages together. It was around one in 180,000. The results with the fourth (sex-related) probe also strongly supported a match.
Fontana and Moloney whooped with delight at the news. But there was no time to celebrate. It was time to arrest Kaufman. They had already prepared their strategy for the interview, making up a chart that illustrated what courts call "similar fact evidence" – the parallel methods used in each attack. Fontana had also made up a tape of 10 different voices, one of which was Kaufman's. Five victims had identified him. They had the footprint evidence. Now they had the pièce de résistance: the DNA.
Kaufman Confesses
"Getting him to confess was the biggest challenge," recalls Moloney. "He was a clever criminal." The investigative team had no other proof of Kaufman's identity except the DNA. The science was as yet untested in any Australian court. (The first Australian court case using DNA would open a few months later, in 1989 in the Australian capital city of Canberra). But the detectives weren't interested in making legal history. They just wanted to use the results to make him confess – and save all the victims the trauma of reliving their experiences in court.
The detectives arrived at Kaufman's home at 9 a.m. on December 2, 1988. By the time they had explained all the evidence against him and their suspect had begun to confess, the six-hour interrogation time limit was up, and they had to go to court to apply for another six hours. Finally, after 12 hours of questioning, they had a confession. It wasn't detailed, with the suspect admitting most offences, claiming not to remember some and denying others. But it was enough. Late that night, at a special out-of-session court hearing, Kaufman was charged with 47 counts of rape and robbery. Almost three weeks later, Kaufman requested another interview with Fontana and made a full confession.
Victim impact statements weren't yet a part of court proceedings in 1989. But once Fontana had charged Kaufman, he visited all the victims and wrote down their experiences, in preparation for the trial. Sitting quietly with his notebook, he listened as the women told him how they had moved house, become reclusive, and found themselves suddenly frightened to go out at night.
From the scientist's point of view, the best aspect of Kaufman's sudden cooperation with police was the fact that he agreed to give a blood sample. When compared to the scene samples, it improved the odds of a match to better than one in three million.
The DNA laboratory at the State Forensic Science Laboratory opened for business on July 1, 1989 offering a full profiling service for a modest fee of around $200, as opposed to the 10s of thousands of dollars that had been spent every time a sample had been sent to labs in the UK or the U.S.
Kaufman Pleads Guilty
Two days later, on July 3, Steve Fontana was in the Melbourne Magistrate's Court as Kaufman was committed for trial on 18 rape charges involving all 14 victims, along with 20 burglary offences committed between 1978 and 1986. In October, Kaufman pleaded guilty to all charges – a fact that Fontana attributes to the DNA evidence. "We had similar fact evidence, we had the voice evidence, the shoe- print. But the DNA really helped. The odds were fantastic, the evidence overwhelming."
If George Kaufman's trial had proceeded, it would have been the first in Victoria to have DNA profiling offered as evidence by the prosecution. But Dannye Moloney was happy to settle with having run the first criminal investigation in Australia – and one of the first in the world – to have successfully used DNA to solve a case.
As recommended by his rape investigation group, a special rape squad had been set up in April 1989. As its inaugural head, Moloney felt hamstrung by laws which only allowed the taking of DNA samples with suspects' consent. He had hoped to use this case as an instrument to help change the law. It undoubtedly helped. By December 14, 1989, the day of Kaufman's sentencing, legislation governing the taking of involuntary DNA samples from suspects had been introduced to the Victorian Parliament.
Commending the detective work that had led to the rapist's prosecution, and adding that the community was entitled to be outraged by his "violent, threatening and disgraceful" attacks, Judge Bruce McNab sentenced Kaufman to 21 years and three months in prison, with a minimum of 18 years. While in prison, Kaufman refused to take part in a sex offenders' rehabilitation program. He walked free in November 2002, after serving only 14 years, because of the now-abandoned policy of remissions for good behavior.


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Soft Cover Story Book - The Magic of Christmas Volume 1
You can now print personalised Story Books at Harvey Norman PhotoCentre! Using your child's name and depending which story, friends or family names, your child will come alive in these beautifully written stories as the main character through the pages of each book.
The Magic of Christmas Volume 1 reminds your son or daughter about all the things that make Christmas so magical.
Printed with either a hard or soft cover, personalised story books are a beautiful gift that can be read and enjoyed time and time again
Creating personalised story books at Harvey Norman PhotoCentre is fast and quick it is! Simply choose your story in either hard or soft cover, type in your child's name being the main character and depending on the storyline friends or family member names, click the 'preview' button to see a preview of some of the pages then add to shopping cart!
Delivery to store is Free. For New Zealand domestic delivery to your home or office, you will incur a $15.95 for the first My Home and My Kids product and $1.95 for each additional My Home and My Kids product. Please review all delivery Information here.
Product Dimensions: 20x20cm (8"x8")

subset: commoncrawl


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0208 878 8497
Weekly amounts of child / working tax credits and child benefit.
Child Benefit is receivable by a person responsible for each child who is under 16, or 19 if they stay in education or training.
If the person (or their spouse or partner) has 'adjusted net income' above £50,000 the person with the highest income has to pay some of the Child Benefit as a tax charge.
Where 'adjusted net income' is more than £60,000 a year, the tax charge equals the Child Benefit received.


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Sheet NY09NW (Minnygap Height) superficial deposits 1:10 000
British Geological Survey. 2007 Sheet NY09NW (Minnygap Height) superficial deposits 1:10 000. British Geological Survey 1:10 000 geology series. Keyworth, Nottingham, UK, British Geological Survey. (Unpublished)Full text not available from this repository. (Request a copy)
|Item Type:
|Publication - Map
|BGS Programmes > Other
|Superficial deposits
|1:10 000
|Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:
|Print on-demand copies may be purchased from BGS Sales at firstname.lastname@example.com
|Additional Keywords:
|Map, Geological map, Superficial deposits, Great Britain
|NORA Subject Terms:
|Earth Sciences
|Date made live:
|21 Dec 2007 16:16 +0 (UTC)
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By Marilynn Marchione, Associated Press
Cancer and heart disease are bigger killers, but Alzheimer's is the most expensive malady in the U.S., costing families and society $157 billion to $215 billion a year, according to a new study that looked at this in unprecedented detail.
The biggest cost of Alzheimer's and other types of dementia isn't drugs or other medical treatments, but the care that's needed just to get mentally impaired people through daily life, the nonprofit RAND Corp.'s study found.
It also gives what experts say is the most reliable estimate for how many Americans have dementia — around 4.1 million. That's less than the widely cited 5.2 million estimate from the Alzheimer's Association, which comes from a study that included people with less severe impairment.
"The bottom line here is the same: Dementia is among the most costly diseases to society, and we need to address this if we're going to come to terms with the cost to the Medicare and Medicaid system," said Matthew Baumgart, senior director of public policy at the Alzheimer's Association.
Dementia's direct costs, from medicines to nursing homes, are $109 billion a year in 2010 dollars, the new RAND report found. That compares to $102 billion for heart disease and $77 billion for cancer. Informal care by family members and others pushes dementia's total even higher, depending on how that care and lost wages are valued.
"The informal care costs are substantially higher for dementia than for cancer or heart conditions," said Michael Hurd, a RAND economist who led the study. It was sponsored by the government's National Institute on Aging and will be published in Thursday's New England Journal of Medicine.
Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Dementia also can result from a stroke or other diseases. It is rapidly growing in prevalence as the population ages. Current treatments only temporarily ease symptoms and don't slow the disease. Patients live four to eight years on average after an Alzheimer's diagnosis, but some live 20 years. By age 80, about 75 percent of people with Alzheimer's will be in a nursing home compared with only 4 percent of the general population, the Alzheimer's group says.
"Most people have understood the enormous toll in terms of human suffering and cost," but the new comparisons to heart disease and cancer may surprise some, said Dr. Richard Hodes, director of the Institute on Aging.
"Alzheimer's disease has a burden that exceeds many of these other illnesses," especially because of how long people live with it and need care, he said.
For the new study, researchers started with about 11,000 people in a long-running government health survey of a nationally representative sample of the population. They gave 856 of these people extensive tests to determine how many had dementia, and projected that to the larger group to determine a prevalence rate — nearly 15 percent of people over age 70.
Using Medicare and other records, they tallied the cost of purchased care — nursing homes, medicines, other treatments — including out-of-pocket expenses for dementia in 2010. Next, they subtracted spending for other health conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes or depression so they could isolate the true cost of dementia alone.
"This is an important difference" from other studies that could not determine how much health care cost was attributable just to dementia, said Dr. Kenneth Langa, a University of Michigan researcher who helped lead the work.
Even with that adjustment, dementia topped heart disease and cancer in cost, according to data on spending for those conditions from the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Finally, researchers factored in unpaid care using two different ways to estimate its value — foregone wages for caregivers and what the care would have cost if bought from a provider such as a home health aide. That gave a total annual cost of $41,000 to $56,000 per year for each dementia case, depending on which valuation method was used.
"They did a very careful job," and the new estimate that dementia affects about 4.1 million Americans seems the most solidly based than any before, Hodes said. The government doesn't have an official estimate but more recently has been saying "up to 5 million" cases, he said.
The most worrisome part of the report is the trend it portends, with an aging population and fewer younger people "able to take on the informal caregiving role," Hodes said. "The best hope to change this apparent future is to find a way to intervene" and prevent Alzheimer's or change its course once it develops, he said.


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If you're thinking of applying for this job, make sure your resume is up-to-date and includes at least some of the keywords contained within the advert.Click Here to download our Expert Mining Resume Guide and create the best version of your mining resume.
Mackay & Coalfields, Queensland location.
This is a Bowen Basin job located in the Mackay & Coalfields area. Do you live close to this location, or are you willing to FIFO from within Queensland?
Safety is a high priority in this industry. This job requires you to have a heightened sense of awareness and also appreciate the importance of safety in the workplace.
See more jobs in the Dump Truck Jobs category.
Mobile Plant Operator Jobs, Queensland
New Mobile Plant Operator Jobs open near Moranbah (Bowen Basin), Queensland!
** Note: This job is no longer available. See our most recent mining jobs here
- Immediate Start
- BIBO available from Mackay
- 5,4,4,5 roster supporting work/life balance
- Mackay & Coalfields location
About the Role
They are currently seeking Mobile Plant Operators for work with a well known mining company near Moranbah, Queensland.
Duties and Responsibilities
- Operating CAT 789/793 Dump Trucks on a mine site
- Maintaining high standard of housekeeping on equipment
- Communicating with other operators and assisting in traffic management
- At least 12 months experience operating CAT 789/793 dump trucks in coal mining
- Competencies and skills lists to outline the above experience
- A commitment to upholding excellence in safety
- On-boarding process
** Note: This job is no longer available. See our most recent mining jobs here
Dump Truck Operator Salaries
How much do dump truck production operators earn in the mines?
Depending on where you live, or which state the mine is located in, as you can see from the information below, the salaries are very different. In Queensland and New South Wales, mining wages are pretty much the same for Dump Truck Operators. Working at a Western Australian mine you can expect to earn about 20% more than if you worked in QLD or NSW.
Dump truck operator jobs are advertised on SEEK and other mining jobs boards regularly.
According to online jobs website Indeed (au.indeed.com), the average salary for a Dump Truck Production Operator in Australia is $41.98 per hour. Salary estimates are based on 326 salaries submitted anonymously to Indeed by Dump Truck Drivers. The data was collected from past and present job ads on Indeed over the last 36 months.
Payscale.com Dump Truck Driver Pay Estimates
Looking at the salary of an entry-level Dump Truck Driver with less than 1 year experience, you can expect to earn an average hourly wage (includes bonus, and overtime pay) of AU$42 based on 24 pay reviews.
With so many different and conflicting articles about salaries, it's difficult to know what the exact take home pay is for a Dump Truck Operator.
Blackwater, Queensland Dump Truck Salaries +40%
According to Payscale.com, Dump Truck Operators in the Queensland Bowen Basin area of Blackwater, earn an average of 39.7% more than the national average. Dump Truck Operators also get more money in Western Australia (26.6% more) and Kalgoorlie (17.0% more). The lowest salaries can be found in Melbourne, Victoria (19.6% less), Brisbane, Queensland (16.2% less) and Sydney, New South Wales (14.3% less).
SEEK mining job salaries for dump truck production operators
Click Here to download our Expert Guide Becoming a Dump Truck Driver
What are dump truck operator employers looking for?
The following list is a collection of requirements you'll find in most advertised dump truckk operator jobs
- Experience operating CAT trucks
- A willingness to work rotating rosters
- Ability to contribute and work positively in a team environment
- Able to pass a pre-employment medical including drug and alcohol test
- Competitive Hourly Rate plus super on all hours worked
- Current Drivers Licence
- Current Standard 11 or willing to obtain a Standard 11
- Have a strong commitment to safety and Zero Harm and ensure this is a
- priority and at the forefront of all your decision-making
- Have a strong work history
- High level of safety awareness
- Relevant current RII Competencies
- Relevant RII/ SSE sign offs/ Competencies
- Right to work in Australia - Birth Certificate or Australian Passport
- Sound Work History
- Be reliable and a team player
- Peabody Energy Australia Pty Ltd
- New Hope Corporation Limited
- QCoal Pty Ltd
- Hail Creek Holdings Pty Ltd
- Mt Rawdon Operations Pty Ltd
- Glencore Coal Queensland Pty Limited
- Fitzroy Queensland Resources Limited
- Conquest Mining Limited
- Ravenswood Gold Pty Ltd
- BHP Coal Pty Ltd/li>
- Baralaba Coal Company Pty Ltd
- Anglo American Metallurgical Coal Pty Ltd
- Santos Limited (JV with Santos Limited, Petronas Total and Kogas)
- TEC Coal Pty Ltd
- TerraCom Australia
- Coronado Curragh Pty Ltd
- Yarrabee Coal Company Pty Ltd
About the Bowen Basin mining region, Queensland.
The Queensland Bowen Basin contains the largest coal reserves in Australia. This major coal producing region contains one of the world's largest deposits of bituminous coal.
The Basin contains much of the known Permian coal resources in Queensland including virtually all of the known mineable prime coking coal. It was named for the Bowen River, itself named after Queensland's first Governor, Sir George Bowen.
The Bowen Basin covers a total area of over 60,000 square kilometres and is located in Central Queensland; running from Collinsville to Theodore. The entire region is home to many coal mines operated by multiple mining companies.
Here's a list of mining companies with operations in the Bowen Basin.
For a more detailed view of the above list, here's the link to Queensland State Development mines list
Caterpillar Haul truck 793
The 793F has a load cpacityof 226.8 ton (US) and a top speed of 60 kilometres an hour. It's a turbocharged air-to-air aftercooled diesel engine that has enhanced power management capability for maximum hauling performance. The C175-16 is a 16-cylinder, four-stroke design that uses long, effective power strokes for optimum efficiency.
The 793F, is an autonomous-driven truck. Over 100 793F trucks are now operating via Command for hauling, the Cat autonomous truck operations system, which is a part of Cat MineStar™
Read more about the CAT 793 automomous mining dump truck on our website.
Caterpillar Haul truck 789
The Caterpillar 789 dump truck is typically used in open pit mining. The 789 has a capacity of 177 tonnes, and its engine can produce 1770 horsepower.
There are hundreds of CAT 789 dump trucks on various mine sites in Australia; working hard in open-cut coal mines as well as hauling raw iron ore dirt across the open, dusty mine sites of Western Australia.
Read more about the CAT 789 mining dump truck on our website.


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System Simulation / Services
This page features our key services. If you would like to see the services most relevant to a particular market sector, please visit one of our microsites (e.g. Museums) using the top menu above and then go to the Services page.
System Simulation offers an intelligent hosting solution in a package of hosting services.
System Simulation offers highly flexible design and creative production services across the range of its technical applications. These services include web and interactive user interface design, digital content production and usability and accessibility services (both appraisal and implementation). Our design work is characterised by its disciplined approach and its arresting results.
Good terminology management can make the difference between an efficient database resource and a lot of wasted effort. As well as providing intelligent tools for managing terminology, thesauri and ontology systems, System Simulation can offer valuable advice about structuring terminology systems and using them to greatest effect.


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Vintage Mattel Hot Wheels Police Cruiser Shift Knob
Vintage Mattel Hot Wheels Police Cruiser Shift Knob - Convert your Hot Rod into your Hot Wheels Car....Truly one-of-a-kind. A flea market find, made into a shift knob.
Classic ball shift knob, Classic Vintage MATTEL HOT WHEELS - 60's collectible Red Line badge featuring a Police Cruiser - picture embedded inside the knob.
Shift Knob is a very nice Shiny Black color.
Shift Knobs are made of the finest, high-quality 'Partek' resin; a material specifically formulated for the automobile industry, not to develop stress cracks with aging.
Size is 2 1/4" with a 16mm x 1.5mm Master (brass or aluminum) that exceeds the auto industries specifications of 200 ft. lbs. static pull and 20 ft. lbs. twist torque test.
These knobs are precision machined and polished to a high gloss finish. This shift knob is sure to look very cool on your hot rod.
Perfect fit for your hand. Choose thread insert needed, or if you don't know your size, order Standard or Metric Thread Kit in "Shift Knob Parts"
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DetailsCurrent Stock: 1SKU:UPC:Gift Wrapping: AvailableShipping: Calculated at Checkout


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Shurtape HP 500 Heavy Duty Grade Hot Melt Packaging Tape, 2.83" x 54.6 yds, Clear, 6/Carton
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Free Shipping
Free Standard Shipping on All Orders Over $75
Estimated to be delivered within 1 to 3 Business Days
We can ship all Orders inside USA
Yes, Free shipping On All Orders over $75
Free Returns & Refunds
Learn More.
We have a 30-day return policy, which means you have 30 days after receiving your item to request a return.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging. You'll also need the receipt or proof of purchase.
To start a return, you can contact us at email@example.com. Please note that returns will need to be sent to the following address: 706 Route 15 South, Lake Hopatcong, NJ, 07849
If your return is accepted, we'll send you a return shipping label, as well as instructions on how and where to send your package.
Shurtape HP 500 Heavy Duty Grade Hot Melt Packaging Tape, 2.83" x 54.6 yds, Clear, 6/Carton
- Part No# : SHU207775
- Manufacturer : Shurtape
- Manufacturer Part No# :207775
- Weight : 18
- Depth : 13.8
- Width : 9.5
- Hight : 12
Item Specifications
- Grade : Heavy-Duty
- Grade : Heavy-Duty
- Global Product Type : Tapes-Packaging
- Dispenser Included : No
- Adhesive Material : Hot Melt Synthetic Rubber
- Backing Material : Polypropylene
- Tensile Strength : 42 lb/in
- Width : 2.83"
- Length : 54.6 yds
- Size : 2.83" x 54.6 yds
- Thickness : 3 mil
- Color(s) : Clear
- Color Family : Clear
- Pre-Consumer Recycled Content Percent : 0%
- Post-Consumer Recycled Content Percent : 0%
- Total Recycled Content Percent : 0%
Shipping and DeliveryYes, Free Shipping On All Orders over $75.
Where do you deliver?We offer next day delivery anywhere in F=five boroughs We also offer shipping to anywhere in the continental U.S., generally via UPS for smaller items. We can ship orders placed before 4:00 pm EST for next day delivery.
Why are items missing from my order?Sometimes we ship items from different locations. We have fulfillment centers across the U.S. and if the center near you does not have a particular item, we simply ship from a different location. You only need to watch for a separate package, which on occasion, may arrive on a different day.
I've waited, and I'm still missing items.Call us within 48 hours of receiving your shipment. Contact our our customer service department, and they will help you file a claim.
What carriers do you use for shipping?For local deliveries, Court Street Office Supplies uses its own trucks and drivers. For other orders, we usually use UPS. Freight deliveries for large or oversized orders are shipped with a variety of carriers depending on region and size of order.
Why did I receive a different brand item as ordered?Our priority is getting you what you need on time. We use warehouses in over 30 facilities throughout the US, so we can guarantee next day delivery. Unfortunately items of a particular brand are sometimes out of stock and often we have an equivalent item in stock from a different manufacturer. Since our priority is getting you your on time, we will ship the equivalent, making sure it the substitute is at a minimum, a 100% equivalent.


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Growing up can be a bumpy road, and it's no exception for Riley, who is uprooted from her Midwest life when her father starts a new job in San Francisco. Like all of us, Riley is guided by her emotions – Joy, Fear, Anger, Disgust and Sadness. The emotions live in Headquarters, the control center inside Riley's mind, where they help advise her through everyday life. As Riley and her emotions struggle to adjust to a new life in San Francisco, turmoil ensues in Headquarters. Although Joy, Riley's main and most important emotion, tries to keep things positive, the emotions conflict on how best to navigate a new city, house and school.
- Jumpsuit
- Headpiece
Available sizes:
- Small (4-6)
- Medium (7-8)
- Large (10-12)
Items ship Monday-Friday from our warehouse in Chicago, IL


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Have questions? Contact us anytime via email, contact form and even live chat!
When we say free we mean it! Free quote, free booking!
Full refund! Please refer to our terms.
Looking for skip bin hire in in Seaforth? Don't worry we have you covererd. For all types of waste from general waste to green waste, soil and dirt or cleanfill / hardfill, you will find a range of bins from 2m3 to 30m3 that will handle any cleanup.
Hire Skip Bins covers all of Manly council and we have multiple suppliers who can fullfil any job across the Northern Beaches district. We offer the LOWEST prices daily for skip bin hire. Just fill in your skip bin hire requirements and we'll find you the cheapest skip bins.
When placing a bin on council property most councils will require a permit. Some suppliers will have permits for the councils they service, but in case they don't you can download the application from the councils website.
Please read the important information below regarding what you can and cant put in the bin for each waste type.
Book for general commercial, resedential or any light waste.
General waste has a weight limit of 150kg per cubic metre. Please check out our bin sizes for general waste limits.
This waste type is only used for lightweight:
You cannot place in this bin:Book Now
For soil and dirt only
There is no weight limit on this waste type.
This waste type is only used for :
You cannot place in this bin:Book Now
For all your brick, stones and concrete only from your demolision, construction works. If you are going to mix with other waste types used mixed heavy below
There is no weight limit on this waste type.
This waste type is only used for :
You cannot place in this bin:Book Now
For all heavy waste from different waste types. Most of your renovation works, refurbishments, heavy cleanup items, commercial or domestic demolision works and construction works.
There is no weight limit on this waste type.
This waste type is only used for :
You cannot place in this bin:Book Now
Failing to use the bin correctly might inccur extra charges from the supplier. If you are unsure about what you can put in the bin or need more information on the different types of waste or bin sizes then please contact us first.ASK US BEFORE BOOKING
This will all depend on the size of the job. Each bin size can be compared to a size of a box trailer or household wheelie bin. For example an estimate would be:
For general waste and green waste you will be able to book any size from 2 metre cubic to 30 metre cubic as there is weight limits to these waste types. Speak to us when booking the large bins for extra information and help.
So the size allowance is as follows:
For heavier waste types like cleanfill, hardfill, soil and dirt and mixed heavy waste, you will only find bins up to 9 metre cubic.
Real reviews from our amazing customers
We would love to hear from you. Send your feedback via our contact form.


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We are excited you're interested in Big Frog. Please fill out the form below completely and accurately.
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We Create Un-frog-ettable Custom T-Shirt Designs. Big Frog designers will help you create fantastic t-shirt designs! Read More
533 Main Street
Dunedin, FL 34698
©2022 Big Frog Custom T-Shirts
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Current local time in Sibay, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
Sibay's time zone: UTC+05:00 or +05
Daylight saving time (DST) changes in Sibay
Sunrise and sunset time for Sibay
Sunset: 4:52 PM
Day length: 7h 48m 0s
Solar noon: 12:58 PM
See the monthly sunrise, sunset, and twilight table for Sibay
Sibay, Russia
Federal subject: Republic of Bashkortostan
Sibay's coordinates: 52°43′05″ N, 58°39′56″ E
Population: 61,590
Wikipedia article: Sibay
Freemeteo.com: Sibay's weather
Time and time zones
The length of a solar day is determined by the time that it takes for the Earth to complete a full rotation around its axis and equals 24 hours. The Earth's rotation on its axis leads to change between day and night. Another consequence of this rotation is the fact that while moving by 15° from West to East local solar time increases by an hour.
In everyday life people use official local time which almost always differs from solar time. All of the Earth's surface is divided into time zones. All places within the same time zone observe the same time. Time zone boundaries usually follow country or administrative borders. Time difference between adjacent time zones normally equals one hour, though sometimes time in neighbouring time zones may differ by two or more hours. There are also cases when adjacent time zone difference equals 30 or 45 minutes.
For most countries the entire country's territory lies within the same time zone. Countries whose territory stretches from West to East by a significant distance, such as Russia, USA, Canada, Brazil and some others, are usually divided into a few time zones. One notable exception is China where Beijing time serves as the official time all over the country.
Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the reference point to determine time zone offsets. UTC corresponds to mean solar time on the Prime or Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude). Time zone offsets from UTC range from UTC-12:00 to UTC+14:00.
Almost all countries in Europe and North America as well as many other countries observe Daylight Saving Time (DST) and put their clocks an hour forward in the spring and an hour back in the autumn. In these countries time zone offsets from UTC change twice a year. Most countries do not observe DST though.


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Alfa Romeo Stelvio Exterior Door Handle Set - Carbon Fiber - Yellow Candy
Product Information
$469.99 Save: $40.00
Lowest Price Guaranteed
Available Options
Drive now, Pay later with Affirm
or with PayPal
Both options will be available upon checkout.
Ready to upgrade the exterior handles of your Alfa Romeo Stelvio with the look of Carbon Fiber?
Designed and manufactured in Europe to the highest standards, these exterior door handle covers are designed to cover the original front exterior door handles and instantly give your Alfa Romeo Stelvio a custom look.
- Designed and manufactured in Europe
- Delta-Preg Prepreg Carbon Fiber material (Same supplier of Ferrari and Lamborghini)
- 100% Genuine Carbon Fiber
- High gloss clear coating for a durable, long lasting finish (PPG-D880) and Ceramic clear coat (PPG-D8122)
- Adds an Exotic visual styling
- Covers OEM piece - (0.6mm thickness)
- Autoclave Curing Production for a precise fit and finish
- This listing is for Door Handle Covers in a Yellow Carbon Fiber Finish (some pics show Black for refference)
You are purchasing this item from a US Based Company. When comparing prices with other International Vendors please keep in mind that our price includes ALL Shipping Costs, Insurance, Customs Fees and Import Fees/ Taxes/ International Tariffs. We do our best to competitively price our products and offer the Lowest Price Guarantee on the items we offer. When comparing prices please remember that when you purchase products from other vendors that are based outside of US you will be charged International Tariffs, Taxes and Fees by US Customs. This can add from 10-50% to your final cost. These costs are typically charged by US Customs prior or at times after the delivery of the product.
When you purchase this item from us and we ship to a US address you do not need to pay these additional costs since we have already paid them when we imported the items in to our distribution warehouse. The price we show on our site is your total price and nothing more!
In addition, we offer US Based product support along with installation assistance since we install these products on premises.
CA Residents: WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive Harm - www.P65Warnings.ca.gov


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5 pairs/pack Baby Boy and Girl cotton Socks 0-8years old
Share this product
Material:80% cotton+17% polyamide+3% spandex.
Size: XS (3.5-4.7in),0-1years old.
S(4.7-5.9in),1-3years old.
M(5.9-7in),3-5years old.
L(7-7.8in),5-8years old.
Season:spring and fall.
Let customers speak for us
Beautiful jumpsuit! Just as shown in the picture, very good quality, I was afraid I was going to receive something very different from the picture but it's just as shown !!
Baby Boys and Girls Bear Hoodie Sherpa Winter Jumpsuit
It is a beautiful little sweater. Adorable on my granddaughter.
Loved this beautiful little dress
I bought all my boys this suit and they were fully protected from the sun...no unsightly tan lines. I really like the color as it's like the water. The zipper is in the back so some assistance is needed. So cute with the matching swim hats, too! Excellent customer service and company that gives back to St. Jude.
Baby hasn't arrived yet so I don't know if the hat fits well but the fabrics are so sweet!
Bought two for my two youngest girls. The hats are adorable and they stay on so well! Runs large so lots of room to grow!
Nice item ! Thank you
Great sun protection and room to grow, I get so many compliments on her bonnet!
Baby Boys and Girls Animal Reversible Bucket Hat
Great quality, great price, super cute and unique and true to size. Love the fit and quality on my boy.
The cutest and awesome. Very comfortable and beautiful. Easy to put on and they don't come off.
Love these hats! Would definitely buy again or recommend. They have a great strap that adjusts, no annoying Velcro. And the breathable mesh around the top is a nice touch. The wide brim keeps the Sun off my little ones face. And the adorable fabric makes her want to wear it.


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6Boost T4 Twin Scroll Top Mount Turbo Manifold for Nissan RB20, RB25, RB26
6Boost produce one of the best quality turbo manifolds in the world for the RB26DETT engine found in the Nissan Skyline R32, R33 and R34 GTR .
With many years of experience building high-performance turbo setups 6Boost manifolds are not only built to be one of the highest quality RB26 exhaust manifolds on the market but one that will give you the performance gains you need.
All 6Boost manifolds are individually handmade. They are specifically designed for your application and built around a unique "merge collector" design. This means no pipes cross each other and the merge collector directs all gases at the turbine entry.
Using their unique merge collector design we have seen spool times reduced up to 400rpm and power gains of up to 15% have been achieved. These figures have been proven time and time again in back-to-back dyno testing.
6Boost manifolds are made from thick wall mandrel bent steam pipe, sand blasted inside and out for a smooth and even finish, and then coated in high-temperature exhaust enamel that is proven to withstand extremely high levels of heat.
We are so confident in the quality of 6Boost manifolds they even come with a lifetime warranty against cracking and manufacturing defects!
All manifolds come complete with new head and manifold studs, nuts, and high-quality manifold to turbo gasket included in the price. We also supply new multi-layer steel metal head to manifold gaskets.
Available in a wide range of flange patterns including T3 open entry, T3 split pulse divided entry, T4 open, and T4 split pulse divided. We can also supply 6Boost high-performance race manifolds suitable for Greddy 3 bolt flange and HKS T51R V-band flange. All manifolds are available with single or twin wastegate ports.


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RUPO 374 on the Mainline in Leeds Passing the newly regulator for Pan AM.
Photographed by Eric E Emery, January 5, 2019.Added to the photo archive by Eric Emery, January 5, 2019.Railroad: Pan Am Railways.
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by David Crane [email protected] DefenseReview got to handle the new Kimber Warrior 1911 pistol (.45 ACP) at its debut at SHOT Show 2005. Basically, it's the civilian-release version of the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) ICQB/MCSOCOM Det 1 pistol, although there are some differences. For instance, the Kimber Warrior utilizes an integral M1913 tactical light rail, instead of the Dawson screw-on …Read More »
Tag Archives: kimber warrior review
Kimber Introduces New 'Warrior' 1911 Pistol (Based on ICQB/MCSOCOM Det 1 Pistol)
by David Crane [email protected] DefenseReview has known about the development of this pistol for some time now, but we were politely asked by a Kimber Mil/LE representative not to report anything about it until August 1st. Well, Hilton Yam and some other gentlemen at TacticalForums.com have just posted information about the new Kimber Custom "Warrior" 1911 pistol, which is the …Read More »


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NR Krrish 4
NR Love Aaj Kal
NR Panipat
NR Kick 2
NR Brahmastra
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