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|Title : Kernel Probes (Kprobes)
|Authors : Jim Keniston <firstname.lastname@example.com>
|: Prasanna S Panchamukhi <firstname.lastname@example.com>
|1. Concepts: Kprobes, Jprobes, Return Probes
|2. Architectures Supported
|3. Configuring Kprobes
|4. API Reference
|5. Kprobes Features and Limitations
|6. Probe Overhead
|8. Kprobes Example
|9. Jprobes Example
|10. Kretprobes Example
|Appendix A: The kprobes debugfs interface
|1. Concepts: Kprobes, Jprobes, Return Probes
|Kprobes enables you to dynamically break into any kernel routine and
|collect debugging and performance information non-disruptively. You
|can trap at almost any kernel code address, specifying a handler
|routine to be invoked when the breakpoint is hit.
|There are currently three types of probes: kprobes, jprobes, and
|kretprobes (also called return probes). A kprobe can be inserted
|on virtually any instruction in the kernel. A jprobe is inserted at
|the entry to a kernel function, and provides convenient access to the
|function's arguments. A return probe fires when a specified function
|In the typical case, Kprobes-based instrumentation is packaged as
|a kernel module. The module's init function installs ("registers")
|one or more probes, and the exit function unregisters them. A
|registration function such as register_kprobe() specifies where
|the probe is to be inserted and what handler is to be called when
|the probe is hit.
|There are also register_/unregister_*probes() functions for batch
|registration/unregistration of a group of *probes. These functions
|can speed up unregistration process when you have to unregister
|a lot of probes at once.
|The next three subsections explain how the different types of
|probes work. They explain certain things that you'll need to
|know in order to make the best use of Kprobes -- e.g., the
|difference between a pre_handler and a post_handler, and how
|to use the maxactive and nmissed fields of a kretprobe. But
|if you're in a hurry to start using Kprobes, you can skip ahead
|to section 2.
|1.1 How Does a Kprobe Work?
|When a kprobe is registered, Kprobes makes a copy of the probed
|instruction and replaces the first byte(s) of the probed instruction
|with a breakpoint instruction (e.g., int3 on i386 and x86_64).
|When a CPU hits the breakpoint instruction, a trap occurs, the CPU's
|registers are saved, and control passes to Kprobes via the
|notifier_call_chain mechanism. Kprobes executes the "pre_handler"
|associated with the kprobe, passing the handler the addresses of the
|kprobe struct and the saved registers.
|Next, Kprobes single-steps its copy of the probed instruction.
|(It would be simpler to single-step the actual instruction in place,
|but then Kprobes would have to temporarily remove the breakpoint
|instruction. This would open a small time window when another CPU
|could sail right past the probepoint.)
|After the instruction is single-stepped, Kprobes executes the
|"post_handler," if any, that is associated with the kprobe.
|Execution then continues with the instruction following the probepoint.
|1.2 How Does a Jprobe Work?
|A jprobe is implemented using a kprobe that is placed on a function's
|entry point. It employs a simple mirroring principle to allow
|seamless access to the probed function's arguments. The jprobe
|handler routine should have the same signature (arg list and return
|type) as the function being probed, and must always end by calling
|the Kprobes function jprobe_return().
|Here's how it works. When the probe is hit, Kprobes makes a copy of
|the saved registers and a generous portion of the stack (see below).
|Kprobes then points the saved instruction pointer at the jprobe's
|handler routine, and returns from the trap. As a result, control
|passes to the handler, which is presented with the same register and
|stack contents as the probed function. When it is done, the handler
|calls jprobe_return(), which traps again to restore the original stack
|contents and processor state and switch to the probed function.
|By convention, the callee owns its arguments, so gcc may produce code
|that unexpectedly modifies that portion of the stack. This is why
|Kprobes saves a copy of the stack and restores it after the jprobe
|handler has run. Up to MAX_STACK_SIZE bytes are copied -- e.g.,
|64 bytes on i386.
|Note that the probed function's args may be passed on the stack
|or in registers. The jprobe will work in either case, so long as the
|handler's prototype matches that of the probed function.
|1.3 Return Probes
|1.3.1 How Does a Return Probe Work?
|When you call register_kretprobe(), Kprobes establishes a kprobe at
|the entry to the function. When the probed function is called and this
|probe is hit, Kprobes saves a copy of the return address, and replaces
|the return address with the address of a "trampoline." The trampoline
|is an arbitrary piece of code -- typically just a nop instruction.
|At boot time, Kprobes registers a kprobe at the trampoline.
|When the probed function executes its return instruction, control
|passes to the trampoline and that probe is hit. Kprobes' trampoline
|handler calls the user-specified return handler associated with the
|kretprobe, then sets the saved instruction pointer to the saved return
|address, and that's where execution resumes upon return from the trap.
|While the probed function is executing, its return address is
|stored in an object of type kretprobe_instance. Before calling
|register_kretprobe(), the user sets the maxactive field of the
|kretprobe struct to specify how many instances of the specified
|function can be probed simultaneously. register_kretprobe()
|pre-allocates the indicated number of kretprobe_instance objects.
|For example, if the function is non-recursive and is called with a
|spinlock held, maxactive = 1 should be enough. If the function is
|non-recursive and can never relinquish the CPU (e.g., via a semaphore
|or preemption), NR_CPUS should be enough. If maxactive <= 0, it is
|set to a default value. If CONFIG_PREEMPT is enabled, the default
|is max(10, 2*NR_CPUS). Otherwise, the default is NR_CPUS.
|It's not a disaster if you set maxactive too low; you'll just miss
|some probes. In the kretprobe struct, the nmissed field is set to
|zero when the return probe is registered, and is incremented every
|time the probed function is entered but there is no kretprobe_instance
|object available for establishing the return probe.
|1.3.2 Kretprobe entry-handler
|Kretprobes also provides an optional user-specified handler which runs
|on function entry. This handler is specified by setting the entry_handler
|field of the kretprobe struct. Whenever the kprobe placed by kretprobe at the
|function entry is hit, the user-defined entry_handler, if any, is invoked.
|If the entry_handler returns 0 (success) then a corresponding return handler
|is guaranteed to be called upon function return. If the entry_handler
|returns a non-zero error then Kprobes leaves the return address as is, and
|the kretprobe has no further effect for that particular function instance.
|Multiple entry and return handler invocations are matched using the unique
|kretprobe_instance object associated with them. Additionally, a user
|may also specify per return-instance private data to be part of each
|kretprobe_instance object. This is especially useful when sharing private
|data between corresponding user entry and return handlers. The size of each
|private data object can be specified at kretprobe registration time by
|setting the data_size field of the kretprobe struct. This data can be
|accessed through the data field of each kretprobe_instance object.
|In case probed function is entered but there is no kretprobe_instance
|object available, then in addition to incrementing the nmissed count,
|the user entry_handler invocation is also skipped.
|2. Architectures Supported
|Kprobes, jprobes, and return probes are implemented on the following
|- i386
|- x86_64 (AMD-64, EM64T)
|- ppc64
|- ia64 (Does not support probes on instruction slot1.)
|- sparc64 (Return probes not yet implemented.)
|- arm
|- ppc
|3. Configuring Kprobes
|When configuring the kernel using make menuconfig/xconfig/oldconfig,
|ensure that CONFIG_KPROBES is set to "y". Under "Instrumentation
|Support", look for "Kprobes".
|So that you can load and unload Kprobes-based instrumentation modules,
|make sure "Loadable module support" (CONFIG_MODULES) and "Module
|unloading" (CONFIG_MODULE_UNLOAD) are set to "y".
|Also make sure that CONFIG_KALLSYMS and perhaps even CONFIG_KALLSYMS_ALL
|are set to "y", since kallsyms_lookup_name() is used by the in-kernel
|kprobe address resolution code.
|If you need to insert a probe in the middle of a function, you may find
|it useful to "Compile the kernel with debug info" (CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO),
|so you can use "objdump -d -l vmlinux" to see the source-to-object
|code mapping.
|4. API Reference
|The Kprobes API includes a "register" function and an "unregister"
|function for each type of probe. The API also includes "register_*probes"
|and "unregister_*probes" functions for (un)registering arrays of probes.
|Here are terse, mini-man-page specifications for these functions and
|the associated probe handlers that you'll write. See the files in the
|samples/kprobes/ sub-directory for examples.
|4.1 register_kprobe
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|int register_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
|Sets a breakpoint at the address kp->addr. When the breakpoint is
|hit, Kprobes calls kp->pre_handler. After the probed instruction
|is single-stepped, Kprobe calls kp->post_handler. If a fault
|occurs during execution of kp->pre_handler or kp->post_handler,
|or during single-stepping of the probed instruction, Kprobes calls
|kp->fault_handler. Any or all handlers can be NULL. If kp->flags
|is set KPROBE_FLAG_DISABLED, that kp will be registered but disabled,
|so, it's handlers aren't hit until calling enable_kprobe(kp).
|1. With the introduction of the "symbol_name" field to struct kprobe,
|the probepoint address resolution will now be taken care of by the kernel.
|The following will now work:
|kp.symbol_name = "symbol_name";
|(64-bit powerpc intricacies such as function descriptors are handled
|2. Use the "offset" field of struct kprobe if the offset into the symbol
|to install a probepoint is known. This field is used to calculate the
|3. Specify either the kprobe "symbol_name" OR the "addr". If both are
|specified, kprobe registration will fail with -EINVAL.
|4. With CISC architectures (such as i386 and x86_64), the kprobes code
|does not validate if the kprobe.addr is at an instruction boundary.
|Use "offset" with caution.
|register_kprobe() returns 0 on success, or a negative errno otherwise.
|User's pre-handler (kp->pre_handler):
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|#include <linux/ptrace.h>
|int pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs);
|Called with p pointing to the kprobe associated with the breakpoint,
|and regs pointing to the struct containing the registers saved when
|the breakpoint was hit. Return 0 here unless you're a Kprobes geek.
|User's post-handler (kp->post_handler):
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|#include <linux/ptrace.h>
|void post_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
|unsigned long flags);
|p and regs are as described for the pre_handler. flags always seems
|to be zero.
|User's fault-handler (kp->fault_handler):
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|#include <linux/ptrace.h>
|int fault_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr);
|p and regs are as described for the pre_handler. trapnr is the
|architecture-specific trap number associated with the fault (e.g.,
|on i386, 13 for a general protection fault or 14 for a page fault).
|Returns 1 if it successfully handled the exception.
|4.2 register_jprobe
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|int register_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp)
|Sets a breakpoint at the address jp->kp.addr, which must be the address
|of the first instruction of a function. When the breakpoint is hit,
|Kprobes runs the handler whose address is jp->entry.
|The handler should have the same arg list and return type as the probed
|function; and just before it returns, it must call jprobe_return().
|(The handler never actually returns, since jprobe_return() returns
|control to Kprobes.) If the probed function is declared asmlinkage
|or anything else that affects how args are passed, the handler's
|declaration must match.
|register_jprobe() returns 0 on success, or a negative errno otherwise.
|4.3 register_kretprobe
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|int register_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
|Establishes a return probe for the function whose address is
|rp->kp.addr. When that function returns, Kprobes calls rp->handler.
|You must set rp->maxactive appropriately before you call
|register_kretprobe(); see "How Does a Return Probe Work?" for details.
|register_kretprobe() returns 0 on success, or a negative errno
|User's return-probe handler (rp->handler):
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|#include <linux/ptrace.h>
|int kretprobe_handler(struct kretprobe_instance *ri, struct pt_regs *regs);
|regs is as described for kprobe.pre_handler. ri points to the
|kretprobe_instance object, of which the following fields may be
|of interest:
|- ret_addr: the return address
|- rp: points to the corresponding kretprobe object
|- task: points to the corresponding task struct
|- data: points to per return-instance private data; see "Kretprobe
|entry-handler" for details.
|The regs_return_value(regs) macro provides a simple abstraction to
|extract the return value from the appropriate register as defined by
|the architecture's ABI.
|The handler's return value is currently ignored.
|4.4 unregister_*probe
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|void unregister_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
|void unregister_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp);
|void unregister_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
|Removes the specified probe. The unregister function can be called
|at any time after the probe has been registered.
|If the functions find an incorrect probe (ex. an unregistered probe),
|they clear the addr field of the probe.
|4.5 register_*probes
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|int register_kprobes(struct kprobe **kps, int num);
|int register_kretprobes(struct kretprobe **rps, int num);
|int register_jprobes(struct jprobe **jps, int num);
|Registers each of the num probes in the specified array. If any
|error occurs during registration, all probes in the array, up to
|the bad probe, are safely unregistered before the register_*probes
|function returns.
|- kps/rps/jps: an array of pointers to *probe data structures
|- num: the number of the array entries.
|You have to allocate(or define) an array of pointers and set all
|of the array entries before using these functions.
|4.6 unregister_*probes
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|void unregister_kprobes(struct kprobe **kps, int num);
|void unregister_kretprobes(struct kretprobe **rps, int num);
|void unregister_jprobes(struct jprobe **jps, int num);
|Removes each of the num probes in the specified array at once.
|If the functions find some incorrect probes (ex. unregistered
|probes) in the specified array, they clear the addr field of those
|incorrect probes. However, other probes in the array are
|unregistered correctly.
|4.7 disable_*probe
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|int disable_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
|int disable_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
|int disable_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp);
|Temporarily disables the specified *probe. You can enable it again by using
|enable_*probe(). You must specify the probe which has been registered.
|4.8 enable_*probe
|#include <linux/kprobes.h>
|int enable_kprobe(struct kprobe *kp);
|int enable_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp);
|int enable_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp);
|Enables *probe which has been disabled by disable_*probe(). You must specify
|the probe which has been registered.
|5. Kprobes Features and Limitations
|Kprobes allows multiple probes at the same address. Currently,
|however, there cannot be multiple jprobes on the same function at
|the same time.
|In general, you can install a probe anywhere in the kernel.
|In particular, you can probe interrupt handlers. Known exceptions
|are discussed in this section.
|The register_*probe functions will return -EINVAL if you attempt
|to install a probe in the code that implements Kprobes (mostly
|kernel/kprobes.c and arch/*/kernel/kprobes.c, but also functions such
|as do_page_fault and notifier_call_chain).
|If you install a probe in an inline-able function, Kprobes makes
|no attempt to chase down all inline instances of the function and
|install probes there. gcc may inline a function without being asked,
|so keep this in mind if you're not seeing the probe hits you expect.
|A probe handler can modify the environment of the probed function
|-- e.g., by modifying kernel data structures, or by modifying the
|contents of the pt_regs struct (which are restored to the registers
|upon return from the breakpoint). So Kprobes can be used, for example,
|to install a bug fix or to inject faults for testing. Kprobes, of
|course, has no way to distinguish the deliberately injected faults
|from the accidental ones. Don't drink and probe.
|Kprobes makes no attempt to prevent probe handlers from stepping on
|each other -- e.g., probing printk() and then calling printk() from a
|probe handler. If a probe handler hits a probe, that second probe's
|handlers won't be run in that instance, and the kprobe.nmissed member
|of the second probe will be incremented.
|As of Linux v2.6.15-rc1, multiple handlers (or multiple instances of
|the same handler) may run concurrently on different CPUs.
|Kprobes does not use mutexes or allocate memory except during
|registration and unregistration.
|Probe handlers are run with preemption disabled. Depending on the
|architecture, handlers may also run with interrupts disabled. In any
|case, your handler should not yield the CPU (e.g., by attempting to
|acquire a semaphore).
|Since a return probe is implemented by replacing the return
|address with the trampoline's address, stack backtraces and calls
|to __builtin_return_address() will typically yield the trampoline's
|address instead of the real return address for kretprobed functions.
|(As far as we can tell, __builtin_return_address() is used only
|for instrumentation and error reporting.)
|If the number of times a function is called does not match the number
|of times it returns, registering a return probe on that function may
|produce undesirable results. In such a case, a line:
|kretprobe BUG!: Processing kretprobe d000000000041aa8 @ c00000000004f48c
|gets printed. With this information, one will be able to correlate the
|exact instance of the kretprobe that caused the problem. We have the
|do_exit() case covered. do_execve() and do_fork() are not an issue.
|We're unaware of other specific cases where this could be a problem.
|If, upon entry to or exit from a function, the CPU is running on
|a stack other than that of the current task, registering a return
|probe on that function may produce undesirable results. For this
|reason, Kprobes doesn't support return probes (or kprobes or jprobes)
|on the x86_64 version of __switch_to(); the registration functions
|return -EINVAL.
|6. Probe Overhead
|On a typical CPU in use in 2005, a kprobe hit takes 0.5 to 1.0
|microseconds to process. Specifically, a benchmark that hits the same
|probepoint repeatedly, firing a simple handler each time, reports 1-2
|million hits per second, depending on the architecture. A jprobe or
|return-probe hit typically takes 50-75% longer than a kprobe hit.
|When you have a return probe set on a function, adding a kprobe at
|the entry to that function adds essentially no overhead.
|Here are sample overhead figures (in usec) for different architectures.
|k = kprobe; j = jprobe; r = return probe; kr = kprobe + return probe
|on same function; jr = jprobe + return probe on same function
|i386: Intel Pentium M, 1495 MHz, 2957.31 bogomips
|k = 0.57 usec; j = 1.00; r = 0.92; kr = 0.99; jr = 1.40
|x86_64: AMD Opteron 246, 1994 MHz, 3971.48 bogomips
|k = 0.49 usec; j = 0.76; r = 0.80; kr = 0.82; jr = 1.07
|ppc64: POWER5 (gr), 1656 MHz (SMT disabled, 1 virtual CPU per physical CPU)
|k = 0.77 usec; j = 1.31; r = 1.26; kr = 1.45; jr = 1.99
|a. SystemTap (http://sourceware.org/systemtap): Provides a simplified
|programming interface for probe-based instrumentation. Try it out.
|b. Kernel return probes for sparc64.
|c. Support for other architectures.
|d. User-space probes.
|e. Watchpoint probes (which fire on data references).
|8. Kprobes Example
|See samples/kprobes/kprobe_example.c
|9. Jprobes Example
|See samples/kprobes/jprobe_example.c
|10. Kretprobes Example
|See samples/kprobes/kretprobe_example.c
|For additional information on Kprobes, refer to the following URLs:
|http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2006/linuxsymposium_procv2.pdf (pages 101-115)
|Appendix A: The kprobes debugfs interface
|With recent kernels (> 2.6.20) the list of registered kprobes is visible
|under the /sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/ directory (assuming debugfs is mounted at //sys/kernel/debug).
|/sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/list: Lists all registered probes on the system
|c015d71a k vfs_read+0x0
|c011a316 j do_fork+0x0
|c03dedc5 r tcp_v4_rcv+0x0
|The first column provides the kernel address where the probe is inserted.
|The second column identifies the type of probe (k - kprobe, r - kretprobe
|and j - jprobe), while the third column specifies the symbol+offset of
|the probe. If the probed function belongs to a module, the module name
|is also specified. Following columns show probe status. If the probe is on
|a virtual address that is no longer valid (module init sections, module
|virtual addresses that correspond to modules that've been unloaded),
|such probes are marked with [GONE]. If the probe is temporarily disabled,
|such probes are marked with [DISABLED].
|/sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/enabled: Turn kprobes ON/OFF forcibly.
|Provides a knob to globally and forcibly turn registered kprobes ON or OFF.
|By default, all kprobes are enabled. By echoing "0" to this file, all
|registered probes will be disarmed, till such time a "1" is echoed to this
|file. Note that this knob just disarms and arms all kprobes and doesn't
|change each probe's disabling state. This means that disabled kprobes (marked
|[DISABLED]) will be not enabled if you turn ON all kprobes by this knob.


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Nick jumps into Fastforward mode, can the others keep up?
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$318.00 $424.00
This vintage ring is striking, made with a large domed Sugilite, and set into a rustic and rough sterling silver bezel that has a Brutalist, designer look. Sugilite gets its name from Japanese petrologist Ken-ichi Sugi (1901–1948) who first found the gemstone on Iwagi Islet, Japan. It is also mined in Canada, South Africa, and several other locations worldwide. Although it was discovered in 1944, it appeared in jewelry making in a big way during the New Age wave of the 1980s--which is the era of this ring--due to its connection with peacefulness. That association was made largely because of the timeframe in which it was discovered, the end of WWII. The stone displays as purple and sometimes pink, and both colors are associated with "The Age of Aquarius" and nurturing vibrations. Sugilite is also believed to enhance one's feelings of confidence and empowerment. Gemstone jewelry is often given as an 11th anniversary gift. The piece carries no hallmarks, and so we call it Southwestern style or Native American influenced.
The Size 10 ring face measures a little over 1" long by just under 1" at the widest point. Weighs 14g. The stone is well seated in the bezel, and you can see how the design of the ring actually is one of the bezel hugging the stone. The interior of the band carries a 925 stamp for sterling silver.
Love, beauty, strength.
Please convo with questions, or call (505) 369-6865. Will return your call as soon as possible.
For More Native American Rings: http://bit.ly/2HQXwyY
Native American Earrings: http://bit.ly/2FyZ8wy
Native Bracelets, Watches, Cufflinks: https://bit.ly/2NpeypL
Native Necklaces and Pendants: http://bit.ly/2ESs4Tf
Native Belts, Bolos, Brooches: http://bit.ly/2oz2XKp
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1-3 business days
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 14 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 30 days of delivery
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
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Etsy or PayPal, depending on which you use, administers payments, and therefore protects your financial per their respective privacy policies. This shop does not have access to credit card or bank details.
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To fulfill your order, you provide information through Etsy, such as name, email address, postal address, payment information, and details of the product ordered. You may also choose to provide additional personal information regarding the order if you contact the shop directly.
This shop collects, uses, and shares your information for specific tasks such as:
• providing services to fulfill your order, to settle disputes should any occur, and provide customer support;
• when you have provided consent, which you may revoke at any time, by signing up for a mailing list or request detail of future product availability;
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Information about this shop's customers is necessary to our business. Personal information is used for specific and limited reasons and circumstances, as follows:
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Data Retention
We retain customer personal information only for as long as necessary to provide you with services, as described in this Privacy Policy and to comply with any legal and regulatory obligations, to resolve disputes should any arise, and to enforce agreements. For tax purposes, we generally keep customer data for seven years.
If you have any questions regarding data privacy, please contact the shop owner via the built-in messaging system. Thank you.
• We ship to many parts of the world. On any listing, enter your zip or postal code into the Shipping box to find out if your country is included and how much it will cost. If you find we do not ship to your country, contact us to find out if we might be able to.
• We ship within 1-3 days of order via USPS, Fed Ex, and UPS. and any order of $100 or more will be insured via third party insurance.
• Any package valued at $250 or more will require Signature upon delivery. Third Party insurer requires Signature in certain cases, so please do not ask that we ship without Signature as this creates a risk we are not willing to take.
• We accept returns. Per our policies, contact us within 14 days of delivery. Return shipping with insurance and tracking is at your expense. We process refunds once the item is returned in the same condition received.
• If your item arrives damaged, photograph it with packaging so we may make a claim.
• Returning an item is no fun; contact us before buying to ask questions or request additional photos. I'd rather talk you out of something vs your being disappointed with a purchase!
• Our top priority is your positive experience with this shop, and our greatest hope is that you LOVE the item purchased!
We can work with you on a payment plan with immediate down payment up to two months for full payment.
Note that layaways past due over 30 days go into default. Once in default the transaction is cancelled and layaway payments are not returnable due to having removed items from the market and losing potential sales.
Convo to talk about a layaway plan that works for your budget.
Please, no offers. We receive so much correspondence daily that we are unable to respond to offer requests.
We have loyal customers who return again and again and use the repeat customer discount coupon for 10% off. We set fair prices from the get-go. If something is expensive, you know it's good.
We do run sales occasionally, so watch for those. And we value community. Whether you are a returning customer, Facebook friend, or Instagram follower--our thanks to you is 10% off for supporting this shop. Please go to the About section of the main shop page and click on the social media links. Follow us on one of those platforms, convo to say you've done so and we'll send you the coupon code for 10% off.
We do NOT do reserves or holds. Like any business, we use sales proceeds to keep the shop running. We truly can't afford to take items off the market. But even if you have some funds with which to make a down payment, we can do layaway with you. Just convo to say you'd like to do a layaway, and we'll work with you on that route instead of a Hold or Reserve.
We get correspondance almost daily asking how much certain items are worth or what the price was of items that have sold, and we can no longer respond to these messages.


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Silver Earring KGE00082
Rs. 7,478.77
Kuhjohl Sterling Silver Earring made with SWAROVSKI Zirconia is, the latest innovation and addition to the Pure Brilliance Concept for Zirconia. The ultimate classic diamond cut, the Round Pure Brilliance Cut with its 57 facets, is the keystone of the SWAROVSKI GEMS Pure Brilliance Concept.
Net Wt: 5.761
Gross Wt: 6.187
Gemstone Pcs: 132
Gemstone Wt. in Carat: 2.13
Dimensions in mm (L x W): 17 x 17


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When you combine with Food, Tiffin or Catering. Offer valid till today only! Hurry up!
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Availability: In stock
Bring home the appetizing piquancy of the South Asian palate as we deliver best quality Barbican Apple Malt from World Fresh Market across Chicago Il delivered to your doorsteps Quicklly. Our product is freshly packed with wholesome taste, serving you an authentic Indian bite. Buy freshly packed Barbican Apple Malt from World Fresh Market in Chicago Il.
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Commercial Property Insurance
Serving the unique needs of businesses in Moreno Valley and all of California
One of the most common types of business insurance, commercial property insurance provides a wide range of coverage for buildings, inventory, equipment, tools and more. Losses from fire, break-in, vandalism, windstorm and other natural or manmade disasters are examples of what is typically covered.
A basic commercial property insurance policy may be all you need, although the types of coverage can vary between different insurance companies. As an independent agent, Control Insurance Services Inc. can help you determine the type of insurance policy and range of coverage that is best for your business. For a full list of coverage available, or to learn more about this product, contact us today.
California – What you need to know about commercial property insurance
Do you own a commercial building? If so, do you have enough commercial property insurance to cover replacement costs? Although cost estimators are available, we recommend that you secure an appraisal from a third party to accurately determine the current replacement cost of your building. Give Control Insurance Services Inc. a call today at 951-247-5051, and we'll help you determine if you have enough commercial property insurance for your business.
Most commercial property policies exclude flood as a covered cause of loss. A separate policy must be purchased to protect you from resulting damage. Check your current property insurance policy to be sure you are covered. If you're unsure, just ask Control Insurance Services Inc. to review your coverage, and we'll help you find the best solution.
Business Personal Property
Business personal property insurance covers property at a specified location for furniture, fixtures, equipment and inventory. Be aware that most commercial property policies have very limited coverage for property taken off the specified location. If you have equipment that is frequently taken off-site to various locations, it is important that you have an inland marine policy (equipment or installation floater).
Business Income (Business Interruption Coverage)
This coverage reimburses a business owner for lost profits and fixed expenses during the time that a business is closed. It applies while the premises are being restored because of damage from an event, such as a fire. Business income insurance may also cover financial losses that occur if civil authorities limit customer access to your neighborhood or business after a disaster. Control Insurance Services Inc. strongly recommends that all businesses acquire this coverage.
Electronic Data Processing (EDP)
This coverage is separate property coverage specifically designed to protect your computer related equipment. Most commercial property policies have limited coverage for computer networks. EDP broadens the causes of loss to include things like power surges and in some cases virus attacks.
Based in California, Control Insurance Services Inc. understands the business insurance needs of our customers. The right coverage for you is unique – call us at 951-247-5051 or contact us today to find out how to protect your business and your future with the right insurance.
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Access quotes from California's most trusted insurance carriers. It's comparison shopping at the click of a mouse.


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Natalia Dyer Fappening
I'm looking for a hot, slutty girl to watch with my boyfriend on Natalia
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Syna, Age: 48 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
Hello everyone, my name is Syna and I am in a relationship. I am 48 years old and my partner is 45 years old. We are on this libertine site because we are fans of carnal pleasure. We're available in the afternoon to meet up and fuck. We can set you up with a date at the libertine club if that works for you. We love going to libertine clubs in Natalia to meet open-minded people. It's a little bit my fault because I'm naughty with the grown-ups and I don't have any taboos. We want a guy who is about the same age as us for this evening between libertines. As a very naughty slut, I need another man to come and fuck me so we can both cum together. I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.
Looking for a naughty night with a cougar in Natalia
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Maurise, Age: 48 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
Hello naughty ones, my name is Maurice and I'm 48 years old. I live in Natalia. I'm a woman who is quite glamorous, playful and naughty. I like naughty guys who are charming. I also demand a guy with a big dick because otherwise I don't cum. I just want to fuck well. I'm giving a rendezvous at the beginning of the week but rather in the evening. We can meet up wherever you want, but somewhere around Natalia would be good. I really enjoy libertine encounters. I've always been a libertine woman and especially an exhibitionist. This turns me on when men spy on me while I'm making love in a public place like toilets. To keep it short, you won't be a novice if you want to spoil me in bed. If you respond to my aspirations, you will remember it.
My girlfriend is a nymphomaniac and I'm looking for a place to fuck her in Natalia
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Romanie, Age: 43 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
We suggest you come and meet us for a rendezvous at our place. We're finally available every night. We've been into the swing of things for quite some time now. My boyfriend and I like to experiment with new sexual experiences from time to time, right now we're exploring exhibitionism. I have no physical criteria because it is only for a meeting ... But that said, I want a type who ensures, it really takes my guy to see another man give me an orgasm. You must leave us a comment if you want to know us to make a hot appointment with us. Kiss.
I'm a married woman who would love to fuck with a stranger on Natalia
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Marcelina, Age: 30 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
I, on the other hand, demand a good fucker like my dear. I want to have a good time. We would like to arrange a meeting with you at our office, and preferably on Friday if that works for you. We're fans of group sex. As a particularly nymphomaniac girl, I enjoy having sex with other guys besides my husband. You can leave a comment, we will be happy to look at it. In the hope of meeting you for a nice encounter between naughty people. We kiss you. Bye Bye.
Looking for a hot woman for some naughty fun with charming, dirty guy on Natalia
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Guluzar, Age: 23 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
I don't really have a preference when it comes to one night stands. However, it is mandatory that this guy be a player. I need foreplay because I love to build the heat before we get down together. A hot date should make me come. I need a h that is a good grazer. Other than that, I'm a fan of anal sex but with finesse. I'm personally in favor of a hookup in the woods if you're into that sort of thing. I'm attracted to a lover who knows how to take charge during our sex meeting. I'm only here to get laid. For this quickie, I'm available after work. I can meet you at a bar for drinks to get to know each other. So, I am looking forward to reading your meeting proposals. I look forward to meeting you. I think we're going to have a lot of fun at this naughty rendezvous. See you soon! Kiss.
Looking for a fun time between couples in Natalia
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Mei-lee, Age: 30 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
Hi couples, I'm Mei-lee and I'm 30 years old. My husband is 29 years old and we are quite libertine. I am attracted to naughty guys who are well-endowed and very small, but it remains a wish. However, I require a guy who is as hot as my boyfriend. I want to enjoy myself like never before. What I love is to find myself with 2 guys who are quite perverse because it excites me to have two sexes just for me and my husband enjoys seeing me cum. We all work every day, so we'd rather give you a date on Friday night. If possible, at our place or in a hot club near Natalia. Looking forward to playing together soon. Bye.
Couple looking for some fun in the forest
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Halise, Age: 28 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
Hi libertines, We are a naughty couple, my name is Halise and I am 28 years old and my boyfriend is 28 years old. We are in Natalia. I don't have any physical criteria because it's only for a cuckold plan... But that said, I need a man who is confident, my partner really needs to see another male make me cum. We would like to invite you over for the weekend, if possible at our place or a nearby hot club in Natalia. We almost everything about sex and it since always in dignity and hygiene. We should note that we prefer candaulism mainly with an experienced guy. Now that you know what I want, you can leave me a comment. I'm sure we'll have a great time together. I'll talk to you soon. Big kisses.
I'm a woman in an open relationship here to have some fun
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Tylane, Age: 39 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
We would prefer to offer you an appointment at our place and rather during the week if that suits you. I don't think I have any physical criteria because it's just for a cuckold plan... But however I need a virile man, my husband absolutely has to see another man make me orgasm. I'm an amateur of candaulism because I want to have fun with another naughty guy but always in front of my boyfriend. I'm pretty hot when I fuck and I especially appreciate it when someone licks me with delicacy. Since you understand what I'm looking for, you are allowed to leave me a message. I'm sure I'll have a good time with you. I'm leaving. I kiss you.
Naughty woman for a threesome fuck on Natalia with her husband
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Oura, Age: 28 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
Hi there, we're a naughty couple and we're on Natalia. My name is Oura and I am 28 years old. My boyfriend is 32 years old. Since we work a lot, we would like to meet you on Friday night and if possible at our house or in a private club next to Natalia. I am attracted to well-built and athletic men, but it remains a desire. I want a guy who's as hot as my boyfriend. I want to scream. We've been fans of libertine dating for a while. My boyfriend and I try new things between libertines regularly, these days it's voyeurism. We're on this dating site to enjoy life with other guys. You have the right to leave us a message if you want to meet us. Kisses.
A married woman is ready to try out libertinage in a Natalia libertine club
Natalia Dyer Fappening
First name: Isabele, Age: 35 yo, City: Natalia (TX)
I am a married woman, my name is Isabele and I just turned 35 years old and my husband is 32 years old. We are free spirits. We prefer a guy the same age as us for this evening between horny people. As a very naughty girl, I want a real man to enjoy ourselves together. We love going to swingers clubs in Natalia in order to meet open-minded people. I'm a little bit to blame because I'm naughty with guys and I have no taboos. We would prefer to meet you at our place but if you wish we can come over to Natalia and its surroundings. We are only available for this threesome at the end of the day. As you understand what I am looking for, you are allowed to leave me a message. I'm sure I'll have a good time in your company. I'm leaving. Kisses!
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JIMEI PALACE - One Piece Gol D Roger (Licensed) [PRE-ORDER]
JIMEI PALACE - One Piece Gol D Roger (Licensed) [PRE-ORDER]
Please read FAQ and Shipping and Delivery before Ordering.Payment methods
All major Credit Cards/ Debit Cards are accepted.
Studio: JIMEI PALACE
Product Category: Anime Action Figure, Statues, Collectibles
Product Name: One Piece Gol D Roger (Licensed)
Material: Resin, PU Resin (Polyurethane)
Est. Size: 58cm (L) x 61cm (W) x 61cm (H)
Est. Weight: --
Limited No Of Unit: TBA
Est. Completion: 3rd Quarter 2023 - 4th Quarter 2023
厂家: 集美殿堂
作品类别: 动漫手办,模型,雕像
材质: 树脂,PU树脂 (PU Resin)
尺寸(大约): 58厘米(长)x 61厘米(宽)x 61厘米(高)
重量(大约): --
数量: 待公布
预计出货日期: 2023年第三季度 - 2023年第四季度
Ordering Information
** Please read Shipping & Delivery and FAQ for more information.
1) Deposit (Pre-Order)/ Full Payment (In-Stock) is NON-REFUNDABLE, unless the product is cancelled by the Studio (full refund).
2) Default Prices stated are in Singapore Dollar (SGD), unless converted to other Currencies.
3) FREE SHIPPING Options are available for Singapore Customers. T&C apply.
4) FLAT RATE of S$30 for West Malaysia/ S$40 for East Malaysia Customers. T&C apply.
5) Shipping Fee is NOT included for International Customers.
6) Customer will be notified with the exact shipping cost when the actual product is ready.
7) Do note that different countries may impose different custom taxes or consumer taxes, these taxes are to be bear by the Customer. GK Figure will NOT held responsible for the restrictions imposed by the respective Country Laws/ Regulations.
^ Wondering what is GK Figure? Take a look at What is Resin Figure/ Garage Kits (GK) Figure.
^ Please refer to Shipping & Delivery for more information about Shipping and Delivery.
^ Please refer to FAQ for more information.


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Morgan Wallen at Citizens Bank Park
(Rescheduled from 6/17/23)
Get tickets to see Morgan Wallen at Citizens Bank Park on Saturday, May 11th. The show will begin at 4:00 PM and tickets will be available up until that time.
Morgan Wallen ticket prices in Philadelphia start at $300.
Other upcoming concerts for Morgan Wallen include stops in Indianapolis April 4th and Indianapolis April 5th.
This event was originally scheduled for June 17th, 2023. Tickets for the original date are usually accepted for the make-up date.
- Morgan Wallen
- Parker McCollum
- Ernest
Tips For Buying Tickets
Is it safe to purchase tickets from RateYourSeats.com?
Yes! We offer a 100% money-back guarantee if your tickets are not delivered in time, not authentic or the event is canceled. Read more about our guarantee
How will I get my Morgan Wallen tickets?
Delivery options are specified on the checkout page or in the ticket notes. Options may include electronic tickets (print-at-home), snail-mail, and stadium pick-up.
Are the seats together?
All seats are together, side-by-side, unless otherwise noted.
Where do these tickets come from?
All tickets for sale on RateYourSeats.com are listed by professional ticket resellers as well as pre-screened individual sellers. This collection of tickets from resellers defines the secondary market. RateYourSeats.com operates in this secondary ticket market. We do not own or originate tickets like a venue's box office. The secondary market is a live market is constantly changing based on the supply and demand of interested fans, and therefore ticket prices may be above or below the printed face value on the tickets.
Due to the nature of the ticket industry, tickets are subject to availability as noted in our Sales Terms. All orders placed through RateYourSeats.com are considered requests until the respective seller confirms availability. At that point, our 100% Buyer Guarantee goes into effect.
Do the listed ticket prices differ from face value?
Most likely, yes. Because the seller determines the price of tickets in each listing, the listed price may differ from the face value printed on the ticket.
When you buy tickets from RateYourSeats.com, you may be paying more than face value or you may be paying less; supply and demand determines successful sale prices. RateYourSeats.com holds sellers accountable to comply with our User Agreement and list tickets accordingly.
How can I contact you?
Our Chicago-based customer service team is happy to help answer your questions. By phone, call (866) 270-7569 or for email click here. For questions related to our terms of use, please review our privacy policy.
Note: We make every attempt to ensure accuracy in our maps and data. Please contact us to report inaccuracies.
Citizens Bank Park
Venue Information
Upcoming Events
Mar28Atlanta Braves at Philadelphia PhilliesThursday, 3:05 PM(Opening Day)
Mar30Saturday, 4:05 PM
Mar31Sunday, 1:35 PM


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At TireSport, we know how inconvenient a flat tire can be. Tires can lose air for many reasons including a punctured tire, a corroded rim, a leaky valve stem, or a cracked wheel. If you do experience a flat or low tire, come to a stop in a safe place as quickly as possible. If you are stranded on the roadside, turn on your flashers and raise your hood. Once you are safely situated, you can change to your spare or call for roadside assistance. Remember, driving for even a very short distance on a deflated tire will damage the tire beyond repair. Trust your friends at TireSport to fix or replace a tire and get you back on the road quickly.
TireSport proudly serves the Tire Repair needs of customers in Eugene, OR
Areas Served : Eugene, OR and surrounding areas


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No matter what type of shutters you use at your business premises, one thing that you need to ensure is that they are in good working order. Many businesses have shutters such as roller shutters and shop front shutters Southgate installed so that their business premises is protected against things such as break-ins, malicious damage, and even extreme weather conditions. However, you only have this protection in place if your shutters are working properly. If they are not, you lose this protection along with peace of mind.
Sorting out shutter repairs in Southgate is simple as long as you go through the right company. When it comes to something as important as shutter repairs Southgate businesses need to look for professionals with plenty of experience and a solid reputation. This can help to ensure that the work is carried out to the highest standards and that your roller shutter repairs Southgate are back to being in good working order to provide ongoing protection for your premises. You should also look for providers that can offer this level of expertise without charging you extortionate prices.
By coming to Roller Shutter Repairs Southgate for your shutter repair requirements, you can benefit from professionalism, experience, reliability, expertise, superb standards, and competitive pricing. You won't be left waiting around to get your shutters repaired, as we offer a swift and efficient service. In addition, you won't have to break the bank in order to pay for our services. Our experts have years of experience and can get the work done without delay and without charging over the odds.
If you have any sort of problem with your shutters, you simply need to get in touch with the team at Roller Shutter Repairs Southgate and we can get the work carried out for you. If you are looking for further information about our services, want to get a free quote, need to make a booking, or simply have a question, just get in touch with a member of our friendly team and we will be more than happy to help.Osidge, Brunswick Park, Arnos Grove, New Southgate, Oakwood, Highlands Village, Winchmore Hill, Palmers Green, Bowes Park, Cockfosters


text:
Men's Purple Labradorite on Purple Leather Hand Wrapped w/ Copper
Men's Purple Labradorite on Purple Leather Hand Wrapped w/ Copper
Men's Purple Labradorite gemstone on Purple Leather Hand Wrapped w/ Copper
20 inches
Our gemstone and leather pieces are all original designs by Lisa Beth and LDE Affinity Jewelry. They are hand crafted with passion and love in our Southern California studio. The beads are strung on Leather that is precision cut from the center of the hide and is the finest quality around.
I pay close attention to detail because I want you to love your jewelry forever that I made for you. It's very important to me that this piece is in your collection for years to come. We do our best to choose each stone carefully and purposefully for every piece. However there might be slight differences in color size shape and clarity which makes each item unique and one of a kind.
Each piece of jewelry will come in a pouch or box for it's protection and storage or to be ready to give as a gift.
If you'd like to stay up to date with our latest creation or collection, please add our store to your favorites.
The information provided here regarding the metaphysical properties of stones is intuitively derived and has not been scientifically evaluated. This information is not intended to be used to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease.
Our intent is only to offer information of a general nature to help customers and their loved ones in their spiritual quest for higher consciousness and well-being.


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Global IP Surveillance Cameras Market Audience, Geographies and Key Players forecast year 2026
Summary - A new market study, titled "Global IP Surveillance Cameras Market Research Report 2020" has been featured on WiseGuy Reports.
Global IP Surveillance Cameras Market: Drivers and Restrains
The research report has incorporated the analysis of different factors that augment the market's growth. It constitutes trends, restraints, and drivers that transform the market in either a positive or negative manner. This section also provides the scope of different segments and applications that can potentially influence the market in the future. The detailed information is based on current trends and historic milestones. This section also provides an analysis of the volume of production about the global market and also about each type from 2015 to 2026. This section mentions the volume of production by region from 2015 to 2026. Pricing analysis is included in the report according to each type from the year 2015 to 2026, manufacturer from 2015 to 2020, region from 2015 to 2020, and global price from 2015 to 2026.
ALSO READ: https://icrowdnewswire.com/2020/04/10/ip-surveillance-cameras-market-2020-global-industry-key-players-size-trends-consumption-demand-analysis-to-2026/
A thorough evaluation of the restrains included in the report portrays the contrast to drivers and gives room for strategic planning. Factors that overshadow the market growth are pivotal as they can be understood to devise different bends for getting hold of the lucrative opportunities that are present in the ever-growing market. Additionally, insights into market expert's opinions have been taken to understand the market better.
Market Segment Analysis
The research report includes specific segments by Type and by Application. Each type provides information about the production during the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. Application segment also provides consumption during the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. Understanding the segments helps in identifying the importance of different factors that aid the market growth.
Segment by Type
Centralized IP Surveillance Cameras
Decentralized IP Surveillance Cameras
Segment by Application
Residential Use
Commercial Use
Global IP Surveillance Cameras Market: Regional Analysis
The report offers in-depth assessment of the growth and other aspects of the IP Surveillance Cameras market in important regions, including the U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Mexico, and Brazil, etc. Key regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America.
The report has been curated after observing and studying various factors that determine regional growth such as economic, environmental, social, technological, and political status of the particular region. Analysts have studied the data of revenue, production, and manufacturers of each region. This section analyses region-wise revenue and volume for the forecast period of 2015 to 2026. These analyses will help the reader to understand the potential worth of investment in a particular region.
Global IP Surveillance Cameras Market: Competitive Landscape
This section of the report identifies various key manufacturers of the market. It helps the reader understand the strategies and collaborations that players are focusing on combat competition in the market. The comprehensive report provides a significant microscopic look at the market. The reader can identify the footprints of the manufacturers by knowing about the global revenue of manufacturers, the global price of manufacturers, and production by manufacturers during the forecast period of 2015 to 2019.
The major players in the market include Hikvision, Axis Communications, Panasonic, Dahua, Bosch Security Systems, Sony, Samsung, Avigilon, Pelco by Schneider Electric, Honeywell, Mobotix, GeoVision, Belkin, NetGear, Vivotek, D-Link, Arecont Vision, Wanscam, Toshiba, GOSCAM, Juanvision, Apexis, etc.
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Wise Guy Reports is part of the Wise Guy Research Consultants Pvt. Ltd. and offers premium progressive statistical surveying, market research reports, analysis & forecast data for industries and governments around the globe.
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Setup and Config
Getting and Creating Projects
Basic Snapshotting
Branching and Merging
Sharing and Updating Projects
Inspection and Comparison
External Systems
Server Admin
- gitattributes
- Command-line interface conventions
- Everyday Git
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Glossary
- Hooks
- gitignore
- gitmodules
- Revisions
- Submodules
- Tutorial
- Workflows
- All guides...
Plumbing Commands
- 2.43.0 11/20/23
- 2.35.1 → 2.42.1 no changes
- 2.35.0 01/24/22
- 2.31.1 → 2.34.8 no changes
- 2.31.0 03/15/21
- 2.27.1 → 2.30.9 no changes
- 2.27.0 06/01/20
git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)…] git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)…] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)…] [(-F <file>)…] <tree>
This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See git-commit[1] instead.
Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
from the standard input, unless
-m or
-F options are given.
-m and
-F options can be given any number of times, in any
order. The commit log message will be composed in the order in which
the options are given.
A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root) commits have no parents.
While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how to get there.
Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git
doesn't care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
.git/HEAD, so that we can always see what the last committed
state was.
- <tree>
An existing tree object.
- -p <parent>
-pindicates the id of a parent commit object.
- -m <message>
A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than once and each <message> becomes its own paragraph.
- -F <file>
Read the commit log message from the given file. Use
-to read from the standard input. This can be given more than once and the content of each file becomes its own paragraph.
- -S[<keyid>]
- --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]
- --no-gpg-sign
GPG-sign commits. The
keyidargument is optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be stuck to the option without a space.
--no-gpg-signis useful to countermand a
--gpg-signoption given earlier on the command line.
Commit Information
A commit encapsulates:
all parent object ids
author name, email and date
committer name and email and the commit time.
A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog entry is not provided via "<" redirection, git commit-tree will just wait for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.
GIT_AUTHOR_DATE and
GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables
support the following date formats:
- Git internal format
It is
<unix-timestamp> <time-zone-offset>, where
<unix-timestamp>is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
<time-zone-offset>is a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is
The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200.
Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
2005-04-07T22:13:13. The parser accepts a space instead of the
Tcharacter as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored, for example
2005-04-07T22:13:13.019will be treated as
In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.
The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.
Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as path names in command line arguments, environment variables and config files (
.git/config(see git-config[1]), gitignore[5], gitattributes[5] and gitmodules[5]).
Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However, repositories created on such systems will not work properly on UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa. Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.
Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but not UTF-16/32, EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5, EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).
Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind.
git commit and git commit-tree issue a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to have
.git/configfile, like this:
[i18n] commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1
Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
i18n.commitEncodingin their
encodingheader. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the
encodingheader of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output encoding with
.git/configfile, like this:
[i18n] logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1
If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
i18n.commitEncodingis used instead.
Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.
Part of the git[1] suite


text:
Аутсорсинг ИТ, Web-разработка
BOUNCE(8) BOUNCE(8) NAME bounce - Postfix message bounce or defer daemon SYNOPSIS bounce [generic Postfix daemon options] DESCRIPTION The bounce(8) daemon maintains per-message log files with non-delivery status information. Each log file is named after the queue file that it corresponds to, and is kept in a queue subdirectory named after the service name in the master.cf file (either bounce, defer or trace). This program expects to be run from the master(8) process man- ager. The bounce(8) daemon processes two types of service requests: o Append a recipient (non-)delivery status record to a per-message log file. o Enqueue a bounce message, with a copy of a per-mes- sage log file and of the corresponding message. When the bounce message is enqueued successfully, the per-message log file is deleted. The software does a best notification effort. A non-deliv- ery notification is sent even when the log file or the original message cannot be read. Optionally, a bounce (defer, trace) client can request that the per-message log file be deleted when the requested operation fails. This is used by clients that cannot retry transactions by themselves, and that depend on retry logic in their own client. STANDARDS RFC 822 (ARPA Internet Text Messages) RFC 1894 (Delivery Status Notifications) RFC 2045 (Format of Internet Message Bodies) DIAGNOSTICS Problems and transactions are logged to syslogd(8). CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS Changes to main.cf are picked up automatically, as bounce(8) processes run for only a limited amount of time. Use the command "postfix reload" to speed up a change. The text below provides only a parameter summary. See postconf(5) for more details including examples. 2bounce_notice_recipient (postmaster) The recipient of undeliverable mail that cannot be returned to the sender. backwards_bounce_logfile_compatibility (yes) Produce additional bounce(8) logfile records that can be read by Postfix versions before 2.0. bounce_notice_recipient (postmaster) The recipient of postmaster notifications with the message headers of mail that Postfix did not deliver and of SMTP conversation transcripts of mail that Postfix did not receive. bounce_size_limit (50000) The maximal amount of original message text that is sent in a non-delivery notification. config_directory (see 'postconf -d' output) The default location of the Postfix main.cf and master.cf configuration files. daemon_timeout (18000s) How much time a Postfix daemon process may take to handle a request before it is terminated by a built-in watchdog timer. delay_notice_recipient (postmaster) The recipient of postmaster notifications with the message headers of mail that cannot be delivered within $delay_warning_time time units. deliver_lock_attempts (20) The maximal number of attempts to acquire an exclu- sive lock on a mailbox file or bounce(8) logfile. deliver_lock_delay (1s) The time between attempts to acquire an exclusive lock on a mailbox file or bounce(8) logfile. ipc_timeout (3600s) The time limit for sending or receiving information over an internal communication channel. mail_name (Postfix) The mail system name that is displayed in Received: headers, in the SMTP greeting banner, and in bounced mail. max_idle (100s) The maximum amount of time that an idle Postfix daemon process waits for the next service request before exiting. max_use (100) The maximal number of connection requests before a Postfix daemon process terminates. notify_classes (resource, software) The list of error classes that are reported to the postmaster. process_id (read-only) The process ID of a Postfix command or daemon process. process_name (read-only) The process name of a Postfix command or daemon process. queue_directory (see 'postconf -d' output) The location of the Postfix top-level queue direc- tory. syslog_facility (mail) The syslog facility of Postfix logging. syslog_name (postfix) The mail system name that is prepended to the process name in syslog records, so that "smtpd" becomes, for example, "postfix/smtpd". FILES /var/spool/postfix/bounce/* non-delivery records /var/spool/postfix/defer/* non-delivery records /var/spool/postfix/trace/* delivery status records SEE ALSO qmgr(8), queue manager postconf(5), configuration parameters master(5), generic daemon options master(8), process manager syslogd(8), system logging LICENSE The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software. AUTHOR(S) Wietse Venema IBM T.J. Watson Research P.O. Box 704 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA BOUNCE(8)
Адрес: Московская область, г. Фрязино, ул. Полевая, д.6, этаж 4, офис 20.
Телефон: +7 (495) 589-68-81, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
The time will come when, with elation, you will greet yourself arriving at your own door, in your own mirror, and each will smile at the other's welcome and say, sit here.
You will love again the stranger who was your self.
Give wine. Give bread.
Give back your heart to itself, to the stranger who has loved you all your life, whom you have ignored for another, who knows you by heart.
Take down the love letters from the bookshelf, the photographs, the desperate notes, peel your own image from the mirror.
Feast on your life.
Derek Walcott, Collected Poems 1948-1984
New York, Farrar Straus Giroux, 1986.


text:
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The study provides information on market trends and development, drivers, capacities, technologies, and on the changing capital structure of the Global Pilates Equipment Market. Some of the key players profiled in the study are Balanced Body, Gratz Industries, Merrithew, Stamina Products, Xtend Pilates, AGM Group, Peak Pilates, Sivan Health and Fitness & Tone Pilates.
Pilates Equipment Market Overview:
If you are involved in the Pilates Equipment industry or intend to be, then this study will provide you comprehensive outlook. It's vital you keep your market knowledge up to date segmented by , Pilates Machines, Pilates Mats, Pilates Rings, Pilates Balls, Industry Segmentation, Commercial, Household, Channel (Direct Sales, Distributor) (2018-2023) If you have a different set of players/manufacturers according to geography or needs regional or country segmented reports we can provide customization according to your requirement.
Enquire for customization in Report @ https://www.htfmarketreport.com/enquiry-before-buy/2031880-global-pilates-equipment-market
Pilates Equipment Market: Demand Analysis & Opportunity Outlook 2023
Research study is to define market sizes of various segments & countries in previous years and to forecast the values to the next 5-8 years. The report is designed to comprise each qualitative and quantitative elements of the industry facts including: market share, market size (value and volume 2012-17, and forecast to 2023) with admire to each of the areas and countries concerned inside the examination. Furthermore, the report additionally caters the detailed statistics about the vital elements which includes drivers & restraining factors which will define the future growth of the market.
Furthermore, the years considered for the study are as follows:
Historical year – 2013-2017
Base year – 2018
Forecast period** – 2018 to 2023 [** unless otherwise stated]
Moreover, it will also include the opportunities available in micro markets for stakeholders to invest, detailed analysis of competitive landscape and product services of key players.
The designated segments and sub-section of the market are explained below:
The Study is segmented by following Product Type: , Pilates Machines, Pilates Mats, Pilates Rings, Pilates Balls, Industry Segmentation, Commercial, Household, Channel (Direct Sales, Distributor)
Some of the key Manufacturers Involved in the Market are – Balanced Body, Gratz Industries, Merrithew, Stamina Products, Xtend Pilates, AGM Group, Peak Pilates, Sivan Health and Fitness & Tone Pilates
You can get free access to samples from the report here: https://www.htfmarketreport.com/sample-report/2031880-global-pilates-equipment-market
For each region, market size and end users are analyzed as well as segment markets by types, applications and companies. If opting for the Global version of Pilates Equipment Market analysis is provided for major regions as follows:
• North America (USA, Canada and Mexico)
• Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)
• Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
• South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia etc.)
• Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)
Buy this research report @ https://www.htfmarketreport.com/buy-now?format=1&report=2031880
Key Answers Captured in Study are
Which geography would have better demand for product/services?
What are the strategies adopted by big players in the regional market?
Which country would see the steep rise in CAGR & year-on-year (Y-O-Y) growth?
What is the current & expected market size in next five years?
What is the market feasibility for long term investment?
What opportunity the country would offer for existing and new players in the Pilates Equipment market?
What is risk involved for suppliers in the geography?
What factors would drive the demand for the product/service in near future?
What is the impact analysis of various factors in the Global Pilates Equipment market growth?
What are the recent trends in the regional market and how successful they are?
Read Detailed Index of full Research Study at @ https://www.htfmarketreport.com/reports/2031880-global-pilates-equipment-market
There are 15 Chapters to display the Global Pilates Equipment market.
Chapter 1, About Executive Summary to describe Definition, Specifications and Classification of Global Pilates Equipment market, Applications Market Segment by Regions North America Country (United States, Canada), South America, Asia Country (China, Japan, India, Korea), Europe Country (Germany, UK, France, Italy), Other Country (Middle East, Africa, GCC)
Chapter 2, objective of the study.
Chapter 3, to display Research methodology and techniques.
Chapter 4 and 5, to show the Overall Market Analysis, segmentation analysis, characteristics;
Chapter 6 and 7, to show the Market size, share and forecast; Five forces analysis (bargaining Power of buyers/suppliers), Threats to new entrants and market condition;
Chapter 8 and 9, to show analysis by regional segmentation[North America Country (United States, Canada), South America, Asia Country (China, Japan, India, Korea), Europe Country (Germany, UK, France, Italy), Other Country (Middle East, Africa, GCC) & Section (5 6 7): 500 USD?? ], comparison, leading countries and opportunities; Regional Marketing Type Analysis, Supply Chain Analysis
Chapter 10, focus on identifying the key industry influencer's, overview of decision framework accumulated through Industry experts and strategic decision makers;
Chapter 11 and 12, Market Trend Analysis, Drivers, Challenges by consumer behaviour, Marketing Channels and demand & supply.
Chapter 13 and 14, describe about the vendor landscape (classification and Market Positioning)
Chapter 15, deals with Global Pilates Equipment Market sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.
Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe or Asia or Oceania [Australia and New Zealand].
Media Contact
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City: Edison
State: New Jersey
Country: United States
Website: www.htfmarketreport.com/reports/2031880-global-pilates-equipment-market


text:
Welcome to the Lancaster Chiropractic PLLC new patient center!
We understand that arriving at a doctors office for the first time can be nerve racking. Filling out paperwork, learning new faces and names, and getting to know your way around the office can be an overwhelming experience.
That's why at Lancaster Chiropractic PLLC our aim is to remove any stress or causing unnecessary tension and to make you feel comfortable. In this area of the website you will be able to take care of items necessary for your visit prior to arriving, in the comfort of your own home.


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Flash Light Reflective Thread Zinia
FLASH - This unique thread line was designed to reflect strongly under bright lights, making it ideal for use in safety garments, clothing and accessories worn at night and even cosplay costumes and items. The polyester thread is woven with a second strand of reflective thread. Stitch it anywhere a highly reflective element is desired.


text:
See Understanding Techniques for WCAG Success Criteria for important information about the usage of these informative techniques and how they relate to the normative WCAG 2.0 success criteria. The Applicability section explains the scope of the technique, and the presence of techniques for a specific technology does not imply that the technology can be used in all situations to create content that meets WCAG 2.0.
Appropriate to use for all general Web content including special cases like material that is specifically designed for a display in a foyer.
This technique relates to:
The purpose of this technique is to provide an easy way to pass the success criterion for things that flash, but are small.
If you have something that flashes more than 3 times in a one second period (so G19 can't be used), but the area that is flashing is less than 25% of 10 degrees of visual field (which represents the central area of vision in the eye), then it would automatically pass.
The 10 degree of visual field represents the central area of vision in the eye. This area is highly packed with visual sensors. Flashes in this area are transmitted to the visual cortex. For those with photosensitivity, this flashing of activity on the visual cortex can cause seizures. Flashing on other areas of the eye (which have far fewer sensors) has much less effect on the cortex. Hence, the focus on just the 10 degrees of central vision.
If the content is for general Web use, you can use Formula 1: Small Safe Area for Web Content.
If the content is for a known display (e.g., in a company foyer) then Formula 2: Small Safe Area for Known Displays should be used.
Formula 1: Small Safe Area for Web Content
Most Web authors do not know how to translate visual field to pixels, which is what they generally can deal with. This technique provides that translation.
At this point in time, the most prevalent display is 1024 x 768 and about 15-17 inches diagonally. When viewed at a typical viewing distance (22-26 inches) a 10 degree visual field will capture an area approximately 341 x 256 pixels. This is not circular, but neither is the central vision of most users, and the difference is so small (and at the edge of the central vision where sensors are fewer) that it is not important.
Since the criterion is 25% of any 10 degree visual field, any single flashing event on a screen (there is no other flashing on screen) that is smaller than a contiguous area of 21,824 sq pixels (any shape), would pass the General and Red Flash Thresholds.
1024 x 768 was chosen because it represents the most common screen size. It also works with higher resolution screens since the tighter pixel density would result in a smaller and safer image size.
Users with lower resolution displays or that enlarge or view their screens closely would have a higher risk depending on the viewing distance. To address the needs of this group, G19: Ensuring that no component of the content flashes more than three times in any 1-second period should be used since it is independent of screen resolution or viewing distance.
Formula 2: Small Safe Area for Known Displays
To calculate the small safe area (in pixels) on the screen when the screen size, resolution, and viewing distance is known, use the following procedure.
Note: For a number of reasons (distribution of central vision sensors often non-circular, simplicity, computational convenience, historical), a 4:3 rectangular approximation of the central 10 degree of visual field is used that is 10 degrees wide and 7.5 degrees high. This has an area of 75 square degrees, vs the 78.5 square degree area of a true circle of 10 degrees.
To convert viewing distance to rectangle size, multiply the viewing distance by 0.1745 (10 * Pi / 180) to get the width of the rectangle, and multiply the viewing distance by 0.1309 (7.5 * Pi / 180) to get the height of the rectangle. (This calculation can be done in inches, or millimeters, or any other unit of length.)
Determine size of 10 degree angle of view in pixels.
To do this, multiply the width and height of the rectangle from step 1 by the resolution of the screen, in pixels per unit length, to get the horizontal and vertical size of the rectangle in pixels.
For a 1080p widescreen display (which is 1920 by 1080 pixels), the resolution of the screen in pixels per inch is 2203 divided by the diagonal screen size, in inches.
For a 720p widescreen display (which is usually 1365 by 768 pixels), the resolution of the screen in pixels per inch is 1566 divided by the diagonal screen size, in inches.
For an LCD computer monitor which specifies the pixel pitch in millimeters / pixel, the resolution of the screen in pixels per inch is 25.4 divided by the pixel pitch in millimeters.
For any display, if you know the actual diagonal screen size in inches, and the horizontal and vertical resolution of the display in pixels, then the resolution of the screen in pixels per inch is the square-root of ( (horizontal resolution in pixels) * (horizontal resolution in pixels) + (vertical resolution in pixels) * (vertical resolution in pixels) ).
Multiply the width of the rectangle by the height and divide by 4.
An author creates an animation that will be displayed on a screen in the entrance lounge at a company. Using the size and resolution of the display and the closest distance that a person can stand when viewing the display, they calculate the size of 25% of the 10 degree of central vision in pixels (using the formula above). This would be the small safe area. They then are careful to never flash any area larger than the small safe area.
Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement implied.
The small safe area is calculated.
Check that only one area of the screen is flashing at any time.
Check that the flashing content would fit into a contiguous container whose area is less than the small safe area.
Checks #2 and #3 are true.
If this is a sufficient technique for a success criterion, failing this test procedure does not necessarily mean that the success criterion has not been satisfied in some other way, only that this technique has not been successfully implemented and can not be used to claim conformance.


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In the first 90's, way before online casinos were prevalent, I enjoyed an excellent game of Roulette at among my favorite land casinos 3 or 4 times a week. Nowadays, I don't have even to leave the comforts of my own home to obtain in on the true action.
With the beginning of online casinos through the mid-90's, and shortly there after, their popularity has catapulted them into the most popular form of online entertainment everywhere. Currently, online casino gambling facilities are debuting every week it seems.
When compared to typical land casino, you will find that playing at online casinos has its numerous advantages. In fact, we have compiled just some of the many benefits to playing online. Take a look:
Play Any Time, Anywhere
When you have Internet capabilities, you have your pick at a huge selection of that never close. No matter where you are on the planet, it is possible to play at Internet casinos for real cash. What's more, these virtual casinos have many excellent game choices that even the most discerning player will see himself entertained and even with the capacity of winning a lot of cash.
No Need To Dress A PARTICULAR Way
Some land casinos generally have dress codes to bet huge amounts of money. Now, you may also play the formal version of Baccarat in your bath robe to be able to. No need to dress to impress, you will be playing in the privacy of your home. Nobody will mind your lifestyle what so ever. You can now even where that hideous but very lucky poker cap you like so much without people staring.
NO ISSUE With Weather Or Climate
Playing at online casinos will put a stop to your disdain of NEVADA summer heat. Rain or shine, you can be rest assured that you can enter an online casino without having to carry an umbrella or heavy overcoat. Remember, you don't have to embark on any trip to a casino. It is possible to sit in your preferred comfortable chair in the home during sleet, snow or sunshine and get on a great adventure.
Travel Not Required
Many people who love to gamble do not have the luxury of living in Vegas or even desire to go there. With the beautiful " new world " of online casino gambling, you will save time and money by playing from home. The money you save from not having to travel can be converted into a bigger bank-roll so you might budget. Enough time you save from travel could possibly be money in the bank, too.
The Personal Safety Factor
When playing at online casinos, you don't have to worry about unknowingly dropping your cash or chips on the ground and walking off and then realize that you lost a lot of cash. You can also feel at ease that no one will undoubtedly be out to take physical benefit of you when playing online. Playing from your home, you will end up one one's easy target either. These days, women are playing more online casino games and winning some of the Internet's top jackpots, many female players feel well informed at home than they tend to at land casinos by themselves.
The Ever Present Smoking Issues
With more people concerned about playing in smoky environments, playing in the home is an obvious advantage. Plus, those that do enjoy smoking should be able to do so without the flack from others. Nowadays, many land casinos don't allow smoking within their poker rooms either. Statistically, many regular casino gamblers are heavy smokers, if this is a problem for you, being at home will ensure an excellent environment for you.
Crowd Control
We all know gambling is the new favorite overdue. Land casinos get real busy. Sometimes it is very hard to find a table game or slot machine in your play-range – not so in the home. Many players are intimidated by crowds. New and also seasoned players down like people ogling there game-play. 娛樂城體驗金 and confidence you will need. It is usually nice to sit in the home and play at your personal crowd-free pace.
Games Selection
As we mentioned already, online casino provide just about any game you could possibly desire to wager on. They offer even more than your typical casino on land, too. Think about just about any kind of theme for a slot machine, you can find it online. Online casinos are always looking to offer more casino game on a regular basis. You won't get bored.
Deposit and Withdraw Methods
In the event that you play at casinos on land, you must use cash to start action. Casinos on the Net provide a complete selection of funding or deposit methods to start you playing. Charge card use is permitted and accepted most often. Not having to use cold hard cash only gives you more funding choices than casino on land will provide.
Free Game Play
Just about any online casino allows players setup a dummy accounts where you could practice and become familiar to the software and games without using real cash. You can always practice until you feel absolutely prepared to wager real money. To be able to test the waters for free is an excellent advantage to online casino game playing. Confident players are good players.
Free Money Bonuses
Yes, money fro nothing. Most all online casinos now will give you free cash deposit. Some are referred to as sign-on bonuses here if you deposit a certain amount of money the casino will match it the 1st time (up to a certain limit) these types of bonuses are usually in the a huge selection of dollars. Other styles of free money amounts could be anything from 20 – 50 dollars, and also much more depending on your initial deposit – so be sure to check out good online casino reviews.
There You Have It.
Are you convinced? You should be. The above benefits to playing online are just some of the many reasons you will want to play at home. These are the focal reasons why I really like playing from my very own home. In my own vast experience playing online casino games fro real cash, I believe these reasons are more than enough to keep me away from the typical casinos on land around the world.