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Reviews of Sarah's Work
It is the third piece "The Oracle" that is the crème de la for me with its incredible depth and creative complexity. Dynamics take deep hold here with sudden bursts and calming moments. I really hear the room when flute and clarinet parts elevate along with the brilliant staccato keyboard hits. There are moments when time seems to fall apart and then strings back together in a wonderful interplay among the musicians.
"Forgotten Melody" is very memorable with a sweet movement that progresses throughout the piece.
— Mediaversal Music Review (2017)
Sarah's music has a classy, understated sound, yet it is baroque and ornate, tipping the hat off to genius composers like Debussy, but also tipping the hat off experimental ideas and cinematic scores. Opening number "Intrepid" is a very dynamic composition with a unique color, almost echoing the work of modern composers like Yann Tiersen.
Weeping Willow, featuring "Michael Jung," is one of our favorite tracks on this release. I love the romantic, dramatic high notes of the string section, as well as the timeless sound of the sparse piano melodies, almost flirting with shades of Tango, in the vein of Astor Piazzolla. A true masterpiece, with so many nuances. The album is also home to a suite extending over 3 tracks, "Leviathan of the Ancient Deep." These songs also features ambient samples, as well as electronic elements and ornate percussions, making for a really diverse set of colors.
Sarah Wallin Huff works with a palette of sounds in a way that mere humans can only distantly discern – this single is an ambient instrumental masterpiece of classical and modern moods.
— Akademia Awards – "Sonata Moderna" May 2016 Best Song, Ambient Instrumental Category
…the [Book of I] soundtrack composed by Sarah Wallin Huff stands out as both a powerful album, taking its listener on an emotional journey of beauty, despair, and hope, as well as a fascinating study of the composer's visceral and intellectual connection to the source material. Featuring the stellar work of musicians Darrell Peries, Caleb Barnes, Cathy Alonzo, Jenna Ford, Lainey Elizabeth White, Brett Bird, Jonatas Mostacato, Ayla Draper, and [Wallin] Huff herself, the album is a stunning collection of gorgeous, orchestral selections comprised mostly of string instruments that are, at times, vividly haunting but always entirely engrossing. [Wallin] Huff, who previously released her own album, Soul of the Machine, earlier this year, clearly has a passion and a gift for sharing every ounce of her mind, body, and soul with the listener, as if providing a warm invitation for the listener to share the same in response.
Sometimes the idea behind the music is just as interesting as the music itself…the music on this album "…explores the relationships between mechanical structures, organic beauty, and identity." …Wallin Huff presents three unusual compositions that tackle some intriguing ideas and topics… Her music is quite complex and unusual and yet…very easy to absorb and appreciate. There's a lot to take in here… Our favorite is the wonderfully moody and subtle "Gypsy Wanderer"…nothing short of breathtaking.
— Baby Sue
Wallin-Huff's brooding The Dark Glass Sinfonia is as mysterious as its title, the composer here melding atonality with modal harmony in a dramatic tone poem that recalls at certain moments Bartok and Shostakovich… The quality level is high throughout [the album], but the release earns its recommendation for the pieces by Alabaca, Wallin-Huff, and Vassdal in particular. Of all the album's settings, one imagines these three would most stop an audience in its collective tracks upon encountering them in a concert set-list.
— textura
'Memories & The Gray' is aptly named – its varying moods convey a rich insight into the creative mind behind the work; sometimes joyous of temperament, elsewise wistful, but always inventive.
— Akademia Awards – May 2016, Best Album, Ambient Instrumental Category

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text: Appeal Committee Students can lodge appeals against notifications in course and examination matters with the Appeal Committee. The Appeal Committee of the University of St.Gallen is an intramural appellate instance which checks appeals against notifications of university organs concerning examinations and admission issues for unlawfulness. Appeals have to be accompanied by the notification against which they are lodged. Further information can be found on our fact sheet. This website is an information service of the Appeal Committee from which no legal claims can be derived.


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perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and localization)
In the beginning there was ASCII, the "American Standard Code for Information Interchange", which works quite well for Americans with their English alphabet and dollar-denominated currency. But it doesn't work so well even for other English speakers, who may use different currencies, such as the pound sterling (as the symbol for that currency is not in ASCII); and it's hopelessly inadequate for many of the thousands of the world's other languages.
To address these deficiencies, the concept of locales was invented (formally the ISO C, XPG4, POSIX 1.c "locale system"). And applications were and are being written that use the locale mechanism. The process of making such an application take account of its users' preferences in these kinds of matters is called internationalization (often abbreviated as i18n); telling such an application about a particular set of preferences is known as localization (l10n).
Perl was extended to support the locale system. This is controlled per application by using one pragma, one function call, and several environment variables.
Unfortunately, there are quite a few deficiencies with the design (and often, the implementations) of locales, and their use for character sets has mostly been supplanted by Unicode (see perlunitut for an introduction to that, and keep on reading here for how Unicode interacts with locales in Perl).
Perl continues to support the old locale system, and starting in v5.16, provides a hybrid way to use the Unicode character set, along with the other portions of locales that may not be so problematic. (Unicode is also creating
CLDR, the "Common Locale Data Repository", http://cldr.unicode.org/ which includes more types of information than are available in the POSIX locale system. At the time of this writing, there was no CPAN module that provides access to this XML-encoded data. However, many of its locales have the POSIX-only data extracted, and are available at http://unicode.org/Public/cldr/latest/.)
A locale is a set of data that describes various aspects of how various communities in the world categorize their world. These categories are broken down into the following types (some of which include a brief note here):
This indicates how numbers should be formatted for human readability, for example the character used as the decimal point.
This for the most part is beyond the scope of Perl
This indicates the ordering of letters for comparison and sorting. In Latin alphabets, for example, "b", generally follows "a".
This indicates, for example if a character is an uppercase letter.
More details on the categories are given below in "LOCALE CATEGORIES".
Together, these categories go a long way towards being able to customize a single program to run in many different locations. But there are deficiencies, so keep reading.
Perl will not use locales unless specifically requested to (see "NOTES" below for the partial exception of
write()). But even if there is such a request, all of the following must be true for it to work properly:
Your operating system must support the locale system. If it does, you should find that the setlocale() function is a documented part of its C library.
Definitions for locales that you use must be installed. You, or your system administrator, must make sure that this is the case. The available locales, the location in which they are kept, and the manner in which they are installed all vary from system to system. Some systems provide only a few, hard-wired locales and do not allow more to be added. Others allow you to add "canned" locales provided by the system supplier. Still others allow you or the system administrator to define and add arbitrary locales. (You may have to ask your supplier to provide canned locales that are not delivered with your operating system.) Read your system documentation for further illumination.
Perl must believe that the locale system is supported. If it does,
perl -V:d_setlocale will say that the value for
d_setlocale is
If you want a Perl application to process and present your data according to a particular locale, the application code should include the
use locale pragma (see "The use locale pragma") where appropriate, and at least one of the following must be true:
The locale-determining environment variables (see "ENVIRONMENT") must be correctly set up at the time the application is started, either by yourself or by whomever set up your system account; or
The application must set its own locale using the method described in "The setlocale function".
By default, Perl ignores the current locale. The
use locale pragma tells Perl to use the current locale for some operations. Starting in v5.16, there is an optional parameter to this pragma:
use locale ':not_characters';
This parameter allows better mixing of locales and Unicode, and is described fully in "Unicode and UTF-8", but briefly, it tells Perl to not use the character portions of the locale definition, that is the
LC_CTYPE and
LC_COLLATE categories. Instead it will use the native (extended by Unicode) character set. When using this parameter, you are responsible for getting the external character set translated into the native/Unicode one (which it already will be if it is one of the increasingly popular UTF-8 locales). There are convenient ways of doing this, as described in "Unicode and UTF-8".
The current locale is set at execution time by setlocale() described below. If that function hasn't yet been called in the course of the program's execution, the current locale is that which was determined by the "ENVIRONMENT" in effect at the start of the program, except that
LC_NUMERIC is always initialized to the C locale (mentioned under "Finding locales"). If there is no valid environment, the current locale is undefined. It is likely, but not necessarily, the "C" locale.
The operations that are affected by locale are:
use locale ':not_characters';
Format declarations (format()) use
The POSIX date formatting function (strftime()) uses
use locale;
The above operations are affected, as well as the following:
The comparison operators (
ge, and
gt) and the POSIX string collation functions strcoll() and strxfrm() use
LC_COLLATE. sort() is also affected if used without an explicit comparison function, because it uses
cmp by default.
eq and
ne are unaffected by locale: they always perform a char-by-char comparison of their scalar operands. What's more, if
cmp finds that its operands are equal according to the collation sequence specified by the current locale, it goes on to perform a char-by-char comparison, and only returns 0 (equal) if the operands are char-for-char identical. If you really want to know whether two strings--which
eq and
cmp may consider different--are equal as far as collation in the locale is concerned, see the discussion in "Category LC_COLLATE: Collation".
Regular expressions and case-modification functions (uc(), lc(), ucfirst(), and lcfirst()) use
The default behavior is restored with the
no locale pragma, or upon reaching the end of the block enclosing
use locale. Note that
use locale and
use locale ':not_characters' may be nested, and that what is in effect within an inner scope will revert to the outer scope's rules at the end of the inner scope.
The string result of any operation that uses locale information is tainted, as it is possible for a locale to be untrustworthy. See "SECURITY".
You can switch locales as often as you wish at run time with the POSIX::setlocale() function:
# Import locale-handling tool set from POSIX module.
# This example uses: setlocale -- the function call
# LC_CTYPE -- explained below
use POSIX qw(locale_h);
# query and save the old locale
$old_locale = setlocale(LC_CTYPE);
setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "fr_CA.ISO8859-1");
# LC_CTYPE now in locale "French, Canada, codeset ISO 8859-1"
setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
# LC_CTYPE now reset to default defined by LC_ALL/LC_CTYPE/LANG
# environment variables. See below for documentation.
# restore the old locale
setlocale(LC_CTYPE, $old_locale);
The first argument of setlocale() gives the category, the second the locale. The category tells in what aspect of data processing you want to apply locale-specific rules. Category names are discussed in "LOCALE CATEGORIES" and "ENVIRONMENT". The locale is the name of a collection of customization information corresponding to a particular combination of language, country or territory, and codeset. Read on for hints on the naming of locales: not all systems name locales as in the example.
If no second argument is provided and the category is something else than LC_ALL, the function returns a string naming the current locale for the category. You can use this value as the second argument in a subsequent call to setlocale().
If no second argument is provided and the category is LC_ALL, the result is implementation-dependent. It may be a string of concatenated locale names (separator also implementation-dependent) or a single locale name. Please consult your setlocale(3) man page for details.
If a second argument is given and it corresponds to a valid locale, the locale for the category is set to that value, and the function returns the now-current locale value. You can then use this in yet another call to setlocale(). (In some implementations, the return value may sometimes differ from the value you gave as the second argument--think of it as an alias for the value you gave.)
As the example shows, if the second argument is an empty string, the category's locale is returned to the default specified by the corresponding environment variables. Generally, this results in a return to the default that was in force when Perl started up: changes to the environment made by the application after startup may or may not be noticed, depending on your system's C library.
If the second argument does not correspond to a valid locale, the locale for the category is not changed, and the function returns undef.
Note that Perl ignores the current
LC_CTYPE and
LC_COLLATE locales within the scope of a
use locale ':not_characters'.
For further information about the categories, consult setlocale(3).
For locales available in your system, consult also setlocale(3) to see whether it leads to the list of available locales (search for the SEE ALSO section). If that fails, try the following command lines:
locale -a
ls /usr/lib/nls/loc
ls /usr/lib/locale
ls /usr/lib/nls
ls /usr/share/locale
and see whether they list something resembling these
en_US.ISO8859-1 de_DE.ISO8859-1 ru_RU.ISO8859-5
en_US.iso88591 de_DE.iso88591 ru_RU.iso88595
en_US de_DE ru_RU
en de ru
english german russian
english.iso88591 german.iso88591 russian.iso88595
english.roman8 russian.koi8r
Sadly, even though the calling interface for setlocale() has been standardized, names of locales and the directories where the configuration resides have not been. The basic form of the name is language_territory.codeset, but the latter parts after language are not always present. The language and country are usually from the standards ISO 3166 and ISO 639, the two-letter abbreviations for the countries and the languages of the world, respectively. The codeset part often mentions some ISO 8859 character set, the Latin codesets. For example,
ISO 8859-1 is the so-called "Western European codeset" that can be used to encode most Western European languages adequately. Again, there are several ways to write even the name of that one standard. Lamentably.
Two special locales are worth particular mention: "C" and "POSIX". Currently these are effectively the same locale: the difference is mainly that the first one is defined by the C standard, the second by the POSIX standard. They define the default locale in which every program starts in the absence of locale information in its environment. (The default default locale, if you will.) Its language is (American) English and its character codeset ASCII. Warning. The C locale delivered by some vendors may not actually exactly match what the C standard calls for. So beware.
NOTE: Not all systems have the "POSIX" locale (not all systems are POSIX-conformant), so use "C" when you need explicitly to specify this default locale.
You may encounter the following warning message at Perl startup:
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
LC_ALL = "En_US",
LANG = (unset)
are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
This means that your locale settings had LC_ALL set to "En_US" and LANG exists but has no value. Perl tried to believe you but could not. Instead, Perl gave up and fell back to the "C" locale, the default locale that is supposed to work no matter what. This usually means your locale settings were wrong, they mention locales your system has never heard of, or the locale installation in your system has problems (for example, some system files are broken or missing). There are quick and temporary fixes to these problems, as well as more thorough and lasting fixes.
The two quickest fixes are either to render Perl silent about any locale inconsistencies or to run Perl under the default locale "C".
Perl's moaning about locale problems can be silenced by setting the environment variable PERL_BADLANG to a zero value, for example "0". This method really just sweeps the problem under the carpet: you tell Perl to shut up even when Perl sees that something is wrong. Do not be surprised if later something locale-dependent misbehaves.
Perl can be run under the "C" locale by setting the environment variable LC_ALL to "C". This method is perhaps a bit more civilized than the PERL_BADLANG approach, but setting LC_ALL (or other locale variables) may affect other programs as well, not just Perl. In particular, external programs run from within Perl will see these changes. If you make the new settings permanent (read on), all programs you run see the changes. See "ENVIRONMENT" for the full list of relevant environment variables and "USING LOCALES" for their effects in Perl. Effects in other programs are easily deducible. For example, the variable LC_COLLATE may well affect your sort program (or whatever the program that arranges "records" alphabetically in your system is called).
You can test out changing these variables temporarily, and if the new settings seem to help, put those settings into your shell startup files. Consult your local documentation for the exact details. For in Bourne-like shells (sh, ksh, bash, zsh):
export LC_ALL
This assumes that we saw the locale "en_US.ISO8859-1" using the commands discussed above. We decided to try that instead of the above faulty locale "En_US"--and in Cshish shells (csh, tcsh)
setenv LC_ALL en_US.ISO8859-1
or if you have the "env" application you can do in any shell
env LC_ALL=en_US.ISO8859-1 perl ...
If you do not know what shell you have, consult your local helpdesk or the equivalent.
The slower but superior fixes are when you may be able to yourself fix the misconfiguration of your own environment variables. The mis(sing)configuration of the whole system's locales usually requires the help of your friendly system administrator.
First, see earlier in this document about "Finding locales". That tells how to find which locales are really supported--and more importantly, installed--on your system. In our example error message, environment variables affecting the locale are listed in the order of decreasing importance (and unset variables do not matter). Therefore, having LC_ALL set to "En_US" must have been the bad choice, as shown by the error message. First try fixing locale settings listed first.
Second, if using the listed commands you see something exactly (prefix matches do not count and case usually counts) like "En_US" without the quotes, then you should be okay because you are using a locale name that should be installed and available in your system. In this case, see "Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration".
This is when you see something like:
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
LC_ALL = "En_US",
LANG = (unset)
are supported and installed on your system.
but then cannot see that "En_US" listed by the above-mentioned commands. You may see things like "en_US.ISO8859-1", but that isn't the same. In this case, try running under a locale that you can list and which somehow matches what you tried. The rules for matching locale names are a bit vague because standardization is weak in this area. See again the "Finding locales" about general rules.
Contact a system administrator (preferably your own) and report the exact error message you get, and ask them to read this same documentation you are now reading. They should be able to check whether there is something wrong with the locale configuration of the system. The "Finding locales" section is unfortunately a bit vague about the exact commands and places because these things are not that standardized.
The POSIX::localeconv() function allows you to get particulars of the locale-dependent numeric formatting information specified by the current
LC_NUMERIC and
LC_MONETARY locales. (If you just want the name of the current locale for a particular category, use POSIX::setlocale() with a single parameter--see "The setlocale function".)
use POSIX qw(locale_h);
# Get a reference to a hash of locale-dependent info
$locale_values = localeconv();
# Output sorted list of the values
for (sort keys %$locale_values) {
printf "%-20s = %s\n", $_, $locale_values->{$_}
localeconv() takes no arguments, and returns a reference to a hash. The keys of this hash are variable names for formatting, such as
decimal_point and
thousands_sep. The values are the corresponding, er, values. See "localeconv" in POSIX for a longer example listing the categories an implementation might be expected to provide; some provide more and others fewer. You don't need an explicit
use locale, because localeconv() always observes the current locale.
Here's a simple-minded example program that rewrites its command-line parameters as integers correctly formatted in the current locale:
use POSIX qw(locale_h);
# Get some of locale's numeric formatting parameters
my ($thousands_sep, $grouping) =
@{localeconv()}{'thousands_sep', 'grouping'};
# Apply defaults if values are missing
$thousands_sep = ',' unless $thousands_sep;
# grouping and mon_grouping are packed lists
# of small integers (characters) telling the
# grouping (thousand_seps and mon_thousand_seps
# being the group dividers) of numbers and
# monetary quantities. The integers' meanings:
# 255 means no more grouping, 0 means repeat
# the previous grouping, 1-254 means use that
# as the current grouping. Grouping goes from
# right to left (low to high digits). In the
# below we cheat slightly by never using anything
# else than the first grouping (whatever that is).
if ($grouping) {
@grouping = unpack("C*", $grouping);
} else {
@grouping = (3);
# Format command line params for current locale
for (@ARGV) {
$_ = int; # Chop non-integer part
1 while
print "$_";
print "\n";
Another interface for querying locale-dependent information is the I18N::Langinfo::langinfo() function, available at least in Unix-like systems and VMS.
The following example will import the langinfo() function itself and three constants to be used as arguments to langinfo(): a constant for the abbreviated first day of the week (the numbering starts from Sunday = 1) and two more constants for the affirmative and negative answers for a yes/no question in the current locale.
use I18N::Langinfo qw(langinfo ABDAY_1 YESSTR NOSTR);
my ($abday_1, $yesstr, $nostr)
= map { langinfo } qw(ABDAY_1 YESSTR NOSTR);
print "$abday_1? [$yesstr/$nostr] ";
In other words, in the "C" (or English) locale the above will probably print something like:
Sun? [yes/no]
See I18N::Langinfo for more information.
The following subsections describe basic locale categories. Beyond these, some combination categories allow manipulation of more than one basic category at a time. See "ENVIRONMENT" for a discussion of these.
In the scope of
use locale (but not a
use locale ':not_characters'), Perl looks to the
LC_COLLATE environment variable to determine the application's notions on collation (ordering) of characters. For example, "b" follows "a" in Latin alphabets, but where do "á" and "å" belong? And while "color" follows "chocolate" in English, what about in traditional Spanish?
The following collations all make sense and you may meet any of them if you "use locale".
A B C D E a b c d e
A a B b C c D d E e
a A b B c C d D e E
a b c d e A B C D E
Here is a code snippet to tell what "word" characters are in the current locale, in that locale's order:
use locale;
print +(sort grep /\w/, map { chr } 0..255), "\n";
Compare this with the characters that you see and their order if you state explicitly that the locale should be ignored:
no locale;
print +(sort grep /\w/, map { chr } 0..255), "\n";
This machine-native collation (which is what you get unless
use locale has appeared earlier in the same block) must be used for sorting raw binary data, whereas the locale-dependent collation of the first example is useful for natural text.
As noted in "USING LOCALES",
cmp compares according to the current collation locale when
use locale is in effect, but falls back to a char-by-char comparison for strings that the locale says are equal. You can use POSIX::strcoll() if you don't want this fall-back:
use POSIX qw(strcoll);
$equal_in_locale =
!strcoll("space and case ignored", "SpaceAndCaseIgnored");
$equal_in_locale will be true if the collation locale specifies a dictionary-like ordering that ignores space characters completely and which folds case.
If you have a single string that you want to check for "equality in locale" against several others, you might think you could gain a little efficiency by using POSIX::strxfrm() in conjunction with
use POSIX qw(strxfrm);
$xfrm_string = strxfrm("Mixed-case string");
print "locale collation ignores spaces\n"
if $xfrm_string eq strxfrm("Mixed-casestring");
print "locale collation ignores hyphens\n"
if $xfrm_string eq strxfrm("Mixedcase string");
print "locale collation ignores case\n"
if $xfrm_string eq strxfrm("mixed-case string");
strxfrm() takes a string and maps it into a transformed string for use in char-by-char comparisons against other transformed strings during collation. "Under the hood", locale-affected Perl comparison operators call strxfrm() for both operands, then do a char-by-char comparison of the transformed strings. By calling strxfrm() explicitly and using a non locale-affected comparison, the example attempts to save a couple of transformations. But in fact, it doesn't save anything: Perl magic (see "Magic Variables" in perlguts) creates the transformed version of a string the first time it's needed in a comparison, then keeps this version around in case it's needed again. An example rewritten the easy way with
cmp runs just about as fast. It also copes with null characters embedded in strings; if you call strxfrm() directly, it treats the first null it finds as a terminator. don't expect the transformed strings it produces to be portable across systems--or even from one revision of your operating system to the next. In short, don't call strxfrm() directly: let Perl do it for you.
use locale isn't shown in some of these examples because it isn't needed: strcoll() and strxfrm() exist only to generate locale-dependent results, and so always obey the current
LC_COLLATE locale.
In the scope of
use locale (but not a
use locale ':not_characters'), Perl obeys the
LC_CTYPE locale setting. This controls the application's notion of which characters are alphabetic. This affects Perl's
\w regular expression metanotation, which stands for alphanumeric characters--that is, alphabetic, numeric, and including other special characters such as the underscore or hyphen. (Consult perlre for more information about regular expressions.) Thanks to
LC_CTYPE, depending on your locale setting, characters like "æ", "ð", "ß", and "ø" may be understood as
\w characters.
LC_CTYPE locale also provides the map used in transliterating characters between lower and uppercase. This affects the case-mapping functions--lc(), lcfirst, uc(), and ucfirst(); case-mapping interpolation with
\u, or
\U in double-quoted strings and
s/// substitutions; and case-independent regular expression pattern matching using the
i modifier.
LC_CTYPE affects the POSIX character-class test functions--isalpha(), islower(), and so on. For example, if you move from the "C" locale to a 7-bit Scandinavian one, you may find--possibly to your surprise--that "|" moves from the ispunct() class to isalpha(). Unfortunately, this creates big problems for regular expressions. "|" still means alternation even though it matches
Note that there are quite a few things that are unaffected by the current locale. All the escape sequences for particular characters,
\n for example, always mean the platform's native one. This means, for example, that
\N in regular expressions (every character but new-line) work on the platform character set.
Note: A broken or malicious
LC_CTYPE locale definition may result in clearly ineligible characters being considered to be alphanumeric by your application. For strict matching of (mundane) ASCII letters and digits--for example, in command strings--locale-aware applications should use
\w with the
/a regular expression modifier. See "SECURITY".
After a proper POSIX::setlocale() call, Perl obeys the
LC_NUMERIC locale information, which controls an application's idea of how numbers should be formatted for human readability by the printf(), sprintf(), and write() functions. String-to-numeric conversion by the POSIX::strtod() function is also affected. In most implementations the only effect is to change the character used for the decimal point--perhaps from "." to ",". These functions aren't aware of such niceties as thousands separation and so on. (See "The localeconv function" if you care about these things.)
Output produced by print() is also affected by the current locale: it corresponds to what you'd get from printf() in the "C" locale. The same is true for Perl's internal conversions between numeric and string formats:
use POSIX qw(strtod setlocale LC_NUMERIC);
setlocale LC_NUMERIC, "";
$n = 5/2; # Assign numeric 2.5 to $n
$a = " $n"; # Locale-dependent conversion to string
print "half five is $n\n"; # Locale-dependent output
printf "half five is %g\n", $n; # Locale-dependent output
print "DECIMAL POINT IS COMMA\n"
if $n == (strtod("2,5"))[0]; # Locale-dependent conversion
See also I18N::Langinfo and
The C standard defines the
LC_MONETARY category, but not a function that is affected by its contents. (Those with experience of standards committees will recognize that the working group decided to punt on the issue.) Consequently, Perl takes no notice of it. If you really want to use
LC_MONETARY, you can query its contents--see "The localeconv function"--and use the information that it returns in your application's own formatting of currency amounts. However, you may well find that the information, voluminous and complex though it may be, still does not quite meet your requirements: currency formatting is a hard nut to crack.
See also I18N::Langinfo and
Output produced by POSIX::strftime(), which builds a formatted human-readable date/time string, is affected by the current
LC_TIME locale. Thus, in a French locale, the output produced by the
%B format element (full month name) for the first month of the year would be "janvier". Here's how to get a list of long month names in the current locale:
use POSIX qw(strftime);
for (0..11) {
$long_month_name[$_] =
strftime("%B", 0, 0, 0, 1, $_, 96);
use locale isn't needed in this example: as a function that exists only to generate locale-dependent results, strftime() always obeys the current
LC_TIME locale.
See also I18N::Langinfo and
ABMON_12, and
The remaining locale category,
LC_MESSAGES (possibly supplemented by others in particular implementations) is not currently used by Perl--except possibly to affect the behavior of library functions called by extensions outside the standard Perl distribution and by the operating system and its utilities. Note especially that the string value of
$! and the error messages given by external utilities may be changed by
LC_MESSAGES. If you want to have portable error codes, use
%!. See Errno.
Although the main discussion of Perl security issues can be found in perlsec, a discussion of Perl's locale handling would be incomplete if it did not draw your attention to locale-dependent security issues. Locales--particularly on systems that allow unprivileged users to build their own locales--are untrustworthy. A malicious (or just plain broken) locale can make a locale-aware application give unexpected results. Here are a few possibilities:
Regular expression checks for safe file names or mail addresses using
\w may be spoofed by an
LC_CTYPE locale that claims that characters such as ">" and "|" are alphanumeric.
String interpolation with case-mapping, as in, say,
$dest = "C:\U$name.$ext", may produce dangerous results if a bogus LC_CTYPE case-mapping table is in effect.
A sneaky
LC_COLLATE locale could result in the names of students with "D" grades appearing ahead of those with "A"s.
An application that takes the trouble to use information in
LC_MONETARY may format debits as if they were credits and vice versa if that locale has been subverted. Or it might make payments in US dollars instead of Hong Kong dollars.
The date and day names in dates formatted by strftime() could be manipulated to advantage by a malicious user able to subvert the
LC_DATE locale. ("Look--it says I wasn't in the building on Sunday.")
Such dangers are not peculiar to the locale system: any aspect of an application's environment which may be modified maliciously presents similar challenges. Similarly, they are not specific to Perl: any programming language that allows you to write programs that take account of their environment exposes you to these issues.
Perl cannot protect you from all possibilities shown in the examples--there is no substitute for your own vigilance--but, when
use locale is in effect, Perl uses the tainting mechanism (see perlsec) to mark string results that become locale-dependent, and which may be untrustworthy in consequence. Here is a summary of the tainting behavior of operators and functions that may be affected by the locale:
Comparison operators (
gt and
Scalar true/false (or less/equal/greater) result is never tainted.
Case-mapping interpolation (with
\u or
Result string containing interpolated material is tainted if
use locale (but not
use locale ':not_characters') is in effect.
Matching operator (
Scalar true/false result never tainted.
Subpatterns, either delivered as a list-context result or as $1 etc. are tainted if
use locale (but not
use locale ':not_characters') is in effect, and the subpattern regular expression contains
\w (to match an alphanumeric character),
\W (non-alphanumeric character),
\s (whitespace character), or
\S (non whitespace character). The matched-pattern variable, $&, $` (pre-match), $' (post-match), and $+ (last match) are also tainted if
use locale is in effect and the regular expression contains
\s, or
Substitution operator (
Has the same behavior as the match operator. Also, the left operand of
=~ becomes tainted when
use locale (but not
use locale ':not_characters') is in effect if modified as a result of a substitution based on a regular expression match involving
\s, or
\S; or of case-mapping with
\u or
Output formatting functions (printf() and write()):
Results are never tainted because otherwise even output from print, for example
print(1/7), should be tainted if
use locale is in effect.
Case-mapping functions (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):
Results are tainted if
use locale (but not
use locale ':not_characters') is in effect.
POSIX locale-dependent functions (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):
Results are never tainted.
POSIX character class tests (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(), islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
True/false results are never tainted.
Three examples illustrate locale-dependent tainting. The first program, which ignores its locale, won't run: a value taken directly from the command line may not be used to name an output file when taint checks are enabled.
#/usr/local/bin/perl -T
# Run with taint checking
# Command line sanity check omitted...
$tainted_output_file = shift;
open(F, ">$tainted_output_file")
or warn "Open of $tainted_output_file failed: $!\n";
The program can be made to run by "laundering" the tainted value through a regular expression: the second example--which still ignores locale information--runs, creating the file named on its command line if it can.
#/usr/local/bin/perl -T
$tainted_output_file = shift;
$tainted_output_file =~ m%[\w/]+%;
$untainted_output_file = $&;
open(F, ">$untainted_output_file")
or warn "Open of $untainted_output_file failed: $!\n";
Compare this with a similar but locale-aware program:
#/usr/local/bin/perl -T
$tainted_output_file = shift;
use locale;
$tainted_output_file =~ m%[\w/]+%;
$localized_output_file = $&;
open(F, ">$localized_output_file")
or warn "Open of $localized_output_file failed: $!\n";
This third program fails to run because $& is tainted: it is the result of a match involving
\w while
use locale is in effect.
A string that can suppress Perl's warning about failed locale settings at startup. Failure can occur if the locale support in the operating system is lacking (broken) in some way--or if you mistyped the name of a locale when you set up your environment. If this environment variable is absent, or has a value that does not evaluate to integer zero--that is, "0" or ""-- Perl will complain about locale setting failures.
NOTE: PERL_BADLANG only gives you a way to hide the warning message. The message tells about some problem in your system's locale support, and you should investigate what the problem is.
The following environment variables are not specific to Perl: They are part of the standardized (ISO C, XPG4, POSIX 1.c) setlocale() method for controlling an application's opinion on data.
LC_ALL is the "override-all" locale environment variable. If set, it overrides all the rest of the locale environment variables.
LANGUAGE is a GNU extension, it affects you only if you are using the GNU libc. This is the case if you are using e.g. Linux. If you are using "commercial" Unixes you are most probably not using GNU libc and you can ignore
However, in the case you are using
LANGUAGE: it affects the language of informational, warning, and error messages output by commands (in other words, it's like
LC_MESSAGES) but it has higher priority than
LC_ALL. Moreover, it's not a single value but instead a "path" (":"-separated list) of languages (not locales). See the GNU
gettext library documentation for more information.
In the absence of
LC_CTYPE chooses the character type locale. In the absence of both
LC_ALL and
LANG chooses the character type locale.
In the absence of
LC_COLLATE chooses the collation (sorting) locale. In the absence of both
LC_ALL and
LANG chooses the collation locale.
In the absence of
LC_MONETARY chooses the monetary formatting locale. In the absence of both
LC_ALL and
LANG chooses the monetary formatting locale.
In the absence of
LC_NUMERIC chooses the numeric format locale. In the absence of both
LC_ALL and
LANG chooses the numeric format.
In the absence of
LC_TIME chooses the date and time formatting locale. In the absence of both
LC_ALL and
LANG chooses the date and time formatting locale.
LANG is the "catch-all" locale environment variable. If it is set, it is used as the last resort after the overall
LC_ALL and the category-specific
The LC_NUMERIC controls the numeric output:
use locale;
use POSIX qw(locale_h); # Imports setlocale() and the LC_ constants.
setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "fr_FR") or die "Pardon";
printf "%g\n", 1.23; # If the "fr_FR" succeeded, probably shows 1,23.
and also how strings are parsed by POSIX::strtod() as numbers:
use locale;
use POSIX qw(locale_h strtod);
setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "de_DE") or die "Entschuldigung";
my $x = strtod("2,34") + 5;
print $x, "\n"; # Probably shows 7,34.
Versions of Perl prior to 5.004 mostly ignored locale information, generally behaving as if something similar to the
"C" locale were always in force, even if the program environment suggested otherwise (see "The setlocale function"). By default, Perl still behaves this way for backward compatibility. If you want a Perl application to pay attention to locale information, you must use the
use locale pragma (see "The use locale pragma") or, in the unlikely event that you want to do so for just pattern matching, the
/l regular expression modifier (see "Character set modifiers" in perlre) to instruct it to do so.
Versions of Perl from 5.002 to 5.003 did use the
LC_CTYPE information if available; that is,
\w did understand what were the letters according to the locale environment variables. The problem was that the user had no control over the feature: if the C library supported locales, Perl used them.
In versions of Perl prior to 5.004, per-locale collation was possible using the
I18N::Collate library module. This module is now mildly obsolete and should be avoided in new applications. The
LC_COLLATE functionality is now integrated into the Perl core language: One can use locale-specific scalar data completely normally with
use locale, so there is no longer any need to juggle with the scalar references of
Comparing and sorting by locale is usually slower than the default sorting; slow-downs of two to four times have been observed. It will also consume more memory: once a Perl scalar variable has participated in any string comparison or sorting operation obeying the locale collation rules, it will take 3-15 times more memory than before. (The exact multiplier depends on the string's contents, the operating system and the locale.) These downsides are dictated more by the operating system's implementation of the locale system than by Perl.
If a program's environment specifies an LC_NUMERIC locale and
use locale is in effect when the format is declared, the locale is used to specify the decimal point character in formatted output. Formatted output cannot be controlled by
use locale at the time when write() is called.
The Unicode CLDR project extracts the POSIX portion of many of its locales, available at
There is a large collection of locale definitions at:
You should be aware that it is unsupported, and is not claimed to be fit for any purpose. If your system allows installation of arbitrary locales, you may find the definitions useful as they are, or as a basis for the development of your own locales.
"Internationalization" is often abbreviated as i18n because its first and last letters are separated by eighteen others. (You may guess why the internalin ... internaliti ... i18n tends to get abbreviated.) In the same way, "localization" is often abbreviated to l10n.
Internationalization, as defined in the C and POSIX standards, can be criticized as incomplete, ungainly, and having too large a granularity. (Locales apply to a whole process, when it would arguably be more useful to have them apply to a single thread, window group, or whatever.) They also have a tendency, like standards groups, to divide the world into nations, when we all know that the world can equally well be divided into bankers, bikers, gamers, and so on.
The support of Unicode is new starting from Perl version v5.6, and more fully implemented in version v5.8 and later. See perluniintro. It is strongly recommended that when combining Unicode and locale (starting in v5.16), you use
use locale ':not_characters';
When this form of the pragma is used, only the non-character portions of locales are used by Perl, for example
LC_NUMERIC. Perl assumes that you have translated all the characters it is to operate on into Unicode (actually the platform's native character set (ASCII or EBCDIC) plus Unicode). For data in files, this can conveniently be done by also specifying
use open ':locale';
This pragma arranges for all inputs from files to be translated into Unicode from the current locale as specified in the environment (see "ENVIRONMENT"), and all outputs to files to be translated back into the locale. (See open). On a per-filehandle basis, you can instead use the PerlIO::locale module, or the Encode::Locale module, both available from CPAN. The latter module also has methods to ease the handling of
ARGV and environment variables, and can be used on individual strings. Also, if you know that all your locales will be UTF-8, as many are these days, you can use the -C command line switch.
This form of the pragma allows essentially seamless handling of locales with Unicode. The collation order will be Unicode's. It is strongly recommended that when you need to order and sort strings that you use the standard module Unicode::Collate which gives much better results in many instances than you can get with the old-style locale handling.
For pre-v5.16 Perls, or if you use the locale pragma without the
:not_characters parameter, Perl tries to work with both Unicode and locales--but there are problems.
Perl does not handle multi-byte locales in this case, such as have been used for various Asian languages, such as Big5 or Shift JIS. However, the increasingly common multi-byte UTF-8 locales, if properly implemented, may work reasonably well (depending on your C library implementation) in this form of the locale pragma, simply because both they and Perl store characters that take up multiple bytes the same way. However, some, if not most, C library implementations may not process the characters in the upper half of the Latin-1 range (128 - 255) properly under LC_CTYPE. To see if a character is a particular type under a locale, Perl uses the functions like
isalnum(). Your C library may not work for UTF-8 locales with those functions, instead only working under the newer wide library functions like
Perl generally takes the tack to use locale rules on code points that can fit in a single byte, and Unicode rules for those that can't (though this isn't uniformly applied, see the note at the end of this section). This prevents many problems in locales that aren't UTF-8. Suppose the locale is ISO8859-7, Greek. The character at 0xD7 there is a capital Chi. But in the ISO8859-1 locale, Latin1, it is a multiplication sign. The POSIX regular expression character class
[[:alpha:]] will magically match 0xD7 in the Greek locale but not in the Latin one.
However, there are places where this breaks down. Certain constructs are for Unicode only, such as
\p{Alpha}. They assume that 0xD7 always has its Unicode meaning (or the equivalent on EBCDIC platforms). Since Latin1 is a subset of Unicode and 0xD7 is the multiplication sign in both Latin1 and Unicode,
\p{Alpha} will never match it, regardless of locale. A similar issue occurs with
\N{...}. It is therefore a bad idea to use
\p{} or
\N{} under plain
use locale--unless you can guarantee that the locale will be a ISO8859-1. Use POSIX character classes instead.
Another problem with this approach is that operations that cross the single byte/multiple byte boundary are not well-defined, and so are disallowed. (This boundary is between the codepoints at 255/256.). For example, lower casing LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS (U+0178) should return LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS (U+00FF). But in the Greek locale, for example, there is no character at 0xFF, and Perl has no way of knowing what the character at 0xFF is really supposed to represent. Thus it disallows the operation. In this mode, the lowercase of U+0178 is itself.
The same problems ensue if you enable automatic UTF-8-ification of your standard file handles, default
open() layer, and
@ARGV on non-ISO8859-1, non-UTF-8 locales (by using either the -C command line switch or the
PERL_UNICODE environment variable; see perlrun). Things are read in as UTF-8, which would normally imply a Unicode interpretation, but the presence of a locale causes them to be interpreted in that locale instead. For example, a 0xD7 code point in the Unicode input, which should mean the multiplication sign, won't be interpreted by Perl that way under the Greek locale. This is not a problem provided you make certain that all locales will always and only be either an ISO8859-1, or, if you don't have a deficient C library, a UTF-8 locale.
Vendor locales are notoriously buggy, and it is difficult for Perl to test its locale-handling code because this interacts with code that Perl has no control over; therefore the locale-handling code in Perl may be buggy as well. (However, the Unicode-supplied locales should be better, and there is a feed back mechanism to correct any problems. See "Freely available locale definitions".)
If you have Perl v5.16, the problems mentioned above go away if you use the
:not_characters parameter to the locale pragma (except for vendor bugs in the non-character portions). If you don't have v5.16, and you do have locales that work, using them may be worthwhile for certain specific purposes, as long as you keep in mind the gotchas already mentioned. For example, if the collation for your locales works, it runs faster under locales than under Unicode::Collate; and you gain access to such things as the local currency symbol and the names of the months and days of the week. (But to hammer home the point, in v5.16, you get this access without the downsides of locales by using the
:not_characters form of the pragma.)
Note: The policy of using locale rules for code points that can fit in a byte, and Unicode rules for those that can't is not uniformly applied. Pre-v5.12, it was somewhat haphazard; in v5.12 it was applied fairly consistently to regular expression matching except for bracketed character classes; in v5.14 it was extended to all regex matches; and in v5.16 to the casing operations such as
"\L" and
uc(). For collation, in all releases, the system's
strxfrm() function is called, and whatever it does is what you get.
In certain systems, the operating system's locale support is broken and cannot be fixed or used by Perl. Such deficiencies can and will result in mysterious hangs and/or Perl core dumps when
use locale is in effect. When confronted with such a system, please report in excruciating detail to <email@example.com>, and also contact your vendor: bug fixes may exist for these problems in your operating system. Sometimes such bug fixes are called an operating system upgrade.
I18N::Langinfo, perluniintro, perlunicode, open, "isalnum" in POSIX, "isalpha" in POSIX, "isdigit" in POSIX, "isgraph" in POSIX, "islower" in POSIX, "isprint" in POSIX, "ispunct" in POSIX, "isspace" in POSIX, "isupper" in POSIX, "isxdigit" in POSIX, "localeconv" in POSIX, "setlocale" in POSIX, "strcoll" in POSIX, "strftime" in POSIX, "strtod" in POSIX, "strxfrm" in POSIX.
Jarkko Hietaniemi's original perli18n.pod heavily hacked by Dominic Dunlop, assisted by the perl5-porters. Prose worked over a bit by Tom Christiansen, and updated by Perl 5 porters.


text:
WHITE PLAINS, N.Y. (AP) -- Scientists have taken the idea of a film short down to new levels. Molecular levels.
IBM says it has made the tiniest stop-motion movie ever — a one-minute video of individual carbon monoxide molecules repeatedly rearranged to show a boy dancing, throwing a ball and bouncing on a trampoline.
Each frame measures 45 by 25 nanometers — there are 25 million nanometers in an inch — but hugely magnified, the movie (http://bit.ly/17ZmHIt, and embedded below) is reminiscent of early video games, particularly when the boy bounces the ball off the side of the frame accompanied by simple music and sound effects.
The movie is titled "A Boy and His Atom."
Videos showing atoms in motion have been seen before but Andreas Heinrich, IBM's principal scientist for the project, said Tuesday this is the first time anything so small has been maneuvered to tell a story.
"This movie is a fun way to share the atomic-scale world," Heinrich said. "The reason we made this was not to convey a scientific message directly, but to engage with students, to prompt them to ask questions."
Jamie Panas of Guinness World Records said Guinness certified the movie as "Smallest Stop-Motion Film."
IBM used a remotely operated two-ton scanning tunneling microscope at its lab in San Jose, Calif., to make the movie earlier this year. The microscope magnifies the surface over 100 million times. It operates at 450 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (268 degrees below zero Celsius).
The cold "makes life simpler for us," Heinrich said. "The atoms hold still. They would move around on their own at room temperature."
Scientists used the microscope to control a tiny, super-sharp needle along a copper surface, IBM said. At a distance of just 1 nanometer, the needle physically attracted the carbon monoxide molecules and pulled them to a precisely specified location on the surface.
The dots that make up the figures in the movie are the oxygen atoms in the molecule, Heinrich said.
The scientists took 242 still images that make up the movie's 242 frames.
Heinrich said the techniques used to make the movie are similar to what IBM is doing to make data storage smaller.
"As data creation and consumption continue to get bigger, data storage needs to get smaller, all the way down to the atomic level," he said.
Associated Press Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.


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- that what I am providing is NOT meant in any way to replace the conversation between you, your doctor, or your pharmacist
- please do not self-diagnose or make medical decisions about this drug without talking with qualified professionals
- I am not a doctor, nor have I gone to Med school
- the information provided here is the reference sheet you would find at WebMD. During my journey I found this site to be helpful in providing support. All credit for this information belongs to them. I copied it right from their website and I have removed the hyper-links. Please visit their site if you would like to read further.
For this installment I have chosen Flexeril Oral.
If you have any questions about what is provided here....talk with your doctor or pharmacist please.
Cyclobenzaprine is used short-term to treat muscle spasms. It is usually used along with rest and physical therapy. It works by helping to relax the muscles.
How to use Flexeril oral
Take this medication by mouth with or without food as directed by your doctor, usually 3 times a day.
The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. This medication should only be used short-term (for 3 weeks or less) unless directed by your doctor. Do not increase your dose or use this drug more often or for longer than prescribed. Your condition will not improve any faster, and your risk of side effects will increase.
Tell your doctor if your condition persists after 2 to 3 weeks or if it worsens.
Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, or tiredness may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: fast/irregular heartbeat, mental/mood changes (such as confusion, hallucinations), trouble urinating.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash,itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
In the US - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
Before taking cyclobenzaprine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: liver disease, overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), heart problems (such as irregular heartbeat, heart block, heart failure, recent heart attack), difficulty urinating (such as due to an enlarged prostate), glaucoma.
This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Avoid alcoholic beverages.
Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).
Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially drowsiness, confusion, constipation, or trouble urinating. Drowsiness and confusion can increase the risk of falling.
During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
It is unknown if this medication passes into breast milk. However, similar drugs pass into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.
Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.
Some products that may interact with this drug include: tricyclic antidepressants(such as amitriptyline, imipramine).
Taking MAO inhibitors with this medication may cause a serious (possibly fatal) drug interaction. Avoid taking MAO inhibitors (isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue, moclobemide, phenelzine, procarbazine, rasagiline, selegiline, tranylcypromine) during treatment with this medication. Most MAO inhibitors should also not be taken for two weeks before treatment with this medication. Ask your doctor when to start or stop taking this medication.
Before using this medication, report the use of drugs that increase serotonin, including street drugs (such as MDMA/"ecstasy"), St. John's wort, certain antidepressants (including SSRIs such as fluoxetine/paroxetine, SNRIs such asduloxetine/venlafaxine), tramadol, among others.
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking other products that cause drowsiness including alcohol, antihistamines (such as cetirizine, diphenhydramine), drugs forsleep or anxiety (such as alprazolam, diazepam, zolpidem), other muscle relaxants, and narcotic pain relievers (such as codeine).
Check the labels on all your medicines (such as allergy or cough-and-cold products) because they may contain ingredients that cause drowsiness. Ask your pharmacist about using those products safely.
If overdose is suspected, contact a poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include: fast/irregular heartbeat, fainting, severe drowsiness, slurred speech, seizures, mental/mood changes (such as confusion, hallucinations).
Do not share this medication with others.
This medication has been prescribed for your current condition only. Do not use it later for another condition unless your doctor directs you to do so. A different medication may be necessary in that case.
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.
Information last revised December 2013. Copyright(c) 2013 First Databank, Inc.


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Did you know liberals aren't as happy as conservatives? Of course, you did. How could you not know it after listening to them incessantly wail, gripe, whine, and complain about everything? But, let's bring....drumroll, please -- the science! First, here's the Pew Research comparison between Republicans and Democrats:
The survey, released this week, points out several disparities based on lifestyle, beliefs and political persuasion:
* Republicans are happier than Democrats.
* People who worship frequently are happier than those who don't.
* The rich are happier than the poor.
* Whites and Hispanics are happier than blacks.
* Married people are happier than the unmarried...
About 45 percent of Republicans said they were very happy, compared with 30 percent of Democrats. Republicans have been happier in surveys going back to 1972, the Pew study notes.
Here's more from Arthur Brooks:
In 2004, people who said they were conservative or very conservative were nearly twice as likely to say they were very happy as people who called themselves liberal or very liberal (44 percent versus 25 percent). Conservatives were only half as likely to say they were not too happy (9 versus 18 percent). Political conservatives were also far less likely than liberals to express maladjustment to their adult lives. For example, adults on the political right were only half as likely as those on the left to say, "at times, I think I am no good at all." They were also less likely to say they were dissatisfied with themselves, that they were inclined to feel like a failure, or to be pessimistic about their futures. Further, a 2007 survey found that 58 percent of Republicans rated their mental health as "excellent," versus 43 percent of political independents and just 38 percent of Democrats.
Want to be a miserable person? Be a liberal. Want to have a happy life? Be a conservative. Why is that the case? There are a number of reasons for it.
1) Conservatives believe in personal responsibility: One of the tragic facts of life is that nobody cares as much about you as you do. That's why, if you want to have a good life and be a happy person, you're going to have to take care of it yourself. Conservatives get this. Liberals? Not so much.
Liberals spend a lot of time playing the victim and trying to come up with ways to get someone else to fix their lives. "Well, if the government forced some rich guy to give me more of his money, then all my problems would be solved! If our society could just make this change, then we could all dance in the moonlight with faeries and unicorns! If the government just added one more program, then we could teach the world to sing in perfect harmony, hold it in our arms, and keep it company!"
One of the biggest keys to happiness is accepting that if you want to be happy, you need to take personal responsibility for everything in your life so you can do something about it. On the other hand, you want to be unhappy? Act like liberals and expect other people to show up and fix your problems.
2) Conservatives are more religious than liberals: There's a school of thought, largely embraced by liberals, that says religion is an archaic, largely arbitrary set of rules that do little more than keep you from doing all the "fun stuff" in life. That view leads to not taking your religious views very seriously at best and atheism or agnosticism at worst.
On the other hand, here's an alternate view, one that many conservatives hold. Religion, particularly Christianity, isn't out-of-date or arbitrary at all. Moreover, religion doesn't keep you from doing all the "fun stuff" so much as it keeps you from committing sins that may be fun for a season, but ultimately end in sorrow.
We're right, they're wrong and that's another big reason why so many of us are happy and so many of them are not.
3) Conservatives are more likely than liberals to get married: Despite everything you hear about divorce and unhappy marriages, people who are married are much more likely to be happy than those who are single:
In 2004, 42 percent of married Americans said they were very happy. Only 23 percent of never-married people said this, as well as 20 percent of those who were widowed, 17 percent of divorced people, and 11 percent of those who were separated (but not divorced) from their spouses. Married people were six times more likely to say they were very happy than they were to say they were not too happy.
Conservatives tend to place a considerably higher value on marriage than liberals do. To conservatives, marriage is the bedrock of society, whereas to liberals, it's not all that important. This is one of the reasons we have huge battles over gay marriage. Conservatives think it's dangerous for society to tinker with such an important tradition while liberals don't think marriage is all that valuable. It's also why "conservatives are twice as likely to be married."
Twice as likely? Why, it's almost as if conservatives believe all that stuff they're saying about marriage being the "bedrock of our society." Too bad liberals don't look at it the same way. They'd be happier people.
4) Liberalism just doesn't work very well in the real world: If you spend your whole life advocating ideas that make people's lives worse, that fall apart at the first touch of reality, and that rely on a government that's inevitably slow, stupid, and ineffective, it's not going to be conducive to your happiness. Liberal policies are candy-coated rat poison that may appear appealing at first, but inevitably do a lot of damage to everyone impacted by them. That's what happens when you back political policies based on how they make you feel about yourself.
Conservatives don't have that problem. We support policies based on what works. The better you understand the world and how it works, the easier life is going to be for you. On the other hand, if you spend your whole life trying to slam a square peg into a round hole, it's not likely to lead to contentment.
5) Liberalism has turned into an extraordinarily harsh, divisive, angry ideology: As a political philosophy, liberalism is centered around hatred and divisiveness. Liberals don't promote their ideas so much as they try to turn people against those who get in the way of their ideas.
Liberals lie to minorities and tell them that conservatives hate them, they tell women that men hate them, they tell the poor they should hate the rich. They try to pit the successful against the unsuccessful, the workers against the corporations -- and they regularly talk about their own country like it is one of the most godawful places on earth. That means liberals are, at best, extraordinarily cynical people who're willing to manipulate people for political gain -- and at worst, it means that they believe all this nonsense, which would make the world seem to be a very unpleasant place indeed. If you spend your life seething over a litany of grievances you've created from scratch in your own head, then you're probably going to be an Eeyore instead of floating on Cloud 9.


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Express your sympathy in a very thoughtful way with this gracious arrangement of yellow snapdragons, mums and solidago in a classic white container with a yellow ribbon. Small Measures 26"H by 28"L. Medium Measures 28"H by 30"L. Large Measures 30"H by 32"L.
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text: Hilti Lab for Integrated Performance Management (IPM Lab) The Hilti Lab for Integrated Performance Management (IPM Lab) is a cooperation between the University of St. Gallen and the Hilti AG. Its goal is to foster the knowledge transfer between the scientific and practical community. The focus of the IPM Lab lies on the profound understanding of the relationship between the steering systems and the behavior of actors within the organizational context. The goal is an effective integration of steering behavior and steering system, in order to develop target-oriented management processes (Integrated Performance Management). These facilitate quantum leaps in the overall performance of organizations. Through empirical research, innovation, and knowledge transfer the IPM Lab develops and implements management models that have significant impact on improving the performance of corporate partners.


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Juny's Fashion Challenge - Sequin Cardigan5:57 PM
46 comments
I LOVEEEEE your third outfit!ReplyDelete
You look so pretty in everything!!ReplyDelete
I'm so jealous, I can never layer so much and still look slim like you :)
Love your outfit combinations!
i love the boots in the street style! very cute! :D and the snow made the photos prettier i think :P but that's just cause i've never seen snow heheReplyDelete
I am not a fan of anything sequin! But you made me change my mind, you look gorgeous!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 9, 2009 at 7:45 PM
ahh so pretty!!ReplyDelete
Hot outfits!ReplyDelete
Great job in mix n matching the outfits and working with the one piece to create different looks... I'm so bad at mix n matching my outfits ~~~~ booo~~~ReplyDelete
And you're not joking... it does look really cold there right now... while it's like super hot in Aus~~~~ haahahaah... just the two extremes I suppose
i'd love to see more of these kinds of posts if you have the time :D i LOVE going through magazines and seeing these articles... using one piece of your closet in multiple ways. lovee!ReplyDelete
Wow you make everything look so good! I'm not daring enough to try to pull off the sequined vest.. but I love how you balanced every outfit and toned down the vest for casual wear. I loved New Moon too.. lots of eye candy!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 9, 2009 at 9:03 PM
your mixing and matching is just too much =\ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 9, 2009 at 9:24 PM
Love it! But I definitly don't have the talent to create such cute little outfits!!ReplyDelete
You have the best style, I love how you're ready, and set for winter :)ReplyDelete
i suck at styling but you really rock in it. i guess besides makeup tutorial, you should consider doing videos/ writing blogs on fashion and styling. you lok simply cool in all 4 style.ReplyDelete
I love CASUAL JEN! You are soo adorable! May I ask where did you get that cute white blouse for the casual Jen? I love the leg warmers! Sooo cute!!!ReplyDelete
wow, u totally rocked the sequins in every outfit!ReplyDelete
I love the 3rd outfit, it's lovely !ReplyDelete
ooh I like the third outfit! but the last one is sweet too! Something I could never pull off XD At first I thought the cardigan is waaay too much, but you did a good job! With work clothes I'm very conservative, but this outfit you put together managed to pass. Somehow LOL but, only, as you said, in not a strict environment.ReplyDelete
You look great in everything! Thanks for sharing, going to check out the cardigan. I, too, thought New Moon was cheesy! I feel bad, because I love the Twilight series, but yeah...Happy holidays!!ReplyDelete
The way you are able to mix & match all the items in your wardrobe is honestly amazing !ReplyDelete
I wear my outfits one way and one way only, there isn't an ounce of creativity in me!
Your outfits are so pretty! I love the last one especially :DReplyDelete
What a fun piece, love it! I love your 3rd and 4th outfit the best. You're right the last one is totally you!;)ReplyDelete
btw..offering my first giveaway on my blog, you'll love it! xoxo Jolie
The outfits look amazing. I love the last one the most. I like how it's casual yet the sequin vest makes the outfit pop with colour. Great job Jen!! :)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 10, 2009 at 10:31 AM
I'm actually not a big fan of any of them. I think they're all a bit too much, but I still think you look cute :D!ReplyDelete
Keep up the great work.
looking great in the black legging casual outfit! love the layering!ReplyDelete
Thanks for introducing this store, I'm looking at all the pretty clothes now hehe. Love the work outfit, so classy but creative!<3ReplyDelete
3rd outfit looks so chic!ReplyDelete
hey! i got your package a while ago. I didn't have the time to tell you haha. I actually went on your blog this morning in the library at school, but I was caught. lol I really like the lace leggings/tights and the last outfit! I wear leggings and legwarmers too.. :DReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 10, 2009 at 5:05 PM
you have good sense of fashion, so it doesn't really matter whether it's 'in' or 'out' you'll always looks good on it.ReplyDelete
I'm the opposite :D I too slack to dress up and my no 1 rule is comfortable, no 2 is comfortable no 3 is comfortable. After that I think about fashion :D
thanks for the tips
The 3rd outfit is soooo cute!ReplyDelete
Oh man, you rocked all of those! & it's so hard to believe that you're not even 5 feet tall!ReplyDelete
you're such a lovable person Jen! I know, totally random and out of nowhere but I wanted to tell you that -- and no, I'm not les :)
- AnonymousDecember 10, 2009 at 6:48 PM
Your make up is divine, but not sure about your fashion tips, sorry! Try a white/black top with a straight neckline, with the blue zara cardi, with a high-waisted rara skirt, black opaque tights and black pumps.ReplyDelete
love your blog!
i love the last outfit!!!ReplyDelete
on another note. i'm going to have a job interview next week.. I was wondering if you could make a tutorial of a make up / hairstyle that would be ideal for a job interview... i know you're super busy but i thought i'd ask just in case you can make one :) i love your blog !!!
oooo, you look gorgeous in all the styles but i love the party style! its comforting to know that it's not as hard to rock as one would think.... i get intimidated by sequins! haha! ;PReplyDelete
☆girlyacee♠※↙↙ : Lol, yay I'm glad everything came safely. ^^ And YAY for legwarmers! They are warm! XDReplyDelete
eeyore-kun: Haha, that's why I wear leggings most days. Comfiest thing you can wear, like substitute pants. Nothin' wrong with comfort. ;)
daisy: awww, thank you so much. This comment made my night. I really appreciate you feeling that I'm loveable. I just want to love everyone! :D
Adriana: Not sure if I'll be able to make a specific tutorial in time for your interview, but lean toward conservative on all counts. You want to feel like yourself, so don't do anything out of the ordinary with your makeup or hair. Just keep things classy and neutral! Copper shadows look nice, maybe hair half up, and close-toed shoes so you look professional. Good luck! I know it's nerve-wracking but I'm sure you'll do well. ^^
I will cry if someone tell me leggings are out of style too. I rely on them so much on the fall lols. Have yet to try legwarmers. Maybe I should cuz i have impossibly small ankles and i need to balance my legs out HAHA.ReplyDelete
I like how you can mix and match so many outfits with just one blue cardigan. The clothes you buy are very versatile. I should really buy more clothes like those sigh~
So between you and your hubby, who does the cookin'? lolReplyDelete
I don't want Minh to think that I will always have dinner ready when he gets home! I think he's thinks I don't notice but he's training me! I can tell! He gets home and rests on the couch when I get the plates & silverware together. I caught him smirking the other day! lol
You must tell me how you balance the "power" in your happily married relationship!
love all these amazing pictures and whole the oufits are adorable.ReplyDelete
love ur great style.
hi jen!ReplyDelete
could you do a tutorial on how you clip up your bangs? i just got bangs too and would like to do an updo sometimes.
pamela :)
- AnonymousDecember 11, 2009 at 10:48 AM
Can you tell me where your tights are from in the 1st outfit? I really like them!ReplyDelete
omg thats great what you did. i've been meaning to do something like this for my blog, but i always feel like i never have enough time to do this. this makes sense though .. i love looking at fashion blogs/challenge.. gives me an idea of what to wear tomorrow hahaReplyDelete
Hi Jen,ReplyDelete
I just discovered your blog not too long ago on Youtube and I have to say I am really inspired by all of your makeup tutorials and "style" practices :) I feel a lot more confident learning how to do smokey eyes or experimenting with different colors! :) Keep up the wonderful updates :)
Whatever the style is, you do it right!ReplyDelete
Have a great weekend! :)
Love the outfits, Jen! Especially #3! I have to admit that sequins intimidate me a bit but you've shown how versatile they can be. Think I'll start off small with a beret and work my way up. :)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 12, 2009 at 3:55 PM
you look beautiful in every style. no amount of sequins is too loud from that cardigan. it's right in every combination.ReplyDelete
of course, it is worn by a beautiful model and that makes the difference too. :)
love this post!
Hey Jen, where do you buy waist belts? I'm having a hard time finding cute but affordable ones for tiny waists.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 13, 2009 at 5:39 PM
Personally, I think your fashion tips are sub-par, just because I feel like not a lot of people can pull off what you're wearing.ReplyDelete
I find the whole mix-and-match-and-layer-5-things over the top. It takes away from the overall look.
But what do I know?
Anyway, great blog otherwise.


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Hagafen Cellars has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to privacy. The following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for the website: www.hagafen.com.
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We care about ensuring our site is accessible to all! Hagafen Cellars is currently working to update our website to ensure that it conforms to the WCAG 2.1 accessibilty standards. To accomplish this we are working with an outside consultant as well as our web hosting service and expect to complete the updates soon.
Personal Information and Data Gathering
Hagafen Cellars often uses third-party development partners to assist in online development and deployment as well as in data and information collection. These companies are strictly bound by our privacy policy covered below, as well as by all other conventions and business practices of Hagafen Cellars concerning user information and data from online sources. For the purposes of this document, the terms "We," "Us" and "Hagafen Cellars" also represent these third-party developers.
We collect anonymous information from visits to our site to help us understand the usage patterns of our site, and to provide better customer service. Information collected in this manner is provided automatically by your system and the systems that you use to connect to our site. For example, we keep track of what time people enter our site, how long they stay on the site, and what sections they visit on the site. This information is kept in aggregate, anonymous format. We use this information to better tailor our site for our visitors and their usage patterns, as well as to gauge performance and other measures of the site, again in anonymous and aggregate format.
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On occasion, Hagafen Cellars may sponsor sweepstakes and other promotions that are managed by third-party organizations. Information and data gathered in those instances will be held by the third-party and will normally be shared with Hagafen Cellars. Once shared with Hagafen Cellars, that data and information is subject to Hagafen Cellars' stated privacy policy. Information and data retained by the third-party will be subject to the privacy policy stated by the third-party. Hagafen Cellars will make a reasonable best-effort to have the third-party utilize that information in accordance with Hagafen Cellars' stated privacy policy, however, cannot take final responsibility for the third-party's actions.
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Injuries and Conditions
Welcome to the Granville Physiotherapy Injury and Conditions Resource.
We look forward to working with you to reach your goals in health and well being.
This section of our website is designed to provide you with educational information on injuries and conditions.
To explore our educational content, please use the navigation menu.
Our Injuries & Conditions resource is for informational purposes only. Do not diagnose, self treat, or attempt any exercises from the content on this site without contacting Granville Physiotherapy, your physician or a qualified specialist first.
At Granville Physiotherapy we offer Physical Therapy.


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9 East 62nd Street Suite 1F
New York, NY 10021
A beautiful smile can brighten your life! If you are continuously hiding your chipped, stained, or cracked teeth from others, it's time for a change! Alan Gold, D.D.S., a trusted New York area dentist, can fix chips, cracks, and stains to reveal a great new smile - and a new you. You'll look so good you'll wonder why you waited so long!
New York area cosmetic dentist Alan Gold, D.D.S. has extensive experience creating beautiful smiles. They're one of the first things people notice about you.
Our professional team will be happy to discuss your aesthetic dentistry options. The attractive results you'll get from Unique Dental Care can change your life!
New York area restorative dentistry at Unique Dental Care can produce natural-looking results. If you have a damaged or missing tooth, we can help.
Our highly skilled team will assess your need for a crown, bridge, implant or other procedure to restore or improve your smile. Our goal is to provide quality dental care for your life-long oral health.
Don't let untreated dental problems get you down. Rebuild your confidence with a beautiful new smile. From simple treatments that make a big difference, to more extensive work, unveiling the smile you were meant to have can have profound life-changing effects. Serving the New York, NY area and offering cosmetic dentistry, Dr. Gold can help you develop an affordable treatment plan you'll feel good about.
A negative self image can be detrimental to many facets of your life. New York area dentist Dr. Alan Gold understands the positive life-changing power that a healthy and beautiful smile can bring to you. Here at Unique Dental Care, we don't want you to be embarrassed any longer. Why not take your smile - and even your life - to a new level of self-confidence and beauty?
Danon, Elena E D.D.S.
2615 John F Kennedy Blvd # 1
Jersey City, NJ, 07306-4849
Garcia, Gertrudis A D.D.S.
846 Bergen Ave
Jersey City, NJ, 07306-4404
Abis-Valasco, Lisa Holly D.D.S.
47 Romar Ave
Jersey City, NJ, 07305-1834
Vashi, Surendra D.D.S.
214 Newark Ave
Jersey City, NJ, 07302-2717
Dental crowns (also known as "caps") are needed on teeth for various reasons. Two of the reasons crowns are needed is to restore broken and unaesthetic - ugly - teeth.
When crowns are well made, research shows that the average length of time before they wear out is approximately ten years. Because each person is unique, no one can tell you how long a dental crown will last. Even though cosmetic dentistry uses advanced materials, the most durable dental crown material is gold. Dental porcelain fused to gold is the next most durable; an all-porcelain dental crown is the least durable.
As stated earlier, each person is unique, but there are some situations that will cause a dental crown to fail sooner rather than later.
When replacement crowns are prescribed, there are certain steps that the dentist must complete. First, the dental crown must be removed. This can be accomplished by either wiggling the crown free or cutting the crown off the tooth. Underlying decay should be removed and fillings should be placed as needed. These fillings are referred to as "build-ups" or "foundations" for the new crown. The tooth should then be refined and a new dental crown can then be placed.
No one can tell you how long a dental crown will last. The length of time that they can last is different for each person. Therefore, maintaining regular six-month visits to your dentist is extremely important if you want to maintain a healthy mouth.
By Benjamin O. Watkins, III, DDS
A healthy, beautiful smile should be part of your wardrobe. When you're getting dressed in the morning, don't forget that a perfect smile is a vital part of your total image.
Your smile is often the first impression people have of you. A psychological study reported in Perceptive Motor Skills found that people judged a person's physical attractiveness by "the mouth, eyes, structure of the face, hair, and nose" in that order!
Psychologists have trouble defining "beauty." But they agree that beauty is important in every social relationship. For example, it was found that mothers cuddle their physically attractive babies more than their so-called "ugly" babies.
Take a moment to smile at yourself in the mirror. Do you have white teeth? Is your smile attractive, appealing? Or, is your smile weakened by cosmetic dental problems? Do you have a broken or missing tooth? If so, you can do something about it.
Cosmetic dentistry has made great strides in the last 20 years. Not only do cosmetic dentists make it possible for people to keep their natural teeth all their lives, they help people look and feel better about themselves.
A cracked tooth, or stained and uneven teeth can be restored. Gaps between teeth, poorly positioned teeth or a jaw that recedes or protrudes, can often be successfully fixed with orthodontics. Did you know that dentists do 95% of all face reconstruction in this country? Through procedures called maxillofacial surgery or orthognathic surgery, many bone and jaw deformities or conditions caused by accidents can be corrected.
Developing a beautiful smile - even if you weren't born with one - is important at any age. Make your smile your strongest fashion asset.


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L344 Port Authority® Ladies Zephyr Full-Zip Jacket.
L344 Port Authority® Ladies Zephyr Full-Zip Jacket.
*Does not include decoration.
Product details:
This Zephyr style merges wind- and water-resisting performance with a silky smooth hand. This unlined piece is easy to wear over base or thermal layers. Modern sleek details offer instant appeal at a very appealing price.|
- 100% polyester shell
- Zip-through cadet collar with chin guard
- Set-in sleeves
- Elastic binding at cuffs and hem
- Open front pockets


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