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You are considering filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy or Chapter 13 bankruptcy in National City. Bankruptcy is a common debt relief choice. In fact, many people in California have received bankruptcy relief, and National City is no different. In fact, there were 45,831 bankruptcies filed in California in the year ending June 30, 2021 (Source). With a population of 61394, I'd estimate a fair number of those were in National City.
The purpose of this article is to provide an extensive list of filing bankruptcy in National City including:
Without further ado, let's get started with Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
Chapter 7 bankruptcy is the most common consumer bankruptcy in the United States. People appreciate the simplicity of Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the cost of the Chapter 7 bankruptcy, and the speed of debt relief. For example, in National City, you could get debt relief in about 120 days with a Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
One of the challenges of Chapter 7 bankruptcy in National City is that you have to qualify. In order to qualify in National City, you often have to pass the California bankruptcy means test. You can estimate that qualification below in National City. Let's cover how you can qualify.
The first part of the means test is to understand your income in relation to the median income levels for California. It considers the average family size and income.
To estimate your qualification, you can take the National City Chapter 7 qualification calculator below that is specific to National City.
Finally, the most recent California median income levels is for cases filed on or after November 1, 2023, and can be found below.
|# of People
|Annual Income
If your income exceeds the median, you can move on to the second part of the means test to estimate qualification. The second part of the means test is to understand your actual expenses. You can check out our guide covering trying to qualify for Chapter 7 bankruptcy above the median.
Chapter 13 bankruptcy is known as a wage-earner bankruptcy. Chapter 13 bankruptcy is a voluntary reorganization of debt. In Chapter 13 bankruptcy, the individual has debt that they can no longer manage and often own assets that exceed state and/or federal relief. Folks file Chapter 13 bankruptcy often when they do not qualify for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
Most individuals in National City will qualify for Chapter 13 bankruptcy as long as they are below the debt limits.
Compared to Chapter 7, there is no liquidation in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy. Although, the discharge won't be until around 3 to 5 years. The Chapter 13 bankruptcy will stay on your credit report for 7 years.
When looking for a bankruptcy attorney, we recommend that you look for these 5 attributes: Rate, Reliability, Referrals, Reviews, and Relevancy. You can check our guide to find a top bankruptcy attorney in National City.
The estimated Chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyer fee in National City is: $862 - $2162.
The estimated Chapter 13 bankruptcy lawyer fee in National City is: $3300 - $4800. The Chapter 13 attorney fee is often set across the district, meaning that all Chapter 13 bankruptcy attorneys in a district may charge around the same fee.
One of the most important things to do is to find a reputable bankruptcy attorney in National City if you decide to hire one. This is legal advice related to finances that are going to affect your future. For example, making sure you are in the right bankruptcy chapter (Chapter 7 vs Chapter 13) could cost you thousands more and take you years longer.
As stated above, National City has a population of 61394. In many cases, individuals in larger cities such as Los Angeles or San Diego would like a bankruptcy lawyer close by. In smaller cities, I have found that individuals have questions about whether the bankruptcy will show up in the newspaper or whether friends will hear about it. This is a valid question.
Regardless, you can check the Chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyers in or near National City using the table below. You just need to input your zip code, and voila, you can choose which Chapter 7 bankruptcy lawyer you would like to speak to near or far away from National City in a free bankruptcy lawyer consultation.
Filing a Chapter 13 bankruptcy in National City may be a bit more intensive, so you may consider a Chapter 13 bankruptcy that is closer to you. That said, with the internet and the pandemic, many of the meetings are now online and you can generally submit your documentation online as well.
As you live in National City, you are often able to use the California bankruptcy exemptions to help you keep your belongings.
One of the biggest questions people have is whether they are able to keep their homes in bankruptcy. This is where bankruptcy exemptions come into play. As National City has a home ownership % of 35.4% and an estimated estimated home value of $399636, you can understand that many people want to keep this asset. You can often keep your assets using bankruptcy exemptions.
Here are the California bankruptcy exemptions. The exemptions are revised on different occasions, so you may wish to check the most current information on exemptions. Also, as a reference, California is a place that does not allow you to use federal bankruptcy exemptions. You often have to choose which one to use, so a bankruptcy attorney can help you with that option.
The homestead exemption is often broken down by age and whether you are married.
California specific homestead bankruptcy exemption text: "New Language as of January 1, 2021: Gavin Newsome signed into law the Assembly Bill CA 1885 that passed on September 18, 2020, the updated language: 704.730. (a) The amount of the homestead exemption is the greater of the following: (1) The countywide median sale price for a single-family home in the calendar year prior to the calendar year in which the judgment debtor claims the exemption, not to exceed six hundred thousand dollars ($600,000). (2) Three hundred thousand dollars ($300,000). (b) The amounts specified in this section shall adjust annually for inflation, beginning on January 1, 2022, based on the change in the annual California Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers for the prior fiscal year, published by the Department of Industrial Relations." (Source)
The automobile bankruptcy exemption in California is $3,325.
The jewelry bankruptcy exemption in California is $8,725.
The tools of the trade bankruptcy exemption in California is $8,725.
The wildcard bankruptcy exemption in California is $1,425.
Below is specific special handling of bankruptcy exemptions in California.
Unemployment can cause both frustration and angst about options. The most recent statistic I found is that the National City unemployment rate is 6.6%. There may be resources available to help. In addition to the unemployment rate, National City has a disability rate of 12.7%. As such, if you are truly in need and don't have income, there are resources that may be available that can help you.
Here are some legal aid resources that may be helpful to you in National City.
The bankruptcy court and district may have free resources that are available to you. I have included the information below.
One of the most common alternatives to bankruptcy is debt settlement. A debt settlement firm would negotiate for a lower amount due on your debt in the case of financial hardship. The goal would be to reduce your debt in half. In this case, you would have a lower monthly payment.
If you are looking at debt settlement in National City, you may want to consider a national debt settlement firm to a local one in National City. For example, most of your creditors are probably national banks instead of local National City banks. As such, you can potentially get lower fees by using a national firm. You should strongly consider the pros and cons and credit score impact before taking the plunge as Ascend only recommends 2 debt settlement firms nationwide that both offer free phone evaluations.
Chapter 7 bankruptcy and Chapter 13 bankruptcy in National City can provide debt relief. That said, you may want to consider the cost of bankruptcy in National City, the different bankruptcy chapters, reputable attorneys in National City and alternatives to help you make the most informed decision.
You can also take our Chapter 7 vs Chapter calculator below to help you estimate the cost and qualification of Chapter 7 bankruptcy and Chapter 13 bankruptcy in National City.


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- Interactive Loan Officer Practice Test Questions
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This Page Last Updated: 09/27/2023

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Send Money to Denmark
There are many options when you need to send money to Denmark. When transferring money to friends and family in Denmark or for smaller amounts we list companies that offer extremely low money transfer fees with a decent exchange rate. However, if you are an individual transferring larger amounts of money for example a house purchase, paying for a luxury holiday or for investment purposes or if you are a business looking to save on your cross-border transactions we can assist. The brokers we list on The Money Cloud offer fee free money transfers with superior exchange rates. They are able to offer much better than bank exchange rates between GBP and Danish krone, a rate that improves with the more money you send to Denmark, maximising the amount of money received for your money transfer.
Fluctuations in foreign exchange make it difficult to decide whether it is the right time to carry out the currency exchange or should you wait for the Danish krone exchange rate to improve. We compare below all the specialist currency brokers and banks that offer the best value and secure ways of sending money to Denmark and the best time to do it. We enable you to become the expert and compare live exchange rates in real-time, clearly showing how much you can save.


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As we announced earlier, this blog is still closed. We invited a few people to help who wanted to keep it going, but they stopped posting (last was in May).
The original creators of this blog have moved onto other projects that make more sense for us (time, money, career growth, etc.).
If you would like to post on this blog, just let us know. You can continue the blog if you'd like.
Andy Samberg - News and Videos
Whether you're new to the Emmy-winning and Grammy-nominated Andy Samberg or you're looking for the latest Andy news, images, and videos, come here to find out about the king of The Lonely Island, Saturday Night Live, Lazy Sunday, Laser Cats, Junk in a Box, Dear Sister, Hot Rod, J**z in My Pants, I'm on a Boat, Mother Lover, On the Ground, and Shy Ronnie. Next movies: What's Your Number, and Friends with Benefits.
Sunday, June 17, 2012
Blog still closed
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Wednesday, May 16, 2012
Friday, April 27, 2012
Andy Samberg and Adam Sandler on Entertainment Tonight
Andy and Adam talk about Sandler's 30 million facebook fans and high school crushes
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Wednesday, April 25, 2012
Watch Andy Samberg and Adam Sandler's Facebook Live Chat
Watch Andy and Adam answer questions about their upcoming movie "That's My Boy" here :
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Thursday, April 19, 2012
Andy Samberg promoting Hotel Transylvania in Cancun
Andy recently took a trip down to Mexico to promote his new film "Hotel Transylvania" hitting theaters in September. Take a look:
Magically delicioused by Rachel at 4/19/2012 12:00:00 PM 1 comment:
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Some Favorite Andy Samberg Posts
- Andy as Jewey Fallon - Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
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- Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (videos - 10/13/09)
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For I Was Thirsty (16x20)
Shipping calculated at checkout.
"For I Was Thirsty" depicts the true story of Confederate Sergeant Richard Kirkland during the Civil War battle of Fredricksburg. After a fierce battle on Dec 13, 1862, the scene shifted from heavy fighting to intense suffering. Sergeant Kirkland decided to do something about it.
After being ordered not to enter no man's land by his commanding officer, General Joseph Kershaw, he convinced the general to change his mind, and allow him to help the fallen Union enemy soldiers crying for help.
Kirkland gathered all the canteens he could carry and filled them at the near by water well. Then, at extreme risk to himself, he ventured out to help the Federal soldiers. He carried water and warm clothing to the suffering Federal soldiers.
Sergeant Kirkland's heroic act is a perfect example of the spirit of service noted by Jesus in Matthew 25. "For I Was Thirsty" captures the pathos and emotion of this unselfish act of service, and serves as the second visual illustration in Artist Nathan Greene's Matthew 25 collection
This fine art print is nicely sized for display in a home or office, and is ready to frame.
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Difference between revisions of "RPi Low-level peripherals"
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====GPIO Driving Example (Bash shell script)====
====GPIO Driving Example (Bash shell script)====
The export and unexport of pins must be done as root.
The export and unexport of pins must be done as root.
To change to the root user see below: To change back, the word exit must be entered.
To change to the root user see below: To change back, the word exit must be entered.

sudo -i

sudo -i

Export creates a new folder for the exported pin, and creates files for each of its control functions. Upon creation, the control files can be read by all users (not just root), but can only be written to by user root, the file's owner. Nevertheless, once created, it is possible to allow users other than root, to also write inputs to the control files, by changing the ownership or permissions of these files. Changes to the file's ownership or permissions must initially be done as root, as their owner and group is set to root upon creation. Typically you might change the owner to be the (non root) user controlling the GPIO, or you might add write permission, and change the group ownership to one of which the user controlling the GPIO is a member. By such means, using only packages provided in the recommended rasbian distribution, it is possible for Python CGI scripts, which are typically run as user nobody, to be used for control of the GPIO over the internet from a browser at a remote location.
Export creates a new folder for the exported pin, and creates files for each of its control functions . Upon creation, the control files can be read by all users (not just root), but can only be written to by user root, the file's owner. Nevertheless, once created, it is possible to allow users other than root, to also write inputs to the control files, by changing the ownership or permissions of these files. Changes to the file's ownership or permissions must initially be done as root, as their owner and group is set to root upon creation. Typically you might change the owner to be the (non root) user controlling the GPIO, or you might add write permission, and change the group ownership to one of which the user controlling the GPIO is a member. By such means, using only packages provided in the recommended rasbian distribution, it is possible for Python CGI scripts, which are typically run as user nobody, to be used for control of the GPIO over the internet from a browser at a remote location.
Revision as of 03:38, 11 December 2012
Hardware & Peripherals:
Hardware - detailed information about the Raspberry Pi boards.
Hardware History - guide to the Raspberry Pi models.
Low-level Peripherals - using the GPIO and other connectors.
Expansion Boards - GPIO plug-in boards providing additional functionality.
Screens - attaching a screen to the Raspberry Pi.
Cases - lots of nice cases to protect the Raspberry Pi.
Other Peripherals - all sorts of peripherals used with the Raspberry Pi.
In addition to the familiar USB, Ethernet and HDMI ports, the R-Pi offers lower-level interfaces intended to connect more directly with chips and subsystem modules. These GPIO (general purpose I/O) signals on the 2x13 header pins include SPI, I2C, serial UART, 3V3 and 5V power. These interfaces are not "plug and play" and require care to avoid miswiring. The pins use a 3V3 logic level and are not tolerant of 5V levels, such as you might find on a 5V powered Arduino. Not yet software-enabled are the flex cable connectors with CSI (camera serial interface) and DSI (display serial interface), and a serial link inside the HDMI connector called CEC. (consumer electronics control)
General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
General Purpose Input/Output (a.k.a. GPIO) is a generic pin on a chip whose behavior (including whether it is an input or output pin) can be controlled (programmed) through software.
The Raspberry Pi allows peripherals and expansion boards (such as the Rpi Gertboard) to access the CPU by exposing the inputs and outputs.
For further general information about GPIOs, see:the wikipedia article.
For further specific information about the Raspberry Pi's BCM2835 GPIOs, see:this wikipedia article.
The production Raspberry Pi board has a 26-pin 2.54 mm (100 mil)[1] expansion header, marked as P1, arranged in a 2x13 strip. They provide 8 GPIO pins plus access to I²C, SPI, UART), as well as +3.3 V, +5 V and GND supply lines. Pin one is the pin in the first column and on the bottom row. [2]
GPIO voltage levels are 3.3 V and are not 5 V tolerant. There is no over-voltage protection on the board - the intention is that people interested in serious interfacing will use an external board with buffers, level conversion and analog I/O rather than soldering directly onto the main board.
All the GPIO pins can be reconfigured to provide alternate functions, SPI, PWM, I²C and so. At reset only pins GPIO 14 & 15 are assigned to the alternate function UART, these two can be switched back to GPIO to provide a total of 17 GPIO pins[3]. Each of their functions and full details of how to access are detailed in the chipset datasheet [4].
Each GPIO can interrupt, high/low/rise/fall/change.[5][6] There is currently no support for GPIO interrupts in the official kernel, howewer a patch exists, requiring compilation of modified source tree.[7] The 'Raspbian "wheezy"' [8] version that is currently recommended for starters already includes GPIO interrupts.
GPIO input hysteresis (Schmitt trigger) can be on or off, output slew rate can be fast or limited, and source and sink current is configurable from 2 mA up to 16 mA. Note that chipset GPIO pins 0-27 are in the same block and these properties are set per block, not per pin. See GPIO Datasheet Addendum - GPIO Pads Control. Particular attention should be applied to the note regarding SSO (Simultaneous Switching Outputs): to avoid interference, driving currents should be kept as low as possible.
The available alternative functions and their corresponding pins are detailed below. These numbers are in reference to the chipset documentation and may not match the numbers exposed in Linux. Only fully usable functions are detailed, for some alternative functions not all the necessary pins are available for the funtionality to be actually used.
There is also some information on the Tutorial on Easy GPIO Hardware & Software.
Kernel boot messages go to the UART at 115200 bit/s.
R-Pi PCB Revision 2 UPDATE: According to Eben at [1] the R-Pi Rev.2 board being rolled out starting in September 2012 adds 4 more GPIO on a new connector called P5, and changes some of the existing P1 GPIO pinouts. On Rev2, GPIO_GEN2 [BCM2835/GPIO27] is routed to P1 pin 13, and changes what was SCL0/SDA0 to SCL1/SDA1: SCL1 [BCM2835/GPIO3] is routed to P1 pin 5, SDA1 [BCM2835/GPIO2] is routed to P1 pin 3. Also the power and ground connections previously marked "Do Not Connect" on P1 will remain as connected, specifically: P1-04:+5V0, P1-09:GND, P1-14:GND, P1-17:+3V3, P1-20:GND, P1-25:GND. According to this comment [2] (and confirmed in this post [3]) the P1 pinout is not expected to change in future beyond the current Rev.2 layout.
Header Pinout, top row:
|Pin Number
|Pin Name Rev1
|Pin Name Rev2
|Hardware Notes
|Alt 0 Function
|Other Alternative Functions
|Supply through input poly fuse
|Supply through input poly fuse
|Boot to Alt 0 ->
|Boot to Alt 0 ->
Header Pinout, bottom row:
|Pin Number
|Pin Name Rev1
|Pin Name Rev2
|Hardware Notes
|Alt 0 Function
|Other Alternative Functions
|50 mA max (01 & 17)
|1K8 pull up resistor
|1K8 pull up resistor
|50 mA max (01 & 17)
|Colour legend
|Ground, 0V
KiCad symbol: File:Conn-raspberry.lib
Pin 3 (SDA0) and Pin 5 (SCL0) are preset to be used as an I²C interface. So there are 1.8 kilohm pulls up resistors on the board for these pins.[10]
Pin 12 supports PWM .
It is also possible to reconfigure GPIO connector pins P1-7, 15, 16, 18, 22 (chipset GPIOs 4 and 22 to 25) to provide an ARM JTAG interface.[11] However ARM_TMS isn't available on the GPIO connector (chipset pin 12 or 27 is needed). Chipset pin 27 is available on S5, the CSI camera interface however.
It is also possible to reconfigure GPIO connector pins P1-12 and 13 (chipset GPIO 18 and 21) to provide an I2S (a hardware modification may be required[12]) or PCM interface.[13] However, PCM_FS and PCM_DIN (chipset pins 19 and 20) are needed for I2S or PCM.
A second I²C interface (GPIO02_ALT0 is SDA1 and GPIO03_ALT0 is SCL1) and two further GPIOs (GPIO05_ALT0 is GPCLK1, and GPIO27) are available on S5, the CSI camera interface.
Referring to pins on the Expansion header
The header is referred to as "The GPIO Connector (P1)". To avoid nomenclature confusion between Broadcom signal names on the SoC and pin names on the expansion header, the following naming is highly recommended.
- The expansion header is referred to as "Expansion Header" or "GPIO Connector (P1)"
- Pins on the GPIO connector (P1) are referred to as P1-01, etc.
- Names GPIO0, GPIO1, GPIOx-ALTy, etc. refer to the signal names on the SoC as enumerated in the Broadcom datasheet, where "x" matches BCM2835 number (without leading zero) and "y" is the alternate number column 0 to 5 on page 102-103 of the Broadcom document. For example, depending on what you are describing, use either "GPIO7" to refer to a row of the table, and "GPIO7-ALT0" would refer to a specific cell of the table.
- When refering to signal names, you should modify the Broadcom name slightly to minimize confusion. The Broadcom SPI bus pin names are fine, such as "SPI0_*" and "SPI1_*", but they didn't do the same on the I²C and UART pins. Instead of using "SDA0" and "SCL0", you should use "I2C0_SDA" and "I2C0_SCL"; and instead of "TX" or "TXD" and "RX" or "RXD", you should use "UART0_TXD" and "UART0_RXD".
Power pins
The maximum permitted current draw from the 3.3 V pins is 50 mA.
Maximum permitted current draw from the 5 V pin is the USB input current (usually 1 A) minus any current draw from the rest of the board.[14]
- Model A: 1000 mA - 500 mA -> max current draw: 500 mA
- Model B: 1000 mA - 700 mA -> max current draw: 300 mA
Be very careful with the 5 V pins P1-02 and P1-04, because if you short 5 V to any other P1 pin you may permanently damage your RasPi. Before probing P1, it's a good idea to strip short pieces of insulation off a wire and push them over the 5 V pins so you don't accidentally short them with a probe.
GPIO hardware hacking
The complete list of chipset GPIO pins which are available on the GPIO connector is:
0, 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
(on the Revision2.0 RaspberryPis, this list changes to: 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27)
As noted above, GPIO00 and 01 (SDA0 and SCL0) have 1.8 kilohm pull-up resistors to 3.3 V.
If 17 GPIOs aren't sufficient for your project, there are a few other signals potentially available, with varying levels of software and hardware (soldering iron) hackery skills:
GPIO02, 03, 05 and 27 are available on S5 (the CSI interface) when a camera peripheral is not connected to that socket, and are configured by default to provide the functions SDA1, SCL1, CAM_CLK and CAM_GPIO respectively. SDA1 and SCL1 have 1K6 pull-up resistors to 3.3 V.
GPIO06 is LAN_RUN and is available on pad 12 of the footprint for IC3 on the Model A. On Model B, it is in use for the Ethernet function.
There are a few other chipset GPIO pins accessible on the PCB but are in use:
- GPIO16 drives status LED D5 (usually SD card access indicator)
- GPIO28-31 are used by the board ID and are connected to resistors R3 to R10.
- GPIO40 and 45 are used by analogue audio and support PWM. They connect to the analogue audio circuitry via R21 and R27 respectively.
- GPIO46 is HDMI hotplug detect (goes to pin 6 of IC1).
- GPIO47 to 53 are used by the SD card interface. In particular, GPIO47 is SD card detect (this would seem to be a good candidate for re-use). GPIO47 is connected to the SD card interface card detect switch; GPIO48 to 53 are connected to the SD card interface via resistors R45 to R50.
P2 header
The P2 header is the VideoCore JTAG and used only during the production of the board. It cannot be used as the ARM JTAG [15]. This connector is unpopulated in Rev 2.0 boards.
Useful P2 pins:
- Pin 1 - 3.3V (same as P1-01, 50 mA max current draw across both of them)
- Pin 7 - GND
- Pin 8 - GND
P3 header
The P3 header, unpopulated, is the LAN9512 JTAG [16].
P5 header
The P5 header was added with the release of the Revision 2.0 PCB design.
- Pin 1 - 5V
- Pin 2 - 3V3
- Pin 3 - GPIO28
- Pin 4 - GPIO29
- Pin 5 - GPIO30
- Pin 6 - GPIO31
- Pin 7 - GND
- Pin 8 - GND
Note that the connector is intended to be mounted on the bottom of the PCB, so that for those who put the connector on the top side, the pin numbers are swapped. Pin 1 and pin 2 are swapped, pin 3 and 4, etc.
Note that the connector is placed JUST off-grid with respect to the P1 connector.
P6 header
The P6 header was added with the release of the Revision 2.0 PCB design.
A reset button can be attached to the P6 header, with which the Pi can be reset. Momentarily shorting the two pins of P6 together will cause a soft reset of the CPU.
Driver support
The Foundation will not include a GPIO driver in the initial release, standard Linux GPIO drivers should work with minimal modification.[17]
The community implemented SPI and I²C drivers [18], which will be integrated with the new Linux pinctrl concept in a later version of the kernel. (On Oct. 14 2012, it was already included in the latest raspbian image.) A first compiled version as Linux modules is available to install on the 19/04/2012 Debian image, including 1-wire support[19]. The I²C and SPI driver uses the hardware modules of the microcontroller and interrupts for low CPU usage, the 1-wire support uses bitbanging on the GPIO ports, which results in higher CPU usage.
GordonH[20] wrote a (mostly) Arduino compatible/style WiringPi library in C for controlling the GPIO pins.
A useful tutorial on setting up I²C driver support can be found at Robot Electronics - look for the downloadable document rpi_i2c_setup.doc
Graphical User Interfaces
WebIOPi allows you to control each GPIO with a simple web interface that you can use with any browser. Available in PHP and Python, they both require root access, but Python version serves HTTP itself. You can setup each GPIO as input or output and change their states (LOW/HIGH). WebIOPi is fully customizable, so you can use it for home remote control. It also work over Internet. UART/SPI/I2C support will be added later. If you need some computing for your GPIO go to code examples below.
GPIO Code examples
GPIO Driving Example (C)
Gert van Loo & Dom, has provided some tested code which accesses the GPIO pins through direct GPIO register manipulation in C-code. (Thanks to Dom for doing the difficult work of finding and testing the mapping.) Example GPIO code:
// // How to access GPIO registers from C-code on the Raspberry-Pi // Example program // 15-January-2012 // Dom and Gert // // Access from ARM Running Linux #define BCM2708_PERI_BASE 0x20000000 #define GPIO_BASE (BCM2708_PERI_BASE + 0x200000) /* GPIO controller */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <dirent.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <assert.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <unistd.h> #define PAGE_SIZE (4*1024) #define BLOCK_SIZE (4*1024) int mem_fd; char *gpio_mem, *gpio_map; char *spi0_mem, *spi0_map; // I/O access volatile unsigned *gpio; // GPIO setup macros. Always use INP_GPIO(x) before using OUT_GPIO(x) or SET_GPIO_ALT(x,y) #define INP_GPIO(g) *(gpio+((g)/10)) &= ~(7<<(((g)%10)*3)) #define OUT_GPIO(g) *(gpio+((g)/10)) |= (1<<(((g)%10)*3)) #define SET_GPIO_ALT(g,a) *(gpio+(((g)/10))) |= (((a)<=3?(a)+4:(a)==4?3:2)<<(((g)%10)*3)) #define GPIO_SET *(gpio+7) // sets bits which are 1 ignores bits which are 0 #define GPIO_CLR *(gpio+10) // clears bits which are 1 ignores bits which are 0 void setup_io(); int main(int argc, char **argv) { int g,rep; // Set up gpi pointer for direct register access setup_io(); // Switch GPIO 7..11 to output mode /************************************************************************\ * You are about to change the GPIO settings of your computer. * * Mess this up and it will stop working! * * It might be a good idea to 'sync' before running this program * * so at least you still have your code changes written to the SD-card! * \************************************************************************/ // Set GPIO pins 7-11 to output for (g=7; g<=11; g++) { INP_GPIO(g); // must use INP_GPIO before we can use OUT_GPIO OUT_GPIO(g); } for (rep=0; rep<10; rep++) { for (g=7; g<=11; g++) { GPIO_SET = 1<<g; sleep(1); } for (g=7; g<=11; g++) { GPIO_CLR = 1<<g; sleep(1); } } return 0; } // main // // Set up a memory regions to access GPIO // void setup_io() { /* open /dev/mem */ if ((mem_fd = open("/dev/mem", O_RDWR|O_SYNC) ) < 0) { printf("can't open /dev/mem \n"); exit (-1); } /* mmap GPIO */ // Allocate MAP block if ((gpio_mem = malloc(BLOCK_SIZE + (PAGE_SIZE-1))) == NULL) { printf("allocation error \n"); exit (-1); } // Make sure pointer is on 4K boundary if ((unsigned long)gpio_mem % PAGE_SIZE) gpio_mem += PAGE_SIZE - ((unsigned long)gpio_mem % PAGE_SIZE); // Now map it gpio_map = (unsigned char *)mmap( (caddr_t)gpio_mem, BLOCK_SIZE, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED|MAP_FIXED, mem_fd, GPIO_BASE ); if ((long)gpio_map < 0) { printf("mmap error %d\n", (int)gpio_map); exit (-1); } // Always use volatile pointer! gpio = (volatile unsigned *)gpio_map; } // setup_io
GPIO Pull Up/Pull Down Register Example
// enable pull-up on GPIO24&25 GPIO_PULL = 2; short_wait(); // clock on GPIO 24 & 25 (bit 24 & 25 set) GPIO_PULLCLK0 = 0x03000000; short_wait(); GPIO_PULL = 0; GPIO_PULLCLK0 = 0;
GPIO Driving Example (Python)
This uses the Python module available at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPi.GPIO Any Python script that controls GPIO must be run as root.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO # Set up the GPIO channels - one input and one output GPIO.setup(11, GPIO.IN) GPIO.setup(12, GPIO.OUT) # Input from pin 11 input_value = GPIO.input(11) # Output to pin 12 GPIO.output(12, True) # The same script as above but using BCM GPIO 00..nn numbers GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) GPIO.setup(17, GPIO.IN) GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT) input_value = GPIO.input(17) GPIO.output(18, True)
GPIO Driving Example (Java using the Pi4J Library)
This uses the Java library available at http://www.pi4j.com/. (Any Java application that controls GPIO must be run as root.)
Please note that the Pi4J library uses the WiringPi GPIO pin numbering scheme [21] [22]. Please see the usage documentation for more details: http://pi4j.com/usage.html
public static void main(String[] args) { // create gpio controller GpioController gpio = GpioFactory.getInstance(); // provision gpio pin #01 as an output pin and turn off GpioPinDigitalOutput outputPin = gpio.provisionDigitalOutputPin(RaspiPin.GPIO_01, "MyLED", PinState.LOW); // turn output to LOW/OFF state outputPin.low(); // turn output to HIGH/ON state outputPin.high(); // provision gpio pin #02 as an input pin with its internal pull down resistor enabled GpioPinDigitalInput inputPin = gpio.provisionDigitalInputPin(RaspiPin.GPIO_02, "MyButton", PinPullResistance.PULL_DOWN); // get input state from pin 2 boolean input_value = inputPin.isHigh(); }
More complete and detailed examples are included on the Pi4J website at http://www.pi4j.com/.
The Pi4J library includes support for:
- GPIO Control
- GPIO Listeners
- Serial Communication
- I2C Communication
- SPI Communication
GPIO Driving Example (Java)
This uses the Java library available at https://github.com/jkransen/framboos. It does not depend on (or use) the wiringPi driver, but uses the same numbering scheme. Instead it uses the default driver under /sys/class/gpio that ships with the distro, so it works out of the box. Any Java application that controls GPIO must be run as root.
public static void main(String[] args) { // reading from an in pin InPin button = new InPin(8); boolean isButtonPressed = button.getValue(); button.close(); // writing to an out pin OutPin led = new Outpin(0); led.setValue(true); led.setValue(false); led.close(); }
GPIO Driving Example (Java Webapp GPIO web control via http)
This uses the Java Webapp available at https://bitbucket.org/sbub/raspberry-pi-gpio-web-control/overview. You can control your GPIO over the internet. Any Java application that controls GPIO must be run as root.
host:~ sb$ curl 'http://raspberrypi:8080/handle?g0=1&g1=0' {"g1":0,"g0":1}
GPIO Driving Example (Bash shell script, using sysfs, part of the debian operating system)
The export and unexport of pins must be done as root. To change to the root user see below: To change back, the word exit must be entered.
sudo -i
Export creates a new folder for the exported pin, and creates files for each of its control functions (i.e. active_low, direction, edge, power, subsystem, uevent, and value). Upon creation, the control files can be read by all users (not just root), but can only be written to by user root, the file's owner. Nevertheless, once created, it is possible to allow users other than root, to also write inputs to the control files, by changing the ownership or permissions of these files. Changes to the file's ownership or permissions must initially be done as root, as their owner and group is set to root upon creation. Typically you might change the owner to be the (non root) user controlling the GPIO, or you might add write permission, and change the group ownership to one of which the user controlling the GPIO is a member. By such means, using only packages provided in the recommended rasbian distribution, it is possible for Python CGI scripts, which are typically run as user nobody, to be used for control of the GPIO over the internet from a browser at a remote location.
#!/bin/sh # GPIO numbers should be from this list # 0, 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 # Note that the GPIO numbers that you program here refer to the pins # of the BCM2835 and *not* the numbers on the pin header. # So, if you want to activate GPIO7 on the header you should be # using GPIO4 in this script. Likewise if you want to activate GPIO0 # on the header you should be using GPIO17 here. # Set up GPIO 4 and set to output echo "4" > /sys/class/gpio/export echo "out" > /sys/class/gpio/gpio4/direction # Set up GPIO 7 and set to input echo "7" > /sys/class/gpio/export echo "in" > /sys/class/gpio/gpio7/direction # Write output echo "1" > /sys/class/gpio/gpio4/value # Read from input cat /sys/class/gpio/gpio7/value # Clean up echo "4" > /sys/class/gpio/unexport echo "7" > /sys/class/gpio/unexport
GPIO Driving Example (Shell script - take 2)
You need the wiringPi library from https://projects.drogon.net/raspberry-pi/wiringpi/download-and-install/. Once installed, there is a new command gpio which can be used as a non-root user to control the GPIO pins.
The man page
man gpio
has full details, but briefly:
gpio -g mode 17 out gpio -g mode 18 pwm gpio -g write 17 1 gpio -g pwm 18 512
The -g flag tells the gpio program to use the BCM GPIO pin numbering scheme (otherwise it will use the wiringPi numbering scheme by default).
The gpio command can also control the internal pull-up and pull-down resistors:
gpio -g mode 17 up
This sets the pull-up resistor - however any change of mode, even setting a pin that's already set as an input to an input will remove the pull-up/pull-down resistors, so they may need to be reset.
Additionally, it can export/un-export the GPIO devices for use by other non-root programms - e.g. Python scripts. (Although you may need to drop the calls to GPIO.Setup() in the Python scripts, and do the setup separately in a little shell script, or call the gpio program from inside Python).
gpio export 17 out gpio export 18 in
These exports GPIO-17 and sets it to output, and exports GPIO-18 and sets it to input.
And when done:
gpio unexport 17
The export/unexport commands always use the BCM GPIO pin numbers regardless of the presence of the -g flag or not.
If you want to use the internal pull-up/down's with the /sys/class/gpio mechanisms, then you can set them after exporting them. So:
gpio -g export 4 in gpio -g mode 4 up
You can then use GPIO-4 as an input in your Python, Shell, Java, etc. programs without the use of an external resistor to pull the pin high. (If that's what you were after - for example, a simple push button switch taking the pin to ground.)
A fully working example of a shell script using the GPIO pins can be found at http://project-downloads.drogon.net/files/gpioExamples/tuxx.sh.
GPIO Driving Example (C)
This must be done as root. To change to the root user:
sudo -i
You must also get and install the bcm2835 library, which supports GPIO and SPI interfaces. Details and downloads from http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835
// blink.c // // Example program for bcm2835 library // Blinks a pin on an off every 0.5 secs // // After installing bcm2835, you can build this // with something like: // gcc -o blink -l rt blink.c -l bcm2835 // sudo ./blink // // Or you can test it before installing with: // gcc -o blink -l rt -I ../../src ../../src/bcm2835.c blink.c // sudo ./blink // // Author: Mike McCauley (email@example.com) // Copyright (C) 2011 Mike McCauley // $Id: RF22.h,v 1.21 2012/05/30 01:51:25 mikem Exp $ #include <bcm2835.h> // Blinks on RPi pin GPIO 11 #define PIN RPI_GPIO_P1_11 int main(int argc, char **argv) { // If you call this, it will not actually access the GPIO // Use for testing // bcm2835_set_debug(1); if (!bcm2835_init()) return 1; // Set the pin to be an output bcm2835_gpio_fsel(PIN, BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_OUTP); // Blink while (1) { // Turn it on bcm2835_gpio_write(PIN, HIGH); // wait a bit delay(500); // turn it off bcm2835_gpio_write(PIN, LOW); // wait a bit delay(500); } return 0; }
GPIO Driving Example (Perl)
This must be done as root. To change to the root user:
sudo su -
Supports GPIO and SPI interfaces. You must also get and install the bcm2835 library. Details and downloads from http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835 You must then get and install the Device::BCM2835 perl library from CPAN http://search.cpan.org/~mikem/Device-BCM2835-1.0/lib/Device/BCM2835.pm
use Device::BCM2835; use strict; # call set_debug(1) to do a non-destructive test on non-RPi hardware #Device::BCM2835::set_debug(1); Device::BCM2835::init() || die "Could not init library"; # Blink pin 11: # Set RPi pin 11 to be an output Device::BCM2835::gpio_fsel(&Device::BCM2835::RPI_GPIO_P1_11, &Device::BCM2835::BCM2835_GPIO_FSEL_OUTP); while (1) { # Turn it on Device::BCM2835::gpio_write(&Device::BCM2835::RPI_GPIO_P1_11, 1); Device::BCM2835::delay(500); # Milliseconds # Turn it off Device::BCM2835::gpio_write(&Device::BCM2835::RPI_GPIO_P1_11, 0); Device::BCM2835::delay(500); # Milliseconds }
GPIO Driving Example (C#)
RaspberryPiDotNet library is available at https://github.com/cypherkey/RaspberryPi.Net/. The library includes a GPIOFile and GPIOMem class. The GPIOMem requires compiling Mike McCauley's bcm2835 library above in to a shared object.
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using RaspberryPiDotNet; using System.Threading; namespace RaspPi { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { // Access the GPIO pin using a static method GPIOFile.Write(GPIO.GPIOPins.GPIO00, true); // Create a new GPIO object GPIOMem gpio = new GPIOMem(GPIO.GPIOPins.GPIO01); gpio.Write(false); } } }
GPIO Driving Example (Ruby)
This example uses the WiringPi Ruby Gem: http://pi.gadgetoid.co.uk/post/015-wiringpi-now-with-serial which you can install on your Pi with "gem install wiringpi"
MY_PIN = 1 require 'wiringpi' io = WiringPi::GPIO.new io.mode(MY_PIN,OUTPUT) io.write(MY_PIN,HIGH) io.read(MY_PIN)
On the production board[23], the Raspberry Pi Foundation design brings out the MIPI CSI-2 (Camera Serial Interface[24]) to a 15-way flat flex connector S5, between the Ethernet and HDMI connectors. A compatible camera has been discussed as working in tests and is planned for release at a later date.[25].
On the production board, the Raspberry Pi Foundation design brings out the DSI (Display Serial Interface[26]) to a 15-way flat flex connector labelled S2, next to Raspberry Pi logo. It has two data lanes and a clock lane, to drive a possible future LCD screen device. Some smart phone screens use DSI[27].
HDMI-CEC (Consumer Electronics Control for HDMI) is supported by hardware but some driver work will be needed and currently isn't exposed into Linux userland. Eben notes that he has seen CEC demos on the Broadcom SoC they are using.
libCEC with Raspberry Pi support has been included in OpenELEC and will be included in Raspbmc RC4.[28]
For more information about HDMI-CEC and what you could do with it on the Raspberry Pi please see the CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) over HDMI article.
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/features-and-requests/easy-gpio-hardware-software/page-3/#p31907
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/384
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/384
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/BCM2835-ARM-Peripherals.pdf
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/384#comment-5217
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/BCM2835-ARM-Peripherals.pdf
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=7509
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/projects-and-collaboration-general/gpio-header-pinout-clarification/page-2
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/features-and-requests/easy-gpio-hardware-software/page-6/#p56480
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=1288.1
- ↑ Forum:Sad about removal of I2S. Why was this change made?
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=1288.2
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=1536#postid-21841
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=5894
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=5894
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum?mingleforumaction=viewtopic&t=1278.0
- ↑ http://www.bootc.net/projects/raspberry-pi-kernel/
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?p=86172#p86172
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/general-discussion/wiring-for-the-raspberry-pis-gpio
- ↑ http://pi4j.com/usage.html#Pin_Numbering
- ↑ https://projects.drogon.net/raspberry-pi/wiringpi/pins/
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Raspberry-Pi-Schematics-R1.0.pdf
- ↑ http://www.mipi.org/specifications/camera-interface
- ↑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/projects-and-collaboration-general/complex-camera-peripherials#p72602
- ↑ http://www.mipi.org/specifications/display-interface
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_Serial_Interface
- ↑ http://blog.pulse-eight.com/2012/08/01/libcec-1-8-0-a-firmware-upgrade-and-raspberry-pi-support/


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Dynamic Pro Sport Coilovers - Acura MDX 2001-2002
Dynamic Pro Sport Coilovers - Acura MDX 2001-2002
|Pillowball w/ Camber Plates
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Chem-Dry provides a deeper, longer-lasting, healthier carpet cleaning experience. Typical steam cleaning services use an excessive amount of water, which results in a much longer dry time and can lead to mold and mildew growth at the base of your carpets. Our proprietary Hot Carbonating Extraction cleaning process uses about 80% less water than steam cleaners and gets better results. Using a natural, green-certified carbonated cleaning solution that's heated to over 200 degrees, millions of tiny bubbles penetrate to the base of your carpets to lift dirt, grime, dust and other allergens to the surface. Then our powerful extraction equipment removes these unhealthy elements along with the most of the water. So your carpets are dry in 1-2 hours with Chem-Dry, compared to 1-2 days with most steam cleaners!
Your Home
We know you have a choice when it comes to carpet cleaners near your home. We promise to treat your home, your family and your pets with the courtesy and care you deserve. Our friendly, professionally-trained technicians understand that getting ready to have your carpets cleaned is a big deal, and they take pride in delivering superior, healthier results for your family and your home.
Tested and Proven Superior Results
Our Hot Carbonating Extraction (HCE) process was tested by a leading independent air quality laboratory in multiple homes. The lab found that Chem-Dry removes an average of 98.1% of common household allergens from carpets and upholstery. The common allergens tested were dog and cat dander and dust mite allergen.
Chem-Dry's signature cleaning solution, The Natural®, is a cleaning mixture that, through the power of carbonation, lifts dirt and grime to the surface where it is whisked away. The Natural is green-certified, safe and non-toxic so it's ideal for homes with kids and pets.
You can trust our deeper-cleaning, healthier carpet cleaning service to meet your needs and exceed your expectations. Chem-Dry is preferred by customers and professionals alike. The Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) designated Chem-Dry as a company deserving of the CRI Seal of Approval for our innovative and unique hot carbonating system. This program identifies effective carpet cleaning solutions and equipment that clean carpet right the first time and protect a home or commercial facility's carpet investment. The blue and green CRI Seal of Approval is proof that you are investing in a proven, high quality service.
Remember, when it comes to the best carpet cleaning in your area, Aloha Chem-Dry is your best choice. Our goal is to provide you with a clean and healthy home. Our hope is that you become a long-time client for years to come. We are proud to serve this community with industry-leading services.
Call today for a free quote!
Contact us to get a free quote and request a service appointment. We'll discuss your needs, provide you with a no-obligation quote and can begin the cleaning process at your convenience.


text: By David Crane defrev (at) gmail (dot) com September 21, 2009 Updated May 31, 2010 Back in June, DefenseReview published an article on the Ruger SR-556 piston AR. Well, it's now official: Everyone AND their mother is now making short-stroke gas piston/op-rod AR (AR-15) carbines and SBRs (Short Barreled Rifles). SIG SAUER has just entered the game with their SIG516 …Read More »


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Sophia Marquise Morganite Ring: A Sparkling Symbol of Love
Introducing Sophia, a radiant peach marquise Morganite and Diamond ring that will add a touch of sparkle to your engagement or wedding day. Pictured in rose gold, this ring features a high-quality, sparkly peach morganite, exuding timeless elegance and sophistication.
We offer the flexibility to customize this design with gemstones of your choice. For a truly personalized piece, please contact us before purchase.
Main Stone
- Stone: Morganite
- Shape: Marquise
- Color: Peach
- Measurements: approx. 10x5mm
Side Stones
- Round White Diamond: Approx. 2mm (2)
- Round White Diamond: Approx. 1.5mm (4)
- Style: Vintage
Material: .
- 14k Gold: Yellow, White, Rose
- 18k Gold: Yellow, White, Rose
- Other Metal: Platinum
- Measurements: approx. 1.6mm wide
- Sizing: We are using US metric system
Customization Options
This design can be made with gemstones of your choosing. If you would prefer a custom ring, please contact us before purchase.
Procedure Information
- Please select the material and ring size from the drop-down menu on the right side of the listing.
- If you have any special requests or questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Procedure Information
- Free Insured Shipping: The item will be gift wrapped and shipped with insured express shipping from Europe.
If you'd like to enhance your style, check our Beverly Pear Morganite Ring and Jannat Pear Sapphire Diamond Ring.
EU 1-3 business days
NON EU 2-10 business days
Items that have the GIA certificate mentioned in their description come with the GIA certificate. Diamonds have to be over 0.35ct per piece.
Fancy cut diamonds come with EGL, IGL or IGI certificate. Diamonds have to be over 0.4ct per piece.
The report provides details about the cut, clarity, and carat weight, along with measurements and other additional information confirming the authenticity and quality of the diamond.
You can select from a variety of diamond shapes and cuts (brilliant, pear, marquise, princess, oval, etc.).
The GIA grades diamonds on a scale of D (colorless) through Z (light color). The diamonds we select for our designs correspond to colors G or F, which means that they are nearly colorless and only a professional gemologist can detect the difference between colors.
Practically all natural diamonds contain small imperfections inside, called inclusions, or on its surface, called blemishes. Clarity refers to the degree to which these imperfections are present. On the scale from included to flawless diamonds, the diamonds in our designs are graded as VS or VVS, which stands for "very slightly" or "very, very slightly included". Inclusions are minor and only visible under a magnifying glass and not to the naked eye.