text:
Montenegro Population: 614,2491 VISITOR FROM HERE!
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|The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.
|Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 13,812 sq km
land: 13,452 sq km
water: 360 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 680 km border countries (5): Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km
|293.5 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: defined by treaty
|Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
|highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
|Natural resources:
|bauxite, hydroelectricity
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 38.2% (2011 est.) arable land: 12.9% (2011 est.)
permanent crops: 1.2% (2011 est.) permanent pasture: 24.1% (2011 est.) forest: 40.4% (2011 est.)
other: 21.4% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|24 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|destructive earthquakes
|Current Environment Issues:
|pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Montenegrin
|Ethnic groups:
|Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
|Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
|Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)
|614,249 (July 2018 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 18.22% (male 58,219 /female 53,718)
15-24 years: 13.05% (male 41,406 /female 38,755)
25-54 years: 40.16% (male 122,940 /female 123,746)
55-64 years: 13.47% (male 40,661 /female 42,089)
65 years and over: 15.09% (male 39,899 /female 52,816) (2018 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 47.8 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 27.3 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 20.5 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.9 (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 38.9 years
male: 37.4 years
female: 40.4 years (2018 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|-0.34% (2018 est.)
|Birth rate:
|11.9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Death rate:
|10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
| urban population: 66.8% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 26.3 years (2010 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|7 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|23.3% (2013)
|Physicians density:
|2.33 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
|Hospital bed density:
|4 beds/1,000 population (2012)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 99.2% of population
total: 99.7% of population
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0.8% of population
total: 0.3% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 98% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 92.2% of population (2015 est.)
total: 95.9% of population (2015 est.)
urban: 2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 7.8% of population (2015 est.)
total: 4.1% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|<.1% (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|<500 (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|<100 (2017 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|23.3% (2016)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|1% (2013)
|Education expenditures:
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
total population: 98.7%
male: 99.5%
female: 98% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 15 years (2017)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 31.7% male: 30.7% female: 33.1% (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Crna Gora
former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
etymology: the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area
|Government type:
|parliamentary republic
| name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"
geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the name translates as "beneath Gorica"; the meaning of Gorica is "hillock"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around
|Administrative divisions:
|24 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg-Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak
| 3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro);
notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)
|National holiday:
|National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)
|history: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007 amendments: proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013, 2014 (2016)
|Legal system:
|civil law
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018)
head of government: Prime Minister Dusko MARKOVIC (since 28 November 2016)
cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
election results: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%
|Legislative branch:
| description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 16 October 2016 (next to be held by October 2020)
election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 41.4%, DF 20.3%, Key Coalition, 11.1%, DCG 10.0%, SDP 5.2%, SD 3.3%, BS, 3.2%, Albanians Decisively 1.3%, HGI .5%, other 3.7%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 36, DF 18, Key Coalition 9, DCG 8, SDP 4, SD 2, BS 2, Albanians Decisively 1, HGI 1; composition - men 62, women 19, percent of women 23.5%
|Judicial branch:
| highest courts: Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms
subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Albanians Decisively [Genci NIMANBEGU] (electoral coalition included FORCA, AA, DUA) Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ] Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC] Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC] Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC] Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP) Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC] Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC] Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC] Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA] Key Coalition [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes DEMOS, SNP, URA] Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC] Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC] New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC] Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC] Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC] True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC] United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS) United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC] Workers' Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC]
|International organization participation:
|CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
| double-headed eagle;
national colors: red, gold
|National anthem:
| name: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Nebojsa KALUDEROVIC (since 18 January 2017)
chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108
consulate(s) general: New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)
embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [382] 20-410-500
|^Back to Top
Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro's GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro's total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro's hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal. Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime. The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary. Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country's highway system, which will become part of China's Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro's growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China's Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| $11.08 billion (2017 est.) $10.63 billion (2016 est.) $10.32 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|$4.784 billion (2017 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|4.3% (2017 est.) 2.9% (2016 est.) 3.4% (2015 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| $17,800 (2017 est.) $17,100 (2016 est.) $16,600 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|13.2% of GDP (2017 est.) 9.9% of GDP (2016 est.) 9.1% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 76.8% (2016 est.) government consumption: 19.6% (2016 est.) investment in fixed capital: 23.2% (2016 est.) investment in inventories: 2.9% (2016 est.) exports of goods and services: 40.5% (2016 est.) imports of goods and services: -63% (2016 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 7.5% (2016 est.) industry: 15.9% (2016 est.) services: 76.6% (2016 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives and related products, grapes; sheep, wine
|steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
|Industrial production growth rate:
|-4.2% (2017 est.)
|Labor force:
|273,200 (2017 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 7.9%
industry: 17.1%
services: 75% (2017 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|16.1% (2017 est.) 17.1% (2016 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|8.6% (2013 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 25.7% (2014 est.)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|31.9 (2014 est.) 32.3 (2013 est.)
| revenues: 1.78 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 2.05 billion (2017 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
|Public debt:
| 67.2% of GDP (2017 est.) 66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|2.4% (2017 est.) -0.3% (2016 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$780 million (2017 est.) -$710 million (2016 est.)
|$422.2 million (2017 est.) $362 million (2016 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|$2.618 billion (2017 est.) $2.29 billion (2016 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $846.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$2.516 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $2.224 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$737.7 million (31 December 2017 est.) $763.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$39.77 million (31 December 2017 est.) $213.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$3.425 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $3.027 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $3.246 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.885 (2017 est.) 0.903 (2016 est.) 0.9214 (2015 est.) 0.885 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|3.045 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|2.808 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|914 million kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|1.21 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|890,000 kW (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|69% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|6,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|357 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|0 cu m (2016 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|2.287 million Mt (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
| total subscriptions: 1,044,674
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 163 (2017 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites; telecom sector in-line with EU norms which means competition, access and tariff structures; DSL, cable, leased line, fiber and wireless; seasonal tourist have boosted mobile penetration; LTE technologies available (2018)
domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing; fixed-line 24 per 100 and mobile-cellular 163 per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system
|Broadcast media:
|state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
| total: 450,442
percent of population: 69.9% (July 2016 est.)
|^Back to Top
|5 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2017)
under 914 m: 1 (2017)
|1 (2012)
| total 250 km
(2017) standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified) (2017)
| total 7,762 km
(2010) paved: 7,141 km (2010)
unpaved: 621 km (2010)
|Merchant marine:
| total 12
by type: bulk carrier 4, other 8 (2018)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Bar
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Ground Troops (Kopnena Vojska), Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2019)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)
|Military expenditures:
|1.67% of GDP (2019 est.) 1.7% of GDP (2018) 1.66% of GDP (2017) 1.61% of GDP (2016) 1.38% of GDP (2015)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Kosovo ratified the border demarcation agreement with Montenegro in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
stateless persons: 145 (2018) note: 10,475 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-August 2019)
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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Photo, Print, Drawing Violin by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1699, "Castelbarco"
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About this Item
- Violin by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1699, "Castelbarco"
- Zirkle, Michael (photographer)
Created / Published
- Library of Congress, Washington, DC, monographic.
- pictures
- photograph
- 20 photographs : digital, color
- Music Division
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Chicago citation style:
Zirkle, Michael. Violin by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, "Castelbarco". Washington D.C, . Library of Congress, Washington, DC, monographic. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200154809/.
APA citation style:
Zirkle, M. Violin by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, "Castelbarco". Washington D.C, . Library of Congress, Washington, DC, monographic. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200154809/.
MLA citation style:
Zirkle, Michael. Violin by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, "Castelbarco". Library of Congress, Washington, DC, monographic. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200154809/>.


text:
48 in stock
All he ever wanted by Graham Franciose
archival print of an original painting
measures 8 x 10 inches
signed & numbered edition of 100
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Graham Franciose Seattle
Graham Franciose grew up in the forests of Massachusetts. His work reaches back to those times of exploration and imagination, where anything was possible. His whimsical, sometimes emotional, illustrations show a sliver of a story, a moment between the action, leaving the exact circumstances and narrative up to the viewer. There is sense of familiarity and honesty within his characters and scenes, as well as a sense of mystery and wonder. Graham received his BFA in Illustration from the Hartford Art School in '05. He originally wanted to pursue Children's Book Illustration as a career, but his personal work has taken center stage over the last few years. He currently lives and works as a professional artist and illustrator in Seattle.


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Thursday, December 24, 2009
starry, starry night...
39 comments:
Joyeux Noël et Bonne Année! Merci de tous vos dessins, vos photos et vos commentaires!ReplyDelete
Joyeux Noel, Carol. Thanks for my favorite blog in fifteen years on the internet.ReplyDelete
Lovely, lovely cat Carol!ReplyDelete
Have a nice (snowy???) and Happy Christmas eve.
From rainy grey Paris with some macarons and "vin chaud".
And...thank you so much for your fantastic blog! It's a marvellous Christmas gift 280 times in a year!
- William Ternay8:56 AM
Hee hee hee...love your catty Holiday greetings, Carol.ReplyDelete
Reminds me that you were a character, even way back when...
I first got to know,and reeeeeely
really like you.
Dear dear CarolgReplyDelete
Merry Merry Christmas~
You are wonderful, your paintings
are wonderful and your devotion to
your (huge and growing) following
is wonderful. (My daughter says I
overuse that word and would prefer
I use "adventurous"). sigh.
I love and adore your "rescued painting"
this morning. I'd love to know the history
of that picture....and how you got from
there to here. It shows your history I
think...and hints at the exciting paths
ahead for you. My daughter is taking
me to Paris with her in April (we hope).
Won't that be wonderful AND adventurous.
Thank you for your scrumptious
breakfasts...perfect start to m'day.
hugs~ Barbara in the Mojave
Awwwww, reminds me of my cat! Striped and looking at other cats from the window. Joyeux Noël!ReplyDelete
I was in starbux this morning and noticed that they have macarons! they were $9.95 for a dozen.ReplyDelete
happy christmas!
- Misha in Paris12:10 PM
Yes a cat looking at the others cats,ReplyDelete
more human is impossible !
Lovely painting, I just adore all things cats. It is a cat universe, you know...just don't tell the dogs. Have a very cozy and Merry Christmas to you and your family.ReplyDelete
Awesome, awesome, awesome!!!ReplyDelete
Simply amazing work!! Merry Christmas!ReplyDelete
Faved and faved and faved again!!! You must put this on Zazzle!ReplyDelete
nice art and happy christmasReplyDelete
Happy holidays to you!
Have a very Merry Christmas!!ReplyDelete
If I keep eating the way I am , I will resemble the cat in the painting! I enjoy your blog and wish you the best for 2010.
- claudine4:14 AM
JOYEUX NOEL ! Merci pour les articles que je lis tous les jours ! Mon fils habite New-York ! MERRY CHRISTMAS !ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas,ReplyDelete
dear Carol!
This is a most beautiful painting,
I love it!
- Anonymous11:04 AM
I saw this site of Eiffel blueprints and thought of you: http://www.la-tour-eiffel.org/teiffel/uk/documentation/structure/page/planches.htmlReplyDelete
Happy holidays!
Joyeux Noel, Carol!ReplyDelete
I hope your Christmas is extra happy!
Merry Macaroon Christmas!ReplyDelete
J` adore yourReplyDelete
Christmas kitty!
your Paris dreams
will come true!
I have a question for you...which brand of hot chocolate mix do you recommend that would be the most equivalent to Angelina's hot chocolate?ReplyDelete
I just went to William Sonoma and to my distress, I found out their "Rich and Creamy Hot Chocolate" is no longer available. So, of course I had to ask the chocolat chaud expert which she prefers...HELP!!!
Are there any on Amazon????
Happy New Year!
And the answer IS!!!ReplyDelete
There is nothing like Angelina hot chocolate including the stuff they sell there.
You could always take the best, most $$$$ chocolate bar and grate it up. That's pretty much what they do. Sorry but it's true.
What I do is:
1-2 Tblsp Valrhona cocoa($$$)
1-2 Tablsp of Marie-Belle Dark
1-2 Tablsp of Les Confitures a l'Ancienne powdered chocolate
+ a sprinkle of cinnamon
Make a thick slurry with cold water added gradually
Then heat up in the nuker for 1+ minutes, making sure it does not boil over.
It's always great to see your blog. I wasn't in the net during a long time and I'm very happy to see every news things.
I wish your Christmas day was good.
Like we say in France, joyeux noël and passez de Bonnes fêtes!
See you soon,
La LucIoLe.
Sorry for my english, it is not good!
Thank you so much for your lovely blog! A very Happy Holiday to you, and here is to a wonderful 2010.ReplyDelete
I'm looking forward to more wonderful posts in this coming year.
Cute, fat, peaceful cat...looking at a city of cats...Sweet!ReplyDelete
Happy Holidays to you as well, Carol--that's adorable--it would sell out on etsy or zazzle, M'lle! Happy almost New Year, Carol!!ReplyDelete


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This durable face mask is made from two layers of treated fabric and features elastic ear loops and a center flat seam that ensure a close fit. It's machine-washable and reusable. Sold in packs of 3. These do not have a pocket for a filter.
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Les livresComptes-rendus
Online publication: March 22, 2011
A review of the journal
L'Actualité économique
This article is a review of another work such as a book or a film. The original work discussed here is not available on this platform.
Volume 34, Number 4, January–March 1959, p. 705–706
Tous droits réservés © HEC Montréal, 1959
Download the article in PDF to read it.Download
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Tuesday, July 20, 2010
Sixteen Yards of Yellow Fabric
Yep, that's what this is! I've been prepping for my next draped design, which is basically a knock-off of a current Anthro design (blogged here).
The inspiration! (Which, in turn, is very 50s-inspired itself.)
The straight grain is the fold running diagonally across the bust. I'm kind of amazed I figured that out on my own! You can also see in the picture above how the fabric is trying to form itself into a dart below the bust apex. Sharon always says you should let the fabric tell you what it wants to do. Cool, huh?
Here's what that pattern piece ended up looking like, in the muslin prep stage:
Interesting, isn't it?
I made a decision to really work on my couture dressmaking skills with this project. I'm going all out, with the help of the book Bridal Couture by Susan Khalje. It's sadly out of print, but you can buy a CD version here.
As for all that yellow fabric? The body of the dress will be a beautiful cotton/viscose faille. The whole thing will be underlined in silk organza - I choose a very bright yellow to make the fashion fabric appear even more vibrant. And then a buttery yellow cotton batiste for the lining. The funny thing is that the fabric ended up costing about $160 - and the Anthro dress costs $158! Anyway, I know I don't need to explain to you all why you can't really compare the costs of the two - apples and oranges and all that.
I've also been gathering notions: horsehair for the hem, grosgrain for the waist stay, boning, bra cups, interfacing, and a zipper. (Whew!)
I'm finishing up another dress made from my last draped pattern, and then I'll be ready to go into full muslin mode on this yellow concoction. I already feel like this will be a very special dress, and I have high hopes of wearing it to the Golden Age of Couture exhibit in Nashville at the end of August. A special exhibit calls for a special dress, right?
I heavily documented the draping and design stage on my last project, but I feel like this one is going to be all about the construction. So I'm looking forward to really getting my inner sewing nerd on and sharing lots of technique pictures with you. More to come!
34 comments:
Yikes, that does sound like a major project! Makes complete sense though - it'll be a dress that fits YOU perfectly and made to exacting standards (if memory serves correctly, didn't you have to return an Anthropologie dress because it fell apart after one wear?).ReplyDelete
Looking forward to following the process. And the dress promises to be gorgeous!
I am crazy about all that yellow! I'm also beyond curious about dress #2 of the midriff yoke drape. Is it the same but with a full skirt? Did you add a neckline variation? You know how curious your readers are Gertie!ReplyDelete
Those yellows are stunning!! I'm totally in a yellow phase right now, so I can't wait to see how this one turns out!!ReplyDelete
16 yards? That is amazing! I can't wait to see how it goes!
HURRAH!!! I am so glad you're taking up this project! The yellow is going to be a luscious color for this design; really summery and just a bit vavavoom. ;) I am eagerly looking forward to all your nerdy construction posts--I can't wait!!!!ReplyDelete
♥ Casey
blog | elegantmusings.com
Beautiful color...going to be a stunning dress...ReplyDelete
BTW, were you able to get your hands on the fitted suit pattern?
This is going to turn out gorgeous!ReplyDelete
I love the fabric and the color. Can't wait to see the end result!
Sitting on the edge of my seat already! Can't wait for this one :)ReplyDelete
For all the fabric cost you, I'll bet the Anthro dress is not built to the same level of quality, fabric and perfection that yours will be. I'm going to wager that the Anthro dress has two layers: the outer and the lining, right? So, no matter what, you already have a better dress than the Anthro dress.ReplyDelete
- Advanced BeginnerJuly 20, 2010 at 8:31 AM
Look forward to seeing it develop. :-)ReplyDelete
I'm super curious how the draping will go with the bust pleating action. I recently made two dresses, same pattern, where I did sort of a similiar thing, draping wise and they look COMPLETELY different! Follow the fabric, indeed! The first dress I was using a lighter, slippery costume satin with a crepe-type back. The second, I used a black satin-like material that was less slippery, but had the slippery on both sides.ReplyDelete
The first dress ended up looking very organic and sort of bowlike - the second folded up very nicely into the pleating action that I wanted (more like your inspiration dress, I think).
so, with draping in muslin and then changing to a different fabric, I'm curious how that works in general - with the 'follow the fabric' guideline!! Can't wait to see! I even had a problem getting the left and right SIDES on the same dress to look the same! Although, mine was a hack and slash job!
Yay! and LOVE the yellow! I just bought fabric for my new fall wardrobe and yellow ruled the school, which is completely new for me! where has yellow been all my life? why did I spend the last 15 years in black anyway??!!
Beautiful! Yellow is such a beautiful color yet so underrated. Sounds like a big task but I'm sure it will end up being well worth the effort.ReplyDelete
I love your choice of yellows! Let us know how the project goes.ReplyDelete
You are intrepid. I can't wait to see this dress! And I'm jealous because that yellow is one of my favorite colors, and as a natural blonde with pinkish skin, I cannot carry that color off to save my life.ReplyDelete
That Anthropologie dress is one of my very favorites in the history of Anthro. As I said, I cannot wait to see this dress!
I am very impressed with how much you figured out on your own. The pattern piece looks very interesting. This is going to be an amazing dress.ReplyDelete
sorry! duplicate post!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 20, 2010 at 10:57 AM
I think my heart started palpitating when I read $160! It's great I've got you to live vicariously through!ReplyDelete
That's a beautiful yellow Gertie. We are all anxiously awaiting the final garment.ReplyDelete
I am really enjoying your blog! You seem to have so much time to sew!! I am currently living overseas in Bangladesh without my sewing machine right now (and it's a muslim country where I can't wear "normal" western clothes) but I am collecting a LOT of beautiful fabric for my return to the States one day. I am "sewing vicariously" through you for awhile, so keep up the good work!ReplyDelete
i am extremely excited to see your dress and i really LOVE that yellow....it looks so happy and combined with the type of dress you will be making..it is going to look AMAZING on you! this is all so new to me that you are going to make a dress by draping it on a body form....it looks like fun..but first i feel i need to make more dresses from patterns first in order to feel more confident....tonight is sewing night yay!...ReplyDelete
Oooh! Can't wait to see!ReplyDelete
On a side note, funny that people think sewing is cheaper than buying new. But like you said, apples and oranges, and I'm sure your quality will be MUCH better! And more fulfilling, too. :)
I do love yellow. A few years ago Susan Khalje wrote an article for Threads that compared a dress that was made twice. Once made as you are doing with couture technique and once as the pattern suggested. There was a very noticeable difference between the two with the couture having more substance to it. Less wrinkling and it just draped more elegantly. If you want to compare pricing you'd need to go to a couture or high end rtw to actually 'save' money when sewing. But, that isn't why we do it is it?ReplyDelete
I'm totally thrilled for you! And who cares how much the dress costs to construct. It's going to fit you perfectly, flatter that adorable body and make you happy. What kind of price tag can you put on that?ReplyDelete
Yay for another Gertie draping adventure! With added bonus of fun event to wear it to!
I am in awe of this one! You are making so much progress on learning how to drape. One of my (myriad) problems with garment sewing is that I'm really cheap -- I wouldn't trust myself to spend $160 on fabric for even a special dress. I'd be too certain that I would end up with a disappointment. But I'm still at that stage in which many of my projects are "learning experiences" that never get worn, so perhaps I'll get there eventually! In the meantime, your posts are very inspiring!ReplyDelete
This will be a beautiful dress! I can't wait to see it.ReplyDelete
- jackieJuly 20, 2010 at 1:31 PM
I just had to say...theat exhibit in Nashville is FABULOUS...I just visited myself a few weeks ago. And if you need a hotel - the Union Station which is right across the street from the museum, was so awesome :)ReplyDelete
As I was reading your blog, I thought, I really want a step-by-step construction tutorial! I have the Bridal Couture book, and used it when I made my sister's wedding dress-- it definitely informed my construction process for that dress.ReplyDelete
I am curious where you buy your fabric and notions in NYC? I think the Garment District intimidates me a little.
Good luck with the dress-- I can't wait to see how it turns out!
So fun, love the yellow! Being on the small side, I'm interested to see how you build in the bra cups. The instructions must be in the bridal sewing book, I'm guessing? I also find sewing isn't always cheaper, but it is so much more rewarding (and you end up with way better quality!)ReplyDelete
Please, please, please, be sure to include how you construct the bodice and insert the cups.ReplyDelete
I would love to wear a halter dress if I could figure out how to include a bra....
Nice! I can't wait to see your construction details! I'm excited!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous fabric ! And gorgeous design, too :)ReplyDelete
I'm really impressed with what you're doing here. The yellow is gorgeous, the dress is gorgeous and when combined, will look gorgeous on you. One day I will have the patience to learn to drape. I just realised I a wearing a yellow dress and cardigan almost the same yellow!ReplyDelete
Just had to say a big thank you for mentioning the Golden Age of Couture exhibit in Nashville. We went on Sunday afternoon and I LOVED it. The clothes are beautiful and so inspiring and I probably would never have known about it if I hadn't read about it on your blog! Thank you so much for the suggestion! Can't wait to see your yellow dress!ReplyDelete
Ooo.. how fun! I saw that dress at Anthro and it's beautiful! I'm sure yours will be even better!ReplyDelete


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L*ab, RGB and HLC values for RAL 7016 - Anthracite grey from the RAL Classic colour range
Click the colour for close alternatives
Reference: RAL 7016
Range: RAL Classic
Anthracite grey
Click the colour for close alternatives
sRGB: 56; 62; 66
Approx. 5
Light Reflectance Value
The L* a* b* (together with the corresponding HLC, RGB and CYMK) values are based on various sources/measurements, averaged where neceassry, using various spectrophotometers, standardised, where possbile, on D65 light with a standard observer according to CIE 1964 which may be updated or modified by any other relevant available information. They are not necessarily the L* a* b* figures intended by any standard or organisation and should therefore only be used as a guide. For more information or details please contact the relevant company, standards authority or organisation listed here or refer to the colour publications available on this site.
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The sRGB conversion system used is IEC 61966:2-1 D50 adapted which may differ from other conversions.
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Austria Population: 8,793,3702 VISITORS FROM HERE!
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|Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the EU in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999.
|Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 83,871 sq km
land: 82,445 sq km
water: 1,426 sq km
Size comparison: about the size of South Carolina; slightly more than two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 2,524 km border countries (8): Czech Republic 402 km, Germany 801 km, Hungary 321 km, Italy 404 km, Liechtenstein 34 km, Slovakia 105 km, Slovenia 299 km, Switzerland 158 km
|0 km (landlocked)
|Maritime claims:
|none (landlocked)
|temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers
|mostly mountains (Alps) in the west and south; mostly flat or gently sloping along the eastern and northern margins
|Natural resources:
|oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 38.4% (2016 est.) arable land: 16.5% (2016 est.)
permanent crops: 0.8% (2016 est.) permanent pasture: 21.1% (2016 est.) forest: 47.2% (2016 est.)
other: 14.4% (2016 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|1,170 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|landslides; avalanches; earthquakes
|Current Environment Issues:
|some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe; water pollution; the Danube, as well as some of Austria's other rivers and lakes, are threatened by pollution
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Austrian(s)
adjective: Austrian
|Ethnic groups:
|Austrian 80.8%, German 2.6%, Bosnian and Herzegovinian 1.9%, Turkish 1.8%, Serbian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, other 10% (2018 est.) note: data represent population by country of birth
|German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in southern Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 est.)
|Catholic 73.8% (includes Roman Catholic 73.6%, other Catholic 0.2%), Protestant 4.9%, Muslim 4.2%, Orthodox 2.2%, other 0.8% (includes other Christian), none 12%, unspecified 2% (2001 est.)
|8,793,370 (July 2018 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 14% (male 630,739 /female 600,663)
15-24 years: 10.82% (male 484,515 /female 467,064)
25-54 years: 42.1% (male 1,851,209 /female 1,851,100)
55-64 years: 13.63% (male 595,146 /female 603,249)
65 years and over: 19.44% (male 743,174 /female 966,511) (2018 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 49.2 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 21.1 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 28.1 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.6 (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 44.2 years
male: 42.9 years
female: 45.4 years (2018 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|0.42% (2018 est.)
|Birth rate:
|9.5 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Death rate:
|9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|4.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
| urban population: 58.3% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 0.59% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|1.901 million VIENNA (capital) (2018)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 29 years (2014 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 81.7 years male: 79 years
female: 84.5 years (2018 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|1.48 children born/woman (2018 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|65.7% (2012/13) note: percent of women aged 18-49
|Physicians density:
|5.14 physicians/1,000 population (2016)
|Hospital bed density:
|7.6 beds/1,000 population (2013)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 100% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 100% of population (2015 est.)
total: 100% of population (2015 est.)
urban: 0% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 0% of population (2015 est.)
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.1% (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|7,400 (2017 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|<100 (2017 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|20.1% (2016)
|Education expenditures:
|5.5% of GDP (2015)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 16 years male: 16 years female: 16 years (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 9.8% male: 10.8% female: 8.7% (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Austria
conventional short form: Austria
local long form: Republik Oesterreich
local short form: Oesterreich
etymology: the name Oesterreich means "eastern realm" or "eastern march" and dates to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of Bavaria, and, in fact, of all the Germans; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name
|Government type:
|federal parliamentary republic
| name: Vienna
geographic coordinates: 48 12 N, 16 22 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the origin of the name is disputed but may derive from earlier settlements of the area; a Celtic town of Vedunia, established about 500 B.C., came under Roman dominance around 15 B.C. and became known as Vindobona; archeological remains of the latter survive at many sites in the center of Vienna
|Administrative divisions:
|9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland); Burgenland, Kaernten (Carinthia), Niederoesterreich (Lower Austria), Oberoesterreich (Upper Austria), Salzburg, Steiermark (Styria), Tirol (Tyrol), Vorarlberg, Wien (Vienna)
|no official date of independence: 976 (Margravate of Austria established); 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 6 January 1453 (Archduchy of Austria acknowledged); 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established); 12 November 1918 (First Republic proclaimed); 27 April 1945 (Second Republic proclaimed)
|National holiday:
|National Day (commemorates passage of the law on permanent neutrality), 26 October (1955)
|history: several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934, replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation, reinstated 1 May 1945 amendments: proposed through laws designated "constitutional laws" or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly if one-half of the members are present; a referendum is required only if requested by one-third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended many times, last in 2018 (2019)
|Legal system:
|civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court
|16 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (since 26 January 2017)
head of government: Brigitte BIERLEIN since 30 May 2019; note -Chancellor Sebastian KURZ resigned on 18 May 2019; Chancellor BIERLEIN will hold office until elections in December; Clemens JABLONER is named vice chancellor by Chancellor BIERLEIN
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 24 April 2016 (first round), 22 May 2016 (second round, which was annulled), and 4 December 2016 (second round re-vote) (next election to be held in April 2022); chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Alexander VAN DER BELLEN elected in second round; percent of vote in first round - Norbret HOFER (FPOe) 35.1%, Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (independent, allied with the Greens) 21.3%, Irmgard GRISS (independent) 18.9%, Rudolf HUNDSTORFER (SPOe) 11.3%, Andreas KHOL (OeVP) 11.1%, Richard LUGNER (independent) 2.3%; percent of vote in second round - Alexander VAN DER BELLEN 53.8%, Norbert HOFER 46.2%
|Legislative branch:
| description: bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of: Federal Council or Bundesrat (61 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms) National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: Federal Council - appointed National Council - last held on 15 October 2017 (next to be held in 2022)
election results: Federal Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 42, women 19, percent of women 31.1% National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP 31.5%, SPOe 26.9%, FPOe 26%, NEOS 5.3%, PILZ 4.4%, The Greens 3.8%, other 2.1%; seats by party - OeVP 62, SPOe 52, FPOe 51, NEOS 10, PILZ 8; composition - men 122, women 61, percent of women 33.3%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 32.8%
|Judicial branch:
| highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice or Oberster Gerichtshof (consists of 85 judges organized into 17 senates or panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof (consists of 20 judges including 6 substitutes; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof - 2 judges plus other members depending on the importance of the case) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by executive branch departments and appointed by the president; judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges nominated by several executive branch departments and approved by the president; judges serve for life; Administrative Court judges recommended by executive branch departments and appointed by the president; terms of judges and members determined by the president
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (4); Regional Courts (20); district courts (120); county courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Sebastian KURZ] Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER] Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz-Christian STRACHE] The Greens [Werner KOGLER] NEOS - The New Austria [Beate MEINL-REISINGER] NOW-Pilz List (JETZT-Liste Pilz) or PILZ [Maria STERN] Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Pamela RENDI-WAGNER]
|International organization participation:
|ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|National symbol(s):
| eagle, edelweiss, Alpine gentian;
national colors: red, white
|National anthem:
| name: "Bundeshymne" (Federal Hymn)
lyrics/music: Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed)
note: adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" (Land of the Mountains, Land by the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime; a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Federal Assembly in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Wolfgang WALDNER (since 28 January 2016)
chancery: 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035
telephone: [1] (202) 895-6700
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York consulate(s): Chicago
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Trevor TRAINA (since 24 May 2018)
embassy: Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna
mailing address: Boltzmanngasse 16, 1090 Vienna, Austria
telephone: [43] (1) 31339-0
|^Back to Top
Austria is a well-developed market economy with skilled labor force and high standard of living. It is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's, but also the US', its third-largest trade partner. Its economy features a large service sector, a sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector. Austrian economic growth strengthen in 2017, with a 2.9% increase in GDP. Austrian exports, accounting for around 60% of the GDP, were up 8.2% in 2017. Austria's unemployment rate fell by 0.3% to 5.5%, which is low by European standards, but still at its second highest rate since the end of World War II, driven by an increased number of refugees and EU migrants entering the labor market. Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries. The budget deficit stood at a low 0.7% of GDP in 2017 and public debt declined again to 78.4% of GDP in 2017, after reaching a post-war high 84.6% in 2015. The Austrian government has announced it plans to balance the fiscal budget in 2019. Several external risks, such as Austrian banks' exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, the refugee crisis, and continued unrest in Russia/Ukraine, eased in 2017, but are still a factor for the Austrian economy. Exposure to the Russian banking sector and a deep energy relationship with Russia present additional risks. Austria elected a new pro-business government in October 2017 that campaigned on promises to reduce bureaucracy, improve public sector efficiency, reduce labor market protections, and provide positive investment incentives.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| $441 billion (2017 est.) $428.1 billion (2016 est.) $422 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|$417.4 billion (2017 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|3% (2017 est.) 1.5% (2016 est.) 1.1% (2015 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| $50,000 (2017 est.) $49,000 (2016 est.) $48,900 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|27% of GDP (2017 est.) 26.2% of GDP (2016 est.) 25.5% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 52.1% (2017 est.) government consumption: 19.5% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 23.5% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1.6% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 54.2% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -50.7% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 1.3% (2017 est.) industry: 28.4% (2017 est.) services: 70.3% (2017 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|grains, potatoes, wine, fruit; dairy products, cattle, pigs, poultry; lumber and other forestry products
|construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and paper, electronics, tourism
|Industrial production growth rate:
|6.5% (2017 est.)
|Labor force:
|4.26 million (2017 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 0.7%
industry: 25.2%
services: 74.1% (2017 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|5.5% (2017 est.) 6% (2016 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|3% (2017 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 23.5% (2012 est.)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|30.5 (2015) 30.5 (2014)
| revenues: 201.7 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 204.6 billion (2017 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|48.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -0.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
|Public debt:
| 78.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 83.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|2.2% (2017 est.) 1% (2016 est.)
|Current account balance:
|$7.859 billion (2017 est.) $8.313 billion (2016 est.)
|$156.7 billion (2017 est.) $149.5 billion (2016 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, manufactured goods, chemicals, iron and steel, foodstuffs
|Exports - partners:
|Germany 29.4%, US 6.3%, Italy 6.2%, Switzerland 5.1%, France 4.8%, Slovakia 4.8% (2017)
|$158.1 billion (2017 est.) $142.3 billion (2016 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products, natural gas; foodstuffs
|Imports - partners:
|Germany 41.8%, Italy 5.8%, Switzerland 5.5%, Czech Republic 4.4%, Netherlands 4.2% (2017)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$21.57 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $23.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$630.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $679.3 billion (31 March 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$294.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $158.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$339.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $214.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$96.08 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $96.79 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $117.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.885 (2017 est.) 0.903 (2016 est.) 0.9214 (2015 est.) 0.885 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|60.78 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|64.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|19.21 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|26.37 billion kWh (2016 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|24.79 million kW (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|25% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|43% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|31% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|14,260 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|146,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|41.2 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|186,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|268,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|49,960 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|135,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|1.274 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|9.486 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|5.437 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|14.02 billion cu m (2017 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|63.93 million Mt (2017 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
| total subscriptions: 14,924,340
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 170 (2017 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: mobile-cellular subscribership is everywhere; cable networks are very extensive, the fiber-optic net is being developed; all telephone applications and Internet services are accessible; broadband is available in all large municipalities, and is planned to be accessible nation-wide by 2020; the roll-out of 5G has begun in a test phase in 2019 and is planned to be available nation-wide in 2025 (2018)
domestic: developed and efficient; 46 per 100 fixed-line for households, 174 per 100 for companies; 181 per 100 mobile-cellular; Broadband: 138 per 100 on smartphones; 62 per 100 fixed broadband, 54 per 100 mobile broadband (2018)
international: country code - 43; earth stations available in the Astra, Intelsat, Eutelsat satellite systems
|Broadcast media:
|worldwide cable and satellite TV are available; the public incumbent ORF competes with three other major, several regional domestic, and up to 400 international TV stations; TV coverage is in principle 100%, but only 90% use broadcast media; Internet streaming not only complements, but increasingly replaces regular TV stations (2019)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
| total: 7,346,055
percent of population: 84.3% (July 2016 est.)
|^Back to Top
|52 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 24
(2017) over 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2017)
under 914 m: 13 (2017)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013)
under 914 m: 24 (2013)
|1 (2013)
|1888 km gas, 594 km oil, 157 km refined products (2017)
| total 5,800 km
(2017) standard gauge: 5,300 km 1.435-m gauge (3,826 km electrified) (2016)
| total 137,039 km
(2018) paved: 137,039 km (includes 2,232 km of expressways) (2018)
|358 km (2011)
|Ports and terminals:
river port(s): Enns, Krems, Linz, Vienna (Danube)
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|Military branches:
|Land Forces (KdoLdSK), Air Forces (KdoLuSK) (2014)
|Military service age and obligation:
|registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2015)
|Military expenditures:
|0.58% of GDP (2018) 0.73% of GDP (2017) 0.75% of GDP (2016) 0.71% of GDP (2015) 0.75% of GDP (2014)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
| refugees (country of origin): 49,179 (Syria), 33,103 (Afghanistan), 11,301 (Russia), 8,295 (Iraq), 5,772 (Iran) (2018)
stateless persons: 1,062 (2018)
|Illicit drugs:
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text:
Testing page.
Archie #93
Grade: G/VG
Comments: coupon cut on centerfold
- Why isn't Superworld taking offers on this book? Sometimes, when a book is brand-new to our inventory or its price is already discounted, we may choose not to take offers below our asking price. This is one of those books.
Your offer is a contract. We reserve the right to revoke the membership of users who abuse their membership privileges.
If you have any questions about this book, feel free to contact us.


text:
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text:
Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
use Devel::Peek; Dump( $a ); Dump( $a, 5 ); DumpArray( 5, $a, $b, ... ); mstat "Point 5";
Devel::Peek contains functions which allows raw Perl datatypes to be manipulated from a Perl script. This is used by those who do XS programming to check that the data they are sending from C to Perl looks as they think it should look. The trick, then, is to know what the raw datatype is supposed to look like when it gets to Perl. This document offers some tips and hints to describe good and bad raw data.
It is very possible that this document will fall far short of being useful to the casual reader. The reader is expected to understand the material in the first few sections of the perlguts manpage.
Devel::Peek supplies a
Dump() function which can dump a raw Perl
datatype, and
mstat("marker") function to report on memory usage
(if perl is compiled with corresponding option). The function
DeadCode() provides statistics on the data ``frozen'' into inactive
CV. Devel::Peek also supplies
SvREFCNT_inc(), and
SvREFCNT_dec() which can query, increment, and decrement reference
counts on SVs. This document will take a passive, and safe, approach
to data debugging and for that it will describe only the
DumpArray() allows dumping of multiple values (useful when you
need to analyze returns of functions).
The global variable $Devel::Peek::pv_limit can be set to limit the number of character printed in various string values. Setting it to 0 means no limit.
When perl is compiled with support for memory footprint debugging (default with Perl's malloc()), Devel::Peek provides an access to this API.
mstat() function to emit a memory state statistic to the terminal.
For more information on the format of output of
mstat() see
$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS} in the perldebug manpage.
Three additional functions allow access to this statistic from Perl.
First, use
mstats_fillhash(%hash) to get the information contained
in the output of
mstat() into %hash. The field of this hash are
minbucket nbuckets sbrk_good sbrk_slack sbrked_remains sbrks start_slack topbucket topbucket_ev topbucket_odd total total_chain total_sbrk totfree
Two additional fields
used contain array references which
provide per-bucket count of free and used chunks. Two other fields
available_size contain array references which provide
the information about the allocated size and usable size of chunks in
each bucket. Again, see Using
$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS} in the perldebug manpage
for details.
Keep in mind that only the first several ``odd-numbered'' buckets are used, so the information on size of the ``odd-numbered'' buckets which are not used is probably meaningless.
The information in
mem_size available_size minbucket nbuckets
is the property of a particular build of perl, and does not depend on
the current process. If you do not provide the optional argument to
the functions mstats_fillhash(), fill_mstats(), mstats2hash(), then
the information in fields
available_size is not
fill_mstats($buf) is a much cheaper call (both speedwise and
memory-wise) which collects the statistic into $buf in
machine-readable form. At a later moment you may need to call
mstats2hash($buf, %hash) to use this information to fill %hash.
All three APIs
mstats_fillhash(%hash), and
mstats2hash($buf, %hash) are designed to allocate no memory if used
the second time on the same $buf and/or %hash.
So, if you want to collect memory info in a cycle, you may call
$#buf = 999; fill_mstats($_) for @buf; mstats_fillhash(%report, 1); # Static info too
foreach (@buf) { # Do something... fill_mstats $_; # Collect statistic } foreach (@buf) { mstats2hash($_, %report); # Preserve static info # Do something with %report }
The following examples don't attempt to show everything as that would be a monumental task, and, frankly, we don't want this manpage to be an internals document for Perl. The examples do demonstrate some basics of the raw Perl datatypes, and should suffice to get most determined people on their way. There are no guidewires or safety nets, nor blazed trails, so be prepared to travel alone from this point and on and, if at all possible, don't fall into the quicksand (it's bad for business).
Oh, one final bit of advice: take the perlguts manpage with you. When you return we expect to see it well-thumbed.
Let's begin by looking a simple scalar which is holding a string.
use Devel::Peek; $a = "hello"; Dump $a;
The output:
SV = PVIV(0xbc288) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (POK,pPOK) IV = 0 PV = 0xb2048 "hello"\0 CUR = 5 LEN = 6
This says
$a is an SV, a scalar. The scalar is a PVIV, a string.
Its reference count is 1. It has the
POK flag set, meaning its
current PV field is valid. Because POK is set we look at the PV item
to see what is in the scalar. The \0 at the end indicate that this
PV is properly NUL-terminated.
If the FLAGS had been IOK we would look
at the IV item. CUR indicates the number of characters in the PV.
LEN indicates the number of bytes requested for the PV (one more than
CUR, in this case, because LEN includes an extra byte for the
end-of-string marker).
If the scalar contains a number the raw SV will be leaner.
use Devel::Peek; $a = 42; Dump $a;
The output:
SV = IV(0xbc818) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK) IV = 42
This says
$a is an SV, a scalar. The scalar is an IV, a number. Its
reference count is 1. It has the
IOK flag set, meaning it is currently
being evaluated as a number. Because IOK is set we look at the IV item to
see what is in the scalar.
If the scalar from the previous example had an extra reference:
use Devel::Peek; $a = 42; $b = \$a; Dump $a;
The output:
SV = IV(0xbe860) REFCNT = 2 FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK) IV = 42
Notice that this example differs from the previous example only in its
reference count. Compare this to the next example, where we dump
instead of
This shows what a reference looks like when it references a simple scalar.
use Devel::Peek; $a = 42; $b = \$a; Dump $b;
The output:
SV = RV(0xf041c) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (ROK) RV = 0xbab08 SV = IV(0xbe860) REFCNT = 2 FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK) IV = 42
Starting from the top, this says
$b is an SV. The scalar is an RV, a
reference. It has the
ROK flag set, meaning it is a reference. Because
ROK is set we have an RV item rather than an IV or PV. Notice that Dump
follows the reference and shows us what
$b was referencing. We see the
$a that we found in the previous example.
Note that the value of
RV coincides with the numbers we see when we
stringify $b. The addresses inside
RV() and
IV() are addresses of
X*** structure which holds the current state of an
SV. This
address may change during lifetime of an SV.
This shows what a reference to an array looks like.
use Devel::Peek; $a = [42]; Dump $a;
The output:
SV = RV(0xf041c) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (ROK) RV = 0xb2850 SV = PVAV(0xbd448) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = () IV = 0 NV = 0 ARRAY = 0xb2048 ALLOC = 0xb2048 FILL = 0 MAX = 0 ARYLEN = 0x0 FLAGS = (REAL) Elt No. 0 0xb5658 SV = IV(0xbe860) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK) IV = 42
This says
$a is an SV and that it is an RV. That RV points to
another SV which is a PVAV, an array. The array has one element,
element zero, which is another SV. The field
FILL above indicates
the last element in the array, similar to
$a pointed to an array of two elements then we would see the
use Devel::Peek 'Dump'; $a = [42,24]; Dump $a;
The output:
SV = RV(0xf041c) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (ROK) RV = 0xb2850 SV = PVAV(0xbd448) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = () IV = 0 NV = 0 ARRAY = 0xb2048 ALLOC = 0xb2048 FILL = 0 MAX = 0 ARYLEN = 0x0 FLAGS = (REAL) Elt No. 0 0xb5658 SV = IV(0xbe860) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK) IV = 42 Elt No. 1 0xb5680 SV = IV(0xbe818) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK) IV = 24
Note that
Dump will not report all the elements in the array,
only several first (depending on how deep it already went into the
report tree).
The following shows the raw form of a reference to a hash.
use Devel::Peek; $a = {hello=>42}; Dump $a;
The output:
SV = RV(0xf041c) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (ROK) RV = 0xb2850 SV = PVHV(0xbd448) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = () NV = 0 ARRAY = 0xbd748 KEYS = 1 FILL = 1 MAX = 7 RITER = -1 EITER = 0x0 Elt "hello" => 0xbaaf0 SV = IV(0xbe860) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK) IV = 42
This shows
$a is a reference pointing to an SV. That SV is a PVHV, a
hash. Fields RITER and EITER are used by
Dump() function, by default, dumps up to 4 elements from a
toplevel array or hash. This number can be increased by supplying a
second argument to the function.
use Devel::Peek; $a = [10,11,12,13,14]; Dump $a;
Notice that
Dump() prints only elements 10 through 13 in the above code.
The following code will print all of the elements.
use Devel::Peek 'Dump'; $a = [10,11,12,13,14]; Dump $a, 5;
This is what you really need to know as an XS programmer, of course. When an XSUB returns a pointer to a C structure that pointer is stored in an SV and a reference to that SV is placed on the XSUB stack. So the output from an XSUB which uses something like the T_PTROBJ map might look something like this:
SV = RV(0xf381c) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (ROK) RV = 0xb8ad8 SV = PVMG(0xbb3c8) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (OBJECT,IOK,pIOK) IV = 729160 NV = 0 PV = 0 STASH = 0xc1d10 "CookBookB::Opaque"
This shows that we have an SV which is an RV. That RV points at another
SV. In this case that second SV is a PVMG, a blessed scalar. Because it is
blessed it has the
OBJECT flag set. Note that an SV which holds a C
pointer also has the
IOK flag set. The
STASH is set to the package
name which this SV was blessed into.
The output from an XSUB which uses something like the T_PTRREF map, which doesn't bless the object, might look something like this:
SV = RV(0xf381c) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (ROK) RV = 0xb8ad8 SV = PVMG(0xbb3c8) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (IOK,pIOK) IV = 729160 NV = 0 PV = 0
Looks like this:
SV = RV(0x798ec) REFCNT = 1 FLAGS = (TEMP,ROK) RV = 0x1d453c SV = PVCV(0x1c768c) REFCNT = 2 FLAGS = () IV = 0 NV = 0 COMP_STASH = 0x31068 "main" START = 0xb20e0 ROOT = 0xbece0 XSUB = 0x0 XSUBANY = 0 GVGV::GV = 0x1d44e8 "MY" :: "top_targets" FILE = "(eval 5)" DEPTH = 0 PADLIST = 0x1c9338
This shows that
START and
ROOT are
non-zero, and
XSUB is zero);
PROTOTYPE field is missing).
DumpWithOP and
mstats2hash by
default. Additionally available
SvREFCNT_inc and
Readers have been known to skip important parts of the perlguts manpage, causing much frustration for all.
Ilya Zakharevich email@example.com
Copyright (c) 1995-98 Ilya Zakharevich. All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Author of this software makes no claim whatsoever about suitability, reliability, edability, editability or usability of this product, and should not be kept liable for any damage resulting from the use of it. If you can use it, you are in luck, if not, I should not be kept responsible. Keep a handy copy of your backup tape at hand.
the perlguts manpage, and the perlguts manpage, again.
Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer