text:
bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, cd, command, compgen,
complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec,
exit, export, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let,
local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set,
shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, type, typeset,
ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - bash built-in commands, see
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the
options. For example, the :, true, false, and test builtins do not
accept options. Also, please note that while executing in non-interac-
tive mode and while in posix mode, any special builtin (like ., :,
break, continue, eval, exec, exit, export, readonly, return, set,
shift, source, times, trap, unset) exiting with a non-zero status
causes the shell to stop execution.
: [arguments]
No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments
and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
. filename [arguments]
source filename [arguments]
Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell
environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
cuted from filename. If filename does not contain a slash, file
names in PATH are used to find the directory containing file-
name. The file searched for in PATH need not be executable.
When bash is not in posix mode, the current directory is
searched if no file is found in PATH. If the sourcepath option
to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not
searched. If any arguments are supplied, they become the posi-
tional parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the
positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or
cannot be read.
alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]
Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of
aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When
arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose
value is given. A trailing space in value causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
For each name in the argument list for which no value is sup-
plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. Alias
returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been
Note aliases are not expanded by default in non-interactive
shell, and it can be enabled by setting the expand_aliases shell
option using shopt.
bg [jobspec ...]
Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it
had been started with &. If jobspec is not present, the shell's
notion of the current job is used. bg jobspec returns 0 unless
run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
enabled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started
without job control.
bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSV]
bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
bind [-m keymap] -f filename
bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
bind readline-command
Display current readline key and function bindings, bind a key
sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline
variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed
as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-m keymap
Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-stan-
dard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command,
and vi-insert. vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is
equivalent to emacs-standard.
-l List the names of all readline functions.
-p Display readline function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
-P List current readline function names and bindings.
-v Display readline variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
-V List current readline variable names and values.
-s Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
-S Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
-f filename
Read key bindings from filename.
-q function
Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function
Unbind all keys bound to the named function.
-r keyseq
Remove any current binding for keyseq.
-x keyseq:shell-command
Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is
The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
break [n]
Exit from within a for, while, until, or select loop. If n is
specified, break n levels. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than
the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited.
The return value is non-zero when n is ≤ 0; Otherwise, break
returns 0 value.
builtin shell-builtin [arguments]
Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The cd builtin is
commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command.
cd [-L|-P] [dir]
Change the current directory to dir. The variable HOME is the
default dir. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for
the directory containing dir. Alternative directory names in
CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ''.''. If
dir begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. The -P
option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
following symbolic links (see also the -P option to the set
builtin command); the -L option forces symbolic links to be fol-
lowed. An argument of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD. If a non-
empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is the first
argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
fully changed; false otherwise.
caller [expr]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
tion or a script executed with the . or source builtins. With-
out expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of
the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name,
and source file corresponding to that position in the current
execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
routine call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
command [-pVv] command [arg ...]
Run command with args suppressing the normal shell function
lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PATH are
executed. If the -p option is given, the search for command is
performed using a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to
find all of the standard utilities. If either the -V or -v
option is supplied, a description of command is printed. The -v
option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a
more verbose description. If the -V or -v option is supplied,
the exit status is 0 if command was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command can-
not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the command builtin is the exit status of command.
compgen [option] [word]
Generate possible completion matches for word according to the
options, which may be any option accepted by the complete
builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write the matches
to the standard output. When using the -F or -C options, the
various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If word is speci-
fied, only those completions matching word will be displayed.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W
wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix]
[-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] name [name ...]
complete -pr [name ...]
Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. If the
-p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion spec-
ification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications.
The process of applying these completion specifications when
word completion is attempted is described above under Pro-
grammable Completion.
Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary, the
-P and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the complete builtin is invoked.
-o comp-option
The comp-option controls several aspects of the comp-
spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. comp-option may be one of:
Perform the rest of the default bash completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
default Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
names, so it can perform any filename-specific
processing (like adding a slash to directory
names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended
to be used with shell functions.
nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the
default) to words completed at the end of the
After any matches defined by the compspec are
generated, directory name completion is
attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
-A action
The action may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
alias Alias names. May also be specified as -a.
Array variable names.
binding Readline key binding names.
builtin Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -b.
command Command names. May also be specified as -c.
Directory names. May also be specified as -d.
Names of disabled shell builtins.
enabled Names of enabled shell builtins.
export Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -e.
file File names. May also be specified as -f.
Names of shell functions.
group Group names. May also be specified as -g.
Help topics as accepted by the help builtin.
Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the HOSTFILE shell variable.
job Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -j.
keyword Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
running Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
service Service names. May also be specified as -s.
setopt Valid arguments for the -o option to the set
shopt Shell option names as accepted by the shopt
signal Signal names.
stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
user User names. May also be specified as -u.
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -v.
-G globpat
The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-W wordlist
The wordlist is split using the characters in the IFS
special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
is expanded. The possible completions are the members
of the resultant list which match the word being com-
-C command
command is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
-F function
The shell function function is executed in the current
shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
pletions are retrieved from the value of the COMPREPLY
array variable.
-X filterpat
filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
completion matching filterpat is removed from the list.
A leading ! in filterpat negates the pattern; in this
case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed.
-P prefix
prefix is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-S suffix
suffix is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an option other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argu-
ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
continue [n]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or
select loop. If n is specified, resume at the nth enclosing
loop. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of
enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ''top-level''
loop) is resumed. When continue is executed inside of loop, the
return value is non-zero when n is ≤ 0; Otherwise, continue
returns 0 value. When continue is executed outside of loop, the
return value is 0.
declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no names are
given then display the values of variables. The -p option will
display the attributes and values of each name. When -p is
used, additional options are ignored. The -F option inhibits
the display of function definitions; only the function name and
attributes are printed. If the extdebug shell option is enabled
using shopt, the source file name and line number where the
function is defined are displayed as well. The -F option
implies -f. The following options can be used to restrict out-
put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
ables attributes:
-a Each name is an array variable (see Arrays above).
-f Use function names only.
-i The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
tion (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION ) is performed when the
variable is assigned a value.
-r Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-t Give each name the trace attribute. Traced functions
inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from the calling
shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
-x Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the
Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with
the exception that +a may not be used to destroy an array vari-
able. When used in a function, makes each name local, as with
the local command. If a variable name is followed by =value,
the value of the variable is set to value. The return value is
0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
define a function using ''-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
assignment syntax (see Arrays above), one of the names is not a
valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -f.
dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n]
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
directories. The default display is on a single line with
directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
the list with the pushd command; the popd command removes
entries from the list.
+n Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
-n Displays the nth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
-c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
-l Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-p Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
-v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or n
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...]
Without options, each jobspec is removed from the table of
active jobs. If the -h option is given, each jobspec is not
removed from the table, but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent
to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP. If no jobspec is
present, and neither the -a nor the -r option is supplied, the
current job is used. If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option
means to remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without a job-
spec argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
value is 0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job.
echo [-neE] [arg ...]
Output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
The return status is always 0. If -n is specified, the trailing
newline is suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpreta-
tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
The xpg_echo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
whether or not echo expands these escape characters by default.
echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. echo
interprets the following escape sequences:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress trailing newline
\e an escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\0nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
nnn (zero to three octal digits)
\xHH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value HH (one or two hex digits)
enable [-adnps] [-f filename] [name ...]
Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
If -n is used, each name is disabled; otherwise, names are
enabled. For example, to use the test binary found via the PATH
instead of the shell builtin version, run ''enable -n test''.
The -f option means to load the new builtin command name from
shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading.
The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -f.
If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -n
is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -a is sup-
plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -s is supplied, the
output is restricted to the POSIX special builtins. The return
value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
eval [arg ...]
The args are read and concatenated together into a single com-
mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
its exit status is returned as the value of eval. If there are
no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0.
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
If command is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
is created. The arguments become the arguments to command. If
the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth arg passed to command. This is what login(1)
does. The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty
environment. If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the
zeroth argument to the executed command. If command cannot be
executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
the shell option execfail is enabled, in which case it returns
failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
not be executed. If command is not specified, any redirections
take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
exit [n]
Cause the shell to exit with a status of n. If n is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
EXIT is executed before the shell terminates.
export [-fn] [name[=word]] ...
export -p
The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the envi-
ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is
given, the names refer to functions. If no names are given, or
if the -p option is supplied, a list of all names that are
exported in this shell is printed. The -n option causes the
export property to be removed from each name. If a variable
name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is set to
word. export returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell
variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a func-
fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last]
fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd]
Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from first
to last is selected from the history list. First and last may
be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
rent command number). If last is not specified it is set to the
current command for listing (so that ''fc -l -10'' prints the
last 10 commands) and to first otherwise. If first is not spec-
ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
The -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
-r option reverses the order of the commands. If the -l option
is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
wise, the editor given by ename is invoked on a file containing
those commands. If ename is not given, the value of the FCEDIT
variable is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not set.
If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete,
the edited commands are echoed and executed.
In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance
of pat is replaced by rep. A useful alias to use with this is
''r="fc -s"'', so that typing ''r cc'' runs the last command
beginning with ''cc'' and typing ''r'' re-executes the last com-
If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
invalid option is encountered or first or last specify history
lines out of range. If the -e option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
cuted, unless cmd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case fc returns failure.
fg [jobspec]
Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If jobspec is not present, the shell's notion of the current job
is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not spec-
ify a valid job or jobspec specifies a job that was started
without job control.
getopts optstring name [args]
getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
ters. optstring contains the option characters to be recog-
nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, getopts
places the next option in the shell variable name, initializing
name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to
1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into
the variable OPTARG. The shell does not reset OPTIND automati-
cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a
return value greater than zero. OPTIND is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?.
getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in args, getopts parses those instead.
getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character
of optstring is a colon, silent error reporting is used. In
normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
variable OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if
not silent, prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. If
getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in
OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed.
If a required argument is not found, and getopts is not silent,
a question mark (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is unset, and a
diagnostic message is printed. If getopts is silent, then a
colon (:) is placed in name and OPTARG is set to the option
character found.
getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
For each name, the full file name of the command is determined
by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered. If the -p
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is
used as the full file name of the command. The -r option causes
the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d option
causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name.
If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are
supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -l option causes output to be displayed in a for-
mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is
printed. The return status is true unless a name is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
help [-s] [pattern]
Display helpful information about builtin commands. If pattern
is specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching
pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
structures is printed. The -s option restricts the information
displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
unless no command matches pattern.
history [n]
history -c
history -d offset
history -anrw [filename]
history -p arg [arg ...]
history -s arg [arg ...]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a * have been modified. An argument of
n lists only the last n lines. If the shell variable HISTTIME-
FORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
the formatted time stamp and the history line. If filename is
supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
the value of HISTFILE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-c Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-d offset
Delete the history entry at position offset.
-a Append the ''new'' history lines (history lines entered
since the beginning of the current bash session) to the
history file.
-n Read the history lines not already read from the history
file into the current history list. These are lines
appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current bash session.
-r Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
-w Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history file's contents.
-p Perform history substitution on the following args and
display the result on the standard output. Does not
store the results in the history list. Each arg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
-s Store the args in the history list as a single entry.
The last command in the history list is removed before
the args are added.
If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information associ-
ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
invalid offset is supplied as an argument to -d, or the history
expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails.
jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ]
jobs -x command [ args ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-l List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
-p List only the process ID of the job's process group
-n Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
-r Restrict output to running jobs.
-s Restrict output to stopped jobs.
If jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about
that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid jobspec is supplied.
If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in
command or args with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes command passing it args, returning its exit status.
kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ...
kill -l [sigspec | exit_status]
Send the signal named by sigspec or signum to the processes
named by pid or jobspec. sigspec is either a case-insensitive
signal name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix) or
a signal number; signum is a signal number. If sigspec is not
present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of -l lists the
signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -l is given,
the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The exit_status argument to
-l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
status of a process terminated by a signal. kill returns true
if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
let arg [arg ...]
Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITH-
METIC EVALUATION). If the last arg evaluates to 0, let returns
1; 0 is returned otherwise.
local [option] [name[=value] ...]
For each argument, a local variable named name is created, and
assigned value. The option can be any of the options accepted
by declare. When local is used within a function, it causes the
variable name to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, local writes a list of
local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
local when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
local is used outside a function, an invalid name is supplied,
or name is a readonly variable.
logout Exit a login shell.
popd [-n] [+n] [-n]
Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a cd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
+n Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ''popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ''popd +1'' the second.
-n Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ''popd
-0'' removes the last directory, ''popd -1'' the next to
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
If the popd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well,
and the return status is 0. popd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
printf [-v var] format [arguments]
Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the
control of the format. The format is a character string which
contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
successive argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) for-
mats, %b causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in
the corresponding argument (except that \c terminates output,
backslashes in \', \", and \? are not removed, and octal escapes
beginning with \0 may contain up to four digits), and %q causes
printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can
be reused as shell input.
The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
var rather than being printed to the standard output.
The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the argu-
ments. If the format requires more arguments than are supplied,
the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
pushd [-n] [dir]
pushd [-n] [+n] [-n]
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
+n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by dirs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
dir Adds dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
If the pushd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well.
If the first form is used, pushd returns 0 unless the cd to dir
fails. With the second form, pushd returns 0 unless the direc-
tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
pwd [-LP]
Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option
is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command
is enabled. If the -L option is used, the pathname printed may
contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [-a aname] [-p prompt] [-n nchars] [-d
delim] [name ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
descriptor fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, and the
first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the
second name, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
ing separators assigned to the last name. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
are assigned empty values. The characters in IFS are used to
split the line into words. The backslash character (\) may be
used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-a aname
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable aname, starting at 0. aname is unset before any
new values are assigned. Other name arguments are
-d delim
The first character of delim is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-e If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline
(see READLINE above) is used to obtain the line.
-n nchars
read returns after reading nchars characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
-p prompt
Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-r Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
-s Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-t timeout
Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete
line of input is not read within timeout seconds. This
option has no effect if read is not reading input from
the terminal or a pipe.
-u fd Read input from file descriptor fd.
If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
able REPLY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
supplied as the argument to -u.
readonly [-apf] [name[=word] ...]
The given names are marked readonly; the values of these names
may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option
is supplied, the functions corresponding to the names are so
marked. The -a option restricts the variables to arrays. If no
name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a
list of all readonly names is printed. The -p option causes
output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the vari-
able is set to word. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell
variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a
return [n]
Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by n.
If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
during execution of a script by the . (source) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
n or the exit status of the last command executed within the
script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
function and not during execution of a script by ., the return
status is false. Any command associated with the RETURN trap is
executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...]
Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
not be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed.
The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
order, to $1, $2, ... $n. Options, if specified, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-a Automatically mark variables and functions which are
modified or created for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
-b Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
-e Exit immediately if a simple command (see SHELL GRAMMAR
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
exit if the command that fails is part of the command
list immediately following a while or until keyword,
part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ││
list, or if the command's return value is being inverted
via !. A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the
shell exits.
-f Disable pathname expansion.
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
-k All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
-m Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
on by default for interactive shells on systems that
support it (see JOB CONTROL above). Background pro-
cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
-n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-o option-name
The option-name can be one of the following:
Same as -a.
Same as -B.
emacs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
the --noediting option.
Same as -E.
Same as -T.
errexit Same as -e.
hashall Same as -h.
Same as -H.
history Enable command history, as described above under
HISTORY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
The effect is as if the shell command
''IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see Shell
Variables above).
keyword Same as -k.
monitor Same as -m.
Same as -C.
noexec Same as -n.
noglob Same as -f. nolog Currently ignored.
notify Same as -b.
nounset Same as -u.
onecmd Same as -t.
Same as -P.
If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
posix Change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the POSIX standard to
match the standard (posix mode).
Same as -p.
verbose Same as -v.
vi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
xtrace Same as -x.
If -o is supplied with no option-name, the values of the
current options are printed. If +o is supplied with no
option-name, a series of set commands to recreate the
current option settings is displayed on the standard
-p Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the $ENV and
$BASH_ENV files are not processed, shell functions are
not inherited from the environment, and the SHELLOPTS
variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -p
option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -p
option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective
user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x After expanding each simple command, for command, case
command, select command, or arithmetic for command, dis-
play the expanded value of PS4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
-B The shell performs brace expansion (see Brace Expansion
above). This is on by default.
-C If set, bash does not overwrite an existing file with
the >, >&, and <> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >| instead of >.
-E If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions,
command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
shell environment. The ERR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
executing commands such as cd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, bash follows the logical
chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
-T If set, any traps on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
executed in a subshell environment. The DEBUG and
RETURN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
-- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
ters are set to the args, even if some of them begin
with a -.
- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining args to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -x and -v
options are turned off. If there are no args, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
the shell. The current set of options may be found in $-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
shift [n]
The positional parameters from n+1 ... are renamed to $1 ....
Parameters represented by the numbers $# down to $#-n+1 are
unset. n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
$#. If n is 0, no parameters are changed. If n is not given,
it is assumed to be 1. If n is greater than $#, the positional
parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if n is greater than $# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
ior. With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all set-
table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
each is set. The -p option causes output to be displayed in a
form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-s Enable (set) each optname.
-u Disable (unset) each optname.
-q Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the optname is set or unset. If
multiple optname arguments are given with -q, the return
status is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero oth-
-o Restricts the values of optname to be those defined for
the -o option to the set builtin.
If either -s or -u is used with no optname arguments, the dis-
play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
tively. Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are disabled
(unset) by default.
The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames
are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
options, the return status is zero unless an optname is not a
valid shell option.
The list of shopt options is:
If set, an argument to the cd builtin command that is
not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
cdspell If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
ponent in a cd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
If set, bash checks that a command found in the hash ta-
ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
If set, bash checks the window size after each command
and, if necessary, updates the values of LINES and
cmdhist If set, bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
dotglob If set, bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
not execute the file specified as an argument to the
exec builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if exec fails.
If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
ALIASES. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
1. The -F option to the declare builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
2. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a
non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
3. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a
value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
cuted by the . or source builtins), a call to
return is simulated.
4. BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
( command ) inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps.
6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
shell functions, and subshells invoked with (
command ) inherit the ERROR trap.
extglob If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under Pathname Expansion are enabled.
If set, $'string' and $"string" quoting is performed
within ${parameter} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
If set, the suffixes specified by the FIGNORE shell
variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See SHELL VARIABLES above for a
description of FIGNORE. This option is enabled by
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the HISTFILE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
If set, and readline is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
If set, and readline is being used, the results of his-
tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the readline editing buffer, allowing further modi-
If set, and readline is being used, bash will attempt to
perform hostname completion when a word containing a @
is being completed (see Completing under READLINE
above). This is enabled by default.
If set, bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
If set, allow a word beginning with # to cause that word
and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
in an interactive shell (see COMMENTS above). This
option is enabled by default.
lithist If set, and the cmdhist option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
shell (see INVOCATION above). The value may not be
If set, and a file that bash is checking for mail has
been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
message ''The mail in mailfile has been read'' is dis-
If set, and readline is being used, bash will not
attempt to search the PATH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
If set, bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see Pathname
Expansion above).
If set, bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing case or
[[ conditional commands.
If set, bash allows patterns which match no files (see
Pathname Expansion above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see Pro-
grammable Completion above) are enabled. This option is
enabled by default.
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
removal after being expanded as described in PROMPTING
above. This option is enabled by default.
The shell sets this option if it is started in
restricted mode (see RESTRICTED SHELL below). The value
may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
If set, the shift builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
If set, the source (.) builtin uses the value of PATH to
find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
If set, the echo builtin expands backslash-escape
sequences by default.
suspend [-f]
Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT
signal. When the suspended shell is a background process, it
can be restarted by the fg command. For more information, read
the JOB CONTROL section. The suspend command can not suspend the
login shell. However, when -f option is specified, suspend com-
mand can suspend even login shell. The return status is 0
unless the shell is a login shell and -f is not supplied, or if
job control is not enabled.
test expr
[ expr ]
Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
conditional expression expr. Each operator and operand must be
a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
described above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS. test does not
accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
-- as signifying the end of options.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence.
! expr True if expr is false.
( expr )
Returns the value of expr. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
expr1 -a expr2
True if both expr1 and expr2 are true.
expr1 -o expr2
True if either expr1 or expr2 is true.
test and [ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
based on the number of arguments.
0 arguments
The expression is false.
1 argument
The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
2 arguments
If the first argument is !, the expression is true if and
only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
3 arguments
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
first argument is !, the value is the negation of the
two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
If the first argument is exactly ( and the third argument
is exactly ), the result is the one-argument test of the
second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
The -a and -o operators are considered binary operators
in this case.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
uated according to precedence using the rules listed
5 or more arguments
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
times Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
trap [-lp] [[arg] sigspec ...]
The command arg is to be read and executed when the shell
receives signal(s) sigspec. If arg is absent (and there is a
single sigspec) or -, each specified signal is reset to its
original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
shell). If arg is the null string the signal specified by each
sigspec is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
If arg is not present and -p has been supplied, then the trap
commands associated with each sigspec are displayed. If no
arguments are supplied or if only -p is given, trap prints the
list of commands associated with each signal. The -l option
causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
responding numbers. Each sigspec is either a signal name
defined in <signal.h>, or a signal number. Signal names are
case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a sigspec
is EXIT (0) the command arg is executed on exit from the shell.
If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed before every
simple command, for command, case command, select command, every
arithmetic for command, and before the first command executes in
a shell function (see SHELL GRAMMAR above). Refer to the
description of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin for
details of its effect on the DEBUG trap. If a sigspec is ERR,
the command arg is executed whenever a simple command has a
non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
ERR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
command list immediately following a while or until keyword,
part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ││ list, or
if the command's return value is being inverted via !. These
are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit option. If a
sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the . or source builtins fin-
ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
be trapped, reset or listed. Trapped signals that are not being
ignored are reset to their original values in a child process
when it is created. The return status is false if any sigspec
is invalid; otherwise trap returns true.
type [-aftpP] name [name ...]
With no options, indicate how each name would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -t option is used, type prints a
string which is one of alias, keyword, function, builtin, or
file if name is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the name is not found,
then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
returned. If the -p option is used, type either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if name were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ''type -t name'' would not
return file. The -P option forces a PATH search for each name,
even if ''type -t name'' would not return file. If a command is
hashed, -p and -P print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in PATH. If the -a option is used, type
prints all of the places that contain an executable named name.
This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -p
option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
consulted when using -a. The -f option suppresses shell func-
tion lookup, as with the command builtin. type returns true if
any of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx [limit]]
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -H and -S options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
hard limit. If neither -H nor -S is specified, both the soft
and hard limits are set. The value of limit can be a number in
the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values
hard, soft, or unlimited, which stand for the current hard
limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
limit is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
resource is printed, unless the -H option is given. When more
than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as fol-
-a All current limits are reported
-c The maximum size of core files created
-d The maximum size of a process's data segment
-e The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
-f The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
-i The maximum number of pending signals
-l The maximum size that may be locked into memory
-m The maximum resident set size (has no effect on Linux)
-n The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set)
-p The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
-q The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-r The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-s The maximum stack size
-t The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-u The maximum number of processes available to a single
-v The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
-x The maximum number of file locks
If limit is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the -a option is display only). If no option is given, then -f
is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t,
which is in seconds, -p, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
and -n and -u, which are unscaled values. The return status is
0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
The user file-creation mask is set to mode. If mode begins with
a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
chmod(1). If mode is omitted, the current value of the mask is
printed. The -S option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -p
option is supplied, and mode is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
was successfully changed or if no mode argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
unalias [-a] [name ...]
Remove each name from the list of defined aliases. If -a is
supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied name is not a defined alias.
unset [-fv] [name ...]
For each name, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the -v option is given, each name
refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
unset. If -f is specified, each name refers to a shell func-
tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
sequent commands. If any of RANDOM, SECONDS, LINENO, HISTCMD,
FUNCNAME, GROUPS, or DIRSTACK are unset, they lose their special
properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
tus is true unless a name is readonly.
wait [n ...]
Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
tus. Each n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
waited for. If n is not given, all currently active child pro-
cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If n
specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
last process or job waited for.
bash(1), sh(1)
GNU Bash-3.0 2004 Apr 20 BASH_BUILTINS(1)


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We currently do not have any Buick Lucerne vehicles available.Use our Vehicle Finder and we'll automatically send you an email when we have the vehicle that you are looking for.
Here are some other vehicles that you might be interested in.
In Stock
- Orange
- 1,010 mi.
- $13,995
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- 2013 Hyundai Elantra Coupe GS
- Black
- 164,264 mi.
- $6,995
- Internet Price
- 2017 Ram 2500 Crew Cab 4WD SLT
- Bright White Clearcoat
- 78,416 mi.
- $40,995
- Internet Price
All advertised prices exclude government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer document preparation charge, and any emission testing charge. The price for listed vehicles as equipped does not include charges such as: License, Title, Registration Fees, State or Local Taxes, Dealer Prep, Smog Fees, Credit Investigation, Optional Credit Insurance, Physical Damage of Liability Insurance, or Delivery Fees. DEALER makes no representations, expressed or implied, to any actual or prospective purchaser or owner of this vehicle as to the existence, ownership, accuracy, description or condition of the listed vehicle's equipment, accessories, price, specials or any warranties. Any and all differences must be addressed prior to the sale of this vehicle. Your actual mileage will vary depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We truly offer the most stunning, trendy highest-quality products in the world.
We will do WHATEVER it takes with outstanding customer service support to assist everyone as we highly value our customer satisfaction with absolute ZERO risks.
We make sure that every customer is 100% satisfied in every aspect with 24/7/365 FAST SUPPORT!


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Gluten-Free Strawberry Chocolate Chip Muffins
Strawberry Moon
From the archives- a Mother's Day recipe idea that you may have missed! xox Karina
The moon rose almost full last night, hanging gold and low above the palm and ficus trees, urging the local beauty factor to give up its pretense of reality and meld with dreamland. The sky was a deep shade of violet with a wash of strawberry pink at the ocean's edge. Santa Monica holds me in her sway. I am in love with her- and deeply grateful to be here, celebrating my first spring in California since the late seventies. I drink the friendly May sea air in gulps. I wander the alleys and sidewalks in a state bordering on bliss, photographing details and eye candy with my iPhone.
It is a visual feast.
And I am savoring every bite.
|Snippets from my neighborhood
Walking the streets with an artist's eye is screwing with time in a Lostian sense. I am reliving art school and aging backwards in a slippery flashback time travel Back to the Future buoyancy, wandering with a camera, photographing shop windows, pieces of strangers, a red high heel, a cloud shaped like a crow, a chalk mark, an empty cup. Am I nineteen or am I fifty-five?
For the hours I navigate the neighborhood, I am neither.
Age is not relevant in a state of observation and creative response- although I would be lying if I didn't mention a certain advantage advancing age can offer. Being older- without the magnet of estrogen oozing from our pores- renders us invisible. This kind of freedom is not to be taken lightly. Its pleasure needs to be broadcast. Celebrated. Moving through time and space as something other than a trophy, a focus for desire, or a brooding hen is more fun than eating cotton candy barefoot. Nobody notices you. Nobody cares.
For a visual person like me this is heaven.
Or my idea of heaven, anyway. Which I do not embrace with a literal imposition but grasp lightly with irony and an abstract, low down bare bones trust in the reality of now as we know it, no strings attached. Because heaven?
It's here on Earth.
|Roads? Where we're going we don't need— roads.
Strawberry Chocolate Chip Muffin Recipe
By Karina Allrich
I changed up my usual gluten-free flour mix to create a lighter, fluffier vegan muffin (translation- more starch). And then I added chocolate chips. Gasp. Health food, this isn't. But lip smacking tasty? That would be, Affirmative. This recipe is vegan, egg-free, but eggs will work just fine, if you prefer.
Preheat oven to 350ºF. Line a 12-muffin tin with parchment or paper liners.
1 rounded cup stemmed, cored, cut up fresh strawberries- set aside
Whisk together the dry ingredients in a mixing bowl:
3/4 cup sweet sorghum flour
3/4 cup tapioca starch or potato starch (not potato flour!)
1/2 teaspoon xanthan gum
1/2 teaspoon sea salt
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder
1 cup organic light brown sugar
Add in and beat:
3/4 cup non-dairy milk
1/2 teaspoon lemon juice
1/4 cup coconut oil, softened
2 teaspoons bourbon vanilla extract
1 tablespoon Ener-G Egg Replacer whisked with 1/4 cup warm water till frothy (or 2 beaten eggs)
Beat until the batter is smooth- it will be fairly sticky, but much like a thick cake batter.
Stir in by hand:
1/2 cup dark chocolate chips
Spoon only one tablespoon of the batter into the twelve lined muffin cups.
Add three to four pieces of fresh strawberries- sticking them into the batter a bit but avoid pushing them to the bottom- this helps keeps the muffin bottoms from getting soggy.
Divide the remaining batter evenly between the twelve muffin cups.
Take the remaining strawberry pieces and push them slightly into the batter- about three to four pieces per muffin. Add a few extra chocolate chips to the tops.
Bake in the center of a pre-heated oven till domed and firm- about 25 minutes. They should feel springy when lightly touched. if they dent, they're not done. Bake for another five minutes. If in doubt, insert a clean toothpick into the center to check for doneness.
Note: Cold and wet strawberries will chill down the batter; so if you use ice cold berries- or really wet berries- be aware they may make the muffin a bit soggy. I drained the berries well; and let them sit at room temperature while I made the batter and preheated the oven.
Cool the muffins on a wire rack. Super delicious served a little bit warm when the chocolate chips are melty.
Wrap and bag extras to freeze for easy, on-the-go treats.
Recipe Source: glutenfreegoddess.blogspot.com
All images & content are copyright protected, all rights
reserved. Please do not use our images or content without prior
permission. Thank you.


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Ruby Currency (RBC) Exchanges
There is a large number of exchanges to trade Ruby Currency, providing a diverse range of choices. The table below lists out the most popular RBC exchanges so far. We advise you to rank the exchanges by volume to get an overview of what crypto exchanges traders trust and are using. Conducting a thorough research on the exchange's security and reputation is critical as well. Then, you need to consider the exchange's fees, if you are trading daily, with high frequency, you should choose an exchange with lower fees for each transaction. Finally, to get a better view on how to trade RBC, take a look at our detailed instructions on How to buy Ruby Currency (RBC).


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Size: Large, would fit sizes 10-14
Condition: Excellent
Colour: Green
All items will be shipped within 2 working days of purchasing.
Local Pickup: Free
Standard UK: £3.95 please allow 2-4 working days for delivery.
ROI and Rest of Europe: £10.50 please allow 3-7 working days for delivery.
If you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase, you can return the product and get a full refund. You can return a product for up to 14 days from the date you purchased it for a full refund.
For more details please see our Refund Policy.
Unfortunately, we cannot accept returns on gift cards or events.


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Explore the region. Get involved in your community. Experience moments of joy.
Delivered Tuesdays & Thursdays
Jazzstream is the 24-hour jazz service of Capital Public Radio. Veteran jazz announcers pull from the vast library of new and time-tested tracks to bring you what we call Great Jazz by Jazz Greats.
Monday – Sundayon JazzStream
November 20, 2023
November 17, 2023
November 26, 2023


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2023 Ford F-150
3.5L Turbo 6 Cyl.
Automatic (10 Speed)
Automatic (10 Speed)
|Odometer: 5 km
|Fuel: GasGasoline
|Color: Avalanche Gray
|Drivetrain: Four Wheel DriveFOUR_WD
|Engine: 2.7L Turbo 6 Cyl.
|Automatic (10 Speed)Automatic
|Doors: 4
|Stock: 0N7225
Engine Configuration: 99P Package Configuration: 101A
* Note: We always do our best to provide the most accurate and up-to-date information, however, we cannot be held responsible for anything that is listed incorrectly. For new vehicles, price listed does not include accessories. Please contact the dealer/seller for official pricing and vehicle information, and with any questions that you might have. Displayed prices generally do not include taxes and other fees.


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Not all LED Heatsinks are made equal!
Cooliance provide high-performance pin fin led heatsinks pre-drilled for the Bender+Wirth 431 series LED holder which is compatible with the following COB LEDs:
- Bridgelux H15
- Citizen CLL032 / CLU034 / 036 / 038 / 03H / CLU720 / 721
- Edison Opto HM16 / HM24 / HM30
- Everlight XUAN 1919
- Lextar PB16H01 / PB19H01 / PB26H01
- Luminus CHM-9-XH / CHM-11-XH / CXM-11-AC / CXM-14-AC
- Prolight Opto COB PACF / PACK
- Seoul ZC12 / ZC18
- \Sunset SLE G6 LES15 / LES17 / G1 11mm/15mm SUNSET
- VS Lighting LUGA DMS125***H / 126***H / 128***H
Product Customization Services
In addition to our range of standard products detailed in the table below, we can customize our product offering for your unique application. For more information, please contact our technical support team.
If you need something different from what is detailed below, a different product or customization, please contact our technical support team who will assist you in selecting the correct heatsink for your project.
Coolstrate® is silent and reliable, well-exceeding the life of your light engine
- Inaudible at one meter
- No issues of resonance – multiple units mounted together are as silent as a single unit
- Long-life motor design keeps our units silent for years
- Coolstrate® fans are designed to operate trouble-free for over 60,000 hours
- Double-bearing industrial fans, produced in the hundreds of thousands and with proven reliability records
- Double-bearing fans do not suffer from sudden failure, unlike sleeve-bearing based designs
- Double-bearing fans are indifferent to orientation, unlike sleeve-bearing based designs
- Heavy-duty, high-density pin fin heat sinks are designed to eliminate internal dust build-up – our field tests prove it
- Robust mounting clip protects the fan from shock and virtually eliminates accidental damage
- No separate driver is required – you have the full range of choice for the driver that best meets your lighting requirements
- Easy application testing – with a full range of standard sizes and multiple fan speeds, we make it easy for you to address the trade-offs between size constraints and power
- Coolstrate®'s 10mm, perfectly flat base gives you maximum security for reliable mounting of your Bridgelux array, as well as full freedom in hole placement for mounting points, wire guides and reflector attachments
Cold Forged Construction For Thermal Efficiency
Standard Passive LED Heatsinks are available in the following sizes:
- Diameters of 20 mm to 160 mm are offered within the standard product family. Consult factory for other sizes.
- Pin heights of up to 100mm are available
Standard or modified standard solutions - We can provide a solution from our standard product line and model it to ensure that it will provide adequate cooling for your application..
Our precision forge process provides unique advantages for LED cooling:
- Forging can produce round and other non-linear shapes that are preferred for LED applications.
- The forge process uses high pressure to form the material and provides control over the grain structure to provide superior thermal performance.
- LED's are generally convection cooled and our forged pin fin arrays provide the best possible thermal performance in ambient environments.
- Heat sinks can be forged in either aluminum or copper.
Custom design services - Our thermal engineers can also work with you to design and model a custom solution optimized to meet the needs of your application.
For Your Next Project, Contact CoolianceToday!
High reliability thermal solutions & precision metal products.


text:
- Residential Work
- Commercial Work
HomeAdvisor Screened & Approved
This service professional has passed the HomeAdvisor screening process.Learn about our screening process
100% Recommended
13 Years In Business
Company Details
- Verified Licenses
- Bilingual
Contact7420 158th Street Court East, Space 183
Puyallup, WA 98375
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Service Details
Areas of Expertise
- Landscaping
Cost Information
- Free Estimates
- Credit Cards Accepted
ReviewsWrite a Review
He is always timely with his communications, he explains his work, and gives different options.
Ireneo redid my landscaping, and he created my garden. I would recommend him.
Ireneo built a fence with several gates and a block retaining wall, and I would recommend him!
Well done job
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HomeAdvisor verifies state-level licensing where applicable - note:
some states require local or county level licensing and you should
verify whether or not your pro is properly licensed.
To find more licensing information for your state, visit our Licensing Requirements page.


text:
Americans anxious, irritated as gov't shuts down
Published 10:12 am Tuesday, October 1, 2013
NEW YORK — The partial government shutdown that began Tuesday left many federal workers uncertain of their financial future, with many facing unpaid furloughs or delays in paychecks.
Park ranger and father-to-be Darquez Smith said he already lives paycheck to paycheck while putting himself through college and worried how he'll fare if the shutdown lasts a long time.
"I've got a lot on my plate right now — tuition, my daughter, bills," said Smith, 23, a ranger at Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park in Ohio. "I'm just confused and waiting just like everyone else."
Email newsletter signup
A midnight deadline to avert the shutdown passed amid congressional bickering, leaving Americans unable to get government services ranging from federally backed home loans to supplemental food assistance for children and pregnant women.
From New York's Liberty Island to Alaska's Denali National Park, the U.S. government closed its doors as a budget impasse idled hundreds of thousands of federal workers and halted most non-essential government services for the first time in nearly two decades.
The impact of the shutdown was mixed — immediate and far-reaching for some, annoying but minimal for others.
In Colorado, where flooding killed eight people earlier this month, emergency funds to help rebuild homes and businesses continued to flow — but federal worker furloughs were expected to slow it down.
National Guard soldiers rebuilding washed-out roads would apparently be paid on time — along with the rest of the country's active-duty personnel — under a bill passed hours before the shutdown. Existing Social Security and Medicare benefits, veterans' services and mail delivery were also unaffected.
Other agencies were harder hit — nearly 3,000 Federal Aviation Administration safety inspectors were furloughed along with most of the National Transportation Safety Board's employees, including accident investigators who respond to air crashes, train collisions, pipeline explosions and other accidents.
Almost all of NASA shut down, except for Mission Control in Houston, and national parks closed along with the Smithsonian museums and the National Zoo. Even the zoo's popular panda cam went dark, shut off for the first time since a cub was born there Aug. 23.
Federal workers would not see their pay affected right away. If a shutdown continues, all employees can expect to be paid on schedule on Oct. 15, 2013, for hours worked from Sept. 22 through Sept. 30.
Still, Marc Cevasco, who works in the Department of Veterans Affairs, said as he waited for a bus Tuesday that the uncertainty of how long the shutdown would last made his uneasy.
"Even if it's just shut down for a week that's a quarter of your pay this month. That means a lot to a lot of people," he said.
Cevasco, 30, said he had been told his office had enough money to pay workers for Tuesday, so he was keeping his appointments. But he could have to turn in his phone later in the day and go home until the government reopens.
As the shutdown loomed Monday, visitors to popular parks made their frustration with elected officials clear.
"There is no good thing going to come out of it," said Chris Fahl, a tourist from Roanoke, Ind., who was visiting the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Park in Hodgenville, Ky. "Taxpayers are just going to be more overburdened."
Emily Enfinger, who was visiting the Statue of Liberty, said politicians need to find a way to work together.
"They should be willing to compromise, both sides, and it discourages me that they don't seem to be able to do that," she said. "They're not doing their job as far as I'm concerned."
Joe Wentz, a retired federal employee from Lebanon, Va., who was visiting San Francisco with his wife, bought tickets to visit Alcatraz on Thursday — if it's open.
Wentz said he's frustrated that some politicians are using the budget to push changes in the Affordable Care Act.
"We've been disgusted a long time that they're not working together," he said.
The shutdown was strangely captivating to Marlena Knight, an Australian native visiting Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia. She was confounded that the impasse focused on the nation's health care system — an indispensable service in her home country.
"We can't imagine not having a national health system," she said. "I just can't believe that this country can shut down over something like a national health system. Totally bizarre, as an Australian, but fascinating."
It turns out an institution as massive as the federal government takes some time to grind to a total halt: Many federal workers were being permitted to come in Tuesday to change voicemail messages or fill out time cards. But after that, they were under strict orders to do no work, even check their email.
With no telling how long the standoff will last, even programs not immediately affected could run out of cash.
Barbara Haxton, executive director of the Ohio Head Start Association, said its preschool learning programs would be in jeopardy if a shutdown lasted more than two weeks. Automatic budget cuts in March meant nearly 3,000 children lost access to services and there could be dire consequences if the budget standoff drags on, she said.


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Contact us at (33) 494 34 38 38, monday to saturday 9h30/19h, to speak english ask for Gil.
(6 copies remaining)
Reviews about this Alaskan Malamute On Board Dog Sign (0 reviews)
At your service
for 30 years
Satisfait ou
Need help ?
Contact us.
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If you have just started up, or your business is based at your home, outside the U.K. or perhaps you're always on the road, a virtual office solution could make your life a lot easier, as well as making the right impression on your customers.
By choosing a business mailbox service from Mail Boxes Etc. Belfast, and adding any of our Business Hub services, you can have the presence you want and the back-up you need – all in a flexible, sensibly priced, scalable package.
Our business mailbox at 21 Botanic Avenue, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1JJ Northern Ireland provides you with a premium business address for your website, letterheads and business cards – it's also a real, physical location with mail and parcel receiving and 24-hour access to your mailbox. You can call us on 02890 247 888 or email us to check for mail to save a wasted journey, or we'll alert you when something has arrived for you.
To keep your business and personal lives separate, why not let us host your registered office address? We can also manage your telephone answering with a local number and 24-hour live answering service, so you need never miss another call.
As your business grows, we can be your mailroom, handling all your incoming and outgoing post – or you can buy your Royal Mail postal services directly from us and avoid the queues. Our shipping expertise means we're the obvious choice for urgent business documents, parcels and packets, global or local.
We can advise on export and help you enter new markets with confidence. And don't forget our fulfilment services for your storage, pick, pack and ship needs.
A virtual office solution from Mail Boxes Etc. Belfast gives you a back-up team and a choice of services to support you while you're taking care of business. Find out more about our Business Hub services here or call us on 02890 247 888 and talk to us about how we can tailor a virtual office package just for you.
"I have been a mailbox holder at MBE 28 Old Brompton Road South Kensington for 18 years. My company has been registered to the address since 2004.
The 24 hour access to my mail box is convenient and pivotal to my business. The efficient and effectiveness of the staff and management is a great testament to Peter Fava who runs the business with tremendous drive for quality and service.
All the services especially packaging, courier delivery and international know-how is undertaken properly with systems in place to ensure all is delivered to the globe from London to New York, Warsaw, Istanbul, Seoul and Melbourne Australia on time, every time. This is the best mailbox service in the world."
Edward Aydin
Tell me more about
Virtual Office Solutions from MBE Belfast
21 Botanic Avenue Belfast Northern Ireland BT7 1JJ Northern Ireland
02890 247 888 Contact MBE Belfast
We're closed today! We will be open again on Monday at 9:00 am
Your nearest MBE location has been selected for you and is:
If you would like to select another store please enter your town or post code below.


text:
14440 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard
Tampa, FL 33613
The American Association of Kidney Patients helps patients cope with the emotional, physical, and social effects of kidney failure. It has several local chapters in communities across the United States.
Building 31, Room 9A06
31 Center Drive, MSC 2560
Bethesda, MD 20892-2560
This institute provides information about kidney disease and supports research into treatments for diabetes, kidney disease, and other serious conditions.
30 East 33rd Street
New York, NY 10016
The National Kidney Foundation provides information about kidney and urinary tract diseases. It seeks to prevent kidney diseases, improve the health of patients with kidney disease, and increase the number of organs available for transplant.
700 North 4th Street
Richmond, VA 23219
With the mission to "advance organ availability and transplanting," the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) provides top news stories relating to research and policies, as well as in-depth data on organ donations and transplants dating back to 1986. The site resources include publications, fact sheets, and patient brochures. You can also sign up for the organization's bimonthly magazine, which is free of charge to those in the US. The website contains an extensive list of links to related sites, library services, health calculators, and a glossary.
Last reviewed November 2018 by EBSCO Medical Review Board Michael Woods, MD, FAAP Last Updated: 11/7/2018


text:
Not Rated.
0 Reviews
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Help other software buyers make informed decisions.
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The online community of knife collectors, A Knife Family Forged in Steel
57 members117 Comments 17 Likes
Welcome to iKC Jay.
The 5 top things to do when you join iKnifeCollector!
Navigating iKnifeCollector.com
Best Photo upload size? 640x480
Welcome to iKC Jay!
Welcome to IKC!
Hey there, Jay! Welcome to iKnife! Come on in, kick back and check things out. There's some handy tips on our front page to help you find your way around, and some fantastic people in the Chat room if you have any questions or want to shoot the breeze. Site rules are also on the main page, and if you get creative, you can customise your My Page to suit your own style! Hope you enjoy your stay with us! Great to have you on board!


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It's winter here now and you guys from the Northern Hemisphere keep tempting me with your ice creams and sorbets... Not to mention the cherry recipes, right, Susan? :)
To make things worse, the Mail Service is working again and yesterday I finally received the July issue of Bon Appétit – loads of ideas for barbecues and grilling outdoors. I'm not a fan of barbecues, but Joao loves them. And I even think he would be interested in grilling on the weekends, but we live in an apartment – no yard.:(
So, no barbie. But that doesn't mean he can't have something he absolutely loves: shrimp. For the hubby, the simpler, the better. And the recipe I adapted from the DH mag #37 was a huge hit.
I cooked the shrimp using a frying pan, but also posted how to make them on the grill, if anyone wants to give it a try.
Garlic lime shrimp
from Donna Hay magazine
1kg large raw shrimp, peeled, tails intact
1/3 cup (80ml) lime juice
4 tablespoons garlic infused olive oil, divided
2 garlic cloves, finely sliced
salt and freshly ground black pepper
chopped flat leaf parsley, to taste
lime wedges, to serve
aioli or mayonnaise, to serve
Place the shrimp, lime juice, 2 tablespoons olive oil, garlic, salt and pepper in a bowl and toss to combine. Cover with plastic/cling film and refrigerate for 30 minutes.
Remove the shrimp from the refrigerator and strain any juices – remove the garlic slices, also. Drizzle the remaining olive oil over the shrimp and toss to combine. Heat a large frying pan over medium-high heat. Add the shrimp, turning to avoid burning. Cook until the shrimp turn pink, about 2 minutes each side – don't overcook, or they will become rubbery.
Remove from heat, sprinkle with the parsley and serve immediately.
If you want to make them on the barbie: thread three shrimp onto a skewer (if they are wooden skewers, soak them in cold water for 30 minutes before using, to avoid burning). Repeat with the remaining shrimp. Heat a barbecue over high heat. Barbecue the shrimp for 2 minutes each side or until cooked through.
Serves 4


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Please find caller ID info for (813) 836-7999 below. Leave feedback or file a complaint about this number to help relevant authorities and other visitors know about (813) 836-7999.File a Complaint
Region: Florida
Location: SW Florida: Tampa Metro
Warning Level:
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Did you receive a call from this number? Add your complaint to our directory and help others avoid a nuisance or scam call with your helpful tip.


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*Sheep Anti Mouse Factor IX Polyclonal FractionatedISHAMSFIXGF100UG
Select this product for Molecular Innovations name, Sheep Anti Mouse Factor IX IgG Fraction and product number, SASMFIX-GF.
Sheep Anti Mouse Factor IX Polyclonal Fractionated from Innovative Research is a polyclonal antibody in a Frozen liquid format. This antibody has been purified using protein G affinity chromatography .
Fractionated preparations may be especially useful in research where high affinity is necessary, especially in cases where the target antigen is less abundant. IgG Fractionated antiserum can also contain very high affinity antibodies that are sometimes missing from affinity purified preparations (since they can bind so tightly to the affinity matrix that they are not always eluted).
More Details:
- Host: Sheep
- Species: Mouse
- Target: Factor IX
- Clonality: Polyclonal
- Purity: IgG Fractionated
- Source: Sheep Serum
- Storage Conditions: -70° C
This product can be used in analytic tools such as ELISA kits and Western blot. At Innovative Research, we provide reliable, consistent products that deliver reliable, consistent results.
This material is sold for in-vitro use only for manufacturing and research. This material is not suitable for human or animal use. While we make every effort to ensure the safety of our products, we recommend handling any biological materials with standard precautions as if capable of spreading infectious disease. The statements herin are offered for informational purposes only to be used solely for your consideration, investigation, and verification.
Please be aware the image pictured is for illustrative purposes only, and your product packaging and appearance may vary.
Get in touch with our team! Please include any relevant information (product name, etc)
We Also Recommend
*Goat Anti Mouse IgG Polyclonal Affinity Purified Immunoadsorbed HRP Labeled
*Goat Anti Rabbit IgG Polyclonal Affinity Purified Immunoadsorbed HRP Labeled


text:
Shooting Range in Bullhead City, AZ
1. Bank Street Guns
What a great place. Awesome inventory had exactly what I wanted. Just a pleasure to do business with these folks."
You guys are the best. I'm stoked to have you right down the street. Everybody is friendly and helpful. So many other gun shops employ gun snobs that can be rude and…
YP - The Real Yellow PagesSM - helps you find the right local businesses to meet your specific needs. Search results are sorted by a combination of factors to give you a set of choices in response to your search criteria. These factors are similar to those you might use to determine which business to select from a local Yellow Pages directory, including proximity to where you are searching, expertise in the specific services or products you need, and comprehensive business information to help evaluate a business's suitability for you. "Preferred" listings, or those with featured website buttons, indicate YP advertisers who directly provide information about their businesses to help consumers make more informed buying decisions. YP advertisers receive higher placement in the default ordering of search results and may appear in sponsored listings on the top, side, or bottom of the search results page.
Places Near Bullhead City, AZ with Shooting Range
- Laughlin (2 miles)
- Fort Mohave (14 miles)


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Fall 2023 Fashion Mother of the Bride Products
Catherine Regehr
Jewel Neck Jackie Gown with Circle Skirt
Jewel neck fitted bodice gown with circle skirt and hand-sewn crystal detail on neckline.
Colour: Light Navy
Jewel neck, sleeveless, full floor-length circle skirt with crinoline, hand-sewn crystal detail on neckline,
Hidden zipper at back with hook and eye
Silk Habotai & self lined
Composition: 100% Silk
Dry clean only
Made in Canada
Fit: true to size.
Model height is 5'9 and is wearing a size 4
*Made to order
See home page for current delivery window.
Delivery Timelines
- All orders are cut and sewn to order. We do not keep inventory.
- The delivery window for each product is different. This information is noted in the individual product description.
- Delivery times can vary based on fabric and trim availability.
- Customers will be contacted with an estimated delivery date after an order has been placed. We will also advise of any possible delays at this time.
- If your required delivery is less than the quoted delivery window a rush can sometimes be accommodated. Please contact us directly at firstname.lastname@example.com to discuss a possible rush delivery option.
Shipping, Customs & Sales Tax
- We provide FREE standard shipping for orders over $500USD.
- Shipping fee is calculated at time of purchase and is dependent upon product size, priority level and destination.
- For orders shipping outside of Canada, you should consult the legislation of your country. We do not take responsibility for duty or brokerage fees and shipment delays due to customs.
- Orders shipped outside of Canada are not subject to sales tax. Orders shipped within Canada are subject to provincial sales tax dependent on province.
Return & Exchange Policy
- As we are a cut to order manufacturer we cannot accept returns or refunds. We do however accept size exchanges if you have ordered the incorrect size.
- Regular priced items with no modifications or special sizing can be exchanged for the correct size within 7 days of receipt of item.
- For size exchanges please email us at email@example.com and we will discuss and if authorized, provide a Return Authorization Number. Please include order number, name, email address, and phone number.
- NOTE: Size exchanges will not be processed without a Return Authorization Number.
- Customer is responsible for all return shipping/duty costs.
- Please allow up to 4 weeks for your size to be exchanged.
- Merchandise must not be worn, altered, or washed and must be in the condition it was received.
- Merchandise must have all tags attached.
Defective Merchandise
- We pride ourselves in our quality, all orders are thoroughly quality controlled and examined prior to shipping. Upon shipping, photos of the garment will be taken and provided to the buyer for record of quality control.
- If an item is found to be defective or damaged and you need to exchange it for the same item please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com for approval. Once your exchange is approved you will be notified via email with instructions for return and delivery date for replacement.
- Catherine Regehr reserves the right to request photographic support for returns regarding defective merchandise before authorising the return and the eventual charges for the shipment and import fee.
- Catherine Regehr reserves the right to refuse unauthorised returns.
- Catherine Regehr will not accept any items that have been worn, washed or altered for any reason.