text:
Author Notes: This recipe came about exactly 33 years ago--my husband was involved in opening a restaurant in Manchester, VT and was asked if I would be willing to submit a recipe for the menu. Soupe a l'oignon was suggested so I just set about doing something different--eliminated the crouton and Gruyere, replaced the beef broth with chicken and then decided that cream (yes, heavy cream) would be the rich and silky way to go! The recipe below is what was on the menu at "Cobblestones" but nowadays I tend to use light cream or even half & half. It's not quite as luscious but we always seem to finish it with no trouble! The grated cheese is optional and we tend to "eat" this soup with a good, crusty baguette, green salad, a triple creme cheese and some red grapes...and, of course, a nice crisp white wine! —Veronica
Serves: 4-6
pound unsalted butter
1 1/2
pounds yellow onions, peeled and thinly sliced into rounds
cups good dry white wine
quart homemade or organic chicken or vegetable stock
1- 1 1/2
cups heavy cream
Salt & freshly ground black pepper
Optional: Freshly grated Parmigiano or pecorino cheese
- Over very low heat, melt the butter in a large heavy saucepan or dutch oven.
- Add the sliced onion and stir to coat with the melted butter. Continue to gently cook (sweat) the onions, stirring frequently until they are completely wilted--approximately 15 minutes. Do not let them brown!
- Add the white wine and stir for about 2 minutes.
- Add the broth, raise the heat and bring to a boil while stirring. After reaching a boil, reduce heat and let the onions,wine and broth simmer uncovered for 35-45 minutes. No more stirring for awhile!
- At this point, (the mixture should be fairly equal in ratio of onions to liquid) you can either proceed or turn off heat and let the soup cool until 20 minutes before you are ready to serve. If you wish to delay the process more than 6-8 hours, refrigerate.
- After onions, wine and broth have simmered for the allotted time pour in the cream--adding 1/4 cup at a time. (Over the years I have found that the amount of cream varies with the sweetness of the "onion crop" and there's no way of telling until you taste.)
- Taste, add salt and pepper to your liking, spoon into heated bowls and serve.
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Onion or Garlic Soup
More Great Recipes:
Soup|French|Milk/Cream|Vegetable|Make Ahead|Gluten-Free


text:
Q: Is it better to take Social Security and IRA payouts as soon as I retire or wait?
This is a huge question. Seventy-four percent of all people taking Social Security leave money on the table because they do not understand their options. Did you know that a widow's or widower's benefit is entirely a function of the initial Social Security choice and certain choices can enhance your benefit?
By visiting www.socialsecurity- .gov/estimator, you will see the estimator only covers a few of the more than 200 possible outcomes based on the choices you make. There can be a difference of as much as $200,000 in benefits paid over a lifetime depending upon your choices. It pays to education yourself!
There are books that can help you evaluate your best answer and your financial professional should have software that helps you make the best decisions. Ultimately YOU are responsible for your own best outcome, so learn as much as you possibly can before you decide.
Q: I went in for my annual checkup and the doctor said I am at borderline hypertension. She said I would have to take blood pressure medication if I cannot lower it. How do I lower my blood pressure using natural methods?
When I looked at the side effects possible with medication and the position of being a slave to the medication, it scared me into action.
I am not offering medical advice here but lifestyle advice. Some medicines may not be optional for continuing good health but in my opinion if a problem can be fixed using self-discipline I would be foolish not to try.
Research tells us that to lower our blood pressure we must lower stress, cut out the salt and lose weight. This is easy to say but hard to do.
It became a personal challenge and I was able to do it, but it took 18 months. I sold a stressful business, stepped away from a stressful relationship, acquired two small dogs that I walk twice a day, began eating lean and green meals and dismissed 35 pounds, and cut out the salt 100 percent. Last week, my reading was 120/81 instead of 145/95.
The bottom line is when you set your mind to getting your blood pressure to a normal range, you will learn and do everything necessary to accomplish the task. It really is your own mindset.
— SharonAnn Hamilton is author of The Retirement Concierge, a baby boomer's playbook for navigating the future. Questions are welcome via email to firstname.lastname@example.com or www.TheRetirementConcierge.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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The tag on our doggo that my wife made for her
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Right Angle Correct-Image Finder Scopes
Straight Finder Giving You Neck-Strain?
Sometimes looking through a straight finder scope can be a strain, making you crouch down and crane your neck.
Well, you can call off the chiropractors because our right-angle finder scopes let you view in contortion-free comfort! What's more, they have a built-in Amici prism to provide a correctly oriented view - not upside-down as with standard finders. These achromatic, crosshair finders feature fully coated glass lenses, internal baffling, and focus adjustment. Each includes an aluminum bracket with two perpendicular thumbscrews for easy alignment. Dovetail foot fits many Orion telescopes (see list). Dovetail base (#7214) can be purchased for custom installations. Prism and eyepiece are not removable.
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noun. An alarm clock which is set on a short timer by someone still laying in bed and then thrown to the other side of the room. When the alarm clock goes off its user will then have no choice but to get out of bed to turn it off. A common method of waking one's self up.
'I was having trouble getting out of bed on Monday morning, so I chucked an alarm clock grenade.'
by KartoonHead September 26, 2011
buy the domain for your art blog


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Shore Up Your Life
Daily Blessing
May God's peace mark your day in every way. May the Lord show you places in your life where you've let your guard down, let your thoughts wander, and let your peace slip away. May Jesus help you shore up your life once again. May you listen more closely to His voice and turn a deaf ear to the enemy. May you refuse thoughts and indulgences that only weaken you. Engage in all of the things that are good for your soul. Jesus loves you and He wants what's best for you. Have a peace-saturated day today!
Heaven Breathed Wonder
Daily Blessing
May you recapture the wonder and the awe of this season. YOU are someone Jesus loves, profoundly so. You are someone He sings over, delights in, and plans for. May you marvel that He came to earth to save you, restore you, and use you in ways that are beyond what you've ever imagined. God intends to restore the years the enemy has stolen. He intends to show Himself strong right in the midst of your current battle. Things won't always be this hard. One day, He'll make all things new! Until then, take time to notice Him in the small sacred spaces of life. He's there. He invites you. May a heaven-breathed wonder fill your lungs today.
He's Sovereign and Strategic
Daily Blessing
In those places where you feel like sighing, may Jesus put a new song in your heart. Where you're weary from holding on, may He give you new courage to stand strong. Where you've waited long to see the breakthrough, may He very soon do what only He can do. Sometimes it feels like He's slow to intervene but the truth is, He's meticulous and miraculous, He's sovereign and strategic. He knows what He's doing and He deserves our trust. May we all walk in faith today and rest deeply in Him tonight. He'll do the heavy lifting. Blessings to you!
Kingdom Power & Presence
Daily Blessing
May the Kingdom, power, and presence of the Living God seem nearer to you now than ever before. May your understanding of what you possess in Him grow exponentially in the days ahead. May you see glimpses of glory everywhere you turn so you're reminded that God is very much at work behind the scenes, answering your prayers, opening doors, and moving mountains. Jesus lives to pray for you and when He prays heaven moves. Rest in faith simply because heaven sings a song over you. God is at work on your behalf, and any day now, you will see Him breakthrough. Blessings to you this day!
A Word of Wisdom
Daily Blessing
May Jesus speak a specific word of wisdom to your heart tonight. May He show you what to say, how to pray, and how to rest in Him while you wait for your faith to become sight. He's made joy available to you, grace to abound in you, and peace to surround you and rule within you. Truly, you have all that you need even while you wait for Him to tend to the longings of your heart. May you feel as rich as you are. And may His regal heart beat loudly in your chest so you will carry yourself like the heir you are. Have a blessed, restful night.
He's For You
Daily Blessing
May God part the heavens and give you a glimpse of how He sees you. May He open up your spirit-eyes so you can see how for you He is. May He awaken your soul so you'll know healing and assurance like you've never known before. And may His love pour in and through you like a stream of living water. You're connected to the Supernatural Source of Power - the Most High God. May your understanding of what you possess in Him increase exponentially today!
Grace and Peace
Daily Blessing
When life takes a sudden turn or when the storms shake the ground beneath us, we quickly see how tightly we're clinging to things that were never meant to anchor us. We instinctively panic because we don't want to lose the thing we're white-knuckling; but, dear one, the Prince of Peace is on the scene. He is with you. He reaches for you. He speaks peace to your soul and healing to your heart. You need Him more than your desires and He holds you more firmly than your fears hold you. Try letting go. Try trusting Him here. Try imagining the good things He has planned for you in the future. Breathe deeply tonight. Let go, embrace grace and trust Him. He has you.
Enjoy the Season
Daily Blessing
May you refuse to strive for appearance sake because you're established for Jesus' Namesake. You are loved, treasured, appointed, and anointed. You're free to climb mountain heights with joy and free to stumble and fall without the condemnation. Jesus was born in a manger; He was a friend of sinners; He's the Prince of Peace. Know His love. Trust His heart. Be yourself. And do only what He asks you to do. Enjoy the season and have a heart-at-rest sort of week! He's got you!
Take Your Stand
Daily Blessing
If you're in a not-yet season, living in the space between a longing in your heart and a promise fulfilled, this blessing is for you: May you remind your soul tonight that God is so GOOD! His delays are not denials; they're more often about His protection and His preparation for the promise. May you rise up with faith in your heart and declare God's goodness in the gap between what He's promised and what you possess at the moment. He is good. His promises are true! And He WILL make a way for you! You may feel like there's nothing you can do but wait, but there's plenty you can do: rejoice, guard your heart, rest in Him, encourage others, and stand in faith, just to name a few. Take your stand in this season because God will surely come for you. Have a blessed day.
You're Alive in Him
Daily Blessing
Right in the midst of the holiday hustle bustle, may you hold fast to that which strengthens your soul. May you create time and space for Jesus: time in His Word, time to pray and reflect; time with your people; and even time for vigorous exercise because it reminds you that you're alive in Him. May you refuse to procrastinate on the important things. May you be motivated to turn away from time wasters and comfort foods. May you instead engage in the life-giving work and nourishment that Jesus has provided for you. Your calling matters. Your life matters. And YOU matter because you are an image bearer of the Most High God. Have a blessed and beautiful day
You're Going to be Okay
Daily Blessing
May you be honest with God about the hurts in your heart. May you discern the difference between grief and self-pity. May you be okay with not always being okay. God will one day wipe away every tear from your eyes, but until then, He wants to help you walk this journey with peace in your heart and assurance in your soul. He is with you. He will heal you. And He will one day turn your mourning into dancing and your sorrow into songs of joy. In the meantime, enjoy the little graces you find along the way. Celebrate the small victories. Dare to dream. And take one step at a time. You're going to be okay. Blessings on your day today.
The Enemy Can't...
Daily Blessing
Here's what's true: The enemy can't take your value, your voice, or your choice to follow Jesus. He can't diminish your worth, your calling, or your influence. He can't separate you from God's love, he can't take away God's promises, and can't stand that you're so dear to the Father's heart. In due time, he will get what is coming to him. So for now, stand strong, believe, and give thanks to the God who made you, trains you, and intends to use you beyond your wildest dreams. Look to Him today!
*Photo credit: Unsplash, Amarettos Yashlaha
Be Courageous Today!
Daily Blessing
When your faith-seeds are in the ground and the harvest is yet to come, may you use the time in between to care for your soul and to know Jesus more. Are you weary? Give priority to rest. Are you disillusioned? Take some time in God's presence and let Him renew your perspective. Do you feel beat up by life? Draw near to Jesus so He can restore you. Don't forget who you are in this season of life. You're loved, treasured, called, and appointed. God has not lost your address. He knows where you live. And at just the right time, He will break through. Be courageous today!
Eliminate Hurry and Worry
Daily Blessing
By God's grace, may you eliminate hurry and worry from your life. May you instead slow your pace and turn your face to the One who loves, saves, redeems, and restores everything about you. Instead of grabbing for yourself, may you pause and wait and see how God provides and cares for you. May you enter into a new season where you know God's rest, His pace, and His provision like you've never know before. He's for you and with you in ways you can't even imagine!
*Unsplash Photo by Aaron Burden
Know His Peace
Daily Blessing
When we allow the Holy Spirit to guard and guide us, when our thoughts are on things above, we find life and peace. God invites us to let peace rule and reign in our hearts at all times. May you see His promise of provision for the royal, sacred, generous gift that it is! May you seek peace and pursue it! May you pay closer attention to the condition of your soul, to the train of thoughts, and to where your perspective lies. When peace rules in you, God's power will be all over you. May Jesus, the Prince of Peace direct your every step. The world is desperate for the tangible presence and peace of God. May you be a conduit to this Kingdom reality. Blessings on your day.
Keep On, Keeping On
Daily Blessing:
May you envision the Promised Land ahead of you. May God motivate you to keep on keeping on! May your giants fall and your fears fall by the wayside. May you ruthlessly confront the self-limiting beliefs embedded in your soul. May you see them for what they are: lies; obstacles to your forward-moving progress; not from God. May you love your life and your story enough to fight the good fight of faith. Too many turn back in defeat and unbelief. But not you! You will be one of the few that dares to persevere and to apprehend God's promises! Strengthen yourself in Jesus today. He's with you every step of the way.
A Renewed Perspective
Daily Blessing
May God reset your perspective tonight. You're not called to do everything, be everything, or even see everything. You are called to keep your gaze fixed on God alone. Don't look at all of your problems all at once; instead, look at ONE of His promises all of the time until you've made it your own. God's Word is living and breathing, active and powerful. God's Word holds life, wisdom and revelation for you. Search until you find them. It's time to reset your perspective. God has peace for you here. He has joy for you here. He has provision for you in this place. Look to Him and you'll find life again. May you spend the rest of your life getting to know the love of God and the promises of God. May you spend every moment seeking the face of God. He deserves your trust. He's a good God. It's impossible for Him to fail you.
*(Photo by Daiga Ellaby on Unsplash)
Have a Great Day!
Daily Blessing
May the Lord Himself pour out a fresh anointing on your life today! May you suddenly have a heightened discernment about where to walk, walk to say, and how to pray. May the Lord fill you afresh with new insights from His Word. May you lose your taste for the things that weaken you and hunger more for that which strengthens you. May God open your eyes to the importance of your life and your calling. And may you find strength and courage with every faith-filled step you take. You are mighty in God. Have a great day today!
Think Eternity
Daily Blessing
No matter what your life is like right now, may you determine to set your sights on eternity. May you suddenly see with spirit-eyes God's loving, involvement in the details of your life. He's got you, so instead of worry, worship. Instead of fear, try faith. Instead of griping, lavish gratitude. Every good gift comes from above. And every heartbreak will one day be redeemed for those who belong to Jesus. Look up more often than you look down today. Bless you.
Take Your Stand
Daily Blessing
May you take a new grip with your tired hands and mark out a straight path for your feet. God has given you promises to hang onto and enough light for the road in front of you. Someone once said, 'The devil drives but the Shepherd leads.' Tell your soul that the devil will not drive you off your promise, off your property, or off your sense of purpose. In fact, the Lord Himself fights for you! So take your stand, hold your ground, and refuse to be bullied by your fears. Jesus won the war so you can win this battle. You are mighty in God, my friend!
His Presence & Promises
Daily Blessing
May Jesus' presence be especially tangible to you today. May the reality of His love sink deep into your bones. May His faithfulness be your anchor, His promises, your protection, and His presence, your joy. God is faithful and it's impossible for Him to fail you. He's made promises to you that He intends to keep. And His presence changes everything. Enjoy and embrace the access God has offered you today.


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*disclamer* just to start this of i am not some pro l33t player or anything like that and this just my opinion and it is subject to change.
tier 1-
GHEIST their bonus is just so damn stong and well their cards are much better than their counterpart the Roots imo, i dont think they are the best and they have their weakness "like SoB" and their mono decks arent as stong with the recent perma banns
Montana that attack reduction is just insane, they have so many good cards like Mona, Griezzo and Spiaghi probably the best clan, makes a nice mono or half deck
Skeelz so solid good in a half deck, mono and splash does pretty much every thing. nuff said
Piranas before i get started i have to say they are my main "well used to be" their bonus is really good, clans that need it like Rescue and GHEIST are just slaughtered most of their cards have huge power, pill manipulation is real strong Scrubb can just overpill and get away with it. Only down side half deck isnt so strong imo and their perma banns really make a difference.
Vortex their clan bonus is so forgiving and allows you to make huge plays and not geting punished for it, however the main problem is their bonus doent win fights. btw they are on the edge of being top of tier 2 but im nice like that.
ok so thats the end of tier 1 i just wanna say that thats not in any order and that if your favourite clan isnt there tier 2 is still very viable they just have down sides that tier 1 dont.
0 ComeAtMe Titan aussie crusaders Sunday 06/01/2013, 13:16
Well firstly Ojibway doesn't go well in a half deck, you really want to make sure he gets his bonus so SOA cards like Angelo don't mess with his ability. IMO you need Fuzz in the Junkz half deck, so Ojibway for Fuzz. Flora should be swapped to Treeman just for the extra 2 power and 1 damage. Gretchen can be swapped to Tuck but that's just my preference. Rico is fine in there, Jeena and Noodile work just as well. Tremorh, Romana and Flanagan are fine.
Final deck: Fuzz. Flanagan, Romana, Tremorh, Tuck/Gretchen, Rico, Jeena and Treeman.
Or if you really hate that deck you can run the deck I used to get to 1417 : Ongh, Benicio, Buba, Rodney, Radek, Mindy, Jean and Pegh.
Mmmm really? I wanted to make sure I had a good nuke like Ojibway since the 14 life seemed to help and the deck is kinda low-ish on the damage side. But yeah,Fuzz seems like a better alternative,thanks for the suggestion(plus he is cheap!). Flora has helped me with some troll wins when they think I will 1 pill her,but yeah Treeman looks stabler with the high power and I feel like a noob for not thinking it before . Mmmm will try swapping and seeing how it will work,but if it messes up my perfect score I am gonna haunt you
Wow 1417? I have the same deck ready and haven't tried it yet! Let's see how it goes
0_The_Oracle Imperator Open Casket Sunday 06/01/2013, 15:32
@ComeAtMe inspired by me (subtlely taking credits)
but yah junkz roots pretty good. I saw some a$$ running junkz + jungo very strong fuzz + ongh death hand.
0 ComeAtMe Titan aussie crusaders Monday 07/01/2013, 12:31
I got Cassio Cr from ELO
Why make a new preset, a new thread, a new annoyance when you can just post it on one of the 'older' threads which is almost dead (unless someone says something really stupid like Bob Joby is better then Lizbeth and sparks it up again).
ghelas Titan E X C A L I B U R Monday 07/01/2013, 22:12
Congrats on the CR win, ComeAtMe! I had no trouble with ELO until Saturday last week... And then I managed to tank super hard. D'oh!
KitsuneKatsumi Imperator XiongDang Friday 11/01/2013, 01:32
My New Years' Tier Rankings (accounts for recent permanent bans and newest releases)
Tier 1:
Tier 2:
All Stars
Tier 3:
Tier 4:
Ulu Watu
Tier 5:
Fang Pi Clang
Tier 6:
La Junta
Tier 7:
Biggest mover is Montana. Angelo makes Montana a pain not just in mono but 1/2 as well, and the gap between Uppers and Montana has narrowed dramatically.
Despite losing Robb Cr, I've found Nathan to be a suitable replacement, allowing AS to remain #2, and Saki is often a blowout. Vortex is solidly #3 now with 5 topend characters to play with (Dagg, X-0DUS, T Gaank, Deea and Cyb Lhia).
Bans have laid low Freaks, GHEIST and Frozn: Roots has moved ahead of GHEIST; Yookie is easier to replace than Dolly.
I've realized that I need to rank Piranas more objectively; they are poorly played and poorly built most players and they require a lot of experience to both play and build. I would never use Ector but I guess my rankings have to account that a majority of players using Piranas in ELO are using Ector and not Dalhia.
Nightmare lost Azel but SOB has gained in value with Montana surging, and Nightmare is still resistant to DR.
Skeelz will trend downward as Montana trend upward.
Really love that list Kitsune,I really like your analytical posts although they don't always give you the love you deserve. You guys even made me invest somewhat on Vortex.
Plus what ghelas said at the beginning of this very long thread, that they help you make safe openers really ringed true to me since I got a tendency to kinda overpill sometimes.
I am still not that much experienced(got to 1300 easily thanks to 0 ComeAtMe,but I am struggling this week) but it's still nice to see how the current meta changes depending on the bans and the releases.
I really hate Uppers,I don't like their bonus or their cards,everything seems kinda op to me. In the end,why do Sakrohm have 2 att.manip less and not that many good cards? It's kinda unfair. But as time passes by,I might even have to consider something like Harold,Jose Star,Kazayan etc. I really hope I never come to this though
One question to you guys,what makes All Stars that good? Before spitting on your pc screen whatever you are drinking/eating,I wanna say,how come they got some low powered cards that are considered good and still make their way into a deck? Do you think it's because of the bonus? SOB really ruins,as I have seen,but other than that? Cards abilities? Synergy with other classes?
Thanks for the input


text:
From the Braver Institute
Wait, let me rephrase that. From the time I was a kid until somewhere into adulthood I had a mind that was in full "go" mode all of the time. Ideas would pop into my head and I was powerless to do anything with those ideas besides think of them constantly. These ideas ran the gamut. They could be business ideas or some new contraption I had dreamed up, maybe a story or a song; a woodworking project.
When I had a new idea I was like a kid with a new toy who plays with it non-stop right to the point of losing interest and never wanting to play with the thing again. I would think about the idea to the point of wanting nothing to do with the idea.
I would go over all of the ins and outs and the hows and whys. I would know all of the ways the idea wouldn't work and perhaps more importantly I would know the ways that it would. The seed of the idea would be planted and there was no off switch on it to stop it from growing. The only thing that would stop it was when I would stop thinking about it. Sometimes this was only a few hours but there were times when it could be days or weeks later.
This was all great and wonderful to have these ideas to play around with but there was a serious drawback and that was that these ideas would keep me up at night. It would be late, I would be tired, I would lie in bed desperately wanting sleep but if the idea hadn't been worked through at some point earlier, my brain would stay fully engaged and it would take hours for Morpheus to finally pay me a visit.
Fortunately I was young and under the impression that I could function at the one hundred percent level with only three hours of sleep. Such is the illusion we live under at that age.
In my mid to late twenties I somehow managed to teach myself how to shut my brain off. I'm not sure exactly when it happened or exactly how I managed to do it, but I do remember coming up with a way to distract myself from the thoughts of the day. I would think about benign subjects by watching a documentary on Soviet era farming equipment or recount one of my high school history teachers lectures. Essentially I would bore myself to sleep.
As time went on I think my mind got the message that it had either shut down or it was going to have to listen to Mr. Bowers talk about the aftermath of the War of 1812 again. Eventually falling asleep became one of the easiest things in my life to do and what a marvelous thing that is.
These days if I am awake five minutes after hitting the pillow I start wondering what is wrong and if this is going to continue for another five whole minutes. It doesn't matter if I go to bed at eight o'clock or midnight. I will be dead to the world in a matter of moments and more often than not I will sleep until my alarm goes off or (on non workdays) to the point of being fully rested.
The ability to fall asleep without any trouble is truly a wonderful thing to those of us who have been given such a gift.
I reached a point of near panic a few months ago when I found myself still awake after being in bed for half an hour. I wasn't even thinking about anything. I simply couldn't sleep.
I was really concerned that this might happen again but thankfully the next night I was right back to being asleep before my eyelids were clamped.
The best thing about being able to sleep so well is that I am so much better at thinking my ideas through while I am awake. The idea mill is definitely a more productive machine with proper rest.
So for those of you who spend the night tossing and turning, chasing the ever elusive unconsciousness, let me tell you about John Brown and the raid on Harpers Ferry.
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Waye Braver can be contacted on Facebook or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com. Visit the Braver Institute at www.braverinsitute.com
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47 U.S. Code § 1301 - Findings
Pub. L. 110–385, title I, § 101, Oct. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 4096, provided that:
Ex. Ord. No. 13616, June 14, 2012, 77 F.R. 36903, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, and in order to facilitate broadband deployment on Federal lands, buildings, and rights of way, federally assisted highways, and tribal and individual Indian trust lands (tribal lands), particularly in underserved communities, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Policy. Broadband access is essential to the Nation's global competitiveness in the 21st century, driving job creation, promoting innovation, and expanding markets for American businesses. Broadband access also affords public safety agencies the opportunity for greater levels of effectiveness and interoperability. While broadband infrastructure has been deployed in a vast majority of communities across the country, today too many areas still lack adequate access to this crucial resource. For these areas, decisions on access to Federal property and rights of way can be essential to the deployment of both wired and wireless broadband infrastructure. The Federal Government controls nearly 30 percent of all land in the United States, owns thousands of buildings, and provides substantial funding for State and local transportation infrastructure, creating significant opportunities for executive departments and agencies (agencies) to help expand broadband infrastructure.
Sec. 2. Broadband Deployment on Federal Property Working Group. (a) In order to ensure a coordinated and consistent approach in implementing agency procedures, requirements, and policies related to access to Federal lands, buildings, and rights of way, federally assisted highways, and tribal lands to advance broadband deployment, there is established a Broadband Deployment on Federal Property Working Group (Working Group), to be co-chaired by representatives designated by the Administrator of General Services and the Secretary of Homeland Security (Co-Chairs) from their respective agencies, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (Director) and in coordination with the Chief Performance Officer (CPO).
(b) The Working Group shall be composed of:
(i) a representative from each of the following agencies, and the Co-Chairs, all of which have significant ownership of, or responsibility for managing, Federal lands, buildings, and rights of way, federally assisted highways, and tribal lands (Broadband Member Agencies):
(1) the Department of Defense;
(2) the Department of the Interior;
(3) the Department of Agriculture;
(4) the Department of Commerce;
(5) the Department of Transportation;
(6) the Department of Veterans Affairs; and
(7) the United States Postal Service;
(ii) a representative from each of the following agencies or offices, to provide advice and assistance:
(1) the Federal Communications Commission;
(2) the Council on Environmental Quality;
(3) the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation; and
(4) the National Security Staff; and
(iii) representatives from such other agencies or offices as the Co-Chairs may invite to participate.
(c) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Working Group shall report to the Steering Committee on Federal Infrastructure Permitting and Review Process Improvement, established pursuant to Executive Order 13604 of March 22, 2012 (Improving Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projects), on the progress that has been made in implementing the actions mandated by sections 3 through 5 of this order.
Sec. 3. Coordinating Consistent and Efficient Federal Broadband Procedures, Requirements, and Policies. (a) Each Broadband Member Agency, following coordination with other Broadband Member Agencies and interested non-member agencies, shall:
(i) develop and implement a strategy to facilitate the timely and efficient deployment of broadband facilities on Federal lands, buildings, and rights of way, federally assisted highways, and tribal lands, that:
(1) ensures a consistent approach across the Federal Government that facilitates broadband deployment processes and decisions, including by: avoiding duplicative reviews; coordinating review processes; providing clear notice of all application and other requirements; ensuring consistent interpretation and application of all procedures, requirements, and policies; supporting decisions on deployment of broadband service to those living on tribal lands consistent with existing statutes, treaties, and trust responsibilities; and ensuring the public availability of current information on these matters;
(2) where beneficial and appropriate, includes procedures for coordination with State, local, and tribal governments, and other appropriate entities;
(3) is coordinated with appropriate external stakeholders, as determined by each Broadband Member Agency, prior to implementation; and
(4) is provided to the Co-Chairs within 180 days of the date of this order; and
(ii) provide comprehensive and current information on accessing Federal lands, buildings, and rights of way, federally assisted highways, and tribal lands for the deployment of broadband facilities, and develop strategies to increase the usefulness and accessibility of this information, including ensuring such information is available online and in a format that is compatible with appropriate Government websites, such as the Federal Infrastructure Projects Dashboard created pursuant to my memorandum of August 31, 2011 (Speeding Infrastructure Development Through More Efficient and Effective Permitting and Environmental Review).
(b) The activities conducted pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, particularly with respect to the establishment of timelines for permitting and review processes, shall be consistent with Executive Order 13604 and with the Federal Plan and Agency Plans to be developed pursuant to that order.
(c) The Co-Chairs, in consultation with the Director and in coordination with the CPO, shall coordinate, review, and monitor the development and implementation of the strategies required by paragraph (a)(i) of this section.
(d) Broadband Member Agencies may limit the information made available pursuant to paragraph (a)(ii) of this section as appropriate to accommodate national security, public safety, and privacy concerns.
Sec. 4. Contracts, Applications, and Permits. (a) Section 6409 of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–96) contains provisions addressing access to Federal property for the deployment of wireless broadband facilities, including requirements that the General Services Administration (GSA) develop application forms, master contracts, and fees for such access. The GSA shall consult with the Working Group in developing these application forms, master contracts, and fees.
(b) To the extent not already addressed by section 6409, each Broadband Member Agency with responsibility for managing Federal lands, buildings, or rights of way (as determined by the Co-Chairs) shall, in coordination with the Working Group and within 1 year of the date of this order, develop and use one or more templates for uniform contract, application, and permit terms to facilitate nongovernment entities' use of Federal property for the deployment of broadband facilities. The templates shall, where appropriate, allow for access by multiple broadband service providers and public safety entities. To ensure a consistent approach across the Federal Government and different broadband technologies, the templates shall, to the extent practicable and efficient, provide equal access to Federal property for the deployment of wireline and wireless facilities.
Sec. 5. Deployment of Conduit for Broadband Facilities in Conjunction with Federal or Federally Assisted Highway Construction. (a) The installation of underground fiber conduit along highway and roadway rights of way can improve traffic flow and safety through implementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and reduce the cost of future broadband deployment. Accordingly, within 1 year of the date of this order:
(i) the Department of Transportation, in consultation with the Working Group, shall review dig once requirements in its existing programs and implement a flexible set of best practices that can accommodate changes in broadband technology and minimize excavations consistent with competitive broadband deployment;
(ii) the Department of Transportation shall work with State and local governments to help them develop and implement best practices on such matters as establishing dig once requirements, effectively using private investment in State ITS infrastructure, determining fair market value for rights of way on federally assisted highways, and reestablishing any highway assets disturbed by installation;
(iii) the Department of the Interior and other Broadband Member Agencies with responsibility for federally owned highways and rights of way on tribal lands (as determined by the Co-Chairs) shall revise their procedures, requirements, and policies to include the use of dig once requirements and similar policies to encourage the deployment of broadband infrastructure in conjunction with Federal highway construction, as well as to provide for the reestablishment of any highway assets disturbed by installation;
(iv) the Department of Transportation, after outreach to relevant nonfederal stakeholders, shall review and, if necessary, revise its guidance to State departments of transportation on allowing for-profit or other entities to accommodate or construct, safely and securely maintain, and utilize broadband facilities on State and locally owned rights of way in order to reflect changes in broadband technologies and markets and to promote competitive broadband infrastructure deployment; and
(v) the Department of Transportation, in consultation with the Working Group and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, shall create an online platform that States and counties may use to aggregate and make publicly available their rights of way laws and joint occupancy guidelines and agreements.
(b) For the purposes of this section, the term "dig once requirements" means requirements designed to reduce the number and scale of repeated excavations for the installation and maintenance of broadband facilities in rights of way.
Sec. 6. General Provisions. (a) This order shall be implemented consistent with all applicable laws, treaties, and trust obligations, and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(c) Independent agencies are strongly encouraged to comply with this order.
(d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
[Reference to the National Security Staff deemed to be a reference to the National Security Council Staff, see Ex. Ord. No. 13657, set out as a note under section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
Memorandum of President of the United States, June 28, 2010, 75 F.R. 38387, provided:
Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies
America's future competitiveness and global technology leadership depend, in part, upon the availability of additional spectrum. The world is going wireless, and we must not fall behind. The resurgence of American productivity growth that started in the 1990s largely reflects investments by American companies, the public sector, and citizens in the new communications technologies that are what we know today as the Internet. The Internet, as vital infrastructure, has become central to the daily economic life of almost every American by creating unprecedented opportunities for small businesses and individual entrepreneurs. We are now beginning the next transformation in information technology: the wireless broadband revolution.
Few technological developments hold as much potential to enhance America's economic competitiveness, create jobs, and improve the quality of our lives as wireless high-speed access to the Internet. Innovative new mobile technologies hold the promise for a virtuous cycle—millions of consumers gain faster access to more services at less cost, spurring innovation, and then a new round of consumers benefit from new services. The wireless revolution has already begun with millions of Americans taking advantage of wireless access to the Internet.
Expanded wireless broadband access will trigger the creation of innovative new businesses, provide cost-effective connections in rural areas, increase productivity, improve public safety, and allow for the development of mobile telemedicine, telework, distance learning, and other new applications that will transform Americans' lives.
Spectrum and the new technologies it enables also are essential to the Federal Government, which relies on spectrum for important activities, such as emergency communications, national security, law enforcement, aviation, maritime, space communications, and numerous other Federal functions. Spectrum is also critical for many State, local, and tribal government functions. As the wireless broadband revolution unfolds, innovation can enable efficient and imaginative uses of spectrum to maintain and enhance the Government's capabilities.
In order to achieve mobile wireless broadband's full potential, we need an environment where innovation thrives, and where new capabilities also are secure, trustworthy, and provide appropriate safeguards for users' privacy. These characteristics will continue to be important to the adoption of mobile wireless broadband.
This new era in global technology leadership will only happen if there is adequate spectrum available to support the forthcoming myriad of wireless devices, networks, and applications that can drive the new economy. To do so, we can use our American ingenuity to wring abundance from scarcity, by finding ways to use spectrum more efficiently. We can also unlock the value of otherwise underutilized spectrum and open new avenues for spectrum users to derive value through the development of advanced, situation-aware spectrum-sharing technologies.
I therefore am hereby directing that executive departments, agencies, and offices, and strongly encourage that independent agencies, take the following steps:
Section 1. The Secretary of Commerce, working through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), shall:
(a) collaborate with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to make available a total of 500 MHz of Federal and nonfederal spectrum over the next 10 years, suitable for both mobile and fixed wireless broadband use. The spectrum must be available to be licensed by the FCC for exclusive use or made available for shared access by commercial and Government users in order to enable licensed or unlicensed wireless broadband technologies to be deployed;
(b) collaborate with the FCC to complete by October 1, 2010, a specific Plan and Timetable for identifying and making available 500 MHz of spectrum as described in subsection (a) of this section. For purposes of successfully implementing any repurposing of existing spectrum in accordance with subsection (a) of this section, the Plan and Timetable must take into account the need to ensure no loss of critical existing and planned Federal, State, local, and tribal government capabilities, the international implications, and the need for appropriate enforcement mechanisms and authorities;
(c) convene the Policy and Plans Steering Group (PPSG) to advise NTIA on achieving the objectives in subsections (a) and (b) of this section. The Secretaries of Defense, the Treasury, Transportation, State, the Interior, Agriculture, Energy, and Homeland Security, the Attorney General, the Administrators of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration, the Director of National Intelligence, the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, and the head of any other executive department or agency that is currently authorized to use spectrum shall participate and cooperate fully, or in the case of independent agencies are strongly encouraged to, in the activities of the Department of Commerce in accomplishing subsections (a) and (b) of this section and promptly provide appropriate funding and staff resources for agency support to these efforts and the work of the PPSG; and
(d) submit, not later than 180 days after the Plan and Timetable described in subsection (b) of this section are completed, to the National Economic Council (NEC), the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) an interim report to assess progress against the Plan and Timetable developed in accordance with subsection (b) of this section. Additional interim reports shall be submitted 180 days after the submission of the first interim report and then annually thereafter until such time as the Plan and Timetable are completed. In preparing these reports, the Secretary of Commerce shall work cooperatively with the FCC and other relevant departments, agencies, and offices.
Sec. 2. The Director of OMB shall work with the Secretary of Commerce, through NTIA and in consultation with affected departments, agencies, and offices, to incorporate into the Plan and Timetable referred to in section 1(b) of this memorandum adequate funding, incentives, and assistance to enable executive agencies or other affected entities to accomplish the actions specified in section 1(a) of this memorandum.
Sec. 3. The Secretary of Commerce, working through NTIA, in consultation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Defense, the Department of Justice, NASA, and other agencies as appropriate, shall create and implement a plan to facilitate research, development, experimentation, and testing by researchers to explore innovative spectrum-sharing technologies, including those that are secure and resilient.
Sec. 4. The FCC is strongly encouraged to work closely with the Department of Commerce, through NTIA, to carry out this memorandum as it relates to the FCC, including the repurposing of nonfederal Government spectrum as appropriate and identifying the mechanisms necessary to ensure compliance with the FCC's decisions.
Sec. 5. The NEC, the OMB, and the OSTP (in consultation with the Department of Commerce, working through NTIA, FCC, and the National Security Staff) shall assess, based on the interim report developed pursuant to section 1(d) of this memorandum, whether there has been sufficient progress in achieving the objectives of this memorandum or whether some other mechanism, such as an independent review panel, is needed to address those areas where sufficient progress is not occurring. The NEC, the OMB, and the OSTP shall make any necessary recommendations to the President regarding such progress 45 days after receiving the initial interim report required by section 1(d) of this memorandum and, as appropriate, following subsequent reports.
Sec. 6.
(a) To the extent permitted by law and within existing appropriations, the Department of Commerce, through NTIA, shall provide administrative support for the interagency groups created in this memorandum.
(b) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect the functions of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(c) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to require the disclosure of classified information, law enforcement sensitive information, or other information that must be protected in the interests of national security.
(d) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(e) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Sec. 7. The Secretary of Commerce is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
[Reference to the National Security Staff deemed to be a reference to the National Security Council Staff, see Ex. Ord. No. 13657, set out as a note under section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
Memorandum of President of the United States, June 14, 2013, 78 F.R. 37431, provided:
Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies
A combination of American entrepreneurship and innovation, private investment, and smart policy has positioned the United States as the global leader in wireless broadband technologies. Expanding the availability of spectrum for innovative and flexible commercial uses, including for broadband services, will further promote our Nation's economic development by providing citizens and businesses with greater speed and availability of coverage, encourage further development of cutting-edge wireless technologies, applications, and services, and help reduce usage charges for households and businesses. We must continue to make additional spectrum available as promptly as possible for the benefit of consumers and businesses. At the same time, we must ensure that Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial governments are able to maintain mission critical capabilities that depend on spectrum today, as well as effectively and efficiently meet future requirements.
In my memorandum of June 28, 2010 (Unleashing the Wireless Broadband Revolution), I directed the Secretary of Commerce, working through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), to collaborate with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to make 500 MHz of Federal and nonfederal spectrum available for wireless broadband use within 10 years. Executive departments and agencies (agencies), including NTIA, have done an excellent job of pursuing the twin goals of advancing their agency missions and promoting innovation and economic growth. Although existing efforts will almost double the amount of spectrum available for wireless broadband, we must make available even more spectrum and create new avenues for wireless innovation. One means of doing so is by allowing and encouraging shared access to spectrum that is currently allocated exclusively for Federal use. Where technically and economically feasible, sharing can and should be used to enhance efficiency among all users and expedite commercial access to additional spectrum bands, subject to adequate interference protection for Federal users, especially users with national security, law enforcement, and safety-of-life responsibilities. In order to meet growing Federal spectrum requirements, we should also seek to eliminate restrictions on commercial carriers' ability to negotiate sharing arrangements with agencies. To further these efforts, while still safeguarding protected incumbent systems that are vital to Federal interests and economic growth, this memorandum directs agencies and offices to take a number of additional actions to accelerate shared access to spectrum.
Therefore, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act, 40 U.S.C. 101 et seq., and in order to promote economy and efficiency in Federal procurement, I hereby direct the following:
Section 1. Spectrum Policy Team. (a) The Chief Technology Officer and the Director of the National Economic Council, or their designees, shall co-chair a Spectrum Policy Team that shall include representatives from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the National Security Staff, and the Council of Economic Advisers. The Spectrum Policy Team shall work with NTIA to implement this memorandum. The Spectrum Policy Team may invite the FCC to provide advice and assistance.
(b) The Spectrum Policy Team shall monitor and support advances in spectrum sharing policies and technologies. Within 1 year of the date of this memorandum, the Spectrum Policy Team shall publish a report describing how NTIA and FCC are incorporating spectrum sharing into their spectrum management practices. The report shall include recommendations that enable more productive uses of spectrum throughout our economy and society and protect the current and future mission capabilities of agencies. The Spectrum Policy Team shall also assess national security, law enforcement, safety-of-life, economic, scientific, social, international, and other policy considerations related to licensed and unlicensed spectrum use, including standardization as well as the extent to which the revenue potential of spectrum auctions affects spectrum policy.
Sec. 2. Collaboration on Spectrum Sharing. (a) The Secretary of Commerce, working through NTIA, has been facilitating discussions between agencies and nonfederal entities that have produced an unprecedented level of information-sharing and collaboration to identify opportunities for agencies to relinquish or share spectrum, currently focusing on the 1695–1710 MHz band, the 1755–1850 MHz band, and the 5350–5470 and 5850–5925 MHz bands. The NTIA shall continue to facilitate these discussions and the sharing of data to expedite commercial entry into these bands where possible, provided that the mission capabilities of Federal systems designed to operate in these bands are maintained and protected, including through relocation, either to alternative spectrum or non-spectrum dependent systems, or through acceptable sharing arrangements. These discussions shall also be expanded to encompass more spectrum bands that may be candidates for shared access, specifically those in the range below 6 GHz, subject to the protection of the capabilities of Federal systems designed to operate in those bands.
(b) Within 3 months of the date of this memorandum, the Secretary of Commerce, working through NTIA and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and building on the results from the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program, shall publish an inventory and description of Federal test facilities available to commercial and other stakeholders engaged in research, development, testing, and evaluation of technologies to enhance spectrum sharing and other spectrum-related efficiencies. To maximize the productive use of these facilities and to facilitate greater collaboration among agencies and nonfederal stakeholders, the Secretary of Commerce, working through NTIA, NIST, and other appropriate agencies, shall, within 6 months of the date of this memorandum, establish a plan for the development and promulgation of standard policies, best practices, and templates governing the following: research, development, testing, and evaluation of spectrum sharing technologies by and among commercial, Government, and academic stakeholders at Federal facilities.
(c) All policies, practices, and templates shall be subject to safeguards reasonably necessary to protect classified, sensitive, and proprietary data. Within 6 months of the date of this memorandum, the Spectrum Policy Team, in consultation with the Department of Justice, the National Archives and Records Administration, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, and other appropriate agencies, shall, consistent with applicable law, including 5 U.S.C. 552, as amended by Public Law 107–306 and Public Law 11–175 [110–175], and Executive Order 13526 of December 29, 2009 (Classified National Security Information), implement policies for the sharing with authorized nonfederal parties of classified, sensitive, or proprietary data regarding assignments, utilization of spectrum, system configurations, business plans, and other information.
Sec. 3. Agency Usage of Spectrum. (a) The NTIA, in consultation with the Spectrum Policy Team and appropriate agencies, shall include in its Fourth Interim Report required by section 1(d) of my memorandum of June 28, 2010, a plan directing applicable agencies to provide quantitative assessments of the actual usage of spectrum in those spectrum bands that NTIA previously identified and prioritized in its Third Interim Report and such other bands as NTIA and the Spectrum Policy Team determine have the greatest potential to be shared with nonfederal users. Each agency's assessment shall be prepared according to such metrics and other parameters as are reasonably necessary to determine the extent to which spectrum assigned to the agency could potentially be made available for sharing with or release to commercial users, particularly in major metropolitan areas, without adversely affecting agencies' missions, especially those related to national security, law enforcement, and safety of life. Each assessment shall also include a discussion of projected increases in spectrum usage and needs and shall identify where access to nonfederal spectrum could aid in fulfilling agency missions. The plan shall further require each agency to submit its assessments to NTIA and the Spectrum Policy Team within 12 months of the plan's release. In identifying spectrum bands with the greatest potential to be shared, NTIA and the Spectrum Policy Team shall consider the number and nature of Federal and nonfederal systems in a band, the technical suitability of the band for shared use, international implications, any potential for relocating Federal systems to comparable spectrum or otherwise enabling comparable capabilities, and other factors NTIA and the Spectrum Policy Team deem relevant based on consultation with agencies and other stakeholders. A band shall be identified as a candidate for shared access under this subsection only if it has been likewise identified under section 2(a) of this memorandum.
(b) The reporting of information under this section shall be subject to existing safeguards protecting classified, sensitive, and proprietary data. The NTIA shall release a summary of the assessments publicly to the extent consistent with law. The NTIA and the Spectrum Policy Team shall make any appropriate recommendations regarding the possible availability of spectrum in the subject bands for innovative and flexible commercial uses, including broadband, taking into account factors such as the nature of the Federal systems in the bands and the extent to which those systems occupy and use the bands.
(c) The NTIA shall design and conduct a pilot program to monitor spectrum usage in real time in selected communities throughout the country to determine whether a comprehensive monitoring program in major metropolitan areas could disclose opportunities for more efficient spectrum access, including via sharing. The NTIA shall work with agencies to ensure the program will not reveal sensitive or classified information. The NTIA shall consult with each agency to determine the correct technical parameters to monitor usage.
(d) Within 6 months of the date of this memorandum, NTIA shall take such actions as are necessary to require that each agency's regular reviews of its frequency assignments include a quantitative assessment of its actual usage of spectrum under such assignments.
(e) The NTIA shall also take such actions as are necessary to require that an agency requesting a frequency assignment or spectrum certification for systems operating between 400 MHz and 6 GHz verify that it must operate in this critical range, and that it will use the minimum spectrum reasonably necessary to most effectively meet mission requirements. The requesting agency shall also verify that it is not reasonable to satisfy such requirements in some other manner, such as at higher frequencies, via commercial services, or via a system that is not spectrum-dependent, whether due to cost, technology, implementation, performance reasons, international obligations, or other practical or legal constraints. In the case of system certification requests only, the requesting agency shall also present with its request a narrative explaining why its proposed solution will most effectively meet its mission requirements, in light of potential alternative approaches and all practical and legal constraints. Further, requesting agencies shall identify spectrum that will no longer be used by any legacy systems that are replaced. In implementing this subsection, NTIA shall take all steps necessary to protect against disclosure of sensitive and classified information.
Sec. 4. Spectrum Efficiency in Procurements. Agencies shall include spectrum efficiency when considering procurement of spectrum-dependent systems and hardware, as a technical requirement, an evaluation criterion for award, or both. The Director of OMB, in consultation with NTIA, shall develop and incorporate spectrum efficiency guidelines into budget and procurement processes. These guidelines shall facilitate, as appropriate, the design and procurement of systems that increase flexibility through means such as multiple-band tuning capabilities and the use of commercial systems. The guidelines also shall require, to the extent possible, procurements of Federal systems such that emission levels resulting from reasonable use of adjacent spectrum will not impair the functioning of such systems, consistent with any applicable radio receiver performance criteria and international obligations.
Sec. 5. Performance Criteria for Radio Receivers. The FCC is strongly encouraged, in consultation with NTIA, where appropriate, the industry, and other stakeholders, to develop to the fullest extent of its legal authority a program of performance criteria, ratings, and other measures, including standards, to encourage the design, manufacture, and sale of radio receivers such that emission levels resulting from reasonable use of adjacent spectrum will not endanger the functioning of the receiver or seriously degrade, obstruct, or repeatedly interrupt the operations of the receiver. In developing such a program, the FCC is strongly encouraged to give due consideration to existing policies and prudent investments that have been previously made in systems, including receivers. In its consultation with the FCC, NTIA shall provide information regarding Federal receiver standards and agency practices under those standards.
Sec. 6. Incentives for Agencies. The Spectrum Policy Team shall, within 6 months of the date of this memorandum, publish a report making recommendations to the President regarding market-based or other approaches that could give agencies greater incentive to share or relinquish spectrum, while protecting the mission capabilities of existing and future systems that rely on spectrum use. The report shall consider whether the Spectrum Currency and Spectrum Efficiency Fund proposals made by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology would be effective. The report shall also analyze the impact of the Commercial Spectrum Enhancement Act of 2004 (Title II of Public Law 108–494), as modified by the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–96).
Sec. 7. Rapid Deployment of Wireless Broadband. The FCC is strongly encouraged, in collaboration with NTIA, where appropriate, to expedite the repurposing of spectrum and otherwise enable innovative and flexible commercial uses of spectrum, including broadband, to be deployed as rapidly as possible by:
(a) identifying spectrum allocated for nonfederal uses that can be made available for licensed and unlicensed wireless broadband services and devices, and other innovative and flexible uses of spectrum, while fairly accommodating the rights and reasonable expectations of incumbent users;
(b) identifying spectrum allocated for nonfederal uses that can be made available to agencies, on a shared or exclusive basis, particularly where necessary to accommodate agencies seeking to relocate systems out of bands that could be made available for licensed services or unlicensed devices;
(c) promulgating and enforcing rules for licensed services to provide strong incentives for licensees to put spectrum to use and avoid spectrum warehousing. Such rules may include build-out requirements or other licensing conditions as appropriate for the particular circumstance;
(d) establishing and maintaining conditions that promote a reliable secondary market for spectrum, including provisions enabling negotiated access by agencies and uses not addressed in subsection (b) of this section;
(e) promulgating and enforcing rules for licensed services and unlicensed devices to share Federal spectrum that accommodate mission changes and technology updates by both Federal and nonfederal users; and
(f) consulting with the Department of State regarding international obligations related to spectrum use.
Sec. 8. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to any agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to require the disclosure of classified information, law enforcement sensitive information, or other information that must be protected in the interest of national security or public safety.
(c) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(d) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
(e) Independent agencies are strongly encouraged to comply with the requirements of this memorandum.
(f) The Presidential Memorandum of November 30, 2004 (Improving Spectrum Management for the 21st Century), is hereby revoked.
(g) The Secretary of Commerce is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
[Reference to the National Security Staff deemed to be a reference to the National Security Council Staff, see Ex. Ord. No. 13657, set out as a note under section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
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|Motto: Homo sapiens non urinat in ventum.
|Anthem: "Gaul Along The Watchtower"
The Roman Empire at the time of its greatest extent. Notice the seven volcanoes just outside of the Neutral Zone.
|Largest city
|Rome or Alexandria
|Official languages
|Republic, Dictator from 46 BC-476 AD
|Imperator Caesar Anyone Pius Felix Augustus
|Legislative body
|National Heroes
|Romulus, Remus, Crassus, Crapus, Gaius Julius Cæsar, iClaudius, Homo Sexualis, Caligula, Spartacus, Don Corleone, Johnius Stamosius, Liksalotapus, Attila the Hun.
|Large blocks of salt and the original Euro™
|1.5 million square miles (+/- 5 meters3)
| 60 million (Estimated)
|National Bird
|Two-headed mutant eagle
|National religion
|Paganism; later Christianity
The Roman Empire was the most powerful and technologically advanced empire in the classical ages. After founding the republic in 500 BC and until the fall of the empire in 476 AD, they went on to become masters of nearly all of Europe. "Western" culture claims its roots in the combined "Greco-Roman" culture. Rome was the glory and light of Europe, having built the most magnificent structures, temples and buildings. Romans invented concrete and the government ideology that democratic processes are used to elect the people who control the empire or country at question.
How Rome was built (in a day) by the RomansEdit
- For a totally biased opposing view on how Rome was built by the Romans, see Ancient Rome.
The Roman Empire took its name from the city of Rome. It was said its site was chosen by Romulus, the wolf brought up son of the god Mars and Princess Bar of Alba Longo. Bar's father Confectionarius disowned paternity of Romulus and his jazzier twin brother Remus and sent the boys to a Lupine adoption agency. The boys eventually returned home some years later with their four legged friends and tore Confectionarius apart.
Deciding they needed a new start, Romulus and Remus looked elsewhere to set up shop in Italy. They chose the site of Seven Hills for Seven Valleys and called it Oregon. Remus objected, said he wanted to join Hogwarts and become a wizard or something, and was killed for dissent. Romulus's companions agreed to call the new city Romulusville until it was shortened to Rome. This was supposed to have happened in 753 BC from which the Romans then based their calendar. Rome was then ruled by a series of kings until the last one Tarquin Finbintin-Super-Dufurus was deposed in 509. Those Romans with clean togas declared their city a Republic and rewarded themselves with sinecures, young secretaries and pork barrels.
The Romans without clean togas kept farming.
Expanding (of the Republic)Edit
Roman historians like Livy claimed that Rome and its people were quite happy to stay at home and watch gladiator games, but it was their jealous neighbours that forced them to take action. Growth was slow for the first couple of centuries with Romans more often killing each other over status and toga length than being bothered with other people.
But like a pot of purple red paint, Rome's frontiers moved north, south, earth, wind and fire. Rome's armies saw and conquered. All the time Rome was developing its constitutional set up with a Senate, A House of Plebians and two Consuls who were supposed to represent the Republic at garden parties and forum opening events. If for some reason Rome's enemies were impolite and invaded during the election timetable, a dictator would be appointed.
By about 330 BC, the Romans had successfully destroyed the Cisalpine Gauls (Asterix-Italians in Lombardy) and the Etruscans. They then looked south to where the Greeks had been coming to Italy to set up their own colonies and restaurant chains. Rome also came across another rival, the city of Carthage. This eventually led to wars with the Greeks, Macedonians and Carthaginians - during which by design or accident, Rome successfully crushed them all and placed their Italian feet all around the Mediterranean Sea. Those who weren't initially conquered (like Egypt) were reduced to client kingdom status which meant essentially a long period of self abasement before formal conquest.
One aspect of all this expansion was the growth of the Romano-Army-Slave complex where a successful politician would become a general and take a generous backhanders. Initially the republic took a very dim view of this and extolled traditional Roman values of stoicism and 'taking it on the chin'. But greed got the better of everyone with the power.
The LegionsEdit
The sharp end of Roman expansion came via their famous legions. A legion was divided into three lines: Hastatii, or as the legion called them "the new guys". They were generally the first to get stabbed by the hordes of Gauls, Carthaginians and Celtics the standard roman legion came up against. Next in the meat grinder is the Principes. These are the men who the reeking barbarians missed on the first time though and so as a reward get to die slightly later on compered to the other poor bastards. The last line is the Trarii, they consisted of all the cretins, wealthy men who usually let the good soldiers die in their place, this attitude was highly valued and the Trarii could look forward to a large pension and long life, excluding those who traditionally got fed to lions after being made to dig the newest grand roman sewers whist being whipped by an angry mob because of their tyranny.
Roman politicians were adept at career switching between life on wheeler-dealing to leading the armies of the republic against enemies (real ones or imagined). Generals like Pompey and Julius Caesar happily switched between the two. It could make you very wealthy if you were careful not to 'flash the cash' too easily.
This led to the unfortunate downfall of many a would-be general-politician, because of their willingness to 'flash' their very stiff togas at passerby.
Republic to an EmpireEdit
By the last century B.C., the Roman Republic had run out of 'civilised' opponents to obliterate so those who ran it started upon each other gold and glory. Rival generals Marius and Sulla took turns to take de facto full control. They were called dictators rather than emperors but amounted to the same thing. In the end a certain Roman with a long nose and bad haircut come out on top. He was called Julius Caesar.
Caesar defeated his last opponent Pompey and then got into literal bed with Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. He liked that power, no more messy compromises with wicked Romans who couldn't keep their oaths or promises. Caesar became a Rome's first Mussolini, a strutting dictator and believed he was impossible until pushed down the Senate's stairs and knifed by his former friend Brutus.
Though Caesar was dead, many others wanted to follow his example. In fact you had to be a 'caesar' to become a 'Caesar' - an opportunity Octavian Caesar chose. He in turn took total power eventually but decided to be called Roman Emperor rather than dictator as he was concerned that everyone would just call him 'Dic' for short. So was born the Roman Empire.
Augustus (as the rebadged Octavian was called) had a contradictory view that he had 'restored' the Roman Republic but that ultimate authority ought to be exercised by him and his family. A bit like North Korea with their Kim Dynasty. Augustus and his second wife Livia were unable to do this as they remained childless. However Augustus had a daughter Julia from her previous marriage and Livia had two sons from her first spouse - Tiberius and Drusus. Add in the family (adopted or otherwise) of Augustus's sister Octavia, there were plenty of Julio-Claudians to invite over for the Saturnalia Orgy at Christmas.
Though Augustus had beaten his rivals, the frontiers of the Roman Empire were not safe. An attempt to bring togas and wine to the German barbarians across the Rhine and Danube frontiers failed when Herman the German wiped out three legions in 9 AD and the Parthians remained a regular enemy ready to 'stir it up' to cause issues.
Then there was Tiberius, a bitter old man who liked to listen to Michaelus Jacksonus, molest little boys, and swim in his private pool with some little boys he liked to call "my little fishies." He went abroad in search of his long lost children, who were stolen in infancy by pirates. However, he got tired of searching, so he retired to Crete and left his number one hired goon Sejanus in charge of Rome. Bad move.
Caligula goes overboardEdit
Caligula became Emperor, and everybody was like "OH SNAP!!!" because Caligula did all kinds of crazy things; like, for example, he declared himself a god; refused to honor his commitment to the Columbia House LP club after he sent in the penny taped to the postcard and got the Allman Brothers' Eat A Peach and Cheap Trick's Live At Buddokan; tried to kill his younger brother and himself; talked to statues; invaded the United Kingdom; butchered his pregnant wife; made his horse Vice Emperor; voted for George W. Bush twice; wrote the unfunny plagiarism article for Uncyclopedia; and other unbelievable stuff. He was later diagnosed with Caligula Syndrome, and thus was forced to ride the handicapped chariot (retard chariot) to the forum.
Fortunately, Caligula was eventually shot through the lungs billions and billions of times by 47 independently-acting disgruntled assassins simultaneously. What are the odds of that?
A return to normalityEdit
The next Emperor was some guy named Claudius Furius Horsa, who was born with a limp, hid behind a curtain because he was scared for his life, and had a speech impediment. Anyhow, he turned out to be a fine Emperor, even if he was a tad boring and was infamous for his bestiality and crossdressing, so Rome collectively breathed much easier. Then Claudius' wife suddenly decided to hate him. She fed him a poisoned shroom, so he died.
Caligula LiteEdit
Then Nero the Antichrist became emperor in a much contested re-count that was finally settled by a notorious game of tic-tac-toe. Nero did all kinds of loony things as well, probably because he was insane and, possibly the Antichrist, though this claim is hotly debated.[1]
Nero was not quite as bad as Caligula, but he still managed make a name for himself in the competitive field of professional eeeeevil. He threw innocent lions to ravenous Christians in Are You Hungry Enough To Eat A Barbary Lion?, the first reality television show; he set fire to his costly fiddle and played a tuba while it burned; he executed every surviving member of his family and every official in his administration because he thought it was funny. It actually was kind of funny, since he'd previously promised them he'd not execute them until the end of his reign.
Then Nero executed himself as a performance art piece.
Year of the Four Emperors and the Flava Flavian EmperorsEdit
Having got bored of only having one Emperor, the Romans decided it'd be more fun to have four of them, but unfortunately due to a particularly serious bout of putsch (a disease particularly fatal to Emperors), only one survived to the end of the year: Vespasian. He decided it'd be a good idea to use the huge amounts of Roman cash to start on a massive building spree; so began the construction of the Colosseum, a new forum (created PHP version I.II), and Mount Vesuvius (an early Roman space pad). After ten years without much excessive killing, he died of boredom, and there was much rejoicing amongst the Romans as they hoped his son would be more interesting and bloodthirsty. Titus (hehehe TIT-us) wasn't sufficiently bloodthirsty, but a pyromaniac, causing another fire in Rome, and setting off Mt Vesuvius a few weeks too early; scuppering the Roman plans for space domination. He ruled for only two years and died after setting fire to his toga. Domitian (Latin for Domino), was the evil younger brother of Titus, and managed to finish the Colosseum, destroy the Roman economy, and marry his niece. He was completely paranoid, and decided that it was better to be paranoid with good reason than not, and so set about making enemies. He started killing people suspected of conspiracies; giving his wife, the Senate, and his bodyguards the idea of one. He was correspondingly stabbed to death by Stephanus, who only managed a paltry seven blows. This led to him being booed off the pitch by angry assassination fans, and much groaning about the corrupted institution of assassination to this day.
Nerva takes chargeEdit
Domitian was replaced by a doddery old man called Nerva who got his name because he had a nerve! Nerva was too old to do very much but what he did do pissed off the Praetorian Guard who promptly stormed his palace and told the emperor to his face that, by Jupiter, he had a nerve! Nerva didn't care but he did adopt a well-oiled and muscly man called Trajan to be his heir which pleased the Praetorian guard because they were all gay like most soldiers of the period. Thanks to the popularity of Trajan's tight buns Nerva was allowed to finish his reign in peace, eventually dying of being old in 98 AD. After his death Trajan accepted the imperial power from the senate and agreed with them that his predecessor should be declared a god. This lead to the voice of the gods booming into the senate chamber to tell the senators that they had a nerve! This is thought to be the only time the gods make a joke in the senate chamber.
Trajan sorts it out: the adoptive emperorsEdit
Not only was Trajan a fine figure of a man, he also broke with recent tradition in the empire by ruling for well over a decade and continuing Nerva's policy of choosing emperors by adoption rather than passing the most powerful office in the known world onto your insane next of kin. He was succeeded by Hadrian, another gay man who distinguished himself by having a beard and therefore being a bear. This bearded fellow is best remembered for building a wall in Britain to keep the haggis-guzzling Caledonians at bay. Hadrian adopted another big bearded man to replace him called Antoninus Pius who foolishly invaded Scotland because of his lust for haggis. Despite some success in procuring haggis, irn bru and Deep-fried Mars Bars for the Roman world the occupation was abandonded by Antoninus's bearded follow-up Marcus Aurelius. Marcus was a scholarly man who divided his time between reading philosophical works such as Reflections on That Joke the Gods Did About Nerva and fighting Germans. He co-ruled with another emperor called Lucius Verus but no one really cares about him (he had a beard which shouldn't surprise anyone). Because Marcus was a wise and learned ruler he decided that he should be succeeded by his vain, stupid and insane son Commodus. Nice one, Marcus.
Commodus: that emperor's a nutter!Edit
Following his father's death and his own accession to the imperial office, Commodus returned to Rome from the German frontier and hid himself away in his palace surrounded by whores and other important officials, drinking wine and engaging in squelchy-sex. The people of Rome became sick of their overly-shy emperor and demanded he come out and play. They asked for it, the stupid cunts, he came out into the sunshine, started naming the days of the week after himself, renamed Rome as "Commodusisfuckingawesomepolis" following a small fire at a pudding shop which he argued had "destroyed the old city" and started dressing-up as Hercules and picking fights with senators in the Colosseum. This was too much for the Roman aristocracy who conspired to have him killed until dead. They crafted a plan to piss off Russell Crowe, and so have him do it. He said he liked eating grass and so licking grass was the last thing he did.
A Transsexual Teenager Becomes Emperor of RomeEdit
One gender-confused individual from Syria called Elagabalus who was in his/her hormone-soaked adolescence wound up, for some reason, becoming Emperor of Rome. (The process of determining the next emperor usually consisted of contacting the last emperor when drunk and bonking him on the head to see what he says next, which is how this happened at all.) Elagabalus then proceeded to throw wild night parties in the Imperial Palace and ignore his/her mom. Meanwhile, he/she had sex with a lot of women and gay men and asked for a vagina. Really. In addition, Elagabalus worshipped a rock, and he decided that it was a good idea to make Romans worship that rock, too. Being polytheistic idolators, Romans normally wouldn't have a problem with this, but the rock thing was a bit on the nutty side even for them. So the Romans got a caveman to bonk him over the head so they could have someone who was less of a party dude as an emperor.
Gibbon writes a bestsellerEdit
Then there was a whole bunch of other Emperors nobody really cares about; the Roman Empire fell; and some guy named Edward Gibbon wrote a book about it. The end.
Fall of the Roman EmpireEdit
Chapter 1: The EndEdit
One day the Roman Empire began to decline. The Emperor Diocletian, divided it up into four pieces which he handed over to four of his best friends called "The Terarchy" and promptly retired to grow cabbages. This weakened the state even further and when the Tetrarchy paid Diocletian a visit to ask how to stop fighting each other he told them to go away because he was minding his cabbages. And then there were a lot more civil wars. And famine. And disease. And Christians. And Attila the Hun who got his ass kicked by Flavius Aetius . And tax lawyers. And general WTH-ness running chaos throughout the empire. And the Romans forgot how to conjugate their Latin verbs properly, which annoyed their seventh-period teachers.
Another theoryEdit
Another scientific theory proclaims that the fall of the Roman Empire was due to the Roman numeral system. Without a zero, ancient Roman programmers had no way of successfully terminating their C programs. This led to massive memory leak, which caused the fall.
Shifty Greek and Filthy German Empires Edit
The Greeks, despite taking credit for everything the Romans did, could not for the life of them make their own empire worth shit. In an effort to take the Roman Empire, the Greeks devised history's largest divorce case and called in the Byzantine Empire. The Greeks collectively married the Romans and convinced them to not get a pre-nup. Tough break for the Romans, because the marriage fell apart, leaving the Greeks with the nice half of it. The Romans had to cut back on a lot of expenses, such as gladiatorial games, arena matches, bloodsport, feeding prisoners to lions, mock naval battles and, worst of all, the glee club founded by Nero. In the face of such horrifying conditions, the Romans didn't even notice or care when the Germans invaded.
Eventually, Voltaire decided to play a practical joke on the Greeks as payback for stealing half of the Empire. Voltaire found a German named King Megachuck and named him the Holy Roman Emperor. The Greeks got all pissy about this, not accepting Voltaire's claim that "it's just a prank, bro," and the rest of Europe didn't get that it was a joke. It survives to this day as the United Nations.
One night, the Romans, Venetians and their new pals, the French, got really drunk and paid a visit to the Greeks, who at the time where living in Constantinople. Their arrival was titled the 4th Crusade. At first the Greeks welcomed them in but when all the promised gold failed to materialise, the crusaders trashed the place and realized that they had accidentally destroyed the Roman Empire. They agreed that the only way to fix this was to pretend like it was their plan from the beginning, and that they were starting up a new empire. Thus began the brief but zany existence of the Latin Empire which was colourful, loud and full of good music and beautiful women but eventually everyone except the Greeks went home. The Turks destroyed what was left again shortly after.
The Empire Strikes Back Edit
In the year in which Jesus turned 14 and left 4chan, Augustus decided to fulfill the Prophecy which stated that Rome would conquer space, Augustus loaded five legions onto a spaceship and set out into space, conquer many star systems. Each system he conquered he gave a cool Latin name to. This effort slowed down greatly when it was discovered that space is really, really huge. To speed things up, the Empire attempted to send him reinforcements, but this attempted failed tragically with the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (see "Year of the Four Emperors and the Flava Flavian Emperors"). Upon completion of the conquest of space, the Romans will return to Earth and reclaim it. This is the central premise of the television show Star Trek. The International Astronomical Union has been giving many stars really boring non-Latin names in a misguided effort to delay the Romans.
The accomplishments of the Roman empireEdit
The Roman empire was quite famous for its relatively advanced technology, most of which may have originated in Greece, which the Romans conquered. They then promptly started telling everyone "Oh, this here piece of artwork?... oh, um, that's mine. Yep, I made it all myself. Yep, of course, those Greeks will tell you differently, but who are you going to listen to?". The Romans were also attributed with the creation of the legion, which is, entirely by coincidence, very much like the Greek phalanx. Their one achievement not linked with the Greeks was the innovative idea of having blithering maniacs rule the country. This was later expanded upon by the medieval Europeans, who began a program of systematically inbreeding their royalty. This great idea lead to many modern-day benefits, such as hemophilia and frequent insanity.
Famous Roman EmperorsEdit
Fall of the Empire Edit
The fall of the empire is largely as a result of their failure to invade Maghull, which Caesar labelled the town of the walking dead.
Famous Roman GeneralsEdit
Famous Roman SenatorsEdit
See alsoEdit
- The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- This event in history also happens to be in video game form
- ↑ see Alan Aldas The Number of the Beast Reconsidered