text:
Automated gripper set for handling and assembly systems
The parallel, three-point, radial and angle standard grippers, DHxS, from Festo are compact and offer reliability in the gripping process. Standard grippers are the first choice for cost-effective, lightweight and compact construction of handling and assembly systems. The parallel, three-point, radial and angle gripper series DHxS from Festo features optimized gripping force retention and overload protection as well as integrated sensor slots. It offers increased reliability in a range of sizes and stroke lengths.
A number of features ensure reliability and precision. The integrated fixed restrictor provides an effective safety buffer, protecting against overloading during high-speed gripper motions and preventing damage due to excessive forces. The integrated sensor slots in the medium and large sizes offer the advantage of cost-effective stroke sensing via sensors SMx. Their successful integration has resulted in a slim, compact design without any interference contours caused by external sensors. The new, compression spring-assisted gripping force retention provides more security in the event of a pressure failure. In addition, T-slot guides increase the torque resistance of the gripper jaws.
The double-acting piston drive gives the standard grippers stable kinematics and maximum repetition accuracy. A wide range of mounting options in the form of threaded, fitting and centering holes make the new generation of Festo standard grippers very flexible to mount.
The parallel and three-point grippers DHxS have a lightweight aluminum housing with integrated receiving hole for the pneumatic piston. The force generated by the linear motion is transferred to the low-backlash gripper jaws by means of lever kinematics. Since the lever is indirectly in mesh with the two gripper jaws via a piston rod, there is no need for additional synchronization.
The pneumatic pistons of the double-acting DHxS radial and angle grippers act on the gripper jaws, mounted on pivots in a gripper jaw guide, by means of a slotted guide system. As with parallel and three-point grippers, this means that there is no need for separate synchronization.
– Edited by Chris Vavra, Control Engineering, www.controleng.com
See more on motors, drives, and motion control from Control Engineering at http://www.controleng.com/new-products/motors-and-drives.html


text:
|2013-01-14, 04:18
|Link #1381
Anime-Only Viewer
Graphic Designer
Join Date: Apr 2006
Location: USA
As much as I like these episodes, this arc feels like it is a lot longer than it should be. Things seem to drag on, with one resolution leading to another problem. I guess I will be glad will the arc finally finishes, since I do want to see other parts of the world besides Balbad.
Who is to say that this is the only kingdom for Alibaba? He is a king candidate, which supposedly rules the world, so there are many more opportunities for him to gain land. Then Alibaba's waifu.... errr.. I mean, Morgiana will then have a chance to sweep her prince off his feet in more ways than one.
|2013-01-14, 04:40
|Link #1382
Revealing the truth
Join Date: Dec 2004
Location: Singapore
Age: 36
The next arc wil probably go sindria or the Kou empire, especially since sinbad needs to go there....
|2013-01-14, 09:38
|Link #1385
Kana Hanazawa ♥
Join Date: Jun 2007
Location: France
Age: 32
Alibaba surprised me. It never occurred to me he would want to set up a republic. This seems like a viable solution. If the Balbadd republic can join Sinbad's alliance, the country should be safe for the time being.
Kougyoku impressed me. She dealt with the situation with dignity and never lost her composure. This is a perfect outcome for her as well. She won't have to marry that pig and will be free to pursue Sinbad if her father allows her to, and I don't see why not. Having his daughter marry somebody as powerful as Sinbad would be beneficial to him.
Too bad Kassim is about to mess everything up because of his thirst for revenge/justice.
|2013-01-14, 12:15
|Link #1388
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2004
So Alibaba could have proclaimed himself as king, in which he would have to marry a Kou princess and he could have hired Mor as a personal bodyguard. Instead he refused all of that to hang out with a shouta character.
Anyway I find setting up a republic an excellent idea. It will save the day and create a society where people will have equal opportunity, leaders always act in the interest of the people not the banker, where inequality amongst the people and incompetent leaders are non-existent.
Wait hang on...
|2013-01-14, 13:07
|Link #1390
Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011
Wow! I was seriously impressed by Alibaba.
Looks like everyone was against Ahbmad.
And suddenly Alibaba got a chance to be the king.
He turned it down... wow.
Regarding that huge debt to Kou empire, that was brave.
It was nice of Sinbad to offer help.
Balbadd as a Republic, a nice idea, but will it be doable?
People don't like change, especially if they don't understand it.
|2013-01-14, 14:27
|Link #1392
Senior Guest
Join Date: Jan 2009
Location: Athens (GMT+2)
Age: 30
Nice OP/ED change, pretty good episode too. Points to Alibaba for getting a 1HKO twice in a row with Amon's sword, it's totally imba Mor kick-piercing the 2nd "bodyguard" was...bloody ._. Very surprised with the royal guard, however...they know their king has sold out the entire country, he brings monsters over to kill their partners as a test and they still have doubts about Alibaba?
|2013-01-14, 15:13
|Link #1393
cho~ kakkoii
Join Date: Nov 2003
Location: 3rd Planet
Hi Kaf!
|2013-01-14, 16:08
|Link #1394
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: UK
Age: 27
The solution of there being no king was an expected one for me and I knew that if the fall of the monarchy happened then the replacement system would be something that allows the people to represent themselves a bit more, but a full on democracy was a little unexpected (probably because of the sheer optimism behind it...) and Sinbad won't be taking over responsibilities from Alibaba quite as much as I expected. In that regards that was even better than I could have hoped for. Gotta hand it to Alibaba: That was quite impressive, even if he did manage to achieve it by taking advantage of some convenient circumstances.
But wait, we're not done yet! It'll be interesting to see how the rebel group plays into this though I'm finding it hard to think of any sympathetic reason for them to be opposing now that they've already got what they want anyway. But in an interesting twist, it might just turn out that Alibaba's bigger hurdle will be an internal rebel group rather than the massive outside threat of the Kou Empire.
|2013-01-14, 17:59
|Link #1395
User of the "Fast Draw"
I'll give Alibaba credit for making this move. It's probably the best way to fix things up for that country. Completely changing things and joining Sinbad's alliance will allow them to regain their rights and fix up this country. Paying the Kou Empire will let them avoid getting invaded as well. Frankly it makes sense since Alibaba has to travel in this series and they really don't have great King options laying around here.
Works as well for the Kou Princess who can get the hell out of there . Considering her options she was more than willing to jump on the bandwagon of not marrying anyone. Managed to keep her composure pretty well and even secure a visit from Sinbad .
Now they have to stop the lunatic Kassim. That guy will destroy this country just because he can and doesn't care how many lives are lost in the process.
|2013-01-15, 11:14
|Link #1400
Senior Guest
Join Date: Jan 2009
Location: Athens (GMT+2)
Age: 30
Awesome episode, just because Ahbmad resigned! Alibaba was pretty lucky to get out of that discussion unharmed after all the pressure he forced on Kougyoku - I guess Sindbad's presence really turns the tables. Banker & weapons dealer doing their shady business, along with Cassim's angry and dangerously armed mob = lots of excitement for what is to come. Somehow I don't think the former Fog troupe will be as willing to accept the country's new status...
|action-adventure, fantasy, shounen
|Thread Tools

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
posted by Thom Holwerda on Tue 14th Nov 2006 19:07 UTC, submitted by koki
The Haiku Project recently introduced a new and more efficient scalable vector-based icon format, the Haiku Vector Icon Format, or HVIF for short. HVIF uses a special vector storage format specifically designed to store icons that is so efficient, that icons in Haiku take a meager 500 - 700 bytes on average. Following the introduction of this new icon format, the Haiku developer behind this new icon format, Stephan Assmus (Stippi), has published two articles, one introducing some interesting facts about HVIF, and another giving some details of why Haiku vector icons are so small.


text:
Number: 111-19
Date: August 7, 2009
Senate Passes H.R. 3325,
"WIPA and PABSS Reauthorization Act of 2009"
On August 6, 2009, the Senate passed H.R. 3325, the "WIPA and PABSS Reauthorization Act of 2009," without amendment by unanimous consent. The legislation is identical to the bill passed by the House on July 28th (see Legislative Bulletin 111-18) in that it would extend funding authorization for the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program and the Protection and Advocacy for Beneficiaries of Social Security program through fiscal year 2010.
H.R. 3325 will now be sent to the President for his action. It is anticipated that he will sign the bill.


text:
We're open Saturday, Sunday 11am to 4pm and open Tuesday,Thursday: 10am to 3pm. We are closed Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
There are usually one or two docents available to provide information and possibly a personal guided tour.
Tuesdays and Thursdays are 'work' days at the Museum. Visitors will find our volunteers and staff actively working in the Restoration Shop, Propeller Shop, Library and on special projects.
Visitors are always welcome ! Plenty of free parking
Donation Requested:
Adults $ 7.00
Children (6-12) $ 5.00
Children (under 6) and Military (in service) are Free
For Group tours/Custom tours please contact the Wings of History office, 408-683-2290.
Museum Location: The Wings of History Museum is at 12777 Murphy avenue, San Martin, California, adjacent to the San Martin Airport (E16) formerly known as 'South County' airport.


text:
I think something is badly wrong with my computer's state of affairs... I found a .log file on my desktop with a Java stream that goes like this:
An unexpected exception has been detected in native code outside the VM.
Unexpected Signal : EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION occurred at PC=0x6d3c7975
Function name=ZIP_Open
Current Java thread:
at java.util.zip.ZipFile.getEntry(Native Method)
at java.util.zip.ZipFile.getEntry(Unknown Source)
at java.util.jar.JarFile.getEntry(Unknown Source)
at sun.net.www.protocol.jar.URLJarFile.getEntry(Unknown Source)
at java.util.jar.JarFile.getJarEntry(Unknown Source)
at sun.misc.URLClassPath$JarLoader.getResource(Unknown Source)
at sun.misc.URLClassPath.getResource(Unknown Source)
at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(Unknown Source)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(Unknown Source)
at sun.applet.AppletClassLoader.findClass(Unknown Source)
at sun.plugin.security.PluginClassLoader.findClass(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)
at sun.applet.AppletClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClassInternal(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.Class.newInstance0(Native Method)
at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Unknown Source)
at sun.applet.AppletPanel.createApplet(Unknown Source)
at sun.plugin.AppletViewer.createApplet(Unknown Source)
at sun.applet.AppletPanel.runLoader(Unknown Source)
at sun.applet.AppletPanel.run(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
Does any1 speak Java? I dont like this Unknown source business, and that last command looks alot like a data dump(from webcrawler searches of the command)... BTW I just filed taxes yesterday and my hrblock password is changed, and the filing status was changed three times (notified via e-mail). Any help would be really appreciated, even an unsure explanation would be nice. I'm really freaked out by this.
Also, I looked in event viewer, and the system time was being changed alot, followed several times with failed policy changes and startups of IPSec. Any significance on either count??


text:
I guess I should have been more specific about what I wanted to know. I wanted to know about the details of your particular case, i.e. what implementation you chose to use, what libraries you had trouble with, what that trouble was, how far did you go before you decided to use Ruby, why didn't you have that trouble using Ruby, etc.
I wanted to know why you think standardization, with all its costs and constraints, is the way to solve the problems you faced. That assuming, of course, that you are aware of these costs and constraints, and I am not just talking about the costs of setting up a committee of interested Lisp users and vendors to propose, argue for and against, and ultimately compromise on a non-innovative set of modifications to the current standard. I am also talking about the costs to the users and implementers, who are supposed to integrate these modifications with their current code and knowledge-base. Do you think standardization is a viable idea at all? Who will pay for this effort? Everyone maintaining Lisp code, given that enough are willing to pay for it - but are they? is it worth paying for? Keep in mind that your answer is only part of the equation.
You see, I very much doubt that standardization is the answer to your problems. If you gave concrete details about your problem situation, maybe we could re-examine it and come up with more realistic and less costly solutions (hopefully not involving switching to a different language - Ruby or NewCL).


text:
Beta blockers are a type of medicine that is used to lower blood pressure, treat chest pain (angina), and heart failure. Taking a beta blocker can help to prevent a heart attack.
Beta blockers relieve the stress on your heart by slowing the heart rate and reducing the force with which your heart muscles contract to pump blood. They also help keep blood vessels from constricting in your heart, brain, and body.
If you had a heart attack, you should receive a prescription for a beta blocker before you leave the hospital. The chart above shows the percentage of heart attack patients that were given a beta blocker before, or when, they were discharged from the hospital.


text:
ARS101 Drawing: Visual Thinking II
Drawing: Visual Thinking 2 will build conceptually on Drawing: Visual Thinking l, but will place greater emphasis on experimental processes, independent problem solving, and the development of a personal vocabulary. FEE FOR MATERIALS.
- 3
- Must be enrolled in the following level: Undergraduate
- Must be enrolled in one of the following majors: Graphic Design (279), Visual Arts (277), Undeclared:Pre-Art Education (00AE), Visual Arts Education (189)
- ARS100 Minimum Grade of C


text:
posted by Thom Holwerda on Tue 2nd Dec 2008 18:45 UTC
Red Hat's Spacewalk project is getting into place. The project wants to feed development of the Red Hat Network Satellite product for system management. Satellite is a critical tool for Red Hat users as it provides management capabilities for multiple servers for software deployment and updates. Almost six months ago, Red Hat kicked off the Spacewalk project in an effort to create an open source version of Network Satellite that would serve as the upstream project that drives development. According to Red Hat executives, Spacewalk is still in the process of getting aligned with Network Satellite releases in terms of the development model. As well, Spacewalk is now gearing up to replace Network Satellite's proprietary Oracle database backend with an open source database. It's all part of Red Hat's larger efforts to use the open source model effectively in all parts of its business, as well as reducing the costs associated with proprietary databases.


text:
A man dressed as Santa Claus made the Port Orange Police Department's naughty list by robbing a bank Monday.
A man dressed as Santa Claus made the Port Orange Police Department's naughty list by robbing a bank Monday.
Police Lt. John Jakovenko said a man dressed in a Santa Claus hat, beard and white gloves entered the SunTrust Bank at 3865 S. Nova Road shortly after 3 p.m. Monday, placed a wrapped gift on the counter and said to the tellers, "This is not a joke."
Apparently lacking in the Christmas spirit his disguise would imply, he passed a teller a note demanding cash and insinuating the package was dangerous.
The teller gave the bad Santa an undisclosed amount of cash and he fled the bank in a dark colored vehicle. He was still at large as of Monday evening.
The bank was evacuated and the Volusia County Sheriff's Office bomb squad was called to investigate the wrapped gift the robber left in the bank.
It turned out not to be an explosive device, police said.
The robber was described as being of medium build and about 6 feet tall.
Anyone with information regarding this robbery or the identity of the suspect is asked to contact Detective George Oliveira at 386-506-5895.


text:
I really love wow-heroes it's a great tool for checking gearscore, experience and also what i use to make sure all my enchants and what not are correct. i do have a few suggestions that would make the gear score a little more dynamic instead of adding up gear and enchants.
correct gemming +1 point per gem
set bonus 25 for 2 piece and 50 for 4 piece
socket bonus +5 per bonus
optimal meta gem +10
any thoughts?


text:
Accountancy Recruitment Agency Carlisle
Accountancy Work is a division of CV Screen Ltd and specialises in recruiting accountancy & finance professionals for organisations in the Carlisle area.
Established in 2000, we have built up a large database of Accountancy professionals in the Carlisle area, and our experienced recruiters are able to source highly skilled accountancy & finance staff for your business.
Our permanent placement fees of 12.5% of the basic salary are excellent value within the marketplace and we also offer a 100% rebate for 100 days to provide you with added peace of mind when you are recruiting.
Our experienced Consultants recruit Accountancy & Finance professionals at all levels of seniority from Accounts Assistant right through to Finance Director.
We pride ourselves on our honest, ethical and professional approach to recruitment and have successfully recruited for over 1500 companies in the UK including household names such as Red Bull, Links of London and Kleeneze.
Why not call us on 0845 200 8170 to discuss how we are able to assist you.
Register a CVMore Info >
Register a VacancyMore Info >
Local OfficeCV Screen Ltd
0845 200 8170
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Accounts Assistant An Accounts Assistant with Sage knowledge is required for a property company based close to Chelsea. The successful candidate will be an articulate, ambitious accounts professiona … more
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Implementation Consultant HR /Payroll - Ilford - 45K
An Implementation Consultant is required by a software house based near the East London /Essex border. Candidates can expect a salary of up to £45,000 + bonus Duties Implementing Windows pa … more


text:
Southwestern College's four education centers, located in National City, Otay Mesa, San Ysidro and Coronado, allow the District to meet its goal of being the only and premier source of higher learning in the southern San Diego region.
Offering broad-based curriculum and comprehensive services, these education centers bring the complete college experience to Chula Vista's closest neighboring communities.
Southwestern College is an equal opportunity educator and employer | Non-Discrimination Policy |
Disclaimer | Directions to SWC
© 2011 Southwestern College, 900 Otay Lakes Road, Chula Vista, CA 91910. (619) 421-6700
The Southwestern College is not responsible for the content of external sites.
Thank you for visiting the Southwestern College website.


text:
Computer Engineering TechnologyPage address: http://www.mnsu.edu/programs/computerengineertech.html
|Electrical & Computer Engineering & Technology
|Science, Engineering & Technology
|Program Website
|Undergraduate Degree Type(s)
|Program Description
|Computer Engineering Technology is a technological field requiring the application of scientific and engineering knowledge and methods, combined with technical skills, in support of computer activities. A computer engineering technologist is a person who is knowledgeable in computer hardware and software theory and design and who can apply them to a variety of industrial and consumer problems. Computers, controls/automation, robotics, instrumentation, and communications are just a few fields open to computer engineering technologists.
The program strives to prepare students for successful entry into the technical workforce. This means that the curriculum prepares students to:
The Computer Engineering Technology program is accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commmission of ABET, http://www.abet.org.
|Admission Requirements
|Admission to major is required for enrollment in junior and senior level courses. Requirements include:
|Other Requirements
|Students who do not have the required background for MATH 115 may have to take additional preparatory coursework as well. Consult with your major adviser to plan your general education and major requirements. All students must complete a minimum of 12 semester credits of mathematics starting with Pre-calculus math and a minimum of 24 semester credits of mathematics and science courses.
|Academic Bulletin
|A full description of the program including class listings and class descriptions are listed in the Academic Bulletin.
|Program Contact Information
|Electrical & Computer Engineering & Technology
242 Trafton Science Center North
Mankato, MN 56001
Phone: 507-389-5747
Fax: 507-389-6280
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|College Advising
|All CET majors are assigned to an academic advisor to assist in planning their major program. Additional advising support is available at:
College of Science, Engineering & Technology Advising Center
Ken Adams, Student Relations Coordinator
125 Trafton Science Center C.
Mankato, MN 56001
Note: This page may not print properly from Internet Explorer.


text:
A Pennsylvania judge on Friday struck down a key portion of the state's voter ID law and permanently enjoined officials from enforcing the election-day requirement that voters show ID before being allowed to cast a ballot.
Commonwealth Court Judge Bernard McGinley said the state's voter ID Law was intended to provide free and liberal access to an ID for those who lacked the requisite identification.
Instead of free and easy access, the judge said, state officials created a burdensome and confusing regime that resulted in de facto disenfranchisement of qualified Pennsylvania voters.
"This Court holds that the photo ID provisions of the Voter ID Law violate the fundamental right to vote and unnecessarily burden the hundreds of thousands of electors who lack compliant photo ID," Judge McGinley wrote in his 50-page opinion.
The judge said he found no evidence that the voter ID law was passed by Pennsylvania's Republican-majority legislature with the intention of disenfranchising certain voters who might be more inclined to vote for Democratic candidates.
Critics of the law cited comments reportedly made by the House majority leader that the voter ID requirement would allow Mitt Romney to carry Pennsylvania over Barak Obama in the 2012 presidential race. (Mr. Obama won Pennsylvania on his way to reelection in November 2012.)
"There is little dispute that the burdens of the Voter ID Law imposes weigh most heavily on the most vulnerable members of society," the judge said. But he said such a disproportionate impact was not enough to prove a violation of the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause.
Challengers to the law must also present evidence of purposeful discrimination, the judge said. "The Court has been presented with and finds no evidence of such purposeful discrimination," McGinley said.
Critics of the law praised Judge McGinley's decision as a safeguard to the democratic process.
"This ruling is a monumental victory for those who believe that in a democracy elections should be free, fair, and accessible to all people," Penda Hair of the Advancement Project, a civil rights organization based in Washington and Los Angeles, said in a statement.
"Hundreds of thousands of Pennsylvania citizens who lack one of the limited forms of acceptable photo ID can now cast their ballots without burdensome obstacles," she added.
The Advancement Project, the American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania, the Public Interest Law Center in Philadelphia, and the Washington law firm Arnold & Porter filed suit challenging Pennsylvania's Voter ID Law.
They charged that it threatened to disenfranchise low-income and elderly voters who did not have the required ID and lacked the means to obtain it.
Various experts estimated that between 320,000 to 1.3 million Pennsylvania voters were without required photo IDs. The Voter ID Law mandated that the state would provide "liberal access" to anyone needing identification.
Judge McGinley said the state failed to provide "liberal access."
"As a constitutional prerequisite, any voter ID law must contain a mechanism for ensuring liberal access to compliant photo IDs so that the requirement of photo ID does not disenfranchise valid voters," the judge said.
But the resulting mechanism to provide free ID was too burdensome, the judge said.
"In the majority of its applications, the Voter ID Law renders Pennsylvania's fundamental right to vote so difficult to exercise as to cause de facto disenfranchisement," he said.
Despite the large number of citizens lacking ID, officials had distributed only 17,000 IDs for voting, he said. The judge added that for many citizens – those lacking a driver's license – obtaining an ID to vote would be a substantial ordeal.
Pennsylvania has 71 offices where such IDs are issued, five of them in Philadelphia. But there are no such offices in 9 counties, and the offices in 13 counties are only open two days a week, the judge said.
McGinley also noted that Pennsylvania officials had failed to show any evidence of a problem with voter fraud that would justify the new law.
He said that offering those without a photo ID a chance to cast a provisional ballot did not save the statute because provisional ballots are only available to prospective voters who are deemed to be "indigent."
The judge said it was "difficult, if not impossible" to prove one's indigent status.
"Voting laws are designed to assure a free and fair election; the Voter ID Law does not further this goal," Judge McGinley wrote. "Further, a substantial threat still exists to the franchise of hundreds of thousands of registered electors, and uncounted qualified electors."
He said the threat was continuing more than a year after the initial litigation despite efforts by Pennsylvania officials to educate voters and provide compliant ID to those who lack it.
The judge said his injunction blocking the Voter ID Law would preserve the integrity of Pennsylvania elections. "By contrast, denying the requested relief would only add to the chaos in implementation and inaccurate messaging that has ensued since the statute's enactment," he said.


text:
MONTREAL — Mara Demirdjian gets excited when talking about her love of running. How excited? This is how she described her first runner's high:
"I got this tingling all over," she said. "Then I started smiling, which turned into laughing, even though it was pouring rain. I felt so good. I was having a runner's orgasm."
If that's not reason enough to lace up your running shoes, I'm not sure what is. Except perhaps this story of a group of novice runners who have set their sights on completing either a half or full marathon only 18 months after pulling on a pair of running tights for the first time.
"I'd never run before in my life," Vasso Kasdaglis said of her first attempt at hitting the pavement. "I can laugh now, but during those first two minutes of running I thought I was going to die."
The instigator of this torture was Sari Klein, a veteran runner and fitness trainer. Wanting to share her passion for running with others, she started a club at the Tennis 13 sports centre and promptly went about recruiting her first group of would-be runners.
"The goal was to run 5K without stopping," said Klein. "But they didn't want to stop there. They went on to 10K and then did a 10K race. Now almost all of them have signed up for the Ottawa half or full marathon."
"Without Sari, I don't think I would have stuck with it," said Maria Poulios, whose sentiments were echoed by all members of her original running group. They credit Klein not just with their success, but with creating friendships that have weathered a lot of running miles.
These five novice runners have become enamoured with the sport and with the sense of accomplishment that comes from achieving their goals. For a group that doesn't mince words when describing the discomfort of their first run, they can't mask the pride in their voice when recounting what it felt like to finish their first 5K without stopping and of pinning on their first race bib at a local 10K.
"I've seen people change, physically and mentally, right in front of me," said Nicole Leger. "That's really cool."
The recipe for learning to love any kind of physical pursuit isn't hard to replicate. Just follow the tried and true steps toward success that Klein orchestrated to perfection: Set an achievable goal, follow a well laid-out plan, celebrate your accomplishments — repeat.
Throw in a support team that not only runs together but also keeps each other motivated and there's no limit to what can be accomplished.
"We don't accept negativity," Demirdjian said. "And we kick each other's asses when we need to."
So successful was this pilot group that Klein has repeated the formula several times, adding more and more runners to the ranks of those who wax poetic about the joys of donning their gear and heading out the door.
As for the specifics of going from non-runner to signing up for the Ottawa Race Weekend, Klein has broken it down into a series of phases.
Phase 1 is a six-week course for beginners that starts with a series of short run/walk intervals and ends with 30 minutes of non-stop running. To make it easier on both her and the runners, the 5K group begins on treadmills, which not only allows runners of different speeds to stay under Klein's watchful eye, but removes the possibility of weather and poor running conditions getting in the way of crucial training miles.
Phases 2 and 3 involve eight and 10K as respective goals, with participants slowly gaining endurance and confidence in their running and fitness. Each phase includes strength training, stretching protocols and advice from a nutritionist on how to fuel a running lifestyle.
As for the marathon hopes of Klein's first graduating class, they are all getting ready to amp up their spring training in anticipation of the May event.
"I'm so psyched," said Demirdjian, who is making 42K her goal. "I want it bad."
Leger is just as determined, though a little less confident in her ability to cross the finish line at 21K.
"I'm terrified," she said of the task ahead of her.
But it's that tinge of fear — mixed with an equal amount of excitement and an "I think I can" attitude — that is the benchmark of a runner.
Dangle the carrot, and any runner worth their salt will work like heck until they catch it.
But that's not the only mark of a runner.
There's also the love of what it feels like on days when running goes well and the world and its troubles fade away.
"Running came at a time in my life when I needed that distraction, that stress relief," said Demirdjian. "And for that, I thank Sari. She saved my life."
Twitter: @jillebarker


text:
Hi All,
Got the membership as a Christmas present from my wife, new to MOA.
My ride is a blue 1200 LT, love it, new to me bought it last august. Can't wait for March ot get out of storage.
Hi All,
Got the membership as a Christmas present from my wife, new to MOA.
My ride is a blue 1200 LT, love it, new to me bought it last august. Can't wait for March ot get out of storage.
I did a lot of riding when I worked and lived up there in 2002, nice riding up North of Oshawa.
Have a look at our club website for the Niagara BMW Riders www.nbmwr.com
Stop in for breakfast sometime!
Ambassador Emeritus BMW MOA Ontario Canada
Niagara Riders
Knights of the Roundel #333
1977 R100RS, (Retired) 1993 R100GS
Welcome to the club. I'm relatively new and enjoying it greatly.
2015 R1200RT; 2011 R1200RT RIP; 2000 Triumph 900 (sold)
Welcome, Chaba and Ed!
Pull up a chair and get to know everyone!
~~ Tracy ~~
Welcome to the club and the forum, Chaba.
Do check out the Loonie-Tics at http://www.ltbmwr.ca/index.html. This is a very active club, not too far from you. We host an excellent rally every mid-August as well as monthly get togethers.
As well, if you're up for an earlier rally, our Forest City Motorrad Club hosts one every May 24th Weekend at the Springwater Conservation Area, just west of Alymer. PM me if you'd like some samples of our monthly newsletters.
Retired and riding my RTs, the '87 K100 & the '98 R1100 !
Niagara Riders & Knights of the Roundel #333
Welcome to the Club. Hope you will enjoy it.
'09 BMW 1200 GSA, 2013 BMW 700GS, 2000 Goldwing SE, '09' V Star 950, '09 Honda Rebel,
'77 Honda 750A. Holding at six til I get new garage built - need more room for more bikes!
Welcome Chaba !!
I hear you on that one ..........Can't wait for March ot get out of storage
Enjoy the ride......and perhaps our paths will cross..................
Niagara BMW Riders #298


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Sept. 26, 2006
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - In a battle of undefeated New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) women's volleyball teams, MIT's record remained intact as it posted a 30-26, 30-16, 30-15 victory over Springfield College on Tuesday night. The Engineers improved to 16-1 on the year and 4-0 in conference play while the Pride fell to 13-3 overall and 3-1 in the NEWMAC.
Despite Tech tallying the first two points of the opening game, Springfield powered to a 10-5 lead. Behind a pair of four-point runs, MIT overcame the deficit to take a 13-11 edge. Later on in the frame, the Engineers established a five-point margin (25-20), but the Pride battled back to come within one. Following an MIT timeout, the Engineers responded by posting five of the next seven points for the win.
MIT carried the momentum into the second stanza as it jumped out to an 8-3 lead. Springfield was able to close the gap to 11-7, but 10 unanswered points by the Engineers put the game out of reach for the visitors.
Like the previous game, Tech quickly established a 6-1 advantage. The Pride notched the next three points, but MIT extended its margin to 10-5. Springfield generated a four-point rally, however, the Engineers answered with a six-point run (16-9). Although the Pride narrowed its deficit to 19-13, solid serving by Rose Zhong helped propel Tech to a 28-13 lead in the final frame.
Amanda Morris paced MIT with 19 digs and 33 assists while Alex May and Carrie Buchanan contributed 16 and 15 digs, respectively. Barden Cleeland led the front row with 14 kills and three blocks as Frances Rogoz and May each chipped in nine kills. Zhong and Buchanan both tallied two aces for the Engineers.
Next up for MIT is the Tufts University Invitational this weekend while Springfield resumes action on October 3 when it travels to the U.S. Coast Guard Academy.


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Geraldine (Senstad) Sonnenburg
April 25, 1930 - Aug. 4, 2012
Geraldine (Senstad) Sonnenburg, born April 25, 1930, in La Crosse to Lillian and Lawrence Hunter, died Saturday, Aug. 4, 2012.
She was preceded in death by her parents and Glen Senstad.
Geraldine is survived by her husband, Eldon Sonnenburg of Delafield; children, Scott Senstad of Plum City, Robyn (Paul) Stearns of Genesee and Jody (Michael) Schuenke of Waukesha; brother, Larry Hunter (Suzi) of Dacula, Ga.; and her grandchildren, Teri (Blaine) Loney, Jessica (Ryan) Mooney, Kip (Anna) Stearns, Hattie Stearns, Lizzy (Greg) Lovas and Anne (Tyler) Dolph.
Gerry was a very creative and talented person. All those that knew her know she lived life with grace and dignity. She inspired many and will be missed by many.
A memorial service will be held at 2 p.m. Sunday, Aug. 12, at the Hillside Apartments Community Room, 3270 Hillside Drive, Delafield.
In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to Bethlehem Lutheran Church, Outreach Program, 470 N. Oakcrest Drive, Wales, WI 53183.


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SOURCE: MELA Sciences, Inc.
April 24, 2012 16:30 ET
IRVINGTON, NY--(Marketwire - Apr 24, 2012) - MELA Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: MELA), the medical device company that has developed MelaFind®, today announced that Joseph V. Gulfo, MD, President and CEO, will be presenting at the 37th Annual Deutsche Bank Health Care Conference in Boston, MA on Tuesday, May 8, 2012.
To access a live webcast of this presentation, visit the investor relations section of www.melasciences.com. A replay will be available on the company's website for two weeks following the presentation.
About MELA Sciences, Inc.
MELA Sciences is a medical device company focused on the commercialization of its flagship product, MelaFind®, and its further design and development. MelaFind is a non-invasive tool to provide additional information to dermatologists during melanoma skin examinations. The device uses light from visible to near-infrared wavelengths to evaluate skin lesions up to 2.5 mm beneath the skin. The device provides information on a lesion's level of morphologic disorganization to provide additional objective information that may be used by dermatologists in the biopsy decision-making process. MelaFind has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in the US. In addition, MelaFind has received CE Mark approval and is approved for use in the European Union.
For more information on MELA Sciences, visit www.melasciences.com.
Safe Harbor
This press release includes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include but are not limited to our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions and other statements that contain words such as "expects," "contemplates," "anticipates," "plans," "intends," "believes," "assumes," "predicts" and variations of such words or similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends, or that do not relate to historical matters. These statements are based on our current beliefs or expectations and are inherently subject to significant known and unknown uncertainties and changes in circumstances, many of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that our beliefs or expectations will be achieved. Actual results may differ materially from our beliefs or expectations due to financial, economic, business, competitive, market, regulatory and political factors or conditions affecting the company and the medical device industry in general, as well as more specific risks and uncertainties facing the company such as those set forth in its reports on Forms 10-Q and 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Factors that might cause such a difference include whether MelaFind® achieves market acceptance or becomes commercially viable. Given the uncertainties affecting companies in the medical device industry such as the Company, any or all of these forward-looking statements may prove to be incorrect. Therefore, you should not rely on any such factors or forward-looking statements. The Company urges you to carefully review and consider the disclosures found in its filings with the SEC which are available at www.sec.gov and www.melasciences.com.
For further information contact:For InvestorsLynn Pieper
Westwicke Partners415-202-5678For MediaMelissa Hurley
Ricochet Public Relations212-679-3300x128
For further information contact:For InvestorsLynn Pieper
Westwicke Partners415-202-5678For MediaMelissa Hurley
Ricochet Public Relations212-679-3300x128
See all RSS Newsfeeds


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Miko's Truly Relaxing Retreat
Like this entry? Favorite it below!
- Name:
- Miko
- Location:
- New York, NY
- Square Feet:
- 750
- Division:
- Little
- What I Love About My Small Home:
- It always surprises me how quiet it is inside my apartment, which provides a truly relaxing environment even in the city. When I have company staying over, the layout accommodates for personal space. I also love my neighborhood -- it's got everything I need.
- Biggest Challenge of Living in a Small Space:
- Storage! Organizing my closets is always a work in progress, but I've optimized it so they can hold as much as possible while making everything accessible. Hiding your stuff is always the key to making a small space look big, so I use make good use of cabinets and tool carts.
- If I am the Grand Prize winner of Small Cool, the item(s) or project(s) from my home design wishlist that I'd like to spend my winnings on are::
- I've been obsessed with chaises lately. I'd purchase a new sectional with a chaise so I can kick back and lounge. It's been challenging to find a suitable size, but I think Gus Modern makes some great ones that are perfect for my apartment.


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An excerpt from Laurence Freeman OSB, "Dearest Friends," Christian Mediation Newsletter, Vol. 30, No. 1, March 2006.
The Desert Fathers, who had read and understood the Gospel, also understood how it is always relationship that is healing. Solitude taught them that and sustained them in the life of their communities. They knew that relationship grows through listening. They also knew what demons were. . . .
Addiction is merely the tragic consequence of mistaken identity. We thought this substance or this activity would help us find what we were looking for,. In fact it turned out to be a demon masquerading as an angel of light and now we are hooked. Our thirst for God has become diverted and we are drinking poison instead. When Cortez, the 16th century Spanish invader, first arrived in Mexico he seemed to the Aztecs like the fulfillment of their religious prophecies. They embraced and welcomed him and found to the cost of their whole culture that it was too late.
We always clutch at our imagined redeemers, unaware that no true redeemer allows himself to be clung to. "Do not cling to me. . .I have not yet ascended to the Father." The true healer allows relationship, but does not allow the relationship to become an addiction. By the early Christians Jesus was seen as a physician of the soul of humanity rather than as the founder of a new religion. His deeper meaning—and all those levels of identity opened by his question "who do you say that I am?"—were to be found in the freedom he offered those who learned from his gentleness and humility. This was possible especially for those who accepted the light yoke of his friendship. To surrender that freedom for another dependency is to fail to recognize him. "He was in the world; but the world, though it owed its being to him, did not recognize him" is as much a warning to us today as a description of what happened during his temporal life. It still applies more to the Christians who turn him into another god or idol than to those true seekers who do no yet know how to understand him. He could not be clearer: he offers himself as a way which, at its deepest level, can be understood as one with the goal itself. "To believe in me is not to believe in me but in the one who sent me. To see me is to see the one who sent me" (Jn 12:44).
The paradox in these words is easily dismissed. We prefer rational, definable certainties. It is also easy to laugh away what seems to challenge our familiar ways of thinking and perceiving reality. But what if those familiar ways of perception are actually inverting reality? What if what we call freedom is in fact addiction? . . . .The desert teachers understood that to face the harsh truths of our illusion and dependencies is the fruit of the labor of many temptations. It is also a good part of the meaning of this joyful season. . . They called it wrestling with the demons but they knew that the demons are inside us. We merely evade the struggle by projecting them outside. The integrity of the person, our freedom to be ourselves and to love others, is perfected by the testing we embrace each time we sit to do the work of silence.
After Meditation, "The Soul's Friend," THE SOUL OF RUMI: A NEW COLLECTION OF ECSTATIC POEMS, trans. Coleman Barks (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 190.
Listen to your essential self, the Friend: When you feel
longing, be patient, and
also prudent, moderate with eating and drinking. Be like
a mountain in the wind.
Do you notice how little it moves? There are sweet
illusions that arrive
to lure you away. Make some excuse to them, "I have
indigestion," or "I need
to meet my cousin." You fish, the baited hook may be fifty
or even sixty gold pieces, but
is it really worth your freedom in the ocean? When traveling
stay close to your bag.
I am the bag that holds what you love. You can be
separated from me! Live
carefully in the joy of this friendship. Don't think,
"but those others love me
so." Some invitations sound like the fowler's whistle
to the quail, friendly, but
not quite how you remember the call of your soul's Friend.


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Come and stay with us at the MuchoMadrid Hostel and your journey to Madrid will start with an experience that you will never forget!
Our location, in the heart of the city centre, on Gran Via, is close to the best shopping and nightlife spots in a city that never sleeps. Some of the most important clubs in the city are nearby: Kapital, Arena, Ohm, The Room, Yasta, Joy Eslava, Palacio de Gaviria, along with neighbourhoods renown for their nightlife: Santa Ana, Huertas, Chueca, Malasaña.
MuchoMadrid is also near famous sites: Puerta del Sol, Plaza Mayor, the Royal Palace, the Royal Opera and within walking distance of many more. And if you\\\'re hungry for tapas you can easily reach Latina, the city\\\'s neighbourhood for eating and drinking Madrileño stile, on foot.
Our calm hostel is the perfect place to rest and relax after a busy day and to prepare for the next.
Located in a beautiful building, we offer a kitchen where guests can prepare food, a TV lounge where you can get to know your fellow travellers, daily cleaning and much more.
The hotel has 4 comfortable and spacious rooms. Each guest has their own private locker.
Bath towels, bed linen included in price!
It is ideal for travellers on a budget, individuals and groups, who will find out everything they need to know thanks to our helpful and friendly staff. The perfect place to meet people, exchange travel stories and encounter new experiences.
Ladies, it is perfectly safe, so feel free to join us.
Are you an erasmus student?
Are you needing a place to lodge while you look for a flat?
Muchomadrid is your hostel!!
Please note:
**We suggest that you print your booking confirmation.
**check-in time is from 13:00.
**very important!! --- cancellation must occur 72 hours before the check-in date. Any cancellations must be notified directly to the hostel at least 72 hours in advance, otherwise the first night will be charged onto your credit card.
**MuchoMadrid, the best option in the city!
**Important!! --- Cancellation must occur 72hrs before the check in date. Any cancellations must be notified directly to the hostel at least 72 hours before the day of check-in, otherwise the First night will be charged onto your credit card.
**Groups of 4 or more people: in order to confirm that your reservation.
Availability & RatesTo view availability and prices please select dates and click 'Update Dates'
Hostel Facilities & Policies
- 24 Hour Reception
- Adaptors
- Air Conditioning
- Airport Transfers
- Free Breakfast
- Breakfast Not Included
- Café
- Child Friendly
- Common Room
- Credit Cards Accepted
- Elevator
- Telephone/Fax Facilities
- Free City Maps
- Free Internet Access
- Free WiFi
- Hair Dryers
- Hot Showers
- Internet Access
- Self-Catering Facilities
- Laundry Facilities
- Linen Included
- Security Lockers
- Luggage Storage
- No Curfew
- Taxes included
- Tea & Coffee Making Facilities
- Tours/Travel Desk
- Towels Included
- Washing Machine
Cancellation PolicyThis property has a 3 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.
Must-Read Hostel InfoThis property has specific Terms & Conditions.
Check-in: 14:00 Please print your booking confirmation and bring it with you.
Check Out 11:00am
We have a 72hr cancellation policy. Late cancellations and no-shows shall be charged the equivalent of the entire reservation.
DirectionsShow MapHide Map
The easiest way to get to our hotel from the airport is taking the underground to Plaza de España Station,
(Line 8 - Airport Station -> Nuevos Ministerios Station -> change to Line 10 -> Nuevos Ministerios Station -> Plaza de España Station) it is almost 30 minutes and then you get out the Plaza de España and you take the main street Gran Vía in front of you. It is about 2 minutes walking. In Gran Vía Street, the Hostel is inbetween beer bar, \\\'El Jamón\\\' and the italian restaurant DiBoca.
Our hostel is just 2 minutes walk from Plaza de España underground station, 3 minutes from Callao station and 1 minute from Santo Domingo station.
There are fifteen bus routes that come to our hostel.
**We suggest that you print your booking confirmation.
**check-in time is from 12:00.
Located Near
Located near Puerta del Sol, Plaza Mayor, Royal Palace, Royal Opera, museums, Cibeles Square, shopping zones, clubs, cinemas, theatres and Tablaos Flamencos.
Our property is just two minutes' walk from Plaza de Espa�a underground station, three minutes from Callao station and one minute from Santo Domingo station.


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Tag Archives: Ben Gill
Bonnaroo Lineup Announced!
The pre-summer festival season is in full swing, and this week, the lineup for Bonnaroo 2013 was released.
Check it out below, and if travel isn't an issue, be sure to pick up your passes to Bonnaroo when they go on sale this Saturday at noon EST.
Acoustic Guitar Guide
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United States of America
v. Leonard Peltier
Canadian Extradition Proceedings
Peltier's extradition hearing took place over 18 days, commencing May 3, 1976 and concluding May 25, 1976. The hearing was conducted before Mr. Justice Schultz of the British Colombia Supreme Court sitting as the extradition judge pursuant to the provisions of the Extradition Act.
A. Role of the extradition judge:
Section 18(1)(b) of the Act governed committal. This provision requires a judge to issue a warrant of committal in the case of a fugitive accused of an extradition crime, "if such evidence is produced as would, according to the law of Canada, subject to this part, justify his committal for trial if the crime had been committed in Canada".
The Supreme Court of Canada in USA v. Sheppard (1976), 30 C.C.C. (2d) 424 had recently interpreted the test for committal of a fugitive as being whether or not there was any evidence on which a reasonable jury properly instructed could return a verdict of guilty. A judge, in accordance with this principle, was required to commit an accused person in any case in which there was admissible evidence which could, if it were believed, result in a conviction. In Sheppard, the Court went on to declare that the weighing of evidence is, as a matter of well settled principle, a role for a properly instructed jury and forms no part of the role of an extradition judge exercising his powers under the Extradition Act. This remains the law at the present time.
Accordingly, the United States of America had the onus of showing that there was sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie case that Peltier had committed the extradition crimes. Bill Halprin, counsel with the Vancouver Regional Office of the Department of Justice, appeared for the United States of America. Halprin called six witnesses and entered approximately 30 affidavits as evidence in support of Peltier's extradition.
Counsel for the fugitive called 10 witnesses. In addition, Peltier made an unsworn statement at the beginning of his case in which he requested that the court and the country grant him political asylum. None of the evidence introduced on behalf of Peltier related to the circumstances of the commission of any of the five alleged offenses. All of the evidence called by defence related to the alleged political nature of Peltier's case. This evidence was received under section 15 of the Extradition Act which allowed the extradition judge to receive evidence concerning the political nature of an offence for the future consideration of the Minister of Justice.
B. RESMURS Evidence:
A review of the evidence of the extradition proceedings confirms that two affidavits sworn by Myrtle Poor Bear, on February 23, 1976, and March 31, 1976, provided the only direct eyewitness evidence against Peltier with respect to the murders of the two Special Agents. Schultz J., in his reasons ordering extradition with respect to the RESMURS, described the evidence as follows:
"There is direct evidence relating to each alleged crime [RESMURS] contained in exhibit 18N, the affidavit of Poor Bear, sworn February 23, 1976 and exhibit 180, the affidavit of Poor Bear sworn March 31, 1976, her further deposition.
There is, in addition, circumstantial evidence comprising other affidavits of Ex. 18, which it is unnecessary to relate. "
In her February 23, 1976 affidavit, Poor Bear swore that:
-she had known Peltier since 1971 and was his girlfriend at the relevant time
-she was present at Pine Ridge as his girlfriend in June 1976 when Peltier and several others were planning the murder of US government agents who might come into the area
- on about the day before the agents were killed Peltier said he knew that agents were coming to serve an arrrest warrant on Jimmy Eagle and told people to get ready to kill them
-she said she was present and saw Peltier shoot the agents
-in August 1976 she met up with Peltier and they discussed his killing of the agents
In her March 31, 1976 affidavit, Poor Bear swore that:
-at 12:00 on the day of the murders Peltier came into the Harry Jumping Bull residence and said "they're coming"
-she walked up close to the agents car while the shooting was going on
-she saw Peltier shoot one agent who was standing against the car--the other agent was Iying face down on the ground
-she screamed at him and hit him then ran away
After the extradition hearing, it became known that a third affidavit, preceding the others chronologically and contradicting them, existed. The existence of this
affidavit became known to Peltier's extradition counsel only after it was disclosed to Peltier's co-defendants, Butler and Robideau, during the course of their prosecution on the murder charges in the United States. The third affidavit was provided by Poor Bear to FBI agents in the United States on February 19, 1976. It has been the position of Peltier's counsel, both in Canada and in the United States, that this affidavit is materially inconsistent with, and destroys the probative value of, the other two affidavits which followed it chronologically.
In the February 19, 1976 affidavit, Poor Bear stated that:
-she had known Peltier since 1971 and was his girlfriend at the relevant time
-she was present at Pine Ridge as his girlfriend in June 1976 when Peltier and several others were planning the murder of US government agents who might come into the area
- on about the day before the agents were killed Peltier said he knew that agents were coming to serve an arrrest warrant on Jimmy Eagle and told people to get ready to kill them
-at around that time she left the area of Jumping Bull Hall and did not return
-in August 1976 she met up with Peltier and they discussed his killing of the agents
In actual fact, the Poor Bear affidavit dated February 19, 1976 was consistent, if not identical, in most respects, to the Poor Bear affidavit of February 23, 1976. The material inconsistency was that in her February 19, 1976 affidavit she denied being present on the Pine Ridge Reservation at the time of the shooting. Therefore, according to the early affidavit, she did not witness the murders.
As stated above, in addition to the Poor Bear affidavits, circumstantial evidence implicating Peltier in the RESMURS was also entered at the extradition proceedings. Reviewing the file and assessing the circumstantial evidence available at the extradition is difficult because scant attention appears to have been paid to this material at the time of the hearing. This is not surprising given the nature of the direct evidence contained in the Poor Bear Affidavits. Submissions on the circumstantial evidence, supporting the theory of the United States Government, were brief. I have set out below the prosecution theory and a summary of the circumstantial evidence which supported this theory.
C. Theory of the United States Government at the extradition:
Special Agents Coler and Williams came under hostile fire while carrying out their duties in the area of Jumping Bull Hall on the Pine Ridge Reservation, at approximately 1 1:50 a.m., June 26, 1975. The agents were wounded by distant gunfire. Peltier executed the agents with an AR-15 semi-automatic rifle. The shell casing from one of the fatal shots was ejected from the murder weapon into the open trunk of Coler's car when the agents were finished off.
Circumstantial Evidence:
[the source of the evidence is noted in parentheses]
a) The autopsy showed that Special Agent Ron Williams had been shot three times. A high velocity missile that penetrated his face and skull directly contributed to his death. Special Agent Jack R. Coler was shot three times. One shot which entered under the chin had been instantly fatal. (Bloomendaal)
b) The personal police weapons of each officer had been taken from their bodies. (Wiley)
c) A ballistics expert examined thirty-six .223 calibre cartridge cases retrieved at the "general scene" of the murders. He concluded that they had all been loaded into and extracted from the same semi-automatic rifle of a model and type known to him as a Colt AR-1 5 which is a weapon of high velocity. The source of these thirty-six shell casings were as follows:
i) thirty- four .223 shells were recovered from Peltier's car;
ii) a single .223 cartridge case was recovered from a Chevrolet Suburban Red and White Van from which Peltier's fingerprint was lifted, and;
iii) a single .223 cartridge case located in Special Agent Coler's trunk .
d) Ballistics evidence based on the .223 shell casings located at the scene, in particular the shell casing located in the open trunk of Special Agent Colers' car, pinpointed the murder weapon as consistent with a semi-automatic rifle known as the AR-15, a weapon of high velocity. (Evan Hodge)
e) Peltier was observed by three eyewitnesses fleeing with three other men from the Jumping Bull Residence located approximately 200-250 yards away from the agents' bodies, in the general area of the shootout. All four men were seen to be carrying shoulder weapons, either a rifle or shotgun. (Stoldt and Coward)
f) Peltier's fingerprint was lifted off the rearview mirror of the 1966 Chevrolet Suburban Van in which one of the .223 casings attributed to the murder weapon was recovered(Lodge);
g) Peltier's car and the Chevy Suburban Van from which Peltier's fingerprint were lifted, referred to above, were located in the midst of a group of tents approximately 700 yards away from where the bodies were located.
h) Five months later, on November 15, 1975, highway police in the State of Oregon pulled over a motor home and Peltier was identified as one of the occupants. There were at least three other occupants in the motor home: a woman, two children and an unidentified individual. Peltier fled the scene, turning to fire on one of the police officers(Griffiths).
i) The motor home from which Peltier fled was searched. Special Agent Coler's service revolver was found in a bag bearing Peltier's thumbprint. Peltier's fingerprint was also lifted from the radio microphone mounted behind the driver's seat. Other weapons and ammunition was located in the motor home.(Zeller)
j) At approximately the same time that the motor home was pulled over, a civilian witness was parked nearby. He identified Peltier as the person who knocked on his car window and spoke to him shortly after the time the police officer said Peltier fled. The witness said that Peltier was breathing hard and asked for a ride. (Holmes)
k) Early the next morning a nearby ranch was broken into (Funk). A Jeep Ranchero and a Winchester 30-30 rifle were stolen (Barker). Peltier's fingerprints were found on the refrigerator inside the ranch. (Zeller)
l) The next day (November 17, 1975) the stolen Jeep Ranchero was discovered abandoned on the side of the highway(Olson). Peltier's fingerprint was lifted from the left front window. (Zeller)
m) On February 6, 1976, Peltier was arrested in a one room schoolhouse in Hinton, Alberta. The stolen Winchester 30-30 rifle was located in a pile of belongings in the room. Peltier's print was lifted off the rifle.
Taken at its highest, the case for the United States against can be summarized as follows:
The agents were found dead, Iying face down beside the drivers side of Coler's car. The front drivers side door and trunk of his car were open. The autopsy report concluded that a bullet fired from a high velocity weapon entered Williams' head and directly contributed to his death.
The shell casing recovered from the open trunk of Coler's car was identified as having been ejected from an AR-15 semi-automatic rifle, known to be a weapon of high velocity. Semi-automatic rifles automatically eject spent casings when fired. In order to have been ejected into the open trunk, the source AR-15 rifle must have been fired in close proximity to the car. The high velocity AR-15 is consistent with the murder weapon which fired the "high velocity missile" which according to the autopsy report, was used to execute Williams. Arguably, the inference can be drawn that the shell casing located in Colers' trunk was ejected from the AR-15, a high velocity weapon, when William's was fatally shot, and, that the fatal shot was fired at close range.
The shell casing located in Coler's trunk matched thirty-five other casings recovered at the scene which were examined by the ballistics expert. Thirty-four casings matching the murder weapon were recovered from Peltier's car and one was recovered from a van from which Peltier's fingerprint was lifted that was parked within 20 feet of Peltier's car. Both these vehicles were found approximately 650-700 yards from the agent's dead bodies.
Peltier was placed at the scene, in flight, in possession of a weapon consistent with the murder weapon by two eyewitnesses. The eyewitnesses identified Peltier carrying a shoulder weapon, either a rifle or shotgun, fleeing with three other men from a residence approximately 200-250 yards from where the murdered agents were located. The other three had similar shoulder weapons.
Peltier was fixed with possession of Colers personal police weapon that was removed from his body when he was murdered. The source of this evidence is the highway officer who identified Peltier as the individual who, five months later, fled from a motor home which he pulled over. Special Agent Coler's personal police weapon was located in the motor home in a brown paper bag. Peltier's fingerprint was lifted from the brown paper bag and the microphone above the driver's side. This also provides further evidence of flight.
Decision of the Extradition Judge
On June 18, 1976, Schultz ordered Peltier extradited on four of the five charges, including the two murders. He did not find sufficient evidence to extradite on the charge of attempted murder relating to the shots fired at the police officer who pulled over the motor home in Oregon. As noted above, he found that there was direct evidence of the murders through the Poor Bear Affidavits, as well as circumstantial evidence. He delivered extensive reasons (92 pages) for his decision covering a wide range of issues, including:
a) the proper test for committal
b) sufficiency of evidence on all counts
c) admissibility of identification evidence
d) Canadian Bill of Rights
e) jurisdiction of an extradition judge to consider evidence of alleged political nature of offences
In coming to his conclusion to commit Peltier on the murder charges, Schultz expressly rejected the following written submissions by defence concerning the inconsistencies in the two Poor Bear affidavits:
a) when viewed together [the inconsistencies] so discredit the evidence of Myrtle Poor Bear as to make it unreliable and negligible in probative value;
b) is submitted that her evidence does not meet the required standard of proof necessary for the finding of a prima facie case.
In rejecting these submissions, Schultz found that it was not the function or duty of the Extradition Judge to assess credibility of witnesses or determine the weight of evidence. He quite properly states that this duty or function should be left to the tribunal of fact, either Judge or jury. Although one cannot second guess the judge, it is not unlikely that he would have treated submissions concerning the February 19, 1976 affidavit in the same manner.
In his reasons Schultz made it clear that he did not consider the evidence put forward by defence in coming to his conclusion. He found that, although he had a duty to receive evidence concerning the political nature of the offence, he had no jurisdiction in his role as extradition judge to consider this evidence. He held that the consideration of the political character of the offence was part of the role reserved for the Minister of Justice.
Myrtle Poor Bear was not called by the prosecution as a witness against Peltier in his murder trial. When defence attempted to call her to support the defence theory of an FBI frame-up, she was found by the judge to be an incompetent witness whose testimony was too confused and incredible to be considered admissible. The United States prosecutors took the position that they had decided not to call her because of her emotional state and the fact that no other witness present on the Pine Ridge Reservation on the day of the murders could place her at the scene. The Poor Bear affidavits are attached at Appendix 1 to this review.
a) Preliminary motion to enter fresh evidence:
The appellants sought leave to introduce the February 19, 1976 affidavit of Myrtle Poor Bear as fresh evidence on the appeal. According to Peltier's affidavit filed in support of the motion to introduce new evidence, the February 19, 1976 affidavit came to light when it was disclosed to defence counsel in the United States during the trial of Peltier's two co-accused, Robideau and Butler. Peltier's counsel took the position that had this affidavit been entered on the extradition hearing, it might reasonably have induced the court to change its view with respect to the committal order on the first degree murder charges. It was asserted that the affidavit would have confirmed the absence of Myrtle Poor Bear on the day of the murders and completely have destroyed the evidence in her other two affidavits. In addition, it was Peltier's position that the "suppressed" affidavit showed Government misconduct on the part of the attorneys in the United States by wilfully withholding and suppressing this information to Peltier's detriment.
The motion was dismissed.
b) Section 28 Appeal
In written argument, the two Poor Bear affidavits entered at the extradition hearing were extensively canvassed. In particular, all inconsistencies were addressed. It was asserted that the February 23, 1976 and March 31, 1976 Poor Bear affidavits, were tendered to present the strongest case on the murders, and together were the only evidence inculpating Peltier in the murders. Peltier's counsel argued that the fundamental internal inconsistencies in the affidavits rendered the evidence worthless and that the other evidence led by the United States, which could only be considered as corroborative, in no way redeemed or rehabilitated the essential deficiencies of the Poor Bear Affidavits.
The Court had before it the record of the extradition proceedings, and, the written
argument of counsel. Additionally, they heard "extensive" submissions from counsel. Based on the foregoing, the Court concluded that there was no sufficient cause or reason to to set aside the warrant of committal issued by Schultz on June 18, 1976. Accordingly, the appeal was dismissed.
Appeal to the Minister of Justice: November 1976
Following the dismissal by the Federal Court of Appeal, Counsel for Peltier and four native representatives made written and oral submissions to the Honourable Ron Basford, Minister of Justice concerning the political character of the offenses with respect to which Peltier's extradition was sought.
The oral submissions were transcribed but could not be located for this review. The written submissions and numerous appendices, contained in a brief of approximately 150 pages, included: Peltier's personal history, the history of the American Indian Movement, the relationship of AIM to the US government, allegations of American government misconduct towards AIM, and the law on offenses of a political character.
Cited as the most glaring evidence demonstrating the U.S. Government's misconduct was the use of the testimony of Myrtle Poor Bear to justify the allegations that Peltier was involved in the murder of the two FBI agents. Defence counsel submitted that this evidence was of critical significance since it was the only evidence inculpating Peltier in those offenses. It was argued that the first affidavit was suppressed intentionally because it contradicted and, therefore, destroyed the credibility of the second two affidavits. It was also asserted that the second two affidavits must have been known by the drafter to contain perjured evidence and were submitted to Canada for use in the extradition, regardless of this fact.
ii) evidence from extradition hearing:
The Minister had before him all evidence tendered at the extradition hearing. This included transcripts of all evidence called by the defence relating to the political nature of the offence. In addition, the Minister had a summary of the transcripts of the witnesses called on Peltier's behalf at his extradition hearing which had been prepared in November 1976, at his request. A copy of the summary is attached as Appendix 2 to this review. As stated earlier, all the evidence called by Peltier at the extradition related to the alleged political nature of the offence. The following witnesses testified on his behalf at his extradition hearing:
- the International Field Director of AIM
- residents of Pine Ridge, including one whose son was killed at Wounded Knee
- the National Chairman of AlM, also a political science lecturer at San Francisco State University
- members of AIM
- an expert in American prison law concerning treatment of natives in the penitentiary system
- an attorney and member of the Wounded Knee Defence Committee
- an American penologist and correctional systems administrator
The testimony of these witnesses related primarily to the rise and development of AIM, its purposes and the difficulties it has encountered, and the situation at Pine Ridge between 1972 and 1976 between rival native factions and with the United States government.
iii) correspondence to the Minister from interested parties:
In addition, the Minister had received a steady stream of correspondence from individuals, groups and associations from around the world, all writing on Peltier's behalf. Demonstrations were held in Ottawa, British Columbia and the United States in an effort to dissuade the Minister of Justice from signing the order surrendering Peltier. Allegations of FBI misconduct in relation to the Poor Bear affidavits, Wounded Knee and Pine Ridge were set out in detail in many of the letters. Allegations of FBI misconduct and hints of Canadian government complicity were also prevalent in the press at the time.
Executive decision to extradite
On December 17, 1976 Ron Basford issued a press release setting out his reasons for ordering Peltier's extradition. The following issues were dealt with in his reasons:
a) Alleged inconsistencies in the Poor Bear affidavits: This issue was found to be a legal matter for the courts which had been dealt with in Canada and would, undoubtedly, be dealt with in the US courts.
b) Alleged misconduct of the FBI and Bureau of Indian Affairs ("BIA"): it was stressed that it would be the courts, not these agencies, who would try Peltier.
c) American due process for Peltier : No evidence was presented that demonstrated that Peltier would be denied his constitutional rights in the
United States. Some reliance was placed on the jury's acquittal in June 1976 of Peltier's two co-defendants, Robideau and Butler, on the same charges.
d) American due process for Native Americans: Again, some reliance was placed on letters from the United States prosecutors to the Minister suggesting that the acquittal of the two co-defendants, both Native Americans, by a jury belied any claims of inherent bias in the American justice system against Native Americans. There was also evidence before the Minister that other AIM leaders who had faced criminal charges in the United States had received fair treatment
e) American Assurances: The Minister had sought and received the assurance that if Peltier was convicted of murder, he would not be executed. Additionally, the Americans had presented a diplomatic note to Canada assuring Peltier's personal safety and that he would not be tried for any offences other than those on which he had been extradited, in keeping with the rule of specialty.
f) Political character of the offense: It was not demonstrated on all the evidence before him that the two murders, the attempted murder or the burglary with which Peltier had been charged were offences of a political character. Nor had it been established that the proceedings in question were taken with a view to try or punish Peltier for an offence of a political character.
In May 1989, Peltier sought leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada and brought an application for an extension of time to appeal and an application to file fresh evidence. The appellant's grounds were that:
1. The Federal Court of Appeal erred in finding that the extradition judge had sufficient evidence to support an extradition Order;
2. The Federal Court of Appeal erred in refusing to admit further evidence available at the time of appeal that established that the respondent had obtained the Order extraditing the Applicant by material non-disclosure of relevant evidence and fraud;
3. Substantial new evidence was now available which was not available at the time of the appeal hearing to establish that the respondent obtained the extradition order by material non-disclosure of relevant evidence and fraud.
It was the appellant's position that this new evidence referred to in paragraph 3 above, established that cogent physical evidence linking the appellant to the two murders was of no probative weight and this might reasonably have affected the decision of the extradition judge. In addition, they asserted that the new evidence would show government misconduct on the part of the attorneys in the United States by wilfully withholding and suppressing the information to his detriment. It was alleged that the "false and discredited direct evidence of Poor Bear was knowingly obtained and presented by agents of the United States government in order to buttress an insufficient case for extradition". The new evidence was also said to weaken the circumstantial evidence presented at the extradition.
Extensive materials were filed on appeal including a documentary videotape on the Peltier case and materials received in the United States of America pursuant to Freedom of Information requests by Peltier and his supporters.
The leave application was dismissed after an oral hearing. Although no transcript of the hearing was available for review, file notes show that during oral argument, Laforest J. observed that any effective extradition arrangement requires good faith and suggested that the Poor Bear episode raised questions about the bona fides of the extradition process. However, he concluded that the issue involving the Poor Bear affidavits was, in the circumstances of the case, one for the Parties to the extradition arrangement and not for the Courts.
A review of the Appellant's brief does not demonstrate new evidence which weakens the circumstantial evidence led at the extradition hearing.


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Father of Wis. teen who died after being restrained says DA incompetent for not filing charges
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MILWAUKEE – The father of a Milwaukee-area teen who died in 2012 after being restrained in a convenience store said Friday it was "unconscionable" for the Milwaukee County district attorney not to bring charges.
Corey Stingley, 16, was suspected of shoplifting alcohol from a West Allis convenience store in December 2012, and three customers tackled him and held him down. When police arrived a few minutes later they found him lying unconscious in an awkward position.
He was taken to a hospital with a brain injury caused by lack of oxygen. He later died after his family decided to have him withdrawn from a ventilator.
Milwaukee County district attorney John Chisholm conducted a yearlong investigation but said last week he wouldn't charge any of the three men with homicide or reckless conduct. He said there wasn't sufficient evidence to prove they intended to kill Stingley or knew their actions could lead to death.
The victim's father, Craig Stingley, told The Associated Press on Friday he was outraged by the decision. Stingley said his son's life had been taken by "three murderers" whose crimes were now going unpunished.
"The DA's office has been negligent, just unbelievably derelict in their duties," Stingley said. "For him to come back with the decision he did is unconscionable. It shows he's not able to do the job he's elected to do."
An autopsy concluded that Corey Stingley died of a lack of oxygen to the brain. Photos from the medical examiner's office showed he had redness and bruising on his neck.
The three men denied choking Stingley, telling investigators they tackled him and then restrained him by his arms, shoulders and upper body. One man acknowledged putting Stingley in a headlock until the three had wrestled him to the ground.
Craig Stingley said the three men, who are white, must have had prejudice in their hearts to react that way toward his son, who was black.
"You can't tell me any way a grown man, when he's choking someone, doesn't know he's causing bodily harm," Stingley said. "I have to think they have some kind of predisposition or hatred in them, to do what they did to a 16-year-old boy."
Stingley has asked the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate. The agency declined to comment beyond confirming it received a request.
Stingley took part in a rally Friday afternoon outside Chisholm's office building. He said the goal was to inform the community its district attorney was incapable of doing his job and shouldn't be re-elected. About 150 demonstrators attended the rally, some carrying signs reading "Justice for Corey Stingley" and "Bring his racist killers to trial," while speakers called on the prosecutor's office to file charges.
A message left with Chisholm wasn't immediately returned.
Dinesh Ramde can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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AFI's 100 years...100 movies
An official iCheckMovies list.
Favorited 509 times, disliked 4 times, added to 557 watchlists.
Through the collective judgment of 1,500 leaders from across the American film community - screenwriters, directors, actors, producers, cinematographers, editors, executives, film historians and critics -, AFI has identified 100 movies which set the standard and mark the excellence of the first century of American cinema. The first version of the list only contained films that were made in the first 100 years of American cinema (1896-1996). However, this list is the updated version.
Pssst, want to check out the AFI's 100 years...100 movies list in our new look?
Last updated on Jun 5, 2009; source


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Theology of Everything
Cos everything's theological
Jonathan Burnside
- Jonathan Burnside is a Lecturer in Law and conducts interdisciplinary research in law, criminology and theology at the Centre for the Study of Law and Religion, School of Law, University of Bristol. View all resources by Jonathan Burnside
This article1 appears with the kind permission of the Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics, and was originally published as an Ethics in Brief article. KLICE is part of UCCF: Research, and aims to promote the study and understanding of Christian ethics marked by both biblical fidelity and contemporary relevance. Find out more about KLICE here. Click here to read more Ethics in Brief articles. Click here to find about KLICE's Public Leadership Programme for students and for professionals in Law, Healthcare, Politics and Business.
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 set out a new public sexual ethic. This article considers how its three big ideas consent, equality and protection compare with the values that underlie sexual offences in biblical law. First, we find that consent in biblical law is not merely a matter for the actors involved in the sexual behaviour, but goes wider to include others who are affected. Second, whereas modern law identifies certain classes as morally indistinguishable and therefore equal (e.g. making no distinction between heterosexual and homosexual intercourse), biblical law builds its idea about equality on a different set of moral distinctions. And, third, whilst modern law properly focuses on protecting children and other vulnerable persons, biblical law goes much further to consider the protection of the family and society as a whole. In addition, biblical law knows of further categories within which to structure sexual offences, including a concern for order and the good of the Creators original intent.
View this article in PDF format
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 aimed to reset the boundaries regarding a public sexual ethic. It replaced the last major piece of legislation in this area, the Sexual Offences Act 1956, and ushered in wide-ranging reforms. For example, on publication the Act was hailed by an Independent editorial for bringing an end to what it described as the persecution of consensual gay sexual conduct.2 This article considers the main ideas that presently inform public sexual ethics, namely, consent, equality and protection in the light of the ideas that underlie sexual offences in biblical law.
Three big ideas: consent, equality and protection
First, consent. This undergirds the whole of the Act because its underlying goal is to protect persons from non-consensual sexual activity. Consent is defined as agreement by choice on the part of a person who has freedom and capacity to make that choice. It follows that a grossly-impaired capacity is usually sufficient to negate consent. Consent is central to modern ideas about individual freedom and cultural liberty, making the Act a typically late-modern piece of legislation.
Second, equality. So far as possible, the Act does not discriminate between men and women nor between those of different sexual orientation. As a result of this concern for equality, all offences in the Act are gender neutral in their application unless there is good reason to do otherwise. This meant abolishing a number of homosexual offences, including gross indecency between men, other forms of consensual same-sex activity and soliciting by men.
Third, protection. The Sex Offences Review Group (an advisory body which shaped the legislation) took the view that the right balance to strike between the principles of autonomy and welfare was a structure of sexual offences that broadly permits consensual acts in private but is effective against force, coercion and harm.3 Consequently, a third major theme of the Act is the protection of vulnerable groups, principally children and the mentally disordered.
How does this compare with biblical law?
Like modern law, biblical law reflects a concern for consent, equality and protection. However, we will see that biblical law offers us a different perspective. Before doing so, it is necessary to say a word about the formation of marriage in early Israel. Raymond Westbrook identifies four stages.4 First, parents commence negotiations with the family of the bride, even in cases where the son chooses his own bride (e.g. Genesis 34:4; Judges 14:15). Second, the groom brings a marriage present to the brides father, and as soon as this has been accepted, the bride is betrothed to the groom. Unlike engagement today, betrothal was a kind of inchoate marriage which changed the womans legal status and conferred the protection of a fully-married woman. Third, the groom claims the bride. Finally, the marriage is completed when the father-in-law provides a banquet before delivering his daughter to the groom (e.g. Genesis 29:22).
Understanding this sequence is important for understanding sexual offences in the Bible. The story of Dinah and Shechem is usually presented as a rape case but in fact Shechems offence is not one of rape (Genesis 34). He debases Dinah socially by not follow the customary steps in the formation of marriage as noted above (Genesis 34:2; some translations use the word humbled'). He reverses the normal procedure by having intercourse with Dinah (v. 3) before opening negotiations via his father (v. 4). At this point in the biblical period, intercourse is not regarded as inherently creating betrothal although it is an act that should, in the normal course of events, lead to very serious negotiations. This is the reason why Hamor the father of Shechem went out to Jacob to speak with him (v. 6). The reader expects negotiations between the house of Jacob and the house of Hamor, leading to settlement and damages. Dinah herself would not be the subject of the damages because it is Jacobs lack of consent that is at the heart of the offence. However, instead of reaching a settlement the sons of Jacob embark upon a course of vengeance (vv. 3031). This is consistent with the offence described in Exodus 22:1617: If a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed, and lies with her, he shall give the marriage present for her, and make her his wife. If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, he shall pay money equivalent to the marriage present for virgins. Again, this is not a rape case, rather, it is a case of an unconventional marriage. Unlike modern law, then, biblical law looks beyond individual consent to include the consent of the father and, by extension, other family members who may have an interest in negotiating terms of marriage.
As applied to sexual offences law reform, equality means identifying classes of sexual behaviour within which it is not possible to make distinctions for the purpose of applying criminal sanctions. We can see that, in this sense, there is a concept of equality in biblical law that contributes to the structuring of sexual offences. Unmarried and unbetrothed women (or men who have relations with them) are treated equally in the sense that no formal sanction attaches to them personally for their sexual behaviour (e.g. Deuteronomy 22:28-29). By contrast, women who are married or betrothed (or men who have relations with them) will be punished for sexual wrongdoing (e.g. Deuteronomy 22:22, 23-27).
Unlike modern law, which relies on legal sanction where an individual (a child or a mentally disordered person in particular) does not have the capacity to give consent, one of the main ways in which biblical law sought to protect the vulnerable from sexual exploitation was by conferring the status of marriage. The typical threat to marriage was adultery.
It is noteworthy that the typical case of adultery in biblical law is committed by a married man with a married woman; adultery per se does not appear to be committed by a married man with an unmarried woman because, presumably, no male interest is threatened thereby. It follows that the married woman enjoys a more elevated status and to this extent greater protection in ancient Israel, compared to the unmarried woman, because sexual relations with her are treated more seriously. The reverse of this is that her increased status brings increased responsibility. Consequently she (along with the male offender) is liable for a capital crime whereas the unmarried woman (as well as the man with whom she has relations) is not.
Paternity, not virginity
This is consistent with the relative lack of concern in biblical law with virginity. It is usually claimed that Deuteronomy 22:13-21 shows that a high value was placed on virginity and that the absence of premarital virginity was a capital matter. But the literary structure of Deuteronomy 22:1329 suggests that the primary concern of verses1321 is whether or not the girl had intercourse during the period of betrothal, which would make her offence one of quasi-adultery. The so called proof of virginity (as in e.g. the NIV) may, rather, to be understood as evidence of menstruation in short, a pregnancy test. On this reading, Deuteronomy 22:1321 is concerned to clarify the paternity of a child born shortly after marriage. In addition to its concern for vulnerable individuals, biblical law thus demonstrates a wider concern to protect marriage and family as social institutions.
Lessons from Leviticus 20
We can see that biblical law is familiar with the categories of consent, equality and protection although it defines them differently and more expansively than contemporary legislation. In addition, biblical law conceives of sexual offences using categories we have lost. This can be seen by a careful reading of Leviticus 20.
Idolatry and community
The structure of Leviticus 20, which mirrors the Decalogue, indicates that it recognizes sexual disorder as essentially symptomatic of idolatry. In contrast to the rather sterile and individualistic category of consent, there is also a community aspect to sexual ethics in the Bible. Both aspects can be seen in the prohibition of child-sacrifice to Molech in 20:25. Here there is a clear responsibility upon the community to purge the land of wickedness. Where they fail through closing their eyes to duly punish, God will set his face against that man and his family. The community as a whole risked punishment if it failed to punish such offenders. As noted above, this reflects the concern for marriage and family as institutions and the well-being of the nation as a whole, including its vocation (20:24) and covenant relationship with Yahweh (20:26).
Honouring parents
It is hugely significant that the list of sexual offences in 20:9-21 is presented as a literary whole and is preceded by a negative reiteration of the command to honour your father and mother. This is surprising and tells us that the sexual offences which follow are prototypical of what it means to curse father or mother, that is, to reject their authority. In other words, sexual offences are defined explicitly in terms of the family and, conversely, the boundaries of the family in terms of sexual offences. Verse 19, for example, is unique in the whole of the chapter because it does not carry a penalty. This is because it is a hard case that stands at the edge of what constitutes near kin or family in early Israel as far as sexual ethics is concerned. Using the categories of biblical law, therefore, it is more appropriate to speak in terms of family offences than sexual offences.
Forms of adultery
How does Leviticus 20 go on to organise the family offences which follow in 20:10-21? Just as the prohibition of Molech worship relates to the first commandment and cursing parents to the fifth, so the prohibition of adultery evokes the Decalogue and in 20:10 heads the list of family offences. Adultery, in its various forms, therefore is the frame within which family offences are conceived; there is no need to invent a new category since the Decalogue has already provided it. A similar approach to classification may be found in the New Testament. What we nowadays refer to as sexual fantasy may perhaps be regarded by Jesus not as a distinct category but as another form of adultery (Matthew 5:27-28). This form of classification challenges our tendency to over- or under-rate certain sexual sins. At the same time 20:9-16 presents the following behaviours as progressively distant from the norm: (1) homosexual relations (20:13) followed by (2) marriage between a man, a woman and her daughter (20:14) and (3) relations between humans and animals (20:15-16). It is striking how this sequence mirrors modern social trends.
Biblical law, like modern law, operates with concepts of consent, equality and protection. However it employs additional categories such as: idolatry; community protection; honouring parents; adultery; forms of adultery as well as a general concern for the order of creation and the institutions of marriage and family. Marriage is the central image of a good sexual relationship and everything else is defined in relation to it. As noted, the structural similarity of Leviticus 20 to the Decalogue indicates that the primary issue is idolatry and the secondary issue is the offenders relationship with his father and mother. This order of priorities sees sexual misbehaviour as raising two key questions: first, what does it suggest about the offenders relationship with YHWH and, second, what does it suggest about the offenders relationship with his or her father and mother? By setting limits to sexual expression and suggesting that sexual deviancy is an expression of spiritual and familial dysfunction and a threat to the wider community, Leviticus 20 is a world apart from the modern tendency to affirm sexual minorities in the name of cultural liberty. Biblical law presents us with a coherent sexual ethic and a worldview we have lost. The task is not to rest the boundaries, in the manner of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, but to rediscover the boundaries presently lost from sight.
1. This is adapted from J. P. Burnside, Consent versus community: What basis for sexual offences reform? (Cambridge: Jubilee Centre, 2006), with the permission of the Jubilee Centre..
2. The Independent, 20 November 2002.
3. Sex Offences Review Group, Setting the Boundaries: Reforming the law on sex offences. Volume 1. (London: Home Office Communications Directorate, 2000), 98.
4. Raymond Westbrook, Biblical Law, in N. S. Hecht, et al., eds., An Introduction to the History and Sources of Jewish Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 113.
For further reading
- J. P Burnside, Consent versus community: What basis for sexual offences reform? Cambridge: Jubilee Centre, 2006. (Internet only; http://www.jubilee-centre.org/uploaded/files/resource_75.pdf). 73 pp.
- J. P. Burnside, Strange Flesh: Sex, Semiotics and the Construction of Deviancy in Biblical Law, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 30/4 (2006), 387 420.
- Christopher Ash, Marriage: Sex in the Service of God, Inter-Varsity Press, 2003.
- Ken Stone, Sex, honour and power in the Deuteronomistic History (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series), Sheffield Academic Press, 2003.
- Christopher J. H. Wright, God's People in God's Land, Paternoster Press, 1997.