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When it comes to hiring a financial planner, it pays to screen carefully. It's important to understand exactly how planner candidates are paid so that you can make an informed market decision. But remember -- not many worthwhile pros work for peanuts. (Don't get so ruthless about cost that you end up with worthless advice.)
There are essentially three types of commission payments:
- One-time sales rewards, such as mutual fund "loads," or the upfront payments that come from selling annuities and cash-value life insurance policies
- Ongoing, annual service payments, such as annual commissions paid to insurance agents upon policy renewal
- Commissions paid for transactions, such as buying and selling shares of stock
Fee based on percentage of assets
Some planners charge a straight percentage of your total assets on an annual basis -- either all assets (from your personal balance sheet) or just the assets they are helping you manage. This is the most common arrangement for paying an independent financial planner and is increasing in popularity.
Fee based on an hourly rate
Under this arrangement, you do the bulk of the work and pay the planner for information and advice on an as-needed basis -- like the typical arrangement with a personal lawyer.
Flat fee for a one-time financial plan
You pay a hefty upfront fee -- often in the many thousands of dollars -- for a glossy write-up of your total financial empire, complete with recommendations for action.
How compensation can taint the advice you get
You'll find that most planners mix and match these income options, which - surprise! - makes it difficult to do a side-by-side comparison of financial pros. Don't be misled by simple labels. Ask planner candidates exactly how they will be paid. "Fee-only" should mean that the planner accepts no sales or trading commissions. Ask directly to be sure.
"Fee-based" and "fee-offset" are not the same as "fee-only." The fundamental basis of these relationships is a fee, but subsequent commissions are also part of the package -- either charged on top of fees ("fee-based") or subtracted from fees ("fee-offset").
In the best case, even a well-intentioned commission-based planner might overlook the best option for you if he's not trained and paid for selling it. In the absolute worst case, commission-only planners are thinly disguised salesmen with no interest at all in your finances -- beyond selling you the one product for which they are most highly compensated.
Unless you know exactly what you're after, stay away from the "complete financial plan for a few thousand dollars" option. The resulting plans are often long on glossy charts but short on specific advice to solve your unique problems. Moreover, there may be no ongoing advice to service your constantly evolving needs.
The more money you have, the easier it will be to find a fee-based financial planner, particularly one that charges a "percent of assets" fee. Having a lot of money doesn't necessarily mean that your finances are more complex, but it does make it more likely that a planner can save (or make) you enough to more than offset the ongoing fee.
Folks with net worth below $100,000 will have a much tougher time finding a fee-based planner. Moreover, if they are just looking for occasional advice, an annual, asset-based fee is usually an expensive proposition relative to the payback. An hourly charge usually makes more sense. If this is you, expect to take a little more time and effort to find a good planner. It's unlikely that one will knock on your door.
The Fool Way
Given the complexities of the compensation system and the inherent conflicts of interest, The Motley Fool created an alternative financial planning resource that removes those complications.
For a $195 flat fee, TMF Money Advisor subscribers get unbiased planning and advice that's affordable and free from the conflicts that traditional planners face. It includes a comprehensive, hand's-on online financial planning tool; one-on-one phone advice from a financial professional (who with your permission can access the financial information you provide in the online planning tool; unlimited Fool education via our online seminars and active discussion boards. (The details of these services are discussed in "Whom To Hire.")
So how do we make money from you? The Motley Fool gets paid only for the service we provide. Neither Ayco advisors (the folks who answer your questions via phone) nor DirectAdvice (the company that administers the online planning tool) receive any commissions from the recommendations they make.
Whether you have $10,000 to your name, or $10 million (and are considering bequeathing a handsome sum to The Motley Fool Inc.), you get the same level of service -- the same tools; the same attention from The Ayco advisors. Best of all, you can tinker with your plan any time you'd like -during your lunch break or when you experience a major life change. (Yes, even saving for your son's second round of orthodontia has financial implications.) When you work with a traditional financial planner, you pay each time you want to make modifications to your plan.
Of course we're biased about this service -- it's ours, after all. However, if you decide to use TMF Money Advisor and are unconvinced about its virtues, we offer pro-rated, money-back guarantee, so you can test-drive it without parting with a lot of cash.
Again, it comes down to finding the way you are most comfortable with working with a pro. But do not overlook the importance of compensation. It plays a large roll in the quality of the advice you get.


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This Friday's Shoot-Out will be postponed until another Friday. Thanks!
Our first Shoot-Out was such a success, there is already interest in the next one. Depending on the sign-ups, this can become a regular Friday or Saturday night event. This is not just for the players who deserve bragging rights after their win, but their significant other, friends and all TVTA members can attend and socialize where the group heads for drinks and food. Next time we will head to the Hopyard in the Market Place.This will be a great way to build lasting friendships which has connected us through tennis. If you are interested in our next Shoot-Out, sign-up now.
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Replies to This Discussion
Hi Dudley,
I would like to sign up for the shoot out for the Saturday night event. What do I have to do?
My dad(Jun) and I are in.
ok.. if we are short by players my dad and i wont play, so please update us. We can probably be a back up.
© 2018 Created by Mark / The Mayor. Powered by

subset: commoncrawl


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Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Appisodes
Disney Junior Appisodes | Price: FREE
Last year Disney released a fantastic app based on the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episode "Road Rally." They called the app an "appisode," which meant that it was basically the episode of the Disney Junior show turned into a game with long clips from the show. In simplest terms, it became an interactive episode for your child on the iPad or other iOS device. Now they've completely redone the app and I think its been worth it.
Kaboom Helps to Limit Kids' iPod and iPad Time
| Price:
As most parents have found out, limiting their child's screentime on an iPad, iPhone or iPod can be challenging. Rahul Deshpande has come up with an interesting solution with his app, Kaboom – App Timer.
Highlight: Junior Typer
Junior Typer | Price: $0.99
Do you have a child who loves to type on the iPad or on your computer? Is he/she constantly pushing setting buttons? or share links? or activating some part of the app that isn't for them? If so, Junior Typer is the app you are looking for. It was created by a father for his preschooler when he could not find a similar app. It lets your child type on the iPad without any extra buttons, settings, ads, sharing links, etc.
Review: More Trucks by DuckDuckMoose
More Trucks HD - by Duck Duck Moose | Price: FREE
A sign of a good kids game for the iPad is how long a child plays with it. Based on that theory, the new app by one of my favorite kids app developers Duck Duck Moose called "More Trucks HD" should be a hit. After installing the game on my iPad I let my five year old take it for a spin. Ten minutes later I could not get him to give me the iPad. He was to engrossed in having a crane pull boxes over to a wrecking ball and have a bulldozer clean up the mess.
(more…) Continue reading "Review: More Trucks by DuckDuckMoose" »
Writing Magic Numbers Review
Writing Magic Numbers | Price: $1.99
Writing Magic Numbers is a unique app which teaches number recognition, counting and writing numbers from 0-10 through a delightful, magical adventure. Many educational apps are heavily weighted towards either learning or play but Magic Numbers gets the balance just right. (more…)Continue reading "Writing Magic Numbers Review" »
Highlight: LaLa Lunchbox helps kids plan their own lunches
LaLa Lunchbox | Price: FREE
Planning lunches for your kids can be challenging. Why not get the kids involved and empower them to make healthy choices? Lala Lunchbox lets kids plan their meals with your help.Continue reading "Highlight: LaLa Lunchbox helps kids plan their own lunches" »
Highlight: Mum's Cronky Car
Mum's Cronky Car Kids Bedtime Story & Best Ebook | Price: FREE
Mum's Cronky Car is an interactive storybook app for young children, that's fully of rhyming fun and magic.Continue reading "Highlight: Mum's Cronky Car" »
Highlight: Paper Galaxy
| Price:
What happens when the moon gets lost, catches a cold, and runs into the cranky Crab Nebula? A family-friendly and fun-filled chase through a galaxy of adorable planetary oddballs ensues! As Luna, you sneeze from orbit to orbit on your way back to Mother Earth. Along the way, you'll make new friends, collect stars, and have more than a few close encounters with hot-headed Suns and mysterious Black Holes!
App Highlight: Video Monster – YouTube filtering app for kids
| Price:
Ever been frustrated by the fact, that you couldn't let your kids watch YouTube on their own? Because they either got distracted by strange comments or thrown to weird 'related' videos, that were not really suitable for their age? If so, then you might like this youtube filtering app for kids: Video MonsterContinue reading "App Highlight: Video Monster – YouTube filtering app for kids" »
Halloween Apps for Kids
The temporary Halloween stores have already started popping up. The leaves are starting to turn. Corn stalks are showing up outside your neighbor's house. It's that time of year again. Here's a quick list of some fun and safe Halloween-themed apps for your kiddos to enjoy.
Continue reading "Halloween Apps for Kids" »


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|2013-04-15, 17:39
|Link #41
Tastes Cloudy
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Snake Way
Age: 30
|2013-04-15, 17:41
|Link #42
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2011
I don't know, and I don't mind the tales games being male-oriented, sticking to a ''gender-equal'' method of making games is just as oppressive as purely making games to supply 1 gender on it's own, someone just used it as an example as a neutral game and I don't see how it can be considered neutral when you have to ignore so much of the plot to consider it as so, for Starcraft you can do it because that's what it's known for, gameplay, the Tales of series has a much stronger emphasis on story and you have to ignore the main characters and focus solely on the side characters who just aren't as important(or are there to improve Lloyd himself) as the main characters.
I also don't know what women want in their games to make it a ''game for women'', and am not too interested in making conjecture on that. My posts really just sorta boiled down to showing that the Tales games are not Gender neutral, not that I condemn the gaming society for being ''MALE POWER HELL TO THE YEAH BROS'' or anything like that.
She asked for a kickstarter and made about 150k$ just for this one video, and the biggest offense she committed was disabling any type of people who wish to argue to the contrary by disabling her comments, ratings, and likes, under the excuse that she was ''threatened to be killed and raped'', which
There are also many videos that actually make arguments against the arguments she makes that are just as sensible.
|2013-04-15, 17:52
|Link #44
Join Date: May 2010
Location: Unspecified
Tales is "Gender neutral Game" but since Game itself is mainly male hobby. the developer created it for male in mind. but there is roughly equal number of fanservice in both gender and both gender is treated (almost) equally.
let's face it. Game is male hobby. girl are welcome to play game. but they must know that the democratic of game industry is Male and industry is created based around them.
even standard game like chess and poker is dominated by Male
|2013-04-15, 17:58
|Link #45
Join Date: Dec 2003
The first part was actually meant to be a (very bad) joke.
(I am not going to use the tales series because I haven't play those :O)
Going to hold off replying for a small bit and see if others with chip in. I think this is another example of a difference in perspective: what I (as a male gamer) perceive as gender neutral may be seen by others as male-centric.
Any game with relationship development is going to be under fire.
Wings of Liberty may be centered around Raynor, but Heart of the Swarm is all about Kerrigan, "queen of blades" and would be savior of the universe (it even has a mission where Kerrigan have to save the jailed Raynor!).
|2013-04-15, 18:19
|Link #47
blinded by blood
Using Anita Sarkeesian's video to back up your claims is pretty bad, sorry. She defrauded people on Kickstarter to the tune of $150,000, ostensibly to make that video. Yeah, sorry, no, that video did not cost 150 large to make.
The video is also horseshit.
The "damsel in distress" trope isn't sexist, it's LAZY WRITING. What if the damsel is a man? Still lazy. Not progressive or forward-thinking. Just fucking lazy.
|2013-04-15, 18:31
|Link #48
Join Date: Jan 2004
When a woman is captured and a man has to save her, everyone accepts it, but if it's the other way around most people think it's weird and unnatural. They find it hard to conceive of a situation where it's the man who's powerless and needs saving. The sexist difference exists, it's there. Whether you think the damsel in distress trope is lazy or not is your opinion. Regardless of your judgement on the trope, fact is that people will react differently if the sexes were reversed in the damsel trope.
|2013-04-15, 18:32
|Link #50
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: forever lost inside a logic error
Both Sailor Moon and Magic Knight Rayearth were serialized on shoujo manga magazines. There isn't much to debate here.
If not even video game adaptions of popular shoujo manga are female-oriented I don't know what else is.
|2013-04-15, 18:37
|Link #52
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2011
|2013-04-15, 18:38
|Link #53
blinded by blood
Yeah, that's sexist.
However, it's not okay to write any sort of plot where the protagonist's loved ones are kidnapped or captured? What if the "damsel" is a child? What if the "damsel" is a well-rounded character, but just isn't a badass or has no combat ability whatsoever, and is captured by scarily competent evildoers?
Are you trying to say that female characters who can't fight are inherently sexist? That seems a bit excessive.
|2013-04-15, 18:55
|Link #54
Join Date: Mar 2013
There are lot of games for girls in Nintendo DS and 3DS but let's face it, they are made for 8-14 years old girls than adult women. None of them actually caught the eyes of critics and regular gamers.
However there still a way to make a good female-oriented game without putting some "sweeteners" like shounen-ai/yaoi elements as examples.
Here's my ideal game may look like: You play as four girls stranded on uncharted island(either tropical or temperate). Each characters have unique personality to each other such as a tomboy, a snotty rich girl, a crafty girl and very feminine girl who good at cooking. The tomboy one is the bravest and able to explore the parts of the island which other girls can't reach(she's the one who wear pants while others wear skirts) and able to chase away wolves and feral dogs(the only closest thing to combat in that game). The snotty one have expendable supplies which the crafty one can exploit and also the smartest one which can tell which plants are edible or poisonous. The crafty one can made anything which other girls brought to her like building a hut or mosquito net for examples. The feminine one is an expert cook and can cook anything as long as the tomboy one brought for her and the snotty one tell her it safe to eat. All of them need to develop 'trust meter' among each other and please it is nothing to do with yuri undertones(while most male gamers would love that idea). While doesn't sound like it going to be a good game but at least you play as "girls", which I don't think it exists outside doujin gaming.
|2013-04-15, 19:05
|Link #55
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2007
A game that targets the female audience specifically would be those otome type dating games.
|2013-04-15, 19:26
|Link #56
We're Back
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Discord
Age: 30
And you don't need yuri undertones for the yuri fags to come running over the hills.
|2013-04-15, 19:33
|Link #57
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2008
Age: 32
|2013-04-15, 19:40
|Link #58
Hiding Under Your Bed
Join Date: May 2008
It's not like there's a ton of games aimed at adult (30+) men either.
And, in that particular case, one could argue that demographic is the largest demographic of gamers today, making the decision to rarely pander to it a far bigger question mark.
In the case of making games for women, putting aside the rather large brush the term "video game" encompasses, I'd say there are not many adult women who are really "into" video games. Does it suck, then, for the few that are? Sure, but that's life.
The video game industry didn't build itself out of a vacuum. A long time ago, the audience was far smaller, and far more niche. It grew slowly. The same will happen for video games aimed at women, assuming women themselves slowly gain more interest in playing them.
|2013-04-15, 19:54
|Link #60
Hiding Under Your Bed
Join Date: May 2008
::raises sexism shields::
|Thread Tools


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France put eight past Jamaica
France finalised their World Cup preparations with a rampant 8-0 win over Jamaica in Lille.
Karim Benzema, Blaise Matuidi and substitute Antoine Griezmann scored two goals apiece, with Yohan Cabaye and Olivier Giroud also on target in a one-sided outing.
Griezmann's effective 20-minute cameo will have provided encouragement for coach Didier Deschamps, with the Real Sociedad winger likely to be asked to fill the void left by Franck Ribery's withdrawal from the squad to travel to Brazil.
Mathieu Valbuena and Giroud combined in the 17th minute to set up Cabaye's deftly-taken opener and fellow Paris Saint-Germain midfielder Matuidi netted the second three minutes later after good work by Benzema.
There was brief concern for Deschamps in the first half when Mathieu Debuchy was left in a heap by a tackle from Kemar Lawrence but the Newcastle full-back recovered to continue until half-time - by which point France led 3-0 thanks to Benzema.
Arsenal striker Giroud converted Benzema's cross eight minutes into the second period and 10 minutes later the Real Madrid frontman netted an excellent fifth from outside the box.
Matuidi also doubled up in the 66th minute, sliding in to meet Patrice Evra's cross with an ungainly but effective finish.
Griezmann was introduced in place of Giroud in the 71st minute and wasted little time making an impact, finishing from an angle after Valbuena was unable to control Benzema's cross.
And there was still time for the 23-year-old to provide a fitting flourish when he met another Evra cross with a delicate backheel inside the far post for the eighth goal a minute from time.
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|STIS Instrument Handbook for Cycle 26
When calculating expected signal-to-noise ratios or exposure times, the background from the sky and the background from the detector must be taken into account.6.5.1 Detector BackgroundsTable 6.1 shows the read noise and dark current characteristics of the detectors, taken from Chapter 7. Note that the FUV MAMA detector background is highly variable and this should be taken into account when observing faint sources. See the discussion in sections 4.2.3 and 7.5.2 for additional details.Table 6.1: Detector Backgrounds
Read noise
(e-/ pix)
Dark current
(e-/s/ pix)
~2.0 × 10–2 ~1.5 × 10–3 (0.07 - 6.0) × 10–4To convert to counts/s/pix for CCDGAIN=4, divide by 4.039.
6.5.2 Sky BackgroundThe continuum background in counts/s/pix for spectroscopic observations can be computed as:
• Iλ is the surface brightness of the sky background, in erg/s/cm2/Å/arcsec2;The background in counts/s/pix for imaging observations can be computed as:
• Iλ is the surface brightness of the sky background, in erg/s/cm2/Å/arcsec2;In Figure 6.1 we plot the "high" zodiacal light and earthshine background intensity as a function of wavelength, identifying the separate components which contribute to the background. The information in this figure is presented in tabular form in Table 6.4. In the ETCs and in this Handbook, the choices for earthshine of "shadow", "average", and "extremely high" correspond to 0, 50% of, and twice the "high" values in Table 6.4. For the zodiacal sky background, the values in Table 6.4 correspond to a high value of mV = 22.1 arcsec-2 from Table 6.2, while the low and average zodiacal light are scaled to mV = 23.3 arcsec-2 and 22.7 arcsec-2, respectively. The strength of the geocoronal (airglow) line emissions are as shown in Table 6.5; the "average" values of these are plotted in Figure 6.1.Figure 6.1: Sky Background Intensity as a Function of Wavelength.The zodiacal contribution corresponds to mv = 22.1 arcsec-2. The earthshine is for a target which is 38° from the limb of the sunlit Earth. Use Figure 6.2 to estimate background contributions at other angles. The geocoronal airglow line intensities are plotted at "average" intensities and are in erg/cm2/s/arcsec2.In the UV the background contains important contributions from airglow lines. These vary from day to night and as a function of HST orbital position. The airglow lines are an important consideration for imaging mode observations and can be for spectroscopic observations as well. Away from the airglow lines, at wavelengths shortward of ~3000 Å, the background is dominated by zodiacal light and is generally much lower than the intrinsic detector background. The contribution of zodiacal light does not vary dramatically with time and varies by only a factor of about three throughout most of the sky. Table 6.2 gives the variation of the zodiacal background as a function of helio ecliptic latitude and longitude. For a target near ecliptic coordinates of (50,0) or (-50,0), the zodiacal light is relatively bright at mv = 20.9 arcsec-2, i.e. about 9 times the polar value of mv = 23.3 arcsec-2.Earthshine, on the other hand, varies strongly depending on the angle between the target and the bright Earth limb. The variation of the earthshine as a function of limb angle from the sunlit Earth is shown in Figure 6.2. The figure also shows the contribution of the Moon which is typically much smaller, and the full range of the zodiacal contribution. For reference, the limb angle is approximately 24° when the HST is aligned toward its orbit pole (i.e., the center of the CVZ).The values are V magnitude per square arcsecond due to the moon and the sunlit Earth as a function of angle between the target and the limb of the bright Earth or moon. Zodiacal light levels range between mv=22.1 and 23.3 mag arcsec-2.For observations longward of 3500 Å, the earthshine always dominates the background at small (<22°) limb angles. In fact, the background increases exponentially for limb angles <22°. The background near the bright Earth limb can also vary by a factor of ~2 on time scales as short as two minutes, which suggests that the background from earthshine also depends upon the reflectivity of the terrain over which HST passes during the course of an exposure. The total background at limb angles greater than the bright-Earth avoidance angle of 20° appears to show no significant dependence on position within the small HST fields of view. Details of the sky background as it affects STIS are discussed by Shaw et al. (STIS ISR 1998-21) and Giavalisco et al. (WFC3 ISR 2002-12).Table 6.2: Approximate Zodiacal Sky Background in V magnitude arcsec-2 as a Function of Helioecliptic Coordinates
Table 6.3 contains the expected count rates from different sky backgrounds in various STIS modes, which you can use to determine whether your observations would be background limited.Observations of the faintest objects may need the special requirement LOW-SKY in the Phase II observing program. LOW-SKY observations are scheduled during the part of the year when the zodiacal background is no more than 30% greater than the minimum possible value for the given sky position. LOW-SKY also invokes the restriction that exposures will be obtained at angles greater than 40° from the bright Earth limb to minimize earthshine and the UV airglow lines. The LOW-SKY special requirement limits the times at which targets within 60° of the ecliptic plane will schedule and limits visibility to about 48 minutes per orbit.The ETC provides the user with the flexibility to separately adjust both the zodiacal (none, low, average, high) and earthshine (none, average, high, extremely high) sky background components in order to determine if LOW-SKY is advisable for a given program. However, the absolute sky levels that can be specified in the ETC may not be achievable for a given target. As shown in Table 6.2, the minimum zodiacal background level for an ecliptic target is mv = 22.4, which is brighter than both the low and average options with the ETC. By contrast, a target near the ecliptic pole would always have a zodiacal=low background in the ETC. The user is cautioned to carefully consider sky levels as the backgrounds obtained in HST observations can cover significant ranges.Table 6.3: Count Rates by Sky Background and STIS Mode
Zodiacal1 Ex. High Earth2
High Air Glow
High Earth3
High Air Glow
Avg Earth4
Avg Air Glow
Shadow Earth5
Low Air Glow
1.1 × 10-1 9.6 × 10-2 4.8 × 10-2 2.4 × 10-2 6.5 × 10-2 5.5 × 10-2 2.7 × 10-2 1.4 × 10-2 NUV-MAMA Clear 6.4 × 10-5 2.4 × 10-3 2.3 × 10-3 1.2 × 10-3 2.0 × 10-4 NUV-MAMA SrF2 5.8 × 10-5 3.7 × 10-4 3.6 × 10-4 1.8 × 10-4 1.6 × 10-5 NUV-MAMA Qtz 5.6 × 10-5 1.3 × 10-4 1.3 × 10-4 6.4 × 10-5 FUV-MAMA Clear 2.2 × 10-8 2.2 × 10-2 2.2 × 10-2 1.1 × 10-2 2.1 × 10-3 FUV-MAMA SrF2 1.9 × 10-8 1.3× 10-3 1.3 × 10-3 6.5 × 10-4 8.0 × 10-5 FUV-MAMA Qtz 1.8 × 10-8 8.3 × 10-9 7.3 × 10-9 3.7 × 10-9 3.3 × 10-11 FUV-MAMA Lyman-α 1.4 × 10-11 1.6 × 10-3 1.6 × 10-3 8.1 × 10-4 1.6 × 10-4Zodiacal contribution is the same as in Figure 6.1 and Table 6.4 (mV=22.1 arcsec-2).Corresponds to HST pointing around 38° from the limb of the sunlit Earth, where the earthshine is 50% of the "extremely high" value.Corresponds to HST pointing around 50° from the limb of the sunlit Earth, where the earthshine is 25% of the "extremely high" value.Earthshine for shadow is 0 in the continuum, while the UV geocoronal emission lines are reduced from the high to the low values in Table 6.5.
Background due to geocoronal emission originates mainly from hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the exosphere of the Earth. The emission is concentrated in a very few lines. The brightest line is Lyman-α at 1216 Å. The strength of the Lyman-α line varies between about 2 and 20 kilo-Rayleighs (i.e., between 6.1 × 10–14 and 6.0 × 10–13 erg/s/cm2/arcsec2 where 1 Rayleigh = 106 photons/s/cm2/[4π steradians]) depending on the time of the observation and the position of the target relative to the Sun. The next strongest contribution is from the doublet [O I] 1302 + 1306 Å, which rarely exceeds 10% of Lyman-α. The typical strength of the [O I] 1302 + 1306 Å doublet is about 2 kilo-Rayleighs (which corresponds to about 5.7 × 10–14 erg/s/cm2/s/arcsec2) at the daylight side and about 150 times fainter on the night side of the HST orbit. [O I] 1356 Å and [O II] 2471 Å lines may appear in observations on the daylight side of the orbit, but these lines are at least 10 times weaker than the [O I] 1302 + 1306 Å line. The widths of the lines also vary. The line widths given in Table 6.5 are representative values assuming a temperature of 2000 K.The geocoronal emission lines are unresolved at the first-order resolutions of STIS but the emission fills the slit in the spatial dimension. A wider slit or slitless observing does not increase the background counts per pixel from geocoronal emission but does increase the area (range of wavelengths or pixels in the dispersion direction) over which that background is received. Observations with a slit which is n pixels wide in dispersion will be affected by geocoronal emission in a roughly n pixel region centered on the relevant geocoronal emission line wavelength. For slitless spectroscopy in the UV, the effects of geocoronal emission must be taken into account at all pixels, unless a longpass filter is employed to block off the short wavelength emission (see also Section 5.3.5 and Section 12.1).It is possible to request that exposures be taken when HST is in the umbral shadow of the earth to minimize geocoronal emission (e.g., if you are observing weak lines at ~1216 or ~1304 Å) using the special requirement SHADOW. Exposures using this special requirement are limited to roughly 25 minutes per orbit, exclusive of the guide-star acquisition (or reacquisition) and can be scheduled only during a small percentage of the year. SHADOW reduces the contribution from the geocoronal emission lines by roughly a factor of ten, while the continuum earthshine is set to 0. If you require SHADOW, you should request it in your Phase I proposal (see the Call for Proposals).An alternate strategy for reducing the effects of geocoronal emissions is to use time resolved observations, so that any data badly affected by geocoronal emission can simply be excluded from the final co-addition. This can be done either by doing the observations in TIME-TAG mode or by just taking a series of short (~ 5 min.) ACCUM mode exposures over the course of each orbit.


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Main Content
The New England Board of Higher Education (NEBHE) promotes greater educational opportunities and services for the residents of New England. In pursuit of this mission, we work across the six New England states to:
- Engage and assist leaders in the assessment, development, and implementation of sound education practices and policies of regional significance.
- Promote policies, programs, and best practices to assist the states in implementing important regional higher education policies.
- Promote regional cooperation and programs that encourage the efficient use and sharing of educational resources.
- Provide leadership to strengthen the relationship between higher education and the economic well-being of New England.
The History
NEBHE was founded in 1955, when six visionary New England governors – realizing that the future prosperity of New England rested on higher education – committed their states to the shared pursuit of academic excellence. Soon thereafter, NEBHE was approved by New England's six state legislatures and authorized by the U.S. Congress.
Much has changed since NEBHE's founding: New technologies have transformed our workplaces, schools, and homes – and postsecondary education has become a prerequisite to economic prosperity, social mobility, and civic engagement. Yet the importance of higher education to the regional economy remains as critical as ever. New England's economy and quality of life depend on the quality and diversity of our region's extraordinary higher education resources.
The Programs
The Regional Student Program "Tuition Break" saves more than 9,000 New England students and their families an average of $7,000 on tuition bills annually, with a total savings of more than $53 million.
Policy and research programs focus on best practices in college readiness and success. NEBHE also provides policy leadership and promotes regional dialogue on key issues facing the region, higher education and the economy.
Professional Development programs provide cutting-edge curriculum and "problem-based learning" to community college faculty in collaboration with secondary school teachers and college and university faculty.
Approved NEBHE programs: http://www.southernct.edu/admissions/undergraduate/tuition-break.html
This site is managed by the Registrar's Office
Southern Connecticut State University


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� Back to External SMS Efforts
The following Pilot Study airports agreed to share the SMS documentation they created, including Gap Analyses, SMS Manuals, Training Manuals, Implementation Manuals, and more. Not all documents are available for all airports.
- Availability of Select Materials from the Airport Safety Management System (SMS) Pilot Studies, June 2011 (PDF)
- View Docket FAA-2010-0097: Safety Management System for Certificated Airports
Airports Providing SMS Documentation
- Austin-Bergstrom International, TX
- Baltimore-Washington International, MD
- Boeing Field, WA
- Cheyenne Regional, WY
- Concord Regional, NC
- Dallas-Ft. Worth International, TX
- Detroit Metro - Wayne County, MI
- Dubuque Regional, IA
- Fort Worth Alliance, TX
- Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International, GA
- Indianapolis International, IN
- Jacksonville International, FL
- Kona International at Keahole, HI
- The Ohio State University Airport, OH
- Pittsburgh International, PA
- Sacramento International, CA
- San Antonio International, TX
- Santa Maria Public, CA
- Seattle - Tacoma International, WA
- South Bend Regional, IN
- Southern Illinois, IL
- Talladega Municipal, AL
- Tallahassee Regional, FL
- Toledo Express, OH


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Corporate Pack is a collection of my best-selling motivational corporate music tracks. It includes 5 uplifting inspirational songs perfect to highlight your business successful projects and your prestigious corporate image!
Includes the following tracks:
Corporate Rock 3:56
Motivation 3:24
Point of view 2:38
Corporate Clan 3:27
If you don't have time to browse our portfolio, push the button below and you will find a selection of our best sellers
Thank you for your support!
You are welcome to use any of our tracks available in our portfolio to create your videos.
Please, don't forget to add music credits in your projects and link in your description.
It will be a pleasure to support your work as well! So don't forget to send us an e-mail about your project and we will support it by posting the icon on our profile page.


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Lady Bisons offense can't get on track
Oct. 7, 2006
The Lady Bisons soccer team traveled to Stetson Friday night, losing 5-0 in Atlantic Suna play.
Stetson scored a pair of goals in the first half and three in the second.
The Lady Bisons were out-shot 32-3 by Stetson. Sara Green led the Lady Bisons with two shots. Jessica Jordan was credited with the third one.
Goalkeeper April Eilering made two saves for Stetson on the way to the shutout.
Katie Shelton made 15 saves for the Lady Bisons in 80:16 minutes of play. Cara Peacock made one save and shut down Stetson for 9:44.
The Lady Bisons are 1-12, 0-4 in the conference. Stetson is 7-5-1, 4-0-1 in the A-Sun.
The Lady Bisons play Mercer Sunday in Macon, Ga., at 1 p.m.


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LOS ANGELES, Sept. 23 (UPI) -- The sitcom "Modern Family" won the Emmy Award for best comedy series in Los Angeles Sunday night.
"Modern Family" co-stars Eric Stonestreet and Julie Bowen earned the prizes for best supporting actor and actress in a comedy series, while the show also scored the trophy for best directing of a comedy.
Julia Louis-Dreyfus was named best actress in a comedy for her work in "Veep," while Jon Cryer snagged the best actor in a comedy statuette for "Two and a Half Men."
Talk-show host Jimmy Kimmel served as emcee of the night's festivities, which ran for 3 hours and aired on ABC.


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Berkeley, CA, August 15, 2016 – Libraries do much more than provide reading material. Berkeley Public Library is part of the Maker Culture. Create your own pair of cozy slippers with the mobile DIY GoGo Craft workshop when they visit the Claremont Branch on September 15, from 5:00-&:45, Learn step-by-step how to make cute felt slippers personalized for your feet (adorned with an octopus, flower or mustache). The slippers are yours to keep! All materials, tips, and tricks are provided free! Space is limited to 12 participants, ages 6 and up. Reserve your space today at Eventbrite.com. For questions regarding this program, call 510-981-6280.
Find What You're Looking For
August 15, 2016
August 15, 2016
Berkeley CA. August 15, 2016—A January 2016 report to the Berkeley City Council revealed that Berkeley's unsheltered homeless population grew by 53% since 2009. Homelessness issues were mentioned by many community stakeholders during our strategic planning; in response we have partnered with local organizations to provide information about Homelessness. We invite everyone interested to Homelessness in Berkeley: a panel discussion on Saturday, September 10 at 2:00pm in the Central Berkeley Public Library Community Meeting Room. The panel will dispel stereotypes, demystify homelessness, and lay the groundwork for greater public understanding and involvement. A reception with panelists and community service providers follows the formal presentation. For more information about this event call 510-981-6150.
August 12, 2016
Berkeley, CA –August 12, 2016 – Learn more about college and careers at the Berkeley Public Library free Career Goals Workshop at the North Branch on Thursday, September 1 from 7:00-8:00pm. Bonnie Xu works with students U.C. Davis on college selection, professional behavior for college and work, and selecting a career. This free workshop is open to everyone, and is a great way for teens and adults to learn more about what they can do to explore future careers, research potential colleges, and learn professional skills. For more information, please call the North Branch at 510-981-6250.
August 12, 2016
Berkeley, CA. August 12, 2016 – Making decisions about where to go to college, or even if college is a possibility, can be difficult. Peralta Colleges' East Bay Career Pathways Consortium Director, Rebecca LaCocque, will lead a free workshop called What Can Community College Do for You? to help teens and adults interested in learning more about community colleges at the North Branch on Saturday, August 27 from 3:00 – 4:00pm.
July 25, 2016
Berkeley, July 25, 2016— On Hiroshima Peace Day, people all over the world stop to remember the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki- and do what they can to see that it never happens again. Since 1995, the Berkeley Public Library has remembered the bombing with a reading of Eleanor Coerr's Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes. This year's celebration is Tuesday, August 9, from 4:00-6:30pm in the fourth floor Children's Room at the Central Library, 2090 Kittredge (at Shattuck). For questions regarding this program, call 510-981-6236
July 12, 2016
Berkeley, July 12, 2016 – Four hundred years after his death, the Bard still draws our attention. Get a sneak peek at an innovative new Shakespeare production from Those Women Productions, a local theater company, when Berkeley Public Library presents selected scenes from the new drama, Margaret of Anjou co-authored by William Shakespeare and Lauren Jansen-Parkes.
July 08, 2016
Berkeley, CA. July 8, 2016 – The Berkeley Public Library North Branch is excited to celebrate with the community and Tom Dalzell, blogger at Quirky Berkeley: The Quirky Material Culture of Berkeley. Tom Dalzell's new book, Quirky Berkeley, a photographic celebration of Berkeley and its whimsical, eccentric, and quirky culture. This book will be published by Heyday in August, 2016.
July 08, 2016
Berkeley, July 8, 2016 –Why should story times only be for children? Berkeley Public Library offers Adult Story Time, an ongoing series of short stories for a more sophisticated audience. In our newest production, Carson McCullers' short story A Tree, A Rock, A Cloud comes to life as Reader's Theater on Saturday, August 6, 2016 at 4:00 pm at the Central Library, 2090 Kittredge (at Shattuck) in the Fourth floor Story Room. For questions regarding this program, call 510-981-6241.
July 07, 2016
Berkeley, CA. July 7, 2016 –Get an insider's view on interpreting Shakespeare in the BBC series, Playing Shakespeare. John Barton of the Royal Shakespeare Company demonstrates how the Company makes Shakespeare's classic plays accessible to modern audiences without compromising the text's integrity.
Library Partners with Hoopla Digital to Give Patrons Online and Mobile Access to Free Movies, Music, eBooks and More
July 05, 2016
Berkeley CA July 7, 2016 – Berkeley Public Library announced public availability of thousands of movies, television shows, music albums, eBooks, audiobooks and Comics, all available for mobile and online access through a new partnership with hoopla digital.


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Buying a home is one of the most important transactions you'll ever make, but how do you decide if a property is right for you? Should there be a long process of deliberation, returning to view each potential property several times, or will you instinctively know at once when you walk into your perfect home? Here's our take on the buying process.
Things to think about
There's a lot to consider when buying a house, and this goes beyond how much you like the property in person. A recent survey found that UK homeowners conducted a significant amount of research before even viewing a potential property for the first time. This ranged from reading the full property description to looking up the road on Google Street View. A significant proportion of buyers also researched employment opportunities, infrastructure, schools and convenient amenities in the area.
Multiple viewings
53% of survey respondents returned for a second viewing before making the decision to buy the property. Even if you're smitten at first sight, there are obvious benefits to this, including getting the chance to see the house at a different time of day, as well as allowing yourself enough time to consider all the relevant issues before making a decision. 41% of respondents viewed the property three times or more, while just 6% made up their minds after one viewing only. People are perhaps more likely to act quickly when markets are very active, for fear of losing their dream house to another buyer.
Is the property fit for purpose?
When deciding whether or not to buy a house, it's worth carefully considering whether it's right for its intended usage. If you're looking to buy a home as your permanent residence, for example, then you're likely to focus on different criteria than if you were searching for a holiday home. School catchment areas, commute distance and the local cost of living may be priorities if you're planning to live in a property, whereas a beautiful view and a good choice of restaurants nearby might be more important in a potential holiday home.
Trust your intuition
All these factors must be considered, but buying a house is not just a question of logical pros and cons. Any homeowner wants to love the property they eventually purchase, and so intuition and 'gut feelings' have a part to play, too. A survey carried out by BMO Bank of Montreal found that two thirds of respondents said having a "good feeling" about a property provided them with a persuasive reason to make an offer, so it's worth paying close attention to your immediate response to a home.
Ultimately, everyone is likely to have a slightly different approach to buying a house, from compiling detailed lists of desirable criteria to relying on a sense of knowing when the right home comes along. Whether you want to take your time before making a decision, or plan to go with your instincts, Engel & Völkers' friendly agents will be at your side to guide you through every part of the purchase.


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2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Wheel Bands by RimPro-Tec are available in a standard size fitting up to 18" wheels and a larger size that can fit up to 22" OEM factory or aftermarket alloy rims that have 1/4" flat "lips." Get a custom wheel look for your 2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class with this unique protection product available in popular red, blue and silver trim finishes. With easy to follow video...
Price: $99.00
Retail: $119.99
2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class rim rings by Rim-Protec are an automotive accessory designed to customize your factory or aftermarket wheels.These colored rim rings are a defensive product designed to prevent curb rash by putting a little distance between your expensive alloy wheels and the curb. Whether you want the custom look of red pin striping on your 2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class's wheels or the stealthy appearance of silver Wheel Bands, you can rest assured you will get the result you were looking for.
No special tools or fluids are required to successfully install your 2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class fog kit but they certainly help and make your job much easier.For this very reason, we carry a large selection of application tools and fluids such as squeegees, razors and Rapid Tac fluids which can be bundled with your order to increase your savings and save you time.
Now that you have made your choice to go with an Rtint precut Fog light cover you may want to consider how you will install it. Although no tools or fluids are required to install your 2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class kit, they are highly recommended to help you get the best results. Some of the suggested tools for smoke Fog light installation are burnishing tools, squeegees, razors and Rapid Tac fluid which helps to reposition the tint during installation.
Designed with 3M adhesives and high-grade, extruded ABS plastic technology, these Wheel Bands carry a 24K warranty and are guaranteed by the manufacturer to be free from defects. When you're looking for a high-quality but affordable alternative to decal kits and want the ability to change up your 2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class's appearance on a whim, Wheel Bands are the choice for you.
2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Dash Kits
2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Window Tint
2016 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Caliper Covers
looks good, somewhat pricey


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SOURCE: National Beer Wholesalers Association
September 01, 2015 10:30 ET
Study Shows Texas Beer Distributors Fuel More Than 13,000 Direct Jobs
ALEXANDRIA, VA--(Marketwired - September 01, 2015) - As Americans prepare to celebrate Labor Day, the National Beer Wholesalers Association (NBWA) and Texas' independent beer distributors are recognizing the men and women of the beer distribution industry whose work positively impacts the national and state economies.
NBWA President and CEO Craig Purser said, "From truck drivers to fork lift operators and from sales representative to graphic artists, America's beer distribution employees work day in and day out to make this the best beer market in the world for everyone.
"With more than 3,700 breweries in operation across the United States today, independent distributors are delivering more beer varieties and brands to the marketplace than ever before," Purser added. "Because of distribution employees who drive the beer trucks in local communities, fill the beer coolers at corner stores and deliver new tap handles to neighborhood pubs, consumers can choose from an unparalleled variety of beer -- from familiar domestic brands to intriguing imports and exciting new products from local and small craft brewers. That's something we can all celebrate!"
The Beer Serves America economic impact study released this summer shows that the beer industry -- made up of brewers, beer importers, beer distributors and beer retailers -- contributes more than $19.1 billion annually to Texas' economy.
Jointly commissioned by the National Beer Wholesalers Association (NBWA) and the Beer Institute, the study shows that Texas' independent distributors alone generate more than 13,000 local jobs in Texas -- accounting for more than $922 million in wages and benefits and $2.1 billion in economic output.
Across the country, there are more than 130,000 distributor jobs, according to the study. The American beer industry as a whole generates nearly $253 billion in economic activity, produces $48.5 billion in tax revenue and supports 1.75 million jobs.
Purser added, "Independent beer distributors provide significant economic benefits in their communities through local business-to-business commerce; investments in local infrastructure and capital assets; and tax revenue. Beer distributors provide services that help brewers of all sizes grow; improve efficiency for trading partners, especially small brewers and retailers; and ensure consumers have a broad selection of products to enjoy."
The Beer Serves America study was compiled by an independent economics firm, John Dunham & Associates. It is the most comprehensive analysis of the industry available, using data collected directly from private companies, Dun & Bradstreet, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Alcohol Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
The National Beer Wholesalers Association (NBWA) represents the interests of America's 3,300 licensed, independent beer distributor operations in every state, congressional district and media market across the country. Beer distributors are committed to ensuring alcohol is provided safely and responsibly to consumers of legal drinking age through the three-tier, state-based system of alcohol regulation and distribution. To learn more about America's beer distributors, visit www.AmericasBeerDistributors.com. For additional updates from NBWA, follow @NBWABeer on Twitter, watch NBWA videos on www.youtube.com/NBWABeer and visit https://www.facebook.com/pages/NBWABeer/.
Kathleen Joyce firstname.lastname@example.com(800) 300-6417
Kathleen Joyce email@example.com(800) 300-6417
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Natalie Das Skater Profile
Sponsors: Starr Skates, State Bicycle Co, sPACYcLOUd, Nixon, Patti McGee The Original Betty, ZOX Straps
Hometown: Phoenix Arizona, Stance: Regular, Age: , Status: Am
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Geraldine Marie Silva
Geraldine Marie Silva, 82, of Bokoshe died Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2011, in Bokoshe. She was born Feb. 16, 1929, in National City, Calif., to Octovio and Frances (Salas) Salazar. Geraldine Salazar married Joe Susano Silva on Aug. 3, 1947. in Los Angeles. She was a homemaker and was very devoted to her family.She was preceded in death by her parents and a son, John Silva.Geraldine is survived by her husband of 64 years, Joe Silva; a son, Joseph Silva of Bokoshe; a daughter, Christina Verdugo of San Diego, Calif.; a brother, Gilbert Salazar; three sisters, Frances Milano, Beverly Saenz and Dorothy Brooks; and a host of grandchildren, great-grandchildren and other family members.No service is planned at this time. Cremation is under the direction of Grace Manor Funeral Home, Poteau. On-line messages may be left at www.gracemanorfh.com.


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January 25, 2005
The Honorable William H. Donaldson
Securities and Exchange Commission
450 5th St., NW
Washington, DC 20549
Dear Chairman Donaldson:
I am writing to express my concerns about the SEC's proposed Regulation NMS, which is designed to update and strengthen our nation's securities markets.
While Regulation NMS will have many ramifications, its success or failure will ultimately rest on how it deals with inter-market competition, quote competition, and the balance between the two. Of the two alternatives laid out in the rule as reproposed on December 15, 2004, protecting the best bid and offer in each market center preserves both types of competition in a way that benefits all securities industry participants. The other alternative creates a virtual Consolidated Limit Order Book, or CLOB, a concept debated and rejected previously by Congress and the SEC. The CLOB would effectively nationalize and homogenize the U.S. Equity markets and stifle innovation.
U.S. Equity markets are the strongest in the world. The CLOB that the SEC has proposed would create a splintered, electronic-only marketplace where markets must chase displayed orders from market to market. In that environment, large orders of stock would be difficult to manage. Instead, those orders would move to private markets or overseas. This would hurt retail investors. One great competitive advantage of our markets is that institutional and individual investors' orders are intermingled, so everyone gets equal and fair treatment. The CLOB would change all that, and retail investors would pay the price.
The SEC has put forth this proposal at the precise time that competition is transforming the largest equities market in the world. Regulation should promote innovation, not stifle it; yet the CLOB proposal would undermine the innovation currently underway at The New York Stock Exchange, which is on the verge of implementing its hybrid market. That market will offer customers what they have been demanding—the ability to trade electronically or through the auction market. The proposed CLOB would eliminate the opportunity for a negotiated trade within the system, and preclude any possibility that the hybrid market will ever become operational.
I applaud the Commission for its diligence in considering these important market structure issues and for proposing one alternative that will promote competition and innovation and ultimately strengthen our national securities markets. It is clear to me the CLOB would damage our market system and harm American investors. The global financial marketplace is one in which the U.S. has, thus far, remained the leader. It is unclear to me why the SEC would want to fix what is not broken, and put the competitiveness of our capital markets at risk by again proposing to create a CLOB. The CLOB was rejected as recently as 2000 and I urge you to reject it again.


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In The News
New report: Disaster planning still not meeting children's needs decade after Hurricane Katrina
A new Save the Children report found that nearly 80 percent of federal recommendations – issued in 2010, five years after Hurricane Katrina – aimed at better protecting children during and after disasters still have not been fully met.
Obama signs first responders bill sponsored by N.J. Rep. Payne
U.S. Rep. Donald Payne Jr.'s bill to ensure that the federal Department of Homeland Security and first responders can talk to each other became law Monday.
130K N.J. salaried workers could soon be eligible for overtime
New federal overtime rules could raise pay for an estimated 130,000 New Jersey employees, according to White House statistics released Tuesday.
N.J. lawmakers in D.C. push South Carolina to remove Confederate flag
New Jersey's two black U.S. representatives have joined other members of the Congressional Black Caucus in urging South Carolina and other southern states to remove the Confederate flag.
Anderson's Departure from Newark Schools Marks End of Tumultuous Period
U.S. Rep. Donald Payne Jr. (D-NJ), joined in the chorus of [Anderson] critics.
Congressmen Payne, Sires react to South Carolina church massacre
U.S. Reps. Donald Payne, Jr. (D-10) and Albio Sires (D-8) have voiced their thoughts on the tragic shooting in a South Carolina church yesterday that left nine dead.
Tech Talk on Diversity Features Black Girls Code, Phat Startup Founders
Rep. Donald Payne Jr. hosted a one-hour Google Hangout on tech diversity featuring Anthony Frasier of the Phat Startup and Kimberly Bryant, founder of Black Girls Code.
Local program visits Shabazz High School
Students at Malcolm X. Shabazz High School welcomed Rep. Donald Payne Jr. (D-10th District) to school May 27 for a taping of "Meet the Leaders @School."
Emergency Communications, Public Alerts, Warnings Legislation Passed Out Of House HS Committee
Legislation that would improve interoperable communications for first responders has been passed by the House Committee on Homeland Security.
DHS Interoperable Communications Still Lacking Decade After 9/11 Commission
Nearly 15 years after the tragic September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, problems with interoperable communications continue to plague the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), according to a DHS Inspector General (OIG) audit report.


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SAN FRANCISCO, Feb. 15, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Zynga Inc. (Nasdaq:ZNGA) announced today that Mark Pincus, Chief Executive Officer, will present at the Morgan Stanley Technology, Media & Telecom Conference in San Francisco. The session is scheduled for 4:35 p.m. Pacific Time / 7:35 p.m. Eastern Time on Monday, February 25, 2013.
To access the live audio webcast of the session, please visit investor.zynga.com.
About Zynga Inc.
Zynga Inc. (Nasdaq:ZNGA) is the world's leading provider of social game services with more than 295 million monthly active users playing its games, which include Zynga Poker, Words With Friends, Scramble With Friends, Gems With Friends, Draw Something, FarmVille 2, ChefVille, CityVille, Bubble Safari and Ruby Blast. Zynga's games are available on a number of global platforms, including Facebook, Zynga.com, Google+, Tencent, Apple iOS and Google Android. Zynga is headquartered in San Francisco, California.
The Zynga Inc. logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=11743
CONTACT: Investors - Krista Bessinger 415339-5266 firstname.lastname@example.com Press - Stephanie Hess 415-503-0303 email@example.com
Source:Zynga Inc.


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The widely loved and constantly sold out Nexus 4 is at last back in stock in the Google Play store. Both models are listed as shipping in the next 1-2 weeks, so perhaps not instant gratification, but at least you get to start the countdown until you have it in your hot little hands.
Regardless of the lack of LTE the Nexus 4 has to be hands down the best deal in mobile right now with the 8 GB model going for just $299 and the 16GB at $349 and of course without tying yourself to a contract.
If you've been waiting you should probably head over and snap one up now before it's too late.
P.S. The bumper is back in stock too if you need to protect your precious investment.


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Illinois stepped over the edge Thursday and chose to further intrude into the lives of its minion residents by joining nanny states California, New Jersey, Oregon and Vermont in banning indoor tanning for anyone under age 18 starting Jan. 1.
The reasoning is noble: Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation used in many tanning devices can lead to skin cancer. Dermatologists estimate 10 visits to a tanning bed can double the risk of someone developing melanoma.
Cancer is an insidious and vile disease that unfortunately will touch many of our lives, whether directly or indirectly, at some point. Certainly it is worth doing what can reasonably be done to prevent such occurrences, especially among young adults.
Yet with the exception of a mom seeking 15 minutes of fame and a character on an MTV reality show who probably glows orange in the dark, is there anyone who doesn't recognize the importance of moderation?
Education has helped raise awareness of the risks involved. The majority of the 1 million people who use tanning salons nationwide each day are aware of the potential dangers and take the personal responsibility to exercise caution.
It's often the extremists who get singled out and confused for the "typical" tanner.
"Proponents of these laws always exaggerate the risks of exposure to ultraviolet light in order to get the attention of the public, the media and the government," contends the Indoor Tanning Association. The group, which represents thousands of tanning businesses, also challenges the correlation between tanning and cancer.
We won't try to dig up pretend science that questions whether using radiation to get that deep, dark tan presents health issues. It does – just as it does being outside without sunscreen. There are also some people who are simply predisposed to developing cancer.
But it becomes a question of how far government should interject itself into the role of playing parent. Why does the state seem intent on changing its motto from "State sovereignty, national unity" to "in loco parentis" (in the place of a parent)?"
Teenagers comprise about 8 percent of those using indoor tanning facilities – about 2.3 million from the 28 million customers last year. Illinois already prohibited those under 14 from tanning salons, but allows minors between 14 and 17 to tan with parental consent. Two cities – Springfield and Chicago – banned teen tanning completely.
To truly target the problem, the state also needs to go after the source of most teens' tans: The sun. Perhaps prohibiting those under 18 from being outside in summer between the hours of noon and 7 p.m. could be next, or requiring families to seek waivers before taking the children out to the beach for the day.
Republican Sen. Christine Radogno of Lemont co-sponsored the bill that Gov. Pat Quinn signed Thursday because, according to The Associated Press, "she said she hated it when her daughters would tan."
"We just have to make pale beautiful again," Radogno told the news agency.
Or maybe, just maybe, we just should have made parents say "no" again. Make them take responsibility for making informed decisions for themselves and their children.
We should have left the state out of it, though. There are other matters that should be occupying its time.


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Wednesday saw the first day of Gamescom proper as the press and trade visitors descended upon the Koelnmesse in swarms. We give our overview of an eventful first day that saw us checking out the likes of Beyond: Two Souls, Octodad: Dadliest Catch, Dark Souls, Wasteland 2, and The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. Elsewhere, my microphone breaks, Toby proves to be huge hit with just about everyone, and we can't get the Peggle 2 music out of our heads.
Seriously, it's slowly driving me insane.


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The Patriots may be missing some key players on offense, but one team that won't offer them any sympathy is the Falcons, who enter Sunday night's showdown equally decimated by injuries.
The Falcons, in danger of starting 1-3 for the first time in Mike Smith's six seasons as coach, will likely be without running back Stephen Jackson for the second straight week with a thigh injury, and same with left tackle Sam Baker, who is dealing with knee and foot injuries.
They also lost a couple of crucial pieces on defense to long-term injuries: pass rusher Kroy Biermann, who tore his Achilles', and young star linebacker Sean Weatherspoon, who is on the eight-week injured reserve with a broken foot.
That list doesn't include four-time Pro Bowl receiver Roddy White, who has been hobbled by a high ankle sprain all season and has just seven catches for 56 yards.
The Falcons still have plenty of weapons on offense — receivers Julio Jones and Harry Douglas, tight end Tony Gonzalez, and running back Jacquizz Rodgers — but were forced to play a couple of street free agents in right tackle Jeremy Trueblood and linebacker Jamar Chaney, and undrafted rookie linebackers Joplo Bartu and Paul Worrilow.
"It was good to see those young guys step up," Smith said last Sunday. "We knew they would be able to step up and go out and compete. We just didn't get the outcome that we wanted today."
Patriots cornerback Aqib Talib shadowed Vincent Jackson throughout Sunday's game until Jackson left with an injury in the third quarter, and Talib likely will be asked to shadow Jones, who has 27 catches for 373 yards and two touchdowns.
Gonzalez and Douglas have combined for 20 catches, 238 yards, and a touchdown, and the Patriots, who have been blitzing on only about 25 percent of passes against E.J. Manuel, Geno Smith, and Josh Freeman, may have to blitz a lot more to disrupt Matt Ryan, who will pick them apart if given enough time.
And the Falcons may not miss Jackson much in the running game.
They had by far their best rushing performance of the season in Sunday's 27-23 loss to the Dolphins, with Rodgers and Jason Snelling combining for 139 rushing yards on 29 carries.
"Rodgers has been really impressive, as he was last year," Patriots coach Bill Belichick said. "He has good balance, he breaks a lot of tackles, and he can also make people miss."
Defensively, the Falcons rank 23d in yards allowed and 19th in points (24.7 per game), and clearly miss the leadership of Biermann (second on the team with four sacks last year) and Weatherspoon, who had 95 tackles, three sacks, and an interception last year.
They allowed more than 400 yards to both New Orleans and St. Louis to start the season, then let the Dolphins overcome a 20-10 second-half deficit and were unable to stop them in the final minutes of the fourth quarter.
The Falcons are still stout up front with Osi Umenyiora (two sacks, one interception) and defensive tackles Corey Peters and Peria Jerry (one sack each), but have a lot of inexperience in the back seven with the undrafted rookie linebackers and talented but raw rookie cornerbacks in Desmond Trufant and Robert Alford.
The secondary is anchored by former Patriot Asante Samuel, now 32, and hard-hitting safeties Thomas DeCoud and William Moore.
The game could be an interesting chess match between Patriots offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels and Falcons defensive coordinator Mike Nolan, who worked together in Denver.
"They've done a decent job of creating pressure with some of their guys up front, and then they have, I would say, a diverse blitz package," McDaniels said. "They do a great job of disguising, not trying to give you too much information before the ball is snapped, and they don't give up a lot of big plays and they create turnovers."Ben Volin can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @BenVolin.


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RAYNHAM — The Raynham Highway Department said that it could handle the snow in the forecast for late Tuesday night and in the coming weekend.
During the Raynham Board of Selectmen meeting on Tuesday night, Raynham Highway Department Superintendent Roger Stolte was asked whether the machinery available to the department was capable of handling several feet of snow that could be on tap during the weekend. Stolte told Selectman Richard Schiavo that while the department doesn't have many large snow removal trucks available, they can take "small bites of the apple" if needed with the smaller trucks that they have.
Stolte is among all of the Raynham department heads who are being called before the Raynham Board of Selectmen for meetings to discuss the town government's business. Next week, they said, Raynham Fire Chief James Januse will detail the state of the Raynham Fire Department.
Stolte said that his department has 20 town snow removal trucks and 9 contracted trucks to do snow and ice removal throughout Raynham's roads. Stolte said thus far this year, with seven different snow events, the town has spent about $177,000 on snow removal this year, as of Tuesday night before the snow.
But Stolte said the town is still $100,000 below last year's snow removal spending.
Stolte also spoke about the trucks the town has, saying at one point they will need to replace old ones. "That's a subject for another day," he added.
Stolte said the Raynham Transfer Station would be closed on Wednesday due to the snow expected. "I think it's a very prudent thing to do," he said.
Stolte also spoke about his department's work to maintain the town's 12 ball fields, which include six soccer and lacrosse fields, two football fields and fields at four schools.
"That makes up 88 acres of cutting," Stolte said. "If you listen to the leagues, they want you to cut them every Thursday and Friday so they are nice and short for play. … The challenge is we are stretched to the limit to keep up. The schools' fields get an extreme amount of use."
Stolte said he had a $750,000 department salary, with a $156,000 salary for grounds work, with $37,000 spent on fertilizers, insecticides and professional help. For that, he has three full-time employees and five temporary part-time workers to do the grounds work.


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Like we do about our brother Orthodox, we believe the Latin Church is also descended from the Apostles and a true Church of Jesus Christ.
I think you can say ~ In the Name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit and post with charitable and prayerful intentions.
Dear Mor Ephrem,I will certainly try. All I'm saying is that my own Church would regard the Latin Church as maintaining the basic Apostolic faith and therefore is a true Apostolic Church founded by the Apostles and maintaining valid Sacraments. There are some points in their teaching which they have passed down in their own unique Church tradition which is not a part of our own. Therefore we would see them to some extent in error. But the basic saving Gospel of Christ and valid Mysteries are there. Do you think this is incorrect? Again, I'm speaking primarily from my studies on my own Church's relations with the Latins. Your own Church's relations might be much different. Perhaps we don't speak with a unified voice on this.
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text: Higher Sample Rate When Capturing From Slower Analog Playback Source 2013-01-06 21:16:23 Hi Everyone, I'm wondering if there is a loss of audio quality by capturing from a recorded analog audio source at a slower playback rate? This applies to those who may not have a device that plays back at a higher playback rate, but instead can only playback at a slower playback rate. I've seen some people who have had no choice but to playback vinyls on say at 45 RPM since those machines can't playback at 78 RPM. They can then pitch shift the audio digitally to get the playback speed correct. But, the question is...is there audio loss? At a slower playback speed, my understand is you get a higher sample rate on your audio source. With a higher sample rate, wouldn't the quality even better than having had captured it at the normal 78RPM's for a 78 vinyl record? In this case, I'm not asking specifically for vinyl...but more or less in general. For example, let's look at an audio cassette tape deck as another example that plays back audio at half the normal playback speed. My understanding is that the if you were to record the audio when the cassette tape plays back at half the normal playback speed, you are essentially increasing the sample rate of the audio? True? Or? So when going back to the normal playback speed, you would essentially be digitally down-sampling your captured audio to create a final audio file in which so far to me wouldn't be any worse than to have captured it at the normal playback speed to begin with? People have said that even though you save an audio source digitally at a down-sampled rate (ex: saving final audio at 44 kHz by down-sampling the captured 192 kHZ audio file), that internally the sound card is already capturing the data at the highest sample rate and then down-sampling it when it passes it off to the software when the software application is recording at a lower sample rate than the sound card is capable. So some would argue that there is no difference between a 192 kHz final audio source file over a 44 kHZ because the 44kHz file was internally created by the sound card having down-sampled the 192 kHZ audio to create it in the first place. Going back to my original question, what I'm trying to understand is if there is a loss of audio quality by down-sampling or essentially pitch shifting audio that was captured at a slower playback rate? To me, it seems as if the audio quality would instead be better because by playing your analog source back a slower playback rate, you allow the sound card (internally or otherwise) to sample the audio at a higher sample rate than it would have had the chance to do if you played it back at a faster rate. So, to me it would seem the audio quality may even be 'better' by capturing the audio at a slower playback rate? So whether the audio source is vinyl records or audio cossets or otherwise, does capturing audio data at a slower analog playback speed effect the final audio quality? And, if so why? Or, does it result in essentially the same? Or, is the audio quality even better?


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Active Listening, Music Education, and Society
Dan Mamlok
A common definition of listening distinguishes between hearing and listening. The basic distinction describes hearing as a passive action of perceiving sounds, whereas listening involves paying active attention to various layers and elements of what one is hearing. Active listening to music, featuring the discerning of sounds, musical structures, harmonies, and the interrelations between the sounds, is akin to contemplating complex ideas. Providing meaning for this nexus of relationships requires listeners to grapple with these complex musical nuances, listening to different layers of the melody and harmony and connecting them to cultural and historical aspects. Challenging students to grapple with the complex nuances of musical pieces, to listen to different layers of the melody and harmony, and to connect those elements to cultural and historical aspects will provide them the opportunity to reflect upon the social and cultural contexts in which they live. The concept of what it means to be active (or mindful) has been examined from various perspectives and theories and holds great potential in advancing individual growth and social sensitivity.
Authenticity in Education
Lauren Bialystok
Authenticity is a concept with an impressive history in Western philosophy and a significant hold on the modern imagination. Inseparable from conceptions of truth and individual fulfillment, authenticity remains a powerful ideal, even as it eludes precise definition. Recently it has also become an organizing principle for many educational initiatives. Education, like authenticity, is opposed to dissimulation, ignorance, manipulation, and related states of misalignment between truth and experience. There is widespread enthusiasm for the promotion of authenticity across different types of education and in the personal identity of educators and students. Most of the scholarly literature pertaining to authenticity in education falls outside the scope of philosophical inquiry. But in all cases, the pursuit of authenticity in education rests on various philosophical assumptions about the nature of truth, reality, ethics, and, ultimately, the aims of education.
With the influence of Dewey and 20th-century progressive movements in education, authenticity entered the vernacular of educational theory and practice. Attention to the relationship between learning environments and the "real" world has generated pervasive commitments to authentic learning, authentic pedagogies, authentic curriculum, and authentic assessment practices. Here, "authenticity" is used to track the verisimilitude of an educational practice with respect to some external reality. It constitutes an ontological claim about levels of "reality," as well as an epistemological attitude toward learning as the construction of knowledge. In this respect, authenticity intersects debates about constructivism and relativism in education. Likewise, teachers are exhorted to be authentic qua teachers, elevating their true selves above institutional anonymity as a key part of effective teaching. This phenomenon trades on the values of truthfulness and autonomy that are prized in Western modernity but also problematized in the personal identity and ethics literature. The authenticity of students has also been championed as an educational aim, even as the methods for eliciting authenticity in others have been criticized as self-defeating or culturally limiting. Personal authenticity stands in a contested relationship to autonomy, which has been promoted as the key aim of liberal education. The project of creating authentic people through education remains an intense site of research and debate, with important implications for educational ethics and liberal values.
Calibrating Professional Learning Approaches for Teachers in Inclusive Classrooms in the Context of Implementation Science
Michael Arthur-Kelly
In educational systems, schools, and classrooms, the interface among professional learning approaches and the translation and sustained uptake of research-led inclusive practices needs systematic and sustained attention. A range of variables exist with respect to the complexity of adopting leading, evidence-led practices in actual classroom and school settings. These may include teacher effects, diverse student needs, and limited opportunity for the meaningful analysis of relevant research to practice literature. Similarly, in the larger context of educational systems and processes of change, inhibitors and facilitators are encountered when introducing and sustaining innovative professional learning and changed practices in typical diverse schools. An aspirational model of professional learning for inclusive practices that is informed by the tenets of modern implementation science and cross-cultural perspectives will assist in defining future directions in this area from both an empirical and a heuristic perspective.
Confucianism and Education
Charlene Tan
Issues related to the aim of education, curriculum, teaching, and learning are perennial concerns in Confucianism. Within the Confucian canon, two texts, Analects (Lunyu) and Xueji (Record of Learning), are particularly instructive in illuminating the principles and practices of education for early Confucianism. Accordingly, the aim of education is to inculcate ren (humanity) through li (normative behaviors) so that learners can realize and broaden dao (Way). To achieve this aim, the curriculum should be holistic, broad-based, and integrated; students should constantly practice what they have learned through self-cultivation and social interaction. Supporting the curriculum is learner-focused education, where the teacher is sensitive to the individual needs of students. The "enlightening approach" is recommended, where the teacher encourages and guides students using the questioning technique and peer learning. The impact of Confucian education is evident in the creation and flourishing of "Confucian pedagogic cultures" in East Asia. However, a key question confronting a Confucian conception of education is whether such a paradigm is able to nurture critical and creative thinkers who are empowered to critique prevailing worldviews and effect social changes. A textual analysis of Xueji and Analects reveals that critical and creative thinking are valued and indispensable in Confucian education. Confucius himself chastised the rulers of his time, modified certain social practices, and ingeniously redefined terms that were in wide circulation such as li and junzi by adding novel elements to them. Confucian education should be viewed as an open tradition that learns from all sources and evolves with changing times. Such a tradition fulfills the educational vision to appropriate and extend dao, thereby continuing the educational project started by Confucius.
Critical Literacy
Vivian Maria Vasquez
Changing student demographics, globalization, and flows of people resulting in classrooms where students have variable linguistic repertoire, in combination with new technologies, has resulted in new definitions of what it means to be literate and how to teach literacy. Today, more than ever, we need frameworks for literacy teaching and learning that can withstand such shifting conditions across time, space, place, and circumstance, and thrive in challenging conditions. Critical literacy is a theoretical and practical framework that can readily take on such challenges creating spaces for literacy work that can contribute to creating a more critically informed and just world. It begins with the roots of critical literacy and the Frankfurt School from the 1920s along with the work of Paulo Freire in the late 1940s (McLaren, 1999; Morrell, 2008) and ends with new directions in the field of critical literacy including finding new ways to engage with multimodalities and new technologies, engaging with spatiality- and place-based pedagogies, and working across the curriculum in the content areas in multilingual settings. Theoretical orientations and critical literacy practices are used around the globe along with models that have been adopted in various state jurisdictions such as Ontario, in Canada, and Queensland, in Australia.
Critical Race Theory
Paula Groves Price
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Please check back later for the full article.
Race has historically been, and continues to be, a significant issue in all aspects of American society. In the field of education, racial inequality is prominent in the areas of access, opportunity, and outcomes. Critical Race Theory (CRT) is a framework that offers researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers a race-conscious approach to understanding educational inequality and structural racism to find solutions that lead to greater justice. Placing race at the center of analysis, Critical Race Theory scholars interrogate policies and practices that are taken for granted to uncover the overt and covert ways that racist ideologies, structures, and institutions create and maintain racial inequality.
In the field of education, CRT is a helpful tool for analyzing policy issues such as school funding, segregation, language policies, discipline policies, and testing and accountability policies. It is also helpful for critically examining the larger issues of epistemology and knowledge production, which are reflected in curriculum and pedagogy. As education is one of the major institutions of knowledge production and dissemination, CRT scholars often push the field to critically examine the master or dominant narratives reproduced in schools and the counter-narratives that are silenced. CRT is a theoretical framework that provides education researchers, policy makers, and practitioners with critical lenses to deconstruct oppressive policies and practices and to construct more emancipatory systems for racial equity and justice.
Critical Vocational-Technical Education and Training: Learning for Economy, Equity, and Environment
James Gregson
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Please check back later for the full article.
In The Green Collar Economy: How One Solution Can Fix Our Two Biggest Problems (2008), Van Jones envisions the possibility of a green economy that addresses not only the current environmental crises but also the promise of the green economy to lift out of poverty those low-income communities and communities of color that have been so devastated by industrial capitalism. While Van Jones, an advocate of natural capitalism and the first African American author of an environmental best seller, recognizes the role of green job training programs in the preparation of workers for green construction, alternative energy (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal energy installation), and sustainable agriculture and food systems, he does not address the curriculum and instruction appropriate for such job training programs. In this article, an overview is provided of the historical roots for critical Vocational-Technical Education and Training (VTET) and of how VTET is situated in the current discourse of the green economy. In doing so, it is posited that a critical vocational-technical education provides the promise of helping to address not only the environmental and socio-economic problems of the day, but also the educational problems associated with neoliberal policies and practices.
Critical Whiteness Studies
Barbara Applebaum
In 1903, standing at the dawn of the 20th century, W. E. B. Du Bois wrote that the color line is the defining characteristic of American society. Well into the 21st century, Du Bois's prescience sadly still rings true. Even when a society is built on a commitment to equality, and even with the election of its first black president, the United States has been unsuccessful in bringing about an end to the rampant and violent effects of racism, as numerous acts of racial violence in the media have shown. For generations, scholars of color, among them Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, and Franz Fanon, have maintained that whiteness lies at the center of the problem of racism. It is only relatively recently that the critical study of whiteness has become an academic field, committed to disrupting racism by problematizing whiteness as a corrective to the traditional exclusive focus on the racialized "other."
Critical Whiteness Studies (CWS) is a growing field of scholarship whose aim is to reveal the invisible structures that produce and reproduce white supremacy and privilege. CWS presumes a certain conception of racism that is connected to white supremacy. In advancing the importance of vigilance among white people, CWS examines the meaning of white privilege and white privilege pedagogy, as well as how white privilege is connected to complicity in racism. Unless white people learn to acknowledge, rather than deny, how whites are complicit in racism, and until white people develop an awareness that critically questions the frames of truth and conceptions of the "good" through which they understand their social world, Du Bois's insight will continue to ring true.
Curriculum and Place
William M. Reynolds
Place matters. The conceptualizations and analyses of place defined in geographical and metaphorical terms play a significant role in understanding curriculum and are an exciting, important and ever-increasing discourse in the field of curriculum studies. As the discourses have developed, an increasing amount of scholarship has emerged that centers on place and its significance autobiographically, psychoanalytically, culturally, racially, and politically, not only in the field of curriculum but in education and society in general. There is also attention paid to the notion that understanding our place (situatedness) is as important as our positionality. There is a historical discussion on the manner in which studies of curriculum and place have focused on the southern United States; however, as the area has developed, the focus has expanded to place considered not only in terms of the southern United States, but other areas of the country and internationally. The discussion begins with notions of why place matters in curriculum studies and in our general understandings of place as well. A second major emphasis elaborates on the work done in curriculum and place developmentally and historically, highlighting major studies that exist in the area. A discussion of the future of what is called place studies in curriculum is the final area including highlights of the newest scholarship alongside a discussion of the movement toward the parameters of place globally. Beyond the parameters of this article, but significant in the study of place, are the treatments of place in literature, film, and television series; a small discussion of these areas is included.
Decolonial Philosophy and Education
Nassim Noroozi
"Decolonial philosophy of education" is an almost nonexistent term. Consequently, rigorous intellectual and scholarly conversations on education tend to be centered around a specific set of concepts and discourses that were (and still are) generated, picked up or analyzed by thinkers from a specific geographical and political space, such as Socrates, Rousseau, Dewey, Heidegger, and Foucault. This has led to the systemic ignoring and violating concepts and ideas generated from other spaces and lived through by other people.
This legacy can also be related to some philosophical aspirations for gaining total, hegemonic, and universal perceptions and representations often formulated by male Euro-American philosophers; when this intellectual passion for universality becomes coupled with or stays silent about imperial and expansionist ambitions, it can see itself implicated in creating assimilationist or genocidal practices: in education, the manifestation of universality associated with imperialism is observed in Indian residential schools. While the words education, literacy, curriculum, learning of languages, acquiring knowledge, school, school desks, and school buildings might normally echo positive vibes for many, it can make an aboriginal survivor of an Indian residential school shudder. It is furthermore hard to ignore the aspirations for a European/Universalist definition of human and man in the famous "Kill the Indian to save the child" policy of Indian Residential Schools. However, the likelihood of deeming such assimilationist attempts as benign acts of trial and error and as events external to philosophy is generally high. Therefore, the "colonial edge" of these philosophies are, more often than not, left unexamined.
This is the plane where decolonial philosopher dwell. They deliberate on essential key moments and discussions in philosophical thought that have either not been paused at enough or paused at all, and thereby question this lack of attention. There is an important reason for these intellectual halts practiced by decolonial philosophers. While these might seem to be abstract epistemic endeavors, decolonial philosophers see their work as practices of liberation that aim beyond disrupting the eminence of mainstream Euro-American philosophical thought. Through these interrogative pauses, they hope to intervene, overturn and restructure the philosophical, political and social imaginations in favor of the silenced, the ignored, the colonized, and the (epistemologically and physically) violated.
This article engages with certain key decolonial theses and is concerned with the hope of initiating and further expanding the dialogues of decolonization in the philosophy of education. The article will, however, stay away from adding new theses or theories to decolonial education. The author believes that this field, much like other paradigms, either can or will at some point suffer from theoretical exhaustion. Instead, it directs the readers to pause at some of the decisive moments discussed in decolonial theories.