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Genome Biology and Evolution (GBE) publishes leading original research at the interface between evolutionary biology and genomics. Papers considered for publication report novel evolutionary findings that concern natural genome diversity, population genomics, the structure, function, organisation and expression of genomes, comparative genomics, proteomics, and environmental genomic interactions. Major evolutionary insights from the fields of computational biology, structural biology, developmental biology, and cell biology are also considered, as are theoretical advances in the field of genome evolution. GBE's scope embraces genome-wide evolutionary investigations at all taxonomic levels and for all forms of life — within populations or across domains. Its aims are to further the understanding of genomes in their evolutionary context and further the understanding of evolution from a genome-wide perspective.
GBE is owned by the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE). Motivated by the continued growth of the field, SMBE conducted a grass-roots survey in 2007 to investigate the needs of the field regarding new publication outlets. The survey elicited a resounding response from members of SMBE and other scientists in the fields of genomics and molecular evolution. The key findings from that survey were that the field wanted an on-line only journal that was devoted specifically to the areas of genome evolution and comparative genomics and that was published under an Open Access model. The response of SMBE was to launch GBE in order to serve those needs of the field. The SMBE meeting attracts about 800 participants each year. As a reflection of the rapid growth of genomic technologies, about half of the science presented at each SMBE meeting is about genomics. With the help of the evolutionary expertise that is gathered in SMBE, GBE is positioned and designed to set the highest standards for papers in the growing field of evolutionary genomics.
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The article 10.1093/molbev/msy216 has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of 10.1093/molbev/msy210. The publisher regrets the error.
AbstractGgtree is a comprehensive R package for visualizing and annotating phylogenetic trees with associated data. It can also map and visualize associated external data on phylogenies with two general methods. Method 1 allows external data to be mapped on the tree structure and used as visual characteristic in tree and data visualization. Method 2 plots the data with the tree side by side using different geometric functions after reordering the data based on the tree structure. These two methods integrate data with phylogeny for further exploration and comparison in the evolutionary biology context. Ggtree is available from http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/ggtree.
AbstractAdenosine deaminases (ADAs) play a pivotal role in regulating the level of adenosine, an important signaling molecule that controls a variety of cellular responses. Two distinct ADAs, ADA1 and adenosine deaminase growth factor (ADGF aka ADA2), are known. Cytoplasmic ADA1 plays a key role in purine metabolism and is widely distributed from prokaryotes to mammals. On the other hand, secreted ADGF/ADA2 is a cell-signaling protein that was thought to be present only in multicellular organisms. Here, we discovered a bacterial homologue of ADGF/ADA2. Bacterial and eukaryotic ADGF/ADA2 possess the dimerization and PRB domains characteristic for the family, have nearly identical catalytic sites, and show similar catalytic characteristics. Most surprisingly, the bacterial enzyme has a signal sequence similar to that of eukaryotic ADGF/ADA2 and is specifically secreted into the extracellular space, where it may potentially control the level of extracellular adenosine. This finding provides the first example of evolution of an extracellular eukaryotic signaling protein from a secreted bacterial analogue with identical activity and suggests a potential role of ADGF/ADA2 in bacterial communication.
AbstractMitochondrial genomes of vertebrates are generally thought to evolve under strong selection for size reduction and gene order conservation. Therefore, a growing number of mitogenomes with duplicated regions changes our view on the genome evolution. Among Aves, order Psittaciformes (parrots) is especially noteworthy because of its large morphological, ecological, and taxonomical diversity, which offers an opportunity to study genome evolution in various aspects. Former analyses showed that tandem duplications comprising the control region with adjacent genes are restricted to several lineages in which the duplication occurred independently. However, using an appropriate polymerase chain reaction strategy, we demonstrate that early diverged parrot groups contain mitogenomes with the duplicated region. These findings together with mapping duplication data from other mitogenomes onto parrot phylogeny indicate that the duplication was an ancestral state for Psittaciformes. The state was inherited by main parrot groups and was lost several times in some lineages. The duplicated regions were subjected to concerted evolution with a frequency higher than the rate of speciation. The duplicated control regions may provide a selective advantage due to a more efficient initiation of replication or transcription and a larger number of replicating genomes per organelle, which may lead to a more effective energy production by mitochondria. The mitogenomic duplications were associated with phenotypic features and parrots with the duplicated region can live longer, show larger body mass as well as predispositions to a more active flight. The results have wider implications on the presence of duplications and their evolution in mitogenomes of other avian groups.
AbstractA major goal of population genetics has been to determine the extent by which selection at linked sites influences patterns of neutral nucleotide diversity in the genome. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that diversity is influenced by both positive and negative selection. For example, in many species there are troughs in diversity surrounding functional genomic elements, consistent with the action of either background selection (BGS) or selective sweeps. In this study, we investigated the causes of the diversity troughs that are observed in the wild house mouse genome. Using the unfolded site frequency spectrum, we estimated the strength and frequencies of deleterious and advantageous mutations occurring in different functional elements in the genome. We then used these estimates to parameterize forward-in-time simulations of chromosomes, using realistic distributions of functional elements and recombination rate variation in order to determine whether selection at linked sites can explain the observed patterns of nucleotide diversity. The simulations suggest that BGS alone cannot explain the dips in diversity around either exons or conserved noncoding elements. A combination of BGS and selective sweeps produces deeper dips in diversity than BGS alone, but the inferred parameters of selection cannot fully explain the patterns observed in the genome. Our results provide evidence of sweeps shaping patterns of nucleotide diversity across the mouse genome and also suggest that infrequent, strongly advantageous mutations play an important role in this. The limitations of using the unfolded site frequency spectrum for inferring the frequency and effects of advantageous mutations are discussed.
AbstractDespite the genetic resemblance of Canary Islanders to other southern European populations, their geographical isolation and the historical admixture of aborigines (from North Africa) with sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans have shaped a distinctive genetic makeup that likely affects disease susceptibility and health disparities. Based on single nucleotide polymorphism array data and whole genome sequencing (30×), we inferred that the last African admixture took place ∼14 generations ago and estimated that up to 34% of the Canary Islander genome is of recent African descent. The length of regions in homozygosis and the ancestry-related mosaic organization of the Canary Islander genome support the view that isolation has been strongest on the two smallest islands. Furthermore, several genomic regions showed significant and large deviations in African or European ancestry and were significantly enriched in genes involved in prevalent diseases in this community, such as diabetes, asthma, and allergy. The most prominent of these regions were located near LCT and the HLA, two well-known targets of selection, at which 40‒50% of the Canarian genome is of recent African descent according to our estimates. Putative selective signals were also identified in these regions near the SLC6A11-SLC6A1, KCNMB2, and PCDH20-PCDH9 genes. Taken together, our findings provide solid evidence of a significant recent African admixture, population isolation, and adaptation in this part of Europe, with the favoring of African alleles in some chromosome regions. These findings may have medical implications for populations of recent African ancestry.
AbstractVariation at the FADS1/FADS2 gene cluster is functionally associated with differences in lipid metabolism and is often hypothesized to reflect adaptation to an agricultural diet. Here, we test the evidence for this relationship using both modern and ancient DNA data. We show that almost all the inhabitants of Europe carried the ancestral allele until the derived allele was introduced ∼8,500 years ago by Early Neolithic farming populations. However, we also show that it was not under strong selection in these populations. We find that this allele, and other proposed agricultural adaptations at LCT/MCM6 and SLC22A4, were not strongly selected until much later, perhaps as late as the Bronze Age. Similarly, increased copy number variation at the salivary amylase gene AMY1 is not linked to the development of agriculture although, in this case, the putative adaptation precedes the agricultural transition. Our analysis shows that selection at the FADS locus was not tightly linked to the initial introduction of agriculture and the Neolithic transition. Further, it suggests that the strongest signals of recent human adaptation in Europe did not coincide with the Neolithic transition but with more recent changes in environment, diet, or efficiency of selection due to increases in effective population size.
AbstractElucidating the genomic determinants of morphological differences between species is key to understanding how morphological diversity evolved. While differences in cis-regulatory elements are an important genetic source for morphological evolution, it remains challenging to identify regulatory elements involved in phenotypic differences. Here, we present Regulatory Element forward genomics (REforge), a computational approach that detects associations between transcription factor binding site divergence in putative regulatory elements and phenotypic differences between species. By simulating regulatory element evolution in silico, we show that this approach has substantial power to detect such associations. To validate REforge on real data, we used known binding motifs for eye-related transcription factors and identified significant binding site divergence in vision-impaired subterranean mammals in 1% of all conserved noncoding elements. We show that these genomic regions are significantly enriched in regulatory elements that are specifically active in mouse eye tissues, and that several of them are located near genes, which are required for eye development and photoreceptor function and are implicated in human eye disorders. Thus, our genome-wide screen detects widespread divergence of eye-regulatory elements and highlights regulatory regions that likely contributed to eye degeneration in subterranean mammals. REforge has broad applicability to detect regulatory elements that could be involved in many other phenotypes, which will help to reveal the genomic basis of morphological diversity.
AbstractWe sequenced the genome of the strawberry poison frog, Oophaga pumilio, at a depth of 127.5× using variable insert size libraries. The total genome size is estimated to be 6.76 Gb, of which 4.76 Gb are from high copy number repetitive elements with low differentiation across copies. These repeats encompass DNA transposons, RNA transposons, and LTR retrotransposons, including at least 0.4 and 1.0 Gb of Mariner/Tc1 and Gypsy elements, respectively. Expression data indicate high levels of gypsy and Mariner/Tc1 expression in ova of O. pumilio compared with Xenopus laevis. We further observe phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transfer (HT) of Mariner elements, possibly between fish and frogs. The elements affected by HT are present in high copy number and are highly expressed, suggesting ongoing proliferation after HT. Our results suggest that the large amphibian genome sizes, at least partially, can be explained by a process of repeated invasion of new transposable elements that are not yet suppressed in the germline. We also find changes in the spliceosome that we hypothesize are related to permissiveness of O. pumilio to increases in intron length due to transposon proliferation. Finally, we identify the complement of ion channels in the first genomic sequenced poison frog and discuss its relation to the evolution of autoresistance to toxins sequestered in the skin.
AbstractThe competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis is an attractively simple model to explain the biological role of many putatively functionless noncoding RNAs. Under this model, there exist transcripts in the cell whose role is to titrate out microRNAs such that the expression level of another target sequence is altered. That it is logistically possible for expression of one microRNA recognition element (MRE)-containing transcript to affect another is seen in the multiple examples of pathogenic effects of inappropriate expression of MRE-containing RNAs. However, the role, if any, of ceRNAs in normal biological processes and at physiological levels is disputed. By comparison of parent genes and pseudogenes we show, both for a specific example and genome-wide, that the pseudo-3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of expressed pseudogenes are frequently retained and are under selective constraint in mammalian genomes. We found that the pseudo-3′UTR of BRAFP1, a previously described oncogenic ceRNA, has reduced substitutions relative to its pseudo-coding sequence, and we show sequence constraint on MREs shared between the parent gene, BRAF, and the pseudogene. Investigation of RNA-seq data reveals expression of BRAFP1 in normal somatic tissues in human and in other primates, consistent with biological ceRNA functionality of this pseudogene in nonpathogenic cellular contexts. Furthermore, we find that on a genome-wide scale pseudo-3′UTRs of mammalian pseudogenes (n = 1,629) are under stronger selective constraint than their pseudo-coding sequence counterparts, and are more often retained and expressed. Our results suggest that many human pseudogenes, often considered nonfunctional, may have an evolutionarily constrained role, consistent with the ceRNA hypothesis.
AbstractPheromones are crucial for eliciting social and sexual behaviors in diverse animal species. The vomeronasal receptor type-1 (V1R) genes, encoding members of a pheromone receptor family, are highly variable in number and repertoire among mammals due to extensive gene gain and loss. Here, we report a novel pheromone receptor gene belonging to the V1R family, named ancient V1R (ancV1R), which is shared among most Osteichthyes (bony vertebrates) from the basal lineage of ray-finned fishes to mammals. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses of ancV1R using 115 vertebrate genomes revealed that it represents an orthologous gene conserved for >400 My of vertebrate evolution. Interestingly, the loss of ancV1R in some tetrapods is coincident with the degeneration of the vomeronasal organ in higher primates, cetaceans, and some reptiles including birds and crocodilians. In addition, ancV1R is expressed in most mature vomeronasal sensory neurons in contrast with canonical V1Rs, which are sparsely expressed in a manner that is consistent with the "one neuron–one receptor" rule. Our results imply that a previously undescribed V1R gene inherited from an ancient Silurian ancestor may have played an important functional role in the evolution of vertebrate vomeronasal organ.
AbstractThe rate of molecular evolution varies widely among species. Life history traits (LHTs) have been proposed as a major driver of these variations. However, the relative contribution of each trait is poorly understood. Here, we test the influence of metabolic rate (MR), longevity, and generation time (GT) on the nuclear and mitochondrial synonymous substitution rates using a group of isopod species that have made multiple independent transitions to subterranean environments. Subterranean species have repeatedly evolved a lower MR, a longer lifespan and a longer GT. We assembled the nuclear transcriptomes and the mitochondrial genomes of 13 pairs of closely related isopods, each pair composed of one surface and one subterranean species. We found that subterranean species have a lower rate of nuclear synonymous substitution than surface species whereas the mitochondrial rate remained unchanged. We propose that this decoupling between nuclear and mitochondrial rates comes from different DNA replication processes in these two compartments. In isopods, the nuclear rate is probably tightly controlled by GT alone. In contrast, mitochondrial genomes appear to replicate and mutate at a rate independent of LHTs. These results are incongruent with previous studies, which were mostly devoted to vertebrates. We suggest that this incongruence can be explained by developmental differences between animal clades, with a quiescent period during female gametogenesis in mammals and birds which imposes a nuclear and mitochondrial rate coupling, as opposed to the continuous gametogenesis observed in most arthropods.
AbstractThe establishment of new interactions between transcriptional regulators increases the regulatory diversity that drives phenotypic novelty. To understand how such interactions evolve, we have studied a regulatory module (DDR) composed by three MYB-like proteins: DIVARICATA (DIV), RADIALIS (RAD), and DIV-and-RAD-Interacting Factor (DRIF). The DIV and DRIF proteins form a transcriptional complex that is disrupted in the presence of RAD, a small interfering peptide, due to the formation of RAD–DRIF dimers. This dynamic interaction result in a molecular switch mechanism responsible for the control of distinct developmental processes in plants. Here, we have determined how the DDR regulatory module was established by analyzing the origin and evolution of the DIV, DRIF, and RAD protein families and the evolutionary history of their interactions. We show that duplications of a pre-existing MYB domain originated the DIV and DRIF protein families in the ancestral lineage of green algae, and, later, the RAD family in seed plants. Intraspecies interactions between the MYB domains of DIV and DRIF proteins are detected in green algae, whereas the earliest evidence of an interaction between DRIF and RAD proteins occurs in the gymnosperms, coincident with the establishment of the RAD family. Therefore, the DDR module evolved in a stepwise progression with the DIV–DRIF transcription complex evolving prior to the antagonistic RAD–DRIF interaction that established the molecular switch mechanism. Our results suggest that the successive rearrangement and divergence of a single protein domain can be an effective evolutionary mechanism driving new protein interactions and the establishment of novel regulatory modules.
AbstractA driving hypothesis of evolutionary developmental biology is that animal morphological diversity is shaped both by adaptation and by developmental constraints. Here, we have tested Darwin's "selection opportunity" hypothesis, according to which high evolutionary divergence in late development is due to strong positive selection. We contrasted it to a "developmental constraint" hypothesis, according to which late development is under relaxed negative selection. Indeed, the highest divergence between species, both at the morphological and molecular levels, is observed late in embryogenesis and postembryonically. To distinguish between adaptation and relaxation hypotheses, we investigated the evidence of positive selection on protein-coding genes in relation to their expression over development, in fly Drosophila melanogaster, zebrafish Danio rerio, and mouse Mus musculus. First, we found that genes specifically expressed in late development have stronger signals of positive selection. Second, over the full transcriptome, genes with evidence for positive selection trend to be expressed in late development. Finally, genes involved in pathways with cumulative evidence of positive selection have higher expression in late development. Overall, there is a consistent signal that positive selection mainly affects genes and pathways expressed in late embryonic development and in adult. Our results imply that the evolution of embryogenesis is mostly conservative, with most adaptive evolution affecting some stages of postembryonic gene expression, and thus postembryonic phenotypes. This is consistent with the diversity of environmental challenges to which juveniles and adults are exposed.
AbstractThe origin of novel traits can promote expansion into new niches and drive speciation. Ctenophores (comb jellies) are unified by their possession of a novel cell type: the colloblast, an adhesive cell found only in the tentacles. Although colloblast-laden tentacles are fundamental for prey capture among ctenophores, some species have tentacles lacking colloblasts and others have lost their tentacles completely. We used transcriptomes from 36 ctenophore species to identify gene losses that occurred specifically in lineages lacking colloblasts and tentacles. We cross-referenced these colloblast- and tentacle-specific candidate genes with temporal RNA-Seq during embryogenesis in Mnemiopsis leidyi and found that both sets of candidates are preferentially expressed during tentacle morphogenesis. We also demonstrate significant upregulation of candidates from both data sets in the tentacle bulb of adults. Both sets of candidates were enriched for an N-terminal signal peptide and protein domains associated with secretion; among tentacle candidates we also identified orthologs of cnidarian toxin proteins, presenting tantalizing evidence that ctenophore tentacles may secrete toxins along with their adhesive. Finally, using cell lineage tracing, we demonstrate that colloblasts and neurons share a common progenitor, suggesting the evolution of colloblasts involved co-option of a neurosecretory gene regulatory network. Together these data offer an initial glimpse into the genetic architecture underlying ctenophore cell-type diversity.
Matthew Jobin, Haiko Schurz, and Brenna M. Henn
AbstractThe study of segmental duplications (SDs) and copy-number variants (CNVs) is of great importance in the fields of genomics and evolution. However, SDs and CNVs are usually excluded from genome-wide scans for natural selection. Because of high identity between copies, SDs and CNVs that are not included in reference genomes are prone to be collapsed—that is, mistakenly aligned to the same region—when aligning sequence data from single individuals to the reference. Such collapsed duplications are additionally challenging because concerted evolution between duplications alters their site frequency spectrum and linkage disequilibrium patterns. To investigate the potential effect of collapsed duplications upon natural selection scans we obtained expectations for four summary statistics from simulations of duplications evolving under a range of interlocus gene conversion and crossover rates. We confirm that summary statistics traditionally used to detect the action of natural selection on DNA sequences cannot be applied to SDs and CNVs since in some cases values for known duplications mimic selective signatures. As a proof of concept of the pervasiveness of collapsed duplications, we analyzed data from the 1,000 Genomes Project. We find that, within regions identified as variable in copy number, diversity between individuals with the duplication is consistently higher than between individuals without the duplication. Furthermore, the frequency of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) deviating from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium is higher in individuals with the duplication, which strongly suggests that higher diversity is a consequence of collapsed duplications and incorrect evaluation of SNVs within these CNV regions.
AbstractThe evolution of novel protein-coding genes from noncoding regions of the genome is one of the most compelling pieces of evidence for genetic innovations in nature. One popular approach to identify de novo genes is phylostratigraphy, which consists of determining the approximate time of origin (age) of a gene based on its distribution along a species phylogeny. Several studies have revealed significant flaws in determining the age of genes, including de novo genes, using phylostratigraphy alone. However, the rate of false positives in de novo gene surveys, based on phylostratigraphy, remains unknown. Here, I reanalyze the findings from three studies, two of which identified tens to hundreds of rodent-specific de novo genes adopting a phylostratigraphy-centered approach. Most putative de novo genes discovered in these investigations are no longer included in recently updated mouse gene sets. Using a combination of synteny information and sequence similarity searches, I show that ∼60% of the remaining 381 putative de novo genes share homology with genes from other vertebrates, originated through gene duplication, and/or share no synteny information with nonrodent mammals. These results led to an estimated rate of ∼12 de novo genes per million years in mouse. Contrary to a previous study (Wilson BA, Foy SG, Neme R, Masel J. 2017. Young genes are highly disordered as predicted by the preadaptation hypothesis of de novo gene birth. Nat Ecol Evol. 1:0146), I found no evidence supporting the preadaptation hypothesis of de novo gene formation. Nearly half of the de novo genes confirmed in this study are within older genes, indicating that co-option of preexisting regulatory regions and a higher GC content may facilitate the origin of novel genes.
AbstractAlthough Tibetans and Sherpa present several physiological adjustments evolved to cope with selective pressures imposed by the high-altitude environment, especially hypobaric hypoxia, few selective sweeps at a limited number of hypoxia related genes were confirmed by multiple genomic studies. Nevertheless, variants at these loci were found to be associated only with downregulation of the erythropoietic cascade, which represents an indirect aspect of the considered adaptive phenotype. Accordingly, the genetic basis of Tibetan/Sherpa adaptive traits remains to be fully elucidated, in part due to limitations of selection scans implemented so far and mostly relying on the hard sweep model.In order to overcome this issue, we used whole-genome sequence data and several selection statistics as input for gene network analyses aimed at testing for the occurrence of polygenic adaptation in these high-altitude Himalayan populations. Being able to detect also subtle genomic signatures ascribable to weak positive selection at multiple genes of the same functional subnetwork, this approach allowed us to infer adaptive evolution at loci individually showing small effect sizes, but belonging to highly interconnected biological pathways overall involved in angiogenetic processes.Therefore, these findings pinpointed a series of selective events neglected so far, which likely contributed to the augmented tissue blood perfusion observed in Tibetans and Sherpa, thus uncovering the genetic determinants of a key biological mechanism that underlies their adaptation to high altitude.
AbstractMoraxella catarrhalis is a human-adapted pathogen, and a major cause of otitis media (OM) and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The species is comprised of two main phylogenetic lineages, RB1 and RB2/3. Restriction–modification (R-M) systems are among the few lineage-associated genes identified in other bacterial genera and have multiple functions including defense against foreign invading DNA, maintenance of speciation, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Here, we define the repertoire of R-M systems in 51 publicly available M. catarrhalis genomes and report their distribution among M. catarrhalis phylogenetic lineages. An association with phylogenetic lineage (RB1 or RB2/3) was observed for six R-M systems, which may contribute to the evolution of the lineages by restricting DNA transformation. In addition, we observed a relationship between a mutually exclusive Type I R-M system and a Type III R-M system at a single locus conserved throughout a geographically and clinically diverse set of M. catarrhalis isolates. The Type III R-M system at this locus contains the phase-variable Type III DNA methyltransferase, modM, which controls a phasevarion (phase-variable regulon). We observed an association between modM presence and OM-associated middle ear isolates, indicating a potential role for ModM-mediated epigenetic regulation in OM pathobiology.
AbstractGenomic data have provided evidence of previously unknown ancient whole genome duplications (WGDs) and highlighted the role of WGDs in the evolution of many eukaryotic lineages. Ancient WGDs often are detected by examining distributions of synonymous substitutions per site (Ks) within a genome, or "Ks plots." For example, WGDs can be detected from Ks plots by using univariate mixture models to identify peaks in Ks distributions. We performed gene family simulation experiments to evaluate the effects of different Ks estimation methods and mixture models on our ability to detect ancient WGDs from Ks plots. The simulation experiments, which accounted for variation in substitution rates and gene duplication and loss rates across gene families, tested the effects of WGD age and gene retention rates following WGD on inferring WGDs from Ks plots. Our simulations reveal limitations of Ks plot analyses. Strict interpretations of mixture model analyses often overestimate the number of WGD events, and Ks plot analyses typically fail to detect WGDs when ≤10% of the duplicated genes are retained following the WGD. However, WGDs can accurately be characterized over an intermediate range of Ks. The simulation results are supported by empirical analyses of transcriptomic data, which also suggest that biases in gene retention likely affect our ability to detect ancient WGDs. Although our results indicate mixture model results should be interpreted with great caution, using node-averaged Ks estimates and applying more appropriate mixture models can improve the accuracy of detecting WGDs.
AbstractThermosipho species inhabit thermal environments such as marine hydrothermal vents, petroleum reservoirs, and terrestrial hot springs. A 16S rRNA phylogeny of available Thermosipho spp. sequences suggested habitat specialists adapted to living in hydrothermal vents only, and habitat generalists inhabiting oil reservoirs, hydrothermal vents, and hotsprings. Comparative genomics of 15 Thermosipho genomes separated them into three distinct species with different habitat distributions: The widely distributed T. africanus and the more specialized, T. melanesiensis and T. affectus. Moreover, the species can be differentiated on the basis of genome size (GS), genome content, and immune system composition. For instance, the T. africanus genomes are largest and contained the most carbohydrate metabolism genes, which could explain why these isolates were obtained from ecologically more divergent habitats. Nonetheless, all the Thermosipho genomes, like other Thermotogae genomes, show evidence of genome streamlining. GS differences between the species could further be correlated to differences in defense capacities against foreign DNA, which influence recombination via HGT. The smallest genomes are found in T. affectus that contain both CRISPR-cas Type I and III systems, but no RM system genes. We suggest that this has caused these genomes to be almost devoid of mobile elements, contrasting the two other species genomes that contain a higher abundance of mobile elements combined with different immune system configurations. Taken together, the comparative genomic analyses of Thermosipho spp. revealed genetic variation allowing habitat differentiation within the genus as well as differentiation with respect to invading mobile DNA.
AbstractThe colonization of novel environments often involves changes in gene expression, protein coding sequence, or both. Studies of how populations adapt to novel conditions, however, often focus on only one of these two processes, potentially missing out on the relative importance of different parts of the evolutionary process. In this study, our objectives were 1) to better understand the qualitative concordance between conclusions drawn from analyses of differential expression and changes in genic sequence and 2) to quantitatively test whether differentially expressed genes were enriched for sites putatively under positive selection within gene regions. To achieve this, we compared populations of fish (Poecilia mexicana) that have independently adapted to hydrogen-sulfide-rich environments in southern Mexico to adjacent populations residing in nonsulfidic waters. Specifically, we used RNA-sequencing data to compare both gene expression and DNA sequence differences between populations. Analyzing these two different data types led to similar conclusions about which biochemical pathways (sulfide detoxification and cellular respiration) were involved in adaptation to sulfidic environments. Additionally, we found a greater overlap between genes putatively under selection and differentially expressed genes than expected by chance. We conclude that considering both differential expression and changes in DNA sequence led to a more comprehensive understanding of how these populations adapted to extreme environmental conditions. Our results imply that changes in both gene expression and DNA sequence—sometimes at the same loci—may be involved in adaptation.


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By Roger Charles August 30, 2007 (originally published on August 17, 2007) The Department of Justice (DOJ) has now joined the Army acquisition mafia in attempting to deny America's Grunts an honest chance for determining just what is the "best-available" body armor. In a flagrant abuse of discretionary authority, the DOJ's Office of Justice Programs has intervened in an unprecedented ... Read More »
Tag Archives: pinnacle armor
Pinnacle Armor Level IV Dragon Skin Passes ESAPI-FAT Test at Aberdeen
by David Crane defrev at gmail.com August 1, 2007 Soldiers For The Truth (SFTT) is reporting about an independent test conducted on July 11, 2007 by Aberdeen Test Center (ATC) on two Pinnacle Armor Dragon Skin SOV-3000 Level IV body armor panels. As it turns out, the ATC obtained very different results from the U.S. Army's First Article Test (FAT) ... Read More »
'Future Weapons' Features Dragon Skin Flexible Scalar Body Armor and M32 MGL
by David Crane david at defensereview.com January 31, 2007 The latest episode of the Discovery Channel series FutureWeapons (a.k.a. Future Weapons), titled The Protectors, features Pinnacle Armor, Inc.'s Dragon Skin body armor (flexible hard armor/scalar armor system) and the Milkor USA, Inc. M32 MGL (Multiple shot Grenade Launcher a.ka. Multiple Grenade Launcher), two technologies that DefenseReview has already covered. Our ... Read More »
DefRev Quick Hits 2: More 'Latest and Greatest' Tactical Tech from the Show
by David Crane david at defensereview.com All photos contained in this article were taken by DefenseReview.com, are the exclusive property of DefenseReview.com, and are not to be reprinted or disseminated in any fashion without the express written permission of DefenseReview.com. This is the second installment of DefRev Quick Hits featuring the "latest and greatest" in tactical tech from SHOT Show ... Read More »
Dragon Skin Flexible Body Armor Officially Receives NIJ Level III Certification
by David Crane david at defensereview.com On December 20, 2006, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) issued Pinnacle Armor, Inc. a "Notice of Compliance with NIJ 2005 Interim Requirements". Put into plain English, Pinnacle Armor Dragon Skin flexible (anti-rifle) body armor a.k.a. flexible hard armor a.k.a. flexible armor system a.k.a. flexible body armor system is now officially certified at NIJ ... Read More »
Dragon Skin Armor Passes More Tests: Dr. Gary Roberts and 'Test Lab' Video
by David Crane [email protected] On September 15 (2006), DefenseReview reported on Pinnacle Armor's SOV-2000 Dragon Skin panels passing all NIJ Level III test protocols and requirements for flexible armor systems (anti-rifle body armor). Well, SOV-2000 Dragon Skin has just passed another fairly tough ballistic test, this one performed by Dr. Gary Roberts, who has been following the Dragon Skin vs. ... Read More »
DefRev Update: Pinnacle Armor SOV-2000 Dragon Skin (NIJ Level III) Body Armor
by David Crane [email protected] In addition to recently passing the NIJ requirements for Level III Flexible Body Armor, Pinnacle Armor SOV-2000 Dragon Skin body armor (NIJ Level III) just passed some real-world ballistic testing by Dr. Gary Roberts, and we plan on publishing information on Dr. Roberts' results very shortly. So, stay tuned… Read More »
Dragon Skin Body Armor (SOV-2000) Passes all NIJ Level III Tests at USTL
by David Crane [email protected] This just in: Pinnacle Armor, Inc.'s SOV-2000 Dragon Skin has just passed all NIJ Level III ballistic testing/requirements at USTL (United States Test Laboratory). Official NIJ Level III certification should come in approx. 3-4 weeks, but it will come. Pinnacle Armor company officials have told us that it's a done deal. This is BIG news for ... Read More »
Pinnacle Armor Speaks Out Re Dragon Skin Testing by U.S. Army PM SEQ
by David Crane [email protected] SFTT/DefenseWatch has published a Pinnacle Armor press release regarding the recent partial/unfinished testing of Dragon Skin scalar flexible hard armor system (body armor) that was conducted by U.S. Army Project Manager Soldier Equipment (PM SEQ). Karl Masters and James Zheng, both out of U.S. Army Natick Soldier Center/Natick Soldier Systems Center/PEO Soldier (Program Executive Office Soldier), ... Read More »
U.S. Military Body Armor Saga Enters New Phase: New Trouble for Interceptor?
by David Crane david at defensereview.com For the last few months, DefenseReview has been writing about the Pinnacle Armor SOV/Dragon Skin vs. Interceptor Body Armor fight. We consider this situation to be one of the most important developing news stories in the country, as it directly impacts the lives/survivability of our infantry warfighters. As the situtation has progressed, DefenseReview (DefRev) ... Read More »

subset: commoncrawl


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The godly aim of our lives should be that when we die we may be missed. My soul longs for grace so to live, so to walk, so to act, that when my course is finished, I may be missed,—I may be greatly missed. It becomes every one in the body of Christ,—every member in the body of Christ, to aim after this; that when their course is finished they may be missed,—they may be missed.… Suppose this were my last night on earth, suppose I should not have to stay another day here, would my brethren and sisters in Christ miss me? How deeply important it is that we should so walk, so act, and so pass through this world, that when we are gone we may be missed. If when gone, we are not missed by the saints, it is a plain proof that we have not been strengthening their hands in God, it is a plain proof that we have not been ministering to their spiritual profit, that we have not been helping them forward in the things of God. If we take our place,—though we may not be preachers, though we may not be pastors, though we may not be holding any public position among the saints,—yet if we take our place as members in the body of Christ, and act according to the place the Lord has given us, and walk graciously according to that place, when we are gone we shall be missed,—we must be missed. After this we all have to aim. Let each one take away with us to-night this godly purpose,—that by the grace of God, from this evening and henceforth, it shall be my earnest prayer, my constant aim, so to live, so to walk, so to carry myself, that when I am gone I shall be missed.
George Müller, Jehovah Magnified, pp. 8-9 | photo credit: iStock


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North American Juniors Game Night: 3/11/11
BCHL Interior Conference Semifinals – Game 3
Penticton Vees 1 @ Salmon Arm Silverbacks 2 (OT)
Silverbacks lead Best of 7 series 3-0
C Brendan O'Donnell, PEN: 0-0-0, 4 PIM (roughing, high sticking), *Third Star*
Season totals: 58 GP, 29-43-72, 28 PIM
Playoff totals: 4 GP, 1-3-4, 9 PIM
This is getting ridiculous. Penticton outshot Salmon Arm badly for the third straight game, this time 52-19, but was still set back by undrafted goaltender Kris Moore. The Vees put up 20 shots in both the second and third periods. Moore has been First Star in all three games of the series. Not only was the 20-year-old goaltender undrafted, he is not listed as a commitment to any NCAA school. Game 4 is Saturday on the Silverbacks' home rink. Though O'Donnell didn't score, he was named Third Star on the road.
Lincoln Stars 3 @ Fargo Force 0
C Jimmy Mullin, FGO: 0-0-0, E, 0 PIM, 4 SOG
Season totals: 43 GP, 19-29-48, +23, 24 PIM
Fargo outshot Lincoln 32-24, but couldn't put one past 20-year-old goaltender Ryan Massa (undrafted). Lincoln is just five points behind Fargo for fourth in the West, with the Stars holding two games in hand.
Gatineau Olympiques 6 @ Lewiston MAINEiacs 3
D Adam Janosik, GAT: 0-1-1, +1, 5 PIM (fighting vs. Cole Hawes), 0 SOG, 0 Hits
Season Totals: 57 GP, 7-22-29, +13, 35 PIM
Janosik had three fights last season, but this was his first this year.
Drummondville Voltigeurs 3 @ Montreal Juniors 2 (OT)
D Charles Landry, MTL: 0-0-0, -1, 0 PIM, 2 SOG, 1 Hit
Season Totals: 54 GP, 11-27-38, +22, 28 PIM
The Volts scored twice within four minutes of the end of regulation and again in overtime to steal a win in Montreal. Landry was not on the ice for the overtime winner, but was on the ice for both of Drummondville's third period goals (one on the power play).
London Knights 1 @ Guelph Storm 5
C/W Richard Panik, GUE: Did not play (injured – sprained ankle)
With Guelph: 22 GP, 12-12-24, -6, 34 PIM
With Belleville: 27 GP, 14-17-31, E, 33 PIM
Season totals: 49 GP, 26-29-55, -6, 67 PIM
Panik remains out with a sprained ankle. He was expected to return this week.
Owen Sound Attack 3 @ Kitchener Rangers 2
D Geoffrey Schemitsch, OS: Did not play (injured - broken arm)
Season totals: 45 GP, 1-19-20, +17, 14 PIM
G Michael Zador, OS: Did not dress
With Attack: 11 GP, 7-2-0-0, 3.19 GAA, .895 sv%, 0 SO
With Oshawa: 18 GP, 10-3-1-1, 3.36 GAA, .879 sv%, 1 SO
Season Totals: 29 GP, 17-5-1-1, 3.29 GAA, .885 sv%, 1 SO
Zador was back on the Attack bench Thursday night, but did not dress out Friday for the Attack. He missed several games with a concussion prior to Thursday. Schemitsch is reportedly skating again and should be back by the playoffs.
Tri-City Americans 1 @ Spokane Chiefs 5
RW Carter Ashton, TC: 0-0-0, E, 5 PIM (fighting vs. Tanner Mort)
With Tri-City: 28 GP, 13-25-38, +8, 52 PIM
With Regina: 29 GP, 16-11-27, -12, 44 PIM
Season Totals: 57 GP, 29-36-65, -4, 96 PIM
C Tyler Johnson, SPO: 2-1-3, +1, 0 PIM, *First Star*
Season Totals: 66 GP, 50-59-109, +28, 44 PIM
Not long ago TC was battling Spokane for second in the division. Five straight wins over TC later and the Chiefs are 10 points ahead of the Americans. This was Johnson's "debut†as a Lightning prospect after signing an NHL Entry Level Contract on Monday. He promptly went out and hit 50 goals for the season, which leads the WHL and is 14 more than his previous career high. Johnson (pictured) is within five points of Medicine Hat's Linden Vey for the league scoring title. This was Ashton's sixth fight of the year and third against Spokane. It was the first time he fought Mort. Ashton had his five-game point streak come to an end.
Prince George Cougars 8 @ Vancouver Giants 0
RW Brett Connolly, PG: 1-1-2, +1, 0 PIM, *Third Star*
Season totals: 55 GP, 42-24-64, -6, 26 PIM
One game after losing 7-0 at home to Red Deer, the Cougars stepped up and crushed the Giants in Vancouver. Connolly continues to raise his career highs for goals and points. He is six assists away from tying his career high in that category.
Saskatoon Blades 3 @ Brandon Wheat Kings 4 (OT)
D Teigan Zahn, SAS: 0-0-0, +1, 0 PIM
Season totals: 68 GP, 3-19-22, +34, 133 PIM
Zahn's high three-game point streak came to an end in an overtime loss to Brandon. It was the second longest streak of his career after a four-game streak he had earlier this season. The Blades have already clinched the league's top record.
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Artist Conklin took a page from Heironymus Bosch in this stoned landscape of the inner mind advertising It's A Beautiful Day and Loading Zone at the Fillmore West.
Our vintage concert handbills feature performances from the Fillmore, Fillmore East, Winterland, the Avalon Ballroom and more.
Print Variations
The handbill measures 4 5/8" x 7 1/16" and displays a calendar of upcoming Bill Graham events on the reverse. It was printed before the concert.
There were also some pre-concert mailers printed that were conjoined with the BG139 image (see BG138/139). They measure 7" x 9 1/4".
About Lee Conklin
Lee Conklin's early influences were pen and ink masters Heinrich Kley and Saul Steinberg.After seeing articles featuring Wes Wilson's poster art, Conklin was inspired to visit San Francisco and show his art to Bill Graham. Conklin was soon commissioned to do posters and produced 31 original designs for the Fillmore between 1968 and 1969. Conklin rendered both graphics and calligraphy in intricate detail. What began as a personal challenge to disguise images within images and lettering soon turned into a concerted effort to turn every single letter and figure into another form, stretching the imagination to new limits.


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IndyCar Driver Turns Laps at Bristol Motor Speedway
Accustomed to pedaling the open-wheel, open-cockpit machines of IndyCar at a variety of speedways, the Series' youngest winner, Graham Rahal, took the reins of a Mustang this morning to test his skills on the legendary banks of Bristol Motor Speedway.
"What makes racing around this place so cool is the atmosphere," said the IndyCar driver of the No. 15 National Guard machine. "Bruton [Smith, Chairman and CEO of Speedway Motorsports Inc.] always does a great job with his facilities. I've been to a bunch of drag races now, and this is the nicest place I've seen.
"Then to come here and see this - there's no wonder it's one of everybody's favorites. It's simply the atmosphere. I can't imagine what this place would be like for a Cup race, let alone the football game coming up. It'd be incredible. There's not a bad seat in the house."
However, the seat Rahal would most like to have inside the World's Fastest Half Mile is at the helm of an IndyCar.
"It'd be fun to get an IndyCar out here and give it a shot," he said. "I mean we'd be dizzier than can be, but it'd be kinda fun. With the downforce levels and horsepower they can adjust with turbos and everything else. They could make this really entertaining and quite an interesting race."
The 25 year old has explored the possibility of swapping rides with his National Guard NASCAR counterpart, Dale Earnhardt Jr., an idea that has taken on new life since this morning's laps around the concrete oval.
"Junior and I talked about it last year," said Rahal. "I wasn't with the National Guard at the time, but now I am. Maybe it makes some sense for us to do something like that. If the opportunity ever came up, trust me, I'd jump all over it simply because I'm a racer. I wanna drive anything that I possibly can and be part of any race at any venue. I can tell you this would be right at the top my list after being here and seeing this. It's very, very cool."


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text: Sijun Forums :: View topic - Ami Suzuki portrait. Log in to check your private messages Sijun Forums Forum Index >> Gallery/Finished Work View previous topic :: View next topic Author Topic : "Ami Suzuki portrait." Snake GrungermemberMember #Joined: 24 Mar 2000Posts: 584Location: Montreal, Canada Posted: Thu Jan 04, 2001 10:05 pm This is a copy from a photo of Japan popstar Ami Suzuki. It is 101% copy, so I think there's much artistic relevance in this piece, but I think it is still worth showing to others. No critique really required, since it's a copy. Click here for the full-rez version (400kb). Back to top burn0utmemberMember #Joined: 18 Apr 2000Posts: 1645Location: california Posted: Thu Jan 04, 2001 10:46 pm looks good, alittle ruff on the edges, but its a good study Back to top Snake GrungermemberMember #Joined: 24 Mar 2000Posts: 584Location: Montreal, Canada Posted: Thu Jan 04, 2001 11:34 pm I would like for you to circle or point out edges that seem to you "ruff" and tell me why "non-ruff" would make my picture better. Only then will I be able to assimilate your critique and make good use of it. Back to top OpticalmemberMember #Joined: 26 Oct 1999Posts: 331Location: Edmonton, Alberta , Canada Posted: Thu Jan 04, 2001 11:42 pm first of all, *drool*. Second of all.. i think it is perfect man.. like the feel of it.... nice, bright happy image of a supa hot asian girl. ------------------ http://www.eccentrix.com/artist/0ptical "Bye bye Lets get high and ride Oh, how do we do these niggas But I'm not gonna cry I'm a Bad Boy killa Jay-Z die too Looking out for Mobb Deep Nigga when I find you Weak mutha-fuckas don't deserve to breathe How many niggas down to die for me yea yea" - Makaveli "Got my money in my pocket, finger on the trigger and I ain't taking no shit from no niggaz" -2pac Back to top Ulic Qel-DromamemberMember #Joined: 22 Oct 2000Posts: 71Location: Canada Posted: Thu Jan 04, 2001 11:45 pm hey the head looks almost real.... ehh what exactly is a copy? heheh -geoff Back to top burn0utmemberMember #Joined: 18 Apr 2000Posts: 1645Location: california Posted: Thu Jan 04, 2001 11:48 pm the arm on the right looks really ruff, the edges of her shirt look ruff n jagged. and the white line around her shirt, i dunno if thats supposed to be like that or not but thats all i was saying Back to top burn0utmemberMember #Joined: 18 Apr 2000Posts: 1645Location: california Posted: Thu Jan 04, 2001 11:51 pm It wasnt a critique in the first place, and i didnt say if it were "non-ruff" would look any better. you didnt ask for a critique so i wasnt trying to critique it Back to top Snake GrungermemberMember #Joined: 24 Mar 2000Posts: 584Location: Montreal, Canada Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 3:06 am Optical - Thanks for the comment. Though, I find it dissapointing your signature takes 400% as much size as your message does Can't you shorten it a bit? burnout - Yes, I see what you mean. Those are parts I didn't fully polish. Think I should do it? I have already spent alot of time on the parts I found more important (neck/face/head). Should I polish the arms and clothes too? Hrmm.. Ulic Qel-Droma - A copy is when you take a (scanned) photo and copy it in a drawing program Which can somewhat be tiresome and not lead to much except mastering the handling of your tablet and the program (Photoshop in this case). It simply sharpens your "drawing technique", but not your creativity. You don't have to think about perspective, or texture, or lighting, or shapes, or anatomy: Just copy what you see on a piece of paper. I think this will be my last copy. I have still learned some things doing this, like how to make something "look" real. Back to top JoachimmemberMember #Joined: 18 Jan 2000Posts: 1332Location: Norway Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 3:53 am very nice copying snake *G* The rough edges like burnout said, almost make the picture look like you've just taken a photo and used the "cut out" filter to hide it. but, I know you, and also by looking more closely I can see that it's brushwork and a lot of patience ------------------ www.JoachimArt.com Back to top Samson & FriendsmemberMember #Joined: 02 Jan 2001Posts: 106 Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 3:55 am Wow that's great. I can't really critique it since I'm no where near your level, but I might say that the white rim on her singlet might look better if it were softened up a little? I'm not sure... The lighting from the window on her looks excellent! Back to top waylonmemberMember #Joined: 05 Jul 2000Posts: 762Location: Milwaukee, WI US Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 6:45 am Hiya. Looks very nice. Couple things though. First, her face looks a bit flat, like she's pressing it up against a pane of glass. Mostly around her chin, right cheek, and a little bit on the upper part of her left cheek. I dunno, maybe it looked like that in the original too, but you could probably stand to get a bit more depth in there. As for the rough edges around her shirt... they do seem to be a bit distracting. I wouldn't necessarily say you have to POLISH them to the same extent you've done the face and neck, but there are ways to leave parts of a painting unfinished so that the piece as a whole still seems complete. Frazetta's the best example I can think of offhand, though you could probably skip over to Veb's site too. So I guess what I'm saying is that blurry-unfinished can look good, like the very top of the straps of her shirt, but sharp/jagged unfinished doesn't work too well here. Especially on the white stripe on her shirt, since it's the most jagged part of the picture, and it's also the highest-contrast part of the picture. Ok, I'll stop rambling now. I'm sure you get the point. Back to top TheMilkManmemberMember #Joined: 04 Nov 2000Posts: 797Location: St.Louis Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 7:12 am real question....did you copy over a scan right in photoshop or did you look off it..if you looked off a photo then it is amazing!!! Back to top waylonmemberMember #Joined: 05 Jul 2000Posts: 762Location: Milwaukee, WI US Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 9:58 am Oh yeah, I forgot to ask, how big was the original? (And could you post it?) I'm curious how much of the detail is copied, and how much you had to come up with off the top of your head. Back to top LightmemberMember #Joined: 01 Dec 2000Posts: 528Location: NC, USA Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 10:18 am This is really nice. Copying isn't too difficult but can hard as crap. Low contrast images like this can be the hardest to choose the shading on. Nice work. Back to top RamDacmemberMember #Joined: 23 Jun 2000Posts: 61Location: Bollebygd, Sweden Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 10:25 am Snake, If it´s supposed to be Ami Suzuki, then why is your image called "norikosan.jpg" instead of like.. "amisan" or something? You haven´t mixed up "Noriko Sakai" and "Ami Suzuki" have you? =) (Noticed since I´m quite a J-pop and anime fan.. ) heh... Nice work tho... Back to top Snake GrungermemberMember #Joined: 24 Mar 2000Posts: 584Location: Montreal, Canada Posted: Fri Jan 05, 2001 1:15 pm Here is some steps as well as the original photo in a directory. This should clear some of the questions. how_I_worked.jpg is also a screen grab from when I was working in photoshop, it says in french that I was using color picker directly. Joachim *G* - Thanks for the comments, my norwegian bro'tha. Cutout filter gives a really bad result Samson - Yeah.. I guess I should soften it up a bit so it doesn't grab much attention from the eye. waylon - True.. true.. I guess I should have tried to a bit use some of my artistic knowledge onto how to make things stand out a bit more. I am guilty But.. when you try and copy a picture very much, you are corrupted by the fact that you want an exact replica. Original is in the directory I posted previously. TheMilkWoman - I have included the how_I_worked.jpg picture especially for you. Light - Thanks Actually, there isn't much shading to choose. Just copy what you see and you're set! RamDac - Shrug.. This was initially intended for a girl I know named Noriko.. I told her I'd paint her portrait even though I never saw her. Back to top Snake GrungermemberMember #Joined: 24 Mar 2000Posts: 584Location: Montreal, Canada Posted: Sun Jan 07, 2001 11:23 pm THREAD BACK ON TOP No, serious, I worked on it some more and this is the end result. No more rough edges and worked on some shading on the arms, shirt, neck and a little of the face. Hope you like it! A 30 hours well spent. Back to top creepfeverjunior memberMember #Joined: 07 Jan 2001Posts: 31Location: Ravenna, MI, USA Posted: Mon Jan 08, 2001 12:45 am Very cool Snake Grunger, you always have excelled in everything you do artistically, from low resolution ansi to this . i love ya =) - Aaron Frick Back to top waylonmemberMember #Joined: 05 Jul 2000Posts: 762Location: Milwaukee, WI US Posted: Mon Jan 08, 2001 4:07 am Whoo! Looks really good. It's almost indistinguishable from the original now, with just a touch of personal artistic style to keep it interesting. Now, back to the giant robots with you! Back to top VisigothGuestMember # Posted: Mon Jan 08, 2001 4:08 am aaargh! she haff n0 booblets! Nice stuff Snake Grunger...Very "warm" feeling to it, imo...I like muchly. ------------------ Your car is a fiberglass penis extension. Back to top Snake GrungermemberMember #Joined: 24 Mar 2000Posts: 584Location: Montreal, Canada Posted: Mon Jan 08, 2001 4:18 pm fever - AARON!!!!!! Where've you been dude. We lost contact. Good to see old Twilight homies (or something). That other pic of your is pretty neat, though anatomy is weird and colors too shiny. Guess I shouldn't write this here and say that in your own thread Visigoth - Well, she does have some (on other pictures).. it's just that there isn't enough light coming in on her breasts to make them stand out and see the shape. But.. what do you expect, she's japanese. Vlad - Thanks mate When will we get to see more of your stuff? It's been a while. (coma2?) Black_fish - Look here: http://www.geocities.com/cockmasterino/sijun/steps . This will answer your questions and doubts. [This message has been edited by Snake Grunger (edited January 08, 2001).] Back to top black_fishmemberMember #Joined: 31 Jul 2000Posts: 333Location: Los Angeles, California Posted: Mon Jan 08, 2001 4:33 pm Did u copied a photo or painted over a photo (traced)? If you copied the photo I don't see why you have the japanese title in the left bottom corner ?????? That seems so weird... Back to top waylonmemberMember #Joined: 05 Jul 2000Posts: 762Location: Milwaukee, WI US Posted: Mon Jan 08, 2001 10:26 pm Ack! No! Don't call me Vlad here! Now EVERYONE knows my secret identity as a sp00ky goth superhero!@@#*&%#@& Erhm. Ahem. S'cuse me. I get a bit carried away sometimes. Oh, and I *HAVE* been doing stuff since coma 2. I posted this a few days ago. You were OBVIOUSLY too busy drawing attractive japanese girls to notice. <sniff> http://www.sijun.com/dhabih/ubb/Forum4/HTML/000029.html Other than that, I've got a bunch of neat new space ships. Vwoosh! Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Sijun Forums Forum Index -> Gallery/Finished Work All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Digital Art----------------Digital Art DiscussionWork in ProgressGallery/Finished Work Miscellaneous----------------Random MusingsArchive : Sep99 - Dec00 You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Powered by phpBB © 2005 phpBB Group


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I'm a little biased about Paris--it's where I honeymooned. And red wine, butter, cheese, and champagne are my four food groups. So even though The Artist won best picture at the Oscars, Midnight in Paris still gets my vote. The movie was shot in two of my favorite old-school hotels: Le Bristol and Le Meurice. Le Bristol is where Owen Wilson and Rachel McAdams' characters stayed—specifically in the Panoramic Suite. (P.S., I'm obsessed with that fluffy white robe with the lime green unicorn logo that McAdams models about 17 times!). From $1,129.
Photo: courtesy of Sony Pictures
And that swanky cocktail party scene with the Eiffel Tower in the background? That's the rooftop of Le Meurice, right across from the Louvre and Tuileries Gardens. I stayed there last year and fell in love with our Louis XVI-style room—it's like a Versailles fantasy, come to hotel life. We saw Harrison Ford strut through the Philippe Starck-designed lobby, a people-watching place, even at breakfast. The scrambled eggs with sausage were insanely delicious, and a welcome treat (er hangover cure) after a night out. From $730.
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Canton-Galva boys' basketball head coach Shane Duncan admits last year was a bit of a learning curve for both himself and his Eagles.
Canton-Galva boys' basketball head coach Shane Duncan admits last year was a bit of a learning curve for both himself and his Eagles.
CGHS went 1-20 in 2012-13. Now that he has a year under his belt, Duncan feels he knows his players on a better level.
"At times, especially at the beginning of last year, I didn't feel we competed the entire time," Duncan said. "It was almost as if some of the kids' mentality wasn't necessarily 'we're going to lose' but more 'hoping to win.' I'm just really wanting to change that mind-set. And the kids have done a fantastic job."
The change in attitude was apparent this past summer, as the Eagles won the McPherson Summer League small school division after going 8-2, with the losses to Burrton and Little River both being avenged on the final day of competition. That was even with returning senior and leading scorer Cody Savage missing four games, which Duncan felt may actually have benefitted his team.
"In some ways, I felt it was good," he said, "as the other players had to learn to play without him."
A total of 18 athletes participated in the summer league for Canton-Galva, including all nine returning varsity players.
Savage brings back 12.5 points and five rebounds per game for the Eagles as one of three returning senior letter winners. Also back is A.J. Medley, who averaged 8.5 ppg, and Austin Bullinger, who had 5.5 points per game last year.
A quintet of returning juniors will add some welcome depth to the roster Tanner Klingensmith, Trevor Unruh, Connor Farnham, Trey Moddelmog and Nick Bray.
Duncan has been pleased with the efforts put in, both individually in conditioning in the offseason and since practices started before Thanksgiving.
"I really think we're going to see a difference this year," Duncan said. "With the confidence [from the summer league success], we gain basketball IQ. And just being able to that much more basketball together has been beneficial."
Canton-Galva opens their season Friday at home against Elyria Christian School.


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Dear editor,
I see the Confederate flag fly here in my city and I see a part of American history.
Dear editor,
I see the Confederate flag fly here in my city and I see a part of American history.
This country has been inundated with history revisionists who want to do away with any parts of history they don't like or don't completely understand. The flag being flown at the Lundy memorial is the Confederate battle flag; I actually wear a pin of the true Confederate flag, and no one has taken offense.
It�s a single white star in the middle of a field of blue. Who would know this except historians, Civil War buffs or someone who truly knows their American history?
Most people see the Confederate battle flag as a symbol of slavery, oppression or hate because they affiliate it with hate groups, but the opposite is true. Most people who oppose the flying of the Confederate battle flag don't even know that African Americans fought under the Confederate battle flag, and some were even honored by the Sons of the Confederacy.
I'm retired military, born and raised in the South, but that doesn't make me a redneck racist � even though, as a young airman, I was stereotyped because of my southern accent.
I was taught to respect all people, and I believe we need to learn from the Confederacy�s mistakes but not completely erase the memory of our fallen soldiers of the South by removing the Confederate battle flag because of preconceived stereotypical notions.
What's your view? Write a letter to the editor>>


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The youth organization accused of publishing inappropriate sex advice for teenagers has defended its policies – and issued a strong rebuttal to critics.
The SpunOut.ie charity group was heavily criticized by conservative Fine Gael deputy Michelle Mulherin for publishing tips on threesomes.
The organization receives over $150,000 in support from the Irish government with Mulherin keen to discuss the funding with Health Minister James Reilly.
The online advice from Spunout.ie had told youngsters that 'a third person can inject serious passion into their bedroom shenanigans'.
In an interview with the Sunday Independent newspaper, Mulherin claimed the advice on threesomes for teenagers was 'incredibly regressive'.
But the charity has hit back in a statement issued to the Irish media on Sunday night.
The Irish Times newspaper reports that the charity said: "Young people are having sex whether the Sunday Independent or Deputy Michelle Mulherin like it or not. Some of them are having sex with more than one person, and sometimes with more than one person at the one time.
"We do not promote threesomes, we arm young people with the facts about them. We advise young people not to be coerced or pressured into having any form of sex.
"It is widely accepted that sex education in Irish schools is poor and inconsistent, and that education needs to begin early.
"Spunout.ie exists to provide balanced, reliable and responsible information for 16 to 25 year olds only. The age of consent in Northern Ireland is 16. SpunOut.ie is an all-island charity.
"All too often, older generations avoid having conversations with their young people about difficult subjects. This is particularly true in relation to sex.
"Parents feel uncomfortable talking to their children about it and teachers are afraid to raise the subject in the classroom. An adult's discomfort does not negate a young person's right to information.
"Silence does not breed confidence, instead it creates fear and confusion."
In response, the religious group The Iona Institute said public funding for Spunout.ie should be suspended.
The Iona Institute said: "It should be suspended because of the group's radically pro-choice philosophy, its promotion of an extremely permissive approach to sexual behavior among teenagers.
"And also because of the way in which the role of parents in the lives of their teenage children is almost completely sidelined on the site."


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Setting the Table: Favorite Serving Dishes, Tableware, Linens, and Inspirational Ideas
A beautifully set table is a lesson in balance, the shaping and bringing together of both the practical and the decorative. Our tabletop and dining posts this year focused on that delicate balance, with recommendations on everything from our favorite no-fuss serving dishes to pretty polka-dot table linens, from classic carafes to gorgeous gold flatware. We also had a shopping guide to colorful dinnerware, a roundup of nautical-inspired tabletop, and a few creative ways to display all your tabletop collections!
• 1 Setting the Table with Gold Flatware
• 2 5 Tablecloths for Holiday Entertaining
• 3 Table Trivets: 5 Unique, Minimalist Picks
• 4 10 Understated Salt and Pepper Shakers
• 5 We've Gone Dotty! A Few Modern Dot Designs For the Kitchen & Tabletop
• 6 10 Lovely and Unique Salad Platters
• 7 Cocktails Napkins: 6 to Buy, 3 to DIY
• 8 10 Wine Decanters: High and Low
• 9 A Perfect Pairing: 5 Soup and Cracker Bowls
• 10 For Entertaining: 5 Classic Salad and Serving Bowls
• 11 Sweet As Honey: Bee-Inspired Tabletop
• 12 For the Table: 5 Classic Glass Carafes
• 13 Colorful Dip-Dyed and Paint-Dipped Tableware: 10 Items to Make or Buy
• 14 Sail Away: Nautical-Inspired Tabletop
• 15 10 Sources for Colorful Dinnerware
• 16 Jars on the Table: 8 Cheap and Chic Ideas
• 17 Displaying Tabletop Collections: Teacups, Mugs, Plates, Even Pepper Grinders!
• 18 A Cheap DIY Centerpiece for Fall: Twine-Wrapped Jar Vases
• 19 Homegrown Pottery: Serve Summer's Local Food on a Local Plate!
• 20 Art of the Menu: The Underrated Creativity of Menus From Around the World
Welcome to The Kitchn's Best of 2012 roundup!
From December 17 through January 1 we are rounding up some of our favorite (and your favorite) posts from the past year.
(Images: See linked posts for full image credits)


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dafiieim loiittfjjmart flfootrti tn politics items 2.]jriniltnrr j iitrrtul jiitjinucmnits dmrnm tljf ms an 2t\tum jjtoralltg an tljr im\u l'irrlf vol ii.---m series salisbury \. (., november 6 1855 number xxiv j j lllll mill il.lllor nnd l-ro|irl.<l«r m|i('lilltli:tl i'lilr i iii saturd the l.th of november i «■>•,, l annual kxhlbltiun ol il " luxntitlci c -, gricalt.ral socltit " will be heldlnti.yl - lo tlm l.-t of nrtlcle ii which prcmi - will i warded foi 1846 embrac i neurl ever vn , i of .,.,,,, and olhi i ...-,,■ullural product - v,"u i kind ul slock a great varii ii uf i."i,,,,.l artii let iu nil the tar branch of "" , l,ii,n-in in use in our country li i i depart h include u era tlm following article fm hich premium " ha awoniad vi : - i " il herd pi t j ins nol 1 ih.n8y.rdi i .. il beat h,.-.-,,f i ,,., ■!. uol lea than oyurda •' l'.ii woul«n aocka •* crotchet work l"r caalon •• lio i mark - homo iii.i.i.'.ii ... il materia |. , it " it 1 |" ii , over " lot uultrr 2 | i ul over " ll . i ,. . i " ('...., i ,. - 1 . , ■■• liom i i i'.uern •• j i r i'icl 1 , i 11 i i . ii . i it ■riilcoinmlll ii i ,,,. i .,,"-. 11 i ; a , j ...|.|, il 1 ■.; ... i 1 .,,,... robertc v ' i i 1 king wm '. i .",- 1 i : . . " ii . n wilij j l 1 fran .- ul in i u i ■j vd ,. j n ll.r.n ji i ii '. . little a . in i m j,-l i 1 ' smith s ■' i : ' il l it - ■• peeled ii ■" s ■lonll ' ■wh '- i . . i 1 61 ic i . n , tl • ii the oould i - dollar until lh-y ii wonld bul • ,, the wool ih i wool 1 do bell pi i fteti r il i ii ,-. i iw be i i ii " , ut '- i . 1 lb tl 1 when lira wr"tn that paragraph he ha 1 i ki no odd ih ■.', a lo il and rn < effect of freedom "| • i thi ,. gru /'•' , ' dispatch 1 ll i lui from - boat ip i pi ifeu - to li • ll .,," ■,; hytli i ke olhei forti " i a |. r wl i it th battel uf the i.cd.ll jual ., i i - . i.i which ho cut in two by a blu and then call i the a ■ulcer toil du furlh r . i i,.,i lion it wa : ■1 wire led ,|, ,,,,,■,/ ne lug un h , ii li d u arj i whicl , i ih ', ii -, n ■which they i i i 1 t il ln . ihore ',. iii win iii - lit ■i iiii -: ark ■- , i i . ■inn hm fort blow up - trencher with th ruin i'l l hall ty uu ' ■nil . i ri i the l,t ii it ... ,: ind a pal edifloee , l 1 1 ,"! i ill th combined i rn md mine i'he itodau uml hnlak tl don rei i up inndln •" ihe im red i • i l and il i ived by a al reeled l.t i'n ri i nci had two ' i i november nl which i ill i i.r ■'. i ,- - ,, ■i ,";, i ,/" spi f ,/"■•/■instinct am |;|, vjjon 1 " :"': : intel iting papei li ",, oitrncl from ii 1 im in ,, i.t i .-. nil it in i hi in '" 1 ■ntid pursuit n idii nl - iii bury n i , . ., , , !,,, . i il mil i read wili plcaauru b ull tiu-real it ibjn ' p i duing (,, the interesting alii ii i i-i l'-il ii ryou k ol the dlfncul '■hi i drawli j the i n f d inure tu inatln t nml .■, on i have bestowed tli 1)1 up ,, ll n1 j rn nii'l i now pro i '" ' ml i fi ' yoi ,,-. i mi m lu " tl t".i"'l qiimlinn the ur li | mi f,.r i have nol -" ,, il . u where li ,'► ■i'l that ihey mnj '■■■■:,- ,,:•! ," il i ' 1'n'ii : nr ili v i t outr i science nml he found nowher hut in my brain vou • i "'"• 1 l'"l if such i il foci •" - 1 of r -, i t is r i ., i , well known '-. ' whal la ■i may be limpl the law : ","," rji a by uu .:,.,, (",. idapted i unu ililcienl for that purpose af i r form i " , i.ii ,. ut ■1 ,, n i i i . . i ' .,.,. is llm . . i : ll i ■.' | .. ■. . - on m '"••'. ty o - ' v-t the i i , lired in linct and ..' i r .... :,. ii , ' ■i ■. , • i ■nol so ■' ■' iflei ' ■withlicrl i'i i animal . ,,, t eat i or be eaten ha to i ' - lie return ■i i fur ihey ai '. it bed will !■turn in il u i i.l i ,:, ... provided ' ' t ne.-eh.ar i . : care aud ' . . 1 ' word inf.ui ' ■i ' wh ii llm i . ' , n ill.lil 1 iln 1 ' ' ■i ii i uml i .... ' bonvor powerful inciaor tueth nnd " largo flail tail n l i i ir,"ril in.tlnol - 1.1 onlj | rom i tl animal t gnn down a ir not t full ii in a proper direclion.ao llial ii might l u-,.,1 in ilm ,■,",., ,",'," ui of i dam tlio datn i con im led 1 perfectly m tlm teeth feet uml tall 1 llm " i mil permit ilml lu organliatton 1 ■i""i perfect would i",t tl devuli pirn nl uf roaaonlng i'm ultk-a have be " in proportion ' tlie development of llie power ol ipeeeli cruel attitude and pcrf i arm uud hand hnve m-'l man to reach i.ii preaent de lation deprive iiim of pooch or even let thi ",, and nut •',! i iliu nl mnl angora l would soon i i i,,t llm mui i , naaimilolelo the brute i inn lomi lim lliut ii m.i would 1 ■olid i the iunl 1 lose tho | ., of ,| ;.. il isolated tl 1.1 boj i an ml tin on found in tho a al ol hanover together with uvoral tlmr instance offer examples of thia foci if ihis bo true man 1 slate i bul an animal then cornea art ulal reaul in tho formation of words at lii-t few in number and exprossivo imply of l ;.-".•• or pain these together wiih ' pe-feel organizu , upon which the dc i have been taken advantage f until man by these in in li ,- in .. 4 al hia present elevation from ilm nun i liil.lli_.dcar in arctic expeditions ml '- eu .-: ll i lin a aubject of gralulnlion llial ihe kane expedition has been i.iml from the probable fate of franklin ma li ui lo think that all ihnl i v r can bo has ii in d iu the m.i of \" tic i tions but i tho cosmographor i will unit im ti a in i i 1 nl : • - iriosit to know more .,, the subject particularly in regard lo lhat un in ni i not only unfrozen but teeming will animal life ria - how it can bo over ii ic i li f in imu dr i and twent tii • miles w ihen , omc lo an nli from s"i ii i ft ui,k rn t tl it of km ui i ti r . :' . . nji in in i ■ii,i li .,- ono i ., .,- g lie on tl i what bos lot _■npp ared t nm us ■1 thi earth is » hoi i n.,,||ll.v t ■!,, pole in shape not unlike an applo deeply indent ends i pparently rruy opin ion !,,! i i - l in tlm i i pi ■. "" ■■i foi ranted that thi earth ■. ■,:, 1 '-. : ;:',,.,: i ,. .,.,,... gu i the fad lion comes up what alien rotating ', , i would nv it would assuu ' ' - loe in falling ' we 1 . ■n •!, . ir.li ;- in t ii sphere like i hci i in brin-pi outourviews '. ' thai ii il i i:i li to us '• appears , it nl ii ,, m ii of ll ■. 1 1 os all tlm .','• , . i ll i iln m would i . ire tl.isbeing llio com to whioh we , i ii ii i irifugnl lend m i ii"i by llm i i . mil ii hat , irtiiintoa .- spheroid made il nssuino llial ggun wh i it wus tii | rojecti i iu it diui ind i llm i.i i i iii , 1.8 | tl.ui ii'n ' rn of ii i i and ",. lion of which - ,. i ■!,"-, :!,. ,..:.- too ly ol il earth would b a hol low t 1 ... i.t now who shall say tlmt that nil jtlst ll 1 !■' the unu i'l ' nl orol lil lllll ' not bi ■■: ilm im , i celestial bodies diaapponr v tho hoi ii ii . i i i.i i r a i as to tho size i ■." ut uboul ■. thousand ",, •!. trill in i theory il nn ■- mo'raenson n , thousnnd n to i u portion of lhai ' ml 1,11 .'. i a trop ical climate should il ihenr i 1 might i.n i mill iln ' n th i i vessel or nn ' - l"ll iln ii ll . v ll :, ii 1 ■. i.j 1 ",, ll 1.1 ,. ii nol i hi theory ■ii i ra i am for il nl in 1 limn ■to shim in - uln nn i i ', k ,, " i iiii : r new hook the land of gold by hinton ii helper i llultlmoro lu i hi i "'., ' i.'nii the . x orii nco of ;, j oung gentleman who wmatractted te california b tbo storit of ii iniil'iiiii i and woullh if otli era hum drawn glowing picture f tho land of hull ih ■i'luiimi iiiiiii t bo made ngninat mr helper lie haa given us tho darker shades ol i'i,l,l',ji,iii life and if hia reprewntation be cor inni.ii im have no doubl thej are in the main ' thu modern lil dorado ifl ant thing but an i e-lj-rdum tho narativo is exceedingly lucid aud clear ' and y.-tsiilli i.nilt irited mr helper is :, ! graceful aud smooth writer and this i the beat r >,, minim mi i iblo of the style of hia book ' there nro no straining after effect no highly wrought absurdities none of those censurable attempts at flne writing which nr the chief . objection t moat author uis style i charm ingly simple while at die aamo time the genius of the writer is apparent upon every pug ofthe ' work wo would be glad had we space to s oo pious extracts from tho land of gold we must content ourselves with only a few to illustrate the general character of tbe work and the drift l of tl author hia description of california so ciely is to soy tho least of it not liable to the '■charge of flattery : we cannot indeed pretend to disclose all . tl terrible iniquity of thai society in the com ; pass i 1 single chapter tlie theme is tun exten sive tho facts too revolting h require space (,, unfold the situll which records such damning i foots il in i time for the mind to become ul i li.-i i tit reconciled to the hideous deta 1,1,1 to listen to tli rn wilhoul impatience or j disgust we can al present do no more tban open the way for a fuller eiposition of the sub j.it in subsequent chapters s-utl'me it to nnv i ! thai wo know ol no country in which there isso i ■utlawry intemper , nncc i itlo ry tnrlett of crime folly and meanness words fail us to exprosa lhesl leful depravity and unexampled turpi ' id : i lil i , ',. ' \\. hnve in doubt there i a great deal of truth in ih above it may be hoped how ... ' lhat tlm odvnt of civilization and the infusion ' .'., lb society of that coun i try l.n hod tbe tendency to correct the evil hi description of i i i asein california i i i . i 1 r.ve no i nli correct we ' subjoin ins speculal - as lo the future of tbeso ' which it will i observed i i >•■-.-- ea asenl menl which it have frequently urged ' in the columns of this paper namely that no ' - ol in"i can exiat in iho united ' stat - wilhoul becoming subordinate to the an ' glo sax n " iiii i am inclined t lo li upon thi m as an inauspicious elemenl of so eh a seedofpolit i li i thi i im ■.:!.. i lb -•'■gth of i i i i the power of i ml to cope with us in tin con i.ll lira of lif : and ae itaecmato ,! imi l,i,t th urongor hull rule the weaker it will is required of them erelong i d one of iwo ibiogs nnmelv either to sue ■n.l i ii us or to quit tin country whicli will ihey d i uur people ill n it always treat ihem with undue complaisance theii real mer its and .!■ii i will be dev , ped and such sta in as theii natural endowments qualify them to fill will be assigned them they must work for themselves or wo will make tin n work fix ,,-. n inferiur rue of men can exist in ilms , •■■- without becoming ubordinnlo i tho will of tlm anglo-americans or foregoing mm i of tbo necessaries and comforts of life tho must either i ur equals r our depend in ii i so wiih iho negroes in th south ll ia so witb the irish in ihenorth n waa » with indians in new england nnd il will be so i i chines iu california the indians il i true would not submit to be ensla ed i bul the i.ii :.. suffer exile hungei and ■! itli as a conseqne ■of their intra inl t c rtain il • . ■it the gi at r the divei y of i olon and i men ilm greater will be the strife ■of feeling on party » • the other our ■was already too hot rog neoua before th i bin se came ; but now , ■has been added and i should nol ivondei ut all if the r of tho i'i li yel real a tul of li ord and dis ol ■'. ii ii ier . i ol il -. malti i iii n i ' ' t'lllu'ti.ill lari who i pri-sume it loyal lo th ■n will not li.lii.i ,. .■ird not ver . li vo ol • rtuo with this extract wi ,'.. . with the remark i!.:,t tho reader will und ' iiiiii itn 1 it , nltho 1 in pictures , highly than mr ilcl-or und of old " llm truth is th i i rn nil uti npnidtothc id meutnl or physical disciplii f youth in ' , ". 1 iii tl , im , wilhoul culture i - , .". i ill bo llllll i ,' « rn an ■!■, i . ' ,' . thai iii worl . i such a hoi in of m i 1 , mui ind !'■ii . il i ui i.i si the igi ■ii a , ," i i ll m ut i nol how tin in 1 liu i . ■■lhat tin i in , ran '■, ' seed from japan . gentleman named doty h.-,s returned to california from japan brlnglngwith bim a variety of med tbo san i i ,,, isco i ihronlclo ea - 1 among others mr doty bus samples of the following seed of the tea plant this rnrlot is cultivated in about the bui litnale .-,- ti,",s i'i lit i"iu and it is tl ght certain that it would flourish bore an oil-bean from which thejnpun xprcos un elegant article of oil foi burning an oil i from wliich a iwoet and fragrant il la exproased called by the natives g a oil n-.l by them for cooking purpose f thia plant will flourish in thn united states mr doty i iii i i 1 that it must im ut onco extensively cultivated nnd form a valuable article of pro dueo in order to demonstnte the extraordinary :. in,unit f il contained in the bceri fro which i manufactured lamp nil by ilm japanese mr doty stimk one of ihem mi ilm nil f a steel pen an applying a lighted match it immedi ately ignited uml burnt witb a clear whit l mi . emitting n beautiful lighl fur two or ihree min utes a singular document has just been published showing thai within b recent period 000 chil dren beve been destroyed by wolves in tbe pun jab nearly u thousand wen some ■'" y an ag , slaughtered in the same m.i around agra tl ",".■""",,;- of ih infants were generally found in tlm dens where their r little bodies aro de voured uml those ul ink i trade in getting i ion til plunder ti,u provided to their bunds have created un impression ninongsl the people that tbe village in which a n-lii killed i ui in come to ruin ; and the ferocious brutes when caught nn frequently set freo with i i ii around their neck tl i i i i'n from sunk bites in s in in has become --, sorious thai go i,-nun i.i i t.,k measures for tlm destruc tion of these reptiles : singular illustrations tli l tlm scantiness of the population a distinguished writer on llm tenui engine thus speaks of its power : " it is stupendous alike i ■, it force ainl flexibility for llm prodigious power which it can exercise and il ease at | i . i-i-ii and duotility with which il ■an 1 ■i nml distributed nnd applied tlm trunk of an olephant hat tan pick up a pin or r nd nu oak i nothing t it ii can i ngrave " seal nr crush mosses nf obdurate tn mi like wax before it ; draw out without breaking a thread as fine as i gossamer nnd lilt ■ship of war lit a bauble in tlm ir ii can embroider ter.-n anchors oul steel into ribbons and impel loaded vessels .-. gainst tho fun of tlm waves a party f engineers m ,- recently boosting ofthe rail at li h the i i 1 run :; im locomotives and borne ":' iheir yarns had been uncommonly tough when .-, quiet individ l ul had listened with u _ 1 1,,-ii of atten tion without snying anything took ilm hat with ilm f ng spec-it ■of fast running : " why gentlemen said he ilm inst time i nm ili ulowhurd iv in in in went so i'.mt that ilm telegraph poles on llio track looked hkn a tin i,",tli c b a papei tnakor in iln south of france link it pulp "!' tiie common plants in certain propor tions mil ui ii per o i.i f i ,_-. and produoo ii paper not distinguishable it i stated fr pure i n and which ;- uf excellent quality and ■rn i uffordi 1 at half price 1 ilm latter fuct it trim um improvement i a valuable one cattsteel gum i l imm nse wear un.l t.-ur upon tl nnon nt sebastopol !;,- brought out mnny projects of improvement in il u wliich nu iron gun mil susl , ■■upon llmil i'.n.ii'i nh i il hussions 1 1 tin in in tl , :", [ . ". ridge 11 iwel a jcssop of the 11 "'" .-. v i m engaged iu llm ii . in !.'. with i.ii pi babil i f success '■' measures in | ■ion un y bave the right i i i ill , . , only in i'm in i i , . ' bauds i igbu part . i ; monday lasl . ,■\ '. ! ' i imstui in wi ' in " '■' ' ■from tht spirit f ihr age mk eoitoii i iti-1 mil il attention of your readers particular those who are teach ers or students lo n matter whioh will prove i in tl ml ,.. ilmi i uml the eau f l-mu ation . 1 have by invitation recently attended leo , in - on english orammor by rev prof brantly .. i'ork of itnndolph county and havi a rased the grammar of which bo it the author r the system of teaching which be has invented , i rvca ilm attention of ul teachers il enable those who diligently apply themselves lo ac quire ,, good knowledge of orfimnior in/bur or , /"■> weckt while aa every one knows the utual methods require at least four or five months — . a leading excellence of his method consists in , tl fact that be uses the black-board thus iiiuk ing ilm eye na well tu the far a medium of in ( struction this i adecided superiority over the | common methods ; ter as the author tays in bis | preface intellectual improvement must bo in proportion to il bcnses exercised ho has do vised ingenious diagrams which while thoy in 1 torest il .-,,,'. explain the science of grammar i and impress its | rinciples d_e|'y upon the mind many nbla - hi inn in bolh sorth and south ' carolina havo extolled hi method being con i iiim.nl of its mi hence l,t its fruits i llm it ia hi grammar which i wish especial ly lo recommend those who are acquainted ' with ilm various grai are of our language will readil admit that all tho pretended ue onea ' published for llie last fifty years have l-.n little l more than copies of iho idea of tho before * ilmm with i , hnnge in expression or words uud ' arrangement i can snfely bay tlmt 1 rot v'ork'o ' laa new grammar i contain originality and thai originality is unquestionably uu improve b ment ' ah who hove taught or studied english gram ' mm in aware that generally tke memory ia the ' uhief and often llio only facullj ofthe mindex ' orcised b the learner ; but prof york . requires ' especially tho exorcise of rensot and thus enn ( bios th student i . incorporate iu rules and prin ' ii les ii to his habits of ibinkitg speaking nnd wriiing unliko others he carefully gives rea ' lis rulet and principlea 11 has made i it a grand object to leach tho language with tb i " i.n ii thus again outstripping olh ra ho im given | lain pointed ind comprehen sive in i for punctuation erery one know ilm difficulty of learning to punctuate correctly uml also how inefficient ilm rule of moat authors ' on punotuation ore prof v,,rk rules are easi ', ly understood and truly practical a glossary of nil tlm technical terms us 1 i annexed lo tin ii,l ; a great advantage to the student at he ' seldom knows until ing about latin r greek in fine the nuih detecta nml expotet tbi , inipi-rfeetiolia of otlm-r : mi i i..-s inn l".,i",r.,l ii"i : establishet new truths : dis ."■,- new principles and produces positive nml valuable improvements in many respects several dia tinguished teachers in ! . i r ! , schools in n i '.. have adopted his grammar as a text book ii it bo an improvement on other similar ti.irks surely others should bediscarded iunl itadopted tlm author i n north carolinian nml if 1 -- r .,! merit norl carol ige i.i i dent .,:. i g ve him iln ir pat 1 all teachors especially i iim it any wishing further information mi ng richard w.york ne ill-lilll n ' '. a w man i'm , x ,' • uln r pap i in ti state fri ndly to,1 .-. ii in education an n q , sl 1 to copy 1 l '■mule tho steamer a l.si10i mule ever raised in kentucky the animal is ■' 1.,-t we 1 ' "£_*~ senator 1 nted i - ■***■1,1 vi v i , ' " ■tin til und llie couniry from isi.m's child ■dew novel which abounds in line passages we take the following ; scene tht bant of tht hudson charac ters mr clarendon n rirl ond fashionablt lawyer from tht city and hut cora living ston " beautiful ij"i,iuj jtrl oflhe country " i shall want vou to sing f,,r "".. when we reach the hunk ofthe hudson said mr clar endon the water and frogt will furnish us music enough and if we are very romantic we enn ba ton to the ' nml ly of growing thing..1 " " i 1 not think that my senses ire subliuia t"l enough for such music and had rather any lime hear > siv,-,-t girl si thnn the st mmr gelic cabbage grow i believe that imagination does hold much sway over inv cranium i have little sympathy with poets or iranscendentnlistj liut i suppose ' tbers i fi lna.ur in p paina thai i a bat poets know i have lived long enough mlaa cora on dream ami would liku now a little reality " i believe i am too fond of dreaming id cora and whon i come down here bv ihe wa ter ii one i become tometimea wild with strange bewildering thoughta " whal do i"ii think about said mr.claron ilo.i now drawing con's arm within his " i 111 1 of nothing thai i can speak of our cxiste seems to me a greater mystery than any other i wonder why such frail beinga a in should be put in this beautiful world to live and die with to little knowledge of uraelvea and tin future sometimes i sit by tlie side of the mu and watch them ripple upon ibe shore and my thoughts seem just like tbem coming so fast im after the other only tbey are clear ond transparent and nine indistinct and misty and aimiug ut something which i can never reach il i this limit wliich fetters my mind lhat mukes ■im tl hi of another world sometimes pleas nut \\',.- shall there have i suppose no shore to clmi'k ihe u ui s f thought " ami w imi does all this thought end in misa ' 1 i 1 iocs it not craze tour uiind to no pur i — :" nl such thought is not unprofitable it is tweet i know if we cannot explore into ib.-so great mysteries that there is one whose knowl edge i infinite nnd that lie will tench ua and we can liu-t nml live in hun ; and if we are bis children that we are not after oil our ignoraaea so belpleat oh ! il ia pleasant sometinm-s to 1 alone nml think " you are a good little enthusiast cora l.ut your lin leads you more to eontemplatioo than iln til lim in il tit whirl and bustle you ougtlt to eolne to town sn that fuliev and romance may not run away with reason.*1 " 1 cily life more rniiouul than country lifer in i cora •■' li i nin people know bow to enjoy them selves better 1 would rather cut oil t " venrs ,,!' mi existence thnn to hie a hum-drum life in llm country " i niii.'t make the comparison id cora airaply ns 1 have not km mi much of society in ii in iil.l y,t but country life does not teem hum-drum lo me are the people so dissrwot n im thing but their dress nnd style of living what improve them in the eity mr clarendon 1 * action miss cora they do not rust for in thing i think of something lo do tbi-y aro interested and amuaed.1 " 1 wonder then mr clarendon what the country wot mode so beautiful for ! whydid'ut o put adam und eve into a street of brick bouses and omnibutsea lust sd of a garden full :' ilifi in animals birds and running water re thai eve would have liked lile city i well ns the waters of the shining ell '• they would ut least have nn.'.l-.i better mil brat h.bital ,,. i don't know how to answer your argument : bat can only say that adam and km were certainly people wore mode in god't own i,"ar;e bod i n.l to ,.| predate all that . • ." "\\ then wor'nt they satisfied instead of i i lievethe big - ihe '■. -: it ifica ! ii to them mr clarendon i ii ;; . , ,- d ih la why ■■■■thrust said mr ng " bul i must not !- i at ' in i ii il i promise t i ur uy ' ml reprea 1 t ■- ••! ab utlwenty ■" - ; ,| !., i i r proportion of ■• - " ,,| ing and i'ilt • foi ' utting ,: . m lury'a ,,. , l • b i,-,k ili ■ith great
Object Description
|Carolina Watchman
|The Carolina Watchman
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archivial image is an 8-bit greyscale tiff that was scanned from microfilm at 400 dpi. The original file size was
|J. J. Bruner, Editor and Proprietor
|Date Digital
|J. J. Bruner
|United States, North Carolina, Rowan County, Salisbury
|Digital Format
|Project Subject
|State Archives of North Carolina Historic Newspaper Archive
|The November 6, 1855 issue of the Carolina Watchman a weekly and semi weekly newspaper from Salisbury, North Carolina
|OCLC number
|Carolina Watchman
|The Carolina Watchman
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archivial image is an 8-bit greyscale tiff that was scanned from microfilm at 400 dpi. The original file size was 2254272 Bytes
|J. J. Bruner, Editor and Proprietor
|Date Digital
|J. J. Bruner
|United States, North Carolina, Rowan County, Salisbury
|Digital Format
|Project Subject
|State Archives of North Carolina Historic Newspaper Archive
|The November 6, 1855 issue of the Carolina Watchman a weekly and semi weekly newspaper from Salisbury, North Carolina
dafiieim loiittfjjmart flfootrti tn politics items 2.]jriniltnrr j iitrrtul jiitjinucmnits dmrnm tljf ms an 2t\tum jjtoralltg an tljr im\u l'irrlf vol ii.---m series salisbury \. (., november 6 1855 number xxiv j j lllll mill il.lllor nnd l-ro|irl.