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Alliance for Progress
Stephen G. Rabe
On March 13, 1961, President John F. Kennedy announced the Alliance for Progress, an economic assistance program to promote political democracy, economic growth, and social justice in Latin America. The United States and Latin American nations formally agreed to the alliance at a conference held in August 1961, at Punta del Este, Uruguay. U.S. delegates promised that Latin America would receive over twenty billion dollars in public and private capital from the United States and international lending authorities during the 1960s. The money would arrive in the form of grants, loans, and direct private investments. When combined with an expected eighty billion dollars in internal investment, this new money was projected to stimulate an economic growth rate of not less than 2.5 percent a year. This economic growth would facilitate significant improvements in employment, and in rates of infant mortality, life expectancy, and literacy rates. In agreeing to the alliance, Latin American leaders pledged to work for equality and social justice by promoting agrarian reform and progressive income taxes.
The Kennedy administration developed this so-called Marshall Plan for Latin America because it judged the region susceptible to social revolution and communism. Fidel Castro had transformed the Cuban Revolution into a strident anti-American movement and had allied his nation with the Soviet Union. U.S. officials feared that the lower classes of Latin America, mired in poverty and injustice, might follow similarly radical leaders.
Alliance programs delivered outside capital to the region, but the Alliance for Progress failed to transform Latin America. During the 1960s, Latin American economies performed poorly, usually falling below the 2.5 percent target. The region witnessed few improvements in health, education, or welfare. Latin American societies remained unfair and authoritarian. Sixteen extra-constitutional changes of government repeatedly unsettled the region.
The Alliance for Progress fell short of its goals for several reasons. Latin America had formidable obstacles to change: elites resisted land reform, equitable tax systems, and social programs; new credits often brought greater indebtedness rather than growth; and the Marshall Plan experience served as a poor guide to solving the problems of a region that was far different from Western Europe. The United States also acted ambiguously, calling for democratic progress and social justice, but worried that Communists would take advantage of the instability caused by progressive change. Further, Washington provided wholehearted support only to those Latin American governments and organizations that pursued fervent anticommunist policies.
Border Wars in South America during the 19th Century
Peter V. N. Henderson
While Europeans basked in the glory of their so-called century of peace between the end of the Napoleonic wars (1815) and the onset of World War I (1914), Latin Americans knew no such luxury. Conflict became a way of life for Latin Americans attempting to construct nation-states. Liberals and Conservatives dueled with one another for political power, while caudillos (military strongmen) added their unique twisted logic to the political process. Historians have spilled considerable ink detailing these internal conflicts that complicated Latin America's struggle for effective state formation in the early national period but have paid much less attention to the external wars over disputed boundaries that involved every South American nation during the 19th century. As historian Robert Burr described it: boundary conflicts were the "congenital international disease of Spain's former colonies."
Digital Resources: The Bracero History Archive
Sharon Leon
Between 1942 and 1964 millions of Mexicans came to the United States as guest workers, authorized by a set of bilateral agreements. Beginning in late 2005, a coalition of academic scholars and public historians from Brown University's Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America, the Institute of Oral History at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History (NMAH), and the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (RRCHNM) at George Mason University came together to launch an effort to gather the stories of those workers. This unprecedented project resulted in the collection of oral histories, documents, and images over the course of five years. It involved not only scholars but also a host of local community groups that enabled the partners to surface previously hidden materials that were unlikely to make it into traditional archival collections. The collection and dissemination process was facilitated by the creation of the , an open-access website that allowed the project partners to simultaneously build the collections from widely dispersed locations as they worked to document the lives and experiences of those workers.
The Bracero History Archive serves as the primary repository for the stories, documents, and artifacts associated with the migrant laborers from Mexico who came to the United States under the auspices of the more than 4.6 million contracts issued during the years of the Mexican Farm Labor Program. As such, it is an important complement to the established scholarship on the program. At the same time, the site serves as a model of how to undertake and complete a distributed collecting project that builds upon important community relationships. This combination of scholarly value and methodological innovation was essential to ensuring the funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities Division of Preservation and Access that made the project possible. In recent years, the project has proven important for contemporary work on the Mexican Farm Labor Program, and it has contributed to enhancing our understanding of migration, citizenship, nationalism, agriculture, labor practices, race relations, gender, sexuality, the family, visual culture, and the Cold War era.
The Drug Trade in Mexico
Aileen Teague
The drug trade in Mexico and efforts by the Mexican government—often with United States assistance—to control the cultivation, sale, and use of narcotics are largely 20th-century phenomena. Over time, U.S. drug control policies have played a large role in the scope and longevity of Mexico's drug trade. Many argue that these policies—guided by the U.S.-led global war on drugs—have been fruitless in Mexico, and are at least partially responsible for the violence and instability seen there in the early twentieth century.
A producer of Cannabis sativa and the opium poppy, Mexico emerged as a critical place of drug supply following World War II, even though domestic drug use in Mexico has remained low. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the drug trade in Mexico has reached epic proportions due to drug demand emanating from the United States. Mexico's cultivation of psychoactive raw materials and its prime location—connecting North America with Central America and the Caribbean and sharing a 2,000-mile-long border with the United States—have made it an ideal transit point for narcotics originating from other parts of the Western Hemisphere and the world. Although Mexico implemented a smaller, less organized antidrug campaign in the late 1940s, the inauguration of the global war on drugs in 1971 represents a distinctive shift in its drug control and enforcement policies. The government began utilizing U.S. supply-control models, advice, and aid to decrease the cultivation of drugs inside the country. America's fight against drug trafficking in Central America and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s shifted the geographic locus of the drug trade to Mexico by the early 2000s. Mexico's powerful drug cartels proved more than capable of eluding (sometimes colluding with) the Mexican government's efforts against them in the first decade of the 21st century during the administration of President Felipe Calderón (2006–2012). Calderón's fight against the cartels brought about a drug war in Mexico, characterized by widespread violence, instability, and an estimated death toll of more than 70,000 people.
Economic Integration in 19th- and 20th-Century Central America
Dora María Téllez
Throughout their history, the countries of Central America have attempted several forms of political and economic integration. After declaring independence in the 19th century, the region lacked its earlier cohesion vis-à-vis Spanish colonial governance. The former provinces aligned themselves in favor of either centralizing regional power in a federal republic or establishing complete political autonomy through the formation of new nation-states. Forces in favor of the latter eventually prevailed.
An attempt at economic integration began in the mid-20th century. It was actively backed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and eventually led to the creation of the Central American Common Market (CACM). Despite favorable economic conditions in the Post-World War II period, a number of complications undermined integration efforts: war, political crises, and interests that ran contrary to those of the United States. Integration was postponed until the end of the 1980s, after the Esquipulas II Accord reestablished peace in the region.
After the countries of Central America signed the Guatemala Protocol in 1993, economic integration was promoted under the banner of free trade. This was done by regional economic groups with the goal of reconnecting the region to global commerce under the most advantageous circumstances possible.
The French Intervention in Mexico and the Empire of Maximilian and Carlota
Luz María Hernández-Sáenz
In 1861, Spanish, British, and French forces all landed in Veracruz to collect the debts Mexico owed them. After two months, the Spanish and British representatives reached an agreement with the Mexican government, but the French troops remained with the objective of imposing a monarchy. This period of occupation, 1861 to 1867, is known as the French Intervention. France's interference in Mexico was partly due to the efforts of a group of conservative Mexican politicians who believed that a monarchical rather than a republican system would solve Mexico's problems. In 1863, with the French army occupying Mexico City, the provisional government offered the crown to the Austrian archduke Maximilian of Habsburg. After long negotiations between Maximilian and the French emperor, Napoleon III (who would lend military support and extend credit to the future emperor), Maximilian signed the Treaty of Miramar and accepted the crown.
The empire faced the opposition of President Benito Juárez and his republicans, who rightfully claimed to be Mexico's legitimate government. Furthermore, Maximilian, a liberal who believed in a secular society, clashed with both the clergy and his conservative supporters. A dismal financial situation, military opposition, and the emperor's inability to reconcile the different political factions doomed his reign. The premature withdrawal of the French troops and Maximilian's inability to form an effective army resulted in the empire's demise. The last remnants of the imperial army were defeated in Querétaro on May 15, 1867, and Maximilian was executed. The monarchical experiment was a complete political and military failure for those who promoted it and for Napoleon III, who supported it.
Nonetheless, the empire was not a complete failure. The monarchy did set important precedents for the administrative organization of the country: promoting nationalism, solidifying liberal reforms including the separation of church and state, and establishing the foundation for the modernization of Mexico.
The Galíndez Case in the Dominican Republic
Elizabeth Manley
On March 12, 1956, Basque National and Columbia University lecturer Jesús María de Galíndez Suarez disappeared from New York City never to be seen again. While no conclusive evidence was ever uncovered, it has been widely accepted that he was taken by functionaries of the regime of Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, flown to the island, tortured, and killed. Galíndez, who had worked for the Trujillo regime after fleeing Spain in 1939 and subsequently immigrated to the United States in 1946, had just completed a dissertation on the Trujillato at Columbia. The regime did not look kindly on his chosen perspective and set in motion a plan to have him disappeared. Following his abduction, many U.S. solidarity activists joined forces with Dominican exile groups to push for greater attention to the atrocities of the Trujillo regime as well as for a closer investigation into Galíndez's disappearance. While Trujillo had similarly disappeared a number of individuals in the United States and other Latin American countries, the Galíndez case is unique for several reasons. First, Galíndez's life offers a prime example of a transnational identity, of someone who juggled multiple identities and causes, crossed physical and ideological borders, and operated daily with conflicting alliances and allegiances. Second, the murder of the Basque national mobilized a significant collective of solidarity activists in the United States, garnered considerable national press, and built a foundation for future activism. Moreover, as Galíndez had been working as a U.S. intelligence operative since before his arrival in the United States, his story complicates the traditional nexus of solidarity work. Finally, the case offers a unique window onto the geopolitics of the early Cold War (prior to the Cuban Revolution) and the intricacies of the second half of the Trujillo regime.
Huguenots in the Atlantic
Bryan A. Banks
Huguenots refer to the group of French Calvinists in France, those expelled from France into the wider European, Atlantic, and global diaspora, and those descendant from either of the first two groups. Driven by faith, religious factionalism, and dynastic rivalries, Huguenots enflamed the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598). Henri IV ended the war by extending a degree of toleration to the Huguenots in 1598 with the Edict of Toleration. Despite the king's royal edict, the first wave of Huguenots (1530s–1660s) continued to leave France well into the 17th century. The second wave (1670s–1710s) occurred in the second half of the 17th century, when Louis XIV's persecutory policies began to limit Huguenot communal activities, meeting spaces, available professions, and then with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685), the ability to be Calvinist legally at all. Following 1685, those who remained in France entered into what is often called the Désert period, when French Calvinists continued to practice their faith in clandestine settings, away from the French dragonnades. Those who rode the two waves out of France, settled in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Great Britain, Ireland, and many of the German states. Some used other European states to ride successive waves of diaspora movement out further into Europe and the Atlantic World, relocating to North America, the Caribbean, Suriname, Brazil, South Africa, and then later on into the Indian and Pacific oceanic worlds. Huguenots took advantage of Atlantic spaces in order to prove their value to the French state, but when France no longer proved safe for Huguenots, the Atlantic offered them a refuge, wherein a complex diaspora community emerged in the early modern period.
Immigration and National Identity in Latin America, 1870–1930
Michael Goebel
Although on a lesser scale than the United States, southern South America became a major receiving region during the period of mass transatlantic migration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Even as the white elites of most Latin American countries favored European immigration in the late 19th century, since in their eyes it would "civilize" their countries, it was the temperate areas closely tied into the Atlantic economy as exporters of primary products that received the bulk of European laborers. Previously scarcely populated lands like Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil thus witnessed massive population growth and in some ways turned into societies resembling those of other immigration countries, such as the United States and Canada. This article concentrates on lands where the overwhelming majority of migrants headed, although it also briefly deals with Latin American nations that received significantly fewer newcomers, such as Mexico.
This mass migration lastingly modified identity narratives within Latin America. First, as the majority of Europeans headed to sparsely populated former colonial peripheries that promised economic betterment, migration shifted prevalent notions about the region's racial composition. The former colonial heartlands of Mexico, Peru, and northeastern Brazil were increasingly regarded as nonwhite, poor, and "backward," whereas coastal Argentina, São Paulo, and Costa Rica were associated with whiteness, wealth, and "progress." Second, mass migration was capable of both solidifying and challenging notions of national identity. Rather than crossing over well-established and undisputed boundaries of national identities and territories, migration thus contributed decisively to making them.
Internment of Japanese and Japanese Latin Americans During World War II
Selfa A. Chew
The lives of Latin American Japanese were disrupted during World War II, when their civil and human rights were suspended. National security and continental defense were the main reasons given by the American countries consenting to their uprooting. More than 2,000 ethnic Japanese from Peru, Panama, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, and Nicaragua were transferred as "illegal aliens" to internment camps in the United States. Initially, US and Latin American agencies arrested and deported male ethnic Japanese, regardless of their citizenship status. During the second stage, women and children joined their relatives in the United States. Most forced migration originated in Peru. Brazil and Mexico established similar displacement programs, ordering the population of Japanese descent to leave the coastal zones, and in the case of Mexico the border areas. In both countries, ethnic Japanese were under strict monitoring and lost property, employment, and family and friend relationships, losses that affected their health and the opportunity to support themselves in many cases.
Latin American Japanese in the United States remained in camps operated by the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the army for the duration of the war and were among the last internees leaving the detention facilities, in 1946. At the conclusion of World War II, the Latin American countries that had agreed to the expulsion of ethnic Japanese limited greatly their return. Some 800 internees were deported to Japan from the United States by the closure of the camps. Those who remained in North America were allowed to leave the camps to work in a fresh produce farm in Seabrook, New Jersey, without residency or citizenship rights. In 1952, immigration restrictions for former Latin American internees were lifted. Latin American governments have not apologized for the uprooting of the ethnic Japanese, while the US government has recognized it as a mistake. In 1988, the United States offered a symbolic compensation to all surviving victims of the internment camps in the amount of $20,000. In contrast, in 1991, Latin American Japanese survivors were granted only $5,000.
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The Chimes of Pluto is named for the outermost planet in our solar system.
Discovered in 1930, and reclassified as a "dwarf planet" in 2006, Pluto is composed primarily of rock and ice.This chime is designed and handcrafted for superior musical performance. It is hand-tuned to a universal, pentatonic (five-note) scale and acts in concert with the wind to create random patterns of wonderful sound. Harmonizes beautifully with all the other Encore Collection chimes.This chime carries a lifetime tuning guarantee.Download the Chimes of Pluto ringtone

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Monday, January 9, 2012
All of Ron Paul's answers from last night's debate in New Hampshire.
Monday, January 9, 2012
All of Ron Paul's answers from last night's debate in New Hampshire.
Posted in Television Video & Film.
– January 9, 2012
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15 Spectacular things to do in Argentina
Argentina is a vast and varied land of cosmopolitan cities, wide-open plains, eerie glaciers, snow-capped peaks, and lush wetland groves. At 2,780,400 km2 km, i…
An immense land of arid steppe, seemingly stretching into infinity, Patagonia is famed for its adventures and adventurers, for marvellous myths and fabulous facts. Its geographical immensity is paralleled only by the size of its reputation – which itself has taken on legendary proportions, thanks partly to writers such as Chatwin, Hudson and Theroux, as well as Charles Darwin. As a region of extremes, it has few equals in the world: from the biting winds that howl off the Southern Patagonian Icecap – the planet's largest area of permanent ice away from the poles – to the hearthside warmth of old-time Patagonian hospitality; from the lowest point on the South American continent, the Gran Bajo de San Julián, to the savagely beautiful peaks of the Fitz Roy massif; from the mesmerizingly sterile plains along the coastline to the astoundingly rich marine fauna that thrives and breeds just offshore.
One of southern Argentina's principal arteries, the RN-3 stretches from the capital all the way down to austral Río Gallegos. The highlight of this Atlantic fringe of Patagonia is the wildlife, most notably at the nature reserve of Península Valdés, famous for its whale-watching, but also at Punta Tombo, the continent's largest penguin colony. Further south, in Santa Cruz Province, colonies of sea birds perch on spectacular porphyry cliffs at Puerto Deseado and playful Commerson's dolphins frolic in the ría, or estuary, just outside the town. This coastal area was key in defining the Patagonian pioneering spirit: Welsh settlers landed on a beach just south of Península Valdés, at what is now the resort town of Puerto Madryn, and gradually ventured into the Lower Chubut Valley. You can explore their cultural legacy in settlements such as Gaiman and Trelew.
The second main road running through Argentine Patagonia is the famous RN-40 (Ruta 40), which starts at Cabo Vírgenes, the most southerly point of mainland Argentina, and hugs the Andean backbone most of the way all the way up to the country's northerly tip. Some of the destinations in this western fringe are difficult to reach without your own transport (and not always that easy with it) but it is along or close by this route that you'll find Argentine Patagonia's hallmark features: a slew of impressive national parks brimming with wild beauty, a series of great mountain lakes, the finest spit-roast lamb asados and some unique skies. The Cañón of Río Pinturas is home to one of Argentina's most famous archeological sites, the Cueva de las Manos Pintadas, with its striking, age-old rock art; to the west two beautiful, wind-whipped lakes, Posadas and Pueyrredón, lie in a seldom-visited area in the lee of stately San Lorenzo peak. Further north is an outstanding geological curiosity, the Bosque Petrificado Sarmiento, a beguiling collection of ancient fossilized trees, while to the south stretches the wilderness of Parque Nacional Perito Moreno, one of the most inaccessible – and, consequently, untouched – of Argentina's national parks, with some excellent hiking trails.
The region's climax is reached, however, with two of the country's star attractions: the trekking and climbing paradise of the Fitz Roy sector of Parque Nacional Los Glaciares, accessed from the laidback village of El Chaltén; and the patriotically blue-and-white hues of craggy Glaciar Perito Moreno, one of the world's natural wonders, within easy reach of the tourist hotspot of El Calafate.
For over ten thousand years, before the arrival of European seafarers in the sixteenth century, Patagonia was exclusively the domain of nomadic indigenous tribes. It was Magellan who coined the name "Patagonia" on landing at Bahía San Julián. The tales related by these early mariners awed and frightened their countrymen back home, mutating into myths of a godless region where death often struck hard.
Two centuries of sporadic attempts to colonize the inhospitable coastlands only partially ameliorated Patagonia's unwholesome aura. In 1779, the Spanish established Carmen de Patagones, which managed to survive as a trading centre on the Patagonian frontier. In doing so, it fared considerably better than other early settlements: Puerto de los Leones, near Camarones (1535); Nombre de Jesús, by the Magellan Straits (late 1580s); Floridablanca, near San Julián (1784); and San José on the Península Valdés, all failed miserably, the latter crushed by a Tehuelche attack in 1810 after braving it out for twenty years. Change was afoot, nevertheless. In 1848, Chile founded Punta Arenas on the Magellan Straits, and in 1865, fired by their visionary faith, a group of Welsh Nonconformists arrived in the Lower Chubut Valley. Rescued from starvation in the early years by Tehuelche tribespeople and Argentine government subsidies, they managed to establish a stable agricultural colony by the mid-1870s.
In the late nineteenth century, Patagonia changed forever with the introduction of sheep, originally brought across from the Islas Malvinas/Falkland Islands. The region's image shifted from one of hostility and hardship to that of an exciting frontier, where the "white gold" of wool opened the path to fabulous fortunes for pioneer investors. The transformation was complete within a generation: the plains were fenced in and roads were run from the coast to the cordillera. Native populations were booted out of their ancestral lands, while foxes and pumas were poisoned en masse to make way for gigantic estancias. By the early 1970s, there were over sixteen million sheep grazing the fragile pastures on over a thousand of these ranches. Later, the region's confidence and wealth blossomed further with the discovery of oil, spurring the growth of industry in towns such as Comodoro Rivadavia.
Plummeting international wool prices and desertification, though, eventually brought sheep farming to its knees, with the final blow being the eruption of Volcán Hudson in 1991, which buried immense areas of grazing land in choking ash. To make matters worse, the oil industry also went through a massive downturn and shed thousands of jobs.
The corner has since been turned, however, and today the picture is far from bleak. Although there are hundreds of abandoned estancias in Santa Cruz alone, the Patagonian economy is once again booming – wool prices have been steadily rising owing to rocketing demand in emerging economies and a worldwide interest in a return to natural fibres. Perhaps more importantly for the region's economic future, tourist numbers are also rising sharply, as visitors come looking for a wild experience in an almost mythical land. This swelling interest has helped rekindle regional pride to the point where locals boast of being NYC – Nacido y Criado (Born and Bred) – in Patagonia.
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Your comprehensive guide to Argentina.
The latest articles, galleries, quizzes and videos.
Argentina is a vast and varied land of cosmopolitan cities, wide-open plains, eerie glaciers, snow-capped peaks, and lush wetland groves. At 2,780,400 km2 km, i…
Travellers on a tour of Argentina often zip through the city of Mendoza, pausing only long enough to down a glass of Malbec at the famed vineyards before rushin…
Bruce Chatwin's In Patagonia has served as a bible for those travelling through South America since its publication 40 years ago. Four decades on, Stephen Kee…


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|System: X360, PS3, PS2
|Review Rating Legend
|Dev: Cauldron Games
|1.0 - 1.9 = Avoid
|4.0 - 4.4 = Great
|Pub: Activision / Blizzard
|2.0 - 2.4 = Poor
|4.5 - 4.9 = Must Buy
|Release: Nov. 04, 2008
|2.5 - 2.9 = Average
|5.0 = The Best
|Players: 1
|3.0 - 3.4 = Fair
|ESRB Rating: Teen
|3.5 - 3.9 = Good
Enemy A.I., for the most part, is laughable. Troops will stay stationed behind cover and rarely advance on your position. If they do, they'll flail their arms around attempting a miserable melee attack. They also completely ignore grenades. Tossing an explosive in their direction doesn't net an intelligible response, so instead of troops scrambling, they simply wait for the inevitable eruption. Since grenades are so plentiful and effective, you can finish a lot of sections using nothing but them.
Animation is not the game's strong suit. If you throw a grenade beneath someone's feet, they'll launch 30 feet into the air. Instead of landing on the ground, they'll disappear in the middle of the air. Likewise, hit detection doesn't correlate to believable animations. Shooting an enemy in the face may make them buckle over their knees or grab their arm. Combat aside, it's impossible for soldiers to stay still. During cutscenes it seems like they have constant jitters, dancing back and forth to an inaudible music selection. All these animation oddities are paired with clipping issues that cause fellow soldiers to get stuck in objects.
To insert some variety, the developers toss in the occasional vehicle mission that may have you firing a Gatling gun from a train or manning a cannon in an ironclad battleship, but these are really attempts at artificial diversity, as all you're doing is shooting as many objects as possible with a different weapon. Depending on your skill simply the amount of people you kill you'll get skill points that you can use before the start of a mission. You can use these to give your character a perk, like 50 percent more ammo or 50 percent faster health regeneration, but the game is ridiculously easy, making these bonuses unnecessary.
History Channel Civil War: Secret Missions treats what should be a rich historical palate as a first-person shooter backdrop and nothing more. Both parties history buffs and shooter fans will be disappointed. This is essentially Battle for the Pacific re-skinned and repackaged.
Jason Lauritzen
CCC Freelance Writer
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XFS is a high-performance journaling file system created by Silicon Graphics for their IRIX operating system.
XFS has been merged into the mainline Linux 2.4 (as of 2.4.25, when Marcelo Tosatti judged it stable enough) and 2.6 kernels, making it almost universally available on Linux systems. Installation programs for the SuSE, Gentoo Linux, Mandriva, Slackware, Zenwalk, Fedora Core, Ubuntu Linux and Debian Linux distributions all offer XFS as a choice of filesystem. FreeBSD gained read-only support for XFS in December 2005 and in June 2006 experimental write support was introduced to FreeBSD-7.0-CURRENT.
- 1 History
- 2 Specifications
- 2.1 Capacity
- 2.2 Journaling
- 2.3 Allocation groups
- 2.4 Striped allocation
- 2.5 Extent based allocation
- 2.6 Variable block sizes
- 2.7 Delayed allocation
- 2.8 Sparse files
- 2.9 Extended attributes
- 2.10 Direct I/O
- 2.11 Guaranteed rate I/O
- 2.13 Snapshots
- 2.14 Online defragmentation
- 2.15 Online resizing
- 2.16 Native backup/restore utilities
- 3 Disadvantages
- 4 Important Patches
- 5 Wiki Links
- 6 External links
XFS is the oldest journaling file system available for UNIX systems, and has a mature, stable and well-debugged codebase. Development of XFS was started by Silicon Graphics, in 1993, with first deployment being seen on IRIX 5.3 in 1994. The filesystem was released under the GNU General Public License in May 2000, and ported to Linux, with the first distribution support appearing in 2001/2002. It is available in almost all Linux distributions today.
XFS is a 64-bit journaling file system with guaranteed file system consistency. It supports a maximum file system size of 9 exabytes, though this is subject to block limits imposed by the host operating system. On 32-bit Linux systems, this limits the file and file system sizes to 16 terabytes.
XFS provides journaling for file system metadata, where file system updates are first written to a serial journal before the actual disk blocks are updated. The journal is a circular buffer of disk blocks that is never read in normal filesystem operation. It can be stored within the data section of the filesystem (an internal log), or on a separate device to minimize disk contention. On XFS the journal contains 'logical' entries that describe at a high level what operations are being performed, as opposed to other filesystems with 'physical' journals that store a copy of the blocks modified during each transaction. Journal updates are performed asynchronously to avoid incurring a performance penalty. In the event of a system crash, operations immediately prior to the crash can be redone using data in the journal, which allows XFS to guarantee file system consistency. Recovery is performed automatically at file system mount time, and the recovery speed is independent of the size of the file system. Where recently modified data has not been flushed to disk before a system crash, XFS ensures that any unwritten data blocks are zeroed on reboot, obviating any possible security issues arising from residual data.
Allocation groups
XFS filesystems are internally partitioned into allocation groups, which are equally sized linear regions within the file system. Files and directories can span allocation groups. Each allocation group manages its own inodes and free space separately, providing scalability and parallelism — multiple threads and processes can perform I/O operations on the same filesystem simultaneously. This architecture helps to optimize parallel I/O performance on multiprocessor or multicore systems, as metadata updates are also parellelisable. The internal partitioning provided by allocation groups can be especially beneficial when the file systems spans multiple physical devices, allowing for optimal usage of bandwidth of the underlying storage components.
Striped allocation
If an XFS filesystem is to be created on a RAID array, a stripe unit can be specified when the file system is created. This maximizes throughput by ensuring that data allocations, inode allocations and the internal log (journal) are aligned with the stripe unit.
Extent based allocation
Space in files stored on XFS filesystems is managed in variable length extents, as opposed to the fixed size blocks used by many other file systems. Many file systems manage space allocation with block oriented bitmaps — in XFS these structures are replaced with an extent oriented structure consisting of a pair of B+ trees for each filesystem allocation group (AG). One of the B+ trees is indexed by the length of the free extents, while the other is indexed by the starting block of the free extents. This dual indexing scheme allows for highly efficient searching for appropriate free extents for file system operations.
Variable block sizes
The file system block size represents the minimum allocation unit. XFS allows file systems to be created with block sizes ranging between 512 bytes and 64 Kilobytes, allowing the file system to be tuned for the expected use. Where a large amount of small files is to be expected, a small block size would typically be used, but for a system dealing mainly with large files, a larger block size can provide a performance advantage.
Delayed allocation
XFS makes use of lazy evaluation techniques for file allocation. When a file is written to the buffer cache, rather than allocating extents for the data, XFS simply reserves the appropriate number of file system blocks for the data held in memory. The actual block allocation occurs only when the data is finally flushed to disk. This improves the chance that the file will be written in a contiguous group of blocks, reducing fragmentation problems and increasing performance.
Sparse files
XFS provides a 64-bit sparse address space for each file, which allows both for very large file sizes, and for holes within files for which no disk space is allocated. As the file system used an extent map for each file, the file allocation map size is kept small. Where the size of the allocation map is too large for it to be stored within the inode, the map is moved into a B+ tree which allows for rapid access to data anywhere in the 64-bit address space provided for the file.
Extended attributes
XFS provides multiple data streams for files through its implementation of extended attributes. These allow the storage of a number of name/value pairs attached to a file. Names are null terminated printable character strings of up to 256 bytes in length, while their associated values can contain up to 64Kb of binary data. They are further subdivided into two namespaces,
root and
user. Extended attributes stored in the root namespace can be modified only by the superuser, while attributes in the user namespace can be modified by any user with permission to write to the file. Extended attributes can be attached to any kind of XFS inode, including symbolic links, device nodes, directories, etc. The
attr program can be used to manipulate extended attributes from the command line, and the
xfsdump and
xfsrestore utilities are aware of them and will back up and restore their contents. Most other backup systems are not extended attribute aware.
Direct I/O
For applications requiring high throughput to disk, XFS provides a direct I/O implementation that allows non-cached I/O directly to userspace. Data is transferred between the application's buffer and the disk using DMA, which allows access to the full I/O bandwidth of the underlying disk devices.
Guaranteed rate I/O
The XFS guaranteed rate I/O system provides an API that allows applications to reserve bandwidth to the filesystem. XFS will dynamically calculate the performance available from the underlying storage devices, and will reserve bandwidth sufficient to meet the requested performance for a specified time. This feature is unique to the XFS file system. Guarantees can be hard or soft, representing a trade off between reliability and performance, though XFS will only allow hard guarantees if the underlying storage subsystem supports it. This facility is most used by real-time applications, such as video-streaming.
XFS implents the DMAPI interface to support Hierarchical Storage Management. While this functionality has been ported to the Linux implementations of XFS, it is not yet a part of the mainline Linux kernel source.
XFS does not provide direct support for snapshots, as it expects the snapshot process to be implemented by the volume manager. Taking a snapshot of an XFS filesystem involves freezing I/O to the filesystem using the xfs_freeze utility, having the volume manager perform the actual snapshot, and then unfreezing I/O to resume normal operations. The snapshot can then be mounted read-only for backup purposes. XFS releases on IRIX incorporated an integrated volume manager called XLV. This volume manager has not been ported to Linux. In recent Linux kernels, the xfs_freeze functionality is implemented in the VFS layer, and happens automatically when the Volume Manager's snapshot functionality is invoked.
Online defragmentation
Although the extent based nature of XFS and the delayed allocation strategy it used significantly improves the file system's resilience to fragmentation problems, XFS provides a filesystem defragmentation utility (
xfs_fsr) that can defragment a mounted and active XFS filesystem. Note that
xfs_fsr is usually part of
xfsdump package, not
Online resizing
XFS provides the
xfs_growfs utility to perform online resizing of XFS file systems. XFS filesystems can only be grown, not shrunk, and growing the filesystem requires there to be remaining unallocated space on the device holding the filesystem. This feature is typically used in conjunction with volume management, as otherwise the partition holding the filesystem will need enlarging separately.
Native backup/restore utilities
XFS provides the
xfsdump and
xfsrestore utilities to aid in backup of data held on XFS file systems. The
xfsdump utility backs up an XFS filesystem in inode order, and in contrast to traditional UNIX file systems which must be unmounted before dumping to guarantee a consistent dump image, XFS file systems can be dumped while the file system is in use. XFS dumps and restores are also resumable, and can be interrupted without difficulty. The multi-threaded operation of
xfsdump provides high performance of backup operations by splitting the dump into multiple streams, which can be sent to different dump destinations. The multi stream capabilities have not been fully ported to Linux yet, however.
- There is currently no way to shrink an XFS filesystem in-place (although a patch talked about in September 2005 on SGI's XFS email list mentions planned support for shrinking XFS filesystems: http://oss.sgi.com/archives/xfs/2005-09/msg00039.html
- Older versions of XFS suffered from out-of-order write hazards, which can result in problems such as files being appended to during a crash gaining a tail of garbage on the next mount .
- Versions of the GNU GRUB bootloader prior to 0.91 do not support XFS.
- Recovering deleted files from an XFS filesystem is almost impossible (though this can be an advantage, too)
- For Windows/Linux dual boot systems, one disadvantage of XFS is that it cannot be read from Windows, unlike the older ext2/3 Linux filesystems and ReiserFS (using a plugin for Total Commander).
- On the Linux XFS implementations, compatibility issues between 64-bit and 32-bit environments exist.
- XFS journals metadata. This means that if you pull the power cord out of your computer, when you turn it on again, XFS will be in a consistent state (i.e. you will see your directories, and be able to list the files they contain). This is an advantage compared to not being able to see anything. However, you will probably have lost the data from files that were open at the time of pulling out the power cord because XFS does not journal data changes. http://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/faq.html#wcache XFS is not alone here - some other file systems (such as JFS2) also journal metadata changes and not data changes because it's a good strategy when mediating between speed requirements and safety.
- Since Linux went to 4K stacks, XFS has become unstable, randomly causing stack overflows, causing system hangs, especially when chained with additional storage technologies such as software raid (md), Logical Volume Management (lvm), and/or export via nfs.
- Ubuntu (currently at version 6.10) does not allow XFS to be used on the boot partition.
Important Patches
IRIX Patch 7144: xfsdump rollup for 6.5.30 11-Jan-2007 Requires Support Program to AccessPatch 7146
IRIX Patch 7185: Parallel XFS Repair for 6.5.29 and 6.5.30 25-Oct-2007 Requires Support Program to Access
IRIX Patch 7245: 6.5.30 XFS Rollup #5 27-May-2011 Requires Support Program to Access
Wiki Links
External links
- XFS: A high-performance journaling filesystem
- Advanced filesystem implementor's guide - Introducing XFS
- Advanced filesystem implementor's guide - Deploying XFS
- File System Design part 1: XFS by Narayan Newton on madpenguin.org
- XFS file system driver for Windows based on Linux XFS 1.1 release by Crossmeta Solutions project (doesn't work, poorly documented)
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Civil Society for a Human Security Strategy in Mali
Since a multi-dimensional crisis in Mali came to a head in 2012, the country has seen a myriad of international interventions to re-establish stability and legitimate governance.
While much of the international engagement emphasised military intervention and peacekeeping from 2012, GPPAC's network member the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) had pointed to underlying root causes as early warning signals already before the crisis.
In a consortium led by WANEP, GPPAC and Human Security Collective have supported the efforts to strengthen local civil society groups to play a role in supporting mediation efforts, fostering resilient societies and countering violent extremism through a human security approach. This project has supported WANEP in building a national civil society network in Mali, and to enable its members to formulate and upscale a human security strategy.
As part of this collaboration, GPPAC connects the civil society network with the international policy arena, to contribute to a more people-centred engagements that can be accountable to affected Malian communities.
For more information, visit the project's website.


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International Finance Corp
World Bank's IFC plans Egypt currency swaps
World Bank's International Finance Corp (IFC) plans to conduct currency swaps in Egypt to help local firms meet their foreign exchange needs, and is considering whether to issue local currency bonds in several Middle Eastern countries to funMore…
IFC boss sees opportunity in developing nations
Emerging markets are a major part of the growth story in the world, led by China, but more and more by other countries where the middle-class is evolving, said the chief executive of International Finance Corp (IFC). New figures released bMore…
Acwa Power International, a leading water desalination and power generation company in Saudi, said it has acquired a 65 per cent controlling stake in Jordan-based Enara Energy Investments. In addition to this, Acwa Power also annMore…


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U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
In Chapter 3 of the Management Directive MD-110, the EEOC established general ethical requirements for neutrals to follow in resolving EEO disputes in the federal sector. The neutral has a duty to the parties to be neutral, honest, and act in good faith. In addition, the neutral must ensure that the ADR proceedings are confidential, consistent with the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, 5 U.S.C. § 574.


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The purpose of Ralph Douglas West Ministries is to glorify God through the proclamation of the Gospel and the building up of the church. The goal is to make and train disciples by spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ through every available means.
About Pas Ralph Douglas West
Dr. Ralph Douglas West serves as founder and senior pastor of The Church Without Walls (Brookhollow Baptist Church, Houston, Texas). He first preached as a sixteen year old in his native Houston. The church began with 32 members and now embraces 24,000+ families meeting in three locations and conducting six services each Sunday. Dr. West is affectionately known as PAS.
Dr. West completed degrees at Bishop College, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and Beeson Divinity School, where he received the Doctor of Ministry Degree. He serves as Adjunct Professor of Preaching at the George W. Truett Theological Seminary of Baylor University. He has an abiding commitment to the church and the academy, relating with equal ease to both venues and using his influence to mentor ministers in both locations. He speaks perennially at colleges, universities and seminaries across America as well as at Regent's Park College, Oxford University.
Dr. West's preaching style includes careful explanation of Scripture combined with his signature ability to tell detailed, credible and indelible stories from contemporary life that enrich the sermon and relates to the congregation. He also makes penetrating and specific application of the text to his people. He does all of this while maintaining the vibrant preaching tradition of church and culture in an atmosphere of celebration.
Pas is a leader beyond his own church and serves on boards, agencies, trusteeships and committees at local, state and national levels. He is constantly in demand by fellow ministers for counsel and wisdom. On top of this, he pastors a very large church as if it were a much smaller church, standing with people in exceptional times of crisis. As one astute observer remarked, "He is unselfish with his time and utterly without self-regard, available and compassionate towards his people."
Through publications, television and the internet his messages are available across the world and are witnessed by thousands beyond his church each week. A perpetually demanded conference speaker, he has spoken multiple times at conferences such as the Hampton Institute, the largest gathering to hear preaching each year. From the pulpit to the lectern he is sought for his preaching gift.
Although Pas can boast of a number of degrees, honors and associations, those who sit under his preaching would most aptly describe his attitude using Paul's words in 1 Corinthians 2:1.
"When I came to you, brothers, I did not come with eloquence or superior wisdom as I proclaimed to you the testimony about God. For I resolved to know nothing while I was with you except Jesus Christ and him crucified. I came to you in weakness and fear, and with much trembling. My message and my preaching were not with wise and persuasive words, but with a demonstration of the Spirit's power, so that your faith might not rest on men's wisdom, but on God's power." 1 Corinthians 2:1-5
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(281) 649-6788
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A random assortment of binary goodies to share with all your friends.
Markup Guide
A basic guide to semantic markup, including proper usage examples. This is meant for people who don't necessarily know (or care) about semantic markup, but may have to deal with it anyway. Get it styled or unstyled.
Winter 2004 Wallpaper
A wallpaper- and postcard-sized version of the seasonal header adorning this site during December 2004. Available as a print-ready postcard (PDF, 5.7MB), and wallpaper-sized 1024x768, 1280x960, 1600x1200, and Powerbook-friendly 1280x854
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Custom Car Magazine Binder
Ref: BINDCCA
Custom Car magazine binderMake dog-eared, torn and damaged magazines a thing of the past, keep your issues in pristine condition and safe. Each binder will store a year's worth of magazines and will fi t snugly onto a shelf keeping your back issues all in one place ready for you to refer back to whenever needed.
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Well-known producers such as Kraft, General Mills and ConAgra, as well as food retailers and grocery store chains such as Safeway and Publix, make up the food processing and sales industry. Meat processing companies are also included.
Individuals and political action committees associated with industry gave around $13.9 million in political contributions at the federal level during the 2014 election cycle, with 72 percent going to the Republican Party.
The top contributors to candidates and parties were Reyes Holdings (over $570,000), Publix Super Markets (above $559,000) and General Mills (more than $364,000).
Since the 1990 election cycle, the industry has consistently favored Republicans. Democrats have never received more than 36 percent of the industry's contributions.
The industry's lobbying expenditures have more than tripled in the past ten years, from around $8.5 million in 2004 to over $27.7 million in 2014 (the record was around $39.9 million in 2013). Much of this is attributable to increased congressional action on issues that affect the industry such as food safety, labeling regulations and anti-obesity initiatives.
In 2014, the top entities spending money on lobbying activities were the Grocery Manufacturers Association (over $4.6 million), General Mills ($2.75 million) and Kellogg Co. (nearly $1.9 million).
Issues of importance to the industry include labor regulations. Rising health care costs for employees have also been a concern.
The industry has also lobbied extensively in the area of food safety and food and nutrition labeling regulations. In 2014 and 2015, the GMA lobbied heavily in support of the Safe and Accurate Food Labeling Act, which the House passed in July of 2015. The legislation would prevent states from requiring labeling of genetically modified foods, and is often referred to as the DARK (Deny Americans the Right to Know) Act by its opponents.
-- Alex Lazar
Updated September 2015
Feel free to distribute or cite this material, but please credit the Center for Responsive Politics.


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So you've grown tired of the Android wilds and bought your ticket to the land of Apple. In this guide, we'll help you pack for the trip and serve up a few tips to help the transition go smoothly. Breaking free of Google's ecosystem and its team of manufacturers will present a few difficulties, sure, but we can find solutions.
We'll run through how to transfer your contacts, move your precious music, videos, photos, and find equivalent services on iOS to replace what you're leaving behind. We'll also help you find your feet with some tips, and show you how to get the best out of your newfangled iPhone. Let's begin!
What you're leaving behind
As you prepare to abandon Android, it's worth considering what you can't take with you. Your phone case is not going to be compatible with your new iPhone, and your dock might not be either, but there's a good chance that any other Android accessories you bought will be. If they rely on Bluetooth to connect, then they'll work just fine with the iPhone. Most speaker accessories and docks have iPhone compatibility as standard. Even traditional headphones will work with the latest iPhone, as it comes with a handy Lightning to 3.5 mm adapter.
You obviously can't take your Android apps with you, but there are lots of great options on iOS, so you'll be able to replace the vast majority. Wave goodbye to home screen customization, you won't really find it on iOS. Last, but not least, there's the question of what to do with your old phone. Your best bet might be to wipe it and sell it, because you'll need some cash for that new iPhone.
Transferring contacts
Naturally you'll want to take your contacts with you, and there are various ways you can do that. Start with this guide on how to transfer your contacts between iPhone and Android, and you'll find it's easy to handle the process using Gmail and iTunes, in case you need to do that.
Switching from Google to Apple services
When we covered how to switch from iPhone to Android, we discussed all the Google services that you might consider using in order to replace Apple's offerings, but going the other way is a lot easier because the Google services you've been using on Android are all available on iOS as well. You can find a complete list on this Google page.
Google Maps, Chrome, Google Play Music, Google Drive, and even Google Now (available through the Google Search app), among other things, can all be enjoyed on iOS. They might work a little differently from their Android counterparts, but if you're heavily invested in using any of them, then their presence on iOS should certainly help you feel at home.
Of course, there are still many Apple alternatives and they'll be set as the default options on your new iPhone. You'll want to try out:
- iTunes: Good for buying and organizing your music, movies, TV shows, apps, audiobooks, and more
- Safari Web browser: Can sync bookmarks across all your Apple devices
- iCloud: Can back up your files, contacts, calendars, and photos
There's also the Maps app for turn-by-turn directions, and a lot of premium optional extras. Creative people will want to try iMovie and GarageBand. Workaholics will love Keynote, Pages, and Numbers. There's also iBooks for reading, and then there's the largest collection of free education content available through iTunes U.
Moving photos, videos, and music
Backing up your precious memories is vital. We took a look at how to back up, speed up, and clean up your iPhone or Android device, so you might want to start there.
If you'd like to copy files over a wired connection, then plug your Android phone into your computer using your Micro USB to USB cable. Pull down the Notification shade on your Android phone, and make sure it's connected. It should connect automatically in Media transfer mode (MTP). You should get a pop-up on your PC, which will give various options including Open device to view files. Alternatively you can go to Start > Computer, and you should find it listed. Navigate to the files you want, and drag and drop them onto your computer. Here's how to transfer files from an Android phone to a Mac.
To get files from your computer to your iPhone, you can plug your iPhone in and fire up iTunes. Select your device in the left panel in iTunes, click the Apps tab, and then scroll down to find the File Sharing section (if you don't have a file sharing section, your iPhone has no file sharing apps installed). Choose the app you want to transfer the file to, and then drag and drop the file from your computer into iTunes onto the space on the right.
If you want to transfer all your photos, first make sure that any new photos you have on your iPhone are backed up, then go and select your device in iTunes again, and select the Photos tab up top. Make sure the Sync Photos box is ticked and tap on the drop down menu to choose the Copy files from folder. Now pick the folder of photos you want to transfer. Be warned: You may lose any photos you have on the iPhone when you do this, so back up first.
Going wireless and using the cloud to transfer files can prove a whole lot easier. You could log in and use iCloud, but remember you only get 5GB for free. You can always bolster it with Google Drive, Google Photos, Microsoft OneDrive, DropBox, or another cloud service.
You can access any movies, music, or books that you bought through Google Play through the browser on your iPhone, or by downloading the right Google iOS app. For example, if you've been using Google Play Books on Android, you just download the Google Play Books app for iOS and your collection is instantly accessible. If you've been backing up files on Google Drive or uploading photos to Google Photos, then you can do the same thing – snag the iOS apps and you have instant easy access to sync them across.
It's easy to transfer files using other cloud solutions. Most of the big names, like Dropbox, have Android and iOS apps, so simply download the iOS app, enter your account details, and copy across whatever you need.
It makes sense to import your music into iTunes, and it's easily done. Make sure you have the Music Manager for Google Play Music installed on your computer, or Google Play Music installed to your Chrome browser, and select Download my library from the Download tab. Choose the folder you want to download to and then fire up iTunes and go to File > Add Folder to Library, choose the same folder, and it will all be copied across. Once you have all your music in iTunes, check out our guide on how to download music to your iPod or iPhone.
Moving your text messages
It's often a wrench to leave behind your old text messages when you switch to a new phone. Most of them won't be missed, but sometimes you'll have a special goodbye or a romantic message that you want to keep. Fortunately, there's an app that makes this less of an issue, and it comes straight from Apple. Appropriately called Move to iOS, this free app will transfer your Contacts, Message history, photos, videos, Mail accounts, and other data you might want to keep.


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On February 13, 2018, the Ohio state board of education voted to adopt a new set of science standards — although not without the appearance of a last-minute amendment that seems to have been intended to undermine the teaching of evolution.
At its February 14, 2018, meeting, Idaho's Senate Education Committee heard testimony on the proposed state science standards. According to the Spokane Spokesman-Review (February 14, 2018), "fourteen people testified, all strongly in favor of adopting the revised standards as presented by the state Board of Education, rather than deleting parts."
NCSE is delighted to congratulate Michael E. Mann on his selection to receive the 2018 Public Engagement with Science Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in recognition of his "tireless efforts to communicate the science of climate change to the media, public[,] and policymakers."
House File 2317, introduced in the Iowa House of Representatives on February 12, 2018, and referred to the House Education Committee, would, if enacted, revert the state's science standards to "the science standards utilized by school districts in this state during the 2014-2015 school year" — just before the state adopted the Next Generation Science Standards.
Florida's Senate Bill 1644 — which would make it easier for creationists and climate change deniers to smuggle instructional materials they favor into public school classrooms — was approved by the Senate Education Committee on a 7-3 vote on February 12, 2018.
National Center for Science Education, Inc.
1904 Franklin Street, Suite 600
Oakland, CA 94612
fax: 510-788-7971
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Personal Service. Experience. Results.
FERRELLE BURNS is a full service litigation boutique which handles complex civil matters throughout Florida and Georgia involving business and commercial disputes, serious personal injury/wrongful death, product liability, admiralty, maritime and transportation law, professional malpractice, and a variety of securities, intellectual property and employment-related disputes. The Firm's securities practice has a particular concentration on the recovery of investment losses and the representation of investors who have sustained financial harm due to the negligence or unsuitable recommendations of investment advisors and brokerage firms in the securities industry.
The Firm's attorneys have a reputation for being tough, dedicated and highly competent advocates who handle each case personally to ensure that claims are recognized and taken seriously by opposing parties, courts and juries. We are in the unique position of having had extensive trial, arbitration and appellate experience over the past four decades, and that experience has earned our attorneys numerous peer-based recognitions, including, among others, Martindale-Hubbell's highest AV rating possible for skill and ethics, and inclusion in Super Lawyers, Florida Trend's Legal Elite and the Bar Register for Preeminent Lawyers for work in the area of personal injury/malpractice litigation.
Although our attorneys have achieved millions of dollars in recoveries for hundreds of clients over the past 40 years, our goal is to give each client the special attention his or her case deserves and requires, no matter how large or small the case may be.
If our Firm can be of assistance to you in evaluating a legal matter on your behalf, please do not hesitate to contact us at either of our Florida or Georgia locations.


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I am elgrande71 and I am an administrator of the Alliance Francophone team ( http://boinc-af.org ) .
GPU are using as GPGPU for making scientific calculations on project like this .
I want to use the free radeon driver (GalliumCompute) for this purpose.
I try to build a GNU/Linux system for this by following the instructions on this page .
Do I have to use a system base without a mesa package to build my test system ?
Is there a wiki page for building a system from beginning ?
Thank you in advance


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product description
Related Products:
Rader, Michael, M.S.
Carbon Steel
Fixed Blade Knives
Work by Journeyman Smiths
Carbon Steel - 52100
Chef Knives & Santoku
Japanese/Asian Knives
Wood - Maple
Double Bevel
Kitchen Knives
Maker: Michael Rader, M.S. (click to see more by this maker)
Item num: 87047
*** This is handmade and one-of-a-kind ***Blade length: 5.63 in.Total length: 10.50 in.Blade height (at heel): 1.90 in.Blade thickness (near bolster): 0.07 in.Item weight: 4.16 oz.Blade: Hand forged 52100 carbon steel for high performance edge retentionBolster: Damascus forged from carbon steels with G10 and copper spacersHandle: Curly Maple with maple burl accents
Description: Michael Rader, who was honored as a journeyman smith June 2006, is best known for creating dramatic swords and daggers with woodwork that is beyond compare. When he puts his attention to creating chef's knives, the results are exceptional.
The European chef's knife (known as a gyuto in Japan) is well suited for use as a general purpose chef's knife -- from chopping, to slicing and dicing -- from fruits to vegetables and meats, the chef's knife is a great choice. The long blade is needed for the sawing motion required to cut meat and vegetables and the slim profile keeps the weight low and the balance right.
The blade was forged from 52100 carbon steel. Many knifemakers and collectors feel that this steel is among the best steels currently used for knives due to its exceptional edge holding and sharpness. The blade was differentially heat treated using a torch. The etched surface clearly shows the dramatic line showing the transition between soft, supportive steel at the spine and the keen, long lasting edge. The damascus bolster was forge welded to blade, resulting in exceptional strength and beauty. Like his hunting knives, this chef's knife was pre-tested for edge flex and cutting ability before assembly.
The handle is formed from curly maple with maple burl accents. By using stabilized woods, Michael is able to combine the beauty of natural wood with durability. Alternating copper and G10 spacers highlight warm tones in the natural wood. The knife has perfect balance and feels exceptional in the hand.
Availability: Not currently available


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A HAIGH Heating and Plumbing Engineers70 Feedback reviews, 97% positive
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My name is Simon, I am an experienced gas and central heating engineer operating throughout the North West. I take pride in the quality of my work and am very clean, tidy and considerate. I will happily provide no obligation quotations at very competitive rates.
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Plumbing Solutions NW75 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
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marc rose plumbing and heating10 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
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Gas safe number 626627. Core Contruction has been working in the building businuess for 30 years. started main businuess in plumbing and heating, domestic and comercial, from repairs to new build properties. And the on to all aspects of joinery work, plastering and also...
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By pat_wilkinson on 21st Mar, 2018
Union Plumbing & Heating Services6 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
Local plumbing and heating firm, serving the Blackpool, Lytham & St Annes area. From a leaking tap to a new boiler, from broken toilet to a new bathroom. Union will have it covered. We pride ourselves on great time keeping, a tidy jobsit & most of all job...
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By katiej_50 on 12th Jul, 2017
Waterworks plumbing13 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
Offering services throughout Carlisle and surrounding areas. Aiming to deliver 100% customer satisfaction and deliver work to the highest standard. Fully qualified as are all tradesmen used. Free quotes and no job too small
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By sebluddyshame on 14th Jun, 2018
Afm plumbing & heating9 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
Afm plumbing and heating is a local plumbing and heating firm.we are gas safe registered and oftec which I specialise in oil heating boilers. I repair and install gas lpg and oil boilers. Also we undertake repair on general plumbing and bathroom installs gas safety's hob...
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By peter98785 on 31st Oct, 2018
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text:
A college education is one of the most important and valuable investments you and your family will ever make – one that will shape your future, professionally and personally.
We are committed to forming a partnership with each student's family throughout the college selection and enrollment processes.
Our comprehensive financial aid assistance program is based on two key principles:
To read more about our commitment to you, please review our Code of Conduct and Statement of Ethical Practices.
It is indeed our goal to help you find the necessary resources to make a Lycoming College education a reality. To view a list of our costs for the current academic year, please visit our Business Office.
We are here to assist you throughout the financial aid process.
Please feel free to contact us by phone at (800) 345-3920 or (570) 321-4040, fax (570) 321-4993 or email firstname.lastname@example.com if you need additional assistance.


text:
Next Episode of Room by Room is
not planed. TV Show was canceled.
This daily half-hour program is sure to please people who want great decorating ideas that don't cost a fortune. Room by Room showcases creative, practical solutions for everyday decoration challenges. Hosts Shari Hiller and Matt Fox present step-by-step techniques and makeovers for every room in the house.
(Source: HGTV)
Looks like something went completely wrong!
But don't worry - it can happen to the best of us,
- and it just happened to you.
Please try again later or contact us.


text:
Recall 13V077000
Moonroof Glass May Detach from Vechile
Recall Details
Due to the position and quantity of adhesive between the glass and its retainer, the moonroof glass may become loose or come completely off. If the moonroof were to detach from the vehicle while driving, it would become a potential road hazard, increasing the risk of a crash. Dealers will inspect the condition of the glass adhesion and apply additional adhesive or replace the moonroof glass as necessary.
Our Quick Take
14 Legacy and Outback models are being recalled because the moonroof glass can loosen or come completely off while driving.
What Should You Do?
Owners of affected vehicles have been notified. If you believe you should have been notified and were not, you should contact your Subaru dealer. They may ask for your vehicle identification number (VIN), so please have it handy when you call. The Subaru recall number is WVV-33.


text:
Tagalog English Translation of
laban sa
In tagalog english dictionary, "laban sa" is "against". See more translations below.
- laban sa [prep.]
- against
- laban sa [prep.]
- versus
If you know something about this term, share it here. Many people are also searching for information about laban sa. Help them find it, make them happy.
Let us help each other. Please be polite in asking for help and sharing thoughts. Sort the comments to "Reverse Chronological" to see the latest posts.


text:
There were FOs:
1. Business Casual socks, 2. Crosswired Hufflepuff socks, 3. BMP space invaders hand knit socks, 4. Brattleboro hat, 5. Duffers, 6. Little Oak baby cardigan, 7. baby mittens, 8. baby hat, 9. Rustling leaves beret, 10. St. Michel knit socks, 11. Miette cardigan, 12. IMG_5389, 13. Jaywalker handknit socks, 14. Juneberry Triangle handknit shawl, 15. Wildflower handknit cardigan sweater, 16. Norie handknit hat, 17. IMG_5179, 18. IMG_5145, 19. IMG_5135, 20. IMG_5103, 21. IMG_4885, 22. IMG_487623. Not available24. Not available
22 of them, by my count, including 3 adult sweaters. Not bad, particularly considering my 1st trimester coma! (And it should include at least 1 more adult sweater if I am successful with WIP in the New Year Project #3!)
There were also designs and patterns:
1. Warblers mitts, 2. Cielito knit baby blanket, 3. Columbia Inn fair isle mittens, 4. hard candy handknit christmas ornaments, 5. Chispas colorwork geometric cowl
5 this year, and more to come next!
This was also my "bloggiest" year, with over 100 posts!
And what about last year's "knitsolutions"?
I most certainly did not knit 12 pair of socks this year. I came in at half that, which is still something of an accomplishment, I think (it's 12 socks, if not 12 pair!).
And I did knit the Wildflower Cardigan, which may be my most favorite project to date:
(Thankfully, it makes an excellent maternity sweater.)
Aside from those projects, I promised to knit from stash and learn to spin.
I did get a tentative handle on my spindle; I'm no expert by any stretch of the imagination, but I can turn a wad of fiber into a strand, so that's a start.
As for stash knitting . . . well, I did some of that, but not nearly enough.
As for stash knitting . . . well, I did some of that, but not nearly enough.
(Interested in helping me whittle down the stash? Everything here is for sale!)
I've also managed to grow a baby; I guess we'll see how he turned out in a few weeks.
Tune in tomorrow to see what crazy promises I'll make for 2013.
Tune in tomorrow to see what crazy promises I'll make for 2013.
And Happy New Year!


text:
White Window PaintItem: 209-634
Spice Up Any Glass Surface with White Window Paint
Window chalk is great to use to celebrate your graduation or team victory. Show off your accomplishments on your car windows, or get pumped up for the big game by decorating players cars, whether it's football, basketball, soccer or volleyball, with school colored window paint! Plus, decorate your home windows, or draw attention to storefront windows with this glass paint.
- White paint.
- Easy to apply to any glass surface by using the sponge tip applicator.
- One ounce.
- 4½″ tall bottle.
- Removes with a wet paper towel.
- Do not use on non-glass surfaces as it may permanently stain.
Celebrate in style with a window paint message. Write your graduation or birthday message with window chalk, or show your school spirit with school color window paint on your car. No matter what your reason, celebrate more boldly with a personalized glass paint message.


text:
A BlankTV Premiere Presentation:
Kyoto Drive - "Breathe"
Adam from Kyoto Drive:"Breathe", the song, is basically about sex, lets not skip around that fact. The song is written from the viewpoint of the boy, looking for some kind of sign that the girl is enjoying herself as much as he is. So it's kind of a love song, kind of not, and no matter what guys say, we've all been there, we've all waited for that second of recognition from that girl that we REALLY liked. So following on from that we really wanted to do a boy/girl story style video, keep it in theme with the song, plus we've done the whole band performance video thing, we wanted to try something new. This is what Josh the director came up with..."
The band came together in 2009 as Birmingham boys Adam, Mike and brothers Mark and Chris joined forces with a vision of creating something uplifting, something catchy, something powerful. Kyoto Drive was born. The band hit the ground running, got themselves a van and started touring the UK and putting out music. Two years down the line the band had stacked up UK and European support tours with The Morning Of, Rookie Of The Year and Mae, as well as sharing the stage with pop rock heavy weights The Starting Line, Hit The Lights and Young Guns.
2012 has already seen a lot happen with original member Chris leaving the band in January. Fortunately after a recommendation from friends, Mitch Davies was approached to take over on drumming duties, which he happily accepted, completing the new line up for Kyoto Drive. The band have now finished putting final touches to their 7 track mini album 'The Approach' with producer Matt O'Grady (Deaf Havana, You Me At Six) and have recently signed to London's I Am Mighty Records. With more UK and Euro tours to be announced, 2012 is set to be the year of Kyoto Drive.
>> Pickup a copy of "The Approach" from Amazon or iTunes NOW! Get killer Kyoto Drive Merch from their Merch Store!<<
|< Prev
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I recall one of the beat writers last year interviewing John about their daft process. It's quite ingenious and toes the line between draf ting for need and BPA.
First thing they do is grade their existing roster. Each player gets a 1-100 grade.
Then they rate all the rookies in the same manner.
They build their board based on who improves their roster the most compared to players already in the roster.
So say we get to 25 and Kawann Short and Deandre Hopkins are both on the board. Hypothetically Short has a grade of 78 and Hopkins has a grade of 85. BPA says pick Hopkins.
But if they have Clinton McDonald graded at a 60 and Golden Tate graded at a 75, they would pick Short because he offers the greater improvement over the existing roster spot.
That's the way John and Pete work the draft. Just something to keep in mind.


text:
Lakers Vs Clippers! (Chris Paul Season-High 33 Points) [Highlights]
Round One of the new-look Los Angeles rivalry went the way of the Clippers, as the city's newest star, point guard Chris Paul, scored a season-high 33 points before leaving late in the game with a strained left hamstring! The Clippers led from start to finish in the 102-94 victory at Staples Center!
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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text:
News and Events: Press releases
Leading international experts offer an action plan for accelerating progress on achieving gender parity in education target
During a side event on Mar. 9 at the ten-year review of the Fourth World Conference on Women, experts reviewed the challenges in meeting the 2005 target and offered a new plan of action to accelerate progress toward achieving the gender parity in education target. It also aims to strengthen alliances between education organizations and women's groups.
While some progress has been made on girls education, girls are still largely out of school compared to boys. Today, some 115 children worldwide are not enrolled in school, of which 60 million are girls. In Africa, only 1 in 5 girls attend secondary school.
The side event, Missing the 2005 Gender Parity Target -- Strategies for Accelerating Progress, was organized by the United Nations Girls Education Initiative (UNGEI) and co-sponsored by the Global Campaign for Education and the Beyond Access Project.
The Beijing Platform of Action and Millennium Development Goals made a firm commitment to education as a human right and essential tool for achieving the goals of equality, development and peace. Despite the pledges by world governments, the international community missed the first MDG target, set for 2005, for gender parity in primary and secondary education.
Based on current trends, a new briefing paper released at the event, charged that since most countries have not met the 2005 target, achieving the goal by 2015 may be out of reach for 40 percent of countries around the world.
The briefing paper, Girls Cant Wait, produced by the Global Campaign for Education, a member of UNGEI, stressed that world governments need to take drastic action now to prevent devastating economic and social costs. It predicted that the slow progress on girls education would account for 10 million child and maternal deaths and cost impoverished countries as much as 3 percentage points in lost economic growth.
The Beijing +10 review and the MDG +5 review later this year are probably the last chance before 2015 to mobilize genuine political will and resources behind a robust plan and timetable to get every girl in school and learning, the paper stated.
Rima Salah UNICEFs Deputy Executive Director said: We know that progress in girls education is fundamental to the achievement and sustainability of poverty reduction and all of the other development goals.
We know that educating girls brings multiple benefits and the positive impact is quick and long-lasting: reduced child mortality, increased productivity and income, more educated children, and gains for women and girls social status and empowerment, Salah asserted.
Emphasizing that poverty and child work are the biggest factors denying girls access to education, the briefing paper recommended three steps to remove barriers to girls access and learning:
1. Abolish user fees in basic education - provide tuition, books and materials free of charge and eliminate compulsory uniform requirements.
2. Provide extra incentives and support to the poorest families to help compensate them for the costs of girls' labor.
3. Invest more resources in education. Governments need to spend at least 3% of GDP on basic education and donors need to provide at least $7 billion a year in international assistance.
The panelists at the side event included: Marilyn Blaeser of CARE, representing Global Campaign for Education; Fama Ba, UNFPA, Director, Africa Division; Susan Hopgood, Education International, Vice-President; Frances Vavrus, Columbia University, Associate Professor of Education; Arezo Mohammad Yasin Educational and Training Center for Poor Women and Girls of Afghanistan, Project Manager; and Susan Matale of the World Council of Churches and the Christian Council of Zambia. Rima Salah, UNICEFs Deputy Executive Director, moderated the event.
For more information:
Shanta Bryant Gyan: (1) 202.412.4603
Organizer: United Nations Girls Education Initiative (UNGEI) is a global partnership that aims to narrow the gender gap in primary and secondary education by 2005 and to ensure that by 2015, all children complete primary schooling, with girls and boys having equal access to all levels of education. UNICEF is the lead agency and Secretariat for UNGEI. Co-sponsored by the Global Campaign for Education (GCE) whose objectives are to promote education as a basic human right, and mobilize public pressure on governments and the international community to fulfill their promises to provide free, compulsory public basic education for all people; The Beyond Access Project, a partnership between OXFAM , DFID and the Institute of Education of the University of London, which seeks to promote MDG 3-promoting gender equality and empower women by generating, examining and sharing knowledge and practice regarding gender equality and education.


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Alpha and omega
Children's sermon
Second Sunday of Easter - C
Revelation 1:4b-8
a book, a seed, and a flower
"I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty. (v. 8)
Good morning, boys and girls. Do you remember last week when we praised God by saying something out loud?
(let them answer)
Let's see if we can do it again.
(say "Christ is risen" three times and have them respond, "Christ is risen indeed!" three times)
Very good, this is something we want to say over and over again so that the world knows what we believe. Every time we say the words, we build our confidence and our faith.
See more children's sermons from the archives
New & Featured This Week
The Immediate Word
Joice Again!
Thomas Willadsen
Christopher Keating
Dean Feldmeyer
Mary Austin
Ron Love
George Reed
Bethany Peerbolte
Note: This installment is still being edited and added to. For purposes of immediacy we are posting this for your use now with the understanding that any errors or omissions will be corrected between now and Tuesday afternoon.
For December 16, 2018:
Emphasis Preaching Journal
Sermon Illustrations for Advent 3 (2018)
Bill Thomas
Bob Ove
Mark Ellingsen
Bonnie Bates
Frank Ramirez
Ron Love
Zephaniah 3:14-20
Wow, how can things get any better. God has not only taken our punishment, he has turned back our enemy. What more can we ask. We shouldn't have to fear anything. God says this to Jerusalem. Can this apply to America also?
Isn't it love that takes away our worry? When we were little kids we didn't worry about anything as long as our parents were near us. God is bigger and more powerful.
Rightful Place
David Kalas
My wife, who thrives on organization, has a motto: "A place for everything, and everything in its place." It's an expression of her passion for keeping a room, a house, or a garage orderly. But I think the principle extends still further. It goes beyond just physical spaces. For what is true of cupboards and closets is even more profoundly true of a human life.
A Rainy Road To The Jordan
David O. Bales
"A Rainy Road To The Jordan" by David O. Bales
"A Freshman Experience" by David O. Bales
A Rainy Road To The Jordan
by David O. Bales
Luke 3:7-18
Closer And Closer
Arley K. Fadness
"...but one who is more powerful than I is coming.."
(V. 16a)
Good morning girls, good morning boys!
My, it's so fun to see you today. Happy Advent! Know why I (say, sing, shout, chant) Happy Advent?
(children may respond)
Advent means "a coming." Something or somebody is coming. Just around the corner. Know what it is?
(children respond)
Yep. It's Christmas, and John the Baptist is here to help.
(show sketch)
The Village Shepherd
Social Justice -- The Fruits Of Repentance?
Janice B. Scott
I've had many reports of the Remembrance Sunday service held at Dickleburgh (in Norfolk, England) this year, mostly about the preacher. Since Dickleburgh has a historic connection with the Americans from the time of Second World War, they always invite the American Air Base at Mildenhall in Suffolk to join them for the service, and always invite the current American air force chaplain to preach.
God's Peace Is On Patrol
Robert S. Crilley
On the Sunday afternoon following Thanksgiving, when I was in seventh grade, it began to snow. It started slowly and undramatically -- much like any number of other snows I had experienced growing up in Detroit. The sky turned the shade of dirty wool and the flakes danced through the wind as in one of those glass balls that you invert. Little by little the sidewalks whitened, and soon the neighborhood was alive with the rasping sound of shovels. Before long the roads were filled and you could no longer see the curb.
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text:
Brooklyn Park couple killed in car/train crash
The two people killed when their automobile collided with a train Monday have been identified.
They were David J. and Judy M. Brost, both 56, of Brooklyn Park, Minn., and were husband and wife, according to a press release from the Cass County Sheriff's Office.
Autopsy results are pending.
The two died when their northbound automobile crashed with a westbound train at about 11:30 a.m. Monday at the junction of Portage Road Northeast and a Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad about 3 miles west of Bena, according to a press release.


text:
The Space News Update is put together by volunteers and staff in the Space Sciences Newsroom. Twice a week they review numerous space news websites to bring you the latest stories and information.
Find out what to watch for in the night sky, the best time to see the International Space Station pass overhead, the Space Image of the Week, and more! SNU_12192014.pdf Space News Update Archive


text:
La Pintada is famous for making and selling a local style of the Panama hat called the Painted hat. In the northern area coffee is grown and there are large orange groves. The town has a health center, high school, and elementary schools.
It is 13 kilometers northwest of the city of Penonomé.
How to arrive
- Car: Take the Pan-American Highway to Penonomé, and at its Simon Bolivar Park turn onto the road that goes past the police station and towards La Pintada.
- Bus: The bus trip from the Albrook terminal in Panama City to La Pintada takes approximately two hours and 15 minutes.
What to bring
- Water bottle
- Sunscreen
- Light-weight clothing
- Visit the petroglyphs at Albina
- Hike up Picacho Hill