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Overview | Description | Applications | Operations | Results | Publications | ImageryExperiment Overview
Specialized microgravity facility that offered researchers several different crystal growth options in a controlled environment that enabled undisturbed nucleation (beginning of chemical changes at discrete points in a system) and growth of proteins to obtain large crystals for analysis on Earth. Understanding the results obtained from the crystals will lead to advances in manufacturing and biological processes.Principal Investigator(s)
Information Pending
Astrium GmbH, Immenstaad, , Germany
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)Sponsoring Organization
Italian Space Agency (ASI)ISS Expedition Duration
August 2001 - December 2001
3Previous ISS Missions
The APCF has flown on several Shuttle flights dating back to 1985 including, STS-107 (Columbia), which was lost in 2003.
Understanding proteins is basic to understanding the processes of living things. While we know the chemical formulae of proteins, learning the chemical structure of these macromolecules is more difficult. Mapping the three-dimensional structure of proteins, DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), carbohydrates, and viruses provides information concerning their functions and behavior. This knowledge is fundamental to the emerging field of rational drug design, replacing the trial-and-error method of drug development. Microgravity provides a unique environment for growing crystals, an environment that is free of the gravitational properties that can crush the delicate structures of crystals. Currently, several test facilities are used to grow crystals.
The Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF) can support three crystal-growth methods: liquid-liquid diffusion, vapor diffusion, and dialysis. Liquid-liquid diffusion was not used during Expedition 3. In the vapor diffusion method, a crystal forms in a protein solution as a precipitant draws moisture in a surrounding reservoir. In the dialysis method, salt draws moisture away from the protein solution via a membrane separating the two, forming crystals. ESA has announced that due to potential difficulties with the vapor diffusion method that could cause experiment failure, it will no longer propose the use of this method with the APCF.
APCF-Crystal Quality was one of eight protein crystal investigations that was conducted in the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility onboard the ISS during Expedition 3. Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase (protein that ensures the correct translation of genetic code) and thaumatin (a plant sweetening protein) crystals were used as model proteins to study crystal quality using the APCF hardware. The crystals were biochemically stable and easily purified. They also have significant structural and behavioral differences; therefore they are interesting subjects for comparative crystallography studies.
The crystals that are grown in microgravity are able to grow larger and better organized than ones grown on Earth. The research that is done on these crystals may further human space exploration efforts by technological and biological advancements developed as a direct result from this research.Earth Applications
Biotechnology and pharmaceutical researchers carry out the process of protein crystallization in order to grow large, well-ordered crystals for use in X-ray diffraction studies. However, on Earth, the protein crystallization process is hindered by forces of sedimentation and convection since the molecules in the crystal solution are not of uniform size and weight. This leads to many crystals of irregular shape and small size that are unusable for X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction is a complex process which requires several months to several years to complete, and the quality of data obtained about the three-dimensional structure of a protein is directly dependent on the degree of perfection of the crystals. Thus, the structures of many important proteins remain a mystery simply because researchers are unable to obtain crystals of high enough quality or large enough size. Consequently, the growth of high quality macromolecular crystals for diffraction analyses has been of primary importance for protein engineers, biochemists, and pharmacologists.
Fortunately, the microgravity environment aboard the ISS is relatively free from the effects of sedimentation and convection and provides an exceptional environment for crystal growth. Crystals grown in microgravity could help scientists gain detailed knowledge of the atomic, three-dimensional structure of many important protein molecules used in pharmaceutical research for cancer treatments, stroke prevention and other diseases. The knowledge gained could be instrumental in the design and testing of new medicines.
The APCF consisted of a processing chamber and an array of support systems including power and data electronics, thermal control system, and video equipment. The APCF processing chamber accommodated 48 modular reactors. Designed to fit into a single EXPRESS locker, the reactors were activated and deactivated in groups of 12 by electronic motors, allowing groups of experiments to be started at different times during APCF's stay on Station. Ten of these reactors were observed by a high-resolution video camera, which allowed investigators to study crystal growth development. The optical system was mounted on a drive to enable direct observation of a protein chamber, 10 reactors in a sequence, 5 on each side. Five of the reactors were observed with a wide field of view, five with a narrow field. In addition, a Mach-Zender interferometer in the APCF made it possible to observe five of the reactors and to measure and visualize changes in the refractive index as the crystals grew.
The Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility was computer controlled and designed to run automatically, providing undisturbed nucleation. The crew checked the status of the facility by reading the LEDs mounted on the front panel daily. APCF required continuous and auxiliary power from the Station via EXPRESS Rack. Video and computer data was also sent via the Station computer to ground operators.
The APCF reactors were filled in Europe and shipped to the Kennedy Space Center ten days before launch. The reactors were activated after transfer to EXPRESS Rack 1 on ISS. The first processing method, vapor diffusion, allowed crystals to form inside a drop of protein solution. The second processing method, dialysis, separated the protein and salt solutions with a membrane. The facility's processing chamber was maintained at 20 degrees C and temperature data was recorded throughout the mission. Camera images in black and white were digitized and stored on the facility tape recorder. Data electronics recorded and stored other information.
On return to Earth, the protein crystals produced in the APCF were examined by crystallography and computers made the mathematical calculations needed to enable three-dimensional modeling of the proteins structures. Images from the video camera and data from the interferometer enabled investigators to study crystal growth development.
Initial analysis of crystals returned from station support the findings of earlier APCF flights: comparative crystallographic analysis indicates that space-grown crystals are superior in every way to control-group crystals grown on Earth under identical conditions (except the critical space environment). Crystals grown in microgravity generally have improved morphology, larger volume, higher diffraction limit, and lower mosaicity as compared to Earth-grown crystals. The researchers reported that the electron-density maps calculated from diffraction data contained considerably more detail, allowing them to produce more accurate three-dimensional models (Vergara, 2005).
The APCF hardware performed well during ISS Expedition 3 with very few anomalies. APCF-Camelids, APCF-Crystal Quality, APCF-Crystal Growth, APCF-Lysozyme, APCF-Octarellins and APCF-PPG10 all produced excellent quality crystals that had better resolution and other optical properties than those grown on Earth. APCF-Lipoprotein successfully produced crystals but they did not achieve the expected level of resolution. APCF-Rhodopsin had slight technical problems that prevented the formation of suitable crystals.
Crystallographic analysis indicates that the space-grown crystals are superior to the control-group crystals grown on Earth. Crystals grown in microgravity generally have improved morphology, larger volume, better optical properties, higher diffraction limit and lower mosaicity when compared to Earth-grown crystals. Several space-grown crystals including Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase and thaumatin have a common feature; an increased number of ordered hydrogen-bound water molecules in the hydration layer of the protein. This may be responsible for the enhanced stability of the protein crystals (Vergara, 2005).
Well-diffracting crystals prepared in space have two purposes: understanding the gravity-dependent phenomena (such as nucleation and growth mechanisms) and structural determination. Each new high-resolution structure may become the start of a cascade of investigations to unravel the complexity of the cellular events like growth, division, differentiation, communication, motility, death and their role in the development of multicellular organisms. This may accelerate the structure-based design and redesign of drugs targeting pathogens, diseases and degenerative cellular processes as well as of protein and nucleic acid leading to custom enzymes, ribozymes or inhibitors to treat diseases (Lober, Biochimica, 2002).
Lorber B. The crystallization of biological macromolecules under microgravity: a way to more accurate three-dimensional structures?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2002; 1599(1-2): 1-8. PMID: 12479400.


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A nonstress test is a type of test done during pregnancy. It measures the heart rate of the unborn baby (fetus) in response to its movements. In most cases, the heart rate of a healthy baby increases when the baby moves. The nonstress test is usually done in the last trimester of pregnancy.
Your healthcare provider may advise a nonstress test in any of these cases:
There are no risks to either the mother or baby during a nonstress test.
You don't need to do any special preparation before the test.
The test may be done in a special prenatal testing area of the hospital. Or it may be done in your healthcare provider's office.
The procedure may vary, but a typical nonstress test may go like this:
In some cases, the testing occurs during a baby's sleep cycle, when there is little fetal movement. A special sound (acoustic) device may be used to awaken the baby. It is placed against the mother's belly and makes a noise like a buzzer. This is not harmful to the baby. But it may help a sleepy baby become more active. Your baby may also awaken if you eat or drink.
The provider will remove the belt and transducer and wipe off the gel. You will be told the results of the test.
Test results of the nonstress test may be:
A nonreactive nonstress test doesn't always mean your baby has a problem. The baby may simply be asleep. Or it may be nonreactive because the baby is immature. It's common for preterm babies to have nonreactive nonstress tests, especially before 28 weeks. Your healthcare provider will tell you if you need other prenatal testing.
Before you agree to the test or the procedure make sure you know:

subset: commoncrawl


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The trickle of HD Radio-capable aftermarket car stereos is starting to turn into a stream. Following the launch of JVC's KD-HDR1 and Sony's CDX-GT520, Alpine brings us the CDA-9885, a single-DIN in-dash CD player with the ability to act as an HD Radio tuner.
Like the Sony HD stereos we've seen to date, the CDA-9885 requires the addition of a large, unwieldy external module to pick up digital broadcasts, which makes it a challenge to install cleanly behind a small car's dashboard (we know from bitter experience, as our test car is a Chevy Aveo).
Other than its headline feature, the stylish CDA-9885 provides drivers with a range of disc playback options, a delightful digital-audio navigation interface, and a good selection of expandability in the form of Bluetooth hands-free calling, and compatibility with iPods and satellite radio tuners.
Design and features
Alpine makes some of the most attractive car stereos on the market (see the iDA-X001), and the CDA-9885 is no exception. Its colorful bank of backlit buttons on the right side of the volume dial can be set to either red or blue, depending on your mood or the car's interior.
For other buttons, such as the six presets and the navigation buttons to the left of the dial, a muted red backlighting gives the system a uniform color scheme and makes it easy to use at night. With the choice of four background visual (BGV) animations, the system's green-on-black monochrome LCD screen can be as busy as your tastes desire. Personally, we preferred to turn the graphics off to get a clearer view of the screen's text information for HD Radio programming and disc-based digital-audio tracks.
In contrast to some stereos with a similar amount of screen real estate, the CDA-9885's display shows a relatively large number of text characters, making it easy to navigate radio stations and audio libraries at a glance. For HD Radio stations, the display shows artist and song information (where available) and other details on station frequency, time, and date, which can be cycled through by pressing the Title button to the right of the display.
With an MP3/ WMA/AAC disc inserted in the single slot behind the stereo's mechanical drop-down faceplate, the display can be set to show information for artist and track names, or folder and file names. For text tags that are longer than the allocated 15 characters, the display can be set to scroll information automatically, which is a useful feature.
The CDA-9885's principal attraction is the intuitiveness of its controls for navigating its various supported sources. With HD Radio set as the source, drivers can skip from one HD station to another by simply pressing the forward-skip buttons. It takes about two to three seconds for the system to lock on to the digital signal, after which you can search through the available text tags or search for multicast content (other HD channels broadcast over the same FM frequency), by using the forward-search buttons. Navigation of files and folders on compressed digital-audio discs (such as MP3 and WMA) is even easier to use.


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And now for something completely different.... rare footage of Queen Victoria and Gladstone. Thanks, EZ Goodnight!
"Rodin cuts a different figure." Thank you for that.
Love these clips James! It's like time travel. I especially like the Rodin one, but I suppose that's because I'm more drawn to painting than sculpture. I was interested to see how quickly he decided on a color (apparently) and the speed with which he dabbed the paint on the canvas.
These are yet another reason why Gurney Journey is one of the high points of my day. And often it is so several times a day! Thanks again.
...Oops. Typo: I meant to write that I preferred the Monet clip.
Also, an aside. I don't know if it has to do with the recent change in access for comments, but we no longer seem to have the option of subscribing to the comments for a post. That's too bad, imho.
I can't help but think of this Monty Python sketch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR0qSf-AQlo
Thanks for introducing us to this collection. Seeing these led to viewing another archival film from the same collection, one of the elderly Renoir. His hands were severely crippled, probably from arthritis. He required an assistant to place the brush in his hand. Still, he painted.
Seeing Rodin's face as he chips away was interesting; very intense eyes. Thanks for posting this!
wow, i love the rodin clip. now, if there was some footage of rodin handling clay, that would be magnificent.
also, i really love watching rodin as a rodin sculpture: how character is expressed through his gesture and demeanour. thats a metric ton of stories just in how he handles himself, his material and his tools.
I think that cigarette was lit! I kept waiting for the ash to fall into his beard.
I did a plein air sketch workshop with 15 high school kids today. Super, super fun. There were 5 other plein air groups; pastels, watercolor, photography, and oil paints. The oil paint students painted right up until the minute the bus arrived. The instructor then ran around and gave everyone a pizza box to transport their painting. I thought that was clever.
Love Rodin's beard!
Thanks for sharing :-)
Fascinating - thanks for posting. I was interested particularly that Monet held a couple of (pretty big) brushes in the same hand that held his palette. I always presumed that this was a make-believe thing, as I can't do it myself (and end up holding brushes in my mouth, usually). Maybe it's to do with the size of your hands?
What I found most strange about seeing Monet painting is how he and his easel are positioned in relationship to his subject: under a 90 degree angle, and on this particular side that he has his painting arm between his head and his subject.
I've seen Antonio Lopèz Garcia paint in a similar way.
This is a rather awkward position to take for painting.


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Seventeen Elis Eligible for Second Postseason Meet
NEW HAVEN, Conn.—After traveling to Cambridge for the Ivy League Heptagonal Championships last weekend, several Bulldogs will head to Boston this weekend to compete in the Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (IC4A) Championships this Saturday and Sunday. The IC4A is a super-conference administered by the Eastern College Athletic Conference including schools from across the New England and Mid-Atlantic regions. Athletes had the chance to qualify for the meet in different events by reaching certain entry standards during regular season and postseason meets. Overall, 17 Bulldogs have qualified for the meet, although the Yale coaching staff has not yet finalized who will be competing this weekend. The 17 qualifiers beats the 15 who qualified for the Elis last season.
The Bulldogs figure to be strongest in the middle-distance events. Coming off a third-place finish in the 1,000-meter run at Heps, junior James Shirvell will lead the Elis in the middle-distance events—having qualified in the 800-meters, 1,000-meters and mile run, not to mention the 4x800 meter relay and distance medley relay. Of all IC4A qualifiers, Shirvell has the 22nd-fastest season-best time in the 1,000-meters (2:25.96), the 23rd-fastest season-best time in the mile run (4:05.93) and 41st-fastest season-best time in the 800-meter run (1:52.31).
Sophomore John McGowan will also be one of the Bulldogs' top scoring threats this weekend, and he is qualified in the exact same five events as Shirvell. McGowan's top times this season in the 1,000 and 800-meter races are slower than Shirvell's, but his mile time of 4:04.70 at the Terrier Classic earlier this year is not only faster than Shirvell's top time this season, but is also the second-best time in Yale indoor track history. McGowan competed in the mile run at the IC4As as a freshman and nearly qualified for the finals, recording the 11th-fastest time in prelims. Unfortunately, only the top 10 runners advanced to the final.
Senior team captain Timothy Hillas will also be a force to be reckoned with in the middle-distance events. He—like Shirvell and McGowan—is qualified in the 1,000-meter run, mile run, distance medley relay and 4x800 meter relay. In addition, he is also qualified for the 3,000-meter run. Hillas' mile time of 4:05.43 at the Terrier Classic is the 22nd-fastest season-best time among all IC4A qualifiers, and is the fourth-fastest time in Yale history.
Joining Hillas as 3,000-meter qualifiers are junior Michael Cunetta and freshman Kevin Dooney. Despite his youth, Dooney placed second in the event at the Yale-Dartmouth-Columbia meet and sixth at the HYP rivalry meet. Cunetta placed seventh in the event at both the Yale Collegiate Invitational and the HYP meet.
Dooney is also a qualifier in the 5,000-meter run, and he recorded his season-best time of 14:33.36 last weekend at Heps. The Bulldogs' other 5,000-meter qualifiers include seniors Demetri Goutos and Kevin Lunn. Lunn and Goutos took first and second place, respectively, in the event at the Giegengack Invitational with marks of 14:29.18 and 14:37.71.
In the sprints, junior Daniel Jones qualified for the IC4As at last weekend's Heps with his 60-meter dash time of 6.97 (just .01 slower than his personal record). Jones competed in the 60-meter dash at last year's IC4As but failed to qualify for the finals. Sophomore William Rowe is qualified in the 500-meter dash, and he has been one of the Bulldogs' top long sprinters all season. Rowe was a member of the 4x400-meter relay team that memorably placed seventh overall at last year's IC4As, earning All-East honors in the process.
The Elis will also hope to score in the field events, where pole vaulter Paul Chandler will seek to continue his brilliant junior season and where senior Mike Levine will seek to end his indoor track career with a top finish in the weight throw. Chandler qualified for the pole vault at the HYP meet with a mark of 15'9" (4.80m), and his resume this season has been quite impressive: third at the Yale Invitational, first at Yale-Dartmouth-Columbia, third at the Giegengack, first at HYP and fifth at Heps. Levine started the indoor track season with three consecutive first-place finishes in the weight throw. He followed up two fourth-place finishes at the Giegengack and HYP meets with an eight-place showing at Heps last weekend. Levine will be looking to top his season-best toss of 17.96m and career-best toss of 17.98m this weekend.
Yale teams have also qualified in both the 4x800 meter relay and distance medley relay. The Bulldogs have seen three different 4x800-meter relay teams meet the entry standard to qualify for IC4As: the team of junior John Cocco, sophomore Michael Grace, Hillas and freshman Peter Merritt ran the event in 7:48.20 at the Yale Invitational; the team of Grace, Hillas, McGowan and Shirvell ran a 7:43.34 at Yale-Dartmouth-Columbia; and the team of Cocco, Grace, freshman Max Payson and senior Michael Pierce ran a 7:51.58 at Heps. The Bulldogs' team of Hillas, sophomore Dylan Hurley, McGowan and Shirvell also qualified for the IC4A distance medley relay at Heps with a time of 9:54.50. Like Rowe, Hurley was also a member of last year's All-East honoree 4x400-meter relay team.
With the exception of parts of the heptathlon on Friday, all events will take place Saturday and Sunday. Men's action will begin Saturday at 10:00 a.m. with the 60-meter hurdles portion of the heptathlon and conclude around 1:00 p.m. with trials in the three relay events. While the 5,000-meter run, high jump, weight throw and triple jump will have finals on Saturday, the rest of the events will not have their final rounds until Sunday. Sunday's festivities will begin early for the men's teams—at 9:30 a.m. with the long jump—and end around 3:30 p.m. with the finals in the three relay events. The awards ceremony is scheduled for around 4:00 p.m. A full schedule of events can be found here. Results will be available at the conclusion of each day on www.yalebulldogs.com.
Report by Zach Schloss '15, Yale Sports Publicity


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Ground Breaking Of New Terminal At INIA: A New Milestone For Malaysia Airports
20 December 2011
Maldives, 20 December 2011 - A new milestone was reached for Malaysia Airports, with the ground breaking for the new terminal at Ibrahim Nasir
International Airport of the Republic of Maldives (INIA) on 19th December 2011, which is located at the eastern side of the Hulhule' Island. The resort
terminal is scheduled to open in 2014.
This ground breaking ceremony is a further reflection of Malaysia Airports' involvement in the management and development of airports not only in Malaysia but also overseas. Together with its partner, GMR, Malaysia Airports are involved in managing and developing three other airports internationally.
Tan Sri Bashir Ahmad Managing Director Malaysia Airports stated "This new facility embodies our hopes and indeed our dreams for future generations of the Maldives," he said. "Through our strategic partnership with GMR Group, we aim to develop Ibrahim Nasir International Airport into a global standard airport by the year 2014. The airport is well connected with major airports around the world, serving as the main gateway into the Maldives."
"It is our aspiration that this partnership will be the bedrock of a longer and endearing collaboration between all parties involved, especially between the Government of Malaysia with the Government of the Republic of the Maldives. Today's event is an auspicious milestone of the exciting journey that we will take together towards a mutually successful future" he added.
More than 400 guests, including His Excellency the President of the Republic of Maldives, Mr Mohamed Nasheed, Ministers of State of the Maldives; Chairman
of the GMR Group Mr G M Rao and other distinguished guests.
"Today we are making history," said Chairman of the GMR Group Mr G M Rao "We are building a great infrastructure that will benefit the Maldives people for generations to come."
He further continued, "Since the time we came here, the love and affection of the wonderful people of Maldives, has been a cause of great comfort for all of us, and we are grateful to this nation, for making us feel welcome, and be 'one' with you."
One of the highlights of the program was the fly past of four Maldivian registered aircrafts with two of them dropping flowers from the sea planes that
added to the festive atmosphere which made the crowd cheer as the dignitaries dug their shovels into the earth of the recently reclaimed land, to
symbolically break ground.
Basing on its experience in managing and operating 39 airports in Malaysia as well as airports overseas, Malaysia Airports will work together with its partner, GMR Group, to achieve a mutual goal to turn Ibrahim Nasir International Airport into a global standard airport by the year 2014.
Malaysia Airports' objectives are to provide not only excellent service levels but also a world class infrastructure that would cater to the needs of the multitude of passengers coming in from around the world through Ibrahim Nasir International Airport.
The great responsibility that Malaysia Airports has undertaken through this joint venture not only focuses on airport operation and management, but also in providing human capital services. "We are transferring and sharing our knowledge in terminal operation, airside operation, ground handling, Airport Fire and Rescue Services, Human Resource and Engineering. I am pleased to inform you that from the 16th December 2010 until 11th March 2011, a total of 20 personnel had completed a three and a half months training course in Basic Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) conducted by Malaysia Airports. The trainees then continued with fire rescue and fire fighting training for aircraft emergencies and building fires, and On-the-Job training at KLIA" said Tan Sri Bashir.
The training program, which is in accordance with the ICAO standards and guidelines had been specifically developed to provide strong fundamentals in aircraft rescue and fire fighting for both aircraft emergencies and building fires at the airport. This training will assist the ARFF personnel of Ibrahim Nasir International Airport to address any emergency situation at the airport.
Further to that, in September 2011, Malaysia Airports had introduced a customer satisfaction survey programme and paved the way to the registration with the Airport Service Quality (ASQ) programme. This programme mainly focuses on improving the quality of service experienced by passengers or airport users.


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By Silvia Ximenes, ChildFund Timor-Leste
Novito, a 5-year-old boy from Timor-Leste, describes "scribbling and drawing a house" as his favorite activity in his Early Childhood Development (ECD) center in the Manatuto district.
This district in central Timor-Leste has a population of about 42,000, and the economy is based on agriculture, fisheries, small handcraft industries and minerals. Many in Aiteas, the village where the ECD center is located, are involved in farm production activities, such as planting coffee, coconut, vegetables, cassava, corn and rice.
Novito rides his bicycle back and forth to the center, and he also likes to play soccer. He hopes one day to be a professional soccer player.
One of 60 students who attend ECD Aiteas six days a week, Novito is taught by Manuela, Divia and Joana. With ChildFund's support, the teachers received training in teaching methodology, curriculum design and the Portuguese language.
Two years ago, ChildFund helped renovate the ECD center, expanding the building to house three classrooms. ChildFund Timor-Leste supports this center by providing school materials and furniture, school uniforms, snacks and supplementary food. The center also receives a subsidy from the Timor-Leste Ministry of Education every four months to help maintain the facility and update educational materials.
Maria, an ECD coordinator, notes that the center provides learning materials, a proper playground and qualified teachers who work well with the children. Novito often brings home lessons he's learned at the center and has shown his siblings how to draw a house. He says he is looking forward to moving to the next level of education: primary school.


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For Greg Hudnet, being a Ravens superfan is all about the car.
Not just any car, but a purple-and-black '52 Buick that Hudnet — aka Birdman — drives to every home game. Decked out with the Ravens logo, customized inside with the autographs of some 50 Ravens and Colts players, his car has become a crowd-pleaser of the first order. And even though Hudnet dresses up like a bird for every game and helps keep his fellow fans in Section 531 pumped, the retired firefighter acknowledges the car is far more famous than he is.
"It's just become so popular, it's unbelievable," says Hudnet, 63, who lives in Parkton with his wife of 42 years, Linda. "My wife says when I drive down the road I'm gonna cause an accident, because people, they keep watching the car as they drive by. People pace me."
A self-professed "gearhead," Hudnet not only customized the car himself but drives it all year long. "It's fun driving it," he says. "If I take my wife out to dinner, people are there taking pictures of the car."
What turned you into a big-time Ravens fan?
I was always a Colts fan. I remember watching the Greatest Game Ever Played [the '58 sudden-death championship win over the Giants] when I was about 9 years old, on a little black-and-white TV.
When the Ravens came, my brother was able to get real good seats, because he had seats from the old Colts. I had to settle for seats up top. But hey, at least we go to every game.
Then, about six or seven years ago, I bought that '52 Buick, and we went and turned it into a Ravens car. Everything really took off from there.
What made you decide to turn this classic car into a Ravenmobile?
Actually, it was by accident. At first it was purple and white. Then we changed the white to black because the chrome didn't stand out right. Then, me and my family, at the same time, we said, "It's got to go Ravens."
So, yeah, we took a beautiful street rod and made it a Ravens street rod. You don't see many of them. There's buses and vans and jeeps and Humvees [decked out in Ravens colors], but there's no old street rods. … Most of the superfans have the outfits, but none of them have a car like this.
And you later added an Orioles car?
About three years ago, the Orioles approached me about building them a car. They didn't want to put any money into it, but they fell in love with the Buick. So I built a '41 Plymouth Orioles car, all orange and black. That's become an instant hit, too — there are no other Orioles cars around. And since I had cars representing both teams, my nickname became the Birdman.
What's it like driving the Ravens car on game days?
It starts as soon as I take the car on the road. Everybody blows their horns, they flash their lights, all the way down to the stadium. Immediately when I pull onto the parking lot, I get a group of people around the car and myself. Everybody wants their picture taken with you. It's like — my oldest son, he was back from Afghanistan, and he went to the game with me, and women kept pulling me out of the food line to get their picture with me. He said, "Hey, Dad. How come all these beautiful women want their picture with you?" And I said, "Fred, it's not me. It's the outfit and the car."
What do the players think of your car?
I have got probably 50 signatures in my car, of Ravens and Colts players. Every event that I go to and the players are there, every one of them comes out and signs my car. Lardarius Webb, somebody asked him, "What's the oddest thing you've ever signed?" And he said, "There's this purple '52 Buick running around."
Favorite Ravens memory?
When the players come out and they always make such a big deal over the outfit and the car, it kind of makes you feel like you're part of the group. There are so many memories. It's just one big exciting time.
Think the Ravens will make the playoffs?
I think we have a real good shot at it. But the second half of the season's our toughest half. You've got two games with the Steelers in three weeks. You've got the Cowboys and the Redskins. Even the Raiders this week are tough. You just don't know.


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60/40 Cotton-Poly Twill Women's Chef Jacket from Mercer—Solid White with Black Piping on the Collar and Cuffs
Turn heads in the kitchen or out on the floor with this striking women's chef coat from the Mercer Renaissance cutlery collection. The Mercer M62050WBXS (XS size) has a put-together look and contemporary comforts for the modern cook, chef, or caterer.
This white cooks jacket is made from a 60/40 cotton-polyester twill for supreme comfort and flexibility, with black piping on the cuffs and scoop-neck collar. The M62050WBXS features a convenient shoulder pocket for smartphones, pens, and small notepads, plus an earbud opening for listening to tunes on breaks or between rushes. The Mercer scoop-neck chef coat is machine washable for professional style with easy maintenance.
Mercer Cutlery Renaissance Women's Chef Coat with Scooped Neck (White w/ Black Piping, XS Size) Features:
- Double-breasted women's chef coat/jacket from Mercer Renaissance Cutlery
- Classic look for food service professionals
- Scoop-neck style
- Solid white color
- XS size
- Side slits
- Made from a 60/40 cotton polyester twill for flexibility and breathability
- Stands up to the toughest kitchens
- Mercer Culinary logo on left sleeve
- Earbud opening for safe cording
- Cloth buttons (x12)
- Inside collar buttons (x2)
- Machine washable
Additional Information
|Description Author
|Kevin O
|Mercer Renaissance Cutlery Women's Chef Coat (Scoop Neck) - White w/ Black Piping, XS
|GTIIN / UPC Code
|Mercer Cutlery
|Product Line
|Mercer Renaissance Cutlery
|Chef's Apparel
|Home or Commercial
|60/40% Cotton/Polyester Twill
|Extra Small (XS)
|Quantity Included
|Weight (in Lbs)
Customer Questions
Customer Reviews


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'Modern Family's' Gould on Mensa and Early College
Fourteen-year-old "Modern Family" star Nolan Gould talks to WSJ's Lee Hawkins about starting college early and being a member of Mensa.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... Ch ... you mentioned your brother being in the three states but you are too ... yes you just ... you just graduated high school in your starting college already at fourteen ... yes I am ... I'm just that in my first college courses ... it isn't photography aside to walking around New York trying to take ... pictures of the knitting scene trying to get ahead ... ok and Wednesday Tuesday ... um but it isn't overly easy of course a triad ... eased myself into college I once got the assignment of cooling statistics ... why don't know that would be really difficult for you ... the euro remains that they say ... yes ... the ... men were men so that when out ... and is making a light on knowing I don't really know write everything I'm ... good at certain things but not on the math and science and more like history English ... are there any pressures that go along with this with the expectations that are put on someone ... of superior intelligence ... there's a lot of pressure but audio on ... everybody expects that you know everything's that when you say is something wrong in embellies and I and I do remember Missouri ... any get ... any discount to their shirt one-time emptying it out the baby then say oh my gosh is somewhat cycling ... and running off I knew ... you do in the pediatric cancer cause which is important yes ... he just finished high school ... we think you would wanna break you have to show how of that ... but it was important for you to jump right into how and why why was ... um I wanted to know that education has that priority because you know is out of those intact The or directing army is a plan that works out and he is coming to fall back on ... and am classes you know you have to ... be housed in the school and half that ... education for sanction use in your life so you don't you actually don't ... have to do that they're a lot of people your age ... that with their fourteen in new ... nationally renowned as an actor ... they don't have any interest in going to school them that ... you know Ackman isn't a sure thing you know what I said to have a ... job for the rest of my Lys saying you know ... same thing is really fickle uncaring seems really quickly so I need to fall back time ... and I ... seem to somewhere and a ... as you know becoming an economist or something ... you'd use the GOP or send it to ... raise my guess of its own safety campaigns ...


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When you are looking for the lighting for homes, there are so many available choices for you to make these days, but for those who are seeking the best, LED should definitely be on the top of the list. More and more people are thinking about getting the LED as lighting for homes simply because it offers so many benefits along the way. Through this post, we are going to give you a bit more knowledge regarding this kind of lighting. So, you might want to make your coffee and get some crackers at the same time to make sure your stay here is comfortable and in the end, you will be able to know more.
Hi everybody. How is your life? Everything is fine, right? I come back again in this happy occasion to give you some inspiration about 3d floor plan maker.
The high cost of the house building makes the invention of technology that makes economization become the priority. The building of 3D floor for instance, it usually using concrete cast. This method is not only expensive but it also needs high cost. The time that is spent for this method is also long. It needs for approximately three weeks until the final cast is dry. The process of making concrete cast is often complicated too. There are many tools that are needed. You need cement mixer to make cement slurry. You also need scaffolding wood to prop up the concrete printing. Before the cast is dry, tiled pavement automatically hasn't been able to set. For that reason, as a solution, there is the invention of instant 3d floor. The process of making it is fast and one more thing, it is also cheap. There are some types that are commonly used. Those are ceiling brick and dwidjo blockvloer. The cost of the construction is very economical. It doesn't need scaffolding wood to prop up the concrete printing. Before its being set, the block unit is joined based on the size that is wanted for example the size is four meters. Hopefully, this invention will inspire you in building the third floor. You don't be worry anymore with the high cost of the building because I have given you the best way to construct the cheap 3d floor. In this chance, the concrete cast is not needed so that it is very economical and efficient. As a result, you do not need to worry about the high cost of the construction. Are you really interested in trying it? If so, don't make yourself waiting for a long time. Starting for now on, you need to plan a cheap way of making 3d floor.
A Christmas would not be complete without any decorations and accessories this seasonal holiday always brings every year. No one who celebrates Christmas day could deny that fact. Some decorations like Christmas tree and lights are some of them, and luckily, you could buy them and save them on your storage, since they are reusable especially for the artificial kinds. Therefore, if you want something different for the decoration, you could not find it on some common retail stores, and the only thing you can possibly do is just creating it by yourself. The solution for that situation is only what easy Christmas wreaths offer with their simple and decent looking of designs.
As most of us already know, creating a decoration Christmas is not always complicated, similar with the procedure of easy Christmas wreaths. By using some simple material around the corner of your home, or around your backyard house or neighbor house, you could do something great with your own bare hands. The first easy and simple wreath you can possibly try is using some tree twigs, by tying them into a circle using other flexible and smaller twigs, then added with some ornaments like pinecone or small amount of pine tree leaves, and unbelievably, you have just created an artistic looking rustic Christmas wreath here. Some other materials like your old sweater, artificial fruits, and chicken feathers, all of them could be used for some unique and simple Christmas wreath.
Moreover, you could just become more creatively crafted by using some tree leaves which could create pleasing effects from their fragrance, such as eucalyptus tree leaves, lavender leaves, dried lemon or orange slices, flowers, cinnamon sticks, and many others. Using these materials would give you double effects of easy Christmas wreaths, since they could perform as some pleasing decor and pleasing fragrance for your Christmas day. Almost everything can be attained using those simple materials, so you can naturally enjoy your Christmas celebration with ease and happiness.
Bathrooms are often the place inside the house which are neglected and don't get enough attention since maybe we think we don't use them that often or just because they seem not important enough as other types of rooms like living rooms or bedrooms. But making our bathrooms as comfortable as possible will be such an ultimate advantage for us since it will affect for our mood too especially in the morning when we are preparing ourselves before going to work every single day. Creating ideal and beautiful bathrooms is not a difficult and impossible task since it can be done through DIY way.
Let's see what we can do about the DIY bathroom ideas.
Contemporary chic
This design idea is all about small tiles which are covering the entire wall of the bathroom. This is suitable for small spaced bathrooms since we cannot apply large sized tiles because it will make the bathrooms look even smaller/ cramped.
Wow factor
This design idea is still applying the small tiles but now combined with brown color for the other side of the wall which creates such a calm and relaxing vibe. This bathroom design will be able to get rid our stress after such a hectic and long working day.
Subtle and calming
This is the next idea which can be taken as your reference when decorating your bathroom. We still use small tiles but now with dark colors like brown and black. Completed with brown wooden wall table, and also bronze faucet and finished by putting green lily as the "stabilizer" of the entire look, this design idea is perfect for small bathrooms.
Neutral style
This time we go with neutral colors for the bathroom which makes the bathroom being able to go with everything that we put inside. Neutral colors like white might be boring, but it is the best when it comes to small spaced bathrooms and the likes.
The design of the building for the house should be designed well. You have to get the design to be in the right design. SO, you will feel comfortable to be in the house. Everything in the house is important for the building. Everything should support the design of the house. You have to get the things in the house to be well chosen. There are a lot of things you have to notice when you choose the stuff for your house. You have to think about the materials and also the design. One of the parts in the house that has to be noticed is the wall. You have to get the walls of your house to be in the design that can give the house some style. The style should be well planned. The well planned design would be so awesome and so interesting for the house. You have to make the wall to be in a great design concept. One of the design is to have this wall panels on the wall. You can have your walls with some panels. The panels should be suitable for your walls and the style you apply in the house. One of the wall panels you are about to choose is the iconic wall panels. There are so many design of the iconic wall panels you can choose for your house. The design of the house should be chosen well. You have to get the design of the wall panels to be supportive to the design and activity in the house.
You can choose to have this iconic wall panels as your inspiration in making the design for your house. The iconic wall panels should be chosen well. You have to get it to be in the suitable design. The iconic wall panels should be cool and awesome. The awesome design of the wall panels would affect to the design of the house. You have to get it right and awesome. The awesome thing about wall panels is to have it to be in the right design.
There're basic kitchen lay outs people commonly apply. Worktop on a wall side is the most common. It's very popular for many people apply this style because the design can fit in any room size, from the very limited space, to large kitchen area. Then, there's also a combination of worktop and kitchen island in its middle area. It's commonly designed for kitchen with medium to large sized area. One last lay out that's also popular to apply is the one with kitchen peninsula.
Well, basically it's almost the same as kitchen island in the shape, but it's different in the placement. While kitchen island is placed standing freely, mostly in the middle part of the kitchen area, a peninsula is just like 'peninsula' in your Geography class. It has a side that's connected to the main area; that's kitchen. So, one of the kitchen peninsula sides is attached to the kitchen wall or connected to the main worktop. For nowadays, it serves better compared to kitchen island because peninsula takes less space. That's why it can fit any kitchen size. Also, it has some options to choose, from L-shape, U-shape, to standard modular style that's placed parallel to the main counter.
Well, about the function, peninsula is mainly similar to kitchen island. You can apply it as additional worktop to do such meal preparation there. Also, you can apply the peninsula as bar or dining table where you serve drinks or meals. By adding some chairs facing the kitchen area, you're just setting up a dining area altogether with kitchen. This also means that you visually create a room separation, especially for open kitchen, between the kitchen area and the other room that's directly connected to the kitchen. Besides, you can also use the peninsula as storage. You can set some built-in drawers underneath to store some kitchen wares, or even food inside. In short, kitchen peninsula is really helpful for you just like traditional kitchen island, but it benefits you more in saving the space and separating open kitchen to another room next to.
Although retro is a kind of old style, decorating your home in retro can make it look fresh and modern? This is because vintage items have a power to make your house elegant and sophisticated. Simply hang black and white images of classic entertainment icons can help you build the style. Choose the right fabric textures that reflect specific decades and reupholster your antique furniture to reface it are some easy ideas. There are still many more ideas you can use to create a retro decorating style in your home.
Using the 1940s decor for creating a retro look in your home can be a good idea. Some ways to make this kind of look in your home including put a vintage-inspired oak phonograph playet with a radio and CD player, hang a 1940s Ericson wall phone, complete draperies with valances, silk cording and glass tassels. Just find some styles that are popular in that period to create a perfect look of 1940s in your home decor. 1950s decor is also a kind of retro decorating style you can choose from. Simply put 1950s furniture or replicas to your home will add an instant retro pizza in your home. If you are decorating a kitchen, purchase 1950s-style appliances like a refrigerator or a toaster. A sunburst clock hanging on the wall and framed pictures of classic movie stars will make your walls look dashing. Going one step further, the 1960s decor also works well for creating a retro look. You can add modern design to your home by adding 1906s furnishings and decor. They are usually featured with bold, geometric shapes, slick modular elements and minimalist design. Purchase a brightly colored, square-patterned rug for a Planer coffee table with a sleek modern base and a tempered glass top.
Using some ideas from 1950s, 1960s and 1970s style will give you a picture in your mind how you will create a great retro decorating style in your home.
The outdoor spaces of the house could be so important, I mean you have to get the outdoor spaces to be well designed. It is because the outdoor space of the house is the place for the home owner to get some enjoyable feelings. You can have the feelings in the outdoor is the feelings of natural atmosphere and the relaxing ones. You have to provide some stuff that could support the atmosphere of the outdoor spaces. There are a lot of designs of the stuff you are about to put in the outdoor space. You have to put the furniture that is suitable for your outdoor space. The hardware should also be applied in the outdoor space. It is all based on your needs. If you need the hardware that can warm your outdoor, you can choose to have the fire pit. The fire pit could warm your outdoor space when the weather is cold. I guess you have to be smart in choosing the right and efficient hardware for your outdoor.
You can have this electric fire pit outdoor for your outdoor. It could support your need of heat when the weather is cold. You have to get the design to be well planned. The electric fire pit outdoor should be well designed. There are some designs of the fire pit you may wanna choose for your house. One of them is to have the electric fire pit outdoor to become really great. This thing would keep your outdoor to be warm. You have to choose the design of the fire pit that is suitable for your outdoor space and your needs. The fire pit is very important when the weather is supportive. You have to choose the design of the fire pit that can support your outdoor design. I believe it can. You do not have to worry about it, the fire pit should be well planned and well designed.
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11 December 2018 9:56 am
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This week, we were once again gripped by a parliamentary committee hearing, this time featuring the formidable Mike Ashley.
Entries are now open for the Drapers Digital Awards - recognising the best of the best in ecommerce across the fashion industry in the UK and Ireland.
10 December 2018 4:08 pm
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Since becoming CEO of Hugo Boss in 2016, Mark Langer has been reconfiguring the brand for the future.
Drapers Footwear Awards 19 will recognise and celebrate the footwear's very best from across the UK and Ireland.
We have 18 exciting categories up for contest, including International Footwear Business of the Year and Best Sustainable Initiative of the Year.
7 December 2018 3:57 pm
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Drapers looks ahead to summer, and speaks to Alexandra Miro, founder and designer of the eponymous swim and resortwear brand.
7 December 2018 7:00 am
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Scottish premium accessories brand Strathberry is growing its retail store estate on the back of a little celebrity sparkle.
Taking place on 29 November 2018, the Drapers Awards recognises and celebrates the best of the best in the fashion sector.
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Join me every week for Win-It Wednesday. I'll be posting 24-hour giveaways at 8 a.m., 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. ET to give you plenty of chances to win!
Hungry Jack and Adam Gertner from the Food Network are challenging you to "Use Up the Box" and create your own recipes using Hungry Jack Pancake Mix, Instant Mashed Potatoes or Syrup. Who knew you could do so much with those three things? From salad dressings and glazes made with the syrup to fruit-filled breakfast and dessert crepes using the pancake mix, my mouth was watering as I thought of all the ways I could incorporate Hungry Jack into my everyday cooking when I started to think outside the box.
To enter, submit your recipe to Hungry Jack's "Use Up the Box" website in any of the three categories before 12/17, with a grand prize of $6,000 towards a year's worth of groceries and two runner-up prizes of $100 in each recipe category.
I thought this recipe for Beef Stew with Herbed Potato Dumplings was perfect for the cooling autumn weather and so inventive. I'd never considered using both potato flakes and the pancake mix to make dumplings, and they are sure to warm up mouths both big and small after an afternoon of playing in or raking up the fallen leaves.
Beef Stew with Herbed Potato Dumplings
7 tbsps. Pillsbury BEST All Purpose Flour, divided
1 tsp. seasoned salt
1 1/2 lbs. stew beef, cut into 1-inch cubes
2 tbsps. Crisco Pure Vegetable Oil
2 (14 oz.) cans beef broth, divided
1 tsp. minced garlic
1 bay leaf
1 (16 oz.) pkg. frozen vegetables for stew
2 large eggs
1/2 cup water
1 cup Hungry Jack Instant Mashed Potato Flakes
1/2 cup Hungry Jack Buttermilk Complete Pancake & Waffle Mix (Just Add Water)
1 tbsp. minced green onion
1 tbsp. minced fresh parsley
1/4 tsp. garlic salt
- Combine 3 tablespoons flour and seasoned salt in large resealable plastic bag. Add beef cubes. Seal and toss to coat.
- Heat oil in 6-quart Dutch oven on medium-high heat. Add beef cubes and cook until well browned on all sides. Add 2 1/2 cups beef broth, garlic and bay leaf. Bring to a boil over high heat. Cover; reduce heat to low and simmer 1 hour.
- Stir frozen vegetables. Simmer 20 minutes. Remove bay leaf. Whisk together remaining beef broth and remaining flour in small bowl. Add to stew, stirring until gravy thickens.
- To prepare dumpling batter: Whisk eggs and water in medium bowl. Stir in potato flakes until moistened. Add pancake mix, green onion, parsley and garlic salt; mix well.
- batter by tablespoonfuls onto simmering stew. Cover and simmer over low heat 13 to 16 minutes or until dumplings are cooked through.
Ten lucky Deal Seeking Mom readers will each win a Hungry Jack Pantry Party Kit that includes:
- Hungry Jack Mashed Potatoes (26.7 oz.)
- Hungry Jack Original Pancake & Waffle Mix (32 oz.)
- Hungry Jack Original Syrup (27.6 fl. oz.)
- $10 Walmart gift card
- Recipe Cards
To enter, tell me what recipe on the Hungry Jack site or which if your own recipes do you think would be perfect to "Use Up the Box"?
Every reader has four methods available to enter this contest. Choose one each of any combination of method one, two, three, or four for up to a total of 4 entries!!!
If you are reading this in your email or feed reader, please CLICK HERE to visit the original blog post to enter. Email entries will not be counted.
Methods of entry:
1. Leave a comment. What recipe would you make to "Use Up the Box"?
2. Join the Deal Seeking Mom community on Facebook for more conversation, additional deals and a peek at the freebies I receive in the mail each week. Come back and leave a separate comment letting me know you've done so!
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(10) Hungry Jack Pantry Party Kits, as described above
This giveaway ends at 8 a.m. ET on Thursday, 10/7 and is open to all U.S. residents 18 years or older. I'll use Comment Contest to select the winning comment. Winner will be notified by email and listed on my Giveaway Winners page. Winners must respond within 48 hours of notification to claim their prize. Good luck!
While you're in a contest entering mood, don't forget to check out the Giveaway Gathering for a variety of contests being hosted on Deal Seeking Mom readers' blogs!


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The Book of Isaiah
J. Blake Couey
The book of Isaiah is a compilation of prophetic poetry and narratives, named for an 8th-century
Isaiah is a sophisticated work of biblical Hebrew poetry, characterized by intricate combinations of imagery and wordplay. It features a high view of divine sovereignty, emphasizing Yhwh's control over world nations and superiority over all human and divine powers; these ideas contributed to the emergence of monotheism in ancient Judah. The book also articulates diverse responses to imperial domination, even as it chronicles the ebb and flow of Judah's own imperial aspirations. Striking portrayals of women and gender appear throughout Isaiah, including the extensive personification of Jerusalem as a woman and the comparison of Yhwh to a mother. Isaiah is also notable for its discourse about disability, which serves a variety of rhetorical functions in the book.
The impact of Isaiah was felt immediately, as evidenced by the number of copies of the book among the Dead Sea scrolls and citations of it in the New Testament. It greatly impacted the development of important religious ideas, including apocalypticism and belief in resurrection. In Christianity, Isaiah played an important role in reflection upon the nature of Jesus and the inclusion of Gentiles, even as it informed Christian anti-Judaism. The book has had a more complicated reception in Judaism, where it significantly influenced the growth of Zionism. Scholarly study of Isaiah continues to clarify the shape of its final form and history of composition. Current research on the book is increasingly interdisciplinary, engaging metaphor theory, disability studies, and postcolonial thought. The history of the book's interpretation and reception is another area of growing interest.
Desire, Love, and Romance in the Hebrew Bible
J. Cheryl Exum
In the Hebrew Bible human sexual desire is, for the most part, constructed as male and as dangerous. In the patriarchal economy of ancient Israel, in which women were subordinated to men and younger men to older men, desire poses a potential threat to the preservation of male status, privilege, and hierarchy, upon which the patriarchal system is based. It is viewed warily as an overwhelming urge that, unchecked, can cause a man to lose control and act in ways that might jeopardize his position in the patriarchal hierarchy and, if some texts are to be taken seriously (Proverbs, the story of Samson), even his life. Thus legal texts seek to regulate and control sexual behavior and thereby channel sexual desire in permissible directions; Proverbs responds to the threat that uncontrolled desire poses by offering the young man a patriarchally sanctioned object of desire, personified Wisdom, and narrative texts, such as the stories of Samson and Delilah and David and Bathsheba, provide object lessons in the dangerous consequences of desire. There are few places in the Hebrew Bible where one person is said to love ('ahab) another in an amorous or carnal sense, and in all these cases only one of the pair is said to love. This does not mean that love was not thought of as reciprocated in biblical times, but only that reciprocal love was not a concern of biblical writers, with the exception of the poet of the Song of Songs. The Song of Songs is the only text in the Hebrew Bible in which sex, desire, love, and romance can all be found. This short book, the Bible's only love poem, gives its readers an unprecedented insight into what it is like to be in love from both points of view, a woman's and a man's.
The Eruv as Contested Jewish Space in North America
Myer Siemiatycki
The eruv is perhaps the most creative, confounding, and contested spatial construct in Judaism. Territorially, it demarcates the urban space within which prohibitions otherwise attached to Sabbath observance for Orthodox Jews become permitted. While virtually imperceptible to the human eye, eruvin (pl.) sanctify what would otherwise be sacrilegious. An eruv thus creates permissive religious space for Jews on Sabbath. Hundreds of cities worldwide, including urban areas across North America, are home to an eruv. Notwithstanding their prevalence and undetectable physical imprint on urban landscapes, the establishment of eruvin has unleashed intense hostility and resistance in some locales. Opposition has typically been mounted by a surprisingly mixed array of critics including non-Jews, non-Orthodox Jews, and dissenting Orthodox Jews. The eruv highlights, in compelling fashion, the spatial challenges of navigating faith, ritual, secularism, and pluralism in contemporary American cities. Seemingly ethereal religious beliefs can occasion radically different perceptions of public space.
God in the Old Testament
Brent A. Strawn
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article.
The God of the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) is arguably one of the most fascinating deities in all religious literature: complex and multifaceted; prone to great acts of mercy and kindness, although not above brutal acts of punishment and wrath; consumed with care for the world and its inhabitants; capable of changing direction or mind; inexplicably in love with God's people and deeply concerned with their ways in the world.
This robust picture of the character of God in the Old Testament emerges in the aggregate: from viewing the library of books that is the Old Testament as a whole and trying to reckon with their literary complexity at a higher order of reflection. Inordinate attention to specific parts of the Old Testament—this verse, say, or that one, especially when divorced and isolated from all others—can produce a completely different (mis)perception such as that found in some ungenerous estimations that see the God of the Old Testament as petty or unjust, vindictive or bloodthirsty, misogynistic or genocidal. Such estimations are as old as the second-century arch-heretic Marcion but are also found in works of more recent vintage.
Some—although certainly not all—of these negative descriptors can be applied to the God of the Old Testament in certain passages, but a portrait consisting solely of them will end up being little more than a caricature that will not hold up to close scrutiny because it systematically ignores every piece of contrary data found in the Bible. To be sure, accounting for what might be called "polarities" in God's presentation (God's love versus God's wrath) is a challenging intellectual task, literarily as much as theologically. Not all readers are up to the job (witness Marcion). But this task must be engaged if one wishes to write a complete character description (not to mention analysis) of God from the biblical texts. Indeed, the complexity of any more fulsome portrait of God in the Old Testament—marked, for example, by tensions, a vast array of metaphors, and alternative presentations—should be one of the primary results of such an endeavor. The God of the Old Testament is, after all, first and foremost, according to the description above, complex and multifaceted.
The complexity of God's portrayal in the Old Testament is the direct result of the diversity of the Bible itself—a term that derives from a Greek plural, ta biblia, "the books." Not only are the books of the Bible several and different at a synchronic level, but also they come from different periods and are themselves (that is, within each particular book) the result of long diachronic processes. This two-layered diversity that marks the Bible adds yet further difficulty to the task of describing God therein, even as it suggests that more than one approach can and must be (and has been) utilized in the attempt.
In the final analysis, it seems safe to say that the complexity of God's portrayal in the Old Testament has functioned not only to make this deity endlessly fascinating in the history of civilization but also to underscore—at some literary level, if nothing else—that the God of whom the texts speak is truly a divine character: not able to be captured, controlled, or managed by the human characters in the stories and not even by the sacred literature itself. Only a robust approach to the biblical literature that pays attention to both synchronic and diachronic aspects can hope to do justice to such a fascinating deity.
History of Ancient Israel
H. G. M. Williamson
The history of ancient Israel is best known to most people from the narratives in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. There, however, the name "Israel" covers a wide diversity of social and political entities over the course of many centuries. The first attestation of the name outside the Bible (on the Egyptian stela of Merneptah, c. 1208
How to combine these differing forms of evidence has been the topic of lively and sometimes rancorous debate, which varies in its detail from one period to another, often depending on the extent to which external sources are immediately available. Solutions are not always available, but exploration into the nature of these problems and misunderstandings in the application of appropriate methods reveal where the problems lie and, in some cases, what are plausible solutions.
Until the 19th century, the history of ancient Israel was, for most people, coterminous with the familiar narrative of the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible. No relevant external sources were known, and there was no reason to doubt its essential historical reliability, allowance made, of course, for those who could not accept the miraculous as historically factual.
Archaeological and epigraphical discoveries over the last two centuries or so, together with the introduction more recently of new and different historical methods, have led to aspects of this topic being fiercely contested in current scholarship. Taking a general familiarity with the outline "story" for granted, the following analysis will present some of the major topics on which new data have become available and on which opinion remains divided.
Jewish Liturgy
Ruth Langer
Jewish liturgy is a complex phenomenon, manifesting change over time and place as well as some significant diversity today. Today's prayers emerged from the rituals of the rabbis of the early centuries of the Common Era, compensating for the loss of the Jewish ritual center, the Jerusalem Temple, destroyed by the Romans in 70
The received rabbinic worship is highly structured and scripted. There are three services every day, with a fourth on festive days. The key structural elements combined in these services are the recitation of shema῾ and its blessings, the multi-blessing ῾amidah, and the reading of Torah. To these, other elements have aggregated, like introductory prayers, Psalms, and supplicatory prayers. Meals also require short blessings before eating and a longer grace afterwards. The Passover seder extends this meal ritual with narrative, Psalms, and songs. Variation among medieval regional rites and their modern heirs manifests itself within this structure not only in small differences of wording, but also in more significant dissimilarities in modes of performance. In modernity, liberal movements abbreviated, translated, and otherwise rewrote many prayers.
The messages of Jewish liturgy are embedded within this structure as well as in the themes of the liturgical year, expressed primarily through scripture readings. The annual Torah cycle tells the Jewish story from creation up to the Israelites' entry into their land. The primary festival cycle and the blessings surrounding the shema῾ highlight the key elements of this narrative: God's work of creation, redemption, and revelation. Permeating the liturgy, though, is the expectation of future messianic redemption.
Judaism and Visual Art
Melissa Raphael
Until the late 20th century, it was widely assumed that visual art could be of only negligible significance to a Jewish tradition that had been principally mediated through written texts. However, by the closing decades of the 20th century, Jewish cultural historians had demonstrated that, while Jewish worship and study is indubitably logocentric, the Second Commandment's prohibition of the making and worshipping of graven images has not entailed a blanket ban on visual art. Jews have not been uniformly indifferent or hostile to visual art, a category that includes the architectural design and decoration of synagogues; funerary monuments; illuminated manuscripts; embroidery; liturgical seats, pulpits, and the other fittings and ornaments of religious Jewish life at home and at worship; as well as, since the 19th century, drawing, painting and sculpture. Most interpreters now read the biblical texts as prohibiting only the making and worshipping of images of the divine. The Bible forbids idolatry, but is aware that not all images are idolatrous. By around the 3rd century of the Common Era, rabbinical rulings recognized that the danger of Jews becoming idolaters, as they might have done under formerly pagan dispensations, had passed. In short, although in a number of Jewish historical periods and geographical regions there have been good reasons to be reluctant to accommodate visual art within the tradition, there is also ample evidence of visual art in settings that span the entire geography and history of Judaism. Jewish avoidance or neglect of visual art has usually been more historically contingent than theologically necessary. The religious culture of Jews resident in Islamic lands, for example, tended to conform to their hosts' prevailing, though not historically or geographically comprehensive, tendency to aniconism.
On grounds such as these, it has been argued that the notion of Judaism as an aniconic tradition is a modern one. Kant's appreciation of the Second Commandment as one of Judaism's few redeeming features, proscribing any crude urge to see that which exceeds the bounds of sensibility, encouraged western European Jews to advert to Judaism's lack of art a sign of its pre-eminence as the first enlightened religion. The 19th and early 20th-century claim that Jewish tradition is aural and literary, but not visual, seems to have owed more to the modern German scientific study of Judaism's use of the Second Commandment to highlight affinities between Jewish and Christian monotheism and to Jews' desire to integrate into Protestant culture, than to restrictions within their own legal and cultural inheritance.
Perceived violations of the Second Commandment no longer provoke much of a reaction in any but the most conservative Jewish communities. And even among the Haredim, artists have begun to paint semi-abstract pictures that are not considered a deviation from halakhic norms. Yet, while many Jews still regard abstraction as a more permissible form of Jewish visual art than others, it is evident that the art tradition that developed after Jewish civil emancipation in Western Europe has actually been predominantly figurative. A number of scholars have therefore proposed that the Second Commandment has not so much prevented figurative visual art as promoted a distinctive set of styles and techniques, especially those that allow Jewish artists to make images that fulfill their quintessentially Jewish obligation to criticize idolatrous images. Jewish art, it has been argued, exists because of the Second Commandment, not in spite of it.
This essay does not cover Jewish approaches and contributions to film and architecture. It examines both the history and theorization of Jewish visual art and Jewish religious approaches to visual art. The essay uses the findings of this two-pronged enquiry to suggest that Jewish visual art, which is more than art by artists who happen to be Jews, is properly counter-idolatrous art, art that is far from hindered by the Second Commandment but is actively produced by it. Jewish art does more than build cultural, political, and national Jewish identities; it does more than the commemorative work of visually constructing Jewish memory. Visual art made by Jews becomes Jewish when it serves a constructive theological, prophetic purpose and when it uses idoloclastic techniques to produce images that both cancel and restore the glory of the human. This claim counters the prevailing view that there can be no unified or normative theory of Jewish art.
The Judeo-Christian and Abrahamic Traditions in America
K. Healan Gaston
The terms "Judeo-Christian" and "Abrahamic" are collective religious descriptors that identify points of theological, historical, and ethical commonality between the world's largest monotheistic religious traditions. "Judeo-Christian" refers to the ground shared by Judaism and Christianity; "Abrahamic" designates elements common to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These terms have most often appeared in three contexts. First, scholars of religion have used them for technical, descriptive purposes, to denote the aforementioned religious traditions and the commitments they share. Second, interfaith advocates have employed the terms to identify the particular ecumenical task of cultivating harmonious relations between these three traditions. Finally, in wider public discourses, they have served as descriptors of the religious character of American culture, democracy, and/or national identity. Over time, the terms "Judeo-Christian" and "Abrahamic" have each become important ways of talking about the contributions of the world's largest monotheistic religions to politics and culture in the United States.
However, in American public discourse, "Judeo-Christian" formulations have thus far demonstrated greater reach than "Abrahamic" ones. Between roughly World War II and the mid-1970s, when the United States rose to superpower status and assumed the helm of the Western civilizational project, the idea of America as, in various senses, a Judeo-Christian nation became commonplace. But unlike "Judeo-Christian," which maps onto a discrete geographical region and a long-standing cultural project, "Abrahamic" tends to be used more narrowly to indicate a set of historically meaningful but geographically diffuse relationships that have become the subject of scholarly and ecumenical concern. Moreover, "Judeo-Christian" emerged in the wake of a massive influx of Jewish and Catholic immigrants between 1880 and 1920 that reshaped the American religious landscape. "Abrahamic" has likewise become more widespread since the immigration reforms of the mid-1960s, which began to bring greater numbers of Muslim immigrants to America's shores. But the growing embrace of multiculturalism has largely militated against the widespread use of "Abrahamic" as a descriptor of American identity. Proponents and opponents of these terms have vigorously debated their strengths and weaknesses, their uses and abuses. Yet, despite the controversies over their meaning and relevance, "Judeo-Christian" and "Abrahamic" remain important ways of describing aspects of the American landscape in a multireligious age.
Martin Luther and Anti-Judaism and Anti-Semitism
Christopher Ocker
The uncomfortable question of Martin Luther's place in the development of modern anti-Semitism is raised by Luther's status as a national cultural icon after German unification (1871) and by the fact that the Third Reich (1933–1945) perpetrated what is arguably the most violently racist state policy known to human history thus far. Luther contributed to the symbiosis of religious and secular prejudices. The reception of Luther's anti-Jewish discourse illustrates the gradual diffusion of religious hostility into a society where churches slid from a central position to the margins of social influence. This can only be understood against the backdrop of a long chronology of religious thinking. The long chronology shows that Luther was more a conduit than a catalyst of European anti-Jewish polemic and feeling.
Martin Luther and Christian Hebraism
Stephen G. Burnett
Christian Hebraism was a facet of Renaissance humanism. Biblical scholars, theologians, lawyers, physicians, astronomers, philosophers, and teachers in Latin schools sought to learn Hebrew in order to read the Old Testament in its original language, and to borrow and adapt ideas and literary forms from post-biblical Hebrew texts to meet Christian cultural and religious needs. While some medieval Christian scholars such as Nicholas of Lyra and Raymond Martin made extensive use of Hebrew in their works, not until the early 16th century were a significant number of Christians able to learn Hebrew and use it to study the Hebrew Bible and post-biblical Jewish texts. The desire of biblical humanists to read the Old Testament in Hebrew, the curiosity of Christian Kabbalists searching for ancient wisdom, and a slowly growing number of Jewish tutors and Christians who were able to provide Hebrew instruction all contributed to the growth of this movement. Jewish printers pioneered the techniques of mass-producing Hebrew books to feed this new market. Christian printers would use these same techniques to print grammars, dictionaries, and other books needed for instructing Christians. The growing conviction of Martin Luther and his followers that the Bible was the sole source of religious authority (sola scriptura) provided the most compelling reason for large numbers of Christians to learn Hebrew. The most active and innovative Protestant Hebraists during Luther's lifetime were members of the "Upper Rhineland School of Biblical Exegesis," including Martin Bucer, Wolfgang Capito, Conrad Pellican, and above all Sebastian Münster.
Martin Luther and his Wittenberg colleagues were early adopters of the new Hebrew learning. He first learned Hebrew using Johannes Reuchlin's Hebrew grammar, and put his knowledge to practical use when lecturing on the Old Testament and translating the Bible into German. His colleagues, above all Philip Melanchthon and Matthaeus Aurogallus, helped Luther translate and revise his translation from 1521 until his death in 1546. Luther characterized his approach to interpreting the Hebrew Bible as "Grammatica Theologica," employing Hebrew philology to interpret the text, but also wherever possible making it "rhyme" with the New Testament. Toward the end of his life, Luther became increasingly concerned that Münster and other Hebraists were too quick to accept Jewish interpretations of many Old Testament passages, particularly verses that traditionally had been understood to be messianic prophecies. In On the Last Words of David (1543) Luther offered a model of how he interpreted the Old Testament, while sharply criticizing Christian Hebraists who followed Jewish interpretation too closely.
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