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Hunt Safety Equipment
Hunt Safety Equipment
Hunting is an equestrian sport like no other, riding across the country on horse back tackling the natural elements is a thrill that many keen riders both amateur and professional enjoy. However, keeping yourself safe is incredibly important and our range of hunt safety equipment at Dogwood London doesn't just keep you safe but also looks great out on the hunting field.
A riding hat is the main priority when thinking about safety equipment for foxhunting. Whether you are looking for classic hunting hat such as the Charles Owen Beagler Classic or something with the up most safety such as the Charles Owen Fiona's Hat, Dogwood have the right piece of fox hunt equipment for you.
Hunting safety equipment doesn't stop with just head protection. Body protectors are extremely important for riders, especially children, therefore the
Charles Owen Kontakt 5 Body Protector is must in helping to keep you safe in the unfortunate event of a fall.
If you need any advice on
hunt equipment, please call one of our knowledgeable team at Dogwood who can talk to you step by step on purchasing the ideal piece of equipment for yourself!
Mark Todd - Stud Kit
Regular Price: £23.83
Special Price: £16.66
Out of stock
Luna Rider - Lightweight Exercise Sheet
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Charles Owen H2000 'VAT Free' - sizes 49cm-55cm
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Charles Owen - H2000
Regular Price: £111.63
Special Price: £103.29
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Charles Owen - Wellington Classic VAT Free Sizes - 52cm - 55cm
Regular Price: £117.45
Special Price: £108.33
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Charles Owen - Childs Kontakt 5 Body Protector
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Charles Owen Fiona's Hat 'VAT free' sizes - 54cm-55cm
Regular Price: £135.85
Special Price: £119.75
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Charles Owen - Fiona's Hat
Regular Price: £135.88
Special Price: £120.00
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Charles Owen Beagler Classic 'VAT free' sizes - 52cm-55cm
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Charles Owen - Adults Kontakt 5 Body Protector
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Charles Owen - Beagler Classic
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September 12, 2012 — Indiana Right to Life on Monday accused Planned Parenthood of Indiana's Lafayette clinic of violating a state licensing law by providing medication abortion drugs, the AP/San Francisco Chronicle reports.
Indiana law requires clinics that offer surgical abortion care to obtain licenses. State Department of Health spokesperson Ken Severson would not comment on whether the law applies to clinics that offer only medication abortion, adding that the department would have to look into the allegations before determining if action is needed. A legal citation provided by the department defines abortion as "the termination of human pregnancy with an intention other than to produce a live birth or to remove a dead fetus" but does not mention medication abortion (Wilson, AP/San Francisco Chronicle, 9/10).
PPIN President Betty Cockrum said the Lafayette facility does not have a license because it does not offer surgical abortion. "State law is very clear," she said (Vizza, Lafayette Journal and Courier, 9/10).
Cockrum called IRTL's allegations a "flat-out lie," adding that PPIN's "health center in Lafayette, like our other 27 health centers across the state, provides its services in accordance with Indiana law."
In a news release, IRTL Legislative Director Sue Swayze said her group sent a letter to the state attorney general's office requesting an investigation into whether the Lafayette clinic complies with state abortion clinic inspection and licensing regulations (AP/San Francisco Chronicle, 9/10).

subset: commoncrawl


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If you haven't seen Overly Attached Girlfriend, you obviously don't spend enough time on the interwebs. It all started with a remake of Justin Bieber's "Girlfriend". Laina Walker became an overnight sensation and a meme. She's since been making YouTube videos on the reg and even makes guest appearances on other channels. I basically want to be her best friend. She's graced us with another musical parody, this time it's a One Direction song about Taylor Swift called "Maybe You're Delusional." Amazing.
[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBtWfMjyTtg?wmode=transparent&w=620&h=349]
Other stuff you'll love
Y'all the trailer for Spring Breakers is CRAZY [The Frisky]
Here are some great faces you can make at people you don't like [BuzzFeed]
Yummy! Hot pictures of Justin Timberlake [Hollywire]
How do you know if you're getting Catfished? [Global Grind]
Do guys think Kristen Stewart is hot? [CollegeCandy]
Is Hunger Games hottie Josh Hutcherson dating two Hollywood ladies? [Crushable]
Eek would you try waxing your bikini line at home?! [HerCampus]
Date ideas for when you both have the flu [YourTango]
Room decor inspired by Disney princesses? Sign me up! [HuffPo Teen]
Check out these hilarious GIFs of celebrities being scared [Teen]
6 movies to avoid if you don't want to cry [Smosh]
Learn how to make a super cute keyholder!
Make sure you subscribe to us on YouTube!


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The Unforgiving
Within temptation the Dutch Symphonic rock/metal band launched their fifth studio album titled "The Unforgiving" follow up to their previos album "The Heart Of Everything" . The album follows a concept story and was released alongside a comic book series and a collection short films which are included in the dvd version of the album. The story as told by the comic first then the short films and by the band consists of three characters portryed in three different mystic ways! Words such as epic and cinematic describe Within Temptation's fifth album.


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Leonid Brezhnev dies
Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union, died on November 10, 1982. Brezhnev had ruled the Soveit Union for nearly two decades, increasing the global influence of the communist power with the expansion of the Soviet military. His state funeral was attended by many foreign leaders. However, President Reagan refused to attend, sending Vice President George H.W. Bush instead.
Boris Yurchenko / Associated Press
Copyright © 2018, Los Angeles Times


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Palit GTX 570 Sonic Platinum Review
Part first-person shooter, part survival horror, Metro 2033 is based on the novel of the same name, written by Russian author Dmitry Glukhovsky. You play as Artyom in a post-apocalyptic Moscow, where you'll spend most of your time traversing the metro system, with occasional trips to the surface. Despite the dark atmosphere and bleak future for mankind, the visuals are anything but bleak. Powered by the 4A Engine, with support for DirectX 11, NVIDIA PhysX and NVIDIA 3D Vision, the tunnels are extremely varied — in your travels, you'll come across human outposts, bandit settlements, and even half-eaten corpses. Ensuring you feel all the tension, there is no map and no health meter. Get lost without enough gas mask filters and adrenaline shots and you may soon wind up as one of those half-eaten corpses — chewed up by some horrifying manner of irradiated beast that hides in the shadows just waiting for some hapless soul to wander by.
- DirectX 11
- 16xAF
- Global settings = High
- PhysX = off
Higher = Better
At stock settings, we saw the Palit GTX 570 Sonic Platinum perform about the same as the HD 6970. Once overclocked, the Palit card was able to perform almost the same as the GTX 580.


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Another chair has emptied at "The View," with news Friday that Elisabeth Hasselbeck will not be returning to the ABC talk show next season.
Hasselbeck, a former "Survivor" finalist known for her fiery conservative views and frequent clashes with cohosts, joins Joy Behar, who announced on Thursday she will leave the show in August.
According to US Weekly, Hasselbeck, a 10-year "View" veteran, was not invited back after producers examined research that said viewers found her "too extreme and right-wing." "People did not watch the show because of Elisabeth," one unnamed "insider" told the magazine.
PHOTOS: Celebrity portraits by The Times
Hasselbeck's spats became epic. In 2006, she got into an on-air tangle with her cohosts over the morning-after pill, which Hasselbeck opposes. "I believe that life begins at the moment of conception," she said. A 2007 dust-up between Hasselbeck and former cohost Rosie O'Donnell over the Iraq war got extensive media play. More recently, she's had an ongoing feud with HBO host Bill Maher.


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Style # 209024
Breezy and beyond chic, this care-free blouse exudes style without the effort. Great for work or an everyday polished look, pair with your favorite accessories to add a pop of brilliance!
- 100% polyester
- Center back to hem: 19" (48 cm)
- Hand wash
- Imported
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S
Pearl Collar Button Up Blouse is rated out of 5 by 1.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Pixzeechic from Beautiful top cut too short I was so excited they had this top in an xs (my size) however it's cut too short to tuck in which is devasting why would they ruin a gorgeous top like that, unfortunately it was a final sale so no return is possible
Date published: 2013-02-17


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Difference between revisions of "Mombasa"
Revision as of 09:39, 31 January 2013
Mombasa is Kenya's second largest city and a sea port.
Mombasa is Kenya's main tourist destination. It is located on the Eastern coastline of Kenya bordering the Indian Ocean which has made it a popular destination for its beaches. Mombasa offers a diverse marine life, world-class hotels and friendly atmosphere. There is a tropical climate all year; it is a great destination filled with activities for all ages.
Mombasa was ruled by the Portuguese, Arabs and British and originated back in the 16th century. Mombasa's culture today still exhibits that of its past. Historical ruins like Forte Jesus de Mombaça (AKA Fort Jesus), an historic Portugese fort, and the Old Town are attractions influenced by Mombasa's trade culture, with many examples of Portuguese and Islamic architecture.
Get in
By plane
The airport in Mombasa has been newly renovated and has increased the frequency of flights in and out of Mombasa from European cities. Kenya Airways [5] offers the most as far as options for traveling to/from Mombasa.
By train
Train service is mainly provided between Nairobi and Mombasa. The advantage of traveling by railway is the ability to see wildlife up close. The train ride from Nairobi to Mombasa is estimated at 13 hours. There are meal accommodations and options of purchasing first or second class seats.
By bus
Buses, while not a major mode of transportation within the city, are mostly used for traveling outside the city. The major provider of transportation in Mombasa is Matatu; the fleet consists mostly of fourteen-seater minibuses. Matatu is quite popular with the residents.
Get around
By taxi from center: to south beaches ; ca 30-35 dollar. To airport:10-12 dollar Matatu (minibus) in city Ksh 50 (0,65)
Travel by the local bus-taxis (Matatus)-they are mini-buses that are usually full of people to maximum capacity. They're cheap. The name derives from a Swahili term that refers to 'ma'penny - the original matatu cost three cents many years ago. They are all over and in huge numbers, and they're licensed (stickers on the windshields). They are privately owned mini-buses regulated by the government. They are subject to extensive regulatory controls; a driver and bus can be pulled for the driver wearing a loud shirt. Taxis don't have taxi-signs on the roof, but license papers stuck to the windshields.
Kenya Shillings is the form of currency. However Euros and USDs are accepted. $25 USD = 20 Euros = 2000 Shillings. Credit Card and Debit Card uses are ok, however it is highly suggested to alert your bank that you will be traveling and using your card. This will avoid them from thinking that your card has been stolen and fraudulent charges are being made.
Mombasa is known for their diverse cuisines from Swahili, Indian, Chinese, Korean, and Italian cultures. They offer an abundance of resturants and eateries to choose from including establishments with freshly caught seafood.
There are quite a number of good bars, pubs and Entertainment Spots in Mombasa Town and the North Coast. Night Life is very vibrant in Mombasa.
Tembo Entertainment Plaza
One of the largest and most popular ones is the renown Tembo Entertainment Plaza [6] which is situated on Mombasa's North Coast near the Nakumatt Nyali Shopping Centre. It comprises of 6 different Outlets/Attractions, incl. a huge Open Air Disco, an Exclusive Disco Lounge Bar, a fully air-conditioned GoGo Bar, an A La Carte Restaurant, a Pizzeria and a 24hrs Beer Garden.
Tembo Disco at the Tembo Entertainment Plaza is one of the largest Discos in East Africa and can fit up to 3000 people. Situated in an old quarry with lots of the original tropical environment left in tact, giving it an enchanting tropical ambience.
The exclusive Comfy Lounge at the Tembo Entertainment Plaza is laid out in a posh and stylish upmarket design with comfortable sofa sets, tables, stools and a large bar counter. Its open daily from 6pm to 6am, with good background music until 11pm, thereafter the latest dance music until wee hours. Revellers can shake a leg on the medium sized dance floor.
An Insider Tip is the Lollipop Go-Go Bar at the Tembo Entertainment Plaza. Open daily from 9pm until 5am with attractive Table Dancers performing exotic Non-Stop Table Dance Shows. There is a large collection of Cocktails and International Beverages on the bar card.
Bavaria Beer Garden at the Tembo Entertainment Plaza is the ideal around the clock meeting place. Bavaria never closes. Its laid out in a Bavarian Oktoberfest Style and also has a Giant 3x3m TV Screen showing Live Sports Events.
There are many accommodations to choose from when visiting Mombasa.
Stay safe
Several countries have issued warnings that the city centre is not safe during the night, that car-jacking is widespread and that robberies after sunset at the beaches can occur. Use common sense and a healthy dose of skepticism regarding your surroundings.
Stay healthy
Mombasa has 3 major well equipped private hospitals with high standards: the Aga Khan Hospital, the Pandhia Memorial Hospital and the Mombasa Hospital. Many smaller hospitals and clinics are spread out all over Mombasa and the North Coast.
Consulate of Austria in Mombasa, Kenya 3rd floor, Ralli House Nyerere Avenue P.O.B. 84045 Mombasa, Kenya City: Mombasa Phone: (+254) (41) 31 33 86 Fax: (+254) (41) 31 33 86 Email: [email protected]
Honorary Consulate of Belgium in Mombasa, Kenya P.O. Box 91276 - 80103 Mombasa (Kenya) City: Mombasa Fax: + (254) (41) 474.236 Email: [email protected]
Royal Danish Consulate Mombasa, Kenya Mikanjuni Road, Liwatoni Bay P.O. Box 99543 Mombasa, Kenya City: Mombasa Phone: +254 41 229241/2/3 Fax: +254 41 221390 Email: [email protected]
Honorary Consulate of Finland in Mombasa, Kenya Mikanjuni Road Liwatoni Bay c/o Shipmarc Ltd. Postal address: Honorary Consulate of Finland P.O. Box 99543 City: Mombasa Phone: (254-41) 229 241/-2/-3 Fax: (254-41) 221390 Email: [email protected]
Honorary Consul of the Federal Republic of Germany in Mombasa, Kenya Bank of India Building 2. Stock, Nkrumah Road, Mombasa P.O Box 86779, Mombasa, Kenia City: Mombasa, Kenya Phone: (00254 41) 222 87 81 Fax: (00254 41) 231 45 04 Email: [email protected]
Honorary Consulate of Greece in Mombasa P.O. Box 90194, Mombasa, Kenya City: Mombasa Phone: (002541) 1228286 Fax: (002541) 1314642
Honorary Consulate of Hungary in Kenya Mombasa Kastan Center NR Nyali Bridge, P.O.Box 90653, Mombasa/Kenya City: Mombasa Phone: 475-074, 474-947, 0733-608-767 (mobil) Fax: 471-257, 473-533 Email: [email protected]
Assistant High Commission of India in Mombasa Bank of India Building Nkrumah Road PO Box 90164 Mombasa City: Mombasa Phone: +254 � 41 � 2224 433/2311 051 Fax: +254 � 41 � 2316 740 Website: http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/AHC_mombasa.html Email: [email protected]
Royal Norwegian Consulate in Mombasa Junction of Nyali Rd and Moyne Dr P.O. Box 99976 - 80107 Mombasa Kenya City: Mombasa Phone: +254 (0) 41 2230835 or 2311096 Fax: +254 (0) 41 2230835 Website: http://www.norway.or.ke/Embassy/Embassy/ Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Details: Consul Omar S. A. Bajaber (honorary)
Consulate of Tanzania in Mombasa TSS TOWERS 12th FLR NKRUMAH ROAD PO BOX 1422 Mombasa Kenya City: Mombasa Phone: LOCAL: (041) 222.8595 International: +254.41.222.8595 Fax: LOCAL: (041) 222.2837 International: +254.41.222.2 Email: [email protected]
Honorary Consulate of United Kingdom in Mombasa PO Box 85593 80100 Mombasa Kenya City: Mombasa Phone: LOCAL: (041) 222.0023 INTERNATIONAL: +254.41.222.0023 Fax: LOCAL: (041) 231.2416 INTERNATIONAL: +254.41.231.2 Website: http://http://ukinkenya.fco.gov.uk Email: [email protected]
Get out


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Welcome and congratulations on the birth of your baby! You have a wonderful chance to increase your milk supply for him while he is still so young. Will he still latch on? If so, I would take him to bed with you and just rest and nurse and snuggle. All that skin to skin contact is wonderful for you and your son.
What sort of support system do you have? Well meaning friends and family often offer to help, so this is the time to take them up on the offer. A meal, a sink of dishes, anything that can help you focus on caring for your baby.
Good luck with this and we're here for you!


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Troopers are investigating an armed robbery of the Stanton Pharmacy, 2006 West Newport Pike in Wilmington, on January 5.
The incident happened at 1:55 p.m. on Saturday, Jan. 5 when two black male suspects brandishing handguns entered the business. One suspect immediately fired one round into the ceiling of the business and demanded money from a cashier, who turned over an undisclosed amount of cash. The other suspect demanded drugs from the pharmacist, who complied with the suspect's demands. The suspects then fled from the store.
Suspect 1: black male wearing dark clothing and a face mask (no further physical or clothing description available). Armed with a handgun.
Suspect 2: black male wearing a blue and gray plaid jacket and blue jeans (no further physical or clothing description available). Armed with a handgun.
No video surveillance available for release.
The Delaware State Police is asking anyone who may have any information in reference to this incident to contact the Robbery Unit at Troop 2 at 302-834-2630 extension 6. Citizens may also provide a tip by texting keyword "DSP" plus your message to 274637 (CRIMES), or through lines maintained by Delaware Crime Stoppers at (800) TIP-3333. Information can also be submitted through the internet at www.tipsubmit.com.


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Sunday, August 12, 2012
Happy blogiversary to me!
It's my blogiversary!! :) One year ago today, I posted my very first post on Stories of a Canadian Family. It was just a list of my known surnames up to 5 generations, and since I hadn't even told anyone about my blog yet, I wasn't expecting anyone to see it until I'd posted a couple times and then spread the word. But somehow, Geneabloggers instantly tracked me down! Barely an hour after I'd posted for the first time, I'd been added to Geneabloggers, and people had started welcoming me to the community!
Now, it's a year and 74 posts later, and my humble personal genealogy blog has people who actually read it and comment on it, despite the fact that I'm not always the most regular poster in the world. :)
So, thank you Geneabloggers, and thank you everyone who's reading this, or has read any of my other posts over the last year. You guys are awesome. Here's to many more years of researching and blogging fun!
Posted by Lianne Lavoie at 11:26 AM
6 comments:
Woo hoo! Happy blogiversary to you!ReplyDelete
Sorry I am a day late - but happy blogiversary!!ReplyDeleteReplies
Haha, no problem Wendy. Thanks!Delete
- AnonymousAugust 13, 2012 at 11:29 AM
Congrats Lianne! Hope you are doing well. BTW: are you going to be at FGS? -- DanReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks Dan! :) No, I'm not going to be at FGS, but I think WikiTree is going to RootsTech, so I'm hoping to be there for that!Delete
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Kibibytes to Exabits conversion
Enter kibibytes value you wish to convert:
Kibibytes conversion
Kibibyte is a prefixed form of byte, used to denote multiples of the byte. Binary prefix kibi stands for 1024. Binary prefixes were created to address confusion when using decimal prefixes in context of 1024 division as it conflicts with SI definition of decimal prefixes.
Exabits conversion
Exabit, Ebit or Eb, is a prefixed form of bit, used to denote multiples of the bit. At the end of 2007, standards and government authorities proposed binary prefixes standard for binary multiplies in order to avoid confusion, ie kilobit to denote 1000 bits and kibibit - 1024 bits.


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2003-12-10 / Medical
PUT YOUR FEETIN THE RIGHT HANDS In the hands of experience…Diplomate American Board Podiatric Surgery Fellow American College of Foot Surgeons • Board Certified Foot Surgeon • Member American Podiatric Medical Association • Member American Academy Podiatric Sports Medicine • Full Hospital Privileges • Instructor and Lecturer to new podiatric physicians In the hands of concern…Dependable, gentle surgical and non-surgical care for corns, calluses, bunions, hammer toes, ingrown nails, warts • Comprehensive treatment for geriatric conditions, sports injuries, arthritis • Infant and child care • Emergency care for infections, diabetics • Prompt, courteous attention from office staff
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In a previous article, I discussed the fallacy that jet aircraft may not legally depart IFR unless able to maintain any specified departure procedure (DP) climb gradient following the loss of an engine ("Obstacle Departure Procedures," May 2013 AOPA Pilot Turbine Edition). While many pilots widely believe this true, the AIM is clear in stating that DPs assume normal aircraft performance with all engines operating. Rather than requiring the ability to fly a DP with an engine inoperative, what is required of operators is that they develop "contingency procedures" to cover the case of an engine failure during or after takeoff.
For-hire operators, such as jet charter providers and the airlines, have the specific requirements of such contingency procedures spelled out in minute detail in Advisory Circular (AC) 120-91. While it is not mandatory for Part 91 operators to follow AC 120-91, it is the only formal guidance available on how to create acceptable engine-out contingency procedures. The AC details for 20 pages the lateral and vertical areas that must be analyzed for obstacles, and how they vary depending on navaids available, turning versus nonturning paths, et cetera.
Because of the sheer number of obstacles present in a typical departure path, no operators but the largest airlines have the capability to perform such analysis in-house. Rather, third-party organizations provide this service as part of a broader package going by the name of runway analysis. Runway analysis rolls several mandated calculations into one easy-to-use, bottom-line number—at what maximum weight can an aircraft take off, meeting all the various performance demands placed upon it by the FAA?
For example, using a runway analysis package (above right), a light jet pilot might determine that departure at 25 degrees C from Runway 33 at Aspen, Colorado, is legal up to a maximum weight of 17,826 pounds. As long as the takeoff begins at or below this weight, all runway, climb, and obstacle clearance performance requirements will be met.
Often the runway analysis provider will also create one or more special departure procedures, to be followed in the event of an engine failure during the takeoff. By utilizing a lateral path that follows the lowest terrain, these special procedures can allow takeoff at weights thousands of pounds higher than what might be possible flying the lateral path of a departure procedure (DP).
There are dragons lurking under these special procedure paths, however, and many pilots are unaware of how close to terrain these operations might take them. Further, they impose additional demands on the pilot that must be carefully thought out before takeoff, to ensure the pilot's ability to keep the aircraft squarely on the prescribed lateral path.
Perhaps the biggest trap in blindly utilizing runway analysis and/or special departure procedures is how little lateral and vertical separation from terrain is actually provided if operating at the maximum allowed weight. AC 120-91 allows for as little as 35 feet of vertical obstacle clearance following an engine failure, less than the wingspan of even the smallest light jet. Laterally, the area of protection can be as narrow as 300 feet outside the airport boundary, or stated otherwise, one-twentieth of full scale CDI deflection on an RNAV departure.
Further, special departure procedures may be complex to execute, and not loadable from the GPS or FMS. Some require a sequence of headings be flown, with reaching a specified DME serving as the trigger to change heading. Having witnessed hundreds of simulated engine failures in both simulators and actual aircraft, I've seen many pilots struggle with just cleaning up the airplane properly and flying precisely at single-engine climb speed (the prescribed V2). To add the stress of needing to manage heading changes based on subtle navigation cues creates a situation that is, frankly, unreasonable for the average single-pilot jet operator.
If the special engine-out departure path diverges from the cleared departure procedure, the pilot must consider how and where a transition to the special procedure could be accomplished. If an engine failure occurs on the runway, it is clear that following the special procedure is required. Conversely, an engine failure several thousand feet above the airport while on the DP will most likely allow the pilot to continue the DP safely, with a large buffer of altitude already underneath the aircraft. But what if the engine fails at 400 feet agl, as the aircraft is starting the first turn on the DP? One thousand feet? Two thousand feet? Depending on how divergent the normal and engine-out paths are, and where the hazardous terrain is, there will be a point where continuing the DP is safer; clearly, in flight isn't the time for the pilot to be determining this, and careful pre-flight consideration is needed.
The use of runway analysis and/or special departure procedures are a double-edge sword; they are the only practical way for most operators to comply with the requirement to have a post-engine-failure contingency procedure, yet they must not be used without significant premeditation. Fortunately, there are steps pilots can take to stack the deck in their favor when using runway analysis in areas of high terrain.
First, pilots should recognize that unless practiced in a simulator regularly, attempting to use special departure procedures that cannot be loaded intact into the FMS (i.e., those that do not follow exactly the lateral track of an existing DP) is unrealistic for most operators. Using a DP ensures the pilot can follow the same path regardless of if and when an engine failure occurs, as well as providing clear, automatically sequencing course guidance during the climb.
Next, the pilot should remember that even following the lateral path of a DP, if operating at the maximum weight allowed by the runway analysis, the pilot maybe placing the aircraft perilously close to terrain. Consider all the variables that can result in not achieving the optimal single-engine climb: a small variation from the prescribed V2, too much or too little rudder input, engine thrust not set perfectly in a non-FADEC aircraft, just to name a few. Some allowance for these variables does exist; for two-engine jets, the FAA reduces test pilot-achieved climb gradients (termed gross gradients) by 0.8 percent to get the net gradients, which runway analysis providers use to calculate terrain clearance.
For a typical light jet with a single-engine climb speed of 110 knots, a 0.8-percent gradient reduction equates to about a 90 fpm climb rate reduction. It's not hard to imagine average, panicked pilot technique resulting in well more than a 90 fpm loss of performance, relative to that achieved by a test pilot. Based on this knowledge, it may be prudent for a pilot to determine a weight reduction, below that allowed by the runway analysis, which will be applied if takeoff weight is limited by obstacle clearance requirements. How great a padding the pilot applies might vary with overall aircraft performance, the nature of terrain in the area, and the pilot's confidence in his ability to maintain the precise lateral and vertical track demanded by the departure.
Neil Singer is a Master CFI with more than 7,200 hours in 15 years of flying.
By Jim Moore
Bombardier aerospace has expanded its business jet line with the launch of the super-midsize Challenger 350, announced recently in conjuction with the new aircraft's first customer, NetJets. Priced just under $26 million, the Challenger 350 is powered by a pair of Honeywell HTF7350 engines producing 7,323 pounds of thrist each. The flat-floor cabin is designed for comfort and is the widest in its class, Bombardier said. NetJets Signature Series models include a custom-designed entertainment and cabin climate management system, contemporary seats and interior, and a modular galley with single-service beverage machine also designed by NetJets.
"Designed to meet the ever-growing needs of our customers, this new aircraft reflects the feedback received from our existing Challenger customers," said Bombardier Business Aircraft President Steve Ridolfi.
The "paperless" cockpit is designed to reduce pilot workload, built on a Rockwell Collins Pro Line 21 Advanced avionics suite including synthetic vision, dual inertial reference systems, and weather radar among the features and systems. With canted winglets and fuel-efficient engines, the jet can carry eight passengers 3,200 nm.
The aircraft is in the development stage, with performance specifications still being tested and certified. The company plans to begin deliveries in 2014. Bombardier and NetJets jointly announced the new offering at the European Business Aviation Conference and Exhibition (EBACE).
Email [email protected].


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Aylinton Surname Ancestry Results
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aylgar aylgive aylham aylie aylief aylieff aylies aylif aylife ayliff ayliffe aylild aylin ayline aylineleye ayling aylinge aylings aylington aylinostre aylinton' aylippe aylisby aylismere ayliston ayliton aylivin ayllan ayllard aylle ayllecote ayllemer ayllenton' ayller ayllersham aylles ayllesbir' ayllesbire ayllesbiri ayllesbur'
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Magma Modification in the central Sierra Nevada Batholith
This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Reviewed Teaching Collection
This activity has received positive reviews in a peer review process involving five review categories. The five categories included in the process are
- Scientific Accuracy
- Alignment of Learning Goals, Activities, and Assessments
- Pedagogic Effectiveness
- Robustness (usability and dependability of all components)
- Completeness of the ActivitySheet web page
For more information about the peer review process itself, please see http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/review.html.
This page first made public: Jul 21, 2008
Skills and concepts that students must have mastered
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Higher order thinking skills goals for this activity
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Download teaching materials and tips
- Instructors Notes (Acrobat (PDF) 91kB Jan5 04)
- Solution Set (Acrobat (PDF) 314kB Jan5 04)
Other Materials
- Activity description (Acrobat (PDF) 909kB Jan5 04)
- Assignment handout (instructions, raw data and normalizing data) (Microsoft Word 457kB Jan5 04)
- Map of central Sierra (Acrobat (PDF) 294kB Jan5 04)
- Norm Calculator (written by Drew S. Coleman) (Excel 70kB Jan5 04)


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Baha Mar Celebrates Topping Off With Unveiling Of Major Partnerships, Foundation Launch
Music icon, actor and designer Lenny Kravitz, Spa-industry leader ESPA and National Art Gallery of The Bahamas to play key roles in Baha Mar experience; "Believe" foundation formed to shepherd philanthropy efforts.
Feb 22, 2013, 06:37 ET
NASSAU, The Bahamas, Feb. 22, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Baha Mar, the $3.5 billion resort enclave rising in the Bahamian Riviera, celebrated its midway completion point yesterday with a "Roots and Wings" themed topping-off celebration. The festivities, held inside the active construction site, marked completion of the final level – the 25th floor – of The Baha Mar Casino & Hotel, the iconic, tallest structure at the 1,000-acre resort. Central to the arts-inspired topping-off event were announcements of the creation of Believe, Baha Mar's philanthropic foundation, and a new design partnership with Bahamian multi-platinum Grammy-award winning performing artist, actor, and designer Lenny Kravitz. Baha Mar also announced it will partner with luxury spa operator ESPA, and unveiled a formal cultural alliance with The National Art Gallery of The Bahamas (NAGB).
To view the multimedia assets associated with this release, please click http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/baha-mar-celebrates-topping-off-with-unveiling-of-major-partnerships-foundation-launch-192573061.html
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130222/LA65055-c)
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130222/LA65055-d)
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130222/LA65055-e)
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130222/LA65055-f)
The Rt. Hon. Perry Christie, Prime Minister of The Bahamas, who delivered an address at the event, joined Sarkis Izmirlian, Baha Mar Chairman and CEO, in signing a commemorative tree painting, which was created by Bahamian artists during the early part of the celebration. The painting later was affixed to the top floor of The Baha Mar Casino & Hotel in an artistic twist on the conventional placing-of-a-tree topping-off tradition.
"Today's celebration is about so much more than a topping off," said Izmirlian. "The 'Roots and Wings' theme, which was inspired by works at the national gallery, truly personifies the Baha Mar story. Baha Mar is at its core about The Bahamas. By creating a Bahamian art gallery in our convention center and public spaces and including the unique designs of our own Lenny Kravitz in our grandest villa and nightclub, we are leveraging world-class, authentic Bahamian elements to create a resort experience like no other in the world. With today's milestone, Baha Mar is taking flight, ready to become the must-visit destination of this generation."
The Bahamas National Youth Choir gave a special performance of March On, Bahamaland, the national anthem of The Bahamas, as part the official topping off moment. Guests then thrilled to a fireworks spectacle choreographed to Lenny Kravitz's emblematic songs, Are You Gonna Go My Way and Fly Away.
"I grew up spending a good deal of my childhood in the Bahamas with my Bahamian family, and today, I still have a house and recording studio there. It has always been one of my favorite places in the world, and I am excited about our involvement with this great project at Baha Mar," said Lenny Kravitz. "This is the first commercial project for Kravitz Design in the Bahamas and I'm really looking forward to lending our unique flavor to the design of both the nightclub and luxury villa."
Through an innovative alliance with Baha Mar, The National Art Gallery of The Bahamas (NAGB) will curate art works on loan from their significant collections as well as works from the prestigious D'Aguilar Art Foundation and the private Dawn Davies collection. Works will be displayed throughout common areas of the Baha Mar resort and in unique gallery spaces in the Baha Mar Convention Center. NAGB Director Amanda Coulson and Bahamian contemporary mixed-media artist John Cox were on-hand to celebrate the partnership and its potential to create ground-breaking cultural events at Baha Mar.
Additionally, Baha Mar announced that internationally renowned, ESPA, a British company that currently operates more than 350 exclusive spas in 55 countries, will operate Baha Mar's destination spa. The company is well known for its philosophy of creating unique spa experiences that reflect the culture and geography of the destination.
The topping-off event also was a celebration of Baha Mar's positive impact on the community since breaking ground in February 2011. To-date, Baha Mar has engaged close to 400 locally owned construction and contracting firms and has focused on developing Bahamian professionals to help build an authentic Bahamian experience from the inside out. The new team members have played an instrumental role in shaping the unique Baha Mar culture and are now known as the "Dream Team."
"Our Dream Team is an extraordinary collection of talent that is helping to create the world's best resort. To honor their spirit and dedication, we have created BELIEVE, the Baha Mar Foundation, to give every team member a chance to shape the impact of Baha Mar's philanthropic efforts and have a say in the future of their community," said Izmirlian.
The foundation will focus on the guiding principles of "Community, Culture and Conservation." Baha Mar announced a commitment to raise $1 million before its opening date in December 2014.
This philanthropic commitment to The Bahamas complements Baha Mar's positive economic impact on the island nation, which includes a projected 8,000 permanent jobs, in addition to nearly 4,000 construction jobs. Other benefits include future increases in visitor spending and increased airlift – estimated to add $11.2 million to the country's GDP over a 20-year period.
Baha Mar, on schedule to open in December 2014, is set on 3,000 feet of white-sand beach just 12 minutes from Nassau's newly expanded Lynden Pindling International Airport. The resort will feature an elite collection of hotel brands with gaming, entertainment, shopping and natural attractions that reflect an authentic Bahamian experience. The Baha Mar Casino & Hotel, with 1,000 rooms, is the centerpiece of the resort, and includes a 100,000-square-foot Las Vegas-style casino – the largest in the Caribbean region. A 700-room Grand Hyatt, a 300-room Mondrian, and the 200-room Rosewood Hotels & Resorts® complete the extraordinary accommodations at Baha Mar.
Amenities will include the 18-hole, 72-par championship Jack Nicklaus Signature Golf Course at Baha Mar, scheduled to open in February 2014, 185,000 square feet of combined state-of-the-art convention facilities featuring a curated collection of Bahamian art, as well as a 2,000-seat performing arts center, more than 30 restaurants, nightclubs and bars, two spas, including the 30,000-square-foot destination ESPA at Baha Mar, designer retail boutiques, a beachfront sanctuary with native Bahamian flora and fauna,14 distinctive pool experiences and a private island.
About Baha Mar
Scheduled for opening in late 2014, Baha Mar will boast a total of 2,200 hotel rooms, spread across four major hotel brands including Rosewood Hotels & Resorts®, Mondrian, a Morgans Hotel Group property, Hyatt Hotels and Resorts, as well as the new, dazzling centerpiece of Baha Mar, The Baha Mar Casino & Hotel. Baha Mar's stunning, new 100,000 square-foot casino will be one of the most compelling and exciting gaming experiences in North America, comparable only to the best in Las Vegas. A total of 307 private, freehold residences are available for sale and located within each of the hotels, offering a lifestyle choice to suit all buyers. Baha Mar also will feature some of the most advanced and versatile convention facilities in The Bahamas, with a combined 200,000 square feet of space, portions of which also can double as an entertainment and sports venue. Other amenities will include 200,000 square feet of retail and entertainment experiences, combining upscale shopping boutiques with authentic Bahamian arts and crafts galleries, chef-branded restaurants and exciting nightclub and entertainment offerings.
More than 20 acres of beachfront experiences will transport guests to the natural habitat of The Bahamas. Pristine beaches with crystal clear waters are set along exciting pools, groves and coves where docile sea animals abound. Two unique spas, including one of the most complete spa experiences in the Caribbean -- ESPA at Baha Mar -- will provide the pinnacle of relaxation. The 18-hole Jack Nicklaus Signature Golf Course at Baha Mar will be one of a select few top-tier Nicklaus courses in the world, bringing a new, true championship course to The Bahamas.
For more information, please visit www.bahamar.com
Related Link
Baha Mar Resort
SOURCE Baha Mar


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The parent company is called Simpson Imports, these tomatoes are neither real San Marzano's nor imported.
I no longer partake in discussions regarding sourdough cultures or 'San Marzano" tomatoes!
Scott - Rienzi whole peeled or Cento Italian whole peeled are really good cans of tomatoes, and crush/dissolve very easily for the maximum amount of sauce.
John, tomatoes would normally be an area where I'd defer to your judgement, but, I've tried the Rienzi's and was sorely disappointed by the yield. I can buy Sclafani's crushed (Jersey Tomato), add 2 oz. of water to a 28 oz. can, and end up with a sauce that's a little on the thick side for NY. With the Rienzi's I had to pour off a great deal of the puree to get the consistency I was looking for.I will give the Centos a shot, though.
I would not bother with the Centos if the Rienzi yield was not what you were looking for.
The difference between these and say Cento Certified San Marzano's or Nina San Marzano's is night and day. I find the fake "San Marzano brand" to be watery and bland. Get a can of each and compare side-by-side and you'll never go back.
John, any chance you can post of photo of the tomato itself? I won't buy whole tomatoes because they yield too little sauce, but it the crushed tomatoes are pretty thick, I might splurge on these.The ASMs (American San Marzanos) in can, on a spoon, and at 45-60 sec on a plate.Notice the subversive Trademark on the ASMs --- "FEDUP". I like it....John
I bought Rienzi's once, they tasted like mud, worst can of tomatoes I've ever had, never again!
Not impressed. Will try Ninas


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Joined: 19 Aug 2007
Posts: 4
Location: Okinawa Japan
Posted: Mon Aug 20, 2007 12:00 am
Post subject: Follow My Heart to a SW Park
Hello, My name is SrA Lee. Im stationed in Okinawa Japan in the Air Force. I have been working on a theme park for well over 3 years now and am finally ready to put it out there. Right now i am working on getting the design copywrited, but other than that I am unclear as to what direction to go in next. I have tried searching the internet for companies, which has came up empty so far. I have the whole thing drawn and written out, up to what the staff will be doing, procected size (1.5 to 2 times Disney when its all done), possibilities for expasions, rate of growth, themes, ride lengths, and pretty much anything else i could think of. I really want this to lift off, and hopefully, with the approval of a certian director (look at the title for a hint), i know that this park would be the next big thing in the U.S. (assuming thats where it will be built).
any tips, pointers, or suggestions for my next move would be wonderful.
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Joined: 28 Jul 2007
Posts: 381
Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 5:21 pm
Post subject:
Hey there -
Thanks for posting. What do your plans look like, ideally. Would you like to build the park, just work on a concept? What's your goal?
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Joined: 19 Aug 2007
Posts: 4
Location: Okinawa Japan
Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 8:10 pm
Post subject: SW Park
the park is concentric (spelling?) with the jedi temple the center. it will house a smaller building with a ride (like the one in tomarrowland) that takes you on a discriptive journey through the replica area, then courscant and back. this is mainly for those that know little to non of SW to make the park more enjoyable. the resorts are Cor. Naboo, Endor, and then the waterpark in the Gungan city. the park will house a lightspeed travelin monorail thats suspended that goes in and out.... and then theres another tram that goes on the outside of the park that goes to each of the resorts (it has scenery in the different areas to keep interest)
but before i reviel more, i need pointers, tips, where to go next
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Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 11:53 pm
Post subject:
Even so... what are your goals with this park? Do you wish to see it built? Do you just want tips on how to make it better? Let us know.
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Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 11:57 pm
Post subject:
oh i want it built. i willing to spend every hour, even if im at work, getting this park put into motion. I would pretty much do anything possible within the military bounds. I dont care who i have to call, who I have to cut in to my profits. I just want to see it born!
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Joined: 30 Jul 2007
Posts: 165
Location: Virginia
Posted: Wed Aug 22, 2007 9:34 am
Post subject:
It sounds awesome! I love SW too. I'll come work on it in about 5 or 6 years (gotta finish high school and college!).
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Site Admin
Joined: 28 Jul 2007
Posts: 381
Posted: Thu Aug 23, 2007 4:08 am
Post subject:
I suppose the problem you face is that Star Wars is intellectual property owned by George Lucas. He has been in discussions several times for a Star Wars themed park, and what resulted was Star Tours at Disney. Even so, I'm not sure that his intellectual property is something that he would be willing to part with. Or maybe he would, but then again... He's George Lucas...why would he need you? That's a distinct possibility, although anything can happen.
The other possibility is that you could abandon the idea of doing a star wars park and do something cool and new. After all, Star Wars and Star Trek didn't exist before George Lucas and Gene Roddenberry.
Now I realize that this contradicts everything I have said in my themed articles regarding the utility of brand recognition, but certainly branding is not always necessary. For example, at Universal's Islands of Adventure, Lost Continent was supposed to be Atlantis... until Sea World came out with their Journey to Atlantis attraction 1 year before IOA was supposed to open. So Atlantis became Lost Continent and it was just as cool.
So I wouldn't give up on your idea, but also keep an open mind about the different cool ways it can be achieved. You don't need George Lucas' ideas to have a spectacular park. Your ideas are just as valid if refined in the correct way.
Those are my thoughts
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Joined: 19 Aug 2007
Posts: 4
Location: Okinawa Japan
Posted: Sun Mar 02, 2008 11:42 pm
Post subject: SW Park
well my idea has blossomed into something fantastic, unfortunatly i am unable to find any company that is willing to talk about it. i have even tried contacting Dubai Land, but either im faxing to the wrong number, or they're ignoring me too.
any other tips from you peeps would be great. if i get someone to jump onboard, ill even give the person that helps a cut. im really in the park for the parks sake, and not so much the money
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Joined: 29 Feb 2008
Posts: 31
Location: Los Angeles, CA
Posted: Mon Mar 03, 2008 11:43 pm
Post subject: SW Park
I think you might be missing the point that Nate outlined in his thread regarding intellectual property. I'm not positive, but I would imagine the reason companies are not responding as you would expect is probably because SW is such a huge brand name and commercial entity that they might be weary of a private solicitor pitching an idea based on SW material without the consent of Lucas himself.
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Site Admin
Joined: 28 Jul 2007
Posts: 381
Posted: Wed Mar 05, 2008 12:34 am
Post subject:
Yeah, exactly. It's like trying to sell someone else's car on ebay. You may find a buyer, but you don't really own it and therefore shouldn't really be trying to sell it.
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All News Releases By Date
U.S. EPA Honors GRID Alternatives as Climate Change Champion for Solar Panel Job Training Work in Low-Income Communities
Release Date: 02/26/2013
Contact Information: Nahal Mogharabi, firstname.lastname@example.com, 213-244-1815
San Diego Tribe Receives Solar Installations in 12 Homes, Reducing Energy Cost
SAN FRANCISCO - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Administrator Jared Blumenfeld today recognized nonprofit GRID Alternatives as a Climate Change Champion. The EPA Pacific Southwest Region's Environmental Award was presented at a ceremony hosted by the Hopland Band of Pomo Indians in Hopland, California. GRID Alternatives has worked with various low income communities and tribes including the La Jolla Band of Luiseno Indians in San Diego, Calif. on the training and installation of solar panel systems.
"EPA applauds GRID Alternatives for championing clean technologies to offset the climate change impacts of greenhouse gas emissions," said Blumenfeld. "This organization is a role model for how business can promote solar energy while equipping Californians with the skills they need to sustain this industry."
GRID Alternatives has developed a solar affordable housing program to train and lead teams of community volunteers and job trainees to install solar electric systems generating financial benefits for low-income families, job training for local workers, and environmental benefits through the reduction of greenhouse gases. The company also provides renewable energy and energy efficiency services equipment and training to low-income communities in California.
The La Jolla Indian Reservation is a federal reservation of Luiseño Indians in Northern San Diego County, along the southern slopes of Mount Palomar. La Jolla has been working with GRID Alternatives for more than two years. So far, twelve solar panel systems have been installed on the homes of Tribal members with several more to come. The solar panel installations have reduced energy costs and have helped La Jolla work towards renewable energy development.
"The savings that our members have on their utility bills allow them to use that money for other needed living expenses," said LaVonne Peck, Chairperson of the La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians. "Thank you to GRID Alternatives for working to assist La Jolla and other Tribal Nations with solar installations on our homes."
As of February 2013, GRID Alternatives has installed over 3,000 solar electric systems in homes, trained 11,700 community volunteers and job trainees on the theory and practice of installing solar systems, and has prevented over 250,000 tons of greenhouse gas emissions through PV installations. Beneficiaries of these systems have included seniors on fixed incomes, veterans, and homeowners struggling with unemployed and underemployment, as well as low-income residents of more than 14 tribal communities throughout California.
More information about GRID Alternatives, headquartered in Oakland, Calif., may be found at: www.gridalternatives.org
The EPA Pacific Southwest Region's Environmental Awards program acknowledges commitments and significant contributions to protecting the environment in California, Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii, Pacific Islands and tribal lands. Groups and individuals were selected from nominees received this year from businesses, government officials, tribes, media, academia, environmental organizations and community activists. For more information on the other 2012 award winners please visit: http://epa.gov/region9/awards
Search this collection of releases | or search all news releases
View selected historical press releases from 1970 to 1998 in the EPA History website.


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Fxdwhl's Photos, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday reports
dhd's ride report
Eric's results list
Short Version
Started 5:20 AM on Friday the 8th of May at Point State Park, with somewhere between 20 and 30 other riders. 390-ish miles and 35:64 later, I was first finisher at the Liberty Bell, and had well and truly shattered the previous record in the mid-40s. Rolling average was 14.5, time on bike was approximately 27.5 hours. One extended stop (4 hours) in Chambersburg, a couple of half-hour stops for meals, and probably a dozen 10-15 minute stops for fluid (either intake, output, or both) and quick refreshments.
Awesome ride. Hurt a bit, but awesome.
Long Version
My sweet, wonderful, endearing, noise-monkey of a daughter managed to restrict my sleep to roughly 3 hours before the ride began (for the nth night in a row), so I will confess to feeling a bit behind the proverbial eight-ball before the ride began. Being the stalwart rando-nerd that I am, I got up, indulged in a heavily buttered bowl of oatmeal and pint glass of sugared, lemony Lapsang Souchong, then staggered out to the garage to mount up. Last minute check: triply redundant lighting systems, enough spare layers to keep me warm down to below freezing, spare parts up to and including brake and gear cables, and about 3000 calories of bars, gels, beans, and energy drink mixes. Hmmm...my fleet-footed steed felt more like a cart horse at this point, but I decided to pretend that I was just tired, rather than suffering from advanced Kitchen Sink Syndrome.
Headed down to the Point; was one of the first arrivals, but for Ben from DC. Amusingly enough, I was wearing the DC Randonneurs jersey that I'd earned during the 300K the prior weekend; Ben apparently rides with them on a regular basis, so was more than slightly surprised to see the club colors at 5 AM in Pittsburgh. We were shortly joined by Jeremy, down from Chicago. (Apparently there were two Jeremys from Chi-town, but I only met one, so I'll not assign them nicknames or numbers or anything like that.) As it turned out, Ben, Jeremy, and I were to spend much of the first day together.
More riders poured in over the next few minutes; at least a couple of dozen were milling around by the time we departed at 5:20. A quick jaunt over to PPG Place to pick up potential stragglers, and we were off on the neutral roll to McKeesport. It became rapidly apparent that we had riders with a wide range of average speeds, so Ted and I made the executive decision (i.e. "We're in front, so we decide") to stop at the gas station in McKeesport to regroup. From there, we headed to the trail, then did a final "social regroup" at the Boston trail head. Quite a few of the faster folks in the front were champing at the bit by this point, so the social stop rapidly unraveled, and the process of sorting ourselves into small, vaguely compatible riding groups began. Myself, Ben, Jeremy, Wes, Tony, Ted, Ken, and David went off the front; then the group further splintered into Ben, Jeremy, and me in the lead.
The less said about the trail, the better. That said, I'll now talk about how much I dislike that many miles of limestone: I dislike it lots and lots. To be fair, it was in better shape than I had expected and feared; the previous week's worth of rain had merely turned some spots into wheel-sucking phlegm, rather than the entire trail. Still, after the first 50 miles of trail, I was really quite ready to be done. Shame I still had 40 miles to go until getting off at Rockwood...
We stopped for a quick bite at the convenience store in Rockwood, then headed off for the first of many climbs into Somerset, followed by Bedford, a stop at Sheetz, and Breezewood. We were making good time, and were fortunate enough to find the approach to the abandoned turnpike before daylight had faded. Good thing, too, as it was hard enough for me to spot in the light. The turnpike and tunnels were truly cool; sadly, however, I discovered my tires' propensity for pinch flats on the other side of said tunnels, where the pavement had degraded into naught but gravel-filled potholes and islands of sharp-edged asphalt. Two flats inside of 20 minutes does not a happy Dan make.
From there, we rejoined Bike Route S towards Cowan's Gap and Chambersburg. By the time we climbed the Gap, Ben was starting to find the idea of pitching his tent very, very appealing, so we bid him adieu at the state park campground area. Jeremy and I pushed on towards Chambersburg, with an eye towards a 1 AM arrival. Unfortunately for me (and for Jeremy, as he was waiting for me), the fatigue started setting in hard. We made it into Chambersburg around 1:30, and decided that it was time for a proper sit-down meal. The Waffle House was a lovely choice, as the staff was friendly, the portions were reasonable, and the prices were no more extravagant than one would expect. At this point, discretion became the better part of valor, and plans to push on to York before sleeping were overthrown in favor of the Days Inn one block over.
Checked into the hotel at 3, and were up and out the door by 5:30, for a total Chambersburg break time of four hours. Fortunately, once the legs had warmed back up, the ride began to trend much more in the downhill sort of way. In fact, once we'd started well on the way to York, I was feeling so good that speeds in the high teens and low 20s over the country rollers became the norm. I said my farewells to Jeremy, explaining that I wanted to take advantage of my burst of energy while it lasted; this was basically a semi-polite way of saying "It's a race, I'm feeling pretty good at the moment, and I'm outa here!"
While I intended to make the most of the perky period, I was a bit surprised to see how long it lasted...I was maintaining the same good speeds pretty much all of the way into Lancaster, and didn't really slow down until the last 20 miles of the approach to Phoenixville, Valley Forge and the trail head. I was hoping to make up some time while bombing down the trail; sadly, my tank was almost dry, and I could only maintain decent speed when I was chasing some guy on a tri bike. Then, once I reached the portion of the trail where it transitioned from pavement to towpath, I spent way too much time dithering on whether or not I should keep going, and where, and how, and all sorts of interesting mental vacillations. Finally continued on, and found myself smack-dab in the middle of a seething mass of humanity in honor of some rowing regatta. Average speed dropped to about 2-3 mph, and I found my normal love for all people giving away to vein-popping antipathy. Finally broke free of the press, with a good 20 minutes before my goal of 36 hours, and only 3 miles to go to the art museum. Then one of my patches from the prior night's flats gave way. I emitted copious quantities of profanity, then patched the patch, and continued on my way with a bit less time margin than I'd hoped.
Finally made it into town, and realized that I was simply not capable of reading the directions to the Bell. I knew it was Market and Something, so asked a native on Market which way I should go. Said native gleefully sent me in entirely the wrong direction, and I managed to make it all the way to 52nd before realizing that something was rotten in Denmark. Turned about, realized I'd utterly blown my 5 PM arrival time, and pedaled in slightly dejected, yet content fashion back down Market. Found the Bell, and called Eric, only to find that I'd forgotten about the 20 minutes of delayed start, and that I had managed to beat the 36 hour mark by a whopping 4 minutes. Go me!
Deena, the kids, and Uncle Micah met me at the Bell. We loaded up the car, headed to the hotel, had a lovely dinner at a local diner, and I fell face-down on the bed for about 9 hours. MAN that felt good.
I will happily do this ride again; I'm curious to see how much worse westbound from Philly will be. Of course, I seem to recall Eric making some mention of C-T-C EXTREME, with a there-and-back route, if anyone broke 36 hours. *AHEM*
Lessons Learned
- Schwalbe Durano tires (formerly Stelvios) are very nice, fast, smooth-rolling tires that work great on pavement and even on packed limestone. Sadly, they pretty much have the strength and resistance of feta cheese when it comes to warding off pinch flats on abandoned sections of the PA Turnpike. Also, the sidewalls are so thin that even a few feet of rolling on flats abraded them to the point where threads were coming through. I like 'em, and will probably use them for fast road rides, but I think I'll need to investigate other options for future rando and mixed-surface stuff.
- Bring two tubes for each tire size you carry. I carried only one of each. Patching pinch flats in the dark falls under the heading of royal suckage.
- I still need to find some techniques to better handle fatigue (other than the obvious, "Lie down and close your eyes for a while" option), as it hit me pretty hard on Friday night. Caffeine doesn't do jack, mostly because I use it too much on a daily basis already; chewing gum was better than nothing, but didn't have a great effect; reciting/singing/chanting to myself made the dozies worse.


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What Color Are the Leaves Really Turning?
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AbstractEveryone loves the beautiful colors of fall, but where do they come from and how does the change in colors happen? In this project, you will uncover the hidden colors of fall by separating plant pigments with paper chromatography. What colors will you see?
In this project, you will uncover the changing colors of fall leaves by separating plant pigments with paper chromatography.
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Sara Agee, Ph.D., Science Buddies
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Everyone loves the beautiful colors of fall, but where do they come from? What happens to make the leaves turn from green to yellow, orange, and red? Part of the answer is that tree leaves have pigments or colorful molecules, inside them. These pigments make food for the tree during warm, sunny months through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is when the energy of the sun is absorbed by the plant pigments and turned into food energy, which keeps the leaves green. But winter brings colder, shorter days and without as much sunlight, the tree shuts down the food-making leaves for the winter. So what you see in the changing autumn colors is the gradual change of these pigments.
- Chlorophyll (green) - Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis, which is the chemical reaction that enables plants to use sunlight to manufacture sugars for their food. Trees in the temperate zones store these sugars for their winter dormant period and so do not need to actively make food during the winter. Tree leaves must constantly make chlorophyll when they need it for photosynthesis, so once they stop, the green goes away.
- Xanthophylls (yellow) and Carotenoids (orange) - These pigments are also used for photosynthesis, and are there all summer long, you just don't see them because they are usually masked by the strong color of the green chlorophyll. These pigments do not break down as fast as chlorophyll, so they hang around longer during the fall. These pigments are also commonly found in such things as corn, carrots, and daffodils, as well as rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas.
- Anthocyanins (red) -The anthocyanins are different, because they begin to appear after the plant stops making chlorophyll. So these pigments are not there during the summer, and they appear latest in the fall succession of color. Anthocyanins are very intense color molecules, and they also give color to such familiar things as cranberries, red apples, concord grapes, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and plums. They are water soluble and appear in the watery liquid of leaf cells.
When you look at a leaf, you see the result of all of these colors mixing together. But if you separate the pigment molecules, you can see each individual pigment color on its own. One method for separating molecules is called paper chromatography. In this method, a solvent is used to dissolve the molecules of interest. Then the solution containing the dissolved molecules is passed through a strip of strong paper. The fibers of the paper trap the molecules as the solvent carries them through the paper. Larger molecules get trapped by the paper fibers first, and smaller molecules can travel farther along through the paper fibers. With this method, a colorful mixture of pigment molecules can be separated by size.
In this project you will use paper chromatography to separate the colored pigment molecules from fall leaves. By collecting leaves at different stages of turning, you will be able to capture all of the colors of fall. Will you be able to uncover the hidden colors, and tell the full fall story?
Terms and Concepts
To do this type of experiment you should know what the following terms mean. Have an adult help you search the Internet or take you to your local library to find out more.
- Pigment
- Photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll
- Xanthophyll
- Carotenoid
- Anthocyanin
- Paper chromatography
- Solvent
- What makes a leaf look so colorful?
- Can I extract the pigment from a leaf?
- Why do leaves turn fall colors?
- Are plant pigments involved in leaves turning fall colors?
- This project was adapted from "How To Do Paper Chromatography With Leaves" at About.com: Chemistry: Helmenstine, A.M. (2007). How To Do Paper Chromatography With Leaves. About.com: Chemistry. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 6, 2007 from http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howtos/ht/paperchroma.htm
- You can find out more from the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry: Palm Jr., C.E. (2007). Why Leaves Change Color. SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF) E-Center. Retrieved December 6, 2007 from http://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/leaves/leaves.htm
- Then find out more than you ever thought you could know at Harvard: O'Keefe, J., and Lee, D. (2004). Autumn Foliage Color. The Fisher Museum, Harvard Forest, Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University; and Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences. Retrieved March 30, 2012 from http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/autumn-foliage-color
- Clark, Jim. (2007). Paper Chromatography. Retrieved March 18, 2013 from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/chromatography/paper.html
- Waters Corporation Staff. (2012). High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Retrieved November 29, 2012 from http://www.waters.com/waters/nav.htm
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Materials and Equipment
- Leaves at different stages of turning colors (30-40, 10 per color group)
- Scissors
- Good, strong glasses (3-4)
- Rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol)
- Wooden spoon
- Fork
- Very small bowls for evaporating and concentrating extract
- Strong, white, heavy-weight, ultra-absorbent paper towels
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Toothpicks
- Plate
- Tall mason jars (3-4)
- Clothes pins (3-4)
What Color Are the Leaves Really Turning?
Experimental Procedure
- Go on a nice walk with an adult and collect some fresh leaves from different stages of color change during
fall. It is best for all of your leaves to come from the same tree, so look for a tree with a variety of
leaves at different stages. Here are some leaves I collected from a tree in my neighborhood:
- Separate and group the leaves into color groups, with ten good leaves in each group (unless you are using a tree with small leaves, like aspen or birch, then you should use a higher number of leaves). Try to form groups from colors that are as different as possible. For example, I made a green group, a yellow group, and a red group. In each group, I chose leaves in the deepest colors possible:
- Cut the leaves into very small pieces with your scissors (all pieces should be smaller than
about ¾ inch long) and put each group into the bottom of a good, strong glass:
- Add 1 Tbsp. of rubbing alcohol to each glass.
- Using the blunt end of a wooden spoon, macerate (soften) the chopped leaves by squashing them into the rubbing alcohol at the bottom of the cup.
- As you squish the leaves, you will notice that the rubbing alcohol will start to turn the color of the leaves. This is called extraction, and the rubbing alcohol is called the solvent.
- Continue until the liquid turns a deep shade of the color of the leaves, about 5 minutes per glass.
- Let the macerated suspensions sit for 30 minutes in a dark, room-temperature place to allow the color molecules to fully extract.
- Using a fork, lift out the bits and pieces of leaf material and set them aside. Take care to remove any liquid by gently pressing the leafy bits against the glass before you remove them. You should be left with a dark suspension of leafy color in rubbing alcohol at the bottom of your cup.
- Pour each extract into a very small bowl (I used tealight candle holders), and leave in a dark room-temperature place to evaporate off some of the rubbing alcohol. This will concentrate your extract, and make the color even more intense.
In the meantime, you should prepare your paper towel strips.
- Cut up a good, thick piece of paper towel into long, 1-inch thick strips. Make sure they are long enough to reach the bottom of the mason jars and still drape over the top. You will need a few strips (2-3) for each color group.
- Measure up from the bottom of each strip and using a pencil, gently draw a line that is 1 inch from the bottom of the strip. This will be where you apply the color extract to the paper towel strip for your separation.
- When your color extracts have concentrated, they will be thicker when stirred by a toothpick. Concentrating the extracts should not require more than about an hour of evaporating off the rubbing alcohol (which you started in step 10), although the extracts will become more concentrated the longer the alcohol is allowed to evaporate off. Stir each color thoroughly with a toothpick to blend and loosen any bits of dried up pigment from the side of the bowl. Be sure to use a different toothpick for each separate color so you don't mix them!
- Using the toothpick, "paint" a generous amount of the colored extract onto the pencil line on your paper towel strip, while still trying to keep the painted line as thin as you can. The more extract you "paint" onto your paper towel strip the darker the chromatography will be. Some plant pigments can stain, so you should do this on a plate so that the color won't seep through and stain your work surface. Try to apply the extract as smoothly and evenly as you can along the line. Repeat with 2-3 more strips, using the same color extract, so that you have duplicates for each color pigment.
- Repeat with the other colored extracts. Be sure to use a new toothpick for each different color! Allow the strips to dry.
- While the strips are drying, pour a small amount of rubbing alcohol into each mason jar, just enough to cover the bottom. About 2 Tbsp. will usually do the trick. You will need one jar for each color extract you have.
- When the strips are dry, carefully lower the pigmented end of the strip down into the jar until the bottom edge of the strip just touches the alcohol. Drape the top of the strip over the mouth of the jar and secure it with a clothes pin. Hang the other strips similarly. You can put strips of the same color extract together in the same jar, just be sure to keep them from touching each other and drape the tops separately over the mouth of the jar, each strip secured with a different clothes pin. However, different colored extracts should be in different jars.
- Make sure that the strips do not come into contact with the sides of the jar, except for at the top where they are secured, so that they are all hanging freely.
Leave the jars undisturbed.
- Set the glasses aside for about 30 to 60 minutes, and watch as the colors separate along the length of the strip. Stop when one of the colors reaches the top. As soon as one of the colors reaches the top of a strip, remove ALL of the strips and allow them to dry.
- Compare the colors found in the different strips. What happened to the colors? Did the different groups of leaves have unique colors, or shared colors, or both? Is each color found in the same place along each strip, or in different places? Are the colors in the same order, or in a different order of separation along the strip?
- Tip: If you have a pale chromatography, next time try using more leaves, cutting them up into smaller pieces (in step 3), and/or "painting" more of your colored extract solution onto the pencil line on the paper towel (in step 14).
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
BiochemistGrowing, aging, digesting—all of these are examples of chemical processes performed by living organisms. Biochemists study how these types of chemical actions happen in cells and tissues, and monitor what effects new substances, like food additives and medicines, have on living organisms. Read more
Plant ScientistWith a growing world population, making sure that there is enough food for everyone is critical. Plant scientists work to ensure that agricultural practices result in an abundance of nutritious food in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Read more
Agricultural TechnicianAs the world's population grows larger, it is important to improve the quality and yield of food crops and animal food sources. Agricultural technicians work in the forefront of this very important research area by helping scientists conduct novel experiments. If you would like to combine technology with the desire to see things grow, then read further to learn more about this exciting career. Read more
- If you find a really good tree, you can include all of the intermediate stages of leaf turning in your experiment. An especially good source of a wide variety of colors are aspen trees!
- There are many other natural sources of color, and you can use the same rubbing alcohol extraction technique to see them. How do the color molecules of different plant sources compare? Some ideas to try are: red cabbage, blueberries, cranberries, carrots, beets, spinach, flowers, and practically any other intensely colored plant you can get a hold of.
- This experiment uses paper towels to separate the colors, but if you want a more precise and advanced way of separating the colors you can use laboratory filter paper or thin layer chromatography. Here are some Science Buddies resources and additional projects for paper chromatography:
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Priests for Life is very grateful to Mother Teresa for her leadership on pro-life issues. May all priests and laity follow her courageous example!


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|23rd December 2009, 20:21
Posts: n/a
OC, yes, but what about OD?
The OD meaning Overdose, of course. I mean, how much is too much? Okay, I can hear you snigger in the back and shout "when it croaks, it's usually too much", but being rather inexperienced (although I have an amp that goes way up to 11) I would like to know a few things.
For example.
I just overclocked my CPU (i7-860) and RAM (Kingston HYX 1333MHz) through the automatic "CPU Level-Up" on my Asus P55 Gene mobo. The setting for the RAM was "Auto" so the mobo calculates voltage and clockspeed according to the CPU's speed. CPU has its stock cooler, by the way. The "Level-Up" mode has three settings: "firstname.lastname@example.com", "firstname.lastname@example.com" and "email@example.com". I chose the latter.
The result is: email@example.com/45°C (normally 2.8GHz/28°C) and RAM@1600MHz.
Everything runs smoothly (though I haven't tested this setting for longer periods, because of the stock cooler), but in Everest (Ultimate edition 5.30.1900) I saw that the RAM's DIMM voltage went up from 1.59v to 1.81v...
There's my problemo, muchachos: I don't mind speeds going through the roof, but when the voltage starts swinging towards the ceiling, I'm a tad reluctant to keep on tinkering...
I know that there's no pre-stamped frame for RAM overclocking, as the rims react all differently, even the ones from the same brand/speed, but does anybody know more or less what the limits are?
|23rd December 2009, 21:32
Posts: n/a
That is one of the reasons I don't use "auto" overclocking programs. They are based upon general results the individual mobo manufacturer has observed and includes an extra buffer room to "ensure" stability for the worst CPUs. Your CPU and RAM would probably operate fine at voltages below what the program sets. Motherboards are particularly bad at detecting RAM voltages from what I've seen...
The only thing you can really do is learn precisely what point your CPU switches from unstable to stable at specific speeds/voltages. Same with your RAM. Learning what the upper limits are for the various components helps with keeping a frame of reference and knowing when you're pushing the line.
I haven't paid close attention to DDR3 (since Core i7 920's are limited to 1.65v RAM), but JEDEC spec and most manufacturers build the RAM to 1.5v spec. I think 1.8v is about the safe limit, but JMke/Massman would know better.
|23rd December 2009, 22:14
Posts: n/a
When I OC'd my Q6600 and Q9450 under watercooling I did alot of research on what it took other people to get to a predetermined level email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.com and used a "generous" but not really high voltage,then I ran Prime95 until I was satisified the system was stable.
Once I was happy the system was stable, I'd bring the voltage down in low incriments until stability became an issue and raised it back up a tad.
|23rd December 2009, 22:27
Join Date: May 2002
Location: 7090/Belgium
Posts: 79,001
I stopped ocing the PC I used daily, when it crashed just when you needed it most; that was back in the days of Athlon XP
I value stability over speed, and been running my main rig at stock speeds, no regrets, 100% stability, have never experienced blue screen, hard freeze in this WinXP install which I have since 2004
other rigs here my have the occasional OC, but if its purpose is other than CPU/VGA tests, I won't overclock those components to the limit, to eliminate possible failure
|23rd December 2009, 23:35
Posts: n/a
Dimms don't get too hot either. Around 60°C also. Is a guess as I measured those after having finished playing and the PC settled again. With all 7 coolers at max speed (Antec 1200) the massive airflow cools-off everything to 'standard' temperatures pretty fast.
The warning lights on the mobo, both for the RAM and CPU stay green all the time as well (orange for serious overclocking, red for going bonkers). I just lowered the OC settings to "firstname.lastname@example.com", which lowers the RAM speed to email@example.com
And a lot of RAM manufacturers (like Kingston) are nowadays giving lower JEDEC specs than what the RAM can actually take, just to give overclockers the illusion of huge overhead. With the result that some RAM can be overclocked with as much as 1000MHz...
Last edited by JimmyJump : 23rd December 2009 at 23:42.
|24th December 2009, 03:41
Posts: n/a
Program or BIOS, either way they use predetermined settings programmed by the manufacturer's own testing of a "sample size" of processors, and I presume also RAM. They then program settings suitable for even the worst OCing processors, which means if you have an average to good OCing chip it's more voltage than you actually need. Neither the BIOS / software is smart enough yet to auto-OC on settings specific to your own hardware.
Also if you overclock it's generally recommended to disable Speedstep, C1E, and other power saving features. You can leave them on but as you overclock higher you'll risk creating instability. These power saving features modify both the frequency and voltage of the hardware and aren't designed for the CPU to be operating faster than it was programmed for.
Triple channel kits don't require additional voltage by default, it just depends what you run the settings at. For me 1.65v is plenty for 3 x 2GB @ DDR3-1600 7-7-7-16 Again this depends on the make/model RAM you get as they are all binned differently. For the adventerous some sites have shown that users can raise the QPI bus voltage to safely raise the RAM voltages beyond 1.65, as long as the difference is kept below 0.5v.
I don't follow what ya mean, but JEDEC specs themselves don't change. RAM that adhere's to JEDEC's specification must be built to run at one of their specification settings. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM
JEDEC only endorses voltages of 1.5v, so if memory manufacturers want to sell overclocking RAM, all they need is the right kind of chips and voltages way above 1.5v, then they can sell the memory at whatever rating they please.
With the correct overclock settings, I've never experienced any crashes that were not the result of a badly written program, outdated version, or driver. This PC is typically left running 24/7 under full loads for 1-3 weeks between reboots, so 99.9% stability is not good enough.
Jimmy, for OC stability testing I tend to stick with LinX... 25 runs at 100% of your RAM on a 64bit OS generally is the best I've seen for checking stability.... it doesn't test memory well, as I've seen poeple pass linx runs but get crashes or Prime errors because of unstable RAM. Because overlocking the RAM achieves so little in the way of benefits I don't even bother OCing the RAM, I just change the CPU multiplier to keep the RAM at or below model specifications.
Last edited by Kougar : 24th December 2009 at 03:48.
|24th December 2009, 09:06
Posts: n/a
I'm not trying to sell this as fact (in other words: it's my own speculation), but I think most 'big' RAM manufacturers (OCZ, Kingston, G-Skill, Corsair, you name it) test their RAM at much higher speeds than the specifications they sell it under, just to be on the safe side with OC over-enthusiasts. Which would amount to nothing, in my eyes, as a die hard OC-er is always searching for the limits...
For the rest, thank you very much for the interesting and useful advise, Kougar. I'll check some of the stuff you mentioned. May even bother you guys with some results too
|24th December 2009, 10:27
[M] Reviewer
Join Date: Dec 2008
Posts: 3,209
does the biops readout any other voltages Jimmy ? Usually they are too much for the required speeds... especially dangerous are eg QPI and RAM voltages voltages like Kougar already mentioned.
If you can readout the voltages, I would set them a tad lower and retest and so on till you find the lowest stable voltage...
Did it also increase Vcore ? I would start experimenting a bit mate to find a good combination between extra speed, voltage requirements, noise and heat output....
|24th December 2009, 12:11
Posts: n/a
PCIe built into Lynnfield means you have to use more voltage when overclocking, because you are also overclocking the PCIe controllers.
I agree completely with Leeghoof... if you are worried about voltages yet want to OC more, you need to manually test how low you can go on the various voltages.
Last edited by Kougar : 24th December 2009 at 12:22.
|24th December 2009, 12:59
[M] Reviewer
Join Date: Nov 2004
Location: Waregem
Posts: 6,466
I know that some manufacturers have name the IMC voltage "QPI Voltage", but that naming is incorrect as there's no such thing as a QPI voltage. QPI is the data bus between CPU and IOH; voltage for the bus are provided by the transmitter (Vioh) and receiver (vUNC). The voltage for the uncore part of the CPU, which is referred to by Intel as "non-core", is equal to the VTT voltage.
As for LGA1156, there should be limitation set in place and in fact lower than the 1.65V we see now. I've explained this in the original Core i5 mainboard article here on Madshrimps:
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