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2018 Ford F-150 XLT
Stock # 00T49264, Regular Unleaded V-8 5.0 L/302, Automatic, 12 mi., 17/23 MPG
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Call Chip Welch today 843 288 0212 ford Call Kim Wells today 843 288 0205 Lincoln. Price includes: $1,500 - Bonus Customer Cash. Exp. 01/02/2019, $3,250 - Retail Customer Cash. Exp. 01/02/2019, $500 - Ford Credit Retail Bonus Customer Cash. Exp. 01/02/2019Come visit us at www.goseeoc.com www.goseeocford.com
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897 Total Vendors
In a gorgeous waterfront city like Virginia Beach, there seems to be countless locations to host an amazing wedding! But which Virginia Beach wedding venue sounds ideal to you? Would you love a grand bash at a luxurious waterfront hotel after a beautiful beach ceremony? Do you like the idea of exchanging vows on a wooden pier before heading to an intimate seafood restaurant for dinner? Can you picture charming garden nuptials behind a historic bed and breakfast? No matter what kind of space strikes your fancy, our detailed listings of Virginia Beach wedding venues will help you discover your perfect match! If you are having trouble narrowing down your prospects, take your guest list into consideration. Will you require a larger space or a smaller, more intimate space? After all, a restaurant may be too small for 200 guests, but a ballroom would be far too large for 50 guests. You should also consider your preferred wedding season before making your selections. If you want to throw a spring or summer wedding, then an outdoor waterfront ceremony would be gorgeous! If you want to host a fall or winter affair, then an indoor occasion in a stunning chapel or grand dance hall may be a better fit. Once you've discovered the one and only Virginia Beach wedding venue for you, utilize our simplified booking system to save the date in a blink of an eye!

subset: commoncrawl


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The Political Work of Vladimir Debutkis, of Bulgaria
WE RECEIVED THIS ARTWORK WITH THIS MESSAGE: Hello. You will please not excuse my English for I am of Bulgaria and using translation internet to confiscate with you. But found on your site the "1934 McCain Tijuana Bible" and immediately took inspiration and wanted to make my own sexual wrestle for world view. Enclosed is such piece. For dialogue, to ensure fluid language, I have found own filthy comic book from 1940 united states, which I quote for many times in the beginnings, and then made words from actual quotes of politicians for rear end of piece. I am student of American popularity culture and enjoyed placing Republican rodents into comic book intercoure scenes. Cast of characters is Hillary Clinton, Nancy Pelosi as Popeye, Condoleezza Rice as Moon Mullins, Mitt Romney, Nancy Reagan, The pair of Maggie and Jiggs played by John McCain as Maggie and Cindy McCain as Jiggs, Josef Clapp' Lieberman, Antonin Scalia, Bill O'Reilly, Clarence Thomas, Reverend James Dobson, Michael Huckabee as Major Hoople, Ralph Reed, and added just this week, Mrs Sarah Palin ... I have made the work over two months time - am professional portrait artist in Bulgaria shopping center. It is good rent and food payer but lacks satisfaction. I found large and very engorged satisfaction with this work and thank you persuasively for any thought to publish on your site on computer tv. You have my exclusive permission for broadcast. It is cold soon in Bulgaria. I can hear the dogs outside so have to go. Thank you and God be kind. Sincerely and goad tidings, Vladimir
Pages 01 - 02 - 03 - 04 - 05 - 06 - 07 - 08
Click on each image to advance through the comic - more information on this item - other things found on this website
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Construction Layout
Prerequisite: BCM 11200 or BCM 11201 or consent of instructor.
Application of surveying skills relevant to the field of construction. Projects include layout of buildings, route centerlines, indirect determination of elevation and distance, referencing, establishment of grade, topographic mapping, and earthwork computations. Instruments used will include transit, theodolite, automatic level, laser and EDM.
Credit Hours:
West Lafayette


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We're a little bit in love with Asheville. From the local culture, food, and drink, to the proximity and enthusiasm for all things outdoors, this city is one piece of wonderful.
read more
All classes at Asheville Contemporary Dance Theatre are creative, welcoming, and open to the public. Get comfortable dancing together as a couple for your big day.
Whether or not you have dance training, we'll make a First Dance personalized for the two of you that people will remember-and remember fondly. Have fun dancing with ease on your wedding day!
We will help create the wedding dance of your dreams.
Your instructor can design a comfortable first dance for you and your partner. This will cover from the grand entrance when they announce you to the ending "dip" or bow and curtsey.
Nobody makes learning to dance easier than Arthur Murray. Trained professionals can make you feel at home in the friendly atmosphere of our dance studio.
The study of dance can be considered a highly motivated form of self-direction.
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Private lessons available, get ready for your big event. We feature an environment where the focus is to have fun while learning how to dance!
Customized wedding dance packages with one of our highly qualified instructors Help with music selection,choreography, and technique.Let us help you make your first dance as husband and wife MAGIC.
Schedule a Burlesque or Burly-Infused private group class for your bride-to-be! Additional Classes/Workshops/Events Available: Burlesque Burly-Inspired (Modern/Contemporary, Jazz, Broadway Jazz) STARLET (Pinup/Retro Photo Session w/wo Class)* Wedding Reception, Group/Couple Choreography*
Learn Salsa and other types of Latin dancing in Charlotte, NC with instructor Rodrigo Jiménez.
Offering the finest training in all Ballroom, Latin and Swing dances to the Charlotte, North Carolina area.
Our Instructors, who make ballroom dancing easy and fun, are professionally trained and certified in the art of ballroom dance.
Have a pole dance bachlorette party! We bring the pole, you invite the friends. A whole new meaning to a girls night out. Each guest receives a digital take home group photo and a toast of champagne!
Create a Perfect Dance Of Love. We are the Wedding Dance Specialists. With over 30 years combined experience, we can help any level dancer feel comfortable and confident on the floor and create the Perfect "First Dance"
Enjoy your dance lessons with Let's Dance.
The Celestial Stars studio's are dedicated to teaching all students including, children and adults, for special events.
Dance champions Honey Larsen and Buddy Stotts teach together on all private and group lessons. Specializing in personalized wedding choreography.
The company produces original ballets and contemporary dance works.
For your first dance as husband and wife, choreograph a unique wedding dance that will please and awe your guests with the help of outstanding and qualified instructors.
"Impress your guess with your wedding dance! Experienced instructors can teach you the basics or tailor a dance choreography to music of your choice."
We'll have your guests amazed as they admire the grace and elegance of your first dance, choreographed especially for you.
Enjoy dancing at your wedding. Personalized choreography for you, mom, dad, and the wedding party. It will be easier and more fun than you ever imagined.
Fast Start Wedding Dance Lesson, only $59 (reg. $95) for Bride and Groom. We customize a simple, but fun, routine to your music selection, Teaching in Sandy Springs, Marietta, and Johns Creek, GA. Call 404-847-0821 to reserve your lesson time.


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|White Silence on the Forum with: Pittsburgh's Unsolved Black Youth Violence... Maybe for the better? (127 replies)
|Mafia activity in Pittsburgh (202 replies)
|Pittsburgh: Midwestern City or Northeastern City? (114 replies)
|Pittsburgh: best/worst/whatever - 28 threads merged. (132 replies)
|Moving to Pittsburgh with only a part-time job? (26 replies)
|What would YOU do about Pittsburgh's schools? (70 replies)


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Those of you looking for the easiest and fastest way to share your life with hundreds or even thousands of friends on Facebook can find the HTC Status online or at your local AT&T store for $49.99 with a two year contract. (Or $399.99, if you're not willing to sign your life away to AT&T).
If you don't have the cash for the HTC Status, AT&T is also featuring a sweepstakes promotion. You could win an HTC Status by sharing news about the phone with your friends. Simply visit the HTC Status share page on AT&T's website, give them your email address and share the news with your friends on Facebook, Twitter or other social networks. If five of your friends visit the site with your link, you're automatically entered to win the HTC Status.
While many have shunned the HTC Status as a gimmick due to its slow processor and dedicated Facebook buttons, I do have to commend HTC for stepping out of their mold. They've delivered a great portrait keyboard phone for those who simply don't want or need a full-featured smartphone with a dual-core processor or a screen so big it barely fits in your pocket. The HTC Status is a modest phone for modest people who simply want a little more than the flip phone they've been holding on to for the past few years.
If you've had the chance to play with the HTC Status or have picked one up for yourself, leave us a comment below and let us know what you think.


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Annals of Improbable Research
JANUARY | FEBRUARY 2013 (volume 19, number 1)
Buy this issue
Special Issue
Sloths & Vampires
The Eager Pursuit of Sloths,
Vampires: Theoretical Coexistence,
Worm Turns?…
The features marked with a star (*) are based entirely on material taken straight from standard research (and other Official and Therefore Always Correct) literature. Many of the other articles are genuine, too, but we don't know which ones.
Special Section: Sloths and Vampires
The Eager Pursuit of Sloths* - Alice Shirrell Kaswell
Co-Existence of Vampires and Humans Is Possible: Proofs Based on Models Derived from Fiction Literature, Comic Books and Films* - Wadim Strielkowski, Evgeny Lisin, Emily Welkins
As the Worm Turns, Or Doesn't*
Improbable Research Reviews*
Improbable Research Review* - Dirk Manley
Improbable Medical Review* - Bertha Vanatian
Boys Will Be Boys* - Katherine Lee
Soft Is Hard* - Alice Shirrell Kaswell and Bissell Mango
May We Recommend: Beavers From On High* - Stephen Drew
Icky Cutesy Research Review*
News & Notes
AIR Vents (letters from our readers)
Editorial Board
Puzzling Solutions - Emil Filterbag
The Birds From the Flowers: Ray and Raven - R.W. Wood
Ig® Nobel Limericks: Pigeons and Teeth* - Martin Eiger
Subscriptions and eBooks for You and Your Colleagues
KIM CARTOON: @quot;[email protected]; - Nick Kim
Index of Special Issues
Unclassified Ads
On the Front Cover
"It should be observed that the sloth does not suspend himself head downward like the vampire..."
On the Back Cover
A technical drawing from US patent #5610674, issued to David A. Martin on March 11, 1997: "A fragrance dispenser for use with synchronized visual images may have a breath sensor located adjacent a person's nose and actuated by inhaling and exhaling through the nose to produce a fragrance dispensing signal and a plurality of fragrance dispensers each having a fragrance release portion positioned adjacent a person's nose for dispensing a fragrance adjacent the nose responsive to a fragrance dispensing signal from the breath sensor." (Thanks to Christina Agapakis for bringing this to our attention.)
Every Day
Read something new and improbable every day on the Improbable Research blog, on our web site: www.improbable.com


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We are friendly Chiropractors in London
Chiropractor Clinic London is ideally situated close to tube station and with parking space available. The team of registered practitioners aims to ease tension, aches and pains in an effort to improve overall posture, with massage techniques tailored to each client's needs.
The core services offered to you are adult chiropractic treatments, chiropractic treatments in pregnancy and chiropractic treatments for babies and children. Our clients have great things to say about us and we'd love to demonstrate why they are so happy.
All our clients find our clinic in London to be relaxing and are more than satisfied with our services
Many people think that Chiropractic care is only for people who have back problems. However, that is just not true. People visit the chiropractic office for a variety of reasons, many having nothing to do with the back. Vertebral alignments performed by chiropractors relieve the spinal cord of pressure, thereby helping the entire nervous system function effectively. This means that chiropractic care is useful for a wide array of conditions, including asthma, allergies, diabetes, chronic headaches, and more, and that there are also different types of chiropractic care to suit different circumstances.
As you can see, Chiropractic treatment is helpful no matter what stage your health condition may be in, from immediate relief to long term preventative care. Consider all of these possibilities when sizing up the value of a good Chiropractor. You are always welcome in our London Chiropractic clinic
Chiropractic education trains people in Chiropractic, a form of alternative medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine, under the belief that such a disorder affects general health via the nervous system. It is the largest alternative medical profession, and UK chiropractors often aspire to become primary care providers, though they lack the medical and diagnostic skills necessary to fulfil this role. The main chiropractic treatment technique involves manual therapy, especially manipulation of the spine, other joints, and soft tissues, but may also include exercises and health and lifestyle counseling.


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Product DescriptionNespresso OriginalLine: Vivalto Lungo, 20 Count
Size:20 Count Vivalto Lungo is a balanced coffee made from a complex blend of separately roasted South American and East African Arabicas, combining roasted and subtle floral notes. A complex and contrasting blend. The South American Arabicas, grown at high altitude, bring a light acidity, the Ethiopian Arabica adds its floral touch, and the 'Cerrado' coffee from Brazil reinforces the character and develops the bitterness. Separate roasting brings out the characters of the different origins. The grinding of the beans results in a coffee best enjoyed in a large cup. The perfect mix of several origins results in a rich and complex character: roasted, lightly woody, sweet cereal and subtle floral notes.Interesting in Nespresso OriginalLine: Vivalto Lungo, 20 Count? We can provide you our best price!


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Imagine a metal junction box that is 32 inches x 32 inches x 6 inches with two 4-inch EMT raceways connected directly across from one another on opposite walls. Each 4-inch raceway contains three 250 kcmil conductors. An additional 2-inch EMT raceway, which contains three 4/0 AWG XHHW conductors, is connected to the back wall of the junction box directly opposite the removable cover, and another 2-inch EMT raceway has been connected to the bottom of the enclosure for a tap to a piece of industrial equipment. The 4/0 AWG conductors, which pass through the junction box, are installed in the 2-inch raceways. What's the minimum dimension required between either of the 4-inch raceways (installed in a horizontal position) and the 2-inch raceway connected to the bottom of the enclosure (installed in a vertical position)? Note: No conductors are installed between either of the 4-inch raceways or either of the 2-inch raceways.
A) 32 inches
B) 24 inches
C) 4 inches
D) No requirement for this installation
Answer: D)
Explanation: The following sentence located directly beneath the Exception to 314.28(A)(2) is seldom read, but its content is still important: "The distance between raceways enclosing the same conductor shall not be less than 6 times the trade diameter of the larger raceway." This applies to angle or U-pulls, and it could be applied to 2-inch raceways, but not those in the question posed. In this example there's no angle pull between the 4-inch raceway(s) and the 2-inch raceway(s), so this requirement doesn't apply as the question is written.
Owen is the owner and president of National Code Seminars and the holder of master electrician certifications in 46 states.


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5 or more
10 or more
30 or more
ABOUT THIS PRODUCT: They'll be back starting in January 2019 for Purim 2019!
14-15 cookies per lb. About 70 cookies be 5 lbs tray. Cookie size 2.5-3 inches on each side. These hamantaschen are absolutely delicious filled with raspberry jelly. They are hand made and baked in a kosher facility that does not process nuts. This is an all time favorite. Raspberry filled hamentash is one of the most delicious flavors! Packed in 5 lbs boxes on a tray ready to serve! Please order in multiples of 5. They are hand made under strict supervision and baked in a kosher nut-free facility. Great for mishloach manot and Purim celebrations! Kosher Kof-K Parve Pas Yisroel, Kamach Yoshon.
It would be our pleasure to ship it to you!
Free shipping and more discounts! Chocolategelt.com is your online source for Nut-Free Hamantaschen by pound Parve Pas Yisroel - RASPBERRY. We serve schools, synagogues, non-profit organizations, as well as individuals. Nut-Free Hamantaschen by pound Parve Pas Yisroel - RASPBERRY sold retail and wholesale, you can see price break depending on quantity you buy on each product page. Our popular products are dreidels, chocolate coins also known as gelt, candles and party gifts for Chanukah. Our selection also includes wide variety of Purim supplies Thank you for shopping at our store!
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – In the first U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association (USTFCCCA) poll for the outdoor season that was released on Wednesday morning, the MIT women's track and field team were ranked 18th. The Engineers have moved up two spots from the preseason poll from March 26.
MIT opened the outdoor season in sunny California this past weekend at the Westmont Collegiate Classic, coming in third place out of six teams with 60.5 points. Senior Lauren Kuntz (Pittsburgh, Pa.) was named the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) Field Athlete of the Week on Monday for her record-breaking first place finish in the pole vault with her vault of 12-11.50. Freshman Sarah Quinn (Watchung, N.J.) also came first in her event, the 1500m, with a time of 4:32.82, finishing 12 seconds ahead of the rest of the competition.
Also finishing high in the seedings was the 4x100 relay that was composed of junior Jaclyn Konopka (Novi, Mich.), sophomore Veronica Szklarzewski (Chicago, Ill.), sophomore Michelle Johnson (Glendora, Calif.) and junior Jacqueline Brew (Amherst, N.H.). The quartet came in third place with a time of 50.72.
MIT will host the Engineer's Cup on Saturday, April 6, due to start at 12:00 p.m., welcoming WPI and RPI to campus.


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Barker, Karen L and Reid, Margaret and Lowe, Catherine (2009) Divided by a lack of common language? - a qualitative study exploring the use of language by health professionals treating back pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10 (1). p. 123. ISSN 1471-2474


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Boynton, Robert S. "Is Honor Up for Grabs? Education Isn't About Surveillance." Washington Post. May 27, 2001: B01.
Branigan, Cara. "Rutgers Study Confirms that Web Makes Cheating Easier." eSchool News Online (May 11, 2001) http://www.eschoolnews.com/news/showStory.cfm?ArticleID=2617&ref=wo
Howard, Rebecca Moore. "Forget About Policing Plagiarism. JustTeach." Chronicle of Higher Education (Nov. 16, 2001): B24.
-------. Standing in the Shadow of Giants: Plagiarists, Authors, Collaborators. Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1999.
Lunsford, Andrea, Rebecca Rickly, Michael Salvo, Susan West. "What Matters Who Writes? What Matters Who Responds?" Kairos1.1 (Spring 1996) http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/1.1/features/lunsford/title.html (Apr. 18, 2003).
Olsen, Victoria. "Jane Eyre, To Go." Salon.com (Nov. 13, 1998) http://archive.salon.com/it/career/1998/11/13career.html
Roig, Miguel. "When College Students' Attempts at Paraphrasing Become Instances of Potential Plagiarism." Psychological Reports 84 (1999): 973-82.
Scanlon, Patrick M. and David R. Neumann. "Internet Plagiarism Among College Students." Journal of College Student Development43.3 (May/June 2002): 374-85.
University of Alberta Libraries. "Why Students Plagiarize." Guide to Plagiarism and Cyber-Plagiarism. 2002. http://www.library.ualberta.ca/guides/plagiarism/why/index.cfm (April 18, 2003).
Zernike, Kate. "With Cheating on the Rise, More Colleges Are Turning to Honor Codes." The New York Times (Nov. 2, 2002): Sec. A, Pg. 10, Col. 1.


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Drugs! Vintage gamorrean a step backwards?! Best likeness of a star wars character in a figure ever period.
Yeah, he does deserve to be in the regular lineup... if Dak can make the cut, then Wedge certainly does. Could even put that Wedge head on a Dak body I guess and give yourself a Hoth version of Wedge...
Still waiting for the ROTJ wave to show up locally.
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Cardiovascular Outcomes Study of Naltrexone SR/Bupropion SR in Overweight and Obese Subjects With Cardiovascular Risk Factors (The Light Study)
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01601704
Recruitment Status : Terminated
First Posted : May 18, 2012
Results First Posted : February 27, 2017
Last Update Posted : February 27, 2017
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- Study Results
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Condition or disease
|Obesity Overweight
|Drug: NB32 Drug: PBO Behavioral: Weight Management Program
|Phase 3
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Actual Enrollment :
|8910 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Parallel Assignment
|Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing the Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) in Overweight and Obese Subjects With Cardiovascular Risk Factors Receiving Naltrexone SR/Bupropion SR
|Study Start Date :
|June 2012
|Actual Primary Completion Date :
|August 2015
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|August 2015
|Experimental: NB32
Drug: NB32
Naltrexone SR 32 mg/Bupropion SR 360 mg/day. Administered in addition to the weight management program.
Other Name: CONTRAVE
Behavioral: Weight Management Program
A comprehensive weight management program will be administered in addition to the subject's study medication assignment. The program includes internet counseling by an accredited health and fitness professional and a nutrition and exercise program with goal setting and educational and tracking tools.
Other Name: WeightMate (Tm)
|Placebo Comparator: PBO
Drug: PBO
Placebo. Administered in addition to the weight management program.
Behavioral: Weight Management Program
A comprehensive weight management program will be administered in addition to the subject's study medication assignment. The program includes internet counseling by an accredited health and fitness professional and a nutrition and exercise program with goal setting and educational and tracking tools.
Other Name: WeightMate (Tm)
- Percentage of Participants With a Confirmed Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE) [ Time Frame: Confirmed occurrence of event between Day 1 (randomization) and up to a maximum of 4 years of follow-up ]The primary endpoint is the time from randomization to the first confirmed occurrence of any event within the primary MACE composite (defined as cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke). Due to early termination of the study, pre-planned 50% interim analysis is considered the primary analysis for outcome measures. The pre-planned 50% interim analysis was conducted when 50% of the total planned MACE were observed.
- Percentage of Participants With a Confirmed Occurrence of Cardiovascular Death, Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction, Nonfatal Stroke, or Nonfatal Unstable Angina Requiring Hospitalization [ Time Frame: Confirmed occurrence of event between Day 1 (randomization) and up to a maximum of 4 years of follow-up ]Due to early termination of the study, the pre-planned 50% interim analysis is considered the primary analysis for outcome measures.
- Percentage of Participants With a Confirmed Occurrence of Cardiovascular Death (Including Fatal Myocardial Infarction, Fatal Stroke) [ Time Frame: Confirmed occurrence of event between Day 1 (randomization) and up to a maximum of 4 years of follow-up ]Due to early termination of the study, the pre-planned 50% interim analysis is considered the primary analysis for outcome measures.
- Percentage of Participants With a Confirmed Occurrence of Myocardial Infarction (Nonfatal or Fatal) [ Time Frame: Confirmed occurrence of event between Day 1 (randomization) and up to a maximum of 4 years of follow-up ]Due to early termination of the study, the pre-planned 50% interim analysis is considered the primary analysis for outcome measures.
- Percentage of Participants With a Confirmed Occurrence of Stroke (Nonfatal or Fatal) [ Time Frame: Confirmed occurrence of event between Day 1 (randomization) and up to a maximum of 4 years of follow-up ]Due to early termination of the study, the pre-planned 50% interim analysis is considered the primary analysis for outcome measures.
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|45 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- ≥50 years of age (women) or ≥45 years of age (men)
- Body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2 and ≤50 kg/m2
- Waist circumference ≥88 cm (women) or ≥102 cm (men)
At increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes:
Cardiovascular disease (confirmed diagnosis or at high likelihood of cardiovascular disease) with at least one of the following:
- History of documented myocardial infarction >3 months prior to screening
- History of coronary revascularization
- History of carotid or peripheral revascularization
- Angina with ischemic changes (resting ECG), ECG changes on a graded exercise test (GXT), or positive cardiac imaging study
- Ankle brachial index <0.9 (by simple palpation) within prior 2 years
- ≥50% stenosis of a coronary, carotid, or lower extremity artery within prior 2 years
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with at least 2 of the following:
- Hypertension (controlled with or without pharmacotherapy at <145/95 mm Hg)
- Dyslipidemia requiring pharmacotherapy
- Documented low HDL cholesterol (<50 mg/dL in women or <40 mg/dL in men) within prior 12 months
- Current tobacco smoker
Exclusion Criteria:
- Myocardial infarction within 3 months prior to screening
- Angina pectoris Grade III or IV as per the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading scheme
- Clinical history of cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
- History of tachyarrhythmia other than sinus tachycardia
- Planned bariatric surgery, cardiac surgery, or coronary angioplasty
- History of seizures (including febrile seizures), cranial trauma, or other conditions that predispose the subject to seizures
- History of mania or current diagnosis of active psychosis, active bulimia or anorexia nervosa (binge eating disorder is not exclusionary)
- Any condition with life expectancy anticipated to be less than 4 years (e.g., congestive heart failure NYHA Class 3 or 4)
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01601704
Hide Study Locations
|United States, Alabama
|Birmingham, Alabama, United States
|Dothan, Alabama, United States
|Mobile, Alabama, United States
|Scottsboro, Alabama, United States
|United States, Arizona
|Chandler, Arizona, United States
|Mesa, Arizona, United States
|Peoria, Arizona, United States
|Phoenix, Arizona, United States
|Scottsdale, Arizona, United States
|Tucson, Arizona, United States
|Tuscson, Arizona, United States
|United States, Arkansas
|Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
|United States, California
|Anaheim, California, United States
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|Escondido, California, United States
|Fresno, California, United States
|Harbor City, California, United States
|Huntington Beach, California, United States
|La Jolla, California, United States
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|Los Angeles, California, United States
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|Santa Rosa, California, United States
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|Torrance, California, United States
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|United States, Colorado
|Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
|Denver, Colorado, United States
|Golden, Colorado, United States
|Wheat Ridge, Colorado, United States
|United States, Connecticut
|Norwalk, Connecticut, United States
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|Wilmington, Delaware, United States
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|Syracuse, New York, United States
|Williamsville, New York, United States
|United States, North Carolina
|Cary, North Carolina, United States
|Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
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|Elizabeth City, North Carolina, United States
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|Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
|United States, Ohio
|Akron, Ohio, United States
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|Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
|Cleveland, Ohio, United States
|Columbus, Ohio, United States
|Delaware, Ohio, United States
|Kettering, Ohio, United States
|Marion, Ohio, United States
|Mentor, Ohio, United States
|Willoughby Hills, Ohio, United States
|United States, Oklahoma
|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
|United States, Oregon
|Medford, Oregon, United States
|Portland, Oregon, United States
|United States, Pennsylvania
|Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States
|Bensalem, Pennsylvania, United States
|Danville, Pennsylvania, United States
|Duncansville, Pennsylvania, United States
|Ephrata, Pennsylvania, United States
|Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania, United States
|Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States
|Lansdale, Pennsylvania, United States
|Norristown, Pennsylvania, United States
|Scottdale, Pennsylvania, United States
|Sellersville, Pennsylvania, United States
|State College, Pennsylvania, United States
|West Reading, Pennsylvania, United States
|Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States
|United States, South Carolina
|Anderson, South Carolina, United States
|Charleston, South Carolina, United States
|Columbia, South Carolina, United States
|Greenville, South Carolina, United States
|Greer, South Carolina, United States
|Hodges, South Carolina, United States
|Laurens, South Carolina, United States
|Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, United States
|United States, South Dakota
|Rapid City, South Dakota, United States
|United States, Tennessee
|Bristol, Tennessee, United States
|Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
|Germantown, Tennessee, United States
|Jackson, Tennessee, United States
|Kingsport, Tennessee, United States
|Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
|Memphis, Tennessee, United States
|United States, Texas
|Beaumont, Texas, United States
|Corpus Christi, Texas, United States
|Dallas, Texas, United States
|Houston, Texas, United States
|Hurst, Texas, United States
|Lake Jackson, Texas, United States
|McKinney, Texas, United States
|San Antonio, Texas, United States
|Schertz, Texas, United States
|Tomball, Texas, United States
|Waco, Texas, United States
|United States, Utah
|Bountiful, Utah, United States
|Draper, Utah, United States
|Murray, Utah, United States
|Ogden, Utah, United States
|Orem, Utah, United States
|Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
|West Jordan, Utah, United States
|United States, Virginia
|Alexandria, Virginia, United States
|Norfolk, Virginia, United States
|Richmond, Virginia, United States
|Winchester, Virginia, United States
|United States, Washington
|Seattle, Washington, United States
|Spokane, Washington, United States
|Tacoma, Washington, United States
|Walla Walla, Washington, United States
|United States, Wisconsin
|Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States
|Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States
|Madison, Wisconsin, United States
|Study Director:
|Medical Director Clinical Science
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
|Responsible Party:
|Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01601704 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
The Light Study ( Other Identifier: Takeda )
U1111-1162-4981 ( Registry Identifier: WHO )
|First Posted:
|May 18, 2012 Key Record Dates
|Results First Posted:
|February 27, 2017
|Last Update Posted:
|February 27, 2017
|Last Verified:
|April 2016
Keywords provided by Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc:
Body Weight
Cardiovascular Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Endocrine System Diseases
Glucose Metabolism Disorders
Heart Diseases
Metabolic Diseases
Narcotic Antagonists
Nutrition Disorders
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Body Weight
Signs and Symptoms
Narcotic Antagonists
Physiological Effects of Drugs
Sensory System Agents
Peripheral Nervous System Agents
Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation
Antidepressive Agents
Psychotropic Drugs
Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors
Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors
Membrane Transport Modulators
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Dopamine Agents
Neurotransmitter Agents
Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibitors


text:
WallShadow wrote:With Disney's reputation, I'd say they'll make it a 'child friendly' film and simply embarrass any old fans of star wars while appealing to the new, younger generation. Or, if they try to appeal to the older audience, as history shows, they will bomb and fail it miserably. I'm not expecting much.
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text:
This is what we came up with...
It is almost 5 feet long and about 2 feet wide...yep it's HUGE! I was thinking a painted black frame or maybe a rough cedar frame? I am also going to sand it a little to give it an aged look and put a light stain/sealer over the top.
We made that sign back in February of 2011. One of the *original* pallet signs if you will. The above sign sold right off of our porch. Then we made this one...
Then this one...
This crazy sign started a
business hobby that is still going strong today in 2014! Thanks to all of you who have pinned it, word has gotten around. We've seen it duplicated everywhere! We'd like to think we had a hand in helping to start the pallet wood craze.
We sell lots of different style pallet signs now, and we'd love for you to visit our Etsy Shop to see how our style has evolved over the last several years.
If you are interested in the *ORIGINAL* Welcome Friends & Family reclaimed wood sign, you can find it HERE.
If you don't already then we would love to have you join us over at FACEBOOK. Plus, our FB fans see the newest designs first & get all the best discounts!
We truly appreciate all the interest in this sign. If you want to make your own, for your own home then we'd love to see a picture! You can send it to...threemangoseeds@yahoo (dot) com.
However, if you own a sign business or an Etsy shop, please do not copy ours exactly. Be creative -- change up the design (font) to make it your own. Thank you.
Thanks for stopping by!


text:
The Military and
Reconstruction Operations
© 2007 Mick Ryan
From Parameters, Winter 2007-08, pp. 58-70.
The post-Cold War trend of convergence between military and nonmilitary tasks has accelerated over the past six years as western nations seek to defeat the insurgencies in Afghanistan and Iraq.1 One result of this convergence is an increased role for military forces in the conduct of humanitarian missions previously viewed as the sole preserve of nongovernmental organizations. This transition is reflected in a greater emphasis on reconstruction activities by the military in contemporary operations.
To some extent, most western military organizations involved in Iraq or Afghanistan now appreciate the requirement for military units to conduct reconstruction operations as part of their normal missions. At the strategic level, the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada have established government offices for developing a more coherent approach to nation-building activities.2 The Provincial Reconstruction Teams established in Iraq and Afghanistan over the last several years are evidence of this. These may have a limited impact in some higher threat areas because of a lack of sufficient, integral intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and force protection assets.
A more robust approach to military-led reconstruction operations would see organizations with increased mobility, a strengthened ISR capability, and enhanced security.3 This self-contained capability will allow for the conduct of reconstruction operations where and when required. If the indigenous capacity is weak and nongovernmental organizations are unable to work securely, such an organization can make a significant contribution to shaping the opinions and perceptions of the local population. This article examines
the contribution of military-led reconstruction operations as part of a unified counterinsurgency campaign.4 These operations require the precise, discriminate application of nonkinetic effects to support the overall campaign plan in an effort to defeat contemporary and future insurgencies. Such operations require the allocation of significant combat support elements such as engineers and civil affairs, and should be synchronized within a joint, interagency application of national resources in support of the counterinsurgency effort. The ultimate aim of these operations is to coerce or persuade target populations to support friendly forces over insurgents.
Reconstruction and Counterinsurgency
Reconstruction operations play a vital role within the broader conduct of a counterinsurgency campaign. In many respects, the effects of reconstruction activities will have a more enduring influence than tactical, nonkinetic operations. This is not to minimize the importance of robust combat forces; there will always be a need to target certain insurgent elements for destruction. But the population-centric nature of counterinsurgency means that kinetic operations may often play a supporting role for other nation-building activities. The ability of the counterinsurgent to achieve the right balance between precise, discriminate kinetic and nonkinetic actions will have a major impact on how successfully local populations can be influenced.
Given the number of civilian agencies and the depth of their capabilities and experience, some may question the rationale for an expanded role for military organizations in reconstruction operations. The harsh reality is that in many areas such as southern Afghanistan and Iraq, tenuous security conditions prevent many aid groups and other government agencies from establishing a presence. In some instances these aid organizations, and other contractors, are deliberately targeted by insurgent groups in an effort to prevent them from gaining a foothold and becoming effective in assisting the local populace.5 In spite of these negative influences, the need for reconstruction operations in support of security missions remains. This ca-
pacity is best provided by highly capable organizations that possess an integral mobility and protection capability permitting the conduct of reconstruction operations with minimal interference from insurgents. Only military organizations, particularly military engineers, possess the ability to conduct reconstruction activities while concurrently providing robust self-protection.
Military-led reconstruction operations provide time and space for indigenous capacity to backfill existing military programs and functions. They also allow for the eventual integration of nongovernmental and aid organizations. This is not to say that reconstruction operations occur only after kinetic operations have terminated. The key to any successful counterinsurgency campaign is the commencement of reconstruction activities from the very beginning of the campaign. Such campaigns and their accompanying strategies require some cultural adjustment in most western military organizations.6 In traditional, conventional operations, the enemy is the object. Their defeat or destruction is the key goal of military forces. Consequently, Army combat units (infantry, armor, attack aviation) have primacy on the battlefield and are supported by a range of combat support and combat service support organizations. In complex insurgencies, however, when opposed by western nations and their militaries, the population is the object.7 As a consequence, the main effort becomes the effects generated by those military (combat support and service support) organizations that are best suited to provide support to population operations and the rebuilding of indigenous capacity. Security operations, conducted by combat units, should be integrated into these population support operations.8
The conduct of large-scale reconstruction operations by military organizations may require a reallocation of resources from kinetic security operations into what has traditionally been support roles, such as construction and civil liaison. While undertaking reconstruction, military engineers may also teach the local populace basic trade skills and the planning and conduct of construction tasks, while ensuring that the indigenous capacity to execute such skills and tasks is constantly improving. Providing skills improvement to the local population is an effective way to assist disrupted populations in helping themselves and is a key element of any exit strategy.
In the conduct of reconstruction operations, both the populace and the nascent indigenous government often require additional support. This should be done concurrently, both to enhance the legitimacy of the government and to maintain the credibility of the military forces performing the reconstruction operations in the eyes of the local populace. This two-tiered approach could be described as a top-downbottom-up approach. Such an
approach is best exemplified by the conduct of concurrent operations to rebuild government institutions and infrastructure (top-down), while at the same time conducting small-scale missions to assist the people in individual towns and villages (bottom-up) based on community priorities.
Reconstruction undertaken in the top-down category should wherever possible be based on the priorities of provincial officials. This requires detailed consultation and interaction with local inhabitants and their representatives. It also requires the development of a relationship where both sides are able to build trust and candidly discuss the projects that will benefit the local populace, not just those benefiting local officials. These projects will normally be significant in their scale and scope, for example, the wide-scale construction of schools, roads, or healthcare facilities. The duration of these projects will probably take a fairly long time and should involve significant contributions from local contractors.
Consultation with local officials and other interested parties will be a critical aspect of prioritizing the reconstruction projects. It is worth establishing a formal mechanism, involving all stakeholders, to facilitate community and government consultation. This interaction should include regular meetings with officials and local inhabitants to work out the details of individual projects, ensuring that what will be delivered is what the locals need.
It is also worth considering the adoption of a minimum level of local labor content for every contract signed with local construction companies. The threefold aim of such a plan is to keep locals employed in constructive endeavors, foster the transfer of work skills, and inject money into the local economy.9 To enhance employment opportunities for local people, a benchmark percentage of local labor should be set for every project. This can be reinforced by making it a contractual obligation. When contractors fail to meet this benchmark, they should not be allowed onto worksites. If contractors identify during the tendering process that the technical nature of a project would prevent them reaching this minimum level of local labor involvement, that fact should be part of the contract negotiations.
Bottom-up reconstruction requires detailed consultation with local officials, not just at the provincial level but at the community level. Once again, the quality of this interaction with community leaders depends on the trust that is established with the various military elements. The importance of these bottom-up operations is twofold. First, they provide an immediate and tangible justification for the presence of foreign military forces. If local people see immediate benefits resultant of this presence, they are less likely to provide support to insurgents. The second advantage of this type of project (also known as quick-impact projects) is that they provide time and space for
the completion of the larger scaleand longer durationreconstruction projects in the top-down category.
Building Capacity
The second part of this conceptual model for military-led reconstruction operations is a dual focus on physical and intellectual (capacity-building) reconstruction.10 As impressive as new hospitals, clinics, schools, bridges, and other infrastructure may be, the capacity of local people to staff this infrastructure and maintain it in the long-term is of overwhelming importance. Consequently, reconstruction operations need to undertake capacity-buildingmilitary and civilian training and educationas a foundation for the entry of a broader range of government agencies to assume these functions once the security situation permits.11 It should be emphasized, however, that capacity-building cannot wait until other government agencies are totally mobilizedthese actions should be undertaken from the beginning of any military operation. This will ensure, once again, the local populace will see a tangible benefit from the presence of military forces. It should also ensure that those that may be tempted to support any insurgents have other options.
A consistent theme in the approach of government and nongovernmental organizations to nation-building is capacity-building. The significant contribution this type of activity may provide is often underappreciated. Training in basic trade courses can also be undertaken by military units. Not only will this contribute to increased basic skills among the local youth, it can also play an important role in information operations. Mentoring of local officials by experts (military or contractor) should also be undertaken. Selective recruiting or contracting of experienced experts in such areas as education, economics, and municipal planning and administration may significantly improve the capacity of the local populace to improve civil infrastructure. Investing in basic capacity-building activities enhances the ability of the local population to play a positive role in the reconstruction of infrastructure and communities.
A critical element of this strategy requires support to capacity-building enablers. A logical step is to combine physical construction with indigenous capacity-building through the development of educational infrastructure. The construction of infrastructure such as schools to train the military, healthcare professionals, and police training centers is an example. If this training is reinforced through the partnering of military, police, and government organizations with friendly military forces from the sponsoring countries, the training is likely to be more enduring.
By overlaying these two approaches, a simple but durable military concept for guiding the conduct of reconstruction operations is enabled. Such an approach ensures that reconstruction projects not only have an immediate impact, but capacity-building that may be incorporated into each project ensures a whole of life approach for the maintenance, training, and development of management skills by government officials.
Complex Environments and Intelligence
The human dimension is the most significant aspect of the environments in which reconstruction operations will be conducted. While physical surroundings will often be demanding, it is the people that will drive the complexity of the situation in which reconstruction operations take place. Appreciating and understanding the human environment is an essential part of reconstruction operations. This critical step ensures that reconstruction is undertaken in support of the right people at the right place and time. The precision and discrimination that such actions imply are every bit as important as that required in the conduct of kinetic operations.
A range of friction points will be present in any area in which reconstruction operations are conducted. The most obvious is the presence of insurgents and their support base. Obviously, the role of reconstruction forces is not to directly target these insurgents. Information gleaned during the conduct of projects will contribute to the overall understanding of the insurgents operations and patterns. If necessary, information gained during the conduct of reconstruction activities may be used by combat forces to directly target insurgents.
In many regions, intertribal rivalry is likely to be present. These rivalries may require a conscious effort to ensure that reconstruction support is evenly divided among various groups avoiding any accusations of favoritism. A perceived lack of equity harms the credibility, along with the force protection, of forces executing these operations. A formal and transparent process for the prioritization of reconstruction activities is a critical enabler for operations and will assist in enhancing the local populaces support of military forces.
By their very nature reconstruction operations take place in disrupted societies, impacted by some form of internal conflict. This conflict adds another level of complexity to understanding the overall security environment. Other sources of conflict might include political differences, the role played by individuals in previous conflicts, and local religious and ethic codes of conduct (such as Pashtunwali in eastern and southern Afghanistan).12 Another factor adding to the level of complexity may be poor governance as a result of corruption and illiteracy on the part of local officials.
A montage of ethnic and tribal affiliations, political allegiances, and government agencies, as well as local and foreign forces, present those conducting reconstruction operations with a myriad of challenges. Sources of conflict will never be clear-cut and linkages between various actors are not always apparent. As a result, one of the elements of any concept of operations for reconstruction is the requirement for intelligence. Understanding the complex interrelationship between family, tribal, and political loyalties will be a significant undertaking, but absolutely essential in ensuring the conduct of the right project for the right people at the right place and at the right time. This emphasis on intelligence will also assist in formulating the proper level of force protection for those involved in reconstruction operations.
From the start of predeployment planning and throughout the conduct of operations, the development and updating of a human map of the area of operations needs to be one of the highest intelligence priorities. While knowledge of the enemys order of battle is an important part of force protection, development of a societal order of battle is of greater importance for the conduct of reconstruction operations.13 This understanding of the local populace provides a view of the most influential people and groups, along with their relationships and interactions. When underpinned by an adaptive system theory that contains a continually updated human map, commanders and their staffs are able to gain insight into the dynamics of the local population and assess the influence of different actors supporting reconstruction projects.
Human intelligence (HUMINT) operations are the force multiplier for these operations.14 If reconstruction forces are to have any chance of executing the right project at the right place and time, while ensuring robust force protection measures, HUMINT needs to be effectively employed. While a dedicated, integral capability may be present, the most important HUMINT asset is the eyes and ears of the personnel involved in the project. Military personnel need to constantly interact with the local populace. Such interaction provides invaluable opportunities to gain insight into the local situation and priorities, as well as to pass on messaging in support of information operations.
The integration of intelligence in reconstruction operations provides one of the most effective methods of conducting such operations. It ensures that projects are conducted where and when they are needed. It ensures that deployments to small villages for community projects (bottom-up) support the right people. Intelligence needs to be gleaned from the lowest levels of interactions and disseminated throughout the chain of command. If the conduct of counterinsurgency operations, and therefore reconstruction operations, relies on the strategic corporals and privates, those corporals and privates need to have access to accurate and timely intelligence.
Measuring Success
To enhance the chance of successfully influencing a target society, reconstruction operations need to be part of the planning for the overall military and interagency counterinsurgency effort. Reconstruction will be a principal line of effort (or line of operations). Objectives need to be clearly described and synchronized with other lines of effort. These objectives should explain the level and type of influence that military-led reconstruction operations are seeking. The chosen approach has to be flexible enough so that as the situation evolves and the understanding of local requirements improves, objectives can be adapted.
Simple measures of effectiveness (MOE) to ascertain progress, or lack thereof, will also be required. Not only will this provide a snapshot of whether objectives are being met, but it will indicate the level of success of the reconstruction forces in adapting to the environment. These MOE should use both quantitative and qualitative measures to provide indicators of success and a sense of where military forces are on the road to accomplishing specified goals. MOEs are also valuable in reviewing whether goals are still relevant in an evolving environment.
The use of MOE for military operations is not new. They have, however, traditionally been used to measure success in conventional operations and have focused primarily on aspects related to the qualitative aspects of physical destruction. MOE for reconstruction operations need to focus more on human terrain issues, the environment, or the affected society as a whole. Effectiveness in areas such as legitimacy, permissiveness, indigenous capacity, and sustainability may also form part of the MOE, dependent upon the operational situation.15
Selling Reconstruction
Beyond the successful accomplishment of the goals and objectives associated with a particular reconstruction operation is the requirement to have the project viewed as a success by a majority of the population. Advocacy will be an important component of these reconstruction operations and should focus on a wide variety of audiences. Consequently, a robust information operations plan, emphasizing strategic communication, should be interwoven with every reconstruction activity.16 There are a number of possible target audiences. One of the most important is the local populace. This effort will involve carefully shaped messaging through media outlets and by direct interaction with the local population and government. Another possible target will be the national government (if it exists) of the nation in which the reconstruction operations are conducted. Finally, and of significant importance, is the audience
of the nation supporting the reconstruction operations. It is imperative that they are kept informed of what their military is doing. Other audiences may include the greater military, government, nongovernmental organizations, and allies.
Influencing the local population is an integral part of any reconstruction operation. The goals of such activities are to cultivate a positive image of military forces among the local populace. In the conduct of reconstruction operations, every action will have some impact on how local people perceive the military. In many of the communities where reconstruction is conducted, there is often cynicism regarding the ability and motivations of the military. For this reason alone, it is imperative that the local populace be informed regarding infrastructure development and capacity-building.
Expectation management is also an important part of implementing any information operations plan in support of reconstruction operations. Promises should be kept to a minimum, and only those that have a reasonable expectation of being kept should be made. The local population should be kept informed so that its expectations during the initial phase of reconstruction which will primarily be an information-gathering phasedo not exceed the reality of the situation. This will require continued consultation and engagement with the local populace and government leaders. The engagement will provide those participating in the reconstruction operation with a more informed view of requirements and how best to meet them.
The conduct of quick-impact projects in the initial stages can assist in expectation management. Large-scale projects, because of design and contracting requirements, often take additional time to execute. Therefore, it is often possible to fill this void by executing small-scale reconstruction tasks while waiting for larger projects to come online. In the disrupted societies where reconstruction operations take place, actions are always more appreciated than grandiose promises. Forces performing reconstruction operations need to gain and maintain credibility with the local populace. Making promises that have little chance of realization is a sure way to lose credibility, and regaining it often proves quite difficult. An enduring theme of reconstruction operations should be to promise only what can be delivered and deliver on everything that is promised.
An important part of molding the thoughts and expectations of the various audiences is the constant reminder of the long-term nature of projects. Western publics are generally impatient for results in military campaigns. A central tenet of any public awareness campaign directed at home audiences is the message that reconstruction operations may take time, but the return in the longer term will be significant.
Forces undertaking reconstruction operations will be locked in a constant battle with the adversary to shape the perceptions of local inhabit-
ants, the global media, and audiences in the supporting countries. Insurgent and terrorist organizations recognize the importance of shaping a range of differing audiences. Ten years ago the Taliban did not permit the use of various media.17 Now it is highly adept at exploiting the various forms of media for its purposes in Afghanistan and around the world.18 Al Qaeda and other organizations have demonstrated a sophisticated capacity to produce and disseminate their messages to local and global audiences.19 They understand how to effectively exploit the modern media (especially the Internet) as well as maintaining their proficiency in the age-old methods, such as intimidation through the use of night letters and disinformation campaigns.
Insurgents have the advantage in shaping the information environment. While coalition forces are morally bound to the truth in their efforts to maintain legitimacy, the insurgent is able to make any number of outrageous claims about the actions of coalition forces and nascent indigenous governments. The insurgents are likely to implement a simple yet effective information operation that seeks to separate the local population from the efforts of the military. The insurgents constantly inform the media regarding incidents (true or fabricated) of coalition forces inflicting casualties on the local population; this technique is especially effective with the home audiences of the nations supporting these operations.
Interdepartmental and Interagency Contributions
Many western governments have determined that there are a number of inherent security issues that require a whole government approach in an effort to harness the key strengths of various agencies. The United States and United Kingdom refer to this requirement as networked government and joined-up government.20 Both nations have a similar approach regarding the majority of normal day-to-day business; a single department or agency approach is usually sufficient to meet these daily needs. For more challenging problems, however, an interagency approach is necessary.21 Such is the case in the conduct of a counterinsurgency campaign.22 Military-led reconstruction organizations need to be composed of personnel from various government departments at the commencement of operations. Other agency players should be seen as an integral part of any reconstruction team. These contributors need to be an integral part of the planning phase, as well as during execution, in an effort to provide the broadest professional advice to military commanders. These agency representatives also ensure initial military reconstruction operations do not compromise subsequent civilian reconstruction activities.
An alternative approach is to include military personnel who have previously had assignments with other government departments. This would
necessitate greater interaction between the military and the various government departments. It would also require the reallocation of additional military personnel to these assignments. The development of informal networks between military and civilian personnel would certainly be enhanced, adding markedly to the planning and execution of reconstruction missions.23
A critical role that agencies may play is facilitating the gradual integration of a greater number of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), as reconstruction operations transition from military to civilian. In many respects, the continuity in counterinsurgency operations (from initial military to evolving civilian reconstruction) will be provided by the representatives from these agencies.
Reconstruction and Nongovernmental Organizations
By necessity, military-led reconstruction operations have spilled over into what was traditionally the domain of nongovernmental organizations.24 This is not a deliberate attempt to seize additional responsibility by the militaries conducting these operations, but a pragmatic realization that regardless of the security situation, the local population requires rapid humanitarian and reconstruction assistance. Some NGOs accept the security umbrella provided by the military, while others refuse to cooperate based on their organizational culture or fear of reprisal. While this reticence to working with the military is based on a range of factors, nongovernmental organizations will need to reexamine their cultures and relationships with the military if they are to be effective in rebuilding societies impacted by insurgencies.25 The military and NGOs both possess unique capabilities. Not only do they need to cooperate more closely in future operations, but there needs to be formal agreements related to enhanced planning and cooperation.
Just as military forces have transitioned away from their aversion to peacekeeping and stability operations, so too nongovernmental organizations will have to adapt to the demands associated with a dynamic security and humanitarian assistance environment. NGOs have the skills and resources critical to the successful conduct of military-led reconstruction operations. The need for humanitarian aid and reconstruction operations during and immediately following kinetic operations demands greater participation by NGOs in support of the military reconstruction efforts.26
Military-led reconstruction operations play a key role in a cohesive (national) approach to the conduct of successful counterinsurgency opera-
tions. Such an approach requires the precise, discriminate application of nonkinetic effects in support of a unified campaign plan. The conduct of reconstruction operations does not negate the requirement for robust combat forces. Kinetic operations, however, play a supporting role in population-centric, counterinsurgency warfare. The ability of the counterinsurgent to achieve the proper balance between precise, discriminate kinetic and nonkinetic actions will have a major impact on how successfully local populations are influenced.
Ensuring military reconstruction operations are based on sound intelligence is one key to success. The integration of intelligence ensures precision; that projects are conducted where and when they are needed. It also provides discrimination; that deployments to small villages for community projects are supporting the right people while negating any bias toward a particular ethnic or tribal group. Likewise, the synchronization of reconstruction operations with NGOs and other government agencies will play a central role in the success of these operations.
The militarys involvement in reconstruction operations, and the manner in which they are conducted, provide a highly capable, complementary function to the array of kinetic means currently employed in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other areas. The mix of construction and internal security is a powerful combination capable of supporting the conduct of kinetic activities in a counterinsurgency environment. Every insurgency is unique; however, military-led reconstruction operations do provide the counterinsurgent with a powerful tool to shift support of the populace away from insurgents. Possessing the ability to destroy the enemy and make them irrelevant to the population through reconstruction operations is a powerful tool in any synchronized counterinsurgency strategy.
1. This is examined in greater detail in Ian Wing, Refocusing Concepts of Security: The Convergence of Military and Non-military Tasks, Land Warfare Studies Centre, Working Paper No. 111, Australian Army, November 2000.
2. James Dobbins, et al., The Beginners Guide to Nation Building (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2007), vi.
3. This reflects the practice of armed civil affairs as described by David Kilcullen in Twenty-Eight Articles: Fundamentals of Company-Level Counterinsurgency, Military Review, 86 (May-June 2006), 107.
4. This reconstruction encompasses both physical and intellectual reconstruction.
5. According to the Brookings Institutions Iraq Index, 491 non-Iraqi contractors were killed in Iraq over the period May 2003 to July 2007. Source: Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq, Brookings Institution, 30 July 2007, http://www.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index20070730.pdf, 22.
6. These challenges are examined in detail in Michael R. Melillo, Outfitting a Big-War Military with Small-War Capabilities, Parameters, 36 (Autumn 2006), 22-35.
7. The outcome of future conflicts will increasingly be decided in the minds of . . . populations rather than on the battlefield. Australian Army, Adaptive Campaigning, November 2006, 2.
8. This has a range of implications, including organizational, requiring task-organized units to be formed around specific reconstruction missions. For example, the Reconstruction Task Force deployed by the Australian Army to southern Afghanistan in 2006 comprised a battalion headquarters (including an engineer works section and robust intelligence collection capability), engineer company, infantry company, cavalry platoon, and logistics company.
9. The inclusion of an economist to assess the flow-on effects should be considered to ensure that unsustainable false-economies are not created.
10. Capacity-building is a consistent theme in the approach of various government and nongovernment aid organizations. Andrew Natsios also lists capacity-building as one of the nine principles of reconstruction in The Nine Principles of Reconstruction and Development, Parameters, 35 (Autumn 2005), 4-20.
11. The US PRT Playbook: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures lists capacity-building as one of the guiding principals of PRTs (Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Center for Army Lessons Learned, September 2007), 11.
12. Pashtunwali is an ancient code of conduct that governs the behavior of Afghan people of Pashtun ethnicity. Its principal components are hospitality, revenge, bravery, defending honor, and defending females.
13. The essential role of this knowledge, often described as cultural awareness, has been discussed in a wide variety of publications since 2001. David Petraeus has described cultural awareness as a force multiplier in Learning Counterinsurgency: Observations from Soldering in Iraq, Military Review, 86 (January-February 2006), 8.
14. Ralph O. Baker has called HUMINT the decisive components of strategy in HUMINT-Centric Operations: Developing Actionable Intelligence in the Urban Counterinsurgency Environment, Military Review, 87 (March-April 2007), 21. This is also supported by the authors experience and observations as a task force commanding officer in southern Afghanistan in 2006-2007.
15. For a more comprehensive examination of the requirement for measures of effectiveness in counterinsurgency see James Clancy and Chuck Crossett, Measuring Effectiveness in Irregular Warfare, Parameters, 37 (Summer 2007), 88-100.
16. A recent RAND Corporation report (sponsored by US Joint Forces Command) discusses in detail the conduct of shaping opinion in counterinsurgency. Todd C. Helmus, Christopher Paul, and Russell W. Glenn, Enlisting Madison Avenue: The Marketing Approach to Earning Popular Support in Theaters of Operation (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2007).
17. A 1996 Taliban decree banned the broadcast of music by public information sources. The same decree banned playing of music and dances at wedding parties. Decree announced by General Presidency of Amir Bil Maruf, Kabul, December 1996. Contained in Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 2000), 218-19.
18. One Taliban-affiliated Website is www.Alemarah.r8.org. This site posts news about the Taliban struggle in Afghanistan and other jihadist information.
19. See Shane Drennan and Andrew Black, Jihad Online: The Changing Role of the Internet, Janes Intelligence Review, August 2007, 16-20.
20. For example, the UK Government report in 2000, Wiring It up, discusses the concepts of joined-up government and interdepartmental cross cutting. Wiring It up: Whitehalls Management of Cross-cutting Policies and Services (London: The Stationery Office, January 2000).
21. In the Australian context, this is known as the National Effects Based Approach. Australian Defense Force, Joint Operations for the 21st Century, 2007, 11.
22. The recent US Army-US Marine Corps doctrinal publication, Counterinsurgency, discusses in detail the need to integrate the activities of military and civilian agencies. (Department of the Army, Field Manual 3-24: Counterinsurgency, December 2006). The Australian Armys Adaptive Campaigning describes the land force contribution to a military theater as part of a whole of government campaign. Australian Army, Adaptive Campaigning, November 2006, 3.
23. The author acknowledges the work of Dr. Gordon Rudd, US Marine Corps School of Advanced Warfighting, in suggesting and advocating this approach.
24. For an examination of the convergence of traditional military and nonmilitary, and the redefining of the term security, see Wing.
25. The tensions that arise between nongovernmental organizations and the military can arise because of different mandates and different modes of operating. Donna Winslow, Strange Bedfellows in Humanitarian Crises: NGOs and the Military, in Natalie Mychajlyszyn and Timothy M. Shaw, eds. Twisting Arms and Flexing Muscles: Humanitarian Intervention and Peacebuilding in Perspective (Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2005), 118.
26. The importance of close cooperation between NGOs and the military is examined in Natsios, 14-15.
Lieutenant Colonel Mick Ryan is the Commanding Officer of the 1st Combat Engineer Regiment, Australian Army. From August 2006 until April 2007 he commanded the Australian 1st Reconstruction Task Force in Uruzgan Province, southern Afghanistan. In 2005 he served as the Deputy-J3 at the Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq. Lieutenant Colonel Ryan is a graduate of the US Marine Corps Command and Staff College and School of Advanced Warfighting.
Go to Winter issue Table of Contents.
Go to Cumulative Article Index.
Go to Parameters home page.
Reviewed 12 December 2007. Please send comments or corrections to email@example.com


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Spring Break is fast approaching, but time off can bring more questions than solutions! Whether you're traveling or spending some well-deserved time at home, there's always the question of how to keep children not only entertained but learning during their time off. Children naturally have a lot of energy and with 12 hours of every day to fill, it can sometimes be overwhelming to keep them continually learning. We've compiled a list of activities for you and your children to do together that we think you will both enjoy; best of all, they will come away having learned something new.
A Spring Break Education:
1. Active Learning
-The great thing about Spring Break is that it allows children to spend a greater amount of their time outside; something the classroom cannot always allow. There are so many outdoor opportunities children are suddenly allowed to engage in that will allow them to move as they learn! We have a variety of great ideas for outdoor play, whether it's in the backyard at home or wherever your travel destination happens to be.
Take a hike:
-Get together with your little one and explore what the world around you has to offer by hiking the great outdoors! You can find parks in the area or woods trails to walk, whatever adventures you find, your children are sure to be engaged.
Street Exploration:
-Cities always have a lot to offer, especially when you're traveling to new places for the first time! Explore shops, music and art by walking hand-in-hand with your children around downtown or in historical sites.
-Find even more ideas on active play during spring break here.
2. Family Productions
-Another bonus to Spring Break is that it gives you the rare moments of togetherness with the family! This can be a great time to put on family productions. Here are a few ideas that will spark the creativity of your children and hopefully leave you enjoying yourself, as well!
Have a dance party:
-No matter how old you are, dancing around with the people you love will always leave you with a smile on your face! Crank up the music indoors and have a fabulous dance party to a playlist suited to your music taste and theirs. Want to get even crazier? Invite your children's friends over and lay out a few snacks to get your party in full swing. Your kids will be exercising and they won't even know it!
Put on an art show:
-If your kids are budding artists, this is a great way to put their drawings and paintings on display. Give them all the supplies they needs to make their masterpieces before arranging a time to invite friends and family over to "ooh and ahh" over their active imaginations. This is a great way to bolster creativity and self esteem; it will also teach children to be proud of their work.
-For even more ways to put on family productions, here are some great options.
3. Volunteering
-It's always great to give back, but even more so when you're teaching your little one to do so. Social Emotional Learning can never be undervalued as children learn the importance of community and helping people in need around them. Spring Break gives you an opportunity to check around your community and see where your donations can be put to good use, whether it is your time, your old toys, or a friendly visit to the local nursing home.
To read even more on how to get kids excited about giving to those around them, check out this related post.
4. Redecorate a Room
-Are your kids looking for a change? Whether spaces are inspiring or not really does play a role in how conducive it is to learning. Maybe it's time for a little redesign to get your kids inspired! Changing color patterns, how furniture is laid out and whether or not your children's own work is proudly displayed in their room goes a long way in creating an inspiring space. To learn all the ins and outs of creating a space at home that's right for your little learner, check out this post on inspiring spaces.
5. Sprinkle in a Little Culture
Know families in the neighborhood from another culture and feel like opening your children up to new experiences? Get together and plan on doing a recipe swap or exchanging stories about your respective cultures. This is a great way to expand your child's horizon by teaching them different cultural perspectives. Not to mention a great way to build community!
For even more ways to get involved with the community, check out this blog.
6. Start a Community Garden
-This is a great way to not only teach sustainability but community outreach! Children can learn together about nutritious veggies and help in the process of growing them. And you never know, after putting such precious time into the growing process, children may even find themselves not minding larger veggies portions at mealtime!
-To read even more about how to start your own community garden, check out how this mom is getting involved.
Share your ideas for keeping children learning over Spring Break by commenting on our Facebook page or tweeting your answers to @KaplanToys


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EMI: There Should Be No Safe Harbors For Pre-1972 Songs
from the because-that's-how-we-shake-down-service-providers dept
Either way, the RIAA and its labels love the fact that pre-1972 recordings don't fall under federal copyright law, because it keeps songs out of the public domain for much longer -- since the mass of state laws are even more ridiculous in many ways.
One of the issues in the MP3Tunes case was whether or not the pre-1972 recordings were subject to DMCA safe harbor protection, and the court -- quite reasonably -- ruled that they were, pointing to the plain language of the law. EMI is really upset about this and insisting that there should be no safe harbors. This lays bare the RIAA's other cynical ploy in its bag of tricks. If there are no safe harbors for pre-1972 recordings, then that would mean that the labels could go after all sorts of service providers demanding cash for actions of their users. Someone uploaded a Beatles tune to YouTube? Well, according to the RIAA/EMI's argument, YouTube should be liable.
Yeah, they're getting desperate, when their remaining playing cards include figuring out ways to shake down third parties rather than improve their business model.
EMI separately argues that the court was mistaken in believing that MP3Tunes effectively disabled accounts of repeat infringers. On this point, it suggests that the court was either misled or misunderstood what MP3Tunes had done in terms of disabling accounts. The basic argument is that MP3Tunes insisted for a while that it did not terminate accounts for infringement, but then later claimed that it did -- and the court just accepted the latter argument. Here, EMI's basic claims do read much stronger, and MP3Tunes will certainly have to explain the discrepancy in statements from company employees. Either way, as expected, this case is far from over.


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Think Python in Perl 6 Chapter 4: Interface Design
It is time for Chapter 4 of Allen Downey's Think Python refashioned in Perl 6. I just needed some time to make a simple wrapper for his Swampy framework. Feel free to install and play along, but don't rattle Swampy.pm6 too much. I have only implemented enough to finish this chapter.
Then again, go ahead.


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the first time i heard the word "scraper" was in the spring of 2007, when i was a juror on a murder trial. the kinda creepy district attorney on the case attempted to give a definition of the term "scraper" to the pretty (square) jury. i somehow knew something was lost in translation, so i consulted urban dictionary that night, probably against court protocol.
since then, i started noticing scrapers ALL the time... especially once i moved from lake merritt to allendale, and now to eastmont.
I LOVE THEM! i know i am a super white girl from the midwest with about zero street cred - but i think the rims and colorful cars are so damn cool!!
thus, i am beginning a new photo series... I AM SPECIALIZED
here are the first two shots from my ride yesterday.
note: the photo series is a BIKE with a scraper, not just a scraper on its own. anybody can take a picture of a car. join the fun if you can- get a picture of your bike with some sweet scraper. ....and sorry if you live in the peninsula or marin....or colorado or oregon, etc, etc.... a prius or subaru doesn't count.
#oakland #scraper @IAMSPECIALIZED


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Cornstalks baled for winter feed
When I went home, it was disappointing to learn we'd only received a sprinkle. To the west, east, and south of Hopkinsville, much less rain fell, and in many cases, there was no rain at all.
Though it's too late for most of the crops, rain would still help the grass in the pastures and relieve the fire danger of crisp-dried fields.
Coming home from town the other day, I passed by a parched and barren pasture with a herd of cows in it. A little creek (dried up, no doubt) runs through the pasture. I saw a cow balancing on the very edge of the gully and stretching as far as she could, so she could eat leaves off a little tree that grows in the stream bed. It was a pitiful sight -- she wouldn't be doing that if she had anything else to eat.
Farmers are baling their cornstalks and soybeans for winter feed. We really only got one half-decent cutting of hay this year. Usually, we would get three cuttings. The first grass was set back by the late freeze, and then the weather turned so dry. Prices for a big round bale of hay are around $70, compared to $20 a year ago. [UPDATE: An ad in the Kentucky New Era on September 5, 2007, offered "horse-quality" hay in big square bales, 3x3x8 feet, for $85 each.]
On the radio a few days ago, they announced that the Montgomery County, TN, extension service had located 5000 bales of bermudagrass hay in Oklahoma. (Montgomery County is just over the state line from us.) Planter's Bank will front the money for shipment, and farmers can purchase the hay when it arrives.
The lack of pasture grass and the shortage of hay has forced many farmers to sell calves early and to reduce or sell out their cattle herds. It's a very bad year for agriculture in this area. Even though we're not totally agriculture-dependent in Christian County, we'll feel the effects of the drought on our local economy.


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Custom case for Wiko u feel lite.
Shipping cost: 3€.
• Custom case for Wiko u feel lite.
• Souvenir card.
• The ink we use is non-toxic. It is not lost over time, resists scratches and even the dishwasher. The printing method is the same used by major brands to decorate toys and household products.
Add this for only 8 €
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