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On Thursday, April 10, the Division of Student Affairs recognized more than 50 Barry University students and staff at its annual Student Affairs Awards Banquet.
Recognizing the Catholic and Dominican heritage of Barry University, the Division of Student Affairs offers a developmental and student centered approach to transformative Catholic education through the provision of extra- and co-curricular programs and services.
Among the awards granted each year is the Excellence in Leadership Awards, which are granted to one student in each academic class. Those awards are the John Graves Thompson Award for Outstanding Freshmen, the Mother Gerald Barry Award for Outstanding Sophomore, the Dr. George J. Wanko for Outstanding Junior, and the President's Award for Outstanding Senior.
The nominees and award winners for the Excellence in Leadership Awards are:
John Graves Thompson Award nominees:
- Laura Gagliardi
- John Powell
- Rebecca Leppert
- Teri Weinstein
- Courtlyn Heard
Winner: Laura Gagliardi
Mother Gerald Barry Award nominees:
- Alejandro Tobon
- Donte Roberts
- Kelly Merrill Jr.
- Devin Plaskett
- Justin Hoyte
Winner: Alejandro Tobon
Dr. George J Wanko Award nominees:
- Geraldine Bendezu
- Cheryl Frazier
- Sheila Perez
- Lavelle Dunn
- Claudette Marchena
Winner: Geraldine Bendezu
President's Award nominees
- Leslie Redmond
- Khalid El-Amin
- Akemi Maehama
- Bibiana Potestad
- Martha Lopez
- Kellina Langaigne
- Colette Eule
Winner: Khalid El-Amin
In addition to the Excellence in Leadership Awards, Student Affairs bestowed awards in 19 additional categories including Student Government Association, Housing and Residence Life, and Center for Student Involvement. Below is a full list of award winners:
SGA Awards:
- Kermit El-Amin – Senator of the Year
- Lavelle Dunn – Most Outstanding SGA Member of the Year
- Alejandro Tobon - Greek Person of the Year
- Wilson Acosta - President of the Year
- Lambda Theta Phi - Chapter of the Year
- Chemistry Week - Best Event of the Year
- Katherine Douglas - President of the Year
- Caribbean Student Association – RSO of the Year
- K'yera Williams – Executive Board Member of Year
- Geraldine Bendezu – Program of the Year
- Daniel Marin – Committee Member of the Year
Orientation Team
- Kellina Langaigne
- Devin Plaskett
First Year Experience:
- Laura Gagliardi – Passport Award
Alternative Spring Break
- Gabriel Sanchez - Outstanding Commitment
- Martha Lopez - Inspirational Leadership
- Qiwen Su - Uncommon Generosity
Alumni Affairs:
- Kermit El-Amin
- Laura Gagliardi
Campus Recreation & Wellness:
- Ricardo DeMoya - Outstanding Service-work study student of the year
- Eddie Sloan - Recreational Participant of the Year - male
- Shamyra Vanterpool - Recreational Participant of the Year -female
Disability Services: Notetakers
- Tiffany Allen
- Javelle Campbell
- Anthony Carter
- Angela Dilasquale
- Chrystal Harley
- Lashanti Jupp
- Jennifer Lopez
- Natalie Perez Del Rio
- Mouseline Rosier
- Josmarie Valencia
- Leika Voltaire
International & Multicultural Programs:
- Andres Quevedo – International Student of the Year
- Stephan Sajous – International Ambassador of the Year
Career Development:
- Precious Ezeamama
Office of Mission Engagement:
- Nagbe Dixon
- Sebastian Ogando
Community Learning Partnership:
- Corey Stein
- Nicole Ogando
Mission Integration Council:
- Leslie Redmond
- Michael Malinowski
Housing and Residence Life:
- Unique Harston – RA of the Year
Campus Ministry:
- Leslie Redmond - Saint Rose of Lima Award
Homecoming 2014 Best Event: Barry Beauties
- Produced by Josephine Brown and Ben Otero
Center for Student Involvement:
- Shanaz Maharaj
- Sheila Perez
- Angie Jaimes
- Andy Havens
Vice President of Student Affairs:
- Robyn Firth – Outstanding Graduate Research Assistant
- Adela Langa – Commitment to Diversity
- Shaunie Wall – Outstanding Student Affairs Staff Member
- Bacheler Jean Pierre – Outstanding New Professional
- Ryan O'Donnell – Division of Student affairs Appreciation Award


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AMD HD 6970 and HD 6950 Review
It's that time of year when the new toys come out before the Christmas rush. NVIDIA has delivered their new toys with the introduction of the GTX 580 and GTX 570 a scant week ago and now AMD and its partners are delivering theirs in the form of the HD 6970 and HD 6950. The HD 6900 series are part of AMD's Northern Islands lineup code named "Cayman". With this offering you have the Cayman XT part (the HD 6970) and the Cayman Pro in the HD 6950. Each of these cards are built using a new architecture that should drive performance and efficiency. With this introduction we have a replacement for the Cypress based HD 5800 series that broke open the DX 11 flood gates. These two offerings will be the new high-end GPUs for AMD with the HD 5970 still maintaining its spot at the top of the food chain for the red brand. Basic specifications for these offerings include 24 SIMD/1536 streaming processors, 96 texture units, 32 ROPs and 2GB of GDDR5 memory for the HD 6970 with the HD 6950 being a slightly cut down version with 22 SIMD/1408 streaming processors 88 texture units, 32 ROPs and also 2GB of GDDR5 memory. Clock speeds for these offerings come in at 880MHz/1375MHz for the HD 6970 and 800MHz/1200MHz for the HD 6950. I have a few offerings from Sapphire and XFX to look at today to see just how these offerings fall on to the performance ladder. Let's see how they perform in the only way possible and put them through their paces to see if they are a worthy successor to the AMD throne.

subset: commoncrawl


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| Irish
Florists > Dublin
Flower Shops > North Bull Florist
Contact This Florist in North Bull
Independent Irish Flower Shops Give Full Value for your Money
Florists in Ireland are some of the finest florist in the World and usually have been trained to the very highest standards of flower arrangement creation and flower care. They are expert in the purchase of the very best flowers, plants and sundries, and how to condition and prepare them to produce the finest quality floral arrangements and flower bouquets. When you order from an Independent Irish Florist you can be assured that you will receive very best value in flowers available.


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In this chapter, you will learn how to set up the Linux startup shell configuration scripts so that users' sessions are configured according to your (and their) requirements. You will learn how to create and implement policies for managing disk usage—by user or by group.
Next, you will learn how to upgrade, configure, compile, and install your own custom kernels. You will learn about the advantages and disadvantages of monolithic and modular kernels. You have three different ways to customize and optimize your kernel configuration for size and functionality. You will also learn the recommended techniques for configuring and installing the kernel. Finally, you'll learn how to schedule the one-time and periodic execution of jobs.
For the Red Hat exams, the skills you learn in this chapter are important for the Installation and Configuration exam. As described in the Red Hat Exam Prep guide, you need to know how to manage accounts and set up the user environment.
Inside the Exam
Configuring Users
Managing Kernels
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
{mospagebreak title=Certification Objective: Shell Configuration Files}
All system-wide shell configuration files are kept in the /etc directory. These files are bashrc, profile, and the scripts in the /etc/profile.d directory. These files and scripts are supplemented by hidden files in each user's home directory, as described in Chapter 4. Let's take a look at these files./etc/bashrc
The /etc/bashrc file is used for aliases and functions, on a system-wide basis. Open this file in the text editor of your choice. Read each line in this file. Even if you don't understand the programming commands, you can see that this file sets the following bash shell parameters for each user. For example:
- It assigns a value of umask, which creates the default permissions for newly created files. It supports one set of permissions for root and system users (with user IDs below 100), and another for regular users.
- It assigns a prompt, which is what you see just before the cursor at the command prompt.
The settings here are called by the .bashrc file in each user's home directory. The settings are supplemented by the .bash_history and .bash_logout files in each user's home directory./etc/profile
The /etc/profile file is used for system-wide environments and startup files. The following is the profile script from my copy of the RHEL 3 operating system. The first part of the file sets the PATH for searching for commands. Then it sets the PATH, USER, LOGNAME, MAIL, HOSTNAME, HISTSIZE, and INPUTRC variables, and finally it runs the scripts in the /etc/profile.d directory. You can check the current value of any of these variables with the echo $variable command.
# /etc/profile
# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc
pathmunge () {
if ! echo $PATH | /bin/egrep -q "(^|:)$1($|:)" ; then
if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
# Path manipulation
if [ `id -u` = 0 ]; then
pathmunge /sbin
pathmunge /usr/sbin
pathmunge /usr/local/sbin
pathmunge /usr/X11R6/bin after
unset pathmunge
# No core files by default
ulimit -S -c 0 > /dev/null 2>&1
USER="`id -un`"
if [ -z "$INPUTRC" -a ! -f "$HOME/.inputrc" ]; then
INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc fi
export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC
for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
if [ -r "$i" ]; then
. $i
unset i
Actually, /etc/profile.d is not a script, but a directory of scripts. As I just noted, /etc/ profile runs the scripts in this directory. Here is a partial listing of the files, which apply to the default bash shell:
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 724 Aug 12 11:34 colorls.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 190 Sep 8 11:32 glib2.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 70 Sep 17 12:13 gnome-ssh-askpass.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 210 Sep 23 15:42 krb5.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 53 Mar 26 2003 lam.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2595 Sep 26 00:39 lang.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 435 Sep 1 10:32 less.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 70 May 1 2003 pvm.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 181 Sep 1 11:01 vim.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 170 Jul 17 15:09 which-2.sh
By looking at the /etc/profile script, you can see that any script in this directory that ends with an "sh" and is set as an executable will be run when /etc/profile is executed.
Exercise 5.1
Securing Your System
We want to keep our system as secure as possible. One approach is to change the default permissions users have for new files and directories they make. We'll set all new files and directories to No Access to group or other members.
- Back up your current /etc/bashrc file. If you want to cancel any changes that you make during this exercise, restore from the backup after the final step.
- Edit the /etc/bashrc file. Two lines in the file set the umask. One of the two lines is selected depending on the if statement above them. See if you can determine which line gets executed for an average (non-root) user.
- The if statement tests to see if the user ID (uid) and group ID (gid) are the same, and that the uid is greater than 99. If this is true, then the first umask is executed; otherwise, the second is executed. The second umask is for root and other key system accounts. The first is for users.
- Change the first umask statement to exclude all permissions for groups and others. Use umask 077 to do the job.
- Save and exit the file.
- Log in as a nonprivileged user. Use the touch command to make a new empty file. Use ls -l to verify the permissions on that file.
- Log in as root. Again, use the touch command to make a new empty file and use ls -l to verify the permissions on that new file.
You have just changed the default umask for all shell users. If you backed up your /etc/bashrc in step 1, you can now restore the original version of this file.
User Shell Configuration Files
As described in Chapter 4, each user gets a copy of the hidden files from the /etc/skel directory. As your users start working with their accounts, more configuration files are added to their home directories. Some are based on shells such as bash (.bash*); others draw their settings from the GUI desktops that you use, typically GNOME and KDE. I'll describe the GUIs in more detail in Chapter 6.
The default Linux shell is bash. However, if you or your users work with other shells, you'll find configuration files associated with those shells hidden in each user's home directory.
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
{mospagebreak title=Setting Up and Managing Disk Quotas}
Quotas are used to limit a user's or a group of users' ability to consume disk space. This prevents a small group of users from monopolizing disk capacity and potentially interfering with other users or the entire system. Disk quotas are commonly used by ISPs, by Web hosting companies, on FTP sites, and on corporate file servers to ensure continued availability of their systems.
Without quotas, one or more users can upload files on an FTP server to the point of filling a filesystem. Once the affected partition is full, other users are effectively denied upload access to the disk. This is also a reason to mount different filesystem directories on different partitions. For example, if you only had partitions for your root (/) directory and swap space, someone uploading to your computer could fill up all of the space in your root directory (/). Without at least a little free space in the root directory (/), your system could become unstable or even crash.
You have two ways to set quotas for users. You can limit users by inodes or by kilobyte-sized disk blocks. Every Linux file requires an inode. Therefore, you can limit users by the number of files or by absolute space. You can set up different quotas for different filesystems. For example, you can set different quotas for users on the /home and /tmp directories if they are mounted on their own partitions.
Limits on disk blocks restrict the amount of disk space available to a user on your system. Older versions of Red Hat Linux included LinuxConf, which included a graphical tool to configure quotas. As of this writing, Red Hat no longer has a graphical quota configuration tool. Today, you can configure quotas on RHEL only through the command line interface.
ON THE JOB! Learn to focus on command line tools. Red Hat used to make LinuxConf available as a graphical and console tool for a number of system administration functions, including quotas. While Red Hat may eventually create another GUI quota manager, don't count on it. And GUI tools have been known to crash. On the job, as well as on the exam, command line tools are the only sure way to address just about any Linux configuration issue. Besides, command line tools are faster, and time is often of the essence on the Red Hat exams.
Quota Settings in the Kernel
By default, the Linux kernel as configured by Red Hat supports quotas. However, if you install and compile a new kernel from a remote source, you should make sure that this feature is active. The basic kernel configuration is stored in the /boot directory. For the default RHEL 3 system, you'll find the configuration in the config-2.4.21-4.EL file. If you've configured a custom kernel file, you'll find it listed under a different name.
To verify that quotas are enabled in the default RHEL 3 kernel, run the following command:
# grep CONFIG_QUOTA /boot/config-2.4.21-4.EL
There are three possible results. If you see the following, quota support is enabled:
Alternatively, if you see the following, quota support is not enabled:
If you don't see any output, then you haven't installed the kernel source files.
If you have a custom or upgraded kernel, use either the make menuconfig or make xconfig command to make sure support is enabled for quotas. The quota support option is located in the filesystem section. All you need to do is turn on quota support and then rebuild and install your new kernel. I'll describe this process in more detail later in this chapter.
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
The quota RPM package is installed by default on RHEL 3, as well as Red Hat Linux 9. You can find out more about RPMs such as quota with the following command:
# rpm -qi quota
Assuming you haven't removed the quota RPM, you'll see the following description of the package which tells you that it includes a number of tools:
The quota package contains system administration tools for monitoring and limiting user and or group disk usage per filesystem.
You can find out more about these tools by reviewing a list of associated files. You can find a list of files installed through the quota RPM with the following command:
# rpm -ql quota
As you can see for yourself, the quota package includes the following commands:
- /sbin/quotaon /fs Enables quotas for the /fs filesystem.
- /sbin/quotaoff /fs Disables quota tracking.
- /usr/sbin/edquota name Edits the quota settings for user name. Can also be used to set defaults, or to copy quota settings from one user to another.
- /usr/bin/quota Allows users to see their current resource consumption and limits.
- /usr/sbin/repquota Generates a report of disk consumption by all users for a quota-enabled filesystem.'
- /sbin/quotacheck Scans a filesystem for quota usage. Initializes the quota databases.
I've included the entire path to each command for your reference. But as discussed earlier in this book, I recommend that you normally work as the root user during the Red Hat exams. As the noted directories are all part of the root user's PATH, you don't need to specify the full path to each command. (You can verify the directories in your path with the echo $PATH command.)
The next step is to ensure that the quotas are active and checked when Linux boots on your system.sysinit Quota Handling
The /etc/rc.sysinit script as described in Chapter 4 initializes Linux system services during the boot process. This script includes commands which start quota services. Specifically, this script runs both the quotacheck (to ensure that disk consumption usage records are accurate) and quotaon commands (to enable quotas on all filesystems indicated in /etc/fstab). You don't have to run these commands manually.Quota Activation in /etc/fstab
As described in Chapter 4, the file /etc/fstab tells Linux which filesystems to mount during the boot process. The options column of this file configures how Linux mounts a directory. You can include quota settings in /etc/fstab for users and or groups.
ON THE JOB! Before you edit a key configuration file such as /etc/fstab, it's a good idea to back it up and save it to any boot or rescue disks that you may have. If your changes lead to a catastrophic failure, you can boot your system from a rescue disk and then restore the original configuration file.
Here is a sample /etc/fstab before editing:
Device Mount point Filesys Options dump Fsck
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /dev/shm proc tmpfs 0 0
/dev/hda3 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hdd1 /home ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0
/dev/floppy /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
In this configuration, we may want to enable quotas on the root (/) and /home directory filesystems. You can tell Linux to start tracking user quotas by adding the keyword usrquota under the options column. Similarly, you can tell Linux to start tracking group quotas with the grpquota option. Use vi or your favorite text editor to update /etc/fstab.
In our example, we will add both user and group quotas to the /home directory filesystem:
Device Mount point Filesys Options dump Fsck LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /dev/shm proc tmpfs 0 0
/dev/hda3 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hdd1 /home ext3 exec,dev,suid,rw,usrquota,grpquota 1 2
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0
/dev/floppy /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
If you edit the /etc/fstab file by hand, you'll need to ensure that the line you are editing does not wrap to the next line. If it does, the format for your /etc/fstab will be invalid and you may not be able to successfully boot Linux.
ON THE JOB! You can test changes to /etc/fstab by rebooting your computer or remounting a filesystem. For example, if you've just added usrquota and grpquota entries as shown to the /home directory filesystem, you can test it with the mount -o remount /home command.
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
{mospagebreak title=Quota Management Commands}
The next step is to create quota files. For user and group quotas, you'll need the aquota.user and aquota.group files in the selected filesystem. You need these files before you can activate actual quotas. You no longer need to create those files; once you've remounted the desired directory, you can create them directly with the appropriate quotacheck command. For the /home directory described earlier, you'd use the following commands:
# mount -o remount /home
# quotacheck -avugm
The quotacheck -avugm command automatically scans /etc/mtab, which includes the mounted directories from /etc/fstab. The options for quotacheck are
- -a Scans all filesystems with quotas enabled by checking /etc/mtab.
- -v Performs a verbose scan.
- -u Scans for user quotas.
- -g Scans for group quotas.
- -m Remounts the scanned filesystem.
This will check the current quota information for all users, groups, and partitions. It stores this information in the appropriate quota partitions. You should also find the aquota.user and aquota.group files in the configured directory. If you're configuring quotas on the /home directory, you can check that it worked with the following command:
Using edquota to Set Up Disk Quotas
# ls -l /home/aquota.*
To specify disk quotas, you need to run the edquota command. This edits the aquota.user or aquota.group file with the vi editor. In our example, we will pretend we have a user named nancy, and we want to restrict how much disk space she is allowed to use. We type the following command to edit their quota records:
# edquota -u nancy
This command launches the vi editor and opens the quota information for user nancy, as shown in Figure 5-1.
Disk Quotas for user nancy (uid 507):
FileSystem blocks soft hard inodes soft
hard 52 0 0 13 0
Figure 5-1 Quota information
The quota information is formatted strangely. There are actually seven columns. The lines are wrapped. In this case, the filesystem with the quota is mounted on partition /dev/hdd1. There are soft and hard limits for both inodes and files. By default, soft and hard limits of 0 means that there are no limits for nancy.
We can see that nancy is currently using 52 blocks and has 13 files (inodes) on this partition. Each block takes up 1KB of space; thus, user nancy's files total 52KB. We want to set a limit so that nancy does not take more than 20MB of space with her files.
First, we need to elaborate on the meaning of soft and hard limits.
- Soft limit This is the maximum amount of space a user can have on that partition. If you have set a grace period, then this will act as an alarm. The user will then be notified he is in quota violation. If you have set a grace period, you will also need to set a hard limit. A grace period is the number of days a user is allowed to be above the given quota. After the grace period is over, the user must get under the soft limit to continue.
- Hard limit Hard limits are necessary only when you are using grace periods. If grace periods are enabled, this will be the absolute limit a person can use. Any attempt to consume resources beyond this limit will be denied. If you are not using grace periods, the soft limit is the maximum amount of available to each user.
In our example, we will set our user an 18MB soft limit and a 20MB hard limit. As shown in Figure 5-2, this is written as a number of 1KB blocks in the quota file.
Disk Quotas for user nancy (uid 507):
FileSystem blocks soft hard inodes soft
/dev/hdd1 52 18000 20000 13 0
Figure 5-2 Quotas with hard and soft limits
Note that we have not limited user nancy's use of inodes. She is still able to use as many inodes (thus as many files) as she likes. To implement these quotas, we must save these settings. Assuming you're still using the default vi editor, the :wq command does this job nicely.
We will also give user nancy a seven-day grace period, if and when she exceeds the soft limit. She has that amount of time to get back under the soft limit. To set the grace period for all users, run the edquota -t command. The result should look similar to what you see in Figure 5-3.
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Filesystem block grace period Inode grace period
/dev/hdd1 7 days 7 days
Figure 5-3 Quota grace period
Here, Linux has provided us with the default of seven days for both inodes and block usage. That is, a user may exceed his soft limit on either resource for up to seven days. After that, further requests by that user to use files will be denied. Our user nancy would have to delete files to get her total disk block consumption under 18MB before she could create new files or grow existing files. You can edit the grace period directly, using vi commands. To activate the new grace period, just save the file.
There is a quirk to quota grace periods. When you use edquota and specify the grace period, you cannot have a space between the number and the unit (for example, 7days, not 7 days). Fortunately, the quota system in RHEL 3 automatically fixes this problem.ON THE JOB! In older versions of Red Hat Linux, a space between the number and the unit would lead to a quota error.
The edquota command allows you to use an already configured user's quota as a template for new users. To use this feature, you need to add the following switch and options, -p configured_user arguments:
# edquota -up nancy michael randy donna
This command will not provide any output, but it will take the quota configuration settings of user nancy and apply them to michael, randy, and donna. You can list as many users as you want to edit or apply templates to.
You can also set up quotas on a per-group basis. To do this, simply run edquota with the -g group_name argument. Here, group_name would need to be a valid group as specified in the /etc/group file.
# edquota -g nancy
This opens the block and inode quota for group nancy, as shown in Figure 5-4.
Disk Quotas for group nancy (uid 507):
FileSystem blocks soft hard inodes soft
/dev/hdd1 52 0 0 13 0
Figure 5-4 Group quota
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
As an administrator, you'll want to maintain any quotas that you create. For that purpose, it's useful to run the aforementioned quotacheck command on a regular basis. As you'll see later in this chapter, that is easy to do through the cron system. A simple command in the right cron file automatically runs the quotacheck command on a regular basis. For example, the following command in the right cron file runs the quotacheck command at 4:00 A.M. every Saturday:
0 4 * * 6 /sbin/quotacheck -avug
You can also use the edquota command to apply quotas to all users on your system. For example, the following command applies the quotas that you've already set on user mj to all other real users on the system:
edquota -p mj `awk -F: '$3 > 499 {print $1}' /etc/passwd`
Note that this command lists the first column ($1) of /etc/passwd, which is the user name. And in keeping with the UIDs for regular Red Hat users (from the third column, $3, of /etc/passwd), this is limited to users with UIDs of 500 or higher. You can add this type of command to the appropriate cron file as well, which makes sure that the quotas are applied to all existing and new users.Quota Reports
As an administrator, it can be useful to see reports on who is using the most disk space. You can generate reports on users, groups, or everybody on every partition. To view a report showing quota information for all, run the repquota -a command. You'll see a list of quotas for all users similar to what is shown in Figure 5-5.
[root@Enterprise3 root]# repquota -a
*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/hdd1
Block grace time: 7days; Inode grace time: 7days
Block Limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace ———————————————————–
root — 36 0 3 0 0
michael — 52 18000 13 0 0
donna — 52 0 13 0 0
elizabeth — 52 0 13 0 0
nancy — 52 18000 13 0 0
randy — 52 18000 13 0 0
[root@Enterprise3 root]#
Figure 5-5 A quota report
If you have multiple filesystems with quotas, you can use the repquota command to isolate a specific filesystem. For example, if you wanted to view the quota report for the partition with the /home directory, you'd run the following command:
# repquota -u /home
Alternatively, if you wanted to view quota information on user nancy, run the following quota command:
# quota -uv nancy
Disk quotas for user nancy(uid 507):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/hdd1 52 18000 20000 13 0 0
An individual user can check his or her own usage with the quota command, but only the administrative root user can examine the quotas for other users.Quotas on NFS Directories
The Network File System (NFS) allows users to share files and directories on a network with Linux and Unix computers. Users across the network mount a shared NFS directory from a specific computer. Users are normally in a single database in an NFS setup. Disk quotas can be applied to these users in virtually the same way as on a regular Linux computer. For example, if you create a local user called nfsuser, and you translate all remote requests to this user, then you need to set up quota restrictions for nfsuser on the mounted partition. This will limit the disk consumption of all incoming NFS users. See Chapter 9 for more about NFS.
Excercise 5-2
Configure Quotas
In this exercise, we will set up user quotas for one user on your system. These quotas will allow a soft limit of 80MB and a hard limit of 100MB for each user. No limits are to be placed on the number of inodes. Assume the /home directory is mounted on a separate partition. (If /home is not mounted separately, apply the commands to the top-level root directory /.) The first couple of steps should be formalities, as quotas should be active and installed by default. However, it's a good habit to check. To set up quotas in this exercise, use the following steps:
- Check your kernel configuration for the CONFIG_QUOTA variable, using the /boot/config-2.4.21-4.EL file. It should be set to "Y." If not, proceed to the Lab Question at the end of this chapter for instructions on how to revise your kernel. If you're using a different version of Linux such as Red Hat Linux 9, substitute the /boot/config-* file associated with your kernel version.
- Check to make sure that the quota package is installed. Install from the RHEL 3 installation source if required.
- Add quotas to /etc/fstab. Add the usrquota variable to the Options column for the partition with the /home directory. Make sure the info stays on one line in /etc/fstab.
- Activate the quotas. You can unmount and remount the /home directory, reboot Linux, or use the following command:
# mount -o remount /home
- Use the quotacheck -avum command to activate the quota files in the /home directory.
- Make sure this command worked. Look for the aquota.user file in the /home directory.
- Now you're ready to set up quotas for a specific user. If necessary, look up usernames in /etc/passwd. Use the edquota -u username command to edit the quotas for the user of your choice.
- Under the soft and hard columns, change the 0 to 80000 and 100000, respectively. Remember, these files are set up for 1KB blocks. Save the file.
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
{mospagebreak title=The Basics of the Kernel}
The kernel is the heart of the whole operating system. It manages communication with hardware, decides which processes to run, and provides each process with an isolated, virtual address space in which to run. The kernel is what your boot loader, GRUB or LILO, loads into memory. The kernel loads device driver modules. It also allocates hardware resources such as IRQ ports, I/O addresses, and DMA channels. When you recompile your kernel, you can
- Greatly improve the speed at which kernel services operate.
- Build in direct support for commonly used drivers.
- Configure the dynamic loading of appropriate drivers as modules.
- Lower the memory consumption of your kernel by removing unneeded components.
- Configure support for high-end hardware, such as memory above 4GB, hardware array controllers, symmetric multiprocessing (multiple CPU) support, and more.
In essence, you can customize the Linux kernel any way you want. The best way to do it is to make it fit every detail of your hardware. However, you may not need to be so picky. In many cases, where there's a small update to the kernel, all you need to do is install the updated kernel RPM.Best Practices
You should compile your kernel with only the elements you need. The more you can leave out, the faster your whole system will run. For example, if you don't have a sound card, you can remove sound card support from your kernel. By removing unneeded devices, you will
- Decrease the size of the kernel.
- Provide a modest increase in speed for the devices that are present.
- Make more hardware resources (I/O addresses, IRQ ports, and so on) available for other hardware such as network cards, disk controllers, and more.
- Reduce the chance of hardware limits, such as those that may be based on the size of the compressed kernel.
Generally, it is a good idea to have device drivers compiled as modules for any equipment that you may add in the near future. For example, if you may use your Linux computer as a router, you'll need a second network card, and you can add support for that card to your kernel. For example, if you have a 3Com 3c595 network card installed but you also have some 3Com 3c905 cards in storage, then it may be a good idea to include the 3c905 module. That way, you will just have to swap in the new card and let the module load, causing minimum downtime.
Modules are kernel extensions. They are not compiled directly into the kernel but can be plugged in and removed as needed. When configured as a module, a hardware failure such as that of a network card will not cause the whole system to fail.
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
You will need to understand some basic kernel concepts before you can compile your own kernel. Kernels can be organized as one big unit, or as a lot of interconnected pieces. Kernels are called up by boot loaders when you boot your computer.Monolithic versus Modular
A monolithic kernel is a kernel where all the device modules are built directly into the kernel. Modular kernels have many of their devices built as separate loadable modules. Monolithic kernels can communicate with devices faster, since modular kernels can talk to the hardware only indirectly through a module table. Unfortunately, monolithic Linux kernels are huge. Bigger kernels reduce available RAM. In addition, some systems just can't boot a kernel that's too large.
There used to be advantages to a monolithic kernel. Linux once had problems loading modular kernels for some hardware. With a monolithic kernel, the drivers would already be there. But now modular kernels load new drivers a lot more reliably.
A modular kernel has greater flexibility. You can compile almost all your drivers as modules, and then each module can be inserted into the kernel whenever you need it. Modules keep the initial kernel size low, which decreases the boot time and improves overall performance. If Linux has trouble loading a kernel module, you can use the modprobe or insmod commands to load modules as needed.Updating the Kernel
Updating the kernel is not as difficult as it looks. You should always keep a copy of your old kernel around in case you make a mistake. New kernels are handled by installing the newly built kernel in /boot and then adding another boot option to your boot loader configuration file (/etc/grub.conf or /etc/lilo.conf) for the new kernel. GRUB or LILO treats the new kernel as if it were an entirely new operating system.
If you install the new kernel directly from a Red Hat configured RPM, it updates your boot loader automatically.
If you do make a drastic mistake and the kernel doesn't boot, then you can simply reboot the server and select your old kernel at the GRUB or LILO prompt. You should also save your kernel configuration files so that you can easily copy to the newer kernels and use them as a guideline. This will be discussed in more detail later in this chapter.
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
There are a number of different kernels included with the RHEL 3 installation files. You can and should install the kernel best suited to your system. I briefly describe available RHEL 3 kernels in Table 5-1. The "EL" in each of these kernels refers to their customization for Red Hat Enterprise Linux. The version numbers shown is what was released with RHEL 3. If you've used the Red Hat update agent, your kernel version number may vary.
Table 5-1 Available Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Kernels (and Related Packages)
|Kernel RPM
|Suitable for PCs with a single AMD Athlon CPU.
|Designed for PCs with a single Intel CPU.
|The Athlon kernel with additional unsupported modules.
|The Intel kernel with additional unsupported modules.
|Kernel used only during the RHEL 3 installation process.
|Supports multiple CPUs and systems with more than 4GB of RAM.
|The hugemem kernel configured with additional untested kernel modules.
|Adds PCMCIA (PC Card) modules to your current kernel.
|The symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) kernel suitable for multi-CPU AMD Athlon systems. Also supports more than 4GB of RAM.
|The symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) kernel suitable for multi-CPU Intel systems. Also supports more than 4GB of RAM.
|The SMP kernel with additional untested kernel modules for Athlon CPUs.
|The SMP kernel with additional untested kernel modules for Intel CPUs.
|Includes the source code for the RHEL 3 kernel.
This is just a short list of kernels available for RHEL 3. As the Red Hat exams assume the use of standard PCs with a single CPU, I've limited the list in Table 5-1 to such kernels. For more information on RHEL 3 kernels available for multi-CPU or higher-end CPUs, refer to the RHEL 3 documentation available online from http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/.The /boot Partition
The Linux kernel is stored in the partition with the /boot directory. New kernels must also be transferred to this directory. By default, RHEL 3 configures a partition of about 100MB for this directory. This provides enough room for your current kernel plus several additional upgraded kernels.The /proc Filesystem
The /proc directory is based on a virtual filesystem; in other words, it does not include any files that are stored on the hard drive. But it is a window into what the kernel sees of your computer. It's a good idea to study the files and directories in /proc, as it can helpyou diagnose a wide range of problems. Figure 5-6 shows the /proc from a typical RHEL 3 computer.
[root@Enterprise3 root]# ls /proc/
1 1880 1950 2159 2245 2762 devices ksyms stat
1175 1903 1960 2170 2246 3 dma loadavg swaps
1182 1907 1969 2171 2254 4 driver locks sys
16 1908 1999 2174 2256 5 execdomains mdstat sysrq-trigger
1655 1909 2 2191 2261 6 fb meminfo sysvipc
1659 1910 2008 2216 2365 7 filesystems misc tty
1685 1911 2022 2218 2420 74 fs modules uptime
17 1912 2023 2223 2485 8 ide mounts version
1704 1913 2024 2230 2586 9 interrupts mtrr
1772 1914 2025 2234 2655 apm iomem net
18 1915 2026 2236 2713 bus ioports partitions
1811 1916 2027 2238 2714 cmdline irq pci
1851 1922 2028 2241 2715 cpuinfo kcore self
1865 1941 2085 2243 2749 crypto kmsg slabinfo
Figure 5-6 A Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 /proc directory
The numbered items are based on process IDs. For example, the process ID of init is 1. The files in this directory include the memory segments that make up the active process. The contents of each of these files include the active memory for that process.
The other items in the listing are files and directories that correspond to configuration information for components such as DMA channels or whole subsystems such as memory information.
Take a look at some of these files. For example, the /proc/meminfo file provides excellent information as to the state of memory on the local computer, as shown in Figure 5-7. It can help you determine if RHEL 3 is having trouble detecting all of the memory on your computer.
[root@Enterprise3 root]# cat /proc/meminfo
total: used: free: shared: buffers: cached:
Mem: 128675840 126464000 2211840 0 14028800 63885312
Swap: 394805248 31461376 363343872
Memtotal: 125660 kB
MemFree: 2160 kB
MemShared: 0 kB
Buffers: 13700 kB
Cached: 51304 kB
SwapCached: 11084 kB
Active: 87704 kB
ActiveAnon: 49664 kB
ActiveCache: 38040 kB
Inact_dirty: 0 kB
Inact_laundry: 18908 kB
Inact_cleam: 2208 kB
Inact_target: 21764 kB
HighTotal: 0 kB
HighFree: 0 kB
LowTotal: 125660 kB
LowFree: 2160 kB
SwapTotal: 385552 kB
SwapFreeL: 354828 kB
HugePages_Total: 0
HugePages_Free: 0
HUgepagessize: 4096 kB
[root@Enterprise3 root]#
Figure 5-7 Detected memory information
It can also help you measure the current memory state of your system. For example, if your system is overloaded, you'll probably find very little free swap space. The HugePage settings are associated with systems with over 4GB of RAM.
Now you can examine how Linux looks at your CPU in the /proc/cpuinfo file, as shown in Figure 5-8. In this particular case, the cpu family information is important; the number 6 in this figure corresponds to a 686 CPU. Some of this information is available through the top utility.
Many programs are available that simply look at the information stored in /proc and interpret it in a more readable format. The top utility is a perfect example. It reads the process table, queries RAM and swap usage and the level of CPU use, and presents it all on one screen.IP Forwarding
More importantly, there are kernel variables you can alter to change the way the kernel behaves while it's running. Sometimes it's appropriate to configure a Linux computer as a router between networks. By default, it does not forward TCP/IP information. You can confirm it with the following command:
# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
If your computer has two or more network cards, you may want to activate IPforwarding with the following command:
# echo 1 >> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
Detected CPU informationPreventing the Ping of Death
The following is another useful change to a proc kernel variable, which enables the use of TCP SYN packet cookies. These cookies prevent SYN flood attacks on your system, including the so-called "ping of death."
Managing /proc Graphically
# echo 1 >> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies
There is a Red Hat graphical tool that you can use to manage /proc directories. It's known as the Kernel Tuning tool, which you can start from a GUI command line with the redhat-config-proc command. For example, you can use it to set up IP Forwarding, as shown in Figure 5-9.
FIGURE 5-9 Tuning the kernel through /proc
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
When you compile your kernel, you can set up a monolithic kernel with every driver that you might ever need. Unfortunately, such kernels are large, unwieldy, and take a lot of time to load. Generally, most Linux administrators use kernel modules. As described earlier, a kernel module is not compiled directly into the kernel but instead operates as a pluggable driver that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel as needed.
EXAM WATCH! If you're having problems with hardware related kernel modules, one utility you can try is kudzu, the Red Hat hardware detection and configuration utility. It is normally run during the boot process, but you might try running it again if you're having a problem.
To have the kernel dynamically load and unload kernel modules as needed, the kernel module loader, kmod, is used to control the loading and unloading of modules. For special parameters and options, edit the /etc/modules.conf file.
Most hardware modules are automatically detected. If you've just installed new undetected hardware, you could issue the following command:
# depmod -a
This will scan through your modules, find out what the different dependencies for all your modules are, and map them out to a file (modules.dep). This command also creates a number of other files in the /lib/modules/2.4.21-4.EL/ directory (if you've installed another kernel, the directory version changes accordingly).
RHEL 3 runs this command automatically through the /etc/rc.sysinit script. Once the depmod module scan is complete, you can load additional kernel modules. If that module has dependencies, then all the needed modules will automatically load first.
To load a module, you can use the modprobe command with the name of a specific driver:
# modprobe 3c503
In this example, the Ethernet module for a 3Com 503 network card requires the 8390 module to work properly. If depmod was run first, then 8390 would have loaded automatically before the 3c503 driver. If a dependency in the list fails during loading, then all modules will be automatically unloaded.
Alternatively, you can set up these modules in /etc/modules.conf. It should already be configured during the RHEL 3 installation process. Unfortunately, this work can be rather tedious. The following commands are accepted in this file:
- alias Allows you to bind a name to a module.
- options Allows you to specify options for a module.
- install module command Use commandinstead of insmod on this module.
- pre-install module command Run commandbefore installing this module.
- post-install module command Run commandafter installing this module.
- remove module command Use commandinstead of rmmod on this module.
- pre-remove module command Run commandbefore loading this module.
- post-remove module command Run commandafter loading this module.
Here is an example of what a common modules.conf file may look like:
alias eth0 pcnet32
alias usb-controller usb-uhci
options sb irq=5 io=0x220 dma=1
alias midi awe_wave
alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc
Here the eth0 device is bound to the pcnet32 module. To load the network card, you can then simply type modprobe eth0 without knowing what card is in the computer. The next command sets the USB controller. The following two lines show the configuration of a soundblaster (sb) module. This information includes a specific IRQ port, I/O address, and DMA channel. The options line specifies these options and binds them to the sb alias. The sound card happens to be a Sound Blaster AWE 32 model card; therefore, the midi alias is bound to the awe_wave module. Finally, a parallel port module is bound to the parport_lowlevel alias.
The /etc/rc.sysinit script recognizes certain aliases and will load them if it finds them in this file. You need to specifically place the sound modules in modules.conf to have them automatically loaded. To have the sound modules automatically loaded during the Linux boot process without having to edit the /etc/rc.sysinit file, you can simply create an alias to sound and or midi in the modules.conf file.
To see what modules are loaded, you can type either
# cat /proc/modules
# lsmod
Both commands return output that looks something like the following:
Module Size Used by Not tainted
nfs 92912 1 (autoclean)
ide-cd 35680 0 (autoclean)
cdrom 33696 0 (autoclean) [ide-cd]
smbfs 44528 1 (autoclean)
nfsd 85456 8 (autoclean)
lockd 59856 1 (autoclean) [nfs nfsd]
sunrpc 85692 1 (autoclean) [nfs nfsd lockd]
parport_pc 19076 1 (autoclean)
lp 9028 0 (autoclean)
parport 37088 1 (autoclean) [parport_pc lp]
autofs 13364 0 (autoclean) (unused)
pcnet32 18080 1
mii 3976 0 [pcnet32]
crc32 3712 0 [pcnet32]
ipt_REJECT 4632 1 (autoclean)
ipt_state 1080 1 (autoclean)
ip_conntrack 27304 1 (autoclean) [ipt_state]
iptable_filter 2412 1 (autoclean)
ip_tables 15776 3 [ipt_REJECT ipt_state iptable_filter]
floppy 58160 0 (autoclean)
microcode 4724 0 (autoclean)
keybdev 2976 0 (unused)
mousedev 5524 1
hid 22212 0 (unused)
input 5888 0 [keybdev mousedev hid]
usb-uhci 26412 0 (unused)
usbcore 79392 1 [hid usb-uhci]
ext3 91592 3
jbd 52336 3 [ext3]
raid1 14988 2
The module name is listed on the left, and its size is in the second column. The "Used by" column shows more detail on how the module is being handled. An autoclean message means that the kernel, using the kmod thread is taking care of the module and will handle removing it. If a module name, such as ext3, is listed in brackets, then the module depends on the module in brackets. In our example, jbd depends on the ext3 module.
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.
All kernel modules are stored in the /lib/modules/kernel_version/ directory. When RHEL 3 is installed, kernel_version=2.4.21-4.EL. If you have recently compiled a new kernel and your modules are not loading properly, then you have probably forgotten to compile and install the modules. In the /usr/src/kernel_version source directory, run the following commands:
# make modules
# make modules_install
The first line compiles the modules, while the second places them under the proper directory tree. In this directory tree, different subdirectories represent different groupings. The following is a sample of a module directory:
# ls -l /lib/modules/2.4.21-4.EL/kernel/drivers
total 60
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 addon
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 block
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 cdrom
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 char
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 ide
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 input
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 md
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 message
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 net
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 parport
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 pcmcia
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 scsi
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 sound
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 usb
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 23 15:22 video
Remember that each /lib/modules/kernel_version directory contains a modules.dep file that lists all the dependencies for all the modules within the directories. Each of these module directories includes a group of kernel modules for a common type of hardware. You might want to become familiar with where to find certain modules when needed. Here are some module types you can find under each directory:
- addon High-end cards such as for server racks
- block Block devices: parallel port ide drives, network block devices, XT disks, hardware raid devices
- cdrom Non-ATAPI CD-ROM drivers: Mitsumi, Sony
- char Miscellaneous input and serial devices
- ide Hard disk drivers
- input Input devices (keyboards, mice)
- md raid devices
- message Specialized I/O adapters
- net Network modules: basic network cards, generic ppp, slip
- parport Parallel port devices (not printers)
- pcmcia Drivers used by the pcmcia cardmgr daemon (the actual cards use separate drivers)
- scsi SCSI tape, RAID, and hard drive modules, video (special video modules for Linux)
- sound Sound adapters
- usb Universal Serial Bus hubs and devices
- video Graphics adapters
All modules have .o for an extension (such as pcnet32.o). You do not need to specify the full name, just the first part of the module file (pcnet32). Once you know the directory structure, you can have the modprobe command load all modules for a certain category. For instance, if you are on a PC and you don't know the network card, you can simply type
modprobe -t net
This will attempt to load all modules in /lib/modules/kernel_version/net, stopping when a match is found. To remove a module such as pcnet32 and all its dependencies, you can type either
modprobe -r pcnet32
rmmod -r pcnet32
Either of these commands will remove the modules and all their dependencies, provided they are not in use by another module or not currently active. For example, if your network is active, you can't remove the network pcnet32 driver module. If you want to remove only the module and leave the other dependent drivers, run the rmmod command without the -r switch.
This is part one from the fifth chapter of Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide (Exam RH302), fourth edition, by Michael Jang. (McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2004, ISBN: 0-07-225365-7). Check it out at your favorite bookstore today. Buy this book now.


text:
Click here to find the nearest Regal Cinema in your area. The gift card
- can be used just like cash, at the box office or concessions.
- is welcome to be redeemed for advance ticket purchases - at the Theatre Box Office.
- cannot be redeemed online at REGmovies.com, CorporateBoxOffice.com or Fandango.com.
- cannot be redeemed for cash unless required by law.
- has no expiration date or dormancy fees.
- cannot be applied toward the purchase of Super Saver tickets (VIP, Premiere or Ultimate Movie Packs)
- redeemable at any Regal Entertainment Group location nationwide (Regal Cinemas, Edwards Theatres or United Artists Theatres).
Giveaway will accept entries until April 3. 18+, US only. Good luck!
a Rafflecopter giveaway
Good luck! Come check back often for more giveaways from Lucky Emerald's Reviews!


text:
WASHINGTON (MarketWatch) — The economy will expand in the near term, but at a slow pace, the Conference Board said Thursday as it reported that its leading economic index nudged higher in January.
Tampa, Charlotte among gainers.
• U.S. homeownership at 18-year low
The leading economic index rose 0.2% in January, below analysts' estimates of a 0.3% gain. See economic calendar.
"The indicators point to an underlying economy that remains relatively sound but sluggish. [...] The biggest risk, however, is the adverse impact of cuts in federal spending," said Ken Goldstein, a Conference Board economist.
The LEI is a weighted gauge of 10 indicators designed to signal business cycle peaks and troughs. Among the 10 indicators tracked by the Conference Board's index, six made positive contributions in January, led by the interest-rate spread. Other positive contributions came from stock prices, a leading credit index, jobless claims, building permits, and manufacturers' new orders for consumer goods and materials.
The largest negative contribution came from consumers' expectations. Other negative contributions came from manufacturing hours, a manufacturers' new orders index and manufacturers' new orders for core capital goods.
In December, the LEI rose an unrevised 0.5%.
Looking longer term, growth is somewhat faster. Over the six months through January, the LEI rose 1.1%, compared with an increase of 1% during the prior six months.
Goldstein said housing is a large positive factor. "The housing market is now at twice the level reached during its recessionary lows, and will likely continue to improve through the spring, delivering some growth momentum to the labor market and the overall economy," Goldstein said.
While the housing market faces some economic headwinds, it is strengthening. Indeed, fixed residential investment added to economic growth in 2012, the first annual contribution since 2005.


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This Is How You Do The Woman Who Brought You Into This World? Son Beating On His Own Mother Outside Her Home!
You never do this to your mother. Submitted by j.frazier38
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Linked by Thom Holwerda on Thu 23rd Sep 2010 21:36 UTC, submitted by google_ninja
Now this is a subject sure to cause some discussion among all of you. LifeHacker's Adam Pash is arguing that Chrome has overtaken Firefox as the browser of choice for what he calls 'power users'; polls among LifeHacker's readership indeed seem to confirm just that. He also gives a number of reasons as to why this is the case.
Thread beginning with comment 442325
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RE: Ideology
RE: Ideology
I like Google, I even have an Android phone, but I use Firefox because as of right now it works the way I do. I could use Chrome or Opera (IE and Safari are a no go as I am a Linux user) but while I always install all three just in case I need them (they don't take a lot of space) I am a devoted Firefox user.


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Re-examining Bush… But will history -- especially when it comes to Iraq -- truly allow him to get a second look?... 2016 could give us an early answer… What the Bush library/museum displays (and what it doesn't)… A stroll down Memory Lane: Looking back at Bush's presidency… A handful of conservatives bring up the charge that Obama hasn't kept the country safe… Obama fundraises last night -- before attending today's library dedication and memorial for those in West, TX… Another example of the difficult time Boehner/Cantor have had in herding cats… And Congress to exempt itself from Obamacare?
Kevork Djansezian / Getty Images
Former President George W. Bush participates in a signing ceremony inside the Freedom Hall for the joint use agreement between the National Archive and the George W. Bush Presidential Center on the campus of Southern Methodist University on April 24, 2013 in Dallas, Texas.
*** Re-examining Bush: Ex-presidents almost always get a second look. Long after the Vietnam War forced him to abandon his presidential re-election bid in 1968, Lyndon Johnson is now lionized (most recently by the New York Times) for his ability to twist arms. After the Cold War's end and David McCullough's popular book, Americans view Harry Truman more favorably than when he left office. And Bill Clinton -- who was dogged by impeachment, the Marc Rich pardon, and his contribution to his wife's defeat in 2008 -- is now enjoying his highest poll numbers in a very long time. So naturally, with the George W. Bush library being dedicated today, the re-examination of the nation's 43rd president is well underway. The Washington Post recently wrote about Bush's rebounding poll numbers, though a recent NBC/WSJ poll found his fav/unfav numbers (35%-44%) relatively unchanged since 2010. And former Bush '04 campaign manager Ken Mehlman argued that Bush's "compassionate conservatism" and push for immigration reform is a GOP roadmap for better success with minority voters. But here's the question to consider: Will history -- especially when it comes to Iraq -- truly allow Bush to get a second look?
George W. Bush and Laura Bush chat with TODAY's Matt Lauer in the replica Oval Office at the new Bush Library, discussing his years as president and the legacy he's left behind. "I gave it my best shot for America," the former president says.
*** Can he escape his Iraq legacy? To be sure, Bush supporters tout his accomplishments, such as the No Child Left Behind education law, the Medicare prescription-drug benefit, the Africa/AIDS work, and the Roberts-Alito appointments to the Supreme Court. Other events -- like 9/11, Hurricane Katrina and the 2008 financial crisis -- would have challenged any president. But it's the Iraq War that Bush will find hard to escape. After all, it was a war of choice that resulted in the deaths of thousands of U.S. soldiers, the deaths of many more civilians, the destabilization of the Middle East (think Iran would be the threat it is today without the Iraq War?), and the election of Barack Obama in 2008 (who essentially campaigned against Bush in his two winning elections). More importantly, the war's primary justification -- Iraq having weapons of mass destruction -- turned out to be incorrect. "People will make their own judgment," Bush told NBC's Matt Lauer this morning on "TODAY," adding: "Removing Saddam Hussein was the right decision." However, a Jan. 2013 NBC/WSJ poll found 59% of the public saying the Iraq War wasn't worth it.
*** 2016 could hint at an answer: Perhaps a key test if history looks more kindly on Bush's presidency is the 2016 election. History's failed presidencies have tended to result in the opposition party going on a run in future presidential contests – think of the six Republican victories after James Buchanan, the five Democratic wins after Herbert Hoover, and the three-straight Republican victories after Jimmy Carter. So who wins in 2016 (Hillary Clinton, Joe Biden, the GOP nominee?) could tell you something about Bush's legacy, at least from American voters. Another 2016 story to watch: Does brother Jeb Bush run? "If Jeb's last name was Brown instead of Bush, he'd probably be the front-runner for the Republican nomination," Haley Barbour told recently Politico. And does the ultimate GOP nominee run on something like Bush's "compassionate conservative" platform, or does the nominee run away from Bush as Romney did (remember, Bush was a no-show at the GOP convention, and Romney rarely invoked him on the campaign trail)? Speaking of 2016, don't miss former First Lady Barbara Bush saying on "TODAY" she DOESN'T want her son Jeb running. "We've had enough Bushes." Leave it to Mama Bush -- the straightest of straight talkers -- to make the unpredictable news of the morning here. She's legendary inside the family for telling it like it is and not hiding her true feelings well in public. And, well, she did it again. The official line from George W. and Laura about Jeb is "run" -- they have not even hesitated when asked.
*** What the museum displays (and what it doesn't): What's striking for those of us who have been able to tour the new Bush library and museum is that there is no dedicated section on Iraq; instead, the war is discussed as part of the "global war on terror." What's more, former Vice President Dick Cheney and top political strategist Karl Rove have almost no presence in the library, despite being two of the most consequential actors in the Bush administration. What is clear is the presence of former First Lady Laura Bush, however. This isn't just the George W. Bush Library; it's the George W. and Laura Bush Library. It's folks Laura respected from the Bush team who are featured in the library -- from Condi Rice to folks like Andy Card and Josh Bolten.
*** A stroll down Memory Lane: Per NBC's Sarah Blackwill, here are some of the more memorable quotes from Bush's eight years in the White House:
Jan. 20, 2001: "America, at its best, is compassionate. In the quiet of American conscience, we know that deep, persistent poverty is unworthy of our nation's promise." (First inaugural address)
Sept. 14, 2001: I can hear you! I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who ... knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon. (Bush at WTC site)
Jan. 28, 2003: The British government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa." (2003 State of the Union)
May 1, 2003: Officers and sailors of the U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln, My fellow Americans: Major combat operations in Iraq have ended. In the battle of Iraq, the United States and our allies have prevailed. ("Mission Accomplished" event)
Nov. 3, 2004: "Laura and I wish Senator Kerry and Teresa and their whole family all our best wishes. America has spoken, and I'm humbled by the trust and the confidence of my fellow citizens." (Election Night 2004)
Nov. 4, 2004: "Let me put it to you this way. I earned capital in the campaign, political capital. And now I intend to spend it." (Press conference after re-election victory)
Jan. 20, 2005: "There is only one force of history that can break the reign of hatred and resentment, and expose the pretensions of tyrants, and reward the hopes of the decent and tolerant, and that is the force of human freedom." (Second inaugural address.)
Sept. 2, 2005: "Brownie, you're doing a heck of a job.'' (After Hurricane Katrina)
Jan. 10, 2007: "So America will change our strategy to help the Iraqis carry out their campaign to put down sectarian violence and bring security to the people of Baghdad. This will require increasing American force levels. So I have committed more than 20,000 additional American troops to Iraq." (Announcing Iraq surge)
*** A handful of conservatives bring up the charge that Obama hasn't kept the country safe: Given the Bush library dedication and given the news out of Boston last week, maybe we should have braced ourselves for a handful of conservatives arguing that the Obama administration is "failing" to keep the country safe from terrorists. But do leaders of the GOP really want to have this argument? This could get ugly -- fast. Here was freshman Rep. Tom Cotton (R-AR) on the House floor yesterday: "In barely four years in office, five jihadists have reached their targets in the United States under Barack Obama: the Boston Marathon bomber, the underwear bomber, the Times Square Bomber, the Fort Hood shooter, and in my own state—the Little Rock recruiting office shooter. In the over seven years after 9/11 under George W. Bush, how many terrorists reached their target in the United States? Zero!" Conservative writer Jennifer Rubin has made a similar point. "Unlike Obama's tenure, there was no successful attack on the homeland after 9/11." (Note the words "after 9/11" from both Cotton and Rubin.) Interestingly, when Lauer asked Bush today whether the country was safer, the former president answered in the affirmative, but he added, "People on the homeland are aware that we are not completely secure." Until "hopelessness" has been eradicated, Bush said, "we'll still be vulnerable." The most serious of security folks have said for years (since 9/11) that the hardest attack to prevent is the lone wolf. Don't be surprised if some of the more senior GOP folks denounce this line of attack on Obama.
*** Obama fundraises … then hits the Bush library and service for those killed in West, TX: Meanwhile, are we the only ones surprised that Obama decided to hit a fundraiser in Dallas last night before attending today's Bush library dedication (where he speaks at 11:00 am ET) and then the memorial service for those who died in West, TX (at 3:15 pm ET)? It's an odd tone.
*** Another example of the difficult time Boehner/Cantor have had in herding cats in the House: "Republican leaders in the House of Representatives on Wednesday withdrew a bill that would change the Obama administration's healthcare law amid conservative concerns that the legislation was replacing one big government program with another," Reuters writes. "The House cleared the way to debate the bill, which was designed to help Americans with pre-existing medical conditions while preventing the administration from using an alternate source of funding to implement its healthcare law. But the 'Helping Sick Americans Now' bill was pulled from the schedule before members could cast their votes, suggesting that Republican leaders did not have enough support from their own members. Democrats called the bill a political ploy by the Republicans."
*** Congress to exempt itself from Obamacare? And finally, if this Politico story is true, we'd imagine Congress' approval ratings will sink even lower (if that's possible). "Congressional leaders in both parties are engaged in high-level, confidential talks about exempting lawmakers and Capitol Hill aides from the insurance exchanges they are mandated to join as part of President Barack Obama's health care overhaul, sources in both parties said." NBC's Kasie Hunt says that this all comes down to whether Capitol Hill's employer (i.e., the federal government) can subsidize health-care costs for their employees like most businesses do. All of this might be irrelevant because the Office of Personnel Management still hasn't made a key ruling about whether the government is allowed to continue providing subsidies to federal employees. If they rule that it's allowed, the talks aren't necessary.
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Fall RV Technician Course Will Start Next Week
September 24, 2013 by RVBusiness Comments Off on Fall RV Technician Course Will Start Next Week
The Fall RV Technician Distance Learning semester begins Sept. 30 with Pre-Delivery Inspections (PDI), according to a press releaser. The program, which is run by Northampton Community College and the Pennsylvania RV and Camping Association (PRVCA), allows students to gain an in-depth understanding of recreation vehicle maintenance with intensive, competency-based instruction.
The PDI is one of the most common tasks associated with a selling RV dealership service shop. All new RVs must be "PDI'd" prior to delivery to the retail customer. Here, the students proceed, step by step, through the process of performing a quality PDI. Troubleshooting and repair techniques are not the focus of this course; rather this course teaches how to actually inspect and test the viability of all components found in every major system. All electrical, LP and plumbing gear, as well as all safety components and add-on accessories are closely inspected and operated.
To participate, students simply log on to access the lecture notes, hands-on assignments, quizzes and chat with the instructor and other students. The program gives students the flexibility to complete the course from the comfort of their home or dealership without having the expense of traveling to a training facility.
The program is approved by the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA) and qualifies for recertification hours. Students receive a certificate of completion successful completion of the course. The program is designed for RV maintenance and sales personnel, service managers, factory field technicians, service representatives, inspectors and those seeking a new, hands-on career in a growing industry.
Those who complete the entire program will earn a specialized diploma from Northampton Community College. Students not wishing to obtain the specialized diploma may also enroll in individual courses as desired. Those who earn the specialized diploma will be prepared to test for the RV service technician or a master certified RV service technician with RVIA.
Pre-Delivery Inspections (RVTNC106) runs Sept. 30-Nov. 3. Tuition cost is $209 and employees of PRVCA members will receive a 50% reimbursement on tuition and textbooks upon successful completion of the course. The course qualifies for 28 RV technician recertification hours.
To register for the courses, visit https://lifelearn.northampton.edu/modules/ and create a username and password. If you have any trouble registering for the course, call Northampton Community College at (877) 543-0998. To purchase the textbooks required for the course, contact email@example.com or call 888-303-2887. The courses materials are supported by RVIA and feature competency-based instruction, assignments and testing.


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It has been called by some, "the worst law ever to be enacted by Congress," taking control of private lands out of the hands of owners, wreaking economic hardship for agriculture, timber, and other industries, and hamstringing the construction of schools, hospitals, and other facilities.
The Endangered Species Act, passed in 1973 with the aim of protecting plants, animals, fish, insects, snakes, and other species threatened with extinction, has cost taxpayers billions of dollars, created a thriving lawsuit industry, and has resulted in the de-listing of only 30 or so of the 1,300 species on the list.
This spring, the Senate is expected to consider the Threatened and Endangered Species Recovery Act of 2005, passed by the House last September to address some of the abuses of private property and other shortcomings in the original act.
The measure is in the Senate Fisheries, Wildlife, and Water Subcommittee, chaired by Lincoln Chafee, R-R.I. He has said he won't take up the bill until he receives a report from a panel of experts, the ESA Working Group, made up of representatives from environmental groups, industry, attorneys, government, and others.
The ESA Working Group is the creation of the Keystone Center, a Colorado-based non-profit organization whose mission "is to develop solutions to societal issues through the innovative use of deliberative frameworks, inclusive processes, and analytical scientific information."
Critics say its interests are more closely aligned with those in the environmental movement and large companies than with the average landowner whose private property rights are being trampled.
The Threatened and Endangered Species Recovery Act (TESRA) is, says its author, Rep. Richard Pombo, R-Calif., an effort to add sensible private property protections and other changes to the endangered species law — most notably, it would require the federal government to pay landowners for restrictions on property use due to the presence of endangered species.
For more than three decades, farmers and other property owners have been incensed that land harboring an endangered creature was rendered basically useless because of ESA restrictions, the violation of which could result in enormous fines, and even jail sentences.
The ESA puts "flies, beetles, rats, and shellfish before people," Congressman Pombo says. "The bottom line is that the act is in desperate need of an update." He says he wants to turn the tables and make cooperators of the farmers, ranchers, and other private property owners who hold the majority of the land on which endangered species are found. "The best way to conserve natural resources is to give society an economic reason to protect them," he says.
He has been excoriated by the environmental movement. The Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund dubbed him the Wildlife Villain of the Year, "far and away the most anti-conservation member of Congress." The bill would be "a windfall for developers," others contend.
Pombo says he'll keep up the fight to revamp the ESA, but he faces a legion of opposition, including former Congressman Pete McCloskey, co-author of the original ESA, who says he's so outraged he is going to move into Pombo's district to run against him.


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Releasing the Imagination: Essays on Education, the Arts, and Social Change
Wiley, Jul 13, 1995 - Education - 240 pages
It is imagination, says Maxine Greene, that opens our eyes to worlds beyond our experience--enabling us to create, care for others, and envision social change. In Releasing the Imagination, this renowned educator and philosopher reveals the critical role of imagination in cognitive and other modes of learning.Ruminating on themes such as literacy, the arts and aesthetics, pluralism, multiculturalism, and the tensions and passions of caring, Greene carefully considers both the realities of hard economic times and the human requirement for expressiveness. She shows that, while today's economic realities require an inevitable emphasis on vocational and technical training, this focus must be counterbalanced by an emphasis on the release of the human imagination and the cultivation of new visions. Greene explains how the arts play a key role in building understanding across differences and in stimulating the capacity to break with the habitual and the taken-for-granted--counteracting the sometimes pervasive sense of futility that overwhelms many of our youth.From an account of school restructuring to a rendering of the shapes of literacy, Greene's essays examine the potential releases of imagination in a variety of contexts--in connection with the arts, and in connection with the community that, she hopes, "will some day be called democracy."
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Narrative in the Making
Creating Possibilities
Seeking Contexts
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Releasing the Imagination: Essays on Education, the Arts, and Social Change
Maxine Greene
No preview available - 2000
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Witch hazel is produced from the leaves and barks of the Witch hazel shrub in North America and is an astringent that grows in Canada and America.
It has been used for many years by American Indians for medicinal purposes. It offers a number of health benefits, particularly in the treatment of different skin conditions, because it is less likely to cause skin irritation or sensitivity.
Witch hazel has high levels of tannin acid. The tannin content in witch hazel has strong astringent as well as antioxidant properties. These astringent properties are cleansing to the skin, while minimizing the size of skin pores.
Witch hazel is the main ingredient in most traditional acne treatments. The astringents which are natural cleansers in witch hazel are extremely mild and that's why they are perfect ingredients for acne treatments, they are less harsh than some other chemical based treatments.
If you suffer from acne then witch hazel comes highly recommended. Witch hazel removes the sebum from the skin and reduces the inflammation of pimples without leaving the skin dry. It is gentle and non-drying when used to tone and cleanse acne infected or acne prone skin
In addition this plant has excellent anti-inflammatory properties and it can be used to treat bruises, rheumatoid swellings and even hemorrhoids.
Acne is a common problem for many people and the variety of products on offer can sometimes appear overwhelming. Don't fall for the so called miracle products.
An excellent product to choose which contains witch hazel is Complete Acne Kit, this specially designed acne treatment contains seven items that include Derma Cleanse Capsules, Derma Cleanse Acne Gel, Facial Cleansing Gel, Botanical Acne Mask, AHA/BHA Complex, Oil-Free Day Lotion, and a Refining Scrub. This is a fantastic acne kit that has been proven for its effectiveness in its fight against acne.
If you suffer from acne breakouts on your back and shoulders witch hazel can also be applied to these areas, it's not just for your face.
Witch hazel is so beneficial to people with problem skin, why not try it yourself.


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Changes related to "How to Dump Install Logs to the Serial Port of the Virtual Machine"
From DocWiki
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category).Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Legend: N - new page, m - minor edit, b - bot edit.
No changes on linked pages during the given period.


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|Chicago, Ill.
|High School:
|Francis Parker School
|Previous College:
|Political science
|Residential College:
2012-13 Season (Senior): Earned Nellie Pratt Elliot Award, highest honor for a senior female student-athlete at Yale ... Elected team captain by teammates… Named first team All-Ivy in singles for the second consecutive year… Ranked as highly as No. 42 nationally at singles…Began season at No. 2 and finished at No. 1… Had crucial wins at No. 2 singles against DePaul and Pepperdine… Had a 15-6 record in the spring and a 26-9 record on the year… Defeated No. 98 Elizabeth Kilborn of Georgia Tech in the NCAA Tournament... Named second team All-Ivy at doubles with Annie Sullivan… Played No. 1 doubles with Sullivan and went 9-4… Defeated No. 28 Kata Szekely of the University of Tennessee and No. 54 Kaitlyn Christian of USC in the Riviera/ITA All-American Championships… At doubles, went 7-4 in the fall... Reached the quarterfinals of the USTA/ITA Northeast Regional Championships with Hanna Yu ... ITA Scholar-Athlete.
2011-12 Season (Junior): Won the Lisa Rosenblum Award for the team's most valuable player … First Team All-Ivy in singles … Second Team All-Ivy in doubles … Won clinching match against Saint Mary's at NCAA Tournament, the second win in Yale history, against the nation's No. 105 ranked player … Began season ranked No. 92 nationally and No. 2 in Northeast Region in singles … In doubles, was ranked as high as No. 24 nationally, playing with Annie Sullivan … Played in ITA All-American Championships … Advanced to finals at Northeast Regionals … Finished year 25-13 in singles … Played No. 1 singles … Went 23-4 in doubles … Played No. 2 doubles … Was 21-1 playing with Sullivan … Finished season with ten consecutive doubles victories, including each Ivy League match, and wins in 22 of 23 matches … Won both singles and doubles matches in 4-3 upset of Notre Dame … Singles victory was over nation's No. 110 ranked singles player … Won in doubles against No. 10 Michigan … Won her match in the ECAC Indoor Championship … Came back from losing the first set to break a 3-3 tie against Princeton in the Bulldogs' closest match of the Ivy League season.
2010-11 Season (Sophomore): Ranked No. 15 in Northeast Region … Shared the Lisa Rosenblum Award for the team's most valuable player … Won the team's Most Improved Player Award … Second Team All-Ivy in singles … 19-6 singles record in spring season … Played mostly at No. 2 but finished season at No. 1 … Beat Princeton in ECAC Indoor Championships final … 11-8 in doubles … Played at No. 3 early in year and No. 2 later … Consecutively won against Dartmouth, Brown, and College of William and Mary to gain the Ivy League lead, clinch a share of the title, and finally to help Yale gain its first ever NCAA Tournament victory … Finished the fall season with a 7-3 singles record… Went 5-5 in doubles in the fall … Fall season was highlighted by defeating No. 31 Nadja Gilchrist from the University of Georgia at the Yellow Jacket Invitational.
2009-2010 (Freshman): Finished the season with a 27-7 singles record… Posted an 11-4 singles record in the fall season … Fall season was highlighted by reaching the finals in the USTA BJK NTC Women's College Invitational … Posted a 16-3 singles record in the spring season… Spring season was highlighted by having a 6-1 record in the Ivy League … Finished the season with a 16-8 doubles record, including 8-4 records in both the fall and spring.
Before Yale: 2007 and 2008 Illinois High School State Champion, 2006 Runner-Up ... Winner of St. Louis Gateway Girls 18's in Nov. 2007 ... Two-time winner of Midwest Open Doubles Girls 18's ... Runner-up at National Open Girl's 18's in Feb. 2008 ... Member of Midwest Girls National Championship Team which finished in first place in August 2008 ... Doubles champion of the Saadia Rees ITF Junior Tournament in Israel in April 2008 ... Placed second in the Midwest Closed Girls 18's in June 2007... High School All-American in 2007 and 2009 ... Helen Shockley Sportsmanship Award Midwest Section 2008 ... Helen Shockley Award Chicago District 2007 .. .Senior Co-Captain of High School Team 2008 ... Ranked as high as No. 23 on tennisrecruiting.net as a senior ... Ranked as high as No. 17 on USTA National ranking list as a junior ... Finished 2006 ranked No. 1 in the Midwest Girls 18's ... Selected by the National High School Coaches Association as the National High School Girls Tennis Athlete of the Year in 2009 ... Chicago Tribune/WGN - Channel 9 Athlete of the Month for October 2009.


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On 15 August 2013, at 9:00 PM CST (9:00 AM EST), Director of HDRO Khalid Malik answered questions about human development and China during a live chat on the United Nations' Weibo social media platform, in Chinese.
The event page is accessible here.
Prior to joining the Human Development Report Office, Mr. Malik served as Special Advisor on New Development Partnerships (2010-2011); UN Resident Coordinator in China (2003-2010); Director, Evaluation Office (1997-2003); and UN Representative in Uzbekistan (1993-1997). Earlier he worked as a senior economist and programme manager in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and on science and technology matters.
Mr. Malik has written widely on development issues. He co-edited a review of the Lessons Learned in Crisis and Post-Conflict Situations (2002) and Capacity for Development: New Solutions to Old Problems (2002), and was the lead author of the 2004 UNDP Development Effectiveness Report. His latest book - Why China Has Grown So Fast for So Long - is to be published shortly. Mr. Malik is on the Advisory Board of the Oxford Centre of China Studies and received an honorary doctorate from Nanchang University. In 2009, Mr. Malik was selected by the government of China as one of ten "champions" - and the only foreigner - to be honored for their contributions to the protection of the environment in China.


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A recognized leader in research and development, 3M produces thousands of innovative products for dozens of diverse markets. 3M's core strength is applying its more than 40 distinct technology platforms often in combination to a wide array of customer needs. With $30 billion in sales, 3M employs about 84,000 people worldwide and has operations in more than 65 countries..
Contact Information:
Dubai Internet City,
P.O. Box 20191
United Arab Emirates


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SZ 467 (Nadolol 80 mg)
Pill with imprint SZ 467 is White, Round and has been identified as Nadolol 80 mg. It is supplied by Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Inc..
Nadolol is used in the treatment of esophageal variceal hemorrhage prophylaxis; anxiety; migraine prevention; benign essential tremor; angina (and more), and belongs to the drug class non-cardioselective beta blockers. Risk cannot be ruled out during pregnancy. Nadolol 80 mg is not a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA).
Images for SZ 467
- Imprint:
- Strength:
- 80 mg
- Color:
- White
- Size:
- 11.00 mm
- Shape:
- Round
- Availability:
- Prescription only
- Drug Class:
- Non-cardioselective beta blockers
- Pregnancy Category:
- C - Risk cannot be ruled out
- CSA Schedule:
- Not a controlled drug
- Labeler / Supplier:
- Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Inactive Ingredients:
- croscarmellose sodium
hydroxypropyl cellulose
lactose monohydrate
magnesium stearate
microcrystalline cellulose
corn starch
silicon dioxide
Note: Inactive ingredients may vary.
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|NDC Code
|Labeler / Repackager
|Amerisource Health Services
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- Drug class: non-cardioselective beta blockers
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