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History of the English People - Book II England under Foreign Kings, 1071-1204
Henry the Second--1154-1189
Green, John Richard (M.A.)
Henry Fitz-Empress
The Great Scutage
Archbishop Thomas
Legal Reforms
Murder of Thomas
The Church and Literature
Gerald of Wales
Walter de Map
Invasion of Ireland
Revolt of the younger Henry
Later reforms
Henry's death
Henry Fitz-Empress
Young as he was, and he had reached but his twenty-first year when he returned to England as its king, Henry mounted the throne with a purpose of government which his reign carried steadily out. His practical, serviceable frame suited the hardest worker of his time. There was something in his build and look, in the square stout form, the fiery face, the close-cropped hair, the prominent eyes, the bull neck, the coarse strong hands, the bowed legs, that marked out the keen, stirring, coarse-fibred man of business. "He never sits down," said one who observed him closely; "he is always on his legs from morning till night." Orderly in business, careless of appearance, sparing in diet, never resting or giving his servants rest, chatty, inquisitive, endowed with a singular charm of address and strength of memory, obstinate in love or hatred, a fair scholar, a great hunter, his general air that of a rough, passionate, busy man, Henry's personal character told directly on the character of his reign. His accession marks the period of amalgamation when neighbourhood and traffic and intermarriage drew Englishmen and Normans into a single people. A national feeling was thus springing up before which the barriers of the older feudalism were to be swept away. Henry had even less reverence for the feudal past than the men of his day: he was indeed utterly without the imagination and reverence which enable men to sympathize with any past at all. He had a practical man's impatience of the obstacles thrown in the way of his reforms by the older constitution of the realm, nor could he understand other men's reluctance to purchase undoubted improvements by the sacrifice of customs and traditions of bygone days. Without any theoretical hostility to the co-ordinate powers of the state, it seemed to him a perfectly reasonable and natural course to trample either baronage or Church under foot to gain his end of good government. He saw clearly that the remedy for such anarchy as England had endured under Stephen lay in the establishment of a kingly rule unembarrassed by any privileges of order or class, administered by royal servants, and in whose public administration the nobles acted simply as delegates of the sovereign. His work was to lie in the organization of judicial and administrative reforms which realized this idea. But of the currents of thought and feeling which were tending in the same direction he knew nothing. What he did for the moral and social impulses which were telling on men about him was simply to let them alone. Religion grew more and more identified with patriotism under the eyes of a king who whispered, and scribbled, and looked at picture-books during mass, who never confessed, and cursed God in wild frenzies of blasphemy. Great peoples formed themselves on both sides of the sea round a sovereign who bent the whole force of his mind to hold together an Empire which the growth of nationality must inevitably destroy. There is throughout a tragic grandeur in the irony of Henry's position, that of a Sforza of the fifteenth century set in the midst of the twelfth, building up by patience and policy and craft a dominion alien to the deepest sympathies of his age and fated to be swept away in the end by popular forces to whose existence his very cleverness and activity blinded him. But whether by the anti-national temper of his general system or by the administrative reforms of his English rule his policy did more than that of all his predecessors to prepare England for the unity and freedom which the fall of his house was to reveal.
The Great Scutage
He had been placed on the throne, as we have seen, by the Church. His first work was to repair the evils which England had endured till his accession by the restoration of the system of Henry the First; and it was with the aid and counsel of Theobald that the foreign marauders were driven from the realm, the new castles demolished in spite of the opposition of the baronage, the King's Court and Exchequer restored. Age and infirmity however warned the Primate to retire from the post of minister, and his power fell into the younger and more vigorous hands of Thomas Beket, who had long acted as his confidential adviser and was now made Chancellor. Thomas won the personal favour of the king. The two young men had, in Theobald's words, "but one heart and mind"; Henry jested in the Chancellor's hall, or tore his cloak from his shoulders in rough horse-play as they rode through the streets. He loaded his favourite with riches and honours, but there is no ground for thinking that Thomas in any degree influenced his system of rule. Henry's policy seems for good or evil to have been throughout his own. His work of reorganization went steadily on amidst troubles at home and abroad. Welsh outbreaks forced him in 1157 to lead an army over the border; and a crushing repulse showed that he was less skilful as a general than as a statesman. The next year saw him drawn across the Channel, where he was already master of a third of the present France. Anjou, Maine, and Touraine he had inherited from his father, Normandy from his mother, he governed Britanny through his brother, while the seven provinces of the South, Poitou, Saintonge, La Marche, P�rigord, the Limousin, the Angoumois, and Gascony, belonged to his wife. As Duchess of Aquitaine Eleanor had claims on Toulouse, and these Henry prepared in 1159 to enforce by arms. But the campaign was turned to the profit of his reforms. He had already begun the work of bringing the baronage within the grasp of the law by sending judges from the Exchequer year after year to exact the royal dues and administer the king's justice even in castle and manor. He now attacked its military influence. Each man who held lands of a certain value was bound to furnish a knight for his lord's service; and the barons thus held a body of trained soldiers at their disposal. When Henry called his chief lords to serve in the war of Toulouse, he allowed the lower tenants to commute their service for sums payable to the royal treasury under the name of "scutage," or shield-money. The "Great Scutage" did much to disarm the baronage, while it enabled the king to hire foreign mercenaries for his service abroad. Again however he was luckless in war. King Lewis of France threw himself into Toulouse. Conscious of the ill-compacted nature of his wide dominion, Henry shrank from an open contest with his suzerain; he withdrew his forces, and the quarrel ended in 1160 by a formal alliance and the betrothal of his eldest son to the daughter of Lewis.
Archbishop Thomas
Henry returned to his English realm to regulate the relations of the State with the Church. These rested in the main on the system established by the Conqueror, and with that system Henry had no wish to meddle. But he was resolute that, baron or priest, all should be equal before the law; and he had no more mercy for clerical than for feudal immunities. The immunities of the clergy indeed were becoming a hindrance to public justice. The clerical order in the Middle Ages extended far beyond the priesthood; it included in Henry's day the whole of the professional and educated classes. It was subject to the jurisdiction of the Church courts alone; but bodily punishment could only be inflicted by officers of the lay courts, and so great had the jealousy between clergy and laity become that the bishops no longer sought civil aid but restricted themselves to the purely spiritual punishments of penance and deprivation of orders. Such penalties formed no effectual check upon crime, and while preserving the Church courts the king aimed at the delivery of convicted offenders to secular punishment. For the carrying out of these designs he sought an agent in Thomas the Chancellor. Thomas had now been his minister for eight years, and had fought bravely in the war against Toulouse at the head of the seven hundred knights who formed his household. But the king had other work for him than war. On Theobald's death he forced on the monks of Canterbury his election as Archbishop. But from the moment of his appointment in 1162 the dramatic temper of the new Primate flung its whole energy into the part he set himself to play. At the first intimation of Henry's purpose he pointed with a laugh to his gay court attire: "You are choosing a fine dress," he said, "to figure at the head of your Canterbury monks"; once monk and Archbishop he passed with a fevered earnestness from luxury to asceticism; and a visit to the Council of Tours in 1163, where the highest doctrines of ecclesiastical authority were sanctioned by Pope Alexander the Third, strengthened his purpose of struggling for the privileges of the Church. His change of attitude encouraged his old rivals at court to vex him with petty lawsuits, but no breach had come with the king till Henry proposed that clerical convicts should be punished by the civil power. Thomas refused; he would only consent that a clerk, once degraded, should for after offences suffer like a layman. Both parties appealed to the "customs" of the realm; and it was to state these "customs" that a court was held in 1164 at Clarendon near Salisbury.
Legal Reforms
The report presented by bishops and barons formed the Constitutions of Clarendon, a code which in the bulk of its provisions simply re-enacted the system of the Conqueror. Every election of bishop or abbot was to take place before royal officers, in the king's chapel, and with the king's assent. The prelate-elect was bound to do homage to the king for his lands before consecration, and to hold his lands as a barony from the king, subject to all feudal burthens of taxation and attendance in the King's Court. No bishop might leave the realm without the royal permission. No tenant in chief or royal servant might be excommunicated, or their land placed under interdict, but by the king's assent. What was new was the legislation respecting ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The King's Court was to decide whether a suit between clerk and layman, whose nature was disputed, belonged to the Church courts or the King's. A royal officer was to be present at all ecclesiastical proceedings in order to confine the Bishop's court within its own due limits, and a clerk convicted there passed at once under the civil jurisdiction. An appeal was left from the Archbishop's court to the King's Court for defect of justice, but none might appeal to the Papal court save with the king's leave. The privilege of sanctuary in churches and churchyards was repealed, so far as property and not persons was concerned. After a passionate refusal the Primate was at last brought to give his assent to these Constitutions, but the assent was soon retracted, and Henry's savage resentment threw the moral advantage of the position into his opponent's hands. Vexatious charges were brought against Thomas, and he was summoned to answer at a Council held in the autumn at Northampton. All urged him to submit; his very life was said to be in peril from the king's wrath. But in the presence of danger the courage of the man rose to its full height. Grasping his archiepiscopal cross he entered the royal court, forbade the nobles to condemn him, and appealed in the teeth of the Constitutions to the Papal See. Shouts of "Traitor!" followed him as he withdrew. The Primate turned fiercely at the word: "Were I a knight," he shouted back, "my sword should answer that foul taunt!" Once alone however, dread pressed more heavily; he fled in disguise at nightfall and reached France through Flanders.
Great as were the dangers it was to bring with it, the flight of Thomas left Henry free to carry on the reforms he had planned. In spite of denunciations from Primate and Pope, the Constitutions regulated from this time the relations of the Church with the State. Henry now turned to the actual organization of the realm. His reign, it has been truly said, "initiated the rule of law" as distinct from the despotism, whether personal or tempered by routine, of the Norman sovereigns. It was by successive "assizes" or codes issued with the sanction of the great councils of barons and prelates which he summoned year by year, that he perfected in a system of gradual reforms the administrative measures which Henry the First had begun. The fabric of our judicial legislation commences in 1166 with the Assize of Clarendon, the first object of which was to provide for the order of the realm by reviving the old English system of mutual security or frankpledge. No stranger might abide in any place save a borough and only there for a single night unless sureties were given for his good behaviour; and the list of such strangers was to be submitted to the itinerant justices. In the provisions of this assize for the repression of crime we find the origin of trial by jury, so often attributed to earlier times. Twelve lawful men of each hundred, with four from each township, were sworn to present those who were known or reputed as criminals within their district for trial by ordeal. The jurors were thus not merely witnesses, but sworn to act as judges also in determining the value of the charge, and it is this double character of Henry's jurors that has descended to our "grand jury," who still remain charged with the duty of presenting criminals for trial after examination of the witnesses against them. Two later steps brought the jury to its modern condition. Under Edward the First witnesses acquainted with the particular fact in question were added in each case to the general jury, and by the separation of these two classes of jurors at a later time the last became simply "witnesses" without any judicial power, while the first ceased to be witnesses at all and became our modern jurors, who are only judges of the testimony given. With this assize too a practice which had prevailed from the earliest English times, the practice of "compurgation," passed away. Under this system the accused could be acquitted of the charge by the voluntary oath of his neighbours and kinsmen; but this was abolished by the Assize of Clarendon, and for the fifty years which followed it his trial, after the investigation of the grand jury, was found solely in the ordeal or "judgement of God," where innocence was proved by the power of holding hot iron in the hand or by sinking when flung into the water, for swimming was a proof of guilt. It was the abolition of the whole system of ordeal by the Council of Lateran in 1216 which led the way to the establishment of what is called a "petty jury" for the final trial of prisoners.
Murder of Thomas
But Henry's work of reorganization had hardly begun when it was broken by the pressure of the strife with the Primate. For six years the contest raged bitterly; at Rome, at Paris, the agents of the two powers intrigued against each other. Henry stooped to acts of the meanest persecution in driving the Primate's kinsmen from England, and in confiscating the lands of their order till the monks of Pontigny should refuse Thomas a home; while Beket himself exhausted the patience of his friends by his violence and excommunications, as well as by the stubbornness with which he clung to the offensive clause "Saving the honour of my order," the addition of which to his consent would have practically neutralised the king's reforms. The Pope counselled mildness, the French king for a time withdrew his support, his own clerks gave way at last. "Come up," said one of them bitterly when his horse stumbled on the road, "saving the honour of the Church and my order." But neither warning nor desertion moved the resolution of the Primate. Henry, in dread of Papal excommunication, resolved in 1170 on the coronation of his son: and this office, which belonged to the see of Canterbury, he transferred to the Archbishop of York. But the Pope's hands were now freed by his successes in Italy, and the threat of an interdict forced the king to a show of submission. The Archbishop was allowed to return after a reconciliation with the king at Fr�teval, and the Kentishmen flocked around him with uproarious welcome as he entered Canterbury. "This is England," said his clerks, as they saw the white headlands of the coast. "You will wish yourself elsewhere before fifty days are gone," said Thomas sadly, and his foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry's character. He was now in the royal power, and orders had already been issued in the younger Henry's name for his arrest when four knights from the King's Court, spurred to outrage by a passionate outburst of their master's wrath, crossed the sea, and on the 29th of December forced their way into the Archbishop's palace. After a stormy parley with him in his chamber they withdrew to arm. Thomas was hurried by his clerks into the cathedral, but as he reached the steps leading from the transept to the choir his pursuers burst in from the cloisters. "Where," cried Reginald Fitzurse in the dusk of the dimly-lighted minster, "where is the traitor, Thomas Beket?" The Primate turned resolutely back: "Here am I, no traitor, but a priest of God," he replied, and again descending the steps he placed himself with his back against a pillar and fronted his foes. All the bravery and violence of his old knightly life seemed to revive in Thomas as he tossed back the threats and demands of his assailants. "You are our prisoner," shouted Fitzurse, and the four knights seized him to drag him from the church. "Do not touch me, Reginald," cried the Primate, "pander that you are, you owe me fealty"; and availing himself of his personal strength he shook him roughly off. "Strike, strike," retorted Fitzurse, and blow after blow struck Thomas to the ground. A retainer of Ranulf de Broc with the point of his sword scattered the Primate's brains on the ground. "Let us be off," he cried triumphantly, "this traitor will never rise again."
The Church and Literature
The brutal murder was received with a thrill of horror throughout Christendom; miracles were wrought at the martyr's tomb; he was canonized, and became the most popular of English saints. The stately "martyrdom" which rose over his relics at Canterbury seemed to embody the triumph which his blood had won. But the contest had in fact revealed a new current of educated opinion which was to be more fatal to the Church than the reforms of the king. Throughout it Henry had been aided by a silent revolution which now began to part the purely literary class from the purely clerical. During the earlier ages of our history we have seen literature springing up in ecclesiastical schools, and protecting itself against the ignorance and violence of the time under ecclesiastical privileges. Almost all our writers from B�da to the days of the Angevins are clergy or monks. The revival of letters which followed the Conquest was a purely ecclesiastical revival; the intellectual impulse which Bee had given to Normandy travelled across the Channel with the new Norman abbots who were established in the greater English monasteries; and writing-rooms or scriptoria, where the chief works of Latin literature, patristic or classical, were copied and illuminated, the lives of saints compiled, and entries noted in the monastic chronicle, formed from this time a part of every religious house of any importance. But the literature which found this religious shelter was not so much ecclesiastical as secular. Even the philosophical and devotional impulse given by Anselm produced no English work of theology or metaphysics. The literary revival which followed the Conquest took mainly the old historical form. At Durham Turgot and Simeon threw into Latin shape the national annals to the time of Henry the First with an especial regard to northern affairs, while the earlier events of Stephen's reign were noted down by two Priors of Hexham in the wild border-land between England and the Scots.
These however were the colourless jottings of mere annalists; it was in the Scriptorium of Canterbury, in Osbern's lives of the English saints or in Eadmer's record of the struggle of Anselm against the Red King and his successor, that we see the first indications of a distinctively English feeling telling on the new literature. The national impulse is yet more conspicuous in the two historians that followed. The war-songs of the English conquerors of Britain were preserved by Henry, an Archdeacon of Huntingdon, who wove them into annals compiled from B�da, and the Chronicle; while William, the librarian of Malmesbury, as industriously collected the lighter ballads which embodied the popular traditions of the English kings. It is in William above all others that we see the new tendency of English literature. In himself, as in his work, he marks the fusion of the conquerors and the conquered, for he was of both English and Norman parentage and his sympathies were as divided as his blood. The form and style of his writings show the influence of those classical studies which were now reviving throughout Christendom. Monk as he is, William discards the older ecclesiastical models and the annalistic form. Events are grouped together with no strict reference to time, while the lively narrative flows rapidly and loosely along with constant breaks of digression over the general history of Europe and the Church. It is in this change of historic spirit that William takes his place as first of the more statesmanlike and philosophic school of historians who began to arise in direct connexion with the Court, and among whom the author of the chronicle which commonly bears the name of "Benedict of Peterborough" with his continuator Roger of Howden are the most conspicuous. Both held judicial offices under Henry the Second, and it is to their position at Court that they owe the fulness and accuracy of their information as to affairs at home and abroad, as well as their copious supply of official documents. What is noteworthy in these writers is the purely political temper with which they regard the conflict of Church and State in their time. But the English court had now become the centre of a distinctly secular literature. The treatise of Ranulf de Glanvill, a justiciar of Henry the Second, is the earliest work on English law, as that of the royal treasurer, Richard Fitz-Neal, on the Exchequer is the earliest on English government.
Gerald of Wales
Still more distinctly secular than these, though the work of a priest who claimed to be a bishop, are the writings of Gerald de Barri. Gerald is the father of our popular literature as he is the originator of the political and ecclesiastical pamphlet. Welsh blood (as his usual name of Giraldus Cambrensis implies) mixed with Norman in his veins, and something of the restless Celtic fire runs alike through his writings and his life. A busy scholar at Paris, a reforming Archdeacon in Wales, the wittiest of Court chaplains, the most troublesome of bishops, Gerald became the gayest and most amusing of all the authors of his time. In his hands the stately Latin tongue took the vivacity and picturesqueness of the jongleur's verse. Reared as he had been in classic studies, he threw pedantry contemptuously aside. "It is better to be dumb than not to be understood," is his characteristic apology for the novelty of his style: "new times require new fashions, and so I have thrown utterly aside the old and dry method of some authors and aimed at adopting the fashion of speech which is actually in vogue to-day." His tract on the conquest of Ireland and his account of Wales, which are in fact reports of two journeys undertaken in those countries with John and Archbishop Baldwin, illustrate his rapid faculty of careless observation, his audacity, and his good sense. They are just the sort of lively, dashing letters that we find in the correspondence of a modern journal. There is the same modern tone in his political pamphlets; his profusion of jests, his fund of anecdote, the aptness of his quotations, his natural shrewdness and critical acumen, the clearness and vivacity of his style, are backed by a fearlessness and impetuosity that made him a dangerous assailant even to such a ruler as Henry the Second. The invectives in which Gerald poured out his resentment against the Angevins are the cause of half the scandal about Henry and his sons which has found its way into history. His life was wasted in an ineffectual attempt to secure the see of St. David's, but his pungent pen played its part in rousing the nation to its later struggle with the Crown.
A tone of distinct hostility to the Church developed itself almost from the first among the singers of romance. Romance had long before taken root in the court of Henry the First, where under the patronage of Queen Maud the dreams of Arthur, so long cherished by the Celts of Britanny, and which had travelled to Wales in the train of the exile Rhys ap Tewdor, took shape in the History of the Britons by Geoffry of Monmouth. Myth, legend, tradition, the classical pedantry of the day, Welsh hopes of future triumph over the Saxon, the memories of the Crusades and of the world-wide dominion of Charles the Great, were mingled together by this daring fabulist in a work whose popularity became at once immense. Alfred of Beverley transferred Geoffry's inventions into the region of sober history, while two Norman _trouveurs_, Gaimar and Wace, translated them into French verse. So complete was the credence they obtained that Arthur's tomb at Glastonbury was visited by Henry the Second, while the child of his son Geoffry and of Constance of Britanny received the name of the Celtic hero. Out of Geoffry's creation grew little by little the poem of the Table Round. Britanny, which had mingled with the story of Arthur the older and more mysterious legend of the Enchanter Merlin, lent that of Lancelot to the wandering minstrels of the day, who moulded it as they wandered from hall to hall into the familiar tale of knighthood wrested from its loyalty by the love of woman. The stories of Tristram and Gawayne, at first as independent as that of Lancelot, were drawn with it into the whirlpool of Arthurian romance; and when the Church, jealous of the popularity of the legends of chivalry, invented as a counteracting influence the poem of the Sacred Dish, the San Graal which held the blood of the Cross invisible to all eyes but those of the pure in heart, the genius of a Court poet, Walter de Map, wove the rival legends together, sent Arthur and his knights wandering over sea and land in quest of the San Graal, and crowned the work by the figure of Sir Galahad, the type of ideal knighthood, without fear and without reproach.
Walter de Map
Walter stands before us as the representative of a sudden outburst of literary, social, and religious criticism which followed this growth of romance and the appearance of a freer historical tone in the court of the two Henries. Born on the Welsh border, a student at Paris, a favourite with the king, a royal chaplain, justiciary, and ambassador, his genius was as various as it was prolific. He is as much at his ease in sweeping together the chitchat of the time in his "Courtly Trifles" as in creating the character of Sir Galahad. But he only rose to his fullest strength when he turned from the fields of romance to that of Church reform and embodied the ecclesiastical abuses of his day in the figure of his "Bishop Goliath." The whole spirit of Henry and his Court in their struggle with Thomas is reflected and illustrated in the apocalypse and confession of this imaginary prelate. Picture after picture strips the veil from the corruption of the medi�val Church, its indolence, its thirst for gain, its secret immorality. The whole body of the clergy from Pope to hedge-priest is painted as busy in the chase for gain; what escapes the bishop is snapped up by the archdeacon, what escapes the archdeacon is nosed and hunted down by the dean, while a host of minor officials prowl hungrily around these greater marauders. Out of the crowd of figures which fills the canvas of the satirist, pluralist vicars, abbots "purple as their wines," monks feeding and chattering together like parrots in the refectory, rises the Philistine Bishop, light of purpose, void of conscience, lost in sensuality, drunken, unchaste, the Goliath who sums up the enormities of all, and against whose forehead this new David slings his sharp pebble of the brook.
Invasion of Ireland
It would be in the highest degree unjust to treat such invectives as sober history, or to judge the Church of the twelfth century by the taunts of Walter de Map. What writings such as his bring home to us is the upgrowth of a new literary class, not only standing apart from the Church but regarding it with a hardly disguised ill-will, and breaking down the unquestioning reverence with which men had till now regarded it by their sarcasm and abuse. The tone of intellectual contempt which begins with Walter de Map goes deepening on till it culminates in Chaucer and passes into the open revolt of the Lollard. But even in these early days we can hardly doubt that it gave Henry strength in his contest with the Church. So little indeed did he suffer from the murder of Archbishop Thomas that the years which follow it form the grandest portion of his reign. While Rome was threatening excommunication he added a new realm to his dominions. Ireland had long since fallen from the civilization and learning which its missionaries brought in the seventh century to the shores of Northumbria. Every element of improvement or progress which had been introduced into the island disappeared in the long and desperate struggle with the Danes. The coast-towns which the invaders founded, such as Dublin or Waterford, remained Danish, in blood and manners and at feud with the Celtic tribes around them, though sometimes forced by the fortunes of war to pay tribute and to accept the overlordship of the Irish kings. It was through these towns however that the intercourse with England which had ceased since the eighth century was to some extent renewed in the eleventh. Cut off from the Church of the island by national antipathy, the Danish coast-cities applied to the See of Canterbury for the ordination of their bishops, and acknowledged a right of spiritual supervision in Lanfranc and Anselm. The relations thus formed were drawn closer by a slave-trade between the two countries which the Conqueror and Bishop Wulfstan succeeded for a time in suppressing at Bristol but which appears to have quickly revived. In the twelfth century Ireland was full of Englishmen who had been kidnapped and sold into slavery in spite of royal prohibitions and the spiritual menaces of the English Church. The slave-trade afforded a legitimate pretext for war, had a pretext been needed by the ambition of Henry the Second; and within a few months of that king's coronation John of Salisbury was despatched to obtain the Papal sanction for an invasion of the island. The enterprise, as it was laid before Pope Hadrian IV., took the colour of a crusade. The isolation of Ireland from the general body of Christendom, the absence of learning and civilization, the scandalous vices of its people, were alleged as the grounds of Henry's action. It was the general belief of the time that all islands fell under the jurisdiction of the Papal See, and it was as a possession of the Roman Church that Henry sought Hadrian's permission to enter Ireland. His aim was "to enlarge the bounds of the Church, to restrain the progress of vices, to correct the manners of its people and to plant virtue among them, and to increase the Christian religion." He engaged to "subject the people to laws, to extirpate vicious customs, to respect the rights of the native Churches, and to enforce the payment of Peter's pence" as a recognition of the overlordship of the Roman See. Hadrian by his bull approved the enterprise, as one prompted by "the ardour of faith and love of religion," and declared his will that the people of Ireland should receive Henry with all honour, and revere him as their lord.
The Papal bull was produced in a great council of the English baronage, but the opposition was strong enough to force on Henry a temporary abandonment of his designs, and twelve years passed before the scheme was brought to life again by the flight of Dermod, King of Leinster, to Henry's court. Dermod had been driven from his dominions in one of the endless civil wars which devastated the island; he now did homage for his kingdom to Henry, and returned to Ireland with promises of aid from the English knighthood. He was followed in 1168 by Robert FitzStephen, a son of the Constable of Cardigan, with a little band of a hundred and forty knights, sixty men-at-arms, and three or four hundred Welsh archers. Small as was the number of the adventurers, their horses and arms proved irresistible by the Irish kernes; a sally of the men of Wexford was avenged by the storm of their town; the Ossory clans were defeated with a terrible slaughter, and Dermod, seizing a head from the heap of trophies which his men piled at his feet, tore off in savage triumph its nose and lips with his teeth. The arrival of fresh forces heralded the coming of Richard of Clare, Earl of Pembroke and Striguil, a ruined baron later known by the nickname of Strongbow, and who in defiance of Henry's prohibition landed near Waterford with a force of fifteen hundred men as Dermod's mercenary. The city was at once stormed, and the united forces of the earl and king marched to the siege of Dublin. In spite of a relief attempted by the King of Connaught, who was recognized as overking of the island by the rest of the tribes, Dublin was taken by surprise; and the marriage of Richard with Eva, Dermod's daughter, left the Earl on the death of his father-in-law, which followed quickly on these successes, master of his kingdom of Leinster. The new lord had soon however to hurry back to England and appease the jealousy of Henry by the surrender of Dublin to the Crown, by doing homage for Leinster as an English lordship, and by accompanying the king in 1171 on a voyage to the new dominion which the adventurers had won.
Revolt of the younger Henry
Had fate suffered Henry to carry out his purpose, the conquest of Ireland would now have been accomplished. The King of Connaught indeed and the chiefs of Ulster refused him homage, but the rest of the Irish tribes owned his suzerainty; the bishops in synod at Cashel recognized him as their lord; and he was preparing to penetrate to the north and west, and to secure his conquest by a systematic erection of castles throughout the country, when the need of making terms with Rome, whose interdict threatened to avenge the murder of Archbishop Thomas, recalled him in the spring of 1172 to Normandy. Henry averted the threatened sentence by a show of submission. The judicial provisions in the Constitutions of Clarendon were in form annulled, and liberty of election was restored in the case of bishopricks and abbacies. In reality however the victory rested with the king. Throughout his reign ecclesiastical appointments remained practically in his hands, and the King's Court asserted its power over the spiritual jurisdiction of the bishops. But the strife with Thomas had roused into active life every element of danger which surrounded Henry, the envious dread of his neighbours, the disaffection of his own house, the disgust of the barons at the repeated blows which he levelled at their military and judicial power. The king's withdrawal of the office of sheriff from the great nobles of the shire to entrust it to the lawyers and courtiers who already furnished the staff of the royal judges quickened the resentment of the baronage into revolt. His wife Eleanor, now parted from Henry by a bitter hate, spurred her eldest son, whose coronation had given him the title of king, to demand possession of the English realm. On his father's refusal the boy sought refuge with Lewis of France, and his flight was the signal for a vast rising. France, Flanders, and Scotland joined in league against Henry; his younger sons, Richard and Geoffry, took up arms in Aquitaine, while the Earl of Leicester sailed from Flanders with an army of mercenaries to stir up England to revolt. The Earl's descent ended in a crushing defeat near St. Edmundsbury at the hands of the king's justiciars; but no sooner had the French king entered Normandy and invested Rouen than the revolt of the baronage burst into flame. The Scots crossed the border, Roger Mowbray rose in Yorkshire, Ferrars, Earl of Derby, in the midland shires, Hugh Bigod in the eastern counties, while a Flemish fleet prepared to support the insurrection by a descent upon the coast. The murder of Archbishop Thomas still hung round Henry's neck, and his first act in hurrying to England to meet these perils in 1174 was to prostrate himself before the shrine of the new martyr and to submit to a public scourging in expiation of his sin. But the penance was hardly wrought when all danger was dispelled by a series of triumphs. The King of Scotland, William the Lion, surprised by the English under cover of a mist, fell into the hands of Henry's minister, Ranulf de Glanvill, and at the retreat of the Scots the English rebels hastened to lay down their arms. With the army of mercenaries which he had brought over sea Henry was able to return to Normandy, to raise the siege of Rouen, and to reduce his sons to submission.
Later reforms
Through the next ten years Henry's power was at its height. The French king was cowed. The Scotch king bought his release in 1175 by owning Henry's suzerainty. The Scotch barons did homage, and English garrisons manned the strongest of the Scotch castles. In England itself church and baronage were alike at the king's mercy. Eleanor was imprisoned; and the younger Henry, though always troublesome, remained powerless to do harm. The king availed himself of this rest from outer foes to push forward his judicial and administrative organization. At the outset of his reign he had restored the King's Court and the occasional circuits of its justices; but the revolt was hardly over when in 1176 the Assize of Northampton rendered this institution permanent and regular by dividing the kingdom into six districts, to each of which three itinerant judges were assigned. The circuits thus marked out correspond roughly with those that still exist. The primary object of these circuits was financial; but the rendering of the king's justice went on side by side with the exaction of the king's dues, and this carrying of justice to every corner of the realm was made still more effective by the abolition of all feudal exemptions from the royal jurisdiction. The chief danger of the new system lay in the opportunities it afforded to judicial corruption; and so great were its abuses, that in 1178 Henry was forced to restrict for a while the number of justices to five, and to reserve appeals from their court to himself in council. The Court of Appeal which was thus created, that of the King in Council, gave birth as time went on to tribunal after tribunal. It is from it that the judicial powers now exercised by the Privy Council are derived, as well as the equitable jurisdiction of the Chancellor. In the next century it became the Great Council of the realm, and it is from this Great Council, in its two distinct capacities, that the Privy Council drew its legislative, and the House of Lords its judicial character. The Court of Star Chamber and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council are later offshoots of Henry's Court of Appeal. From the judicial organization of the realm, he turned to its military organization, and in 1181 an Assize of Arms restored the national fyrd or militia to the place which it had lost at the Conquest. The substitution of scutage for military service had freed the crown from its dependence on the baronage and its feudal retainers; the Assize of Arms replaced this feudal organization by the older obligation of every freeman to serve in defence of the realm. Every knight was now bound to appear in coat of mail and with shield and lance, every freeholder with lance and hauberk, every burgess and poorer freeman with lance and helmet, at the king's call. The levy of an armed nation was thus placed wholly at the disposal of the Crown for purposes of defence.
Henry's death
A fresh revolt of the younger Henry with his brother Geoffry in 1183 hardly broke the current of Henry's success. The revolt ended with the young king's death, and in 1186 this was followed by the death of Geoffry. Richard, now his father's heir, remained busy in Aquitaine; and Henry was himself occupied with plans for the recovery of Jerusalem, which had been taken by Saladin in 1187. The "Saladin tithe," a tax levied on all goods and chattels, and memorable as the first English instance of taxation on personal property, was granted to the king at the opening of 1188 to support his intended Crusade. But the Crusade was hindered by strife which broke out between Richard and the new French king, Philip; and while Henry strove in vain to bring about peace, a suspicion that he purposed to make his youngest son, John, his heir drove Richard to Philip's side. His father, broken in health and spirits, negotiated fruitlessly through the winter, but with the spring of 1189 Richard and the French king suddenly appeared before Le Mans. Henry was driven in headlong flight from the town. Tradition tells how from a height where he halted to look back on the burning city, so dear to him as his birthplace, the king hurled his curse against God: "Since Thou hast taken from me the town I loved best, where I was born and bred, and where my father lies buried, I will have my revenge on Thee too--I will rob Thee of that thing Thou lovest most in me." If the words were uttered, they were the frenzied words of a dying man. Death drew Henry to the home of his race, but Tours fell as he lay at Saumur, and the hunted king was driven to beg mercy from his foes. They gave him the list of the conspirators against him: at its head was the name of one, his love for whom had brought with it the ruin that was crushing him, his youngest son, John. "Now," he said, as he turned his face to the wall, "let things go as they will--I care no more for myself or for the world." The end was come at last. Henry was borne to Chinon by the silvery waters of Vienne, and muttering, "Shame, shame on a conquered king," passed sullenly away.
Terms Defined
Referenced Works


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Picture Pages: ND Shift, Belly Defeat
Notre Dame has a very good defensive line, possibly great. If they still had Aaron Lynch holy pants man. They don't, but Tuitt is a 300 pound pass rusher, Nix is hard to move, and their Kapron Lewis-Moore/Prince Shembo combo at the other DE is a quality option. They've been making a lot of plays so far, and some of them against Lewan, who has a bunch of NFL hype and has shut down virtually every DE he's ever gone up against, including guys like Adrian Clayborn.
So Michigan was up against it against the Irish. They compounded those troubles with a spate of seemingly bizarre play calls that made it even harder for Michigan to execute since they often left key players unblocked, with the results you saw.
Here's a two yard run in the second quarter. It's first and ten on the first play of Michigan's first drive after the Smith interception. ND comes out showing a four-man front with one-high coverage, but will shift into their standard 3-4. Zeke Motta, currently 16 yards off the LOS, will approach the LOS for an eighth run defender against eight players in the box.
Post-shift, this is about standard for ND. Note that the secondary is showing extremely soft man coverage on the receivers, which is par for the course when you are in cover zero with three converted offensive players. Or at least, I'd imagine it's par for the course if anyone else ever did this.
Now, you may be thinking "AAAAAH DAMN AAAH BUBBLE." I am too. The defense is allowed to align like this because Michigan won't take a shot at that gooey soft edge. Constraint plays constrain what a defense can do, simplifying life for QBs. Here we've got a play, and it's a run despite the D showing a cover zero look.
On the snap it's revealed to be an inside zone play…
…but Lewan does something unusual by flaring out to go block Shembo as Denard reads Lewis-Moore. Meanwhile, look at Toussaint's upfield angle of attack:
This was supposed to be a midline type read. When ND showed a four-man front, Nix was shaded outside of Mealer. He would hit the frontside A-gap, allowing Barnum to release into the second level. Instead he's head up on the center and fights back, forcing Barnum to try and deal with him.
What Michigan thought it was doing
Meanwhile, Lewan's flare out on Shembo was supposed to be useful. Instead he's blocking a contain guy on a run up the middle. Lewis-Moore is not tearing up in a gap like a one-gap DL would but coming upfield under control.
So instead of a quick hit that got Michigan past the DT they get this:
Which is two yards thanks to an unblocked LB in the middle of where your belly is supposed to go.
This Looks Familiar
Denard's second interception is a terrible throw helped along by a totally unblocked Te'o as Barnum tries to help on Nix.
Terrible throw and all that but also not a shining example of coordinator mastery. This is a position to fail in, when you can't step into your throw because you'll get hit if you do so.
Things and Stuff
RB angle gives you the intended hole. Look at how vertical Toussaint is going. This is designed to go backside.
Checks: none. Once ND shifts to the three-man front, this play is in trouble, and once Motta slides down you're up against zero safeties. This would be a nice time to check. To what? Well, you are maybe probably getting some yards if Lewan changes his assignment and releases directly into that LB, or, you know…
…that OLB has eyes only for the backfield, so you've got one guy within twelve yards of the slot receiver. Who isn't a slot receiver, sure.
Since this was the first play of the drive I assume there was time to do this after the shift; nothing comes. This might be on Denard, or there just might not be a check for this. Rodriguez took that check burden onto himself with those plays where Michigan would call for a snap and then everyone would look to the sideline.
Constraints: none. A little later Michigan will block a QB sweep well but Motta will show in the hole as an unblocked eighth guy. Denard will abort and get three. ND again went cover zero with pudding soft outside coverage:
They're sitting out there waiting to give you their money! It's not the stupid little bubble itself that helps—though the yards from 2-8 averaging about 6 aren't bad—but the things that the defense can't do because they can't align with their secondary in Bolivia and bring down a run defender that erases your numerical advantage.
This alignment cannot be allowed to exist without a quick easy throw that invalidates it. Have we mentioned that both corners are converted offensive players? And one is a freshman?
Oy OL. Note that Nix not only drew a double but ripped through it to the backside hole, and that Tuitt has gotten inside of Schofield with ease. It may have been possible to get some yards here by getting Nix sealed and hitting a gap further to the playside, but none of that happens. I haven't gotten to the bit where Michigan just grinds on them yet, but so far there have been a lot of plays like this where Michigan OL get nowhere with their guys.
Why are we running a play that seems designed to go at a 4-3? ND will go to it but they are a 3-4 at heart and when they show a four man line it's usually short yardage or a passing down. I would expect an incoherent play like this to fire off when ND is giving Michigan a 4-3 curveball instead of the 3-4, especially after Michigan spent two weeks preparing exclusively for this defense. That Lewan flare-out is deadly to this play because Barnum has to help on a NT who is not shaded—and is rarely shaded. Meanwhile that guy on the edge is not a threat to Toussaint. RPS –1.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Lee Bros. Charleston Kitchen by Matt Lee & Ted Lee
The Lee Brothers are back! Are you ready for another round of great Southern classics? If you're response to cornmeal-crusted fried fish and cake dripping with caramel frosting is to tuck a napkin into your collar and grab a fork, then I'd say you're ready.
Quick Facts
• Who wrote it: Matt Lee & Ted Lee
• Who published it: Clarkson Potter
• Number of recipes: 100
• Recipes for right now: Kumquat-Chili Bloody Mary, Smoked Egg Salad Toasts, Celery and Crab Soup, Skillet Asparagus with Grapefruit, Stone Crab Claws with Bay Butter, Shrimp and Grits, Smothered Pork Chops, Baked City Ham with Plum Glaze, Grapefruit Chess Pie, Caramel Cake
• Other highlights: I really love the mix of classic Southern dishes and more modern dishes, like boiled peanuts and Old Bay crab claws right alongside kumquat bloody mary's and tomato-watermelon gazpacho. This gives us both the comfort foods we love and the dishes that push us toward new tastes and ingredients.
Profiles of people in the Charleston community and conversations about things like shrimping and foraging also form a cornerstone of this book. Not only are these features totally engrossing, but they give a context for the recipes for those of us who didn't grow up in the South. It's like walking through Charleston on a food tour with an incredibly well-informed guide!
• Who would enjoy this book? Anyone who loves Southern food
Find the book at your local library, independent bookstore, or Amazon: The Lee Bros. Charleston Kitchen by Matt Lee & Ted Lee
• Visit the author's website: Matt Lee & Ted Lee
Apartment Therapy Media makes every effort to test and review products fairly and transparently. The views expressed in this review are the personal views of the reviewer and this particular product review was not sponsored or paid for in any way by the manufacturer or an agent working on their behalf. However, the manufacturer did give us the product for testing and review purposes.
(Images: Emma Christensen)


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|Episode Description
|Friday, Mar 15, 2013 - 1:30 PM
"The Ugly Duckling: Becoming A Swan"
Pig is too big for his bed and his sneakers are pinching his feet - what is going on? The superhero readers zoom into the story of The Ugly Duckling: Becoming a Swan, and meet a little guy who is experiencing growing pains of his own. Super Why and his friends help Duckling accept himself as he is while Pig learns an important lesson about the benefits of getting bigger. Educational Objectives: To learn about getting bigger. D
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There's something magical about the doughnut. You don't have to be Homer Simpson to swoon when you're greeted with all those bright colors and sparkly decorations in a doughnut shop display case. But no matter how wonderful they appear, it's hard to find a store-bought doughnut that compares with homemade.
And, believe it or not, they're really not hard to make. You can whip up a batch of cake doughnuts in about an hour. Put together a batch of yeast-raised the night before, and all you have to do is fry them the next morning. Making breakfast for someone special? Try a batch of French crullers, their thin, golden crusts yielding to the most delicate, lightly flavored interiors.
A few years ago, I did a piece on making your own doughnuts. I tried a bunch of homemade doughnuts: basic cake, devil's food, yeast-risen, and French crullers. If you've never tried them (and/or maybe have been a little intimidated), give them a go. They're really fun, and make a perfect weekend project.
Here are some recipes to get you started:
- Buttermilk doughnuts
- Devil's food doughnuts
- Yeast-risen doughnuts
- French Crullers (and check out this step-by-step on making crullers)
- Chocolate glaze for doughnuts
- Maple brown butter glaze for doughnuts
If you have any kitchen tips or questions you'd like me to explore, leave a comment below or shoot me an email at email@example.com.


text: Val - I would but there really isn't much details about Kale in the era where it is set. Maybe in the coming stories that I put out for it but it will be a little while before I start another one, hell I have the rest of the month to finish part 5 and then The Barbarian Trials will be done. I just have to flesh it all out, I have the outline done.


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Experts Debate Moral, Religious Case for Climate Action
When members of the Society of Environmental Journalists (SEJ) meet each year at the organization's annual conference, reporters are updated on the latest advancements in climate science from leading climatologists and government scientists.
Extreme weather, disappearing Western snowpack, wildfires, sea level rise, withering crops and vanishing wildlife habitat are all typically on the docket for discussion.
Credit: J.D. Pooley/Getty Images
But with the science becoming overwhelmingly clear that human greenhouse gas emissions are fueling climate change, a discussion at last weekend's SEJ conference in Chattanooga, Tenn., veered toward the philosophy of action and personal responsibility to do something — anything at all — to reduce our impact on the climate.
In other words, if we can do something about climate change, do each of us have a personal responsibility to act? On what philosophical ground should we take individual action?
Or, what would Jesus do about CO2?
That's a tough question for a lot of conservative Christians to answer, particularly those who are uncomfortable with some scientific theories as well as uncertainty about the future that climate science implies, said Dawn Coppock, a Christian environmentalist and co-founder of the Christian environmental group LEAF, said Saturday at SEJ.
A new study by researchers at the University College of London and Yale University shows that evangelicals are less likely than non-evangelicals to believe that climate change is...
Shutdown Silences Weather and Climate Social Media
On Tuesday at 12 a.m. ET, the federal government shut down after Congress failed to pass a budget. The shutdown starts on a day when Yosemite National Park turns 123 and NASA celebrates its 55th birthday, but that didn't keep either the park or the agency up and running. Many physical sites that fall under the federal domain, such as 401 units managed by the National Park Service, have closed their gates and "non-essential" government services have come to a halt. This includes a number of climate and weather services, particularly social media accounts. Read on to see which sites and accounts have gone dark and which still have the lights on.
The 5 Most Sobering Charts from the IPCC Climate Report
The first installment in the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's latest scientific assessment on climate science came out on Friday, and it's loaded with dense terminology, expressions of uncertainty, and nearly impenetrable graphics.
But we'll make it simple for you. Here's what you need to know, in number and chart form.
Global average surface temperature change to date in degrees Celsius.
Credit: IPCC Working Group I.
1.6°F: Amount that globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperatures increased between 1901-2012.
0.54°F to 8.64°F: How high global average surface temperatures are likely to climb by 2081-2100 relative to 1986-2005 levels, depending on future amounts of greenhouse gases in the air. The report found that the global mean surface temperature change by 2100 is likely to exceed 2.7°F relative to the period betwen 1850-1900 in all but one of the emissions scenarios.
Map of multi-model mean results for different greenhouse gas concentration scenarios of annual mean surface temperature change in 2081– 2100.
Credit: IPCC Working Group I.
The report also found that the past 30 years have been the warmest three decades since instrument records began during the 19th century, and that in the Northern Hemisphere, the past 30 years have likely been the warmest in more than 1,000 years.
Decadal average surface temperatures.
Credit: IPCC Working Group I.
10.2 to 32 inches: How much mean global sea level is projected to increase by 2081-2100. The scenario with the highest amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere shows a mean sea level rise range between 21 and 38.2 inches, which would be devastating for numerous highly populated coastal cities at or near current sea levels, from New York to Hong Kong.
Projections of global mean sea level rise over the 21st century relative to 1986–2005 from the combination of the computer models with process-based models, for greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. The assessed likely range is shown as a shaded band. The assessed likely ranges for the mean over the period 2081–2100 for all scenarios are given as coloured vertical bars, with the corresponding median value given as a horizontal line.
Credit: IPCC Working Group I.
By compariso...
Interactive Look at Top 11 Indicators of a Warming World
By Climate Central
Climate scientists are 95 percent certain that the greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are causing the climate to change. From 1901-2012, temperatures have risen 1.6°F. While this temperature change is the most commonly cited climate change indicator, there are numerous others that also show what climate change looks like. They range from rising seas to melting glaciers and ice sheets to changing ecosystems. In the above graphic, you can view 11 of these indicators and see how they've changed as the Earth has warmed.
These indicators are discussed in-depth in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report, the first part of which will be released Sept. 27. The reports, which come out every five to six years, provide a comprehensive snapshot of how the planet is changing. While there are questions about the direction the IPCC should go after this release, the indicators discussed in the report clearly showcase how the planet is changing.
Related Content
This is What Global Warming Looks Like
Surging Seas: Sea Level Rise Analysis by Climate Central
Human Fingerprints Visible in Atmospheric Changes
Sea Level Rise 'Locking In' Quickly, Cities Threatened
The Globe's More Than 28-Year Warming Streak Continues
The Keeling Curve
IPCC Roundup: Stories Turn to IPCC's Purpose, Scope
We're another day closer to the release of the first official round of documents from the gigantic new climate report from the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Scientists and government representatives are meeting in Stockholm to hammer out the final language of the most widely-read portion of the document, known as the Summary for Policymakers. The summary is approved word-by-word, which makes for painstaking work for the government officials and scientists at the meeting.
The dais during the opening session of IPCC Working Group I (l-r): Lena Ek, Minister for the Environment, Sweden, IPCC WGI Co-Chairs Thomas Stocker and Dahe Qin, IPCC Chair Rajendra Pachauri, and Renate Christ, Secretary of the IPCC.
Credit: IISD.
Much of Tuesday's IPCC coverage took a broader look at the IPCC's purpose and scope as it enters its third decade of existence and prepares to publish its fifth major climate science assessment report.
The Associated Press filed a dispatch from Stockholm, which included the number of comments — more than 50,000 — that the authors have considered when drafting this portion of the report, known as the Working Group One report. "I know of no other document that has undergone this scrutiny," Thomas Stocker, co-chair of the working group said. "It stands out as a reliable and indispensable source of knowledge about climate change."
The AP story also noted that 60 percent of the authors of the forthcoming report were new to the IPCC process. That is significant, since the report's conclusions are expected to depart only slightly from the last major report in 2007, despite the changeover in authorship.
One question asked by several reporters was whether the massi...


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Chip pan fires can and do happen. But if you take sensible precautions, they should be avoidable. Here are some tips to help keep you and your family safe:
- If using a thermostatic Deep Fat Fryer, follow the manufacturer's instructions.
- If you're using a 'homemade' chip pan never fill it more than a third full of oil.
- Never leave any kind of fryer unattended. The phone will have to wait!
- Don't put too much food into the fryer at any one time as the oil could overflow causing a fire.
- If the oil is smoking, don't put any food in and turn the heat down immediately.
If A Fire Occurs:
– Turn off the heat if possible.
– Never throw water on it – this can make things much worse
– If you have one, put a fire blanket over the pan.
– Don't try to move the pan or fryer.
– Call emergency services.


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Trick or Treating with the Little Giantsby Jim Amidon • October 25, 2004 Share:
For those people who have read this column over the years, it comes as no surprise that this time of year brings out the child in me. I was one of those kids who absolutely loved the fall. At my home in Fort Wayne, we played touch football games until dark every night, raked leaves and cleaned gutters on weekends, and planned our trick or treating plans for weeks in advance.
When my oldest brother got his driver's license, my friends and I paid him to drive us around to the most affluent homes in Fort Wayne's suburbs, for some reason believing the candy bars would be bigger if we left our own neighborhood.
I'm not sure when I officially retired as a semi-professional trick-or-treater, but I recall that I was probably in high school. Halloween was such an important part of my childhood that I just couldn't give it up. When I finally did, I took on the role of driver and drove my youngest brother and his friends around the city. In exchange for driving, I got an even 10 percent of the candy haul.
When my daughter, Samantha, was born, I got to relive all of those wonderful fall memories. Among the best is Samantha's constant indecisiveness when it comes to costumes (and I really do know where she gets this). Samantha and I went out to get her costume last week with the notion that, if we could find one, she'd wear a pumpkin costume.
Four stores later and I found one. I held it up to her and she immediately replied, "No, Daddy. I want to be a ghost."
It's been the same ritual every year since she was old enough to say, "ghost," "scary witch," or "scarecrow."
And then there was that famous year when she wanted to wear five different costumes, then wouldn't actually put one on. Fearing she would miss out, my wife and I quickly dressed her as a "Hippie," complete with jeans, tie dye shirt, beads, and a quickly applied temporary tattoo of a rainbow-colored moon. Friends who saw us on the street that year winked and knew we were desperate.
Another constant about our recent trick or treating adventures has been Wabash College. For each of the last four years we've spent all of Halloween night circling the Wabash campus.
The Wabash Student Senate will once again spend upwards of $1000 to purchase candy, which will be distributed by students at every fraternity house and dorm. You can easily walk the entire campus in about 40 minutes, even with short-legged, slow-walking goblins in tow. The Wabash students will be ready to host trick or treating from 6:00 to 8:00 p.m.
Some of the fraternities will even produce mini-haunted houses for older kids to enjoy. Scary music will be played, and kids can walk through dark hallways if they like a good fright. For the younger kids, there's no safer place to be on Halloween than on the Wabash campus.
Don't be surprised if you see a few of the Wabash students dressed up, too. Samantha sure was last year.
Last year we really didn't argue about a costume. Sally Kirtley gave Sammie a delightful Dorothy costume straight out of the Wizard of Oz. Sam had her braids and basket, and off we went. All was going fine until we got to Delta Tau Delta, where much to my surprise, the students had a Wizard of Oz theme going.
Sammie thought the Tin Man was cool and the Cowardly Lion pretty neat. But one look at "Dorothy" and my own little Dorothy burst into tears. There, standing in the lobby of the fraternity, was a tall student with a blue-checked dress and the head of a used mop draped over his head.
When we finally got Sammie calmed down, she told us it was like "looking into a mirror, only much scarier!"
We agreed.
All memories and stories aside, we've made it a fall tradition to trick or treat at Wabash College. And we hope you will, too.
Jim Amidon is director of public affairs and marketing and secretary of Wabash College. He writes this weekly column for the Crawfordsville Journal Review


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Would you like a free lunch? Do you want your voice heard?
If you are a junior or senior who has lived off-campus for at least one semester, Balance Your Life wants to hear from you!
Join us for an informal conversation about living off-campus. Your input will be used in the development of a new program focused on healthy living off- campus.
*Lunch will be provided*
Email: email@example.com to sign up now, space is limited!
© 2018 Sustainability at Tufts
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The market for plugin effects is now so wide and varied that it would be foolish to say that there's such a thing as a single 'best' one, but there are certainly some that stand out from the crowd.
We put together a list of MusicRadar users' favourites in our round-up of the 30 best VST plugin effects in 2012, and now we want to update it.
To kick things off, take a look at our existing line-up and ask yourself if any other plugins should be on there. These can either be long-standing effects that missed the cut last time, or newer releases that have made an impression since our last poll.
If you come up with any contenders, let us know about them in the comments below. Those that receive sufficient nominations will be added to our current list of effect processing heavyweights, which we'll then put to the vote so you can pick a winner.


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Topic: Chewie? (Read 4590 times)
Angry Ewok
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Re: Chewie?
Reply #15 on:
August 10, 2004, 06:21 PM »
Sounds very cool - keep me up to date on the Beauty Queen if you do decide to go with it.
Thomas Grey
Jedi Padawan
Posts: 780
What are you laughing at fuzzball?
Re: Chewie?
Reply #16 on:
August 10, 2004, 09:24 PM »
I kind of lost interest for now, but will keep you updated if I decide to see it through. Trying to devise a short story to do art for that is horror/romance genre. Also attempting to create some cartoons and art to submit to various magazines (New Yorker, Diamond Select...). Diamond Select is doing a contest for fan art. I don't have the specifics in front of me, but if you are interested, I'll get it to you. What filling your sketchbook these days Brad?
"There's no mystical energy field that controls my destiny."
Angry Ewok
Staff Member
Jedi Master
Posts: 5531
The Ewok Village Idiot
Re: Chewie?
Reply #17 on:
August 10, 2004, 11:53 PM »
Armor-clad Angels (both good and evil), black birds (crows mostly), and I'm still working on human anatomy so there are alot of torso and full-body sketches. I've been doing alot of Cowboy themed things (boots, spurs, and panchos have been creeping their way into my dreams alot lately) and as always lots of Sci-Fi stuff.
I've been sticking with just a plain old mechanical pencil lately because of my lacking time to really use anything else. It's depressing that I don't have time to even play around with an ebony pencil and a kneaded eraser and smudge stick anymore.
I'm sending you a PM with a few paragraphs of ranting and moaning. Check your inbox,
Thomas Grey
Jedi Padawan
Posts: 780
What are you laughing at fuzzball?
Re: Chewie?
Reply #18 on:
August 13, 2004, 04:55 AM »
Okay Brad. I can't send you these in an IM and prefer to just do it here vs. email in case anyone else might be interested. I can finally post 2 images too! Wow!
Before I address the image, I want to give the info on the Diamond Select Art Submission thing:
Previews wants your drawings! Compete for the "Star Artist of the Month" spot and win free stuff with the "How to Draw Comics Previews Contest".
The subject matter must be based on "New Comic Day". What that means is beyond me, but I assume it's just a one page original comic book art piece that relates to new comics being released. Not necessarilly titles, but in the spirit of... This month's Previews was "How to Draw Comics Month". I'll look into defining it further...
The winner gets their art printed in the (October) Previews and posted on their site. They and 2 runners up also receive "loads of How to Draw Comics-related merchandise". Submissions must be received by August 27th.
For a PDF of the rules and entry form go to:
I'm not sure I'll do it, but if I do not try, I'll never know...
Now to the art...
This is in regards to your planet art piece Brad. I was talking about all the possibilities and textures you can get with ink and inking related materials. This is half of a 2-Page splash by Carmine Infantino that appeared in a story by Chris Claremont in Starlord magazine #15. It's not planets or space, but an amazing example of a lot of different inking approaches, textures and styles. Most of this is ink and brush, but the line quality varies to establish the illusion of space. Different textures are drawn to establish what is is we are looking at and to separate each object or area drawn from another. I love the composition and how the inked lines guide your eye. The wrap around the guy hanging upside down stands out clearly from him. It may seem easy, but things can get muddy pretty quick if you let them when inking. The other texture in there is from a China Marker (grease pencil). It's a much more consistent and effective way to create a dry brush effect. Obviously, this is about the placement of light and thin lines and dark, thick line. It's also about the use of black space. Any more or any less would shift the balance completely. I just think this is a prime example of a well inked page...
The second is a frame from the same story. This is the more planetary/space image obviously. The stars and the starburst are done with a liquid masking agent and a toothbrush. Just a few calculated (yeah right) flicks along the toothbrush bristles and you have your stars. Let it dry and black it out. He probably masked the planet too by the way. The smaller (and very cool) star dust effect is done with the toothbrush, but after most of the liquid mask has been flicked off. He concentrated on an area and held the brush downward and flicked ever so slowly to get that fine and minute dusting effect.
The planet has several techniques that give it the texture it needs to look rough and planet-like (God, I sound so condescending... - sorry). Most of his you probably see or know, but I'm being thorough. The light source is tricky here as the Starburst appears to be the sun and it wraps around the planet lighting up all sides. The darker is obviously to the left and the crosshatching to the edge gives a sort of sunset effect. The hatching is only on the left side and then black out in the mid areas with scatterings of white to add to the texture developing on the right. Loose brush strokes, spontaneous hatch lines and some China Marker. hina Marker is aways last as it is waxy and will resist the ink. Now there are many other possibilities that could have been used here. Zip-A-Tone for more texture, spounging the ink in light blots for a more crater-like effect...
The point is, that ink gives you a pretty wide range of possibility when dealing with space and if you are painting with color, dyes or colored inks/liquid acrylics/watercolors/gouache can give you the same kinds of results on top of the ink after it dries as it is water proof. Don't know why I decided to take this and run, but thought it might help in some way for the future or if you wanted to redraw what you turned in.
Hope it helped in some way. I actually am thinking I should just do a large splash page of a planet/space scene for portfolio purposes to showcase my ability to use all these different inking techniques in one composition. It would at least be fun to experiment and play with. I'm done boring you and everyone else...
"There's no mystical energy field that controls my destiny."
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Is there any truth to the claim that violent video games produce violent real life behaviors?
Violent Games
I'm not a gamer so I wanted to understand what level of violence we were talking about. Here's a sampling of some of the games I researched:
1. Soldier of Fortune: A first-person game of fighting terrorists by blowing up, torturing, and brutalizing them (can you say disembowelment?).
2. Postal 2: A first-person game where the player goes "postal" – killing "hostiles" including bystanders with a variety of weapons.
3. Grand Theft Auto III: A third-person story of a car-thieving criminal seeks revenge against his ex-girlfriend. Players can sex with prostitutes before beating and killing them.
Want to see others that make the top 10 most violent lists? Parenting's top ten most violent list is here.
Now that we know what the games are like, let's go to research cited by Craig A. Anderson for the American Psychological Association. He writes:
- "High levels of violent video game exposure have been linked to delinquency, fighting at school and during free play periods, and violent criminal behavior (e.g., self-reported assault, robbery)."
- "Even nonaggressive individuals are consistently affected by brief exposures."
- "Violent video games are significantly associated with: increased aggressive behavior, thoughts, and affect; increased physiological arousal; and decreased prosocial (helping) behavior."
Not everyone agrees with his synthesis of the research however. Others also point out that no research shows video games cause players to become killers.
Sandy Hook
As the public struggles to understand the massacre at Sandy Hook, video games were initially blamed as a potential cause. (So was autism.) Apparently the shooter played a strategy video game called Starcraft. It's a weak link at best (like the autism link which has no merit in reality). We must realize that we probably will never understand the mind of a killer and attempting to simplify the killings by blaming video games is nothing close to the answer.
That doesn't mean people won't stop blaming. In fact, a group in Southington, Connecticut is offering to buy back violent video games. (Are they that dangerous?)
My Opinion
Sure, I'm horrified at the levels of violence in the games I mentioned. And, I believe the research that video games make kids more aggressive. But, that's where I stop.
I can't make the leap of faith that says video games cause murder.
Can you?
Your Opinion
What do you think? Comment here.


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On a day that the storm Sandy kept most of the region indoors, Howard school board candidate Robert Ballinger saw an opportunity. With Election Day about a week away, he figured he'd reach out via email to Howard residents who were likely at home surfing the Web.
He and his campaign supporters set out to contact 5,000 registered voters, reminding them about early voting and conveying his vision for the county's school system.
Ballinger is one of a field of six candidates, including two incumbents, vying for three seats on the school board in Tuesday's election.
The two candidates up for re-election are Janet Siddiqui, who received the most votes during April's primary, and Ellen Flynn Giles, who got the third-highest number of votes. Allen Dyer, who has accused Giles, Siddiqui and two other members of the seven-seat panel of forming a voting bloc, lost in his re-election bid in the primary, which had 14 candidates.
The challengers in the race, including Ballinger, have repeatedly stressed the importance of reaching out to the community and working past personality conflicts, traits they say are often lacking on the current board. The board is attempting to have Dyer ousted, accusing him of bullying and breaching confidentiality agreements, allegations that Dyer has denied. The case is before an administrative law judge.
Dyer's defeat in the primary means that the board will have at least one new member. The fate of the seats could greatly affect the future of school board policy. The school board's makeup is about to change as the school system grapples with such issues as redistricting, implementing common core and teacher evaluation standards, and applying for federal Race to the Top funding.
The other candidates are Jackie Scott, David Gertler and Ann de Lacy, the former president of the Howard County Education Association who finished second in the primary voting.
New Howard Superintendent Renee Foose said that she is optimistic about working with the future board, no matter what its makeup.
"I do believe the current board is committed to working to making the school system world-class," Foose said, "and I'm certainly optimistic that any board member coming on would be coming on for that same purpose."
The candidates have squared off in many forums throughout the year, and some have held their own events to reach out to voters. Their signs are prominent along Howard's major roads, and the candidates have continued to go door to door to hand out pamphlets and listen to what individual voters want in a school system that is already among the best in the state and nation.
Scott, who finished fourth in the primary, said that the one-on-one interactions and small-group formats she's been involved in "give me the opportunity to really get to know what's on folks' minds, and for them to see me in a greater light. I don't have to shrink all of my answers down to two-minute responses or sound bites.
"I think it's critically important for people to not only know what I think but also how I think — so that even if we disagree, they have a sense of confidence in how I make decisions and why I've arrived at the conclusions that I did," said Scott, an adjunct professor of health law and policy at the Georgetown University Law Center.
She said she has advocated ensuring that each student who enters the system has "an opportunity to engage in learning that meets them where they are; encourages and supports growth and excellence; and equips them with the skills necessary to compete in a global society."
Gertler, whose campaign has stressed the need to embrace more technology in the classroom and community service, has hosted events including a STEM Career Night, during which residents who work in science, technology, engineering and math-related fields spoke to parents and students about career options.
"We've also held math and science appreciation sessions to help students with homework and get them excited about learning math and science," said Gertler, an adjunct professor of mathematics at Towson University.
Ballinger, a staffer for Pennsylvania Republican Rep. Joe Pitts, says he has been letting voters know "I will be a board member that will want to listen."
"I've been highlighting what I stand for, including fiscal responsibility, making sure parents and teachers are involved in the decision-making process and that every child gets the best-quality education through the expansion of technology and district learning," he said.
Siddiqui, Giles and de Lacy did not respond to requests for comment.
Siddiqui has championed health and wellness, collaboration with county government, and expanding the internal auditor for school board cost savings.
Giles wants to ensure that students who graduate from the system are prepared for a more diverse and competitive workforce and that students who are already succeeding in the system continue to do so.
De Lacy has stressed an increase in transparency and public access to information and a decrease in the focus on standardized tests. She also advocates for pre-kindergarten at age 3 for all children.


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Surprisingly, my TRU's seem to be devoid of all SW product.
Quote from: Darth_Anton on January 3, 2007, 09:53 AMSurprisingly, my TRU's seem to be devoid of all SW product.Same here except for a few tins and lightsbers. Just a big empty hole.
KAY-BEE STANDARD RESPONSE: "All we have is 1990's 'Robocop' toys."WHICH MEANS: "Holy ******* ****, please shoot m
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Since I'm busy elsewhere during MoFo month, I asked some special friends to help out over here. Regardless of the fact that I woke up with this cat in my bed, he has a real soft spot for a certain panda friend of mine….
Guest Post: Huxley
Special Friend: Lisa, Panda with Cookie and Vegans on the Move


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At some point in young adulthood, you figure out that, theoretically, you could eat birthday cake at every meal. Most people don't.
The NHL is putting its own version of that concept to the test. The league, according to TSN's Darren Dreger, will announce plans for a five-game 2014 "Stadium Series" in addition to the Jan. 1 Winter Classic (between the Toronto Maple Leafs and Detroit Red Wings), which is second only to the Stanley Cup finals in sponsorship prestige and fan interest.
What's better than one? Six. Here's the list:
— Anaheim Ducks vs. LA Kings at Dodger Stadium, Jan. 25
— New Jersey Devils vs. New York Rangers at Yankee Stadium, Jan. 26
— New York Islanders vs. Rangers at Yankee Stadium, Jan 29
— Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Chicago Blackhawks, Soldier Field, March 1
— Ottawa Senators vs. Vancouver Canucks, BC Place, March 2
Now, this is about money. TV ratings and the resultant advertising revenue are what they are—the Classic typically pulls an overnight rating in the 2.5-3.0 range, which is far better than your average nationally televised contest and on par with some finals games. Just as important is the cash that comes from merchandise sales, online considerations and the now-standard alumni games.
If the NHL can come close to replicating that five more times, it won't be an issue—money talks, and the regional fanbases that keep the league afloat may well generate enough of it to make the point moot. But diehard fans can (and already do) hate the thought of the Classic losing its unique space, and the idiom "too much of a good thing" exists for a reason.
Ironic Example A: Overexpansion of the NCAA football bowl system was part of the reason the Classic gained traction in the first place.
"There are people who say you'll dilute what is a good, special thing," NHL CEO John Collins said last week at the official (re)announcement of the Red Wings-Maple Leafs game at Michigan Stadium. "No one would be more concerned about not screwing up a good thing than we would be."
Some other thoughts on the news:
— On Jan. 25, 2013, the high in Los Angeles was 67 degrees Fahrenheit. Good luck, Dan Craig.
— The Penguins and Rangers will have played in three outdoor games before 14 of the league's 30 teams have played in one. That could be fixed within two seasons if the six-game model holds, but it can't make, say, the Minnesota Wild all that happy. Owner Craig Leipold has openly campaigned for a Classic in Minneapolis/St. Paul.
— Three of the seven Canadian teams will play outdoors in 2014. Two others, the Montreal Canadiens and Calgary Flames, did back in 2011. The Oilers faced Montreal in the 2003 Heritage Classic at Edmonton's Commonwealth Stadium. That leaves the Winnipeg Jets. But hey, they have a team.
— If partners like NBC Sports, Bridgestone, Discover and Enterprise were still upset that the lockout nixed the 2013 Classic, they probably just got over it in a hurry.


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Author Notes: In August, I basically live on tomatoes, corn, and peppers. And pinot grigio. I am addicted to poblano peppers, which here are grilled along with the corn, and add a bit of a different dimension to traditional corn pudding, which is one of the very few ways I like my summer corn off-the-cob. There are many fine corn pudding recipes out there that use corn flour and add bacon and cheese and bread crumbs and chives and so forth, which I think would be tasty in the winter when fresh corn isn't around. This recipe, I think, doesn't get in the way of the corn. - wssmom —wssmom
Food52 Review: First impression out of the oven, this is pretty! The peppers and cheese are hearty, the custard is delicate, the pudding sets perfectly in the given time, overall a success. My two poblanos were just on the pleasant side of spicy (before pain sets in), and I appreciate the good instructions for a first time peeler. Cutting the corn for kernels went quickly, thanks to Merrill and the video, and I also 'milked' the ears. I used a pan 6 x 10" resulting in a fairly low rise, and the family enjoyed every bite. Good cold today with lunch, too. Next time, with cheddar. - susan g —susan g
Serves: 6
6 ears of fresh young sweet corn (or four medium-sized ears of corn, or two big ears of corn, enough for about two cups off the cob)
3 poblano peppers
2 beaten eggs
1/4 cup heavy cream
1/2 cup whole milk
2 tablespoons butter, melted
2 rounded teaspoons sorghum flour
2 big pinches sea salt
4 tablespoons Asiago cheese, shredded
A few grinds freshly ground pepper
- Preheat your grill until nice and hot and preheat your oven to 350 degrees. Then grill the corn and the peppers for 5-7 minutes, turning occasionally, until the corn has a bit of char and the peppers are nicely charred all over.
- Remove the veggies and set the corn aside to cool; place the peppers in a paper bag, or in a bowl covered with plastic wrap, and let sit for 10 minutes. Meantime, melt the butter and set aside, using a bit to grease a medium-sized baking dish.
- Using Merrill's technique (http://www.food52.com/blog/2259_how_to_dekernel_corn) scrape the corn kernels from the cobs into a large-ish bowl. There should be about 2- 2 1/2 cups. If not and you're a little short, don't fret. It will still be awesome. Skin, seed and chop the peppers finely and add to the bowl along with the eggs, cream, milk, flour, salt, cheese and pepper; stir well.
- Pour all into the baking dish, then place that into a slightly bigger pan filled with hot tap water to come halfway up the sides of the baking dish. (Additionally, you can put a small clean cloth or couple layers of paper towels in between so the bottom of the pudding dish doesn't come into direct contact with the hot pan.) With a steady hand, pop that into the oven and bake for a half-hour, then check to see if the center is almost set. If not, bake another 5-10 minutes.
- Remove and let cool for a few minutes before serving to six happy faces!
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Your Best Corn off the Cob
More Great Recipes:


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Linked by Thom Holwerda on Wed 16th Nov 2011 23:38 UTC, submitted by sb56637
And another popular Linux distribution pushes a new release out the door. This time around, it's openSUSE, as they just released version 12.1. Other than the usual latest and greatest version of all the open source desktops and associated tools, there's a few other interesting tidbits in this release as well.
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RE: default linux file system?
by stabbyjones on Thu 17th Nov 2011 05:31 UTC in reply to "default linux file system?"
No. There really isn't one. I think you meant " one most chose by desktop/server GNU/Linux distros to be the default". We've gone from EXT2 to Reiser 3 to Ext3 to XFS to Ext4, as the sweet spot moves for different situations. BTRFS looks good, but the benchmarks have yet to catch up to ext4 for most tests. Sure it has some compelling features which will make it nice for some applications, but a "default" would have to be best for most situations. Which BTRFS is defiantly not right now and to reach that might require some compromise for other io workloads. You just never really know where one is headed performance wise, until it reaches production level readiness and people start relying on certain performance quirks.
I've gone from ext2, to ext3 to ext4, Seems pretty sane to me.
Ext2 was released the same year as NTFS and there have been 5 versions of that since it was released.
BTRFS can't even fsck yet so i wouldn't worry about it defaulting on distros yet.


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arhat is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "arhat" uses 5 letters: A A H R T.
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l - hartal s - arhats
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