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Varied practice
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In the study of learning and memory, varied practice (also known as variable practice or mixed practice) refers to the use of a training schedule that includes frequent changes of task so that the performer is constantly confronting novel instantiations of the to-be-learned information.
The varied practice approach focuses on the distribution of practice in time, the organization of activities to be practiced (blocked vs. random), and the interleaving of information or content to highlight distinctions that facilitate learning. For example, a varied practice approach to learning to shoot a basketball might involve a sequence of ten mid-range jump shots, followed by ten lay-ups, followed by ten free-throws, followed by ten three-pointers, with the entire cycle repeating ten times. This contrasts with traditional approaches in which the learner is encouraged to focus on mastering a particular aspect or subset of the relevant information before moving on to new problems (e.g., focusing on free-throws before moving to three pointers). With varied practice, the learner is exposed to multiple versions of the problem even early in training.
In many learning domains, varied practice has been shown to enhance the retention, generalization and application of acquired skills. There are many potential sources of the observed advantages. First, greater diversity of the tasks may also allow learner to extract the most relevant, task-invariant information. Any given practice trial contains both task-relevant and task-irrelevant information. By mixing up the trials, task-irrelevant information will be less consistent, allowing the learner to strip away the spurious associations. Task-relevant information should be constant regardless of the particulars of individual trial. Second, varied practice creates conditions that are likely to encourage elaborative rehearsal (see Craik & Tulving, 1975). Elaborative rehearsal is a means by which the learner forms multiple associations with the to-be-learned material, so that it can be recalled using a variety of cues. Cognitive psychologists generally regard elaborative rehearsal as one of the most effective means of acquiring new information, and its basic logic – to study the material from a range of perspectives in order to former richer links with preexisting knowledge – is completely consistent with the varied practice approach. Finally, because learners are frequently changing tasks, practice may seem less repetitive, potentially minimizing boredom and increasing the level of engagement during practice.
The theoretical underpinnings of the varied practice approach stem primarily from a behavioral phenomenon discussed in the skill acquisition literature called contextual interference (Shea & Morgan, 1979). Contextual interference refers to a learning benefit observed when the items to be learned are randomly intermixed across training blocks rather than repeated in blocks (for a review, see Magill and Hall, 1990). That is, when identical items are blocked together during training, post-training performance is worse than when different items are intermixed. Although primarily studied with motor skill learning task, contextual interference was originally reported in a verbal paired associates task (Battig, 1966, 1972) and has been observed in other nonmotor tasks (e.g., Carlson et al., 1989). Intriguingly, the benefits of mixed-item blocks are apparent only some period of time after practice, indicating that the effects are primarily long-term.
The source of contextual interference is not well understood. At present, it is primarily an empirical phenomenon. Most accounts assume that it emerges because blocked practice is not sufficiently demanding to produce optimal effort or attention. Consistent with this view, contextual interference is reduced or eliminated with more complex tasks (see Wulf & Shea, 2002). Across the various accounts of this complexity effect, the dominant theme is that as complexity increases, learners benefit more from the opportunity to repeat and refine their responses on successive trials. There is also debate regarding whether children show the effects of contextual interference as adult learners. Some studies suggest children show normal contextual interference (e.g., Edwards et al., 1986) whereas others show no effect in children (e.g., Del Rey et al., 1983). Moreover, as with adults, more difficult or complex tasks show less contextual interference (Magill & Hall, 1990). Thus, the absence of contextual interference in some studies with children may simply be another manifestation of the task complexity effect.
Similar to[edit]
Contextual interference bears an intriguing similarity to a phenomenon observed during the training of neural networks called catastrophic interference (McCloskey & Cohen, 1989). Catastrophic interference occurs when a network is trained to criteria on one set of mappings, and then switched to a new set, at which point it loses access to the initial mappings. In a sense, rather than forming a set of connections that would preserve the knowledge it acquired in the first task, the network optimizes its performance completely to the new task. The solution to this problem is simply to interleave the training sets so that the network is forced to optimize its behavior in a way that is sensitive to both of the tasks and their statistics. While this was not thought to characterize human learning (a supposed weakness of this approach), recent evidence suggests that human learning also exhibits this principle under the right conditions (Mirman & Spivey, 2001).
In science[edit]
Neuroscience techniques have recently been applied to investigating the effects of varied practice. Because these effects are typically only observed after a considerable delay, these studies have focused on the neural changes occurring during the consolidation period. For example, Kantak and colleagues (2010) used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) immediately after varied practice of a motor task and, in a separate group of participants, after traditional constant practice of the same task. When the rTMS was applied over the prefrontal cortex, performance 24 hours after training was much worse than immediately after training. In contrast, when the rTMS was applied over primary motor cortex, performance 24 hours after training improved similarly to a control group that received no rTMS. Thus, disruption of neural activation in the prefrontal cortex after varied practice appears to eliminate its benefits. In contrast, when a constant practice schedule was used, all groups performed worse 24 hours after training than immediately after training, and the group receiving rTMS over the primary motor cortex performed much worse than either the prefrontal or control groups. In sum, the findings suggest that varied and constant practice engage distinct sets of neural regions, the former involving the prefrontal cortex and the latter involving primary motor cortex.
In education[edit]
The practical benefits for varied practice in the educational domain may be largely untapped. Dempster and Corkill (1999) argued that the available evidence warranted focused investigations of the role of these underlying processes (inhibition and contextual interference) to the teaching-learning process. More recently, Rohrer and his colleagues studied the benefits of varied practice in mathematics curricula. Rohrer and Taylor (2007) noted that, contrary to the basic science supporting the varied practice approach, most mathematics textbooks had each set of practice sections made up almost entirely of problems corresponding to the immediately previous lesson; only in a small number of cases did they find the practice problems to be systematically shuffled so that each practice set includes a variety of problems drawn from many previous lessons. They concluded that varied practice was underused. In sum, there are clear applications for varied practice for students and educators alike; tapping these principles could improve retention, especially in the long term.
- Battig, W. F. (1966). Facilitation and interference. In E. A. Bilodeau (Ed.), Acquisition of skill (pp. 215–244). New York: Academic Press.
- Battig, W. F. (1972). Intratask interference as a source of facilitation in transfer and retention. In J. F. Voss (Ed.), Topics in learning and performance (pp. 131–159). New York: Academic Press.
- Carlson, R. A., Sullivan, M. A., & Schneider, W. (1989). Practice and working memory effects in building procedural skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 517-526.
- Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.
- Del Rey, P., Whitehurst, M., & Wood, J. (1983). Effects of experience and contextual interference on learning and transfer. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 581-582.
- Dempster, F. N., & Corkill, A. J. (1999). Interference and inhibition in cognition and behavior: Unifying themes for educational psychology. Educational Psychology Review, 11, 1-88.
- Edwards, J. M., Elliott, D., & Lee, T. D. (1986). Contextual interference effects during skill acquisition and transfer in Down's syndrome adolescents. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 3, 250-258.
- Kantak, S. S., Sullivan, K. J., Fisher, B. E., Knowlton, B. J., & Winstein, C. J. (2010). Neural substrates of motor memory consolidation depend on practice and structure. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 923-925.
- Magill, R. A., & Hall, K. G. (1990). A review of the contextual interference effect in motor skill acquisition. Human Movement Science, 9, 241-289.
- McCloskey, M., & Cohen, N. J. (1989). Catastrophic interference in connections networks: The sequential learning problem. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 24, pp. 109–165). San Diego: Academic Press.
- Mirman, D., & Spivey, M. (2001). Retroactive interference in neural networks and in humans: the effect of pattern-based learning. Connection Science, 13, 257-275.
- Rohrer, D., & Taylor, K. (2007). The shuffling of mathematics problems improves learning. Instructional Science, 35, 481-498.
- Shea, J. B., & Morgan, R. L. (1979). Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 5, 179-187.
- Wulf, G., & Shea, C. H. (2002). Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 185-211.


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TAR 17 Hong Kong had one good night task (the tram and neon signs), but the fake food and junk-searching was crap.How about a night-time horse race? A task on one of the city's skyscrapers for a view of the lights and skyline? A busy night street market? A mahjong den? Many missed opportunities there...
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LOS ANGELES (CBS) — New research suggests that pollution in Southern California may be harming our brains.
We already know that pollution can do harm to our lungs, but research from the University of Southern California suggests that residents here are even worse off thanks to our traffic-polluted freeways.
"It's not like what you see in smog and the days when you don't get to see the mountains," says Todd Morgan a researcher with USC referring to the type of pollution investigated in the study.
Researchers looked at the smallest of particles that are not visible to the naked eye. Air samples were taken from the 110 Freeway near USC and exposed to mice over a 10 week exposure period, over about 150 hours. The results showed brain damage — keeping neurons from developing — which could eventually lead to memory loss, even developmental disorders in children. According to researchers there is suggestive evidence, it could happen to us too.
"I'm hoping that with further research, we can perhaps be able to figure out additional ways of lowering the effect of these particulates, other than just staying away from traffic because that's really not doable," says Morgan.
(©2011 CBS Local Media, a division of CBS Radio Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Wire services contributed to this report.)
Not surprised. Look how the people voted in california last election.
I agree, they should not be allowed to vote, they are brain damaged zombies.
Oh sure.
This pollution is damaging more than lungs and brains. Every body part suffers from poisonous gas.
And this is happening in every city on earth.
If you live in the middle of a city, or even downwind, you are a moron.
Your brains are so damaged that you can't even tell you're being scammed by the government over taxes.
Search tax law for "excluded income"
ECFR dot GPOACCESS dot GOV
(Title 26)
Or just Google excluded income.
Make the government obey the law.
These is liberal lies lies preptrated by the communist elitists in office who want to enslave the world and tax everything!!!! USC is a leftist school! that porchmonkey NObama hussein secretly hates america and wants to force abortion and green taxes on all of us.. there taxing OXYGEN FOR GODS SAKE!!!!! vote him out now! vote for a commensense constitutionalest conservative so we can end this madness! vote vote vote!!!!!!
What a sane and well written response MissouriKyle.
Well, that certainly explains Peelosi's everyday behavior!
Pelosi's from Baltimore. That's in Maryland…in case you didn't know.
And that explains why Maryland is in the miserable shape it is in…
Baltimore? Pelosi represents the 8th California Congressional District, which covers much of San Francisco.
TO MD White: Pilozi moved to Calif in 1969. She's a carpetbagge, a left winger, and definitely has a mental disorder, whether or not caused by airborne particulates.
MD White–Pelosi has lived in CA for over 40 years.
I'm born and raised in So Cal I I can assure you, we deserve all of these bad comments.
EM, you sound like a wonderful person. Please do your best to escape CA. TX is a great state. I'm planning to head there myself.
EM, be wary of ritpgs' advice. Remember, Texans live in Texas.
If you live in Texas, you are a Texan. Duh.
What happened when the dumbest man in California moved to Texas? Texas' average IQ went up, and California's average went down!
Wow! All this time I thought it was something in their water.
brain damage i think not its called liberalism
Obama suffers from that as well!
Karl, if there was a like button you would have gotten it.
and WHAT of any importance or creativity comes out of where you live Steve C? What do you do except hate people who aren't the same as you. What do you do ? Really. I thought so. YOu are NO crhistian. You are a racist, hating hypocrite. I can peg you from your one sentence.
Steve C Said: "Not surprised. Look how the people voted in california last election"
Wow, John. No hate eminating from you.
OHHH .Native so cal resident.Now I understand the reason for california being the laughing stock of the USA.Brain dead politically correct enviromental nazi voters. AHHH utopia at its finest.
You post like a liberal troll who wants to make conservatives look stupid and racist.
Good for you S D. But you live in a state that is hopelessly left. Why would you want to keep doing that? Do you really think it's going to change in your life time? Get out if you can.
An excellent point on the surface, but remember not all of us out here are that foolish (not all of us voted for "Moonbeam") even though all of us are exposed to the same air, so obviously the theory is more propaganda from the left being used to justify extending government power needlessly.
Didn't a USC professor just get fired for releasing research that didn't support this propaganda?
why do comments sections always attract the biggest idiots?
That explains why you are here, hans.
Comments sections are the most immediately visible portion of the mass media that's subject to free speech. so, to keep real free speech curbed, the global elite flood all of the most accessible public forums with spam, in order to keep the common man convinced that every other common man out there is an idiot, and not to be trusted with freedom. After all, it's a lot easier for a power to strip your rights when you don't believe that your fellow man is smart enough to handle having those same fights for themselves.
This article was linked to by Drudge. He's sort of like a fire hose that shoots out morons.
Exactly, Steve. Maybe the rats should vote in the 2012 election?
Probably have better results… That's if you were referring to real rats and not the commies.
Rats do vote. The Democ-rats. It explains Pelosi, Boxer, Feinstein, Jerry.
My pet rats have more intelligence than what has been displayed in the comments here… I must say, I certainly would much prefer the rats to vote.
May be harming?
Pollution caused by population, more by overpopulation. The demos are still letting them come in and not getting rid of them. They are tax users and gasoline users.
It does explain a lot.
Well…that explains why those on the Left Coast are the way they are!
why all the hate for Cali? We are human beings just like you. You are human right?
The people who beat up the fan at Dodger stadium were not.
You're a human. but if you're from SoCal you're not like me.
The Taliban is human too!
Ok we'll quite bullying your gay, gerbil loving lazy ass's.
They don't hate "Cali", just the idiots that vote for people like Gerry Brown. Now I'm not a hater so I don't hate people that are that foolish, but I can't say I understand them either and it is clear they are destroying this state.
Because Cali is full of knuckleheads who keep electing leftists and then wondering why the worlds 7th largest economy can't work.
Nancy Pelosi…
No wonder all the idiots are out there and vote the way they do. It explains it all!
I cannot agree that pollution is the culprit. But I can agree there are an abundance of brain disorders in California!
…Let's not forget New York and Massachusetts and Oregon and Nevada and Illinois…Washington DC and, of course, wherever you're from.
I was born and raised here I can confirm and explain your comment: "I can agree there are an abundance of brain disorders in California!"
True, there are a great number of people who clearly are mentally ill here – but many of them came here from ultra-liberal places, such as the east coast. Many of them are not from here. Many of us that ARE from here are sick and tired of them destroying our state and we would do what we can to kick them out. Further, they're increasing their power by encouraging illegal immigration, which as a rule brings in more people who vote like them – i.e. FOOLISHLY!
Ya all those damaged brains at the jet propulsion lab in Pasadena and all those dull wits in silicone valley, …. what a crock. Souther California has too many lefties and they are brain damaged to begin with …. this another mney grab and law making opportunity for those brain dead lefties who cannot stop controlling everyone's slightest activities.
You're an idiot. If it were up to you racist, backward conservatives:
Women still woudn't be able to vote.
There would still be slavery.
We'd still be burning witches at the stake. AND YOU KNOW ITS TRUE JOHN WEST. Conservatives are ALWAYS on the wrong side of history. ALWAYS.
Oh really? It was southern democrates in the 60's who were against the Civil Rights movement/amendment. It was conserviatives who pushed it through. Educate yourself. Your "ALWAYS" is a lie.
Oh, and BTW Abraham Lincoln was a Republican. So who's the idiot? Educate yourself.
Right and Lincoln who freed the slaves was a…Republican? Don't you just love these guys? I mean I'm no fan of Repubs but in comparison to these yahoos its all we got.
Nice, but you forget that it was DEMOCRATS, not Republicans, who tried to oppose civil rights legislation.
You are good at spouting talking points but you know NOTHING about truth, facts, logic and history.
Republicans were behind freeing the slaves, IDIOT!
Wow… I never realized that Martin Luther King was on the wrong side of history….
There is nobody more regressive than a Progressive. For lack of sense and facts they regurgitate nonsense. Never fails.
And just whose state is banning Happy Meals…talk about being on the wrong side of history!
I wonder if we could get President B.O. to move there…maybe the exposure would "fix" his brain. Oh wait…California. No, never mind.
Brain damage… This explains how Jerry Brown got re-elected…
I know your looking for a reason that all the fruits, flakes and nutes in Southern California have brain disorders, but I think it's a stretch to blame it on traffic pollution. I think you have the cause and effect mixed up. The lazy types with brain disorders are drawn to Southern California because of the laid back atmosphere. They don't come there and become lazy.
I'm pretty sure all Obama supporters have brain disorders. Can I get a Federal grant to study them?
Study them? You mean watch CNN?
without a doubt, look at hollywood, and look at CA's voting pattern
This is nonsense. Another politically motivated study.
Remember C.A.R.B. and Hein Tran?
Lying biased scientists influenced by nature worshiping fanatics.
I used to have problems like that, but I just smoke more pot and I don't notice it any more.
The study pre-supposes that people in California do not already suffer from brain disorders.
Hey, everybody in fly-over country always knew there had to be some reason for the insane behaviors of those fool liberals in California. The conservatives must try to spend a lot of time out of California. Pelosi, Boxer, Feinstein and Brown must never leave California as they are the biggest azzez in the history of a mexican state.
How ridiculous.
This pollution is damaging more than lungs and brains. Every body part suffers from poisonous gas.
And this is happening in every city on earth.
If you live in the middle of a city, or even downwind, you are a moron.
Your brains are so damaged that you can't even tell you're being scammed by the government over taxes.
Search tax law for "excluded income"
ECFR dot GPOACCESS dot GOV
(Title 26)
Or just Google excluded income.
Sounds like you have fallen for this insanity hook, line and sinker.
The crowd that has a desire to tax the air we exhale and believes that CO2 is a pollutant when in reality it is a nutrient.
Taxing insanity may be the deficit solution for CA.
The only brain disorder is in Sacramento and with the extreme environmentalist….
This could explain alot of things. Like why we continue to vote Democrat and are more worried about Happy Meals and the rights of sex offenders.
Pelosi…'nuff said.
I've lived in CA for 44 years. Air pollution is WAY DOWN from the 70s now that smog checks and cleaner cars are on the road. This study is just another looney left attempt to point to the evils of capitalism.
Next, maybe some other states need to be tested!(i.e. Illinois?)
Nah im thinking its just living in such close proximity with so many liberals that causes the brain damage.
The people just accepting this story are the bra8in damaged ones.
[1] How many stories does there need to be where large or prolonged doses of something are given to mice, the mice get hurt (duh!) and it's immediately extrapolated to human. Did you see how they carefully worded it so as to suggest it but not get caught outright making the claim?
[2] Is there something magically different about California traffic? If this study is true, would it not be true in *any* urban area with traffic?
[3] Is it really smog hiding the mountains anymore? Back in the 1970's it was. The horizon was always brownish colored. These days it looks like just good old haze.
QUESTION every news story, people. Hey, maybe there is something to this study. Maybe not. But until anything is verified, ASK QUESTIONS!
FYI: California voted the way it did last election due to simple ignorance: people don't pay attention anymore. They don't ask QUESTIONS.
I've got some questions:
– Is this another study by someone with faked credentials and manufactured data commissioned by the California Air Resources Board (similar to the diesel particulate study) to justify them imposing draconian anti-business idealogiaclly driven regulations?
– Is this some researchers realizing now that the scientific evidence is drying up the man-made global warming research grant teat trying to find the next politcally correct theme for the next grant funding teat?
BTW Quiet desperation, no the people in CA voted the way they did because they treat political parties and the elected officials like sports teams instead of our paid employees. It's rep or dem, not who is going to do what makes sense for the good of the state.
folks shouldn't smoke pot in an idling car.
We've known about the brain damage in California for years – it's called Liberalism.
This study is poo.
"Mr. Spooge
We've known about the brain damage in California for years – it's called Liberalism."
You stole my thunder…
Remember this dates MAY,06,07,08 2011
Recived a e'mail about global strike to not buying gas for the
dates of May 06-07-08 of 2011.
if we do this may be we can put a hold on the rise of the prices of oil,
that the Big OIL Company
always look for excuses to rise the gas.
so lets do it world wide and give something that they deserve,
if you agree just pass to friend and families we don't have nothing to lose.
Anotelo en su agenda o calendario casero.
Paro Internacional para estas fechas , 06, 07, 08 de Mayo DEL 2010
Señores, Iniciemos un PARO MUNDIAL
DE COMPRA DE GASOLINA. SE HA DECRETADO quese hará un paro de compra de
combustible en todo el mundo los días 06, 07 y 08 de Mayo de 2011. Si hacemos
presión en todo el mundo, lograremos que los precios del combustible
bajen drásticamente. Hay que hacer esto como antes que el mundo se ha puesto de acuerdo en
algo tan grande e importante. Si conoce a alguien con correo
electrónico envíele este mensaje. Siga las siguientes instrucciones,
3. NO PLANEE NINGUN VIAJE LARGO PARA ESTOS DIAS DEL 06,07 Y 08 DE Mayo
Not buying gas on a particular day just makes more people buy it the days just before or after that day. If you really want to put a dent in gas buying GET A BICYCLE OR RIDE THE BUS/TROLLEY/SUBWAY, give up your car.
Or get a Prius, like me…
Al, if we could get some drilling done around here the price would come down immediately. THE REGULATIONS by the EPA (appointed by Obama) are responsible for this mess. What about the farmers who depend upon fuel? The price of food is going to skyrock because of this administration. Thought they cared about the poor? Obama gives BILLIONS to Brazils Petrobus to drill but won't put people to work drilling here? Cuba is ready to drill multiple fields in the GULF. We're going to be Cuba in a few short years, thanks to this administration. What a fool…do you live in California?
Finally we know why our Hollywood "stars" sound so lame and think they're so intelligent (i.e., today Alec Baldwin says Obama's problem as President is that because of our financial problems he hasn't been able to spend money! HUH?
How true. look at the Los Angeles Board of Supervisor and the liberals on the Los Angeles City Council. Plus look at the liberals who represent Los Angeles in the Assembly and the State Senate.
Pollution from cars? No. What's causing brain damage out there in Mexifornia is liberalism. Scientists have now proven that liberalism is in fact, a mental disorder.
"Maybe"…Ok got it. Thanks for the conclusive news.
NOISE POLLUTION surely harms our mental health and thinking processes whether air pollution does or not
the constant distractions of modern life- roaring motors, barking dogs, blasting trains, loud sirens, booming music and the rising philosphies of intentional distraction all destroy our trains of thought
and would more create a profile reflective of mental disorders if it was all constantly monitored on a machine. Psychologists and sociolologists should be screaming about it all, but must play politica correctness just to stay in business.
Useless EPA (as radiation floats into Cali), yet another violation of our rights. Add it to the list of gov't violations of our right:
They violate the 1st Amendment by placing protesters in cages, banning books like "America Deceived II" and censoring the internet.
They violate the 2nd Amendment by confiscating guns.
They violate the 4th and 5th Amendment by molesting airline passengers.
They violate the entire Constitution by starting undeclared wars for foreign countries.
Impeach Obama and sweep out the Congress.
(Last link of Banned Book):
Another idoit report to control the people who must drive a car……as far as brain damage, that would be their water more than anything else…California the leader in liberal idoits deserve what is ahead of them……….
I remember that song: You haven't lived, until you have died in L.A.
All this time I thought it was something in their water.
Just wait until the radiation kicks in..
Well, I think it's liberal exhaust… There's an obvious solution to this, make liberals put a catalytic converter over their mouths, we can stop the society pollution right away.
It's Bush's fault………….
OH just like the Liberals in Europe want to do BAN CARS in all Cities, then they will take them away from people in the suburbs, Liberals are always trying to take things away from us. THE BRAIN STUDY THING IS A JOKE!
I hope they raise Cali taxes to 75%, eliminate all cars burning gas then give it back to Mexico, before they take it from you tree hugging losers.
This is common knowledge … it's the FLOURIDE PARTICULATES that cause this! The same happens when you cook with Teflon Pans … Teflon releases poisonous Flouride Gas! If you live even within 400 yards of a freeway (4 football fields) you are experiencing sever poisoning and brain degeneration. This is a FACT!
The disorder is called liberalism.
'causes brain damage' … it obviously has those people living in CA are nut cases … I know, I use to live there, but I got out before too much damage was done.
Air pollution…? Does anyone remember not that many years ago when you didn't breathe, you chewed the air in L.A.?
I easily recall days when my lungs burned and they wouldn't us outside to play because the air was so bad. We called them "Yellow Days" because the sky was literally a dirty yellow in color.
Anyone who thinks the air quality in Southern California hasn't improved 1000% over the past few years is an absolute moron who will have to blame their mental deficiencies on something else…
Well, brain damage would certainly explain the solidly Democratic voting bloc.
I heard a former California Politician on the radio this past week, Says that California, cannot be saved. It is too far gone. So Sad……
And yet, California wants to ban outdoor smoking over the fear of a wisp of tobacco smoke.
Sure explains, Pealousy-Babs Boxer-D Frankenfinesteinand and ole Moonbeam.
California Was great in the 80's before all the rude east-coast aholes moved here … and then it only got worse when the vile liberals let the border gates open … now we have rude people and the violent mexican population among us … Californian's growing up were always laid back and friendly. New York gave us their rude and stupid liberals; Mexico gave us their uneducated and criminal group. Don't blame CA, its' the unwanted that have moved here that have ruined it like their sewage States and Country.
You can tell if a link to an article is posted on a right wing or left wing blog/forum because of all the predictable, idiotic partisan comments
Well that explains everything about California they all have brain damage.
Wow- it's all starting to make sense now. This really explains ALOT! California can't help being liberal – they are all brain damaged
Obviously CA is Brain DEAD … they voted for Jerry Brown, renowned in the 70's for pioneering public tax money to be given to prisons so SATAN Worshippers can have a coven in prison … what kind of person does this? Jerry Brown must be a Satanist to drive this !!! So go figure, someone with a heart for SATAN is running Californina! This explains all the liberals in this state!
Is anyone surprised given the amount of insanity in Ca? It had to be something "in the water".
The air quality in California is far better than it was in the 60's and 70's, so if brain damage were an issue it would have been noted in the test scores of kids in places like California long ago.
I'd also like to know what methodology they followed. Did they separate out these especially small particulates and expose the mice only to them, or did they expose the mice to the raw sample and then attribute the change to their preferred bogeyman particles? What happened in the control group? How much damage did they actually observe?
How does this research play into political agendas that seek to tyrannize the nation, and the world?
Air samples were taken from the 110 Freeway near USC and exposed to mice over a 10 week exposure period, this is why research done with mice is outdated and ridiculous, ask the researchers if the mouse got to go anywhere outside the lab, humans are in a constant state of movement, i.e., going to work, going to school, going to the beach, the mountains etc, etc, I don't think anyone will refute the health risks of living near a L.A. freeway, but this sounds like the usual bad science fear mongering that constantly come out of the media, check the title:
"USC Researchers Say Pollution May Be Harming Our Brains"
the research is inconclusive, so why run a story, what's the point, other than to sell sensational headlines, the bottom line being the bottom line, it's all about money.
Well son of a gun…that explains why California is the way it is…
Well, I guess that explains why there are so many Liberals in S. California. Pollution induced brain damage.
Actually. liberalism is a proven brain disorder.
This explains a lot about Californians
This explains a lot about CA and NY
I guess that explains Boxer & Puke-losi,
Don't forget, John. It was the Democratic Party that promoted slavery and segregation. Not Republicans or Conservatives. You need to read you American history more closely. The hate from the Left far exceeds any comments I have ever heard from the Right. The best thing that Americans can do is forget party, Left or Right, and think for ourselves what is right and wrong. We must not let the politicians and talking heads speak or think for us.
Seriously Bob? Are you saying that southern conservatives did not promote slavery?? Wow, to live in your brain for a day, where reason has no place and cause and effect are meaningless. A little history lesson: Democrats were actually conservative then! I know that's hard to get your head around, but Lincoln would unquestionably have been a liberal democrat by today's standards. He favored Gov't involvement in transportation, banking, and other internal improvements, urbanization as well as protective tariffs. These are "liberal" notions. Try reading! The hate from the left exceeds the hate from the right? Really? Try reading some of these posts, most of which directly state that liberalism is a mental disorder. I don't see that from the left.
Because the left today has no rational thinking ablity. They can only read talking points from thier masters. Anyone who disagrees with a liberal is branded Extreme or Raciest. The illegals have polluted California and you liberal create sactuary cities for them. On the road California is going it will be bankrupt and the people you welcomed in will kick your kind out or worse.
In a related story, Southern Californians overwhelmingly vote Democrat, the state is broke and in disarray, and Los Angeles has the worst school district in the nation.
This "study" not only cost the taxpayers of California money, it will now be used as an excuse to force us to drive those silly little clown cars. Sorry, I'm keeping my gas burning, smoke producing, noise polluting muscle car, and the rest of the fruitcakes in California can eat my dust.
rightwinginc.com – anti-liberal gear
only brain disorder could explain the constant re-electing of lowlifes like Boxer-Brown-Pelosi-and all the other freaks.
You mean, disorders other than voting Democrat?
This is a load of bunk. The originator of this so called scientific finding was a (Dr.) Tran. This man is not a scientist with a PhD. He bought his PhD for $1000 from a diploma factory online. When a real scientist, a professor at UCLA, blew the whistle on CARB for hiring Tran two CARB board members (also professors at UCLA) moved to have Professor Engstrom fired from UCLA. Totally illegal and unethical at least. The UC board of regents are in hot water with congress over this and are being asked to explain why they are allowing professor Engstrom to be fired.
thant makes so much sense now……….wow no wonder California is so idiotic and does not work!
It's a proven fact that liberals have a mental disorder. Maybe this is the reason why.
That explains it! LOL!!
Can we sue the oil companies yet? Maybe they need to finance clean energy to stop this!
This may offer an explaination for California politics.
Bad news for China, and our relations with the Chinese.
liberalism is a form of mental disease; and it is destroying California. the rest of the country is not bailing you out anymore, enjoy the ride to the bottom of the ocean…
This is more of a chicken or egg scenario. Did they study a bunch of California Democrats and find that they had mental diisorders or did they study a bunch of people with mental disorders and discover that they were California Democrats?
That would explain a lot.
This certainly explains a lot about why these people do what they do.
Yep, this partially explains the illogical liberal bias of voters in Southern California…and explains the election of Maxine Waters and Nancy Pelosi. Better clean that pollution up before it is too late. Maybe they can use Superfund money to do it.
Mexifornians + Pollution = Stupid liberals.
It would be nice to be able to totally stop this effect in our cities, but our ancestors lived in caves, huts and houses with open fires and the air in these places was terrible if measured on the same scale used for this study. Somehow, we all survived as a people. It showes that there is an effect from "living too cose" to one another, but most green folks want us to live close and not damage the world's open space. Well, living close has a price. And it will never be zero…..
Let's check USC researchers' brains first, then we can conclude whether the brains were damaged by the pollution or something else (like environmental politics).
This explains what is happening in all major cities in America.
Liberism is a Mental Disorder.
California should raise gas prices to $10 a gallon so no one can afford to drive and then the rest of their citizens will leave the state thus pollution will go down
aha, So that why the Dodger fans are so loco!!!
Liberalism has failed everywhere it has been tried. America is bankrupt. "Illegal Imigration" has wrecked this country, because the Feds refuse to enforce the laws they are sworn to protect. And yet you keep electing the same politicans year after year. Better start wearing a pollution mask, maybe your synaps will start to fire again.
In all seriousness, this explains so much that could never have been logically explained before. Here's the problem though; those who are affected will be so offended by the news that they will spend 100% of their effort to discredit or deny the report and 0% solving the issue. Instead, they are allowed to become damaged human beings that eventually spread out across the entire country because no one can stand it in So. CA forever.
It must be what causes the mental disorder known as Liberalism.
Calif. brains are so wacky how would anyone be able to tell if something else was making it worse. Look at their government and nothing could get worse.
We know Southern Kali residents are mentally suspect, but what is Florida's excuse?
The 'feedback" here is beyond pathetic.
Wow so much evidence of astroturfing going on this "debate". I expect some halfwitted remark about how stupid I am for writing this. But, you know what? Wouldn't that just add weight to my claim? Bully people so that the undecided jump on the bandwagon?
Boy, brain damage, huh? That really explains California.
Did they at least get a scientist for this study who didn't buy his PhD off of the internet?
Oh, this just in, water can lead to death by asphyxiation in large doses!
This explains the high number of liberal voters in California.
There next study will be from a government grant of $5,000,000 to study if AGW affects the number of beats per second the annibelle humingbird flaps its wings.
Traffic pollution giving Californians brain damage: Well that explains a lot of things. Now we know how Moonbeam got elected.
We should gift kalifornia to mexico.
Gas fumes cause brain damage ? Now I know what Ozzy Osborn's problem is !
Calfifornia is on it's death bed. Only a matter of time, a short time befroe it is bankrupt and a carbon copy of a Mexican getto run by drug cartels and street gangs.
The libs will be thrilled.
The Fifth Column Media is packed from top to bottom with COMMUNISTS.
It's worth a long thought when one listerns to the rants and ravings of many Hollywood types, Alec Baldwin must spend lot's of time in traffic, he'd make a good subject for deep study, in my opinioin.
he'd make a better necropsy subject.
uh oh.. Obama might want to reconsider his efforts for cleaner power. Apparently polluted brains are what keep democrats elected.
Ultra Fine Particulate Smog (UFPS) IS the problem and it's causing the memory loss and alzheimers disease and sickness. The autos made over the last 15 years emit ultra fine particulate chemical toxins that pass by the catalytic converter and directly enter our bloodstream when breathed into the lungs. GOOGLE: "Ultra Fine Particulate Smog". The long term solution to this disaster is hydrogen powered cars and trucks..
everything we breathe or eat eventually goes through our liver, so is there an abundance of liver disease in Calif too?
But legalized mrijuana doesn't harm their brains!?!
How can we take this report seriously, isn't USC in Calif? Are the people who did the study brain-damaged?
What a bunch of tools! lol
OK. Soooo…
(1) The brilliant scientists and engineers I work with from polluted hellholes of India and China are brain-damaged, but they just don't realize it.
(2) The great technical minds that emerged from the coal-dusted cities of the Industriial Revolution were actually cretins, but, again just didn't know it.
(3) USC "researchers" now admit that the finest brains in America come from the clean-aired heartland of the Midwest (Flyover Country!!!)
Could you guys please find real jobs?
Speaking of dragon flies, ice cream has no bones.
Makes sense when you consider that CA is 48th out of 50 in education. Theyre literally some of THE dumbest people on the planet and the way they vote shows it. So glad I got the hell out of that hell hole of a state.
We're glad you're gone too loser.
Must be nice to be such a genius as yourself.
Don't make up stats dude, especially when they are that ridiculous.
That explains alot!
well, if there is a reason they keep electing the space alien henry waxpigman, I can stop HATING THEM… But I still want them all dead.
That certainly does not come as any surprise.
Bring on the lawsuits!
Clearly, this is a "no brainer" …
The fools in CA pay extra for MTBE's and other additives. Yes there brain damaged for being so easily led around by the nose while being kicked in the ass, they get off on being ignorant. CA is a state of Homer Simpsons, look how they vote, they deserve ever bit of suffering they get. I for one have no pity for these lemmings. Good luck and good riddance!
Look at all the drudge freako's commenting on here. Get a life.
Well, who needs to get a life?
This certainly explains how Nancy Pelosi stays in office.
Obama must have spent alot of time around pollution, he for sure is brain damaged. Wait he IS POLLUTION
No kidding the smog causes brain damage. Look at how many people in CA voted for Obama. Got the same problem in Chicago and New York.
At least now we know why you vote like morons
Wow! I knew taking drugs couldn't have caused all that behavior.
…now we Know what's wrong with Pelosi, Brown, Boxer, etc, etc.
That might explain the voting preferences in L.A. I was born there and lived there for 37 years before escaping to Texas. I managed not to become a liberal, but did acquire a taste for tofu. Fortunately, I moved into a part of evil, racist, capitalist Texas where there are excellent Asian restaurants to assuage the obvious affects of L.A. smog…
That was "effects." I knew that. Sorry, L.A. schools educated me, too…
Come on now, there isnt a thing wrong with Texas that keeping all the fruits, nuts and flakes from the rest of the country coming here wouldnt cure….
I think it is important that every brain in southern CA be taken out and fully checked for damage and when that has been done everyone in San Francisco should be done too.
If this study is true what accounts for the brain damaged voters in San Franscisco?
The fumes are not from cars…it's from all the weed.
How in the world could they tell So Cal people had brain damage? After all, They're all liberals anyway.
Finally… an explanation!
fake tree huggers would rather sit on the freeway for four hours rather than carpool just so everyone can see them in their bmw with their dopey personalized plates that say something like LUV2SURF or IMRICH…… That's ok, the whole state will be completely Mexican soon enough, with some small gated communities on the coast housing the whites. oops!, it's already that way. Smog was worse then today??????? Riverside disagrees, and fly in and cut through the smog with the jet engines.bye bye Spicoli and the rest of the SC burnouts.
Really? Pollution causes brain damage? And I thought it was because you are all kool aid drinking liberals.
These is liberal lies lies preptrated by the communist elitists in office who want to enslave the world and tax everything!!!! USC is a leftist school! that porchmonkey NObama hussein secretly hates america and wants to force abortion and green taxes on all of us.. there taxing OXYGEN FOR GODS SAKE!!!!! vote him out now! vote for a commensense constitutionalest conservative so we can end this madness! vote vote vote!!!!!!
good sir while I will not harp on your freedom of speech I would only implore you to understand that when you use words geared towards racism or insulting someone else with words it hinders our cause to get the guy out of office. I would suggest we focus on bringing people the truth and the truth is he has no idea what he is doing and is a puppet for higher powers. We don't have to change the story over and over again if we just tell the truth. Sooner or later he will run out of lies and the ones told thus far will catch up to him. USA is Obama proof its going to take a lot more than him to bring us down thats for sure.
It's a good thing that I'm not a mouse!
Of COURSE they are brain-damaged! Look at how they vote.
Air pollution must be even worse in San Francisco. They are even more stupid and evil. Look at the trash THEY vote in!
They are going to starve, before polution kills them. I am a Kalivornykn native son, we have stopped all productivity, industrial, ag., mining, timber, we would opt to let it burn, hydro electric power, the most efficent, safest power here is, with flood control as a byproduct. Our coast has hundreds of years of untapped oil and gas supplies, our deserts have untold mineral deposites, that have been locked up in "environmently sensitive areas". We are fighting wars for assets we already have, why? We are being minipulated and used by our own administration, and at least four administrations prior.
Libs! Stop using MLK as your political sword. He was a Republican. check it out for yourselves.
Maybe that's what's causing you to keep voting for extreme liberal policies and politicians
I think that is midst the most critical info for me. Also i'm cheerful reading your thing. But wanna see on part leader beings, The website tone is spectacular, the things is in barb of reality comely Souriant . Righteous prerogative chore, consoles.
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If you take away the 4 picks this year that weren't really his fault (bobbles, tips, etc.) his QB Rating climbs to 100.4 on the year. No QB in Seahawks history has ever finished the season with a QB rating over 100 if I recall correctly. Let alone as a rookie.


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This happens all the time. I say I'm only getting one or two polishes from a collection, and then I end up with a couple more...
I showed you some of OPI New York City Ballet already here. Today, I have more for you!
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Tulip Trails
Deborah C. Lewinson 5/26/2009 2:42:02 PMHardy congrats on your finalist for this beautiful image! Great PS work as well!
Debby #1133080
Wayne T. Fisk 5/26/2009 3:10:49 PMMany Thanks, Deborah! I always appreciate your comments! I hope all is well!
Cindy Hamilton 5/26/2009 3:10:50 PMWonderful shot, Wayne. #7561292
Wayne T. Fisk 5/26/2009 3:18:03 PMThanks, Cindy!
Melissa G. Meiselman 5/26/2009 4:00:25 PMHuge congratulations on this stunning finalist!!! #7561860
Wayne T. Fisk 5/26/2009 5:02:10 PMA big thank you, Melissa!!!
Eugenio Diaz 5/26/2009 5:14:34 PMCongratulations on your AMAZING Finalist Well done!
Wayne T. Fisk 5/26/2009 5:15:27 PMThank you for the fine words, Eugenio!
Tiia Vissak 5/26/2009 10:54:29 PMCongratulations! #7564551
Wayne T. Fisk 5/27/2009 4:19:06 AMThank you, Tiia!
Mitch Spence 5/27/2009 9:15:04 AMCongratulations to you, Wayne! #7566962
Usman M. Bajwa 5/27/2009 10:00:29 AMHuge Congratulations on such beautiful floral capture and Finalist award. Good luck in the next round !!
Usman. #7567180
Wayne T. Fisk 5/27/2009 11:11:32 AMMany thanks to Mitch and to Usman!! I really appreciate your positive feedback!
Donna La Mattino Pagakis 5/28/2009 9:20:01 AMThis is gorgeous Wayne, congratulations! #7571599
Wayne T. Fisk 5/28/2009 9:48:37 AMThank you very much, Donna! Congrats on all your great finalists, also!
Tiia Vissak 5/28/2009 12:35:54 PMCongratulations on your winner! #7572378
Deborah C. Lewinson 5/28/2009 4:51:01 PMHardy congrats, Wayne!!! #7573435
Wayne T. Fisk 5/28/2009 5:00:24 PMHugs and thanks, Deborah!
Renee Doyle 5/28/2009 5:17:04 PMCongratulations on this beautiful winner Wayne!! #7573594
Wayne T. Fisk 5/28/2009 6:42:22 PMRenee, I really appreciate your comments!
Erica Murphy 5/28/2009 9:52:42 PMCongratulations on your beautiful winner Wayne!!! WTG! #7574455
Usman M. Bajwa 5/29/2009 2:33:25 AMCONGRATULATIONS.......on getting GOLDEN!!
Usman. #7575135
Wayne T. Fisk 5/29/2009 5:01:25 AMA big thanks to Erica and to Usman! It's been a while since the "Gold" showed up! And congrats to you Erica for your many silver and golden accomplishments!
JudyAnn Rector 5/29/2009 3:42:03 PMVery stunning, Wayne... CONGRATULATIONS!! #7577416
Wayne T. Fisk 5/29/2009 7:56:27 PMThank you, JudyAnn!! I appreciate your wonderful words!
Donna La Mattino Pagakis 6/9/2009 2:54:43 PMBeautiful Wayne, congratulations on your win! #7613692
Wayne T. Fisk 6/9/2009 4:25:04 PMThank you for the fine words, Donna! And from one of the premier photographers from BP.Com. Congrats on all of your fine wins, also!
Carol Engstrom 6/21/2009 8:20:27 PMGreat shot, Wayne! Congrats! #7662734
Wayne T. Fisk 6/21/2009 8:50:57 PMThanks, Carol! And congrats on "Tucked-In"
Dominick M. Dimacale 7/17/2009 2:55:48 AMCongratulations Wayne on your Win!!!
Dominick #7748008
Wayne T. Fisk 7/17/2009 3:40:17 AMMany thanks,Dominick!!!
Kathryn Wesserling 7/30/2009 7:49:17 AMDynamic POV on this one (nothing beats a belly-down shot, imo!) It's no wonder it moved into a Finalist stage. #7796945
Two shots taken in Holland, Michigan that were combined later with PS-PS3
Exif: F Number: 22, Exposure Bias Value: -0.67, ExposureTime: 1/125 seconds, Flash: did not fire, compulsory flash mode, ISO: 320, White balance: Manual white balance, FocalLength: 105.00 mm, Model: Canon EOS 5D
Uploaded on 4/22/2009 5:47:33 PM
Camera: Canon EOS 50D Digital SLR Camera
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to Wayne T. Fisk. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer.
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WILMINGTON, N.C. and MT. PLEASANT, S.C. (March 9, 2013) – The ETSU women's tennis team competes for the first time in over two weeks, battling UNC Wilmington on Sunday and No. 61 College of Charleston on Monday.
ETSU (4-2) and UNC Wilmington (6-5) begin Sunday's matchup at 11 a.m., from the UNCW Tennis Complex. Monday's matchup with the Cougars (5-4) takes place from the College of Charleston Tennis Center at Patriots Point with first serve scheduled for 1:30 p.m.
The Lady Buccaneers came away with two victories in their last weekend of competition, defeating both UNC Asheville, 7-0, and Appalachian State, 6-1, on the road. Senior Antonia Kolovou (Larisa, Greece) continued her excellent season, extending her singles winning streak to eight matches and improving her overall mark to 14-8, 6-0 dual. Four of Kolovou's six dual victories have come in the No. 1 match, while the other two have come at No. 2.
Also making noise in her first season as a Buccaneer has been freshman Lyn Yee Choo (Kuching, Malaysia). Choo boasts an 18-7 overall singles record, 5-1 dual, and is on a three-match winning streak. The freshman also pairs with fellow classmate Anna Gerbasi (Caracas, Venezuela) in doubles, where the duo holds a record of 14-8 overall, 4-2 dual, and is ranked No. 7 in the Ohio Valley Region.
A pair of junior newcomers in Salma Dahbi (Marrakech, Morocco) and Sofia Espana (Mexico City) has been impressive as well. Dahbi holds a 12-4 overall singles mark, 4-1 dual, and has won her last three matches. She primarily plays at No. 5 and 6 with 3-1 and 1-0 marks, respectively. Espana is 11-2 overall, 2-1 dual, with a 1-0 mark at No. 4 and 1-1 at No. 6. The duo is also undefeated during the dual season in doubles at 6-0, 10-3 overall.
UNC Wilmington is coming off a busy week of four matches, going 2-2 through the stretch. Its week began last Sunday, falling to Indiana, 7-0. The Seahawks then defeated both Evansville, 5-0, and Butler, 7-0, in Indianapolis, before returning to their home state and falling to 33rd-ranked North Carolina State, 6-1, on Friday.
Kelly Cameron holds the best dual record for the Seahawks at 8-3. She is a perfect 5-0 when playing at the No. 5 slot. UNCW's top singles player, Angie Sekely, is 5-4 through the spring.
The College of Charleston has played a pair of Atlantic Sun schools in its last two contests. The Cougars defeated Stetson, 4-3, in DeLand, Fla., last Saturday and fell to North Florida, 5-2, this past Tuesday. CofC has spent the majority of the spring season in the ITA Women's Team Rankings with their current ranking of No. 61 being its highest.
Christin Newman holds the Cougars' best record through the spring. The Cougars' No. 1 singles player holds a record of 5-4 and is 0-1 against nationally ranked opponents. The Bucs have some experience against Newman. Kolovou defeated the Cougar, 6-2, 6-3, in the Flight A semifinals of the Wake Forest Invitational over the fall.
The Cougars face Jacksonville State and Penn State Saturday before their matchup with ETSU on Monday.
Recaps of each match will be posted to ETSUBucs.com each evening.
ETSU fans wanting Buccaneer news, score updates, in-game promotions and much more sent to their mobile device can do so by signing up for "Buc Updates." Click here to sign up today!
For more information on ETSU men's tennis, please visit www.ETSUBucs.com.


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Hard rocking Budgie tribute In For The Kill will play a welcome return date at Ilkeston's Davy Lamp on Saturday, November 10.
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Admission is free with the band onstage at 9.15pm.
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In the U.S. Department of Justice's first ever Challenge competition, the winning team for NIJ's
Body Armor Challenge was from Purdue University's school of Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering. The team received a $25,000 prize for proposing a concept for testing the viability of in-service body armor called the Vibration Energy Signature Test (VEST). While very promising, this methodology will require further development to determine its ultimate viability. In addition to the winner, honorable mentions include teams from the Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management at Iowa State University; Southeast Efficiency Improvement Associates in South Carolina and the Center of Integrated Nanotechnologies and the Earth and Environmental Sciences Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico.
Four teams were selected as winners of phase I of the Body Armor Challenge based on their innovative ideas for finding non-destructive ways to test the internal integrity of body armor. The finalists are researchers from:
The four finalists will share the first-round prize money of $25,000 and go on to compete in round two for the additional grand prize of $25,000.
Ballistic-resistant soft body armor has saved the lives of over 3,000 police officers over the last three decades, and it continues to be critical safety equipment needed by law enforcement and corrections officers for personal protection. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and other federal agencies have funded research to develop materials, performance standards, and compliance testing methods to help ensure that body armor meets certain minimum performance requirements to protect the officers who wear it. The replacement cycle of a body armor system such as a ballistic-resistant vest is generally from three to five years. This is typically defined by the warranties that manufacturers or suppliers provide with the products. The ballistic performance of an individual vest may vary because of differences in normal daily wear and tear, other environmental factors, and the intrinsic chemical or physical properties of the ballistic materials from which the vest is constructed. Ideally, because the safety of officers is the ultimate priority, the service life of a vest should be determined based on its actual ballistic performance, rather than on a general warranty.
NIJ seeks viable solutions to determine whether the individual in-service body armor has maintained an acceptable level of ballistic performance to a high degree of certainty at any point during its service life and in a manner that does not render it unfit for continued use.
Soft body armor, such as a ballistic-resistant vest, is classified based on its ability to stop certain types of projectiles, which is a measure of its ballistic performance. There is currently no known way to predict the amount and rate of change of the ballistic performance of an individual vest due to environmental exposures and normal daily wear and tear, or due to the intrinsic chemical or physical properties of the ballistic materials. Soft armor systems can be constructed from various ballistic materials such as aramids, aramid derivatives, or ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes. Systems can be homogeneous and manufactured from one material or a heterogeneous combination of materials, and the methods of construction may also vary. The final products can be used by officers in any region of the United States in any aspect of criminal justice practice under different policies and procedures for care and maintenance.
Clear and accurate approaches that measure the ballistic performance of soft body armor systems must be based on experimental designs that are scientifically sound and yield valid results. They must take into account the cost of resources such as money and time available to reach a conclusion. Potential approaches may utilize existing technologies, statistical methods, or innovative new strategies as long as they provide a means to predict to a high degree of certainty at any point during its service life whether a body armor system continues to maintain the level of ballistic performance for which it was originally rated. The goal of this Challenge is to empower end users who depend on this critical safety equipment to make informed decisions based on solid scientific evidence regarding the ballistic performance of the soft body armor they use.
A Challenge prize of up to $50,000 is available. Of that, $25,000 will be apportioned equally among the contestants invited to submit a full proposal at the end of Phase 1 judging. The remaining $25,000 will be awarded to the contestant deemed to be the winner of the Phase 2 judging. Should there be a tie between contestants' Phase 2 viable solutions, the Phase 2 prize shall be divided equally between them. Should none of the solutions be judged to be viable, no prize will be awarded. Subject to the availability of appropriated funds and to any modifications or additional requirements that may be imposed by law, contestants submitting a winning solution at the end of Phase 2 may be afforded the opportunity to develop the proposed approach. Should the approach already be at an advanced level of technical readiness, winning contestants may be afforded the opportunity to have the solution evaluated by one or more law enforcement agencies in collaboration with NIJ.
Contestants must submit their entries via the "U.S. Department of Justice Body Armor Challenge" announcement during the Challenge Submission Period. Entries must be made through the Office of Justice Programs Grants Management System (GMS). Registration and entry are free.
The Challenge will use a two-stage submission process.
Phase 1: Contestants shall submit a prospectus that addresses four key elements. The prospectus must describe: (1) the proposed solution; (2) how it will be implemented; (3) the expected cost of that implementation; and (4) the rationale for that solution based on a clear understanding of the physical properties of soft body armor and its construction as well as its interactions with its environment. Entries that propose solutions to determine the performance of ballistic plates or trauma plates will be disqualified. Entries that propose solutions that render soft body armor unfit for further service will be disqualified. Soft body armor is "unfit for service" if its ballistic resistance capability has been degraded.
Proposals in Phase 1 shall include:
Once an entry is submitted, no changes may be made. Any entry exceeding the page limits or failing to address the four key elements will be disqualified. All qualifying Phase 1 entries will be judged according to the Judging Criteria.
Phase 2: Up to five contestants may be invited to submit a full proposal to describe their approach in more detail. Those selected for Phase 2 will be the highest scoring, viable approaches submitted in Phase 1 as judged according to the Judging Criteria.
The proposal should elaborate on the four key elements included in the Phase 1 prospectus. Proposals that deviate from the prospectus in terms of substance, methodology, or technical approach will be disqualified.
Phase 2 entries shall include:
Once a proposal is submitted, no changes may be made. Any entry exceeding the page limits will be disqualified. All qualifying entries will be judged according to the "Judging Criteria" described in Section IV.
The Challenge will be judged by a distinguished panel of judges with expertise in one or more of the following areas: law enforcement, metrology, ballistic materials, and body armor. Phase 1 and Phase 2 entries will be judged according to the criteria listed in Section IV. Reviewer ratings and recommendations are advisory. The Director of NIJ or his designee will make the final award determination. If the Director of NIJ determines that no entry is deserving of the award, no prize will be awarded. The award of any prize is subject to the availability of appropriated funds.
The following criteria will be used to judge Challenge entries:
A Challenge prize of up to $50,000 is available. Of that, $25,000 will be apportioned equally among the contestants invited to submit a Phase 2 proposal. The remaining $25,000 will be awarded to the contestant deemed to be the winner of Phase 2. Should there be a tie score, the Phase 2 prize will be apportioned among the winners equally. In the case of a team entry, the team will be considered a contestant and receive any prize money as a group.
Subject to the availability of appropriated funds and to any modifications or additional requirements that may be imposed by law, the contestant submitting the winning solution may be afforded the opportunity to have the solution evaluated by one or more law enforcement agencies selected by NIJ. NIJ is solely responsible for arranging any and all evaluations.
The Challenge Phase 1 Submission Period begins on September 14, 2012, and ends on December 14, 2012. The Challenge Phase 2 Submission Period begins on March 16, 2013, and ends on May 16, 2013. Entries submitted before or after the designated Submission Periods will not be reviewed.
The Challenge is open to: (1) individual residents of the 50 United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa who are at least 13 years old at the time of entry; (2) teams of eligible individuals; and (3) corporations or other legal entities (e.g., partnerships or non-profit organizations) that are domiciled in any jurisdiction specified in (1). Entries by contestants under the age of 18 must include the co-signature of the contestant's parent or legal guardian. Contestants may submit or participate in the submission of more than one entry. Employees of NIJ and individuals or entities listed on the Federal Excluded Parties list (available on
SAM.gov) are not eligible to participate. Employees of the Federal Government should consult with the Ethics Officer at their place of employment prior to submitting an entry for this Challenge. The Challenge is subject to all applicable federal laws and regulations. Submission of an entry constitutes a contestant's full and unconditional agreement to all applicable rules and conditions. Eligibility for the prize award is contingent upon fulfilling all requirements set forth herein.
Release of Liability: By entering the Challenge, each contestant agrees to: (1) comply with and be bound by all applicable rules and conditions, and the decisions of NIJ, which are binding and final in all matters relating to this Challenge; (2) release and hold harmless NIJ and any other organizations responsible for sponsoring, fulfilling, administering, advertising or promoting the Challenge, and all of their respective past and present officers, directors, employees, agents and representatives (collectively, the "Released Parties") from and against any and all claims, expenses, and liability arising out of or relating to the contestant's entry or participation in the Challenge, and/or the contestant's acceptance, use, or misuse of the prize or recognition.
The Released Parties are not responsible for: (1) any incorrect or inaccurate information, whether caused by contestants, printing errors or by any of the equipment or programming associated with, or utilized in, the Challenge; (2) technical failures of any kind, including, but not limited to malfunctions, interruptions, or disconnections in phone lines or network hardware or software; (3) unauthorized human intervention in any part of the entry process or the Challenge; (4) technical or human error which may occur in the administration of the Challenge or the processing of entries; or (5) any injury or damage to persons or property which may be caused, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, from contestant's participation in the Challenge or receipt or use or misuse of any prize. If for any reason a contestant's entry is confirmed to have been erroneously deleted, lost, or otherwise destroyed or corrupted, contestant's sole remedy is to submit another entry in the Challenge.
Termination and Disqualification: NIJ reserves the authority to cancel, suspend, and/or modify the Challenge, or any part of it, if any fraud, technical failures, or any other factor beyond NIJ's reasonable control impairs the integrity or proper functioning of the Challenge, as determined by NIJ in its sole discretion. NIJ reserves the authority to disqualify any contestant it believes to be tampering with the entry process or the operation of the Challenge or to be acting in violation of any applicable rule or condition. Any attempt by any person to undermine the legitimate operation of the Challenge may be a violation of criminal and civil law, and, should such an attempt be made, NIJ reserves the authority to seek damages from any such person to the fullest extent permitted by law. NIJ's failure to enforce any term of any applicable rule or condition shall not constitute a waiver of that term.
Intellectual Property: By entering the Challenge, each contestant warrants that he or she is the author and/or authorized owner of the entry, and that the entry is wholly original with the contestant (or is an improved version of an existing solution that the contestant is legally authorized to enter in the Challenge), and that the submitted entry does not infringe any copyright, patent, or any other rights of any third party. Each contestant agrees to hold the Released Parties harmless for any infringement of copyright, trademark, patent, and/or other real or intellectual property right, which may be caused, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, from contestant's participation in the Challenge.
Publicity: By entering the Challenge, each contestant consents, as applicable, to NIJ's use of his/her/its name, likeness, photograph, voice, and/or opinions, and disclosure of his/her/its hometown and State for promotional purposes in any media, worldwide, without further payment or consideration.
Privacy: Personal and contact information submitted through www.challenge.gov is not collected for commercial or marketing purposes. Information submitted throughout the Challenge will be used only to communicate with contestants regarding entries and/or the Challenge.
Compliance With Law: By entering the Challenge, each contestant guarantees that the entry complies with all Federal and state laws and regulations.
Malware: In the event that a Phase 2 proposal includes a computer software component, each contestant warrants that his or her submission is free of viruses, spyware, malware, or any other malicious, harmful, or destructive device. Contestants submitting entries containing any such device will be held liable and may be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
If the announced winner of the Challenge prize is found to be ineligible or is disqualified for any of the reasons listed under Section VI, Other Rules and Conditions, NIJ may make the award, instead, to the next runner up, as previously determined by the NIJ Director.
Following the announcement of the award, the Challenge winner will be honored at an NIJ event in Washington, DC. It is also anticipated that the winner may be invited to attend the FY 2013 annual meeting of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) to be recognized for their contribution to the safety of law enforcement officers.
NIJ will reimburse the authorized travel expenses for these events incurred by an individual Challenge winner or up to three members of the winning team, or up to three representatives of a winning organization, for transportation expenses (including but not limited to airfare and local ground transportation) to and from the events, and up to three days of per diem expenses for each event at the currently approved Federal Per Diem rate for the event locations. For reimbursement, receipts to document travel expenses must be provided, and the travel expenses will be reimbursed according to Federal Government travel rules and regulations, including 41 CFR 300-3.1 (Invitational Travel).
Prize winners must comport with all applicable laws and regulations regarding prize receipt and disbursement.
(a) All legal rights in any materials or products submitted in entering the Challenge are retained by the contestant and/or the legal holder of those rights. Entry in the Challenge constitutes express authorization for NIJ staff and NIJ's selected panel of judges to review and analyze any and all aspects of submitted entries, including the source code and any trade secret or proprietary information contained in or evident from review of the source code.
(b) Upon acceptance of any Challenge prizes, the winning contestants grant a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual and irrevocable right to the National Institute of Justice to use, and authorize others to use the winning solution (in whole or in part, including in connection with derivative works) for Federal purposes.
National Institute of Justice, 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531


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Dental Hospitals in Dadra Nagar Haveli
To get the best dental treatments in Dadra Nagar Haveli, it becomes important to choose the best dental clinics. According to dentist in Dadra Nagar Haveli, teeth play important role in your smile, so take care of it. Many dental treatments are available in Dadra Nagar Haveli. However, these treatments are suggested by the best dental clinics in Dadra Nagar Haveli, only when a need arises.


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I think hasbro gets its jollys from showing pictures of figures we will never see at normal retail.
Why is he yellow? Wasn't he more orange?
I 'm liking it. I'll reserve judgement on the colors until we see official product photography of him. I'm sure the lighting and color correction applied to these first look images are not representative of the true color.
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At a recent class, I spent just about the entire time teaching a student the first movement of Pinan Yondan... just that first movement.
At another recent class, I spent just about the entire time teaching a student shuto... just shuto.
I could not have been happier! As a teacher, I am happiest when I am teaching something that the student needs to learn at that point in his or her training, when I have the time to concentrate on that student, and when the student gets it. Sometimes it takes a whole class, or even several classes, to work on a single movement.
If the student starts to get it, I will try to reinforce the movement and then give him or her time to work on it. I will not immediately move on to other movements or techniques. There is no sense confusing the student.
I always say that if a student can get one movement, he or she can get any other movement. By this I mean that if the student can learn the form of a movement and the body dynamics applicable to that movement, then learning other movements is basically a matter of just learning the form -- the body dynamics will be pretty much the same.
I started to learn the basics of Kishaba Juku body dynamics through gedan barai (downward block). My second son, Charles, started to learn through chudan shuto uke. Once we learned that movement, we applied the body dynamics to all other movements. And really, there is no difference between gedan barai and chudan shuto uke. Essentially, they are the same movement.
So if I can show a student how to do a single movement, that is a really big thing. From that one movement, the student can learn everything else. And I have found that such moments of critical teaching usually take place one on one. It does not happen when I am teaching a group and offer corrections, suggestions, or examples. Group teaching is necessary and important, but real progress happens one on one, with a focus on the fine details.
For this reason, I would prefer to teach a small group, and even then, look for opportunities when a student is ready to learn a certain movement. My job is to be aware at that time, and then to teach just enough for the student to "catch" the idea. Then it is up to the student to work on the movement, the body dynamics applicable to it, and then to apply that to other movements. If everything works right, it is as if the student catches on fire. So, so, so!
Charles C. Goodin
Teaching One Movement
At a recent class, I spent just about the entire time teaching a student the first movement of Pinan Yondan... just that first movement.
Posted by Charles C. Goodin on Saturday, November 19, 2011


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December 15, 2018, 10:20:07 am, UTC