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* Interview conducted on August 12, 1955, at the National Headquarters of the Social Security Administration in Washington, D.C. on the occasion of the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the approval of the Social Security Act (signed August 14, 1935).
Mr. Schottland: I am Charles I. Schottland, Commissioner of Social Security, and I am very happy today that we have with us Dr. Edwin Witte of the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Witte has sometimes been called the Father of the Social Security Act. He was the Secretary of President Roosevelt's Committee on Economic Security which sponsored tne Social Security Act. He presented the Social Security Act to the various committees of Congress. Many people believe, as I do, that it was his great conviction of the necessity for protecting the American people against the hazards of economic insecurity, his great energy, and his sincere feeling for people which convinced Congress of the necessity of passing the Social Security Act. I know that the present officials and employees of the Social Security Administration, as well as the millions of persons in America who are benefitted by the Social Security Act, are grateful to him for his work. We also have with us Mr. Wilbur Cohen, Director of the Division of Research and Statistics of the Social Security Administration. He was the first employee Dr. Witte hired. I am going to turn the program over to them, in order that they may discuss the early developments of social security. Wilbur, why don't you start the program and let us take advantage of Dr. Witte's visit and review the early developments.
Mr. Cohen: I think we might start logically with the question as to how Professor Witte began his work with the Committee on Economic Security. Professor Witte, what was the first event that occurred that brought you to Washington in 1934 as Executive Director of the President's Committee on Economic Security?
Professor Witte: There was a call I received early in July 1934 from Madam Perkins, the Secretary of Labor. She had been named Chairman of the Committee on Economic Security which President Roosevelt had set up a short time before in accordance with his message to the Congress on June 8, 1934, promising a comprehensive social security program to be presented to the incoming Congress at the beginning of the 1935 session.
Mr. Cohen: Well, the whole work of the Committee, including the drafting of the report, the drafting of the bill, and the submission of the report to the President and the Congress, all took place in less than 6 months, didn't it?
Professor Witte: A period of 6 months--I came to Washington early in July. A report to the President was submitted on the day before Christmas, 1934. Subsequently, the bill was drafted and the President transmitted the social security message, the report, and the bill to the Congress--a period roughly of 6 months. The Committee did not go out of existence until the bill was sighed in August. In that period the Committee tried to be of service to the congressional committees and also drafted model bills for supplementary legislation by the States. The Committee functioned for a year, but the period of the preparation of the Social Security Act was principally the first 6 months of that year.
Mr. Cohen: The staff of the Committee that you assembled was really a very small one, wasn't it, Dr. Witte, when you consider the gigantic character of the program that has now been developed from that original report?
Professor Witte: We never had a staff larger than 100 people. The money set aside pursuant to the President's Executive Order was $87,500. When our Committee was asked to continue with the congressional committees, we received some additional money. In the entire year we spent $145,000. We had a reduced staff after the report was presented to the President--a greatly reduced staff. We never had more than 100 people altogether.
Mr. Cohen: One of the very important groups that helped the Committee at the time was an Advisory Council under Frank Graham, later Senator Graham, and, of which, many outstanding people were members, including Marion Folsom, the present Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Would you say a few words about the first Advisory Committee on Social Security?
Professor Witte: It was called the Advisory Council on Social Security and was provided for in the Executive Order. The members were appointed by the President of the United States. The Advisory Council functioned principally in the last months before the report of the Committee went in. The Committee and its staff met with members of the Advisory Council. They made diverse recommendations. They were all people from important outside groups: representatives of the principal business and labor organizations, many social agencies--a rather large group of them. Of course, a limited number of members were very active. Among those, I am happy to say, was the present Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, who has been working with social security, and has been interested in social security even longer than that. From the very beginning, he's the one person, I believe, who served not only on the original Social Security Advisory Council, but with all the subsequent groups. He was an active participant from the beginning.
Mr. Cohen: The report of the Committee on Economic Security was a very important document and has remained a very important document, Professor Witte; you, yourself, drafted that report, did you not, at that time late in 1934?
Professor Witte: I was the Executive Secretary of the Committee, and Executive Director of the staff. The report, the actual wording, that was very largely my responsibility, but, of course, we had very valuable assistance. You haven't mentioned a group that had a great deal to do with the Social Security Act--a group also provided for in the executive order. It was called the Technical Board. It consisted of people in the government agencies who knew something about social security, and there were very few people in the country at the time that knew very much about it.
Mr. Cohen: That was the Board that was headed up by Arthur Altmeyer at the time?
Professor Witte: Arthur Altmeyer was the Chairman. He was the Under-Secretary of Labor. On that Board were men like Alvin Hanson, then with the State Department, who had written quite extensively on social security and Murray Latimer of the Railroad Retirement Board. In fact, it was a sizeable group. These people worked with our Committee and our staff practically continuously and had a very great influence on the recommendations that the Committee came to. The Committee itself, I think you probably should say, was a cabinet Committee. A high-level cabinet Committee consisting of Miss Perkins; of the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Morgenthau; of the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr. Wallace; of the Attorney General, Mr. Cummings; and Mr. Hopkins, who was the Emergency Relief Administrator. These cabinet members made the decisions on policies. We held quite frequent sessions. They met with the members of the Technical Board and the members of the staff. We had a great many other advisory committees receive their reports. we had the National Conference on Social Security in November which literally brought almost everybody that had ever written on the subject to Washington. The members of the cabinet Committee, of course, did not go into many details; but they very carefully went over the report. First they decided on the general policies. Also, they examined the bill, and members of their own staffs were consulted by them before they reached an agreement.
Mr. Cohen: Speaking about drafting the bill, the first Economic Security bill--that is, the one carrying out the recommendations of the President and the Committee on Economic Security--was drafted by Tom Eliot, wasn't it?
Professor Witte: He was the Counsel of the Committee. He had been with the Solicitor's Office of the Department of Labor, and served as its counsel throughout the existence of the Committee. He drafted the Economic Security bill. The title of the Committee and of the bill at the time was "Economic Security." It was not until congressional consideration that the title "Social Security" came in, but it was the original measure in the Congress of the United States--particularly in the House Ways and Means Committee. The bill was changed considerably in appearance and also to some degree in content. It became the Social Security bill and ultimately the Social Security Act.
Mr. Cohen: The United States was the first country then to use and to spread the use of the term "social security," wasn't it?
Professor Witte: Social security had been used very slightly in this connection prior to the Social Security Act. I recall very well the Executive Committee meeting of the House Ways and Means Committee where it was decided to give the bill a new name. The Committee for many reasons wanted to change the bill from the original administration bill, and, after more important changes had been agreed upon, some members suggested that the title should be changed. Then there was a free-for-all discussion. What should be the title? Some members hit upon "social security" and that was the term. That term, following the enactment of the Social Security Act, was applied to everything that was in the Social Security Act and related programs in discussions in this country. It was not adopted on a world-wide basis until about 1940. In fact, it was not used other than in the United States. The terms used elsewhere were social insurance, social policy, and various other titles. In 1940 the International Labor Office issued an important report called "Approaches to Social Security" and after that the term became universal for the programs which we now designate by that term.
Mr. Cohen: Speaking of the legislative process in connection with the bill, you appeared as the first witness, did you not, Professor Witte , before both the House Committee on Ways and Means and the Senate Committee on Finance as well as in the executive sessions of both committees?
Professor Witte: I was the first witness in both committee hearings. I was on the stand for days before--
Mr. Schottland: Just go ahead and add this to the discussion.
Mr. Cohen: Professor Witte, it is sometimes said that in the United States Abe Epstein's organization was the first to use the term it "social security." What is the story behind that?
Professor Witte: That is at least partially true. Abraham Epstein organized the American Association for Old Age Security in 1927 and he did very valuable work in promoting old-age assistance laws. In 1933 he was writing a book, in which he does not use the word "social security," and became very much interested in the controversy then in progress over the type of unemployment insurance law that should be enacted in the States. In 1933 Epstein broadened his organization also to cover unemployment insurance. At that time, as I know from having been a member of his executive council, he was looking for some broader title than old-age security. It is my understanding that Mr. Lee Frankel, who was then Commissioner of Welfare of the State of New Jersey, suggested the title "social security." Then the Association for Old Age Security became the Association for Social Security. But aside from this, "social security" was not used. Epstein himself did not use it except in the title of his organization. When the House Ways and Means Committee was looking for a title for its bill--different than the Economic Security Act--I think it was Mr. Woodruff of Michigan, a Republican member of the Committee, who may have known something about Epstein's association, suggested "social security." That was adopted by the committee without dissent and almost without discussion because it seemed to be very appropriate.
Mr. Cohen: Speaking about the work of the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives, what role did Mr. Middleton Beaman play in the drafting of the revised bill which became the social security bill?
Professor Witte: He had responsibility for drafting the bill. Working with Tom Eliot, Mr. Beaman was a draftsman of the bill in the form in which it was finally enacted. He was the Legislative Counsel in the House.
Mr. Cohen: That's correct.
Professor Witte: And there was also some consultation with members of the Legislative Counsel's office in the Senate but Mr. Beaman and Mr. Eliot were the final draftsmen as far as language was concerned. During that stage, Mr. Beaman reported sections of the bill to the House Ways and Means Committee in detail and members of the Committee also insisted on some changes.
Mr. Cohen: Professor Witte, on a number of occasions you have told me that one of the great strategic things that was done in the drafting of the legislation was putting Title I, Old Age Assistance, as the first title in the bill and that this was done by Tom Eliot. Would you tell us somewhat more about that part of the history of the legislation?
Professor Witte: In the starting days when the bill was first hammered out, the main discussion was about unemployment insurance. In the Congress old-age security obscured everything else and was in part due to the fact that in the interim the Townsend movement had become strong and very certainly the members of the congressional committees were most interested in old-age security.
Mr. Cohen: When you say old-age security though, you don't necessarily mean they were specifically interested in old-age insurance, do you?
Professor Witte:They were not. Before the hearing started, I am quite doubtful whether any of the members knew anything at all about old-age insurance. The term was old-age pensions and old-age pensions at that time meant old-age assistance. Knowing of the great interest of the members of Congress and during the period after the President approved the report but before it was made public, we, meaning particularly Mr. Eliot and myself, consulted with leaders in Congress and he sensed the fact that they were interested in what we called old-age assistance. So we wisely, I think, decided to make the first thing in the bill Title I, dealing with old-age assistance and Federal grants to the States for old-age assistance. The record will show that at least half of the discussion in the hearings and a great deal more than that during the congressional debates concerned this part of the bill, and the situation was such that Congress had to act on this matter of old-age pensions or practically everybody recognized the necessity for doing so and it is quite probable that many members of Congress never read beyond the first title. The first title dealt with old-age assistance and I think it was a fortunate thing that it was put forward first. It was not what the members of the staff, perhaps even the committee members, themselves, thought would be the matter about which there would be the greatest discussion and the greatest interest.
Mr. Cohen: Let me ask you this, then, Professor Witte. There wasn't very much real support or understanding then, either in Congress or among a large group of the public in 1934 and 1935 for old-age insurance?
Professor Witte: Old-age insurance was known as an institution abroad and the relatively few specialists in this country in this field were of course interested in old-age insurance. There was some other interest in it, particularly the concern that the cost of so-called gratuitous pensions would be so great that you couldn't swing it in time, so the idea came in that we should have contributions and an insurance plan, but to say that there was any great popular demand for this would be false. Very few people knew about it. In general, the idea was pretty well approved but not discussed.
Mr. Cohen: Since old-age insurance today is so well accepted by so many people and is such an important institution, isn't it interesting, and would you say it was true that the question of whether there was going to be old-age insurance was a sort of "nip and tuck" matter all during the legislative consideration of the bill in 1935?
Professor Witte: During the legislative days, as I call them, the question whether there should be old-age insurance was the most doubtful part of all the recommendations. In both houses, and particularly in the Senate committee it was doubtful whether the committees would recommend an old-age insurance system--in part because there was no popular demand for old-age insurance, or very little, and, still more because there were grave doubts about constitutionality and a large number of members of Congress and people outside of the Congress believed that a Federal old-age .insurance system would be held unconstitutional. In fact, I believe that there were members of the Senate Committee who finally supported the measure, expecting that part of the law would be held unconstitutional. They said so in Committee meetings but it was "nip and tuck" in the House. Congressman Vinson, later Chief Justice, was mainly responsible for getting that provision into the Social Security Act by getting up the recommendation that the Committee had made for voluntary annuities for people that were not covered compulsorily, and by making other changes. In the Senate Committee the situation was such that those of us who were attending those meetings as outsiders and counting noses were sure that part of the bill would be stricken. I think Senator Harrison, the Chairman very adroitly handled the committee and he secured the proxy of Senator Couzens, who was the ranking Republican member of the Senate Committee on Finance and at that time was critically ill in the hospital at Rochester; and it was Senator Couzens' vote, given as a proxy to the Democratic chairman of the committee, that carried and saved old-age insurance.
Mr. Cohen: I believe you told me one time, Professor Witte, that if Senator Harrison had taken the vote on passage of the old-age insurance provisions in the Committee before he did, it would have been lost, .but that he adroitly handled the discussions in the executive sessions and continued and postponed the discussion until he was able to get the proxy of Senator Couzens so that the Committee voted the bill out favorably. Otherwise, it might have been possible that the Senate Finance Committee would have voted against that provision, and it might well have been that we wouldn't have old-age insurance today.
Professor Witte: It was not merely Senator Couzens. There were other Democratic members of the Committee who seemed to be opposed to old-age insurance. On the final day when, to the surprise of everyone, Senator Harrison permitted the vote on the motion to strike this part of the bill, he came up with the proxies not only of Senator Couzens but of three of the five Democrats. They weren't there. And the other two opponents, Democratic opponents, absented themselves on that day. I think it was very adroit handling by Senator Harrison, not only on this matter but also on other matters in the Senate. I remember this as one of the strongest impressions of the early days--of the form and frame of the development of the Social Security Act.
Mr. Cohen:There was a good deal of controversy in the Senate against old-age insurance led by Senator Hastings, wasn't there, Mr. Witte?
Professor Witte: Oh, yes. He moved to have it stricken, and that motion was supported by several members of the Ways and Means Committee, including members who had given Senator Harrison the proxy, but the vote was not so very close. As I think you will remember, the greatest difficulty that finally developed was over the so-called Clark Amendment on the floor of the Senate. An amendment was offered to exempt from the old-age insurance system employers who-had established industrial pension systems of their own. The Senate adopted that amendment over the opposition of Senator Harrison and others favorable to the Administration bill. That amendment forced the bill into conference committee. The Senate passed the bill with only six votes in opposition, but the Clark Amendment went back to the House. The conference committee couldn't agree.
Mr. Cohen: Will you say a little bit more, Professor Witte, about some of these factors that did result in the eventual agreement on the acceptance of old-age insurance?
Professor Witte: One group of members of the Congress was satisfied that that part of the Act would be held unconstitutional, in any event. The main factor, getting of social insurance, doubtless was concern about the expected very large costs of old-age assistance, and a feeling that if, what were then referred to as gratuitous pensions, were provided with nothing else, the pensions would constantly be upped. So there was pretty general acceptance that the best way to prevent that sort of a result would be a contributory insurance system.
Mr. Cohen: But this point of view was largely among experts and people who had studied the problem like yourself rather than being widely held by Congressmen or Senators or people in public life, is that true?
Professor Witte: I think that probably the members of the Committee, before they reported the bill, were very favorable to the idea of a contributory system. That was accepted by most everybody. But a large number of the members, particularly in the Senate, were of the opinion that it was clearly unconstitutional-that you couldn't do it that way.
Mr. Cohen: Wasn't it also true, Professor Witte, that at the time the bill was considered, there were lots of bills pending before both committees for Federal grants to the States for old-age assistance and for unemployment insurance, but there was not a single bill pending before the Committee for old-age insurance? This was the proposal which must be credited to the Committee on Economic Security and the President, rather than having grown out of the belief, prior to that time, of Congress or the public.
Professor Witte:Bills to provide Federal aid for old-age assistance were before the Congress even before the Committee on Economic Security was set up. The House of Representatives passed a bill for Federal aid for old-age assistance-indeed, in the small amount of $10 million--in recognition of the principle, both in '33 and '34.
Mr. Cohen: That was the so-called Dill-Connery bill, wasn't it?
Professor Witte: Dill-Connery bill, yes. That something had to be done in connection with the old-age assistance problem--security of the old people--was recognized by everybody. There were at least a million people over 65 years of age who were on relief at the time of the passage of the Social Security Act. Older people who lost their jobs at that stage couldn't find work. And people without resources were soon in very great difficulty. And then there was the Townsend movement. The Townsend movement was both a help and an obstacle to the Social Security Act. The Townsend Plan was developed as a national program after the President sent his social security message to Congress in June 1934. There had been a Townsend Plan organization in California, which in 1933 attempted to put through a large pension for old people in the State of California to be paid by the State. When the President promised a comprehensive social security program, Dr. Townsend and his associates came forward with the idea of a national pension of $200 a month to everybody over 60. That had tremendous appeal. The movement spread like wildfire all over the country. By the time Congress met, Congressmen were deluged with letters, telegrams, and calls by older people asking for passage of the Townsend Plan which was introduced in Congress. There were few members of Congress who believed that this was a possibility, because at that time old age assistance in the States averaged less than $15 a month, but the very fact that the old people were asking for the Townsend Plan made the members of Congress doubtful whether they could satisfy this group by a moderate bill such as the Administration bill. They were afraid not to do something, and they were afraid to pass the Administration bill. They, practically without exception, believed the Townsend Plan to be impossible. And I think that was a factor in delay, but it also was a factor which was helpful in that everybody knew--meaning by "everybody," the members of Congress--that something had to be done on this problem of old-age security.
Mr. Cohen: Probably, if the Committee on Economic Security had not pressed so strongly for old-age insurance, all of these doubts and difficulties, including the constitutional problems and so on, might have resulted in there being no old-age insurance program enacted at that time. Is that a fair statement, Professor Witte?
Professor Witte: It's a fair statement, but of course credit also has to be given to the President. The President was more insistent on old-age insurance than anyone else. The President, as Governor of New York, signed a Statewide old-age assistance bill in 1930. In his message, that he transmitted with his signature of the New York bill, he stated that gratuitous pensions of this kind, while necessary in the absence of anything else, were not the sound solution of this problem of old-age security. And he stated at that time, in 1930, that what we should have was an insurance program such as existed abroad, and he reiterated that on many occasions during the considerations of the Committee of Economic Security.
Mr. Cohen: In talking about some of the people who played an important role in developing the old-age insurance program, shouldn't we mention the name of J. Douglas Brown, who was one of the men who worked with you and your committee, and who was also the chairman of the Advisory Council of 1938, which made important recommendations, later adopted by Congress, for strengthening and improving the old-age insurance program?
Professor Witte: Brown was one of the principal members of the staff on old-age security, and had important connections with the development of the entire program. So did many others. The truth of the matter is that the Committee on Economic Security employed or had assistance from substantially everybody who had written on any aspect of social security prior to the organization of the Committee, including men like Douglas Brown, Murray Latimer, Abraham Epstein, Paul Douglas, and many others. In the advisory groups, too, we brought in people that were not employed by us. We couldn't employ everybody that had written on the subject because they couldn't get free to help us.
Mr. Cohen:You did employ some as consultants?
Professor Witte: We employed them as consultants, and they were on the many advisory committees that we had. This was not a piece of legislation that was developed by any one individual. This was not a piece of legislation in which anyone is entitled to be known as the "father of the legislation." This was very much a collective effort. I think credit must be given to the members of the congressional committees, particularly the House committee, who went into every aspect of this subject in great detail and who made very important changes and finally, of course, the big job was still to be done after the law was passed. That was the work of the administrators and I'm always of the belief that the administrators, who developed the social security program as we now have it from what was only a bare skeleton, deserve the greatest part of the credit.
Mr. Cohen: That is where we had very important continuity, wasn't it, Doctor Witte, in that Doctor Altmeyer, who had been one of those who had helped in the technical development and formulation of the program, later became the man who had perhaps the largest single role to play in the administration and development of the program during the early years?
Professor Witte: That's, of course, true. It's also true that a large percentage of our staff people became the first employees of the Social Security Board, including yourself, and others served on advisory committees. The advisory committees of 1937, 1938, 1947, and 1948--the members of those committees--many of them had served as advisors in the days of the formation of the Act, and many more were brought in as consultants.
Mr. Cohen: There was a good deal f consideration given to unemployment insurance as well, wasn't there, during the legislative consideration of the bill?
Professor Witte: In the legislative consideration of the bill I'd say relatively little. In the period before the recommendations of the committee were made, that was by far the major subject of discussion in the staff and in the Committee. In Congress there was some consideration given to it, but much less than those of us who had been connected with the formulation of the original bill expected, because the old-age problem overshadowed unemployment insurance. In fact there was demand for unemployment insurance, but by 1935 the depression had continued so long that there was a feeling that while unemployment insurance would be helpful, it couldn't solve the problem. Nevertheless, there was pretty general acceptance of the idea for unemployment insurance, but in the Congressional consideration I'd say it was clearly secondary to old-age security.
Mr. Cohen: Well, we are celebrating now the 20th anniversary of this law that you helped develop back in 1934 and 1935. We now have some seven and. one-half million people drawing old-age insurance and over five million people drawing public assistance. So we've come a long way in making this program a working reality. Perhaps in concluding, Professor Witte, you will say what you think has been realized under the social security program and something about what remains yet to be done.
Professor Witte: Everybody who had anything to do with the development of the original legislation, and my part certainly was no greater than that of many others, I'm sure is gratified with the progress that has been made. It's been much greater than we expected. Take the matter of old-age insurance. Not only was there great doubt about constitutionality, which was not resolved until May 19, 1937, but there was also great fear that it would become administratively impossible to keep the records straight for millions of people. The number of people who now have credits in the old-age insurance system, one hundred million, weren't even thought of at that time. it seemed impossible to a great many people that the records could be kept straight. This repeats the statements made in the Congress and by other people that this would be a great failure.
Mr. Cohen: In other words, Professor Witte, there were a lot of people who sincerely felt that while the program might be desirable, it might break down administratively because we didn't have the genius to deal with the many complex problems that would arise under such a program.
Professor Witte: This was an untried program. This was the largest insurance program that the world had ever known, and it was to be centrally administered with all the records kept by one agency. There was the concern about keeping the records straight and also a great fear of high administrative costs. Actually this great system, in which there are now one hundred million Americans with credits, in which over seven million Americans get benefits, has had a remarkably smooth administrative history. No breath of scandal has ever been developed or even arisen in connection with the old-age insurance system. Administrative costs that were expected to be very large, have never even been 5 percent of the collections. I believe it's about 3 percent.
Mr. Cohen: Oh, it's even down lower than that now, Professor Witte. It is down to less than 1.8 percent of contributions collected.
Professor Witte: An insurance program administered with 1.8 percent of the premiums is essentially, of course, a very, very well-administered program---a program in which there is no question of corruption, in which there's no claim of any extensive failure to pay benefits to people to which they are entitled because records are not in shape. It is a remarkably well-administered program. That's only, of course, part of the social security program of 1935. In some respects the larger program was that which was assigned to the States and which the Federal Government encouraged through aids and such legislation as the Federal Employment Tax legislation, a program in which the total number of beneficiaries approximates that of the old-age insurance system in which a great many more people are engaged in administration. There have been some difficulties in some places, but, by and large, the record made in this country in the administration of social insurance and social security is a record that can't be mentioned in any other field. The credit belongs to the people who've actually done the administering and the succeeding Congresses which have improved the law.
Mr. Cohen: As we now look ahead, to the future to both the Silver Anniversary of the Social Security Act 5 years from now and perhaps even looking farther ahead 20 years from now, do you see that we will be making further changes and improvements in the social security program?
Professor Witte: I have no doubt of it, and improvements are still necessary. It's, as I think you recognize, a fundamental part of the American way of life to believe that progress is always possible and necessary. we've gone a long way, but we certainly cannot be satisfied with where we are now. Take the old-age insurance program. It still doesn't include everybody by any means. It's a program in which average benefits today are only about one-third as much as the earnings of people of the same age who are still in employment. Other features of the program are in some respects even less well developed. There are risks for which we make no provisions. Even before the Social Security Act was conceived, most foreign countries included invalidity benefits along with old-age insurance benefits which have not reached the ideal in social security. In some respects our legislation is not as good as that of some other countries, particularly Western European countries. Although in other respects we are certainly ahead of any other country in the world. Progress in social security, I think, is assured for two basic reasons. One is that the American people have accepted social security. The other is that there continues to be great need for social security measures because, even in this day and age of near full employment and the highest level of prosperity we've ever had, there are still millions of Americans who, without a governmental program of some sort, would be in dire want. It is a fundamental American concept that the standard of living--the conditions of life-should ever be improved, and they should be improved for the poor and the unfortunate as well as for the well-to-do and the successful.
Mr. Cohen: Well then, Professor Witte, perhaps if you and I get together again 5 years from now on the 25th anniversary of the Social Security Act, we probably will see that there have been further changes and improvements in the program.
Professor Witte: Improvements at this stage of the program are likely to be gradual, and it's very well that they should be. Only a great depression or a great emergency will produce very radical changes, but the line of progress is best assured by gradual improvements such as we have had and will continue to have.
Selected Readings on the Beginnings of Social Security
1. Abbott, Grace, From Relief to Social Security: The Development of the New Public Welfare Services and Their Administration University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1941, 388 pp.
2. Altmeyer, Arthur J., The Formative Years of Social Security, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1966, 314 PP.
3. Brown, J. Douglas, An American Philosophy of Social Security: Evolution and Issues, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1972, 244 pp.
4. Cohen, Wilbur J., "The First Twenty-Five Years of the Social Security Act; 1935-1960", Social Work Year Book 1960, National Association of Social Workers, New York, 1960, pp. 49-62.
5. Epstein, Abraham, Insecurity: A Challenge to America: A Study of Social Insurance in the United States and Abroad (3rd revised edition), Random House, New York, 1936, 821 pp.
6. Haber, William, and Cohen, Wilbur J., (eds.) Readings in Social Security, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 1948, 643 pp.
7. Lampman, Robert J., Social Security Perspectives: Essays by Edwin E. Witte, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1962, 419 pp.
8. Lubove, Roy, The Struggle for Social Security 1900-1935, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1968, 276 pp.
9. McKinley, Charles, and Frase, Robert W., Launching Social Security: A Capture-And-Record Account 1935-1937, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1970, 519 PP.
10. Mitchell, Broadus, The Economic History of the United States, Vol. IX, "Depression Decade: From New Era Through New Deal, 1929-1941" Rinehart and Co., New York, 1955, 463 PP.
11. Perkins, Frances, The Roosevelt I Knew, Harper and Row, New York, 1964 (paperback edition), 409 pp.
12. Rubinow, I. M. The Quest For Security , Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1934; 683 pp.
13. Schlabach, Theron J., Edwin E. Witte: Cautious Reformer, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, 1969, 290 pp.
14. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., The Age of Roosevelt-The Coming of the New Deal, Houghton-Mifflin Co., Boston, 1958, 669 pp.
15. Social Security In America:The Factual Background of the Social Security Act as Summarized From Staff Reports to the Committee on Economic Security, Social Security Board Publication No. 20, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1937, 592 pp.
16. Witte, Edwin E., The Development of the Social Security Act, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1962, 220 pp.
About 10 publications are expected to be printed in the series captioned "The Beginnings of Social Security." This publication is in that series. In addition, the selected, annotated bibliography entitled Basic Readings In Social Security, published by SSA's Office of Research and Statistics, contains many additional readings relating to the beginnings of social security.


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RT @canetwork: The Importance of an Annual Audit https://t.co/sFJphIgTYI
The Importance of an Annual Audit
An audit is the highest level of review of an association's financial books and records and is typically required to be performed annually by an association's declaration.
RT @BushelandBerry: All of the Bushel and Berry® varieties are self-pollinating, so you only need one plant in your home #garden to have delicious #fruit! https://t.co/XWUWWlZLz0 https://t.co/9NpzqZde
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RT @dominomag: Over Gallery Walls? This Might Be the Next Big Thing: https://t.co/yjvrVHymoZ https://t.co/Xmgdj78hfm
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RT @DunnEdwards: It's no secret that green has been surrounding us for quite a while. Take a look at Tickled Crow, a favorite neutral gray-green of designers for decades. #DunnEdwards https://t.co/nSj
Condominium association conflict of interest and required disclosure via Community Associations Network: https://t.co/7XmIo5hKRv
RT @BushelandBerry: Do you know these #berry #health facts? https://t.co/wOKQm8Wv4E
RT @Make_It_Right: Extension cords area temporary solution at best - make sure to use them safely. #HoHoHolmes @eatoncorp @ETN_Electrical https://t.co/014ppTNhd0
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RT @dominomag: 12 Festive Fireplaces Made for Chilly Winter Nights: https://t.co/RJnKdcjEcw https://t.co/VSMnwE158E
RT @realtordotcom: Tips on how we can all make the most of the limited space and cash we have on hand. https://t.co/6ZAcrfeKlf
RT @BushelandBerry: Growing #berries in containers is simple! https://t.co/azVKkPc5DD
RT @Modernize: Caulking is an easy, #DIY task but caulking moving parts could seal your #windows closed. In a new article, learn how to decrease heating and cooling costs, increase comfort, and create

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Resumé Building with Word
Event Type: Computer Class
Date: 1/18/2018
Start Time: 5:00 PM
End Time: 7:00 PM
During this three day class, you will gain the knowledge needed for creating word documents and building resumés. This course will cover many things, including the basic controls in Microsoft Word, how to change the appearance and settings of a document, the importance of a professional resumé and what it should include. To sign up, please call the computer lab at (409) 763 – 8854 ext. 130.
Location: Media Room


text:
e2v technologies ended 2005 with the announcement of three key contracts wins worth a total of £10.7 M for its sensors and electronic tubes businesses. The largest contract, worth £6.1 M, is to supply vital defense electronic subsystems, utilizing the company's electronic tube technology, to the UK Ministry of Defence. Delivery is required within a six-month timescale, with opportunities for further orders from future contract phases.
The company also won a £1.5 M contract to supply sensors for the second tranche of the Eurofighter-Typhoon missile approach warning system. The order came via EADS Deutschland and follows e2v's successful completion of the program's first tranche. The company's third contract win is worth £3.1 M and covers the ongoing supply of marine radar electronic tubes and sensor components to Alphatron Electronic Parts BV. Headquartered in Holland, the company is a global distributor for e2v and supplies its marine products to the after-sales market through offices in every continent.


text:
10 Benefits of Attending Church as a Family
By: Molly Cunningham
In today's fast-paced and frantic world, Sundays may be the only time that your family is able to catch up on much-needed rest and relaxation in preparation for another hectic week. Getting up early and rounding everyone up for church may seem more like work than an enjoyable way to end the weekend, but there are definite benefits to being actively involved in your church.
For more information or to view the original article please visit here.


text:
Update: Contaminant found in Pepin Height's Honeycrisp cider
If you have Pepin Heights' Honeycrisp 100 Percent Fresh Pressed Apple Cider, don't drink it if the "use by" date reads Feb. 9.
The Minnesota Department of Agriculture and Pepin Heights Orchards are advising consumers to avoid the cider after department laboratory tests found some of the half-gallon jugs may be contaminated with a mycotoxin called patulin.
The product was sold in plastic jugs dated "FEB 09 12." Any consumers with this product at home should discard it.
"The nature of the concern is not immediate, but limiting long-term exposure," said Michael Schommer with the MDA.
Pepin Heights distributed the cider in Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin.
The Lake City-based orchard produces several other apple cider products. All have been tested. None of them or any other Honeycrisp batch is tainted, state officials said.
The cider was tested as part of a routine surveillance sampling program by the MDA. The results came to light this week.
"We are issuing this advisory out of an abundance of caution," said Chris Sandwick, director of sales and marketing at Pepin Heights Orchards. "We take the safety of our consumers very seriously.
Pepin Heights Orchards has invested heavily in state-of-the-art cider processing facilities, the company said in a prepared statement. "It also reviews and updates its safety processes annually and carefully follows its food safety plan, which is reviewed by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture and includes regular onsite inspections of Pepin Heights facilities and practices," the release said. Schommer confirmed Friday afternoon that the apple cider contained patulin at levels of 58 parts per billion. This level is higher than the 50 parts per billion limit set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Patulin is a mycotoxin that can be found in fruits, vegetables and other foods. Patulin is formed by fungi that sometimes grow on or in these products.
Patulin is not eliminated by pasteurization.
"The levels detected do not pose short-term health risks," Schommer said.
MDA is not recommending that anyone who drank the juice seek medical attention. But as always, he said, if you notice changes in you or your child's health, it is wise to consult a doctor.
No illnesses have been associated with this patulin contamination. Retailers and consumers with questions may contact Pepin Heights by calling 800-652-3779 Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Consumers seeking a refund should mail the label from the front of the affected cider to Pepin Heights Orchards, Attn: Cider Refund, 1753 South Highway 61, Lake City, MN 55041.


text:
Call for Pricing (360) 896-1152
Armstrong Natural Creations Diamond 10 Technology ArborArt Sawmark Rustic Weston NA211 9" in. x 48" in.
We only sell samples online. Each sample costs $1 (size of the samples may vary).
Call to order full boxes.
Coverage: 45 sq. ft. / 15 pieces per box
Thickness: 0.125" inch


text:
Popular Bike Shops
Wiggle UK
Join the Cycling Forums on Strava
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Latest Reviews and Articles
Will your next bike be Intelligent? ABS and Smart Bike Tech
Vitus Vitesse EVO Disc Review – Speed Machine indeed!
- Posts: 2
- Joined: Thu Jul 17, 2008 11:28 pm
- Location: S.E. Queensland
Postby indianfigs » Fri Jul 18, 2008 12:34 am
I must be mad... I'm 48 and I have just discovered Cycling.. A bit Crazy ??
I would love to chat with others that are as crazy as I am, But I haven't had this much fun in Years.. My Wife bought a Road Bike about 15 years ago....
It is a PUCH MISTREL E...
It is just fine....
If anyone knows more about this older bike could you please let me know....
Cheers to all and happy riding ..
- Mulger bill
- Super Mod
- Posts: 29016
- Joined: Sun Sep 24, 2006 2:41 pm
- Location: Sunbury Vic
Postby Mulger bill » Fri Jul 18, 2008 12:52 am
The info board is probably not the best place for this post so I've shifted it over to the retro bikes forum, methinks you'll get a better response over there.
Good luck and enjoy your time here.
London Boy 29/12/2011
- aleg75
- Posts: 109
- Joined: Wed Jul 16, 2008 10:19 pm
- Location: Canberra
Postby aleg75 » Fri Jul 18, 2008 12:55 am
Yours seems like the 2500 steel model from doing a google image search for the PUCH MISTREL E
If you clean it up, post a pic or two if your able.
- toolonglegs
- Posts: 15451
- Joined: Fri Jun 29, 2007 7:49 pm
- Location: Somewhere with padded walls and really big hills!
Postby toolonglegs » Fri Jul 18, 2008 12:58 am
- Mulger bill
- Super Mod
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- Location: Sunbury Vic
Postby Mulger bill » Fri Jul 18, 2008 1:42 am
Have a wander around in this thread.
I'm sure Kukamunga can help out too.
London Boy 29/12/2011
- Posts: 3540
- Joined: Sat Dec 08, 2007 10:12 am
- Location: 3166
Postby kukamunga » Fri Jul 18, 2008 6:57 am
Puch 'Mistral SE' 14 spd complete road bike. Austrian made Reynolds 501 lugged frame w/ adjustable horizontal 'dropouts'. Weinmann 36H eyeletted rims, Normandy 'Luxe Competition' hubs, s/s spokes, Sachs 13-23 7spd screw-on cluster. SR 'Apex' cranks w/ SR 'Royal' & Sugino 'Mighty Competition' 44/51T rings. Shimano RD-L541, Campag FD, '105' d/t shifters. Weinmann s/p brakes with 'Semi Automatic' (sic) cable adjusters, Weinmann levers w/ boots. SR stem, Friko 'Touring Super' drop bars.
Maybe up for sale real soon
Yes, Puch made some nice motorscooter in the 50's/60's. The 'Alpine' was a real beauty (dreamt about one last night, believe it or not)! Jesse of the Bike Bar here in Melbourne has one in his workshop:
Sorry! Back to bicycles.....
- Posts: 2
- Joined: Thu Jul 17, 2008 11:28 pm
- Location: S.E. Queensland
Postby indianfigs » Sat Jul 19, 2008 1:03 pm
I was also looking for decals to suit it ... long shot maybe ????
The bike is in very good condition, normal few scratches but rides like a dream.....
If I could find the decals, is it worth repainting it or is it best to leave it as is ????
Would love to buy another for my wife if I could find one..... My Wife is about 5'5" and was wanting to know the correct bike hight for her.... would anyone know.... ???
Thanks again and I hope I'm not asking stupid questions..
- Posts: 3540
- Joined: Sat Dec 08, 2007 10:12 am
- Location: 3166
- ukalipt
- Posts: 195
- Joined: Fri Dec 28, 2007 8:39 pm
- Location: right here
- Contact:
Postby ukalipt » Sun Jul 20, 2008 5:50 pm
i "acquired" [well i basically found it at the tip when i was dropping off
some green waste] a puch mistral SE a while back. unfortunately it was
way to small a frame size for me so i actually sold it on ebay.
the frame was really light and in amazing condition with only a few tiny
marks etc. the guy that brought it was happy as, and we were both
discussing how light the frame is - even in todays standards it would be as
light if not lighter than most new lightweight bikes.
mine was pretty much identical to kukamunga's but it only had bottom
bracket, cranks, stem, bars, levers and brakes.
the frame was the same 501 reynolds tubing and i was so impressed i
spent quiet a while looking for an older roadie bike of almost the same-ish spec.
as for the decals. and repainting i would suggest a bottle of kerosine, and
some crappy rags, gloves AND OUTSIDE, wipe the frame down
thoroughly. i found it took of almost 100% of the marks off the frame,
obviously apart from the scratches. after doing this you may not
want/need to paint the frame.
personally i would remove any not so good decals, if the taint the
look of the frame they don't really have much purpose then.
heres a couple of pics from my scavenger puch. the last pic is of it with a
few accessories to see how it would build up.
- Posts: 3540
- Joined: Sat Dec 08, 2007 10:12 am
- Location: 3166
Postby kukamunga » Mon Jul 21, 2008 5:35 am
PS: Did you get a good price for the frame? (I've got another Peugeot, by the way)
- ukalipt
- Posts: 195
- Joined: Fri Dec 28, 2007 8:39 pm
- Location: right here
- Contact:
Postby ukalipt » Mon Jul 21, 2008 10:53 am
looks like it is in premium condition as well, with the one owner and all.
and kuka, you know more than anyone what people throw out. it is more of a concern what has actually slipped by and made its way to the waste, thats a really depressing thought actually...
- Posts: 3540
- Joined: Sat Dec 08, 2007 10:12 am
- Location: 3166
Postby kukamunga » Sat Aug 09, 2008 9:36 am
I'll probably regret later on not keeping this frame, but then, I've always got my Repcos!
- ukalipt
- Posts: 195
- Joined: Fri Dec 28, 2007 8:39 pm
- Location: right here
- Contact:
Postby ukalipt » Thu Sep 04, 2008 12:54 am
asked me a couple of questions, i completely missed them
because the font size of your post gets smaller and smaller,
much like the first room in willy wonkers choclate factory.
i sold the frame for $70 to a guy that was over the moon
to pick it up. we were discussing how the frame was about as
light as any 1.5k roadie now-a-days but so much better.
and peugeots... lol. i gave them away. they are french and
they started to hurt a little to much. to hard to source and
build up the frames/components. i really need a garage
proper shed but i don't have one so i couldn't hold on to all
the bikes i wanted to. management had issues with it all.
i now have a four bike limit - but have five currently in the
stable ... lol
- Posts: 301
- Joined: Mon Feb 25, 2008 9:20 am
- Location: Anakie, Victoria
Postby feelthewheel » Thu Sep 04, 2008 1:13 pm
However the idea of good, salvagable (even basic spec) classic/retro bikes getting melted down, that's what gets me angry ... grrr. Must calm down.
But of course there's all of us and our valiant work in saving the nation's cycling history! Keep up the good fight everyone!
- Matt Zac
- Posts: 130
- Joined: Fri Sep 05, 2008 9:04 am
- Location: Newcastle
Postby Matt Zac » Mon Sep 08, 2008 11:40 am
New tyres was the first on the list, and the bike has gradually evolved in the ensuing 7 years from a 'positron' 10 speeder to a megarange 14 speed with indexed down tube shifters. Regular use commuting across Sydney helped justify its many changes, though it still retains enough originality to keep its 'retro' status.
And the motorbike boys never know what to say...
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text:
CHICAGO, Ill. – In its first appearance at the Vikings Clash hosted by North Park University this past weekend, the MIT women's volleyball team finished second in the standings with a ledger of 3-1. The Engineers fell to Benedictine University, 25-13, 28-26, 25-19, in the opener but bounced back to sweep North Park (25-23, 25-20, 25-17), Marian University (25-20, 25-21, 25-20), and Alverno College (25-12, 25-19, 25-20). Seniors Trinity Leonard (Mill Valley, Calif.) and Katie Spielbauer (Lakeview, Mich.) represented the Cardinal and Gray on the all-tournament team.
Leonard led the way against Benedictine with 15 kills to go along with five digs and two blocks as junior Kristine Bunker (Falmouth, Mass.) generated nine kills on 18-errorless attempts and three blocks. Freshman Lindsey Wang (Cupertino, Calif.) posted a team-high 10 digs and four aces while Spielbauer followed with nine digs of her own. Junior Sharon Hao (San Jose, Calif.) bolstered the defense with seven digs as sophomore Nicole Gagnier (Atlanta, Ga.) notched 23 assists and seven digs.
Against North Park, junior Tatiana Berger (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.) paced a balanced attack with nine kills in addition to two aces and two blocks. Leonard posted eight kills and five digs as freshman Ada Taylor (Durham, N.C.) generated eight kills, a .462 hitting percentage, and two blocks. Bunker finished with five kills and four blocks while freshman Meryl Gibbs (Bellaire, Texas) registered five kills, a .500 hitting performance, four digs, and two blocks. Spielbauer picked up 11 digs and two aces as Wang totaled six digs and two aces. Gagnier rounded out the squad with 31 assists, five digs, and two blocks.
Leonard racked up 15 kills and eight digs versus Marian while Berger contributed seven kills and two blocks. Gibbs, Bunker, and Taylor each recorded four digs as Gibbs earned five blocks. Junior Emma Gargus (Columbus, Ohio) added four blocks while Spielbauer amassed 15 digs. Wang chipped in seven digs and three aces as Gagnier posted 30 assists and eight digs.
Gibbs totaled a team-high seven kills in the finale with Alverno while Taylor notched four kills and four blocks. Bunker followed with four kills and three blocks as Berger had four kills and two blocks. The blocking barrage continued courtesy of Gargus and sophomore Jenny Astrachan (Austin, Texas), who tacked on two and three blocks, respectively. Spielbauer compiled 18 digs as senior Alyssa Rothman (Plainview, N.Y.) totaled nine digs and five assists in one set. Leonard and junior Jess Fessler (Shortsville, N.Y.) both added five digs while Leonard had three aces. Wang also registered three aces as Gagnier tallied 20 assists and two aces.
Next up for MIT (7-1) will be its NEWMAC opener on Tuesday, Sept. 11 at Clark University.


text:
The Double Lift
Hold the deck in the left hand as the top drawing shows. The right fingers
hold the top edge of the deck lightly and the right thumb rests at the
bottom left corner. Tip the deck so you can look down and see the cards
under the right thumb.
The right thumb lifts the edges of the top cards allowing all but two
cards to fall back onto the deck as the second drawing shows. The right
thumb now presses forward on these two cards so they press lightly against
the right fingers and the thumb and fingers can lift the two cards free of
the rest of the deck.
If the right thumb and fingers squeeze the two cards slightly, the two
will stick together as if they were only one card. There are many ways of
doing a double lift. If you are really interested in card magic, you will
want to learn at least one other method to do this often used sleight.
There are many ways of using this sleight but this is a way to use it to
explain how you do magic with cards.
Shuffle the deck and double lift to show the 2nd card's face. Place both
cards back on the deck and take off the top card holding it face down.
Say, "If I really don't want the (name the card), I can simply change it
for one I want by rubbing the spots through the deck."
As you say this, put the card part way into the deck and rub it a bit
before you remove it and show its face. While they look at the card in
surprise, cut or shuffle the deck.


text:
You must login before you can run this tool.
Calculates the phonon band structure of carbon nanotubes using the force constant method.
Version 1.1.1w - published on 17 Mar 2015
doi:10.4231/D3WW77124 cite this
Anonymous @ on
The CNTphonons tool from the nanoHUB calculates the phonon dispersion relation (E or omega vs. q) and the phonon density of states (DOS) for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with nearly any (n,m) chiral index. The tool uses the force constant method with the parameters for graphite described in the paper from Saito, et al. (Phys. Rev. B 57, 4145 (1998)). The range of the n index value is 5 to 20, while there are no restrictions on the integral values for the m index. The number of q-points used for the E(or omega) versus q calculation can range from 2 to 500, while the number of points into which the energy range is divided for calculating the phonon DOS simply must be greater than 10.
The simulation time depends strongly on the number of q-points, as one expects. However, the number of "DOS points" does not strongly affect the computational time. Simulations for zig-zag or armchair CNTs run significantly more quickly than simulations for chiral CNTs, holding all other simulation parameters constant. In fact, attempting to calculate the phonon dispersion and density of states for a (9,5) CNT did not give a result.
The user interface is easy to use and navigate. Each of the 3 plots generated can be printed as an image or exported for plotting with a different software package. It would be nice to have an output log file to display the (n,m) indices for the simulation, the number of q-points, the number of DOS points, and the kind and number of phonon modes.
While the CNTbands tool can calculated the E-k relation and electronic DOS for both CNTs and carbon nanoribbons (CNRs) (also known as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs)), CNTphonons does not have the capability of calculating the phonon dispersion relation and density of states for GNRs. However this calculation would not be straightforward, since the boundary conditions and types of phonon modes would be different than those for CNTs. However, integrating the ability to calculate (or just show) the phonon dispersion relation and density of states for bulk graphene could be useful for comparison with those calculated for the CNTs.
The tool cites a paper by Dubay and Kresse (Phys. Rev. B 67, 035401 (2003)) that delineates the limitations of the model used to calculate the phonon band structure in this tool. The main problems seem to be neglecting the effects of curvature when using the zone-folding technique and possible inaccuracy in the predicted frequencies, since the force constants are usually fitted to the phonon dispersion relation for graphite measured experimentally. According to the paper, this problem is more severe for low-frequency modes (in the elastic regime). A more recent paper by Lazzeri, et al. (Phys. Rev. B 78, 081406 (2008)), critiques ab-initio computations for the electron-phonon interaction and the phonon dispersions using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and local-density approximation (LDA). The authors purport to show that the GW approximation can be used to calculate the electron-phonon interaction and the phonon dispersion and that the other methods underestimate portions of the phonon dispersion.
In summary, this tool provides very a good qualitative calculation for the phonon dispersion of CNTs. Quantitatively, the values calculated might be slightly incorrect. However, anybody desiring greater accuracy should run an ab-initio¬ (or other method) calculation for the phonon dispersion. The tool has a good user interface; however, the phonon dispersion for bulk graphene would be a useful addition for reference. Justin Koepke (UIUC)
Please login to vote.
I reviewed this nanoHUB tool as part of ECE539 ( at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). The tool is quite useful to gain an understanding of the phonon band structure and DOS for different carbon nanotubes. However, the tool could not successfully calculate and display the phonon band structure for a (9,5) tube. Calculations for zig-zag and armchair CNTs were quite fast though. It might be useful to have the phonon dispersion relation for bulk graphene as a reference for comparison with the phonon dispersions calculated for the CNTs.
Please login to vote.


text:
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Abhipedia is a compact platform which intelligently categorizes the updates according to different sections of General Studies. It enables you to stay updated (in an easy way!) and gives an edge when it comes to preparing for Civil services examination. One can enjoy seamless access to daily Current Affairs, Insight to Issues & Analysis, Videos, Test Series and explore Main Question bank.
It aims to enhance the learning of aspirants by adopting more qualitative ways.
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12/21/2017| Views(427 ) | Environment and Ecology |Pollution
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Sonam Sheoran Global e waste report 2017 has been explained very well
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Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other as
Poverty is described as inability of a person to realize certain minimum basic level of consumption. According to AmartyaSen &l
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A video explaining why the country of Korea split into two different countries: North Korea and South Korea.
The Indian government has established 18 Biosphere Reserves in India,[1] (categories roughly corresponding to IUCN Categcory V Prot


text:
Microsoft Partner Network members qualify for Core benefits based on their membership level. The N-1 support policy applies to support incidents created using the core benefits below.
|Support benefit
|Membership level
|Partner support Gold 20pack
|Gold competency
|Partner support Silver 15pack
|Silver competency
|Partner support MAPS 10pack
|Microsoft Action Pack subscription
The N-1 Partner support policy for on-premises products
From July 22 2017, Partner support core benefits follow the N-1 support policy, for on-premises products. The N-1 support policy enables only the newer on-premises products. N-1 includes the current product (N) and the previous product version (N-1). Older (N-2) products and any product where Mainstream Support has ended, are not entitled for support incident creation (see user experience below).
Note: Product support is available from Microsoft, for the partner or customer, for products within the Microsoft support lifecycle. Online they should select the "Purchase Support" option and use Pay Per Incident or use an alternative support offering to create a support incident.
Note: Cloud products are not impacted by this change
Product summary list
The N-1 support policy applies to all on-premises products. For the products not listed below, please see the example below for more details. The information below will change if a new product or service pack is released, when the mainstream support end date* is reached (usually after 5 years) or if dates are changed by Microsoft.
|Entitled products current & previous
|Mainstream Support End Date*
|Microsoft Windows Server
|2016, 2012
|10/9/2018, for 2012
|Microsoft Exchange Server
|2016, 2013
|4/10/2018, for 2013
|Microsoft Dynamics CRM
|2016, 2015
|1/14/2020, for 2015
|Microsoft SQL Server
|2016, 2014
|7/9/2019, for 2014
|Microsoft SharePoint Server
|2016, 2013
|4/10/2018, for 2013
|Microsoft Office
|2016, 2013
|4/10/2018, for 2013
|Microsoft Windows
|10, 8
|1/9/2018, for 8
*See the product lifecycle
Q1. Does the N-1 support policy impact any other partner support related benefits?
A. No. The policy only applies to "Partner support Gold 20pack", "Partner support Silver 15pack" and "Partner support MAPS 10pack". Signature support, Advanced Support for Partners and Pay Per Incident are not impacted by the N-1 Support policy.
Q2. Does the N-1 support policy impact my existing support contract?
A. Yes. Following a system change July 22 2017 all existing and new support contracts using the Partner Support benefit above will follow the n-1 support policy. Online submission for products not entitled to support will show the error "These contracts cannot be used" and phone requests will be declined (unless an alternative support offering is used).
Q3. How can a partner obtain support for a product no longer entitled to support due to the N-1 support policy?
A. Product support is available from Microsoft, for the partner or customer, for products within the Microsoft support lifecycle. Select the "Purchase Support" option online and use Pay Per Incident or use an alternative support offering to create a support incident.
Example: Applying the N-1 support policy for Microsoft Exchange Server
To identify the current and previous product versions, and the mainstream support end date, search the product life cycle
- The current version is Exchange server 2016 (N) and the previous version is 2013 (N-1);
- The current and previous product are both in mainstream support (usually 5 years from release date). Therefore, Exchange server 2016 and Exchange server 2013 are both entitled to support using Partner support incidents.
The older products such as Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 product are not entitled to support. Therefore, when the Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 product is selected support incidents cannot be created. See User experience using online submission below.
|Product classification
|Product version
Create a support incident
|N - the current product
|Microsoft Exchange Server 2016
Mainstream support end date 10/13/2020
|N-1 the previous product
|Microsoft Exchange Server 2013
Mainstream support end date 4/10/2018
|N-2 old products
|Microsoft Exchange Server 2010
*Partners or customers may use alternative support offerings or purchase support online for products within the Support lifecycle.
User experience using online submission
When a non-entitled product is selected, online submission will show the message "These contracts cannot be used with XXX". XXX will refer to the specific offering the user selected eg Partner support Gold 20pack. Product support is available, for the partner or customer, if they select the "Purchase Support" option online to use Pay Per Incident or use an alternative support offering to create a support incident.
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text:
One way to supposedly get more stones to drop is by going up against higher level opponents.
Does anyone know the specifics on what is considered higher level opponents?
For example: Lets say I have two level 10 pets and one level 25 on a team.
If I go up against higher level pets only using 1 or 2 of my level 10's... does that count? Or does simply having my level 25 on the roster count against me?
If I just have my level 10 pet take the first turn, then finish everyone off with my level 25, does that still count? (it does for my level 10's xp boost)
And in reverse of the previous... does the "last pet to act" have any bearing on it? If I pull in the lower level pet for the final killing blow?
I ask, because while I'm not the most prolific pet battle player, I've done what I feel to be quite a few pet battles... and I've only gotten 1 stone, ever.


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I suppose I like learning, but the workload and stress that comes with it is just... no.
eat my dirt (:
It's ok...Don't really hate it , or like it, I just go. Occasionally it's interesting, occasionally it's frustrating.
I like it, I'm not all hyped up or anything. During my school period, I usually do some socializing with people. I find it very interesting when people start to jump around and do surprisingly stupid things which really makes my highschool memory very enjoyable. The teachers are quite nice and helpful, they get their job done and also educate most of us without any issue. Most people in our school are very friendly outgoing but not the best looking. In our school, we have the least "nammers,wanabes,hipster,b**ches,sl**s and bullies" which really makes our school the best. The bad part of about is that we have to many so call "alternative" programs. It took most of our school funding, we don't get a lot of extra benefits, we can get over it. As for the traditions, we don't wear uniforms in Canada!
Stalking you.
Nope i freaking hate school!!
If I learned stuff that I want to learn then yes I would like school, but it feels like they're forcing me to learn stupid stuff i'm never going to use in the future, which makes me hate it.
If I can do it tomorrow, I won't do it today.
Well...I really like talking and hanging out with some people at my school during school because there the kinda people where itd be weird if I was just like hey lets go hang out somewhere! You know, chillin with people I dont normally do. Buttt since at school, at least my school, your frowned upon somewhat by the people you wanna get to know better and what not if you seem to smart or into learning, I have to kind of not answer questions and then I sit in a room of stupidity every now and then...thats not fun at all xD
Absolutely love it, because I know whats out there in the world for me if I don't get an education. I can't speak for others but don't quit school, you lose contact with most of your friends, end up working in a dead end job, unless youre super lucky and get one that actually could take you up the corporate ladder. Screw waking up at 4am to work in the blistering heat. I'm just thankful my parents didn't kick me out before I learned that lesson. I could go on and on but I will end this mini-rant on one last point: Why do you hate something that makes you a better person?(and i don't want to hear any of this "It's hard" bs, life is hard, not getting a good education will only make it harder)
No I dont really but I like it better then spending half of my life at a job I hate or get paid so little thay I am stressed out every month cuz i cant pay. Some years pf sacrifice and dedication are nothing compared to that so I cant complain about school. Also ive met pretty cool friends there and een though im not at the top of the social ladder(thanlfully) i can say i have true friends who dont judge me and are fake
Pretty useless if you have the motivation to learn -- I learn way faster from a book than a teacher (they usually just lecture on the book). I feel like most people have no real desire to read texts on their own though, so I guess school is a motivation to care about something that most people generally would not care for, so that's cool.
I will say, though, that I can't stand being in class. The students generally don't give a shit, and when they do, it's usually just for the sake of their grades. I rarely hear people discussing material; they usually just bullshit with each other or talk about what grades they got on the homework or exams -- quaking rage is not good for my blood pressure. I guess my complaint about school is that it's not really a place for learning -- most people there don't seem to give a shit about learning, and all things considered, if you want to learn, then you don't need schooling to do it.
That being said, since it took me a couple of years to fully convince myself (for some reason I wanted to hold on to the hope that things might be different at university), I figure I'll just finish up the degree so I can bullshit my employers too. All in all, my feelings toward school can be summed up like this: I love learning, like the extra motivation of a deadline, and hate that people call themselves students with absolutely no intrinsic desire to learn.
Edit: After reading some more posts, it seems like the population here has pretty similar views to what I've seen: apparently the only reason people go to school is to get a job; there's no benefit to actually learning things.
I like learning and I like feeling that I'm growing more as an individual each day but I really hate the people.
Living in Tokyo and can 10/10 confirm this is anime af
School was so so. But then things get interesting in University when your studying things your actually interested in.
I am at high school! I like school, just not the people in it
O hell NO actually i do like it to the extent of having friends and trips but hate lessons
El Psy Congroo
I really enjoyed the last 3 years of my highschool, not enjoyed too much of my college ( one year was in a military college) and university is ok right now...
When you really want something, the whole universe conspires to make it happen.
I despised going to school... because it made me felt left-out... I was just a social outcast. And the classes were boring. However when I got a good teacher, I really enjoyed that subject. I got a really good teacher in Grade 10 for science... that's why I developed such a huge interest for science.
I despised going to university... because the lectures were SLEEP medicines. And I had to commute each way 2 hours. But I did learn a lot from it, a lot of deep knowledge about science.
The way I hold you and the night just seems to fly


text:
Build an Online Store
Budget €250-750 EUR
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text:
Annunciation Catholic School in Havelock has scheduled its annual Scroogefest Arts and Crafts show for Friday and Saturday at the school.
Annunciation Catholic School in Havelock has scheduled its annual Scroogefest Arts and Crafts show for Friday and Saturday at the school.
Vendors and artists are being sought to participate in the event, which regularly draws nearly 1,000 people.
Outdoor and gymnasium spaces are $100 for a standard 6-foot by 6-foot area with one table and chairs. Premium 10-foot by 10-foot space on the gym floor is $150. Classroom spaces are available for $50.
Proceeds from the rental of spaces benefit Annunciation Catholic School.
Last year, nearly 100 crafters participated in the event with a variety of handcrafted items and artwork. Many of the items available for purchase carry a Thanksgiving and Christmas theme for the upcoming holidays.
Along with the crafts and other items available for purchase, the event features a silent auction, a 50/50 raffle and food available for purchase. Admission for the public is $1.
Scroogefest operates from 3 to 8 p.m. on Friday and from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday.
Annunciation Catholic School is located at 246 East Main St., across from Havelock City Park.
For more information or to get an application for the event, go online to www.annunciationcatholicnc.org, email firstname.lastname@example.com or call the school at 447-3137.


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November 22, 2018
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This war memorial was officially opened on the 15th February 1999 and the memorial park is dedicated to the men who lost their lives in the Borneo Death Marches during the Second World War.
The site is just next to the actual POW (Prisoners of War) camp which was set up during the World War Two Japanese Occupation from 1942 to 1945 which witnessed the death of 2400 Australian and British POW held by the Japanese here. This war memorial was officially opened on the 15th February 1999 and the memorial park is dedicated to the men who lost their lives in the Borneo Death Marches during the Second World War.
More Information can be found here:-
Asia is the biggest continent on Earth, a darling little gem floating around in space.Hm, what is Asia? Who's in on it?China and India are safe bets for Asian nations. Korea, Japan, Thailand, you're fine.Europe? No. Europe would sort of be on the "Asian continent" if not for those pesky Ural mountains dividing things up in the middle, and then also the whole lineage of kings and wealth and nations and the EU and all that "give me my respect" stuff.Russia would probably be happiest as its own continent, so for now we'll leave it in "Eurasia" and just hope the natural gas supplies keep flowing.Pakistan and Afghanistan are dang close to Asia, but politically they show up in "Middle East" news stories an awful lot. Verdict: Eurasia.I guess we'll actually have to consider everything from Turkey on eastward to be "Eurasian", although the moniker seems overlappitory of the territory.The Asian economy is now officially raging like a wild furnace of lava that consumes everything in its path. Japan has had the largest individual economy in Asia for decades, but it is forecast that both India and China will outstrip Japan within twenty years.China is the largest holder of United States debt and is positioned to become the world's next superpower, provided that Godzilla doesn't return and decide to stomp everybody back into the Shang Dynasty.Text by Steve Smith.


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'Tis the season to fire up the grill and get to cooking up some amazing dishes in the great outdoors. Grilling is one of the best things about warmer temperatures, and many of us find any and every reason we can to use it instead of the ovens and stove tops we've been confined to all winter. But grilling isn't all fun and games; it can come with plenty of dangers if you're not careful.
I'm pretty much a food safety freak -- indoors or out -- but the latest grilling danger highlighted in the news is one I've never thought of before. It's frightening and serious enough to put a major damper on your outdoor fun. It has to do with your grill brush -- yes, that thing you thought was helping you cook healthier could actually make you seriously sick.
According to a recent report, it seems that people can and do end up ingesting those little tiny wire bristles from grill brushes. They break off during cleaning, wedge themselves into the cooking food, and then the unsuspecting eater winds up with a pretty serious medical condition -- sometimes even requiring surgery. Doctors say it's important for grillers and doctors alike to be aware of this danger and use caution when using the brushes. So griller, beware.
Other grilling safety tips to remember while we're at it:
Clean Your Grill
Besides being dangerous, flare-ups can lead to cancer, according to some studies. That means clean it, before you fire it up.
Avoid Carcinogens
Even on a clean grill, you can char things if you're not careful. Make sure you cook meat low and slow and take other precautions to avoid the burnt stuff.
Watch Kids
Grills are a major burn risk for kids running around. Make sure they're kept well away from them when they're lit.
Cook Food Thoroughly
From the USDA, here are the safe minimum internal temperatures for various meats:
Avoid Contamination
Use separate utensils, plates, and anything that touches various types of meat. Also wash your hands frequently and thoroughly.
What's your favorite part about grilling?
Image via TheBusyBrain/Flickr


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1. Download the Car Town Points and Coins Adder by
2. You will need to complete a survey to verify that you are a human and not a bot, this is to protect the number of file downloads. Simply click one of the free offers, complete a survey and the button will turn green.
3. Save the file to your desktop and open it.
4. Add your facebook email, click Activate and then enter the amount of car coins and car points you'd like to add.
5. Hit the Generate button and wait for the process to complete...
6. The car coins and car points will appear immediately, however if there is any problem wait up to 24 hours and if the points are not added, repeat the steps.


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Team Two - Program and Other Issues
Organizational Protocols
Final Agenda -- January 16, 2002
PDF (220K) | MS Word (70K)
First Session - January 16-18
The Department distributed a draft negotiated rulemaking agenda at the December 14, 2001, meeting, which identified a number of possible "pre-negotiation consensus items." The Department felt these issues were non-controversial and thus required little discussion. During the first negotiating session, the negotiators agreed that three of the issues were, indeed, "quick fix" items, and the draft regulatory language is provided here.
The approved meeting summary is also provided in accordance with the Organizational Protocols.
Meeting Summary
PDF (42K) | MS Word (12K)
Quick Fixes - Proposed Regulatory Language
PDF (28K) | MS Word (15K)
Second Session - March 6-8
Immediately after the first negotiating session in January, the Department provided draft regulatory language for the "quick fix" issues. During the first session, the negotiators discussed the remaining issues using a "workshop" approach. That is, draft regulatory language was not presented and the negotiators engaged in a broader discussion of these "non quick fix" issues. After this session, the Department prepared draft regulatory language or alternatively a short description of a non-regulatory approach for review and discussion at the second negotiating session. Those materials were distributed to the negotiators prior to the second session, and are provided here as well.
Meeting Summary
PDF (12K) | MS Word (28K)
Proposed Regulatory Language - return of Title IV, leave of absence, GEAR UP, ability-to-benefit testing, late disbursements, return of Title IV attendance
PDF (134K) | MS Word (69K)
Proposed Regulatory Language - change of ownership, overpayment, incentive compensation, 12 hour rule
PDF (134K) | MS Word (69K)
Descriptions of Non-Regulatory Approaches
PDF (75K) | MS Word (33K)
Proposed Order of Discussion
PDF (7K) | MS Word (22K)
Third Session - April 24-26
At the March 6-8 negotiating session, the negotiators reached tentative agreements on a number of issues. The Department subsequently developed regulatory language that will be reviewed at the third negotiating session. These materials were distributed to the negotiators prior to the third session, and are provided here as well. In addition, a proposed order of discussion of the issues for the third session is also provided.
Meeting Summary
PDF (9K) | MS Word (27K)
Proposed Order of Discussion
PDF (70K) | MS Word (22K)
No Tentative Agreement
PDF (134K) | MS Word (74K)
Tentative Agreement on Regulatory Language
PDF (200K) | MS Word (74K)
Tentative Agreement on Write-Ups/Nonregulatory Actions
PDF (121K) | MS Word (36K)


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Death Notice: Charley Bennett
Charley Bennett, 92, of Salisbury, died Wednesday, March 13, 2013, at the Life Care Center of Carrollton, MO. Funeral services will be held Friday, March 15, 2013, at 2:00 p.m., at the Summerville Funeral Home in Salisbury with burial to follow in the Asbury Cemetery South of Keytesville. Visitation is from 12:00 noon until service time Friday at the funeral home.


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- Home >
- Laser Rapier 2 Metal Detector
Laser Rapier 2 Metal Detector details:
Rapier II Metal Detector fitted with a 11" x 8" web coil
Laser Rapier II metal detector features:
- Easy to use
- Motion discriminator detector.
- Discrimination control,
- Sensitivity control
- Threshold control
- Lightweight MicroMAX design
- High gain sensitivity circiutry
- Pushbutton pinpoint
- Built in mineral rejection; Automatically ignores conductive and magnetic minerals
- Auto batterytest which monitors battery life
- Silent search Disc mode - Low noise circuitry
- Switch on and GO operation
- Three piece stem
- Variable threshold
- Economical to use
Additional Information •• Laser Rapier 2 Metal Detector
|Product Code
|Minimum assembled length
|40 inches (101 cm)
|Approximate weight
|1.1 kg
|Operating Frequency
|12 kHz
|Battery Type
|1 x 9 volt PP3 battery
|Standard Coil Type
|11" x 8" wide scan coil
|1 Year
Product Tags
Use spaces to separate tags. Use single quotes (') for phrases.
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blue back phonesa good light weight headphone, that still picks up those faint two way signalsjames
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Matching pair of two high heat kanekalon clip-in synthetic hair streaks, mounted on brown wig/weave clips for easy installation.
High heat kanekalon synthetic hair wefts are available in a wide range of natural and unnatural colors. The hair is single wefted and is fairly fine; we recommend using around twice as much as you would use for single-wefted human hair. These wefts are sold in 12" (30 cm) wide pieces, perfect for making bangs, streaks, or adding highlights.
Size: 12" wide, 18" long (30 cm wide, 45 cm long).
Texture: Naturally straight, but may arrive slightly curly due to packaging.
Color: Silver.
Care Instructions: Extensions can be styled on low heat, or with boiling water or steam.


text:
This template is perfect for a Car Dealer, Auctions, Rentals, Leasing business that needs a modern corporate style flyer or magazine advertising template. The final file contains 3 PSD files.
- Size: 8.5×11 inches
- Color: CMYK 300DPI
- Include, trims, guidelines and Bleed lines 0.25 inches
- Font: Myriad, Gotham and Bebas
Cars models are not included, just place your own photos.


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Sunshine, Circus & Doctors
Kids know how to party! Check out these festive celebrations from the Apartment Therapy Family channel, which posts kids' parties every day. We'll be bringing you a roundup of these inspiring parties every week.
• Alice's Circus Party
• Lucy's Sunshine Party
• Genevieve's Garden Tea Party
• Juliet's Doctor Party