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Jennifer G. Cromley
All Faculty
jcromley [at] illinois [dot] edu
Other information
SILC Faculty Member and member of our Spatial Network.
My research focuses on two broad areas: 1) reading comprehension of illustrated scientific text and 2) cognitive and motivational predictors of STEM students' achievement and retention. My research includes both studies of basic processes (how learning works) and classroom interventions (how to help students learn better). I use a variety of research methods, including questionnaires, think-aloud protocols, eye tracking, analyses of student work products such as sketches, and analyses of computer logfiles. My research has been funded by the U.S. Department of Education and the National Science Foundation. I serve as an Associate Editor of the Journal of Experimental Education and also serve on the editorial boards of the Journal of Educational Psychology, Contemporary Educational Psychology, Metacognition and Learning, and Scientific Studies of Reading.
JENNIFER G. CROMLEY, Ph.D. BIOSKETCH
Associate Professor
Educational Psychology Department, College of Education
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
1310 S. Sixth Street
210 Education Building
Champaign, IL 61820
ph: (217) 333-2245 (Office)
(215) 307-7914 (Cell)
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
B.A., Special Divisional Major—Work Studies, (Summa Cum Laude and Distinction in the Major), Yale University, 1986
Ph.D., Human Development, Specialization in Educational Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, May, 2005
Certificate in Educational Measurement and Statistics (36 credits), University of Maryland College Park, May, 2005
2014-present Associate Professor, Educational Psychology, College of Education, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
2011-2014 Associate Professor, Psychological Studies in Education/POLS, College of Education, Temple University
2005-2011 Assistant Professor, Psychological Studies in Education, College of Education, Temple University
Graduate Research Assistant, Cognition and Technology Laboratory
January, 2001-Summer, 2002
Graduate Research Assistant (Hourly), Concept Oriented Reading Instruction Project
Summer, 2002 – Spring, 2003
Graduate Research Assistant (Hourly), Professional Development Schools Survey Project
January 2001-Summer, 2002
Graduate Research Assistant (Hourly), Building Learning With Technology Project
Award for Graduate Teaching, Temple University College of Education, April, 2012
Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE; Nominated by the US Department of Education), awarded at the White House, 12/13/2010.
Outstanding Paper of the Year, Association for Educational Computing and Technology, awarded to Azevedo, Moos, Greene, Winters, & Cromley (2008), AECT annual meeting, November, 2008, Orlando, FL
AERA Institute on Statistical Analysis for Education Policy, May, 2008
AERA Division C New Faculty Mentoring program, April, 2006
Alfieri, L., Cromley, J. G., Massey, C., Merlino, F. J., Newcombe, N. S., & Schunn, C. D. (2014). Using principles of cognitive science to improve science learning in middle school: What works when and for whom. Revisions requested by Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, April 28, 2014.
Dai, T. & Cromley, J. G. (2014). Changes in implicit theories of ability in biology and dropout from STEM majors: A latent growth curve approach. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(3), 233-247, doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.06.003.
Dai, T. & Cromley, J. G. (2014). The match matters: Exploring student epistemic preferences in relation to epistemic beliefs about chemistry. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(3), 262-274, doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.06.002.
Cromley, J., & Wills, T. W. (2014). Flexible strategy use by readers who learn much versus learn little: Transitions within think-aloud protocols. Online First in Journal of Research in Reading on January 13, 2014. doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12026
Perez, T., Cromley, J. G., & Kaplan, A. (2014). The role of identity development, values, and costs in STEM retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(1), 315-329. doi: 10.1037/a0034027.
Cromley, J. G., Perez, T., Wills, T. W., Tanaka, J. C., Horvat, E. M., & Agbenyega, E. T.-B. (2013). Changes in race and sex stereotype threat among diverse stem students: Relationship to grades and retention in the majors. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 38(3), 247–258. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2013.04.003.
Cromley, J. G., Perez, A. C, Fitzhugh, S., Newcombe, N., Wills, T. W., & Tanaka, J. C. (2013). Improving students' diagrammatic reasoning: A classroom intervention study. Journal of Experimental Education, 81(4), 511-537. doi: 10.1080/00220973.2012.745465
Cromley, J. G., Bergey, B. W., Fitzhugh, S. L., Newcombe, N., Wills, T. W., Shipley T. F., & Tanaka, J. C. (2013). Effectiveness of student-constructed diagrams and self-explanation instruction. Learning and Instruction, 26(1), 45-58. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.01.003
Kanno, Y., & Cromley, J. G. (2013). English language learners' access to and attainment in postsecondary education. TESOL Quarterly, 47(1), 89-121. doi: 10.1002/tesq.49
Cromley, J. G., & Byrnes, J. P. (2012). Instruction and Cognition. WIRES Cognitive Science, 3(5), 545–553. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1192
Bernacki, M., Byrnes, J. P., & Cromley, J. G. (2012). The effects of achievement goals and self-regulated learning behaviors on reading comprehension in technology-enhanced learning environments. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 37(2), 148–161. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.12.001
Hindman, A., Cromley, J. G., Skibbe, L. E., & Miller, A. L. (2011). Conventional and piecewise growth modeling techniques: Applications and implications for investigating head start children's early literacy learning. Evaluation Review,35(3), 204-239. doi: 10.1177/0193841X11412068
Cromley, J. G., & Azevedo, R. (2011). Measuring strategy use in context. Metacognition and Learning, 6(2), 155-177. doi: 10.1007/s11409-011-9070-z
Cromley, J. G., Snyder-Hogan, L. E., & Luciw-Dubas, U. A. (2010). Reading comprehension of scientific text: A domain-specific test of the direct and inferential mediation model of reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology,102(3), 687-700. doi: 10.1037/a0019452
Cromley, J. G., Snyder-Hogan, L. E., & Luciw-Dubas, U. A. (2010). Cognitive activities in complex science text and diagrams. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35, 59–74. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2009.10.002
Cromley, J. G. (2009). Reading achievement and science proficiency: International comparisons from the Programme on International Student Assessment. Reading Psychology, 30 (2), 89-116, 10.1080/02702710802274903.
Lieberman, A. S., Cromley, J., Charles, L., Rodriguez, O., Lopez-Marti, M., Das, S., Moguillansky, D. (2009). Outcomes related to low literacy in low-income adolescents. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 2(1), 73-80.
Cromley, J. G., & Azevedo, R. (2009). Locating information within extended hypermedia. Educational Technology Research and Development, 57(3), 287-313. DOI 10.1007/s11423-008-9106-5.
Azevedo, R., Moos, D. C., Greene, J. A., Winters, F. I., & Cromley, J. C. (2008). Why is externally-regulated learning more effective than self-regulated learning with hypermedia? Educational Technology Research & Development, 56(1), 45-72.
Cromley, J. G. & Azevedo, R. (2007). Testing and refining the direct and inferential mediation model of reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 311-325.
Cromley, J. G. & Azevedo, R. (2006). Self-report of reading comprehension strategies: What are we measuring? Metacognition and Learning, 1(3), 229-247.
Azevedo, R., Cromley, J. G., Winters, F. I., Moos, D., & Green, J. A. (2006). Using computers as MetaCognitive tools to foster students' self-regulated learning with hypermedia. Technology, Instruction, Cognition and Learning, 3(1-2), 97-104.
Cromley, J. G., & Azevedo, R. (2005). What do reading tutors do?: A naturalistic study of more- and less-experienced tutors in reading. Discourse Processes, 40(2), 83-113.
Azevedo, R., Cromley, J. G., Winters, F. I., Moos, D. C., & Green, J. A. (2005). Adaptive human scaffolding facilitates adolescents' self-regulated learning with hypermedia. Instructional Science, 33, 381-412.
Cromley, J. G. (2005). Metacognition, cognitive strategy instruction, and reading in adult literacy. Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, 5, 187-204.
Cromley, J. G. (2005). Resources on metacognition, cognitive strategy instruction, and reading in adult literacy. Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, 5, 205-220.
Azevedo, R., & Cromley, J. G. (2004). Does training on self-regulated learning facilitate students' learning with hypermedia? Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(3), 523-535.
Azevedo, R., Cromley, J. G., & Seibert, D. (2004). Does adaptive scaffolding facilitate students' ability to regulate their learning with hypermedia? Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29, 344-370.
Zahner, W. & Cromley, J. (2014, July). Affordances of process and object views for coordinating polynomial representations. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. Vancouver, British Columbia, July 15-20, 2014.
Miller, B. W., Cromley, J. G., & Newcombe, N. S., Chang, M., & Forbus, K. (April 2014). Using CogSketch to support student science learning through sketching with automatic feedback. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA, April 3-7, 2014.
Miller, B. W., Hart, J. R., Cromley, J. G., & Newcombe, N. S. (April 2014). Instruction Increases Diagrammatic Reasoning through Behavioral Engagement. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Associate, Philadelphia, PA.
Miller, B. W., Cromley, J. G., & Newcombe, N. S. (April 2014). The critical role of knowledge gain in improving diagram comprehension. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Philadelphia, PA, April 3-7, 2014.
Cromley, J. G., & Bergey, B. W. (2013). Comparing effects of two Delayed Retrieval methods in 10th grade biology classes. Paper delivered as part of a symposium entitled Scaffolding and optimizing science instruction throughout the years (Eliane Segers, chair) at the biennial meeting of the European Association for Learning and Instruction, Munich, Germany, August 27-31, 2013.
Cromley, J. G. (2013). Intervention to improve middle and high school science diagram comprehension. Invited paper as part of an AERA highlighted Division C symposium entitled Examining Innovations--Navigating the Dynamic Complexities of School-Based Intervention Research. Paper presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, April 27-May 1, 2013.
Cromley, J. G., Newcombe, N., & Wills, T. W. (2013). Cognitive science-based instruction in middle school science: Effects on comprehension of visual representations. Paper presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, April 27-May 1, 2013. aera13_proceeding_611930.docx
Cromley, J. G., Bergey, B. W., Kirchgessner, M., Wills, T.W., & Newcombe, N. (2013). Combining conventions of diagrams instruction and repeated practice in biology classes. Poster presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, April 27-May 1, 2013. aera13_proceeding_611974.docx
Journal Review Service
Associate editor, Journal of Experimental Education, 2014-2016
Member, Editorial Board: Scientific Studies of Reading, 2012-present; Reading Research Quarterly, 2012-2013 (1 yr appointment), Metacognition and Learning, 2012-present, Learning and Instruction, 2010-present, Journal of Educational Psychology, 2008-present, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2006-present, Educational Psychology Review, 2011-present.
Ad Hoc Reviewer (selected), Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2009; Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2009; Psychological Science, 2010; Learning and Individual Differences, 2010; Learning and Instruction, 2010; Discourse Processes, 2007-present; Scientific Studies of Reading, 2008, 2010; Metacognition and Learning, 2007-2010; Instructional Science, 2001-2007
Conference Service
Chair, Division C Graduate Student Workshop, American Educational Research Association 2011 annual meeting (April, 2010-May, 2011)
Program co-chair, Division C, Section 5, American Educational Research Association 2009 annual meeting
Grant Proposal Review
Institute for Education Sciences, US Department of Education, standing member, Reading/Writing panel, Fall 2011-Spring, 2014.
Institute for Education Sciences, US Department of Education, i3 (Investing in Innovation) grant proposal review, June-July, 2010
Institute for Education Sciences, US Department of Education, Reading for Understanding grant proposal review, February, 2010
National Science Foundation, REESE program grant review, January, 2009


text:
Billions of leaves blanket the fall landscape, and many homeowners bag them and place them curbside for trash pick-up.
Billions of leaves blanket the fall landscape, and many homeowners bag them and place them curbside for trash pick-up.
However, many of these leaves could become valuable mulch or compost. So why do they end up in bags to be discarded?
It�s probably because the homeowner is overwhelmed by the volume. For instance, one resident reported raking more than 100 large bags of leaves from his half-acre property. One large oak tree can contain more than 250,000 leaves!
But did you know that homeowners have tools for reducing 100 bags of leaves to just 10?
Shredding and composting can reduce leaf volume by 90 percent and creates a manageable quantity of valuable mulch � and an excellent organic source for composting and converting into rich humus to improve the garden soil.
Shredded leaves stay seated better on the landscape than whole leaves. They also do a better job of holding moisture in the soil, and don't mat down like whole leaves.
But how do you shred leaves if you lack a costly leaf shredder?
All you need is a lawn mower, some extra time and concern for the environment. Just put the leaves on the lawn in rows around 3 feet wide and 2 feet deep.
Then, with the lawn mower at the highest wheel setting, run over the pile. If the mower has a bag attachment, collecting the shredded leaves is a neat and easy task.
Without a bag, the easiest way to collect them is to put a 9-by-12-foot drop cloth parallel to the row of leaves. Then, by running the mower in one direction so the leaves are discharged onto the cloth, cleanup is much easier.
To cut the volume of shredded leaves another 50 percent, throw them in the compost pile.
You'll be amazed by how much the leaves will shrink within a week. Shredded leaves also compost faster than whole leaves.
All you have to do to compost dry leaves is add water, a little garden soil and a cup of garden fertilizer.
Larry Williams is an agent at the Okaloosa County Extension office in Crestview.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monday, March 4, 2013 - 6:30pm to 7:30pm
Lower Level Columbus Public Library
The Columbus Public Library is holding a preview of the High School's production of Beauty and the Beast! Cast members will showcase their singing and acting talent and talk about their roles in the upcoming musical which will be performed at the Columbus High School Friday, March 15 at 7pm, Saturday, March 16th at 7pm and Sunday, March 17th at 2pm. Reserved Seating tickets available at the door or in advance at: Columbus Senior Center, Columbus High School office, and Julie's Java House. Tickets are $10.00 for adults, $7.00 for children, students and seniors! FYI: Children wearing Beauty & the Beast costumes will receive a special treat!


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Tall Models
When some people think of "models" they usually just assume they'll be tall. If a beautiful woman wants to be a runway model or a fashion model, unfortunately height is often a critical factor. All the supermodels are VERY tall. We love tall women, but we've sought out women of all sizes, including sexy petite women.
That said, we've shot some really sexy, and very tall, women. Here are some of our favorite shots.
Want to model for Bullz-Eye? All models must be at least 18 years old. Contact us if you want to be considered!
Follow us on Twitter @bullzeyedotcom and @hot_babes for updates on our new models, and you can follow us on Google+, Facebook and YouTube as well.
Carra: Featured Model
Brooke Long: Hollywood Girls
Jamie: Featured Model
April Cheryse: Internet Model
Vilayna: Glamour Girls
Elyssa: Internet Model
Sophie Turner: Featured Model
Lauren Stoner: Girls Next Door
Kelly Brannigan: Hollywood Girls
Amy Cooper: Featured Model
Jaycelle: Glamour Girls
Sarah: Featured Model
Nina: Featured Model
Diana: Girls Next Door
Susana: Featured Model
Tall Model Videos
With the incomperable Kate Upton, you get a tall supermodel who also has huge boobs. Here you can watch them bounce and jiggle around as she walks on the catwalk.
The Kate Upton Bouncing Supercut by worldwideinterweb
Tall Model Web Guide
SI Swimsuit Models
Tons of supermodels, and yes, many of them are very tall.
All Pro Models – Tall Babe
Tons of hot models here, so check out the tall babes, and the not-so-tall babes as well!
Please contact us if you're interested in being photographed for Bullz-Eye.com or if you have any suggestions for models that we might want to feature. All models must be at least 18 years old at the time the photographs are taken.
Sexy Girls and Cars
Check out this slideshow of hot babes and cool cars.
Audrina Patridge
The Hills sexy star, Audrina Patridge recently posed for Ralph Magazine!
Jenn Sterger Gallery
Here are some of the best Jenn Sterger pics. We can see why Brett Favre became obsessed with her.
Celebrity Slideshows
Check out all the hot celebrity babe photos in these celebrity slideshows.


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PAUP is a leading program for performing phylogenetic analysis for bioinformatics sequences. PAUP currently runs as a single processor program. No further enhancements are suggested.
The following versions of PAUP are available on OSC systems:
You can use
module spider paup to view available modules for a given machine. Feel free to contact OSC Help if you need other versions for your work.
PAUP is available to all OSC users without restriction.
Dave Swofford, Freeware
To configure your environment for using PAUP, run the following command:
module load paup
After loading the PAUP module, PAUP can be run with commands similar to the following:
paup nexus_file > nexus_file.out
PAUP is best run via the batch processing system. The following example batch script file will use the input file nexus_file and the output file nexus_file.out
#PBS -l walltime=10:00:00 #PBS -l nodes=1:ppn=1 #PBS -N paup #PBS -j oe cd $PBS_O_WORKDIR cp ./nexus_file $TMPDIR cd $TMPDIR module load paup paup nexus_file > nexus_file.out cp nexus_file.out $PBS_O_WORKDIR


text:
Hey Everyone!
Ok..I'm bad..I haven't updated this page in probably over a year..so it's in serious need! I have waay more costumes than this now!! But I will do it soon! I promise (..hope!) hee hee But as you can probably tell from this fact - I am a pretty busy girl. I live in California, where I was born, raised, and went to college. I float between Northern and Southern Cali, but Nor-Cal is where I was born, and so my true home. I am an actress and singer. I am currently a teacher and assistant administrative director at an Acting School for children, while I perform on the side. It's fun!
I have been cosplaying for many years! (since '98!) It's a fun hobby and I enjoy it very much, especially because it gives me an excuse to spend time with friends! =D I'm the third Goddess in a trio -- Raya and Allie Skuld are my two cosplay sisters--we've been doing this together since we started! We form the cosplay group Ah! My Cosplay. I am also the director of USA Musume! Which is another great and fun group full of friends that I love! =D
Costume 3 04992 Views
Costume 5 13393 Views
Costume 3 23180 Views
Costume 1 01866 Views
Costume 2 02801 Views
Costume 3 01933 Views
Costume 5 02761 Views
Costume 3 05129 Views
Costume 5 02945 Views
Costume 3 02611 Views
- Cloud says, "You look like a singstar in that dress nice!"
- For Rinoa Heartilly from Final Fantasy VIII
- Runespeak says, "My favorite character from Himiko-den!!! You have done her wonderfully...I have been dying to see this...Totally HOT!!!"
- For Shino from Himikoden
- Miri says, "That would certainly teach some lessons.. Awesome costume, it looks great. :D"
- For Big Bird from Sesame Street
- Miri says, "I don't know the character, but I love green, and I love the design. Nice work! :D"
- For Aya Matsuura from Nochiura Natsumi
- Angel_Aimee says, "wow.....Your beauitful"
- For Lenne from Final Fantasy X-2


text:
We supply and fit all roofline products throughout the South East.
All types of work undertaken from gutter leaks to large block of flats.
• Fascia and Bargeboards • Soffits - Plain/Vented •
Guttering - Half Round/Square
• Downpipes - Round/Square • Cladding
References and testimonials about our previous work are available upon request.
We are able to carry out works as the main contractor or sub-contractor, depending upon the requirements of the client.
We can undertake works from all sectors: Local Authority, Housing Association, Public Works, Main Contractor.


text:
Selecting your vehicle's make, model, and year allows us to display only parts and items specific to your car's model and year.
Part# CH26724
Be the First to Review
OPGI Price: $679.99
Part Type: (A) Aftermarket product, usually an enhancement product
Years: 1968-72
Sold As: KIT
2017 El Camino Catalog Page: 3372018 El Camino Catalog Page: 313
Certain items which exceed standard size are exempt from free shipping promotions. These items are noted in your cart at checkout.
These big brake kits utilize large 13" front rotors that have been cross-drilled, gas-slotted and zinc-washed for optimum looks and performance. Rotors are mounted to a precisely machined and anodized billet aluminum hub and stopping power comes from PBR C15 calipers that attach with custom mounting brackets. Front calipers feature 2 pistons, each measuring 52mm in diameter and a large brake pad surface that provides over 60% more power than the popular C5 caliper. Rear brake kits feature 12" rotors that have been treated to the same drilling, slotting and zinc finish. Custom caliper brackets support the rear calipers which feature a self-adjusting 1.78" diameter piston as well as an emergency brake for safety. Each kit works with stock or big brake spindles and comes complete with rotors, calipers, hoses, bearings, seals, brackets and all of the necessary hardware for installation. Big brake kits require the use of 17" front and 16" rear wheels.


text:
Click a topic to jump to more information:
- Internet connection and troubleshooting
- DNS issues, such as a delay or "Server could not be found"
- Troubleshooting web browser issues
- Setting up Mail
- Creating a small network
- Setting up file sharing
- Using your computer in different locations
- Setting Internet preferences
Internet connection and troubleshooting
Learn about common ways to connect to the Internet. The DNS issues section below applies to all three types.
Ethernet connection from cable modem, DSL, or LAN
These articles explain how to connect to the Internet or troubleshoot your service if you have a cable modem, digital subscriber line (DSL), or a local area network (LAN). You use your computer's Ethernet port or an AirPort base station to connect to these services.
- Information you need to connect to the Internet
- Connecting to the Internet via cable, DSL, or local area network (LAN)
- Troubleshooting a cable modem, DSL, or LAN Internet connection
- Using Ethernet to connect to a network or the Internet
Wi-Fi (wireless) connection
Learn about setting up, using, and troubleshooting a Wi-Fi Internet connection in these articles:
- Setting up an AirPort base station
- Connecting your base station to the Internet using Ethernet
- AirPort Quick Assist
- iOS: Recommended settings for Wi-Fi routers and access points
- iOS: Troubleshooting Wi-Fi networks and connections
- Resetting an AirPort Base Station or Time Capsule FAQ
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
Use these articles if your cable or DSL Internet service provider requires you to connect to the Internet using PPPoE.
DNS issues - "Server Could Not Be Found", webpages load slowly
DNS-related alert messages
It's possible to successfully connect to the Internet but not be able to load webpages or do other things that use the Internet. You may see messages such as:
- "The server could not be found."
- "The specified server could not be found."
- "A connection failure has occurred."
- "Connection attempt failed."
- "Name servers not responding."
Delay before connection
In some cases, webpages might load, but you have to wait quite a bit before they do. This could be caused by DNS issues.
The domain name system (DNS) server, which is provided by your Internet service provider or network administrator, translates names like "www.apple.com" to their numerical IP addresses. For more information, see this article:
Troubleshooting web browser issues
If your web browser can connect to the Internet but has other issues, such as quitting unexpectedly or becoming unresponsive ("freezing") there are other steps you can try.
Setting up Mail
You can read all about setting up Mail, the email application included with Mac OS X.
Creating a small network
You can create a simple Ethernet network for your home or office, including a wireless network based on AirPort.
File Sharing
Read the Mac 101: File sharing to learn about sharing with other Macs. Mac OS X also offers a number of ways to share with other platforms; see Mac OS X: Sharing your files with non-Apple computers.
Using your computer in different locations
If you use your computer in different locations, at home and school, for example, you can easily set up your Internet connections to match your locations and port configurations.
Setting Internet preferences
Set preferences within Internet applications. See Mac OS X: How to change the default web browser or email application.
Learn more
PPP (dial up)
PPP is also known as "dial-up" or "plain old telephone service (POTS)". These articles apply if you access the Internet by using a modem and analog telephone line. Learn how to connect to the Internet or troubleshoot your service:
- Mac OS X: How to connect to the Internet with PPP (dial-up access) and a modem
- Mac OS X: Troubleshooting a dial-up (PPP) Internet connection
- Mac OS X: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PPP Modem Connections
- Information you need to connect to the Internet
Connecting to the Internet via PPP and a compatible GPRS mobile telephone
See Macintosh: How to Connect to the Internet Using a GPRS Mobile Telephone.
Unexpected PPP dial-up?
If your computer automatically connects to the Internet when you do not expect or want it to, see these articles:
Mac OS X: How to Disable or Enable Automatic Modem (PPP) Connections
Mac OS X: Some Services Cause Modem Connection During Startup


text:
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text:
keep getting le error on samsung vrt wf218anw washer. can watch the water enter the machine. not sure what to look for any help would be appreciated.
this is my personal washer so i know the history on it so this may seem long winded. i picked up this washer when it was 4 months old from a woman who swore it had a warped tub, so i went to check it out and determined that it was just a level problem. so i brought it home and hooked it up all level and everything no problems. so saturday i did a load of towels no problem, then i did a load of whites, told the kids i was doing whites so they gathered up all of their white stuff and put it in mind you not paying much attention i was thinking it was all socks underwear and a few tshirts not realizing they put in hoodies and such. so anyway i started washer it started as usual as i was folding other laundry i hear this odd beeping of the washer i go check it out and see the le error. so i go check the manual and le error means washer attempted to fill but couldnt. so immediately i set up camp in front of washer (my kids thinking i lost it) and start it again to watch what exactly is going on. it started to fill quit tumbled a few times attempted to fill again tumbel a few times , it did this like 4 times them le occurred. so i unplugged it for 5 minutes and started it again same thing. while it did this i could also hear a trickling of water. so i set it to rinse and spin let it finish took out the load which was much bigger than i realized.took out the drain filter cleaned it out, there wasnt much in it. and started it empty, this time it contunually filled as it should and went all the way through as it should. since then ive done like 25 loads with no problems..
from what i have seen doing samsung warranty, it does not matter what the fault is.... when you call they will say change the boardyou could say the machine is pourng water on the floor and they will say change the board first
Bottom line---as a warranty servicer---it usually pays to keep digging (sometimes for several months,unfortunately) until you get an answer that solves your customer'sproblem(s).
QuoteBottom line---as a warranty servicer---it usually pays to keep digging (sometimes for several months,unfortunately) until you get an answer that solves your customer'sproblem(s). I don't know about your customers, but mine don't like to wait several months.
...a "transient event"? I'm still chuckling...also, Samsung's great idea with the dual balance rings finally has an Achille's heel...it does not work in cold weather, ha-ha.
celebrate...ah, no...I can't help but wonder how they did their R&D on this beforehand. Probably in a tropical setting no doubt.


text:
|View Poll Results: Cohabiting before marriage: yay or nay?
|Who cares? Marriage is an outdated institution anyway.
|Voters: 312. You may not vote on this poll
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Re: Living together before marriage. Yay or nay?
I didn't read all the responses but I imagine you got some wonderful advice already. I moved in with my ex because of a very unplanned pregnancy. He was not "the one" but I was pregnant and wanted my baby having a traditional family. We were talking about marriage and I was going to do "the right thing". Then I had my baby and I totally snappedout of it. I immediately broke up with him and never looked back. I think deep down I knew what was right, but I was so worried about appearances. Now I don't care at all what anyone thinks. I always do what is best for me and for my DD.
My advice is don't move in with him because you're pregnant. That's just a horrible thing to do, trust me. Also you aren't ready to move in by the sounds of it. You two seem to be on different oases when talking about the future. Unfortunately pregnancy just speeds relations up, buti highly recommend taking it slowly and doing what feels right, not what society or friends or family are pressuring you to do.
Banned for 6 months for ignoring repeated request to attempt to be polite/respectful.
Join Date: Aug 2012
Posts: 1,142
Re: Living together before marriage. Yay or nay?
My husband and I lived together for 3 years before marrying. The 6 months of our marriage have been harder then those 3 years because it is a change in mindset. BUT. We are so willing to work for what we have and fight to prevent it falling apart that we stand a good chance of making it.
Every relationship can work if both parties are willing to work at it and work darn hard at it.
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Re: Living together before marriage. Yay or nay?
You can take your relationship with him as A)boyfriend and B) father of your child at different rates. If you weren't pregnant, would you move in? My DH and I got pregnant fairly quickly in our relationship and I moved in when I was a few months along, but it made sense for us both where we were in our relationship togeter (I would have even if I hadn't been pregnant). We too lived an hour apart and I spet more time at his house than my own apartment, and after 6 months together we were ready. He proposed a short time later but we didn't get married for 2 more years, when pg with DD2. For us, we were able to co-parent and be mommy/daddy together to our children without feeling like we needed to be married. After being together for 2.5 years, we were ready for marriage.
Sounds like you need to have a serious talk with him. He may be open to commitment but just of a different sort. Maybe your timelines or journeys are different, even though the goal is the same. It's a hard place to be in. Don't put pressure, ask open-ended questions, and avoid absolutes.
SAHM to Coralie, 1/09, Siri 9/10, Ellie Sue 9/12, Baby #4 due May 2014.
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Re: Living together before marriage. Yay or nay?
Thanks for your input. A few interesting things happened this long weekend. First, we spent Saturday at his family's camp for an early Thanksgiving dinner (his family lives all over the US and come to Maine for the summer). We were asked twice if we were going to get married. The first time I dodged the bullet by saying: "I guess there is no point now...since we had dessert first!". Then, his dad asked if my last name was still my ex's. I said yes and explained that I decided to go to the path of least resistance and I wanted my son and I to have the same last name. Little did I know I was going to meet his son (who BTW, is not happy with the fact I still have my ex's last name). Ryan's aunt then said: "Well, you can change your last name if you guys get married". I really had enough, so very politely I said: "He does not want to get married".
Silence. Ryan protested loudly, and replied: "Well, that is not necessarily true!". And then proceeded to change the subject. Shortly after that we left, and spent the night at Ryan's parents.
The following day his mom asked how I was doing, and I spilled the beans about what had been happening and how anxious and insecure I felt. She listened carefully and calm me down, and in a very gentle and motherly way told me that her son does love me, but is letting his past rule his present.
"He thinks marriage ruins everything. He loves you. He keeps telling me: Mom, I love her so much! She is the one. Just give him time. I still have no clue what his ex did to him that left him jaded. But you are not like his ex and Ryan is not like yours. You guys live in fear of history repeating itself and all you'll end up doing is ruin a beautiful relationship."
It made so much sense that I felt relieved. I thought he had overcome his marriage failure. Turns out like-most men- he set his feelings aside. I am very open and honest about what a mess I still am and I am working on getting back on track. Now it seems he has work to do but I think together we can overcome that.
Proud mom to my intact, mostly unvaccinated, baby boys Jayden (11/30/08) and Riley (03/28/2013). WOHM who still manages to lead a semi-crunchy, mostly organic, homeopathic, frugal life.
Last edited by Iliana; 09-04-2012 at 06:13 PM. Reason: clarity
Join Date: Sep 2012
Posts: 15
Re: Living together before marriage. Yay or nay?
You're lucky to have future in laws like his mom and I should agree that she's right. Don't rush things over because a lot is pressuring the two of you. If only I could turn back time, I'll definitely not marry first my DH because I was pregnant. Unfortunately, divorce is not permitted here in my country so I have no choice but to stay with him. We have two kids now and still our means can't really support a family. I think we really have to wait when will they mature and hopefully it's soon.
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Honestly-I think all these opinions you're gathering will only do one of two things. Confuse you even more or solidify what you know but don't want to face for whatever reason. Bottom line is either YOU are comfortable with Living together or not, even though that seems like a superfluous issue to me. What seems to be the issue (and I could be wrong) is that you want a clear cut 100% out there "I will never leave you" commitment. And to you it seems that a wedding is the first step in that direction. If that's how you feel, whether you want a huge gala affair or a small backyard cookout, you HAVE to make it clear. You and he need to sit down and actually talk about things. I know pregnancy hormones will make it difficult but it needs to be done. Because if he thinks all you want is a wedding and everything else is jut second fiddle then I can see him being hesitant. From what I've read here it seems that you and he both want the same end goal-a marriage and commitment. You just disagree on the road to getting there. All the statistics in the world an all the advice and anecdotes from strangers on the Internet (who are all lovely women-and men-by te way) won't change what you need to feel secure and happy. Which is why I'm not sharing my personal views. They don't matter. All that matters is you and what you need and your boyfriend and what he needs. I'm sorry if this came off as preachy by the way. I hope you find peace with whatever decision you make. ::
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Re: Living together before marriage. Yay or nay?
I was always for it but am not now. My current bf and I moved in 3 years ago. We had had both been married and divorced before. We had only been dating 9 months when we moved in together. I will avoid the details but there were circumstances that pushed us a little faster. We moved in with my 2 boys and his dd. We planned on getting married but weren't engaged. A year later he moved out. He stayed in the same town and we kept dating. It was hard on me and the kiddos. Not to mention I now have a more expensive house payment and all that crud. We are oddly still together, talking seriously about getting married now. Even though we are both stretched financially we aren't moving in until we are married.
It just depends on who you are. Relationships are sooo hard and I wish you the best at working this out!!! Congrats on the pg!
Suzi, working mama to my ODS(2004) , YDS(2006), DSD(2004) and married to the love of my life
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Re: Living together before marriage. Yay or nay?
I say it's absolutely imperative for a couple to live together with a little one coming along, if ONLY so that the couple can both help each other in caring for the child.
My partner and I have lived together for 7 years and have an almost-2 year old. We are not married. Nor are we intentionally "unmarried". We're just a loving couple raising a family together. [And yes, now that we have a little one EVERYONE assumes that we're married.. but that's another thread topic there.]
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Re: Living together before marriage. Yay or nay?
I say yay. We've been living together for 6 years, and we started as roommates, not dating. We've bought and are currently selling a house, have two kids, and are working on number 3, and we've never been, nor do we plan on getting married It works for us. We are happy as can be!
Renea Mama to Connor , Ava and Scarlett Chevelle
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I said yay but only if you want to. For me I will not marry a guy til I live with him a min of 6 months and not sure I would marry again anyway.
Alisha I know how to spell my Samsung Galaxy S2 does not.
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A few years ago, my family cut back on the amount of Christmas gifts we gave each other. Rather, each individual decides on a charity and makes a donation in place of the gifts we would have given each other. And honestly, it has been such a blessing. Last year, Shawn and I chose an organization through our church that supplies sewing machines to women in underdeveloped countries so that they can learn to not only make clothing for their families, but items to sell to earn an income. As you can imagine, I fell in love with this idea as soon as I learned about it.
I sew because I love to do it.
These women sew out of necessity.
So, while my family shopping list is pretty minimal, we love to find little ways to bless those that have blessed us during the year.
Here's an idea for a simple gift with a handmade touch that will show someone how much you appreciate them.
Homemade bath salts
You'll need:
1 clear jar
(I run mine through the sanitize cycle in my dishwasher, or you can submerge them in boiling water for a few minutes)
1 scrap of fabric
Ribbon or string
Cardstock paper
Epsom salt
Baking soda
Essential Oil in any fragrance
(lavender and peppermint are my favorites)
You can also use lemon juice or vanilla extract
Mix 3 cups of Epsom salt (regular table salt won't work – it is extremely drying to the skin) and 1 or 2 teaspoons of baking soda in a bowl. Add 10-12 drops (more or less depending on how strong you prefer your fragrance) of essential oil and mix well. You can also use lemon juice or vanilla extract in place of essential oil.
Pour mixture into glass jar. Make sure that you use a jar that seals well. You want to keep this as dry as possible because moisture can cause the mixture to clump together.
Cover the jar with fabric and tie a ribbon on. Attach a note with instructions to add 1/2 cup to a warm bath and relax!
OR! If you want to make this even simpler, I found this bag of lavender bath salts at WalMart for less than $5. You could simply pour this into jars and top it off with some festive fabric, ribbon and a note!
Hannah's Sunday School teachers will each be getting one of these tomorrow. And on Tuesday, we'll be stopping by our favorite doctor's office to drop some of these off to some special nurses who take such good care of us all year!


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Somehow, there appears to be a trace of Goju-Ryu body mechanics in the Kishaba Juku Shorin-Ryu that I am learning and teach. It must have come to me through the instruction of Sensei Katsuhiko Shinzato. But what form of Goju-Ryu body dynamics?
My first impression of Goju-Ryu was of muscular, thick necked, men who seems to strain and grunt, especially when carrying heavy stone jars! They seemed to be doing extreme dynamic tension -- like balloons ready to pop! I have to say that some Goju-Ryu people still look like that to me today.
However, I became aware that there are different ways to move in Goju-Ryu. While some students are very "hard", others have a much softer form of movement. The "hard" students are hard from the beginning while the softer students are "hard" only at the split second of contact. There are Goju-Ryu students with fantastic kime, and power that is derived from their entire bodies, directed and amplified by their koshi, and channeled, with no waste of energy, to their intended target.
Look at photographs of Kanryo Higashionna and Chojun Miyagi. They have completely different body types. Higashionna was slim and light while Miyagi was muscular and thicker. I also understand that Higashionna and Miyagi used different forms of breathing, Higashionna's being softer. Miyagi Sensei was not Higashionna's only student. While Miyagi's Goju-Ryu became the main style, it was not the only one, and Miyagi's own students may have learned differently.
My point is that the image of a tight, straining Goju-Ryu student is not the only one (I am not suggesting that Chojun Miyagi looked or moved like this -- I tend to think that he did not). I mentioned that I have had the opportunity to observe Sensei Alan Lee, who learned from Tomu Arakawa, who in turn learned from Kanki Izumigawa, who learned from Higa Seko. Lee Sensei is built more like Higashionna Sensei. His movements are light and his kime is extremely sharp -- he is relaxed until the split second of contact, and then he is relaxed again.
I also have had the opportunity to train briefly with Morio Higaonna. Despite his fearsome appearance (my students worried that he was killing me), his touch was like silk. He too was relaxed, and could deliver power like a steel whip.
Now we are getting closer to what I mean by the trace of Goju-Ryu mechanics that may be in present the Kishaba Juku form of Shorin-Ryu -- body generated power, using a relaxed body, amplified and directed by the koshi, with tension only for the split second of contact, energy transfer on the recoiling hip, with energy recovered for the next movement...
With such a core mechanic, I tend to think that the style through which it is expressed should not matter. Hard soft, soft hard, coiling and recoiling, relaxing and tensing, compressing and releasing, contracting and expanding. It goes on and on. the style does not matter. It is not what you call it -- it is how you move.
Charles C. Goodin
Goju-Ryu and Shorin-Ryu Connection: Part 4
Somehow, there appears to be a trace of Goju-Ryu body mechanics in the Kishaba Juku Shorin-Ryu that I am learning and teach. It must have come to me through the instruction of Sensei Katsuhiko Shinzato. But what form of Goju-Ryu body dynamics?
Posted by Charles C. Goodin on Wednesday, October 11, 2006


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"It was one of those days, actually it had been a month of those days, where nothing was going right," said Sandy Wright. "I promised my daughter I would take her to the library book sale, so I dragged myself there. A woman we didn't know took special interest in us. She told my daughter what a smart choice of books she selected, and complimented me on my parenting. This woman had us laughing out loud and I left feeling so good about myself that the rest of the day was great. This person that brightened our day was Joan Nelson."
Nelson, whose first name is pronounced "Jo Ann," perks up people's days in her various volunteer activities, be it Whidbey Island Center for the Arts, CERT, Clinton Water District, Ferry Advisory Committee, Sub Area Planning, Sheriff's precinct volunteer, Sno-Isle Libraries, or any of her many other community involvements.
She could brighten anyone's day, said Sara Benum, neighbor and fellow volunteer. "Joan is always looking out for other people and available if you need her. She saves all her change in a jar, and when the jar gets full she donates it to local charities and starts filling it up again. Joan has organized Clinton Library book sales complete with her cookies. She is my role model in so many ways, she's absolutely honest and trustworthy," Benum said, "except when she tells you she is 5'7 as she is actually 4'11.
Patty Norman, neighbor, said, "Joan is the mayor of all, she's volunteered for a bazillion years. Her daily walks are like a yellow streak of lightning; as she walks in her yellow jacket, she goes faster than my car. She is so caring, and her sense of humor and wit never quit."
Nelson opens the door to her home and greets the visitor with a big smile and a large lapel pin that says Town Grouch. She has the fireplace lit and a platter of healthy snacks prepared. When asked about the "Town Grouch" pin she answers, "Oh, that was my name when I worked for Dr. Purdy in Langley, because I complained about this and complained about that," she laughed. "For instance, why doesn't everyone learn English in this country? I think when we call and get a recording it should say: press 1 for English, press 2 to learn English."
She continued, "And how come I don't have a neck?" She stands up, turns to the side and shows she hasn't a noticeable neck, and says "but I am 5-foot-7, you know.
"I try to look at the funny side of life, so I don't cry a lot," she said, showing a magnet on her refrigerator that reads, 'Poop happens, just pick it up and move on.' "We all have much in life we can cry about."
She pours coffee into a cup but spills it, as her hands shake because of an "Essential Tremor" she's lived with since she was a teenager. When asked if this has been a hardship for her, she answered, "Not really, I have learned to compensate for it, and others have had to compensate for it too," she said, smiling. "It can be embarrassing, but then everyone has hardships to overcome."
Growing up was not easy as her family was very poor. Her mother had to work to support the family, as her dad was in the hospital often.
Inquiring about a family photo on the wall of her and her husband and three children, she begins to tear up. "You know losing my husband 10 years ago was very hard, but losing my son almost three years ago was the worst." Her husband Don was a South Whidbey principal and teacher. "Our son Don was also a teacher at South Whidbey, and later at Harbour Pointe," she said. "Don taught until 10 days before he left us due to cancer. It was there that a special school assembly made a film for him with the students singing 'We love you Mr. Nelson'."
"At the local Celebration of Life for Don, held at our high school auditorium, leis were distributed to all who attended. Many were wearing Hawaiian shirts in honor of Don, his favorite mode of clothing."
She gets a Kleenex to wipe her tears and re-composes. "We were fortunate to have him for 59 years, I have to look at it that way."
Nelson said faith and humor comfort her every day. "Each night I ask that God help me be a better person and to help others."
Regarding humor she said, "If you really want to laugh go and see the local group of guys called 'Rural Characters.' They are a panic! One of their routines is about ferry workers." She gets up and acts out the entire storied song. "We have to have fun, it's the only way to get through life," she remarked as she showed a favorite poem: "This is so true," she said, reciting the lines: "I know you have problems as great as my own, I'm forced to admit it is true. But consider the fact mine happens to me and yours only happens to you."
Does she have regrets? "Oh yes, I am a work in progress, I need a lot of improvements. Here's an example that has bothered me for over 70 years. I opened the door for a woman at a shopping center, and when she thanked me, I said 'Oh that's OK, I would have done it for a dog.' I thought at the time I was being funny, but afterwards I realized that was extremely rude. Since then I have tried to be more thoughtful.
"More importantly I wish I had been a more patient parent with our children, less frugal and more understanding."
Daughter Robin Hernandez wrote, "I always say I have the best mother in the world, and I truly mean it, everyone that meets her loves her. She was the quintessential stay-at-home mom, making everything from our food, clothes, to building cabinets. She and my dad taught us we can do anything if we put our minds to it. Their volunteering taught us to care about others and our community."
Nelson said of her husband, "He was the perfect husband, always proud of me for no reason. You know in the last month I have dreamed of him often, do you suppose this means I am getting ready to see him again? I wonder what heaven is like; you know at my age one does think of these things. Will I know my husband and my son when I get there? I hope so. I ask God these questions, but he hasn't answered me yet."
Debby Colfer, Clinton Library branch manager, said, "Joan has served on the Friends of the Clinton Library board in various positions over many years. She shows up at programs in case I need help. Joan has presented children's programs about making envelopes from colorful papers. She was patient with the kids, and made them feel so successful. Joan invited me to stay at her home when we had a big surprise snowstorm several years ago, because she was worried about me driving to Greenbank. She was a marvelous hostess, giving up her bedroom. I would have happily slept on the couch, but she insisted that I sleep in her bedroom in a comfortable bed. I feel like this exemplifies who Joan is.
"When I look up and see Joan coming into the library it brightens my day. She adds joy to the lives of others through her sunny personality."
Joan Page Nelson
Born: Feb. 23, 1928, in Kent, Wash.
Parents: Earl and Louolie Griffin, both deceased.
Siblings: One sister Mary, deceased.
Spouse: Don Nelson, deceased 2003, married on Dec. 23, 1948.
Children: Son Don Nelson, deceased at age 59 (would have been 63), Marilee age 61, Robin age 59.
Grandchildren: Five grandchildren, five great-grandchildren with another on the way; three step-grandchildren and two step-greats.
Years on Whidbey: 59.
Hobbies: Reading, traveling, volunteering, complaining.
Up close and personal
If you knew you couldn't fail, what would you do?
"Write good children's books which would inspire them to explore, be inquisitive and live a good, happy life. I have started three, one about a latchkey boy."
What would you like to change in yourself?
"Good grief! Name anything and it needs improving, more patience, better listener, stop interrupting, the list goes on."
Who would you like to apologize to?
"Likely, almost everyone I talk to. Why? I jump in and interrupt."
What qualities do you admire in a person?
"Sense of humor, honesty, treating everyone as equals, sharing love of life and knowledge, and shares your opinions but let others have theirs too."
What do you wish you never found out?
"That I am only 4 feet, 11 inches and not a redhead."
What do you do when you feel down?
"Turn my mind to something else, or hum."
If you could be an inanimate object what would it be?
"A lawn swing, kids would jump on me, laughing and playing."
What is something you wish you were good at?
"Speaking a foreign language."
What questions would you like to ask others?
"If you could do something over again, what would it be? And what brought you to Whidbey?"
Who are people you admire?
"Roy Simmons, one of the nicest kindest guys, Ann Gordon, one of the pluckiest woman ever! Helen Price Johnson and Norma Smith, both elected officials who listen closely to their constituents, consider all sides of an issue, of how the majority feel. Mike Helland, hardworking kind of person, like a son to me, Rob Rorex, another kind, hardworking human and like a son to me.
"All teachers trying to cope with different personalities, all firefighters, all EMS, all Sheriff's deputies, all police for keeping us safe at all hours."


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Urban inspired designs which blur the boundaries between indoor and outdoor use are all the rage in the world of interior design at the moment. There are two main trends which are prominent this season – brick effect wallpaper and graffiti wallpaper. Such bold designs can be difficult to incorporate into your home so with this blog we are going to look at how you can integrate brick wallpaper into your home to create a fabulous look, whether your property is modern or period.
Room #1 – The Den
If you are new to bold and eye-catching wallpaper designs such as brick effect wallpaper, it is easiest to incorporate it into an ancillary room in your home like the den, family room or teen pad. This will allow you add a look completely different to the rest of your home without ruining the actual flow of style throughout the rest of the house. Brick wallpaper like Muriva Loft Brick Wallpaper (image 1) is a great choice as the slightly decaying style helps to add an edgy sense of style to the room. This eye-catching wallpaper features the traditional English red brick design which is great for achieving a real earthy and authentic look. The rich red colour will also help to add warmth and vibrancy to the room too. For the best result, use throughout the room and team with concrete accessories for an informal, grunge look.
Room #2 – The Bathroom
Now the bathroom isn't usually an obvious choice for trying out new wallpaper designs and in reality, the bathroom is usually overlooked in the style states which creates a blank canvas to actually put your mark on, or in this case bricks on. The Fine Décor Slate Wallpaper (image 2) is a great choice for the bathroom. Available in a choice of three slightly different colour schemes, and all in contemporary grey, any one of them will add a touch of sophistication to the bathroom. To complete the look, it can be used on just one wall as a feature and why not add chrome fixtures and fittings for a modern look. Vibrant mustard toned towels will add a fashionable punch of colour.
Room #3 – The Living Room
The living room is a room that you probably spend a great deal of time in whilst at home and by adding brick wallpaper, you will be making a bold style statement. In this room, why not choose a rich red brick wallpaper design like the Fine Décor Rustic Brick Wallpaper (image 3).This will add warmth and interest to the room without overpowering it. For the best result, you can use the brick effect wallpaper just on one wall to create a feature and combine with stainless steel elements and pops of industrial styling for an on trend look.
Whatever room you decide to add brick effect wallpaper into, you will have a great choice of red brick and grey brick wallpaper designs to choose from which are available from all leading suppliers.
Please see our website GO WALLPAPER listed on GetDecorating's PRODUCTS & SERVICES DIRECTORY under: United Kingdom, Wallpaper/Wall Borders/ Wall Murals.
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What is Secondary DNS?
The Secondary DNS provides a way to distribute the DNS traffic for a domain name to two or more DNS providers for the best possible uptime and redundancy in very easy and friendly way. You can manage the DNS records of the domain name only at single (Primary DNS) provider and the second provider using the Secondary DNS technology can be kept up to date and synchronized automatically.
Benefits from using Secondary DNS service
Some of the main benefits of setting a Secondary DNS include:
- 100% Uptime: If the Primary DNS provider becomes unavailable, the DNS traffic will automatically be served by the secondary provider without any visible effects to the visitors of the web site.
- Backup DNS: The Secondary DNS can be used as backup plan, if something happens with the primary provider. You will have a fresh copy of all your DNS records.
- Provider independency: Last few years the DDoS attacks are growing in both frequency and severity. Adding additional DNS provider with Secondary DNS gives you better security and provider independency.
- Additional security: If you manage own DNS servers, you can secure them with Secondary DNS configuration with hidden Master. ClouDNS will handle all the public traffic for you.
- Easy migration from self hosted DNS to Managed Anycast DNS: If you manage your own DNS servers, adding Secondary DNS is a fairly easy process. You can migrate to DDoS Protected and Anycast DNS transparently without any other changes of your management system, access and control panels.
Additional benefits of using ClouDNS's Secondary DNS:
- クラウドベースのインフラストラクチャ: ClouDNS is designed to operate as cloud-based infrastructure service. Our self-developed system for synchronization and data distribution allows you to monitor in real time the DNS zones status at each location. With our service, you can add extra DNS resources instantly at any time.
- DDoS対策機能: In light of the recent rise of DDoS attacks, it has become increasingly important for companies to have active protection. Our self-developed protection for DNS-based attacks is designed to mitigate any type of DDoS attacks over multiple DDoS Protection facilities. Our experts have broad experience in the new DDoS Mitigation technologies combined with long years partnership with the leading DDoS Mitigation companies.
- エニーキャストDNS: Fastest possible DNS responses to the end users and resolvers. Real hardware, route monitoring and full dual stack network (IPv4 and IPv6) available at each POP.
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With a graceful design reminicent of caligraphy, this harp captures the romance and splendor of the Far East.
The Emperor Harp wind chime embodies the magical sound and mystery that await those who travel to exotic lands. In the 2nd century B.C., during China's Han Dynasty, caravans of traders established a series of routes across Eurasia linking East to West. This ancient trading network known as the "Silk Road" would endure for over 1500 years. It served not only as a pathway for precious goods such as silk, jade and spices, but also for new ideas, technology, art and music. The lure of a long journey filled with romance and adventure remains.This chime is designed to hang from a string loop, rather than an o-ring.


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Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
Volume 2010, Article ID 915980, 8 pages
High-Throughput Sequencing of MicroRNAs in Adenovirus Type 3 Infected Human Laryngeal Epithelial Cells
1State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, SiPaiLou2#, Nanjing 210096, China
2Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Microbiological Laboratory, Jiangsu Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), 172 Jiangsu Rd, Nanjing 210009, China
Received 11 February 2010; Revised 27 March 2010; Accepted 31 March 2010
Academic Editor: Momiao Xiong
Copyright © 2010 Yuhua Qi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Adenovirus infection can cause various illnesses depending on the infecting serotype, such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, and rash illness, but the infection mechanism is still unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have been reported to play essential roles in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and pathogenesis of human diseases including viral infections. We analyzed the miRNA expression profiles from adenovirus type 3 (AD3) infected Human laryngeal epithelial (Hep2) cells using a SOLiD deep sequencing. 492 precursor miRNAs were identified in the AD3 infected Hep2 cells, and 540 precursor miRNAs were identified in the control. A total of 44 miRNAs demonstrated high expression and 36 miRNAs showed lower expression in the AD3 infected cells than control. The biogenesis of miRNAs has been analyzed, and some of the SOLiD results were confirmed by Quantitative PCR analysis. The present studies may provide a useful clue for the biological function research into AD3 infection.
1. Introduction
Adenovirus (AD) belongs to a family of nonenveloped icosahedral viruses containing a double-stranded DNA genome, Adenoviridae, and genus Mastadenovirus. There are 53 human AD serotypes divided into seven subgroups (A to G) based on immunologic, biologic, and biochemical characteristics [1]. Among these, viruses in groups B1, C, and E cause respiratory infections, group B2 viruses infect the kidney and urinary tract; group F viruses cause gastroenteritis; and several group D serotypes are associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis [1]. Most people recover from AD infections by themselves, but people with immunodeficiency and small children are at higher risk of fatal adenovirus infection. Studies showed that AD can evade host immune responses, such as inhibition of interferon functions by RNA and E1A, and inhibition of intrinsic cellular apoptosis in infected cells [2]. The interaction between the virus and its host is still not clear. Recently, several studies evaluated human adenoviruses which play an important role in the study of tumorigenesis, including oncogenic transformation of cells, immune evasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis [3, 4]. There are no antiviral drugs to treat adenoviral infections, so treatment is largely directed at the symptoms. The discovery of the AD yielded further evidence that viruses can sometimes interfere with each other during the growth and replication within a host animal. Other researchers found that this interference can be mediated by interferon produced by the host animal. So interferon has become prominent in the treatment of a variety of cancers and infectious diseases, such as hepatitis C [5]. Recently, several studies demonstrated that RNA interference (RNAi) can also be used for treatment with viral infection in vitro, such as hepatitis B virus, coxsackievirus B3, and Coxsackievirus A16 [6–8]. These findings indicate that those specific siRNAs targeted viruses are not as effective as expected.
RNAi can also be triggered by microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short ~22 nucleotide RNA sequences that bind complementary sequences in the UTR of multiple target mRNAs, playing an important role in the development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of organisms. Growing evidences have indicated a strong association between microRNAs and various viral infections. For example, miR-125b, mirR-150, miR-382, and miR-223 have been reported to contribute to the maintenance of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) latency in resting CD4+ T cells [9]. Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpes viruses (KSHVs) have been reported to encode miRNAs [10], but the functions of most of them are not known. miRNAs have been reported to be used as a tool for gene specific therapeutics against viral infections [11]. The potential use of miRNAs as novel noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis has been suggested in other studies [12–14].
In this study, we used a strategy of initial screening by Applied Biosystems' next generation sequencing system which is Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection (SOLiD) and validation by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), to analyze the different miRNA expression profiling in AD3 infected Hep2 cells.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and Virus Infection
Human laryngeal epithelial (Hep2) cells were cultivated in complete RPMI medium 1640 (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. When the Hep2 cells were grown in 25-cm2 flasks reached to 70% confluence, they were infected with AD3 at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 0.4 under 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50), and maintained after infection at in RPMI 1640 medium with 2% FCS.
2.2. RNA Isolation
Hep2 cells were infected with AD3 as described above. At 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours post infection (p.i.), RNA samples were prepared from AD3 infected Hep2 cells and controlled Hep2 cells using a mirVana miRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion): 102–107 cultured cells were washed in 1% PBS for three times, washed cells were mixed with 600 l Lysis/Binding Solution and 1/10 volume of miRNA Homogenate Additive thoroughly by vortexing and incubated on ice for 10 minutes An equal volume of acid/phenol/chloroform (Ambion) was then added to the each aliquot. The solution was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 10,000 g at room temperature. For miRNA isolation, the extraction was mixed thoroughly with 1/3 volume of 100% ethanol and passed through a column (Ambion). The flow-through was contained the small RNAs. The filtrate was then mixed thoroughly with 2/3 volume 100% ethanol and passed through the second column (Ambion). The column was washed following the protocol, and miRNAs were eluted in 100 l of elution buffer (). For total RNA isolation, the extraction was mixed thoroughly with 1.25 volume of 100% ethanol and passed through a column (Ambion). The column was washed following the protocol and total RNA were eluted in 100 l of elution buffer (). A total of 1 l of the eluate was quantified by Nanodrop.
2.3. SOLiD Sequencing and Sequence Analysis
MiRNA samples (100 ng) isolated from AD3 infected Hep2 cells and control Hep2 cells were processed into sequencing libraries using the Small RNA Expression Kit (Applied Biosystems). Briefly, RNA was ligated overnight with the adapters from the kit, reverse transcribed, RNAse H-treated, and PCR-amplified before size selection on Agarose gels to contain 16–61 nt of inserted sequences. Libraries were amplified onto beads using emulsion PCR, deposited on slides, and sequenced using the SOLiD v 2 sequencing system (Applied Biosystems) [15] at the State Key Lab of Bioelectronics Laboratory, Southeast University of China. Finally, SOLiD data was first analyzed by SOLiD System Small RNA Analysis Pipeline Tool (RNA2MAP). Firstly, the parameters set for alignments were the maximum length (18 nt) and the tolerance of 3 mismatches when generating initial seeds locations. In the extension step, less than 6 mismatches were allowed in full length mapping. The miRBase sequences (Sanger) of human being was download from miRBase (http://www.mirbase.org/). Acceptable sequences were compared to the miRBase database (release 14.0). To increase signal above noise, we conservatively selected only those alignments corresponding to beads sampled a minimum of 10 times in any of the libraries.
2.4. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)
To confirm the expression of miRNAs by deep sequencing approach, stem-loop quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed. Briefly, cDNA was synthesized from total RNA by using AMV reverse transcriptase (TaKaRa). The 20 L reactions were incubated for 15 minutes at , 30 minutes at and 5 minutes at , and then held at . Subsequently, the 20 L PCR reactions included 1 l RT-PCR product, 10 l Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa), and 1 l SYBR green (Invitrogen). The reactions were incubated in a 96-well optical plate at for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of for 15 seconds, and for 1 minute. Q-PCR assay was performed in triplicate using an ABI 7500 machine (Applied Biosystems). The expression levels of candidate miRNAs were measured in terms of threshold cycle value () and normalized to Human small nuclear RNA U6. The ratio of two groups of miRNAs was calculated by using the equation [16], in which , and .
2.5. Statistical Analysis
We firstly used the Z-test to determine the statistical significance of the differences between the two libraries. This approach is to look at the number of copies of a specific miRNA per cell as a fraction or proportion of the total number of miRNA molecules in that cell. The same proportion (p) of specific tags should be present in the miRNA library of all sequenced tags [17] So the Z-value for a specific miRNA could be calculated as following: The proportion , the expected proportion when the null hypothesis is true, is calculated as . The Z statistic is approximately normally distributed and can be compared with critical Z value for the two-sided significance level [17].
A Z-test was used to deal with the raw data by considering both the copies and fold change of miRNAs. Candidate miRNAs should be fulfil three criteria: (1) mean fold change 2, (2) having at least 10 copies by SOLiD sequencing, and (3) Z score 1.96 or −1.96 for .
3. Results
3.1. Replication of AD3 in Hep2 Cells
Cytopathic effect (CPE) was first observed at 24 hours post infection and progressed to moderate and severe CPE at 72 hours and 96 hours, respectively. miRNA extracted from cells after 72 hours of infection was used for SOLiD deep sequencing.
3.2. SOLiD Sequencing of miRNAs from Hep2 Cells Infected by AD3 and Control Hep2 Cells
To search for the miRNAs expression in AD3 infected Hep2 cells and the control, we prepared these two miRNA samples for sequencing by the SOLiD system. 358,297 effective reads were obtained in AD3 infected cells and 479,414 effective reads in control cells. After filtrating reads contaminated by rRNAetc (rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA), repeat fractions, and degraded fractions, the remaining effective reads were mapped to the human precursor libraries. 37,800 and 78,143 reads were obtained from infected and control cells, respectively. In these reads, the most abundant size class was 22 nt in both of AD3 infected Hep2 cells and the control. The percentage was 29.3% and 34.6% respectively. Following was 23 nt (27.7% in AD3 infected Hep2 cells and 26.3% in the control) (Figure 1). Compared to the miRBase (14.0), 492 precursor, miRNA out of 734 known precursor miRNAs were identified among the AD3 infected Hep2 cells, and 540 precursor miRNAs were identified among the control Hep2 cells. All of the known miRNAs have been characterized in the Sanger miRBase sequence database. Figure 2 showed the distribution of genomic loci in the chromosome. All of the human chromosome were located in the precursor miRNAs. Chromosomes 19 and X contain more precursor miRNAs (12%, and 11%, resp.). 314 miRNAs (51%) were located in introns of protein-coding genes, 231 miRNAs (38%) were located in intergenic regions, while only 43 miRNAs (7%) were located in exons of noncoding RNAs or UTR of protein coding genes. Interestedly, 23 miRNAs (4%) were located in either an exon or an intron depending on alternative splicing of the host transcript (Table 1).
3.3. Expression Profiles of miRNAs in AD3 Infected Cells
To study the differential expression profile of known miRNAs between AD3 infected Hep2 cells and the control, both the Z-test and fold-change analysis were made based on the sequencing results. There are 80 precursor miRNAs to meet the three criteria described above, and could be selected as candidates. Among these candidates, 44 precursor miRNAs were shown upregulated expression in AD3 infected cells (Table 2). Z-test value was from 1.99 to 49.33. 19 out of 44 upregulated precursor miRNAs showed higher values (over 10). Among this, miR-1975 and miR-1302-2 have the highest Z values with 49.33 and 31.13, respectively. Table 2 showed the ratio of miRNAs expression level of AD3 infected cells versus control cells. Among this, miR-1975 and miR-1302-2 have the higher ratio (7.47-fold and 7.31-fold). 36 precursor miRNAs were shown downregulated expression in AD3 infected cells (Table 3). Among this there are 11 miRNAs that have the higher Z values (over 10). Table 3 showed the ratio of AD3 infected cells/control cells (expression level for precursor miRNAs). Among this miR-181b-2 and miR-1274b showed lowest change in AD3 infected cells (0.19 fold) compared with control cells.
3.4. Q-PCR Detection for miRNAs Profiles in AD3 Infected Cells
To confirm the differential expression of miRNAs in AD3 infected Hep2 cells, we performed some miRNAs tests with stem-loop Q-PCR assays in total RNA isolated from AD3 infected Hep2 cells and the control, respectively. The expression levels of candidate miRNAs were measured in terms of threshold cycle value () and normalized to Human small nuclear RNA U6. The ratio of miRNAs in two groups was calculated by using the equation . The results showed that there was general consistency between Q-PCR assay and SOLiD sequencing analysis. The seven upregulated miRNAs in SOLiD results showed increased ratios measured in Q-PCR assays (Figure 3). For example, miR-1974, miR-1975, and miR-7 showed increasing values of 2.51, 4.87 and 2.44 respectively measured in Q-PCR assay, and increasing values of 2.95, 7.47 and 6.34 were obtained in SOLiD sequencing (Table 2). The seven downregulated miRNAs in SOLiD results showed decrease ratios measured in Q-PCR assays (Figure 3). For example, the results showed decreased expression levels in miR-27b, miR-125b, and miR-27a in AD3 infected Hep2 cells with fold change of 0.74, 0.75, and 0.77 respectively (Figure 3). While in SOLiD sequencing analysis, these miRNAs have shown decreased expression with fold change 0.43, 0.41 and 0.38, respectively (Table 3). To further understand the miRNAs expression in AD3 infected Hep2 cells at 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours post infection, we performed Q-PCR experiments on miRNAs chosen from Figure 3. The ratio of miRNAs in AD3 infected cells versus controls was calculated by using the equation . Surprisingly, all of the miRNAs shown in Table 4 exhibited increased expression in AD3 infected cells at 6 hours post infection. However, at 48 hours p.i. and 72 hours p.i., miR-27b, miR-125b, and miR-181b showed downregulated expression in AD3 infected cells comparing controls (Table 4). At 48 hours p.i. and 72 hours p.i., miR-1974 showed increased expression in AD3 infected cells with fold change 1.36 and 1.26 respectively. However, at 24 hours p.i., miR-1974 showed decreased expression in AD3 infected cells. Table 4 showed that the miR-17 expression was upregulated at 6, 24, and 72 hours p.i. in AD3 infected cells. But at 48 hours p.i., miR-17 showed downregulated expression in AD3 infected cells.
4. Discussion
As second-generation sequencing platforms have matured, all three major high-throughput sequencing systems—Illumina's Genome Analyzer (Solexa), Life Technologies' ABI SOLiD, and Roche's 454 GS FLX have been used to study miRNA expression profiles associated with disease such as cancer, viral and metabolic diseases. Compared with the microarray technology, deep sequencing can generate millions of small RNA sequence reads from a given sample, giving possible to discover the novel miRNAs or study the function of virus encoded miRNAs by using bioinformatics and molecular biology tools. miRNAs have recently been recognized as major regulators of gene expression in various viral infections. Virus-encoded miRNAs seem to evolve rapidly and regulate both the viral life cycle and the interaction between viruses and their hosts. In the present study, we have screened out some miRNA candidates that have obvious differential expression from AD3 infected Hep2 cells by SOLiD deep sequencing system.
This study identified 492 precursor miRNAs in the AD3 infected cells and more precursor miRNAs in control cells by mapping the human miRBase database. Out of these almost 38% were located in intergenic regions, which usually contain their own miRNA gene promoter and regulatory units [18]. However, as much as 51% miRNAs were located in introns, and only 7% were located in exons of noncoding RNAs or UTR of protein coding genes. These usually show a concurrent transcription and regulation expression profile originating from a common promoter with their host genes [19–21]. Some pre-miRNAs existing in drosphila and c elegants have been reported to be spliced from the introns in which they reside without having to undergo the microprocessor machinery. These miRNAs are called mirtrons [22, 23]. Since our study identified 51% miRNAs were located in introns, we think more mirtons could be discovered through bioinformatics and molecular biology tools.
The interaction between the AD and its host is still unknown. One of the mechanisms is that the virus must interfere with the host cell antiviral defense mechanisms to maximize escape and spread of the progeny virus during a virus infection [24]. Previous studies determine the changes in the host cell gene expression profiles upon infection with AD using DNA microarray technique [24, 25]. For example, many transcriptions factor E2F-dependent host cell genes showed different expression during AD infection. 45% of the upregulated genes and 25% of the downregulated genes contained potential E2F binding sites [24]. It is showen that E2F-dependent host cell genes are subjected to a selective regulation. However, the mechanism of AD infection after transcription is still unknown. miRNA can regulate gene expression through translational repression or mRNA cleavage. Previous research has reported that the expression of E2F1 is negatively regulated by two c-myc-regulated miRNAs, miR-17-5p, and miR-20a [26]. In our study, upregulated miR-17 may target with transcription factor E2F1 [26], playing important role in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Out of these, miR-17 has been reported to be overexpression in B-cell lymphoma samples [27]. The high miR-17 cluster miRNAs suppress cell death [27]. This suggests that during a virus infection, cellular apoptosis must delay long enough and the virus needs to establish optimal conditions for replication to ensure efficient production of progeny virus. Our study may provide a useful clue for the biological function research into AD3 infected host cells. Further investigation needs to clarify the roles of identified miRNAs in the pathogenesis of AD3 infected host cells.
5. Conclusion
SOLiD sequencing provides a useful method for identification of the miRNAs profiles in AD3 infected Hep2 cells. 492 precursor miRNAs were identified in the AD3 infected Hep2 cells, and 540 precursor miRNAs were identified in the control. A total of 44 miRNAs demonstrated high expression and 36 miRNAs showed lower expression in the AD3 infected cells than the control. Further studies are required to identify the miRNA target genes and the functions of the miRNAs in the complex molecular network regulation during the virus infection host cells using bioinformatics tools.
The paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30901285), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (SBK200922783), and the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University of China. Both Yuhua Qi and Jin Tu contributed equally to this work.
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Last month's column explored the nonverbal ways in which we communicate simply by the manner in which we arrange the environment where we conduct a meeting. This month's column will address the nonverbal communication expressed by the way individuals seat themselves during a meeting.
Let's use this scenario: a pastor decides to have a staff meeting and, to encourage the free flow of ideas, arranges the chairs in the room in a circle. When his staff is seated, he looks across to the opposite side of the circle and sees that Sam, the parish business manager, has seated himself and immediately crossed his legs in a "figure 4" style, that is, with one ankle resting on the top of the other knee. Generally, taking this posture is an indication of independence or stubbornness. As the meeting begins to progress, Sam places his hand on top of the ankle (referred to as "clamping") to form a locked position. This posture reinforces that Sam has come to the meeting with an attitude of resistance.
The pastor looks across to another staff member and notices that Helen, his secretary, is seated with her legs together and parallel with her knees pointing toward the pastor. The positioning of the legs, in this situation, is usually indicative of properness and respect for the pastor. The direction of the knees indicates that person's point of interest. The fact that the knees are pointing in the direction of the pastor indicates that she is attentive and anxious to hear what the pastor is about to say. As the meeting begins to progress, the pastor notices that Helen interlocks her ankles. Her legs remain parallel to each other, but she slips one foot behind the other leg. This signals that the progression of the discussion has begun to make Helen feel defensive.
The pastor pans the remainder of the circle and, at the beginning of the meeting, all the other staff members have their legs crossed in the "European style," that is, when the legs are crossed at both knees. Some of them have their knees pointed toward the pastor which indicates that, while they have focused their attention on the pastor, they have some degree of caution or disinterest in the meeting (legs crossed). The other staff members' knees are not pointing toward the pastor. This usually indicates that their interest is not focused on the pastor. It could mean that they are disinterested in the meeting, or it could mean that they are interested in someone else in the circle perhaps, for example, looking to another staff member for emotional support.
About halfway through the meeting, the pastor notices that Sam uncrosses his legs and places both feet on the floor. At first, this would indicate that Sam is softening his resistance to the discussion until the pastor sees that after uncrossing his legs, Sam sits with his legs apart. This "open leg" position usually indicates a confident and domineering posture even to the point of being arrogant and combative. By opening his legs, Sam requires more physical space contributing to his dominant posture.
In general, the way in which an individual sits during a meeting reveals his or her attitude toward the discussion. This is a not a completely infallible technique, however. Sometimes individuals sit in a particular manner from force of habit or change their positions not because of a change in attitude, but for comfort. Once a pastor has experienced several encounters with an individual, he may perceive that person's patterns and, once known, the pastor may gain insight into that person's attitudes by his or her posturing during a meeting.
MR. LENELL, C.P.A., Ph.D., is the director for financial and administrative services for the Diocese of Rockford, Ill. Dr. Lenell's book Income Taxes for Priests Only is published by "Fathers Guide." He lectures and conducts workshops and does consulting to several dioceses on priests' taxes, compensation, and retirement planning. Write to Dr. Lenell, c/o The Priest magazine with questions, or e-mail him at firstname.lastname@example.com
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