text:
- Research Article
- Open Access
Catalytic oxidation of arsenite and reaction pathways on the surface of CuO nanoparticles at a wide range of pHs
- Lingqun Zeng†1,
- Biao Wan†1,
- Rixiang Huang2,
- Yupeng Yan1,
- Xiaoming Wang1,
- Wenfeng Tan1,
- Fan Liu1 and
- Xionghan Feng1Email author
© The Author(s) 2018
- Received: 17 January 2018
- Accepted: 11 June 2018
- Published: 22 June 2018
Recently, the wide application of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) in engineering field inevitably leads to its release into various geologic settings, which has aroused great concern about the geochemical behaviors of CuO NPs due to its high surface reactivity and impact on the fate of co-existing contaminants. However, the redox transformation of pollutants mediated by CuO NPs and the underlying mechanism still remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the interaction of CuO NPs with As(III), and explored the reaction pathways using batch experiments and multiple spectroscopic techniques. The results of in situ quick scanning X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Q-XAS) analysis verified that CuO NPs is capable of catalytically oxidize As(III) under dark conditions efficiently at a wide range of pHs. As(III) was firstly adsorbed on CuO NPs surface and then gradually oxidized to As(V) with dissolved O2 as the terminal electron acceptor. As(III) adsorption increased to the maximum at a pH close to PZC of CuO NPs (~ pH 9.2), and then sharply decreased with increasing pH, while the oxidation capacity monotonically increased with pH. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance characterization of samples from batch experiments indicated that two pathways may be involved in As(III) catalytic oxidation: (1) direct electron transfer from As(III) to Cu(II), followed by concomitant re-oxidation of the produced Cu(I) by dissolved O2 back to Cu(II) on CuO NPs surface, and (2) As(III) oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from the above Cu(I) oxygenation process. These observations facilitate a better understanding of the surface catalytic property of CuO NPs and its interaction with As(III) and other elements with variable valence in geochemical environments.
- CuO NPs
- As(III)
- Oxidation
- Adsorption
- Surface catalysis
Compared with its micro or bulk counterparts, CuO nanoparticles (NPs) possesses better optical, semiconductive and surface reactive properties, and is thus widely used for the production of ceramics, glass and pigments, catalysts, battery anodes, and antimicrobial agents [1–5]. Due to the increasing application of CuO NPs in industrial fields, its release and geochemical behaviors in the environment have aroused great concern [6–9]. Its potential toxicity to the organisms has been studied in detail [10–14]. Apart from the direct biotic effects, CuO NPs might also impact the mobility, transformation and toxicity of the co-existing contaminants through (de)sorption, redox and catalytic reactions [15–17]. However, little is known about the interaction of CuO NPs with redox-sensitive contaminants and the underlying reaction mechanism.
Arsenic (As) is the most common heavy metal in natural waters primarily in the forms of inorganic arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite [As(III)] [18]. Redox processes on the surface of oxide minerals largely determine the speciation of As [19–21]. Compared with As(V), As(III) has higher toxicity, solubility and mobility [22].
CuO NPs is an excellent adsorbent to remove As(III) from water due to its large specific surface area and high point of zero charge (PZC) [17, 23–25]. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis suggested that As(III) could be oxidized on CuO NPs surface, which remarkably enhances the immobility of As in the form of As(V) [17, 24]. A previous study has proposed the direct electron transfer from CuO NPs to As(III), which leads to As(III) oxidation [24]. Given that XPS measurement is performed under a high vacuum condition, more solid evidences are needed to verify As(III) oxidation on the surface of CuO NPs.
Furthermore, it has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the oxidation pathway of organic matter [26–28]. For example, remarkable amounts of Cu+/Cu2+ and H2O2 were formed in zero-valent copper (ZVC) acidic system due to the corrosive dissolution of ZVC and the concurrent reduction of oxygen, which lead to highly efficient oxidation of diethyl phthalate under aerobic atmosphere condition [26]. In addition, a synergistic effect of Fe(II) and copper oxide (CuO) was observed on the degradation of acetaminophen in the presence of O2, and the resulting Cu(I) significantly accelerated the destruction of acetaminophen by serving as an electron-mediator between the adsorbed Fe(II) and O2 to produce ROS [15]. Therefore, it is possible that ROS might be produced through the activation of O2 on the surface of CuO NPs, which leads to the catalytic oxidation of As(III).
Thus, the objectives of this study are to (i) in situ confirm whether As(III) oxidation occurs on the surface of CuO NPs under dark condition; (ii) determine the effects of geochemical parameters [such as pH, As(III) concentration and O2] on As(III) adsorption and oxidation by CuO NPs; (iii) elucidate the adsorption and oxidation pathways of As(III) on the surface of CuO NPs at a wide range of pH values under dark condition. To achieve these objectives, batch experiments and spectroscopic analysis were performed. Time-resolved quick scanning X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Q-XAS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy were used to in situ measure the species of As and ROS, respectively. XPS spectroscopy was also used to determine the changes in oxidation state of Cu and As on the surface of CuO NPs after the reaction.
Preparation and characterization of CuO NPs
CuO NPs was prepared via a previously reported method [5, 29]. The synthesized CuO NPs contained no impurity phases as examined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The specific surface area was determined by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) N2 adsorption method. Additional details of analytical procedures and characterization results are provided in Additional file 1: Figures S1, S2, S5.
As(III) adsorption and oxidation kinetics
The adsorption-oxidation experiments were conducted by the reaction of 0.2 g CuO NPs with 200 mL 10 mg L−1 As(III) at pH 6, 9, and 11, respectively. The background electrolyte was 0.01 M NaCl solution. The CuO NPs suspensions were agitated by magnetic stirring at 10 Hz. Solution pH was measured using a pH meter (FE20, Mettler-Toledo) and manually adjusted to desired pH values ± 0.1 using 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH. To examine the effect of dissolved oxygen (O2) on the oxidation of As(III), the reaction solution was purged by N2 before and during the reaction. At the selected reaction time, 5 mL suspension was filtered through 0.22 μm Millipore membrane to analyze the concentrations of As(III) and As(V) in the supernatant. The wet solids on the membrane were dissolved by 1 mL 1 M HCl to analyze the amount of As(III) and As(V) adsorbed onto CuO NPs surface. Another 5 mL suspension was directly dissolved by 1 M HCl (1 mL) to analyze the total amount of As(III) and As(V) in the suspension. All experiments were performed in triplicates. The As(V) concentration was measured by the molybdene blue method [30]. The total As was determined by hydrate generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) (AFS-230E) [31]. Additionally, the volume of 0.1 M NaOH consumed in open system and N2 system at pH 11 was recorded by automatic titrator (Metrohm 907 Titrando). All As(III) adsorption and oxidation experiments were carried out in reactors covered with aluminum foil to avoid the effect of light.
Effect of pH and initial As(III) concentration on As(III) adsorption and oxidation
To investigate the effect of pH values on the species distributions of As(III) and As(V) in solution and on CuO NPs surface, As(III) adsorption and oxidation were evaluated at pH 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 by adjusting to the desired pH values ± 0.1 using 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH. The experiments were carried out in 50-mL polyethylene centrifuge tubes by mixing 0.025 g of CuO NPs with 25 mL of 0.01 M NaCl containing fresh 10 mg L−1 As(III). To investigate the effect of initial As(III) concentration on As(III) adsorption and oxidation, the experiments were performed at initial As(III) concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 80 mg L−1 at pH 8 and 11. The reaction suspensions were equilibrated by shaking at 200 rpm and at 25 °C for 48 h. During the reaction, the pH of each batch sample was adjusted to the designed pH ± 0.05 at 1, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, respectively. After 48 h of reaction, the species distributions of As(III) and As(V) in solution and on CuO NPs surface were analyzed with the same procedures as described in "As(III) adsorption and oxidation kinetics".
Quick Scanning K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Q-XAS) of As
Q-XAS was used to in situ investigate the changes in oxidation state of As with increasing reaction time. The Q-XAS spectra were measured at room temperature on the 1W2Bbeamline at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility(BSRF). Considering the detect limitations (≥ 100 mg L−1 for As) of Lytle prober, higher concentrations of AS(III) (150 mg L−1) and CuO NPs (5 g L−1) were used for the in situ Q-XAS measurement. The reaction was performed in 50-mL polypropylene reaction vessels (see Additional file 1: Scheme S1), into which a 1 × 3 cm slit was cut and sealed with Kapton tape, backed with Kapton film to prevent the interaction between the tape and suspension. The As K-edge XAS spectra was collected immediately when As(III) solution was added into the suspension. The measurement time for each XAS spectrum is 1 min and the total time for the in situ XAS experiment is 8 h. Additional experimental details are described in Additional file 1: S3.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis
To determine the oxidation state of As and Cu on the surface of CuO NPs, the samples prepared from the reaction of 0.05 g CuO with 50 mL of 10 mg L−1 As(III) for 12 h were measured with XPS using a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source (VG Multilab 2000 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer). The scans were carried out in an energy range of 1100–5 eV to obtain XPS spectra for C1 s, Cu 2p, and As 3d. The position of binding energy was corrected by fixing the C1 s peak at 284.6 eV using the Advantage v6.5 software.
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy
For the EPR experiment, 50 mL reaction suspension was prepared to contain 1 g L−1 CuO NPs and 10 mg L−1 As(III) at pH 11 over 2 h under stirring. At the selected time, 3 aliquots of 2 mL suspension were sampled for the detection of ROS speciation. The detection methods and procedures for different ROS species are described in Additional file 1: S4.
Results and discussion
As(III) adsorption and oxidation kinetics
Apparent, first-order rate constants determined from batch and Q-XAS experiments
Experiment type
Time period (h)
No. of data points
k (h−1)
In air
As(III)—Batch-pH 6
As(III)—Batch-pH 9
As(III)—Batch-pH 11
In N2
As(III)—Batch-pH 11
In air
Effects of pH and initial As(III) concentration on As(III) adsorption and oxidation
The pH-dependent distribution of As species is most likely related to the species transformation of aqueous As(III) and As(V) and the surface charge of CuO NPs. At pH below 9, the main species of aqueous As(III) is H3AsO3, but As(V) mainly exists in the forms of H2AsO4−and HAsO42−. At pH above 9, As(III) exists in the forms of H2AsO3− and HAsO32−, and aqueous As(V) as HAsO42− and AsO43− [18]. As(III) (in form of H3AsO3) is adsorbed on CuO NPs via Van der Waals force at pH 6–9 [32]. The adsorption percentage of As(V) was observed to be obviously higher than that of As(III) under the same initial As concentration at pHs ranging from 6 to 11 [25]. The aqueous As(V) in forms of H2AsO3− and HAsO32− may have a higher affinity than As(III) to the positively charged surface of CuO NPs and tend to form inner-sphere complexes. In this study, a large number of surface reactive sites were occupied by the formed As(V), resulting in the low oxidation rate of As(III) by CuO NPs at low pHs. Due to the strongly negative surface charge of CuO NPs at high pHs, the formed As(V) (mainly in the forms of HAsO42− and AsO43−) is electrostatically repulsed from CuO NPs surface. Furthermore, redox potential of As(V)/As(III) would increase with decreasing pH, indicating that As(III) is more readily oxidized at higher pH. For instance, in acid medium, the standard potential for the half reaction (H3AsO4+H+)/H3AsO3 is 0.56 V; but in alkaline medium, that of AsO43−/(AsO2−+OH−) is − 0.71 V [33]. Therefore, CuO NPs surface remains highly reactive and can continuously oxidize As(III) at pH above the PZC.
Q-XAS test results
XPS analyses
EPR analysis for ROS
As(III) oxidation mechanisms
Based on the first sharp increase and the subsequent slow decrease of As(III) on CuO NPs surface (Fig. 1), we propose that As(III) might be firstly adsorbed on the surface of CuO NPs and then slowly oxidized to As(V). Therefore, at pH below PZC, As(III) and the produced As(V) are mainly adsorbed on the surface of CuO NPs; at pH above PZC, the adsorbed As(III) can be rapidly oxidized to As(V) on the surface and then the produced As(V) is abruptly desorbed into the solution from CuO NPs surface, which ensures that an active surface is available for further oxidation of newly adsorbed As(III).
In addition, the Cu(I) in CuO NPs could be responsible for the production of ROS [28]. O2·− could be produced on the reactive site with electron transfer from Cu(I) to O2. However, O2·− was not detected using EPR in our study. It is possible that O2·− was not a stable species under our experimental conditions, and its concentration was too low to be detected. In fact, O2·− is readily transformed to 1O2 via disproportionation reaction [44], which was detected in CuO NPs suspension at the absence or presence of As(III) (Fig. 6). The standard redox potential of 1O2/H2O is 2.204 eV [45], indicating that 1O2 is a strong oxidant similar to ·OH, which has a standard redox potential of 2.538 eV (·OH/H2O). Therefore, we suggest the second reaction pathway: As(III) is oxidized by ROS produced via the activation of O2 on Cu(I) sites of the CuO NPs surface (Fig. 7). CuO will be re-generated from Cu(I) after reaction with O2, and participates in the further oxidation of As(III) via the above-mentioned first reaction pathway. Figure 1d shows that dissolved O2 is an essential factor for the high rate of As(III) oxidation by CuO NPs. Formation of 1O2 from O2 in the presence of CuO NPs might also contribute to As(III) oxidation by CuO NPs (Eqs. 3 and 4). The observation of continuous 1O2 production in the experiments (Fig. 6) indicates a close coupling of these two pathways, which can explain the cycling of CuO NPs catalyst and efficient As(III) oxidation. That is to say, the oxidation of As(III) by the re-generated Cu(II) active sites via the first pathway yields Cu(I) sites again, which could trigger the continuous production of 1O2.
In addition, titration experiment was performed to compare the differences in the amount of consumed OH− between the N2 and open systems at pH 11. In the N2 system, only 0.022 mmol OH− was consumed at the very beginning, which might result from the surface hydrolysis of CuO NPs. However, in the open system, OH− consumption gradually increased from 0.022 mmol at 2 h to 0.080 mmol at 12 h as the reaction proceeded (Additional file 1: Fig. S8). These results suggest that H+ production or OH− consumption is associated with As(III) oxidation.
In general, ROS is mainly formed in acidic solution, and Cu2+ cations in solution play an important role in ROS production [26–28]. But the above XPS results indicate that the changes of Cu valence mainly occur at pH > 9, when Cu2+ could not be present in solution (Additional file 1: S4). Therefore, ROS is probably formed via electron transfer from Cu(I) to O2 on the surface of CuO NPs. Even when O2 is absent in the system, direct electron transfer from As(III) to Cu(II) can occur on the surface of CuO NPs. These findings can also facilitate a better understanding about the impact of CuO NPs on the mobility and transformation of some redox-sensitive substances in various geochemical settings.
Our results verify that CuO NPs is capable to catalytically oxidize As(III) efficiently with dissolved O2 as the terminal electron acceptor using in situ spectroscopic techniques (Fig. 4). Therefore, CuO NPs can be a potential catalyst and adsorbent to affect the geochemical behaviors of As, which can help researchers to predict the risk of CuO NPs before the application of it in some industrial and environmental fields. Also, this study provides a new perspective for investigation of As(III) oxidation process related to Cu-based NPs.
It can be indicated that the amount and rate of As(III) oxidation by CuO NPs are greatly enhanced by increasing pH to a high alkaline range (Fig. 3b). It should be noted that the adsorption of produced As(V) decreases to a certain degree in alkaline solution. Thus, other adsorbents with high As(V) retention ability at alkaline pHs could be applied simultaneously to enhance the removal of aqueous As to meet the environmental standard in As contaminated areas. Besides, it will be of great environmental significance to further improve the catalytic oxidation capacity of CuO NPs at around neutral pHs. Actually, our undergoing study has shown that the addition of aqueous Mn(II) could remarkably enhance the oxidation of As(III) and the adsorption of As(V) at near neutral pH (Additional file 1: Fig. S9).
Furthermore, two coupled reaction pathways, i.e. direction oxidation by CuO and oxidation by ROS produced via O2 activation on Cu(I) surface sites, are proposed for As(III) oxidation (Fig. 7). These findings further demonstrate the high catalytic activity of CuO NPs towards the oxidation reactions in water, implying the important role of CuO NPs to affect the fate and geochemical behaviors of some reducing pollutants and redox-sensitive organic substances in the environment. The stability and potential reusability of CuO NPs also make it an ideal candidate to be applied in permeable reactive barrier (PRB) in ground water purification. Actually, some developing countries (e.g., Bangladesh and West Bengal of India [46]) suffer from heavy As contamination in the groundwater, and usually there is a serious lack of water treatment facilities to purify the As-contaminated groundwater [47, 48]. Systematic studies of the adsorption–oxidation mechanisms of As(III) on CuO NPs surfaces are significant for a full understanding of the potential influence of CuO NPs on the reductive pollutants, and for the further development of reliable techniques to deal with As contamination efficiently.
Authors' contributions
XF lead project conceptualization and all authors contributed to the research design. LZ and BW collected data, all authors analyzed data and contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors gratefully acknowledge National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41471194), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB15020402) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2662017PY070) for financial support for this research. We also thank Aiwen Lei from Wuhan University and Jing Zhang and Lirong Zheng from Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility for experimental help and Songhu Yuan from China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) for helpful suggestion on paper corrections.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
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This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 41471194), and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant no XDB15020402).
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Unit 20, Pedmore Trading Estate, Brierley Hill, West Midlands, DY5 1TJ
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21 Awesome Social Media Techniques & Ideas
Need some ideas for your social media marketing? Wonder no more! I've created a list of 21 social media marketing ideas that work great! Take a look and let me know in the comments which ones you're going to try out? Let's go!
Share Video Content
It's no secret or trend - video has taken over the internet and now makes up for 80% of internet traffic!
You shouldn't just be looking to include video in your marketing, you should be creating a video-first strategy. Keep in mind you do NOT need a professional camera or videographer! In fact in this day and age, professional video can sometimes be damaging because it looks too 'polished' like an ad.
Here are some quick video ideas to help you get started:
Tutorials and 'how-to' videos.
Behind the scenes content.
Interviews or Q&As.
Facebook & Instagram live streams.
Animations & slideshows (great if you're camera-shy!)
Short, punchy Instagram stories (more on this soon)
Use Instagram Stories Daily
Instagram Stories are genuinely one of my absolute favourite marketing methods, especially for small businesses and people wanting to build a community online. Instagram Stories allow you to humanise your brand, leverage native video content and market in the age that we live in. You can post:
Behind the Scenes Content - Making-of videos, behind the scenes interviews, and daily happenings in the office are the kinds of things you could post.
Promos - Announce new products or promos through Stories.
Polls - The stickers also show a poll option - you can edit the question and the two options!
New Content - Links or new products, with the link button on the top of screen. This feature is only available in Instagram Business.
Funny Stuff - This adds the 'human' factor in your brand because all people experience funny things, right?
Use Gifs, Polls & Visuals on Instagram Stories
Instagram Stories continue to get more awesome, and they introduce new features regularly. Some of which include moving gifs, polls and fun visuals to make your Stories really stand out.
They fit in PERFECTLY with some of the other tips mentioned in this post including behind the scenes content, being casual, and being engaging.
Use Instagram Stories!
Engage With People on Instagram
Engagement is the best way to grow your Instagram account, and is also one of the best ways to measure your Instagram's success.
Engagement is becoming harder and harder due to algorithm updates and general saturation - the best way to get engagement is to engage with others. There are bots that like, follow and comment on pictures, but we believe in genuine human interaction (it pays).
This is the #1 way to build a community on Instagram. If you're not engaging with others, they won't want to engage with you! Simple as that.
Ask People to Take Action in Your Captions
Now that Facebook dropped it's bomb on us that they are giving personal accounts preference over businesses and publishers, it's all about creating 'genuine interaction'.
This means creating conversations with comments, and creating engagement. A great way to trigger this, is by asking your audience to do something. For example:
"Tag a friend who _________"
"Would you pick _____ or _____?"
"What is your favourite _________?"
"What do you think? Let us know in the comments!"
"Double tap if you agree!"
Facebook Live Stream Events
Live streaming has taken off like a rocket recently, and can be a fantastic tool to get more views, engagement and page fans. This works particularly well for things like:
Sporting events
Home auctions
Live Q&A
I encourage you to use Facebook Live because Facebook and Instagram gives preference to people who use the features they want to push out. And right now - that's live streaming!
Do Less Blogging, Better.
Blogging is a great way to both add value to your audience and also rank in Google. The problem is, people take this too literally and think 'the more the merrier'.
Whilst it's important to share fresh content, you're much better off (especially from an SEO perspective) to put all of your efforts into 2 or 3 EPIC blog articles, rather than creating 20 average ones.
For a detailed guide, check out Noah Kagan & Brian Dean's article "Content Marketing for SEO Tutorial: How to Generate 400,000 Targeted Visitors"
Create a Messenger Bot
Messenger bots are a super-cool way to generate leads, create conversations and automate parts of your business. Luckily today there are tools like ManyChat to make your life a whole lot easier.
Not only can you create seemingly 'live' conversations with people, you can create some innovative marketing campaigns like 'comment the word YES to get a free (thing).
Post Behind the Scenes Content
There are now more ads than ever. People hate ads. People like seeing what goes on behind the scenes, and getting to the know the people behind the brand.
The irony is, when you post casual, fun, behind-the-scenes content and promote it, it actually gets more engagement because it doesn't 'feel' like an ad. Instagram Stories are a perfect place to share this style of content, but you can share photos on Instagram, Facebook, YouTube… you name it!
Use Sharp Captions & More Emojis
There's so much stuff online that it's getting harder and harder to stand out online, so you need every inch you can get!
Keeping captions short and to-the-point are often the best option. Emojis are also a quick and easy way to make your captions instantly more attention-grabbing and friendly.
Combine concise captions with colourful emojis throughout your marketing to make your posts pop. (What a tongue twister that last sentence was - say that 10 times fast!)
Collaborate With Influencers
Influencer marketing is one of the most underrated and undervalued marketing methods out there.
The only thing is - it's more relevant for some businesses than others. That said! It can absolutely be a great strategy. Here's how you do it.
#1 Think about who you are trying to reach. Once you know who you are trying to attract, you can create a list of influencers who have that audiences.
#2 Create a list of influencers. Search hashtags to find popular accounts. For example if you want to find an influencer in the fashion space, you could search #mensfashion and see who shows up in the 'Popular' section.
#3 Reach out to them. Reach out to each influencer individually. Make it personal, let them know you love their account, and you'd love to work with them.
#4 You'll need to offer them either a gift (like a sample of your product) or sometimes just cash. Think about what they would want, and then what you could offer to make it worth your time and theirs.
Collaborate With Similar Businesses
This works great for local businesses. Sometimes influencer marketing isn't the perfect fit for you, or you're in a more 'boring' industry.
Have a think about similar businesses who have the same audience as you, but aren't competitors. For example if you're a real estate agent you can cross promote with an interior designer. Both audiences are interested in homes.
Refresh Your Website & Branding
It's 2019 now and people are the digital marketing game has stepped up across the board. A website is a KEY piece of your marketing, and if it looks outdated or doesn't work correctly, you're literally throwing money out the window.
Use your website like a 'dashboard' for your customers where they can learn about you, enquire about services and products, read content, get resources, the works. Definitely also read "10 Expensive Website Mistakes That Are Killing Your Business"
Reverse Engineer the Best in the World
One of the simplest ways to kick butt online, is to literally do what the best people in the world do.
It's like investing - if you want to learn about the stock market, listen to Warren Buffet. If you want to grow your Instagram account for your specific industry, find the most popular accounts and do what they do!
Find the most popular accounts in your industry.
Take notes on what gets the best engagement.
Create 2 - 4 action items you'll do in your own business.
It's that simple. Go do it!
Repurpose Content
This is one of our favs. Creating new content is important - but time consuming.
One of the best ways to keep it fresh without giving yourself a full time content marketing job, is to repurpose content into other platforms. For example
Shoot an upload a video.
Transcribe the video into a blog.
Create Instagram quotes from the blog.
Create 30 - 60 second snippets of the video.
For a full guide on how to turn 1 video into 10+ posts, click below!
How to Turn 1 Piece of Content in 10+ Epic Posts
Run Cost-Effective Engagement Campaigns
Social media marketing is saturated with advertising - however, not many people are promoting legitimately useful, interesting or entertaining content!
There's this gap in the market for content that has no commercial intent. Meaning - you're just sharing because it adds value. This is HUGE! If you post great content on Facebook or Instagram, spend $5 - $10 a day boosting that post to your target audience.
Not only will this give you WAY more reach for not much money, but you can retarget anyone who has recently visited your page. So if you did want to send ads to warmer traffic later, you can do that too. For more, check out Facebook Ads For Small Business Made Incredibly Simple
Use Canva for Engaging Visuals
If you want beautiful visuals and better artwork for your social media, check out Canva. This free and bloody awesome online tool is one of my favourite tools I've ever used, and even if you suck at design you can easily find great templates to use for your marketing in all sorts of dimensions!
Host an EASY Like & Share Competition
This is a great Facebook strategy to get more fans and reach new people.
All you need is an attractive offer, a time limit and simple terms on how people can enter. However there are a few key things you need to keep in mind:
Have a great offer. It doesn't always have to be expensive, but make it an offer people would actually want to win, otherwise it won't work.
Don't be spammy. This is especially dangerous with the new algorithm where they penalise 'surface-level' engagement. It's still safe to do competitions and works great for local businesses, but just don't be spammy.
Make it easy. Literally ask them to like and share. I see people run competitions and there are way too many things you need to do, resulting in way less engagement!
Schedule Content in Advance
Spending time every day creating and sharing content can be tedious. Even if you like it, it can be incredibly time consuming!
Use platforms like Buffer to schedule content ahead in advance, so you can do it in 'chunks'. For example you could do your posts for the week every Tuesday in 1-2 hours, then not have to touch it again for a week!
Jump on Trending Topics
If you're struggling for ideas about what to post, simply talk about what your customers are talking about.
When things are trending, share your thoughts on it and if you're really witty, you can create offers or campaigns around it.
This was the case with this classic tweet from Oreo during the Superbowl blackout a few years back, sharing a photo that said "you can still dunk in the dark" receiving well over 15,000 retweets.
Answer The Most Commonly Asked Questions
From both a usefulness-factor and an SEO perspective, answering the most common questions you get asked in either written or visual format always makes for great content.
Literally share what you tell people every day, so that customers can learn more about the topic and also your business. If people are really strapped for time or ideas - this is often my go-to suggestion!
You can pick and choose any of these ideas for your marketing! I'd love to know which ones you're going to try out - let me know in the comments? PS - if you need want to grow your business online, check out our social media marketing services below. Happy posting!


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Exfoliating Lotion Bar
This lotion bar gently removes dry skin while moisturizing. It's meant to be used on the feet, elbows or knees. I would not recommend using this in sensitive areas like the face, neck or legs.Read More
Basic Lotion Bar
This lotion bar recipe can be used to create your own custom recipe using your own selection of oils and butters. Liquid oils would be oils like olive oil, sweet almond oil and/or vegetable oil. Solid oils or butters would be oils like coconut oil and/or palm oil or butters like shea, mango or cocoa […]Read More
Lavender Massage Bar
This massage bar is a wonderful relaxing bar of soap that one can use after a long working day. This recipe is so easy to make that almost anyone can make their own massage bars using melt & pour soap bases. This recipe makes 2 bars of soaps weighing 4 ounces each.Read More
Dreamy Creamy Lotion Bar
This lotion bar will leave your skin feeling silky smooth without the greasy slick normally caused by cream lotions.Read More


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All Products | Anco Wiper BladesANCO Contour Wiper Blades
ANCO brand is one of the leaders in replacement wiper blades. From passenger cars, light trucks and SUVs to transit buses, leased trucks and heavy duty fleets, ANCO has the best coverage to supply all types of drivers with the best and safest visibility.


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- Dr. Suzan van Dijk
- (gast) Senior onderzoeker
- Afdeling Letterkunde
- Specialisatie: 18th and 19th-century literature; women's writing
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- 020-2246810
Suzan van Dijk studied French and Comparative Literature at the University of Utrecht and at the Université Paris-IV. While teaching in secondary school she carried out her PhD-research and defended her thesis 1988 at Nijmegen University: Traces de femmes: présence féminine dans le journalisme français du XVIIIe siècle.
Next to and after graduate and postgraduate teaching (UvA and UU), she continued her research in 18th- and 19th-century women's writing and (transnational) reception, and published widely in this field. She took the initiative, some 15 years ago, for creating – around an on-line database New approaches to European Women's Writing (NEWW) an international network. This was successively financed by NWO, SURF, COST, CLARIN, HERA, and is now a DARIAH Working Group entitled Women Writers in History (c. 90 members).
She has been a visiting researcher at Huygens ING since early 2008. She also was a guest professor (Marie Jahoda Chair for Gender Studies) at Ruhr-Universität Bochum (2008), and is a Honorary member of the University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
Her research is about:
- the production of (Dutch and French) female authors (18th and 19th centuries) and the reception of their work. Collaboration with fellow researchers from the Netherlands and abroad, went on since the late 1990s thanks to the conception and establishment of a collaborative database, recently developed into NEWW VRE (NEWW: New approaches to European Women Writers). Various research, digitization and international networking projects were financed by NWO and SURF. The international network thus created was further extended thanks to COST IS0901 Women Writers in History (2009-13), CLARIN-NL: COBWWWEB (2013-14) and HERA Travelling TexTs (2013-16). Since early 2017 the network is functioning as a DARIAH Working Group, also entitled Women Writers in History;
- Belle van Zuylen (Isabelle de Charrière): her persona, her work, her correspondence;
- on both levels experiments are going on about the ways in which crowdsourcing can be used and "citizen scientists" included as collaborators.
Research and other projects
- Women Writers in History (network created thanks to COST IS0901, now DARIAH Working Group)
- Series Women Writers in History bij Brill Publishers, Leiden
- HERA Travelling TexTs Transnational Reception of Women's Writing at the Fringes of Europe (2013–2016)
- Belle van Zuylen's correspondence on-line (with the collaboration of Maria Schouten [assistant] and a group of members of the Isabelle de Charrière Association ["crowd"]).
Publications (selection)
- Dutch Discourse about Women's Writing, 19th century (output van HERA Travelling TexTs) Leiden: Brill (forthcoming)
- (i.s.m. Rosalien van Witsen en Madeleine van Strien-Chardonneau, red.), Belle van Zuylen, te Europees voor Nederland? Hilversum: Verloren. (forthcoming)
- (met Amelia Sanz en Francesca Scott, red.), Women Telling Nations. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi (Women Writers in History, 1), 2014.
- (met Lieselotte Steinbrügge, red.), Narrations genrées. Ecrivaines dans l'histoire européenne jusqu'au début du XXe siècle. Louvain etc.: Peeters, 2014.
- (i.s.m. Madeleine van Strien-Chardonneau) Cahiers Isabelle de Charrière / Belle de Zuylen Papers publicatie van het Genootschap Belle van Zuylen, jg.1-10, 2006-2015.
- Jane Austen en haar eerste vertaalster Gonne van Uildriks, in Filter 24/4 2017, p. 51-61.
- Amitié, solidarité et entraide féminines: spécificités d'auteurs femmes?, in Topiques, 2015.
- (S. van Dijk et al.), Digitizing Women's Literary History: The Possibility Of Collaborative Empowerment?, bijdrage aan Digital Humanities 2014, Lausanne.
- The exhibition « Omdat ik iets te zeggen had » (Because I had something to say), presented successively 2015-2016, in The Hague (Literatuurmuseum), Haarlem (Noord-Hollands Archief), Amsterdam (Atria) and Utrecht (Public Library).
- Online version of this exhibition in Literatuurmuseum.nl : Schrijfster zijn in de 19e eeuw (Being a woman author during the 19th century).


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Saturday, October 13, 2012
Dewey's Readathon Hours 7-12
Update at 7:29 pm
Yikes I underestimated how much time I would spend NOT reading. Oh well.
Total books read: 6
Books read since last update: Silhouette of a Sparrow by Molly Beth Griffin - Random fun fact about me is that I hate birds. So for me to like a book which features birds is a big deal. This is a lovely well-written book and it is the coming of age story of Garnet who meets Isabella and realizes that maybe she doesn't have to have the life that she thought she did.
Okay I have been a bit of a slacker in the blog updating department which I figured would be an issue. Anyway.
Update at 4:57
Total books read: 5
Books read since last update:
Seriously...I'm Kidding - Ellen Degeneres
The Prairie Thief- Melissa Wiley - this one did not disappoint and I thought it was absolutely adorable which is good because since I "know" Melissa online she was never going to get a negative review from me.
Other things I have done. Took a nap. Went for a walk and encountered the Wrath of a Squirrel who chattered at me in Very Angry Tones until I was a safe distance. Somehow I must have disturbed him from whatever it was he was doing.
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News: This Blog (yes, this shitty blog) has been moved to WordPress.org, the daddy of WordPress.com (my earlier host). You probably didn't observe any change (except the domain perhaps) but this whole freaking thing is new! It's on a new host. Now uses a different CMS (Content Management System or say noobikly, software). Has a new domain name [that long thing which has a dot (.) in it which you see in the place where you enter Google.com]. It now has plugins, advertisements and what not. The only thing that the blog misses now is a Vampire (unfortunately, GoDaddy doesn't offer Vampires with its shitty service).
The Official Announcement
My old blog (oh I miss it, bah) was at http://TheDolt.WordPress.com (and is still there, you just don't see it anymore). It has now been taken over by this website (http://Pulkit.Me). All the content is still there. Not one thing has changed. I had been using WordPress.com for a year and had planned to shift on my blog's birthday but thanks to GoDaddy, I couldn't. Seriously, if you are thinking of switching too and trying to find a host then look everywhere but GoDaddy. Had I had the choice I would have gone for either HostGator or BlueHost.
The New Domain
The new domain, Pulkit.Me, is not something that I had thought of buying. Actually, I don't like this domain name at all but anyway, now that I have it I'll have to live with it. The domain that I had thought of buying just blows people's minds in most cases (except when people don't have a mind). Even the thought of it gives me goosebumps. The domain that I had thought of buying was
Note: If it didn't blow away your mind then no worries, just have some fun and have a blast while you are at it. It will blow your mind. If it still didn't then you probably are one of those who don't have a…Well, you did get my drift, didn't you?
Then why didn't I buy that domain? To say it subtly, it was just way too expensive. It was costing me about $35 or Rs 1500. 1500 bucks for a domain seemed too much then, but I now, when I look back, I think I should have bought it. The new domain was bought from JaoPapa GoDaddy, BTW.
The New Host
The host, or the company/website which is hosting my blog (keeping all the very very very important files on its server) is GoDaddy. And take my word, I don't trust them. Fortunately, I don't have to pay for hosting. Aditya Kumar who just shifted to WordPress.org himself, Xzhibit.Com, is sharing his hosting with me and paying for it. 🙂
The New Theme
Er..Well, the blog doesn't have a new theme as of now but it was supposed to have one by now. I have spent hours trying to find a good theme but all of which I have seen till now are just not good enough. Those which are good enough are not free :/ But I will be changing the theme and will be using a premium one (a paid one that is) for sure. Hold your horses because it might take some time. If you know of a good theme can you not be such an a-hole and please give the link in the comments?
Whatever Happened To TheDolt.WordPress.Com?
As I mentioned before, it is still there, you just don't see it. I bought this upgrade from WordPress.com called Offsite-Redirect. What it does is, it redirects all the users which may happen to open my old blog, be it by clicking a link on some website or directly entering the old name in their browsers. The old blog's links are still shown in Google and other search engines but I think they are there to stay. This upgrade didn't even made me lose all the link-backs (or the lack of) that my old blog accumulated over time. My presence on search engines has not been affected as well. According to me, the money spent on buying the upgrade was money well spent. The upgrade just rocks. The moment I was finished paying and pressed redirect, the upgrade kicked in and started diverting my traffic.
How Was The Whole Switching Process?
To sum up in one word, it was disappointing. I had expected it to be easy and quick. Had it been difficult it wouldn't have been a problem but it didn't turn out to be quick and that's THE problem. Every small change required 10-15 minutes of waiting. And when it didn't work out the way I wanted I had to make the changes again thus repeating the whole process. It was GoDaddy at fault everywhere. Finally when GoDaddy stopped being a PITA WordPress.org came along and ruined my day. The XML (or WXR) file that I had exported from my WordPress.com refused to transfer images that I had spent hours uploading on my old blog. WordPress.org still showed the images but they linked to my old blog which if not wrong was not what I wanted. So after wasting a few hours on it I finally got it working.
I see that this paragraph bored you. Just imagine the level of my boredom while I was going doing all this (typing the paragraph is included).
How Much Did All This Non-sense Cost Me?
There's nothing known as a free lunch. Accept that. It just doesn't exist. I could have opted for one of the free hosting websites but I don't trust them. They can shut down whenever they want. No notice given before hand, just plain shut down. It's like the BSOD on Windoze. Aditya Kumar came to my rescue and bought a 2 year Grid Deluxe Hosting for himself which supports upto 5 websites. He gave one out of the 5 to me. That reminds me, I still need to give him a treat.
Hosting is in most cases the most expensive buy but I didn't have to pay for it, YAY ME! I still paid for the domain, $8.99 for a .Me domain and $12 to WordPress.com for Offsite Redirect upgrade. That's roughly $20 or Rs 1000. Trust me, it's a steal.
Hey, wait! There's A Thank You Speech Too!
This new blog that you see here (it's still shitty, by the way) couldn't have been here had it not been for Aditya Kumar, Ankur Banerjee and Pritesh Gupta (its in alphabetical order Pritesh, now stop crying). I would have shifted months back if I had access to a credit card but sadly I still don't and to buy either a domain, or hosting or an the Offsite Redirect upgrade one needs either a Credit Card or a PayPal account (which requires a PAN number :/). Pritesh Gupta came to my rescue here and bought everything for me. I still have to pay him back though. Plus, he also helped me set up the blog. I cannot thank him enough. Ankur Banerjee being the tech guy took his duty as the troubleshooter. He mended a few things concerning to the DNS and a few others which I didn't knew even existed. To speak like Master Yoda
Nice guy, he is.
Aditya however was the one who helped most. Though a little slow in replying to messages, email and phone calls he helped me a lot 😀
PS: This was the big announcement, just in case you didn't realize tubelight. 😛
PPS: Pritesh has so many websites I got confused which one to link. But I think this is least I can do (by giving him a backlink). Here is his website 1, website 2, website 3 and finally website 4.


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"Today, March 21, 2013, is the day of my father's funeral service. He died this past Monday having been born November of 1936….
"I will miss him greatly. I'm so thankful in a world in which so many did not know their fathers or did not know their father's love, that I was known by and loved by and named for a father I will so greatly miss. I will have an opportunity to bear public testimony at his funeral service, of his influence on my life and so many other lives.
"On the day before he died, Dad was doing what he loved most: teaching young people in Sunday school and being involved in the life of his church all day long. He died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage he experienced on Monday morning. I'm thankful that once having received the news I was able to get to him and to his bedside before he went to be with the Lord he so dearly loved and faithfully served.
"The past few days have been among the very hardest of my life, but there has been sweetness, too — especially the sweetness of my own family gathered about me and the sweetness of having so many people, young and old and in-between, tell me of my father's influence in their lives. I'm so thankful for his influence in mine. Most of all, I'm so thankful for the legacy of Christian faith he left to me and to so many others.
"He dearly loved the Lord Jesus Christ. He loved teaching his word and he loved being with Christ's people. He loved all people and had an incredible intuition about their needs and how they could be helped. He was a friend to all, but enjoyed most of all being a friend to those who were friendless.
"Richard Albert Mohler, Sr. — born 1936, died 2013. There is so much to cling to here, but to what would we cling to but the Christian faith and that hope that is our assurance. As the Psalmist said in Psalm 116:15, 'Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of his saints.' "
— Albert Mohler (transcription from "The Briefing," March 21, 2013)


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Cholesterol Lowering Diet - Vitality Centre® Dublin
The Vitality Living Method Cholesterol Lowering Diet is designed to lower cholesterol by introducing the following lifestyle changes over 4 weeks.
Reduce Bad Dietary Fats
Increase Good Fat Intake
Reduce Weight
Increase physical activity
Increase plant based food choices
Cholesterol Lowering Diet - Vitality Living Method®
High cholesterol is a common problem which means an increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular heart disease or having a heart attack and strokes. Total cholesterol levels are measured by taking into account LDL cholesterol, tryclyceride levels and HDL cholesterol levels. The aim of Vitality Living Methods cholesterol lowering diet is to lower both LDL and tryglycerides while simultaneously increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Using Vitality Living Methods Cholesterol Lowering Diet Plan, you will be advised to book 4 weekly nutritional consultations. You should record your cholesterol levels before you start the programme and again at the end of the programme.
What Are The Most Common Causes Of High Cholesterol?
The most common causes of high cholesterol are associated with dietary choices which include
1. Bad Fats: Hydrogenated fats, trans fats, saturated fats, high sugar intake
2. Being overweight - Being overweight can increase your blood cholesterol levels
3. Physical Activity - A sedentary lifestyle can raise LDL and HDL cholesterol levels
4. Age and Gender: As people age cholesterol levels rise.
5. Menapause: Womens LDL levels often raise after menapause. (Indicators are heart disease in father or broother age 55, or a sister or mother age 65)
6. Family History: Backgroud and genetics contribute to the levels of cholesterol produced.
7. Cigarette Smoking - Smoking increases risk of heart disease in people with high cholesterol
8. Diabetes - many people with diabetes have high tryglyceride levels too.
Vitality Living Method® - Lowering Cholesterol Through Diet
Using the Vitality Living Method®, Cholesterol Lowering Diet, it is possible to introduce changes that help to lower cholesterol naturally. This means increasing the consumption of plant based foods such as fruit, vegetables, whole grains and legumes, soy products for a two week period. During this two week period you will completely remove wheat, meat and dairy products.After two weeks,you will re-introduce seafood which are high in Omega 3 fatty acids. You will also be given an exercise programme and supplement plan to undertake. The Vitality Living Cholesterol Lowering Diet is designed to make the necessary changes to lower cholesterol in 4 weeks. You will see your nutritionist for 4 weekly sessions.
Diet Plan - 2 Weeks Plant Based Diet, 2 Weeks Plant Based With Fish or Lean Protein
Exercise Plan
Supplement Plan
4 x Weekly Nutritional Consultations
Common Medication For Lowering Cholesterol
You may choose to lower cholesterol with a combination of medication and Vitality Living Method diet as per your doctors recommendation. If you are at risk of developing heart disease or having a heart attack due to high cholesterol levels, you are probably already taking medication. The most common cholesterol lowering medications are :
Statins: For lowering LDL cholesterol levels
Bile Acid: Sequestrants: Often perscribed alongside statins
Nicotinic Acid: This is Niacin (Vitamin B3) and is not related to nicotine
Fibrates: Lowers LDL and tryglycerides whilst increasing HDLs
Ezetimibe: Blocks cholesterol absorption and lower LDLs. Often used with statins.
How High Is High Cholesterol?
When trylyceride and cholesterol levels in the blood become too high, the risk of developing heart disease and stroke increases because the presence of these forms of fats in the body increases the risk of atherosclerosis.
|Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)
|LDL Cholesterol mg/dl
|HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL)
|Tryglycerides (mg/dL)
|Under 200
|Under 100
|Too High
|Should Be
|40 or higher
You must receive permission from your GP in order to undergo any dietary changes.
Book Vitality Living Methods Cholesterol Lowering Diet Today at Vitality Centre® Dublin on Merrion Road 01 9018359 | Blanchardstown 01-8201602


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If you bought fresh seedless grapes from the farmers market and don't plan on eating them right away, you can store them in your refrigerator for a few days or a freezer for several months. Make sure to buy only plump, ripe grapes free of any bruises or soft spots for the best quality. Grapes make ideal snacks straight from your hand, or you can add them to both sweet and savory salads. Store the grapes properly to ensure the optimum taste.
Step 1
Keep the seedless grapes in the perforated plastic bag they came in, or transfer them to one if they came in different packaging; perforated bags will allow air to circulate around the grapes.
Step 2
Don't wash the grapes before storing them in the refrigerator. Rinse the fresh fruit under cool, running tap water just before eating them.
Step 3
Seal the top of the bag with its zip-lock closure if it features one. Place the bag of grapes in your refrigerator's crisper drawer. Store the grapes in the refrigerator for five to seven days.
Step 4
Rinse the grapes under cool, running tap water before freezing them. Allow the grapes to thoroughly air-dry or pat them dry with paper towels. Place the grapes in a freezer-safe plastic container featuring an airtight lid. Freeze the grapes in a freezer set at 0 degrees Fahrenheit for 10 to 12 months.


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Amanda Dawson
Amanda Dawson is the CEO and Co-Founder of Bespoken Bureau. Before starting her own company, she worked as an agent in the speaking industry and as a recruiter and speaking coach for TEDx and private clients. She has coached CEOs, artists, scientists, and entrepreneurs to help them distill their messages and share them onstage. And, she has worked with hundreds of organizations—from Fortune 500 companies to universities to government agencies and everything in between—to find the right speaker for the right audience. Her mission at Bespoken Bureau is simple: to connect audiences with ideas that matter.
Petar Josic
Petar Josic is the President and Co-Founder of Bespoken Bureau. He worked as an agent and senior executive in the speaking industry before collaborating with Amanda. With a strong sales background and an eye for talent, Petar has taken hundreds of events from initial planning to post-conference cocktails. He specializes in talent acquisition and client relationships, and is an active member of several industry organizations, including Meeting Professionals International. Petar's goal is to make every event memorable for your audience—while also making it as efficient and measurably effective as possible.


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The Royal Grenada Police Force (RGPF) has denied claims that a visitor to the popular Fish Friday activity at Gouyave, St. John's was stripped off his pants last week.
The incident first became public via facebook over the last weekend.
The report that reached the public suggested that Police Officer 552 Modeste ordered the male visitor to take off the pants in the public, leaving him wearing only his boxers.
This resulted in a public outcry, with some people saying the Police Officer should have exercised better judgement.
However, a Press Release issued on Monday by the police force said that a Police Constable who was on patrol duty, saw someone whom he knows as Filip Jaeiziarpki, a 24-year old resident of Non Pariel, St. Mark's, wearing a long camouflage pants.
The wearing of camouflage clothes in public by civilians is illegal.
The Police release said that Constable Modeste who had on two previous occasions spoken to Jaeiziarpki about wearing the pants, approached him and spoke to him once again about the issue.
According to the release, Jaeiziarpki admitted to the Officer that he had previously spoken to him concerning the wearing of the pants in public.
The Officer asked the young man why he continues to wear the pants, and he responded that everyone told him it was legal to wear it.
"The Officer informed him that the pants will be taken away from him and asked him if he had on another pants under the camouflage pants. Filip responded in the affirmative. The police constable then asked Filip to accompany him to the Gouyave Police Station, to remove the pants", said the release.
"Filip immediately removed the pants contrary to the officer's request, folded it and handed same to him, which he accepted. They both had a conversation after which Filip shook the Constable's hand and left," it added.
RGPF categorically denied that the officer removed the pants.
"The Royal Grenada Police Force strongly denies the claim that Mr. Filip Jaeiziarpki was instructed to remove the pants in the public's view and wishes to remind the general public that, according to Chapter 194 A of the Military Uniform (Prohibition) Act # 9 of 2000, it is an offence for "any person, other than an authorised person to wear any military uniform or clothing having the appearance of such uniform," the release said.
The statement went on to say that a police officer may arrest without warrant any person who has committed such an offence.
"Any person, who is guilty of such an offence according to the Act, shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine of ten thousand dollar or to imprisonment for one year, or to both such fine and imprisonment," it added.


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Industrial Revolution 1- 676 Richmond St W
676 Richmond Street west: Toronto Condo Lofts
Although 676 Richmond Street West is a smaller building, it's a great place to set up residence. It was a knitting mill originally, but was converted by Mitchell and Associates in 1997 to a 20 unit condominium. Located in a serene residential area west of Bathurst Street, it's only steps from Queen Street West in a highly desirable place to live.
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Posted November 28, 2014
PROJECT TITLE: Killers
CLASSIFICATION: Independent
STATUS: Non-Union
CATEGORY: Television
DISTRIBUTION: Cable
PRODUCER: Bryan Runion
WRITERS: Bryan Runion, Kaitlyn Wyre, Justin Strange, Sofia Guzman
DIRECTOR: Bryan Runion
CASTING AGENT: Bekah Cone
PRODUCTION COMPANY: Rocket Surgery Media & Production
PRODUCTION COMPANY WEBSITE: rocketsurgerymp.com
SHOOTING SCHEDULE: January 3-10 with some pick up dates TBD
SHOOTING LOCATION: Little Rock Metropolitan Area, Arkansas
KILLERS is a revenge drama about a woman who losses everything dear to her and the action she takes to make the wrongs done to her made even to hopefully move on from her pain.
SAL – Sal is a mid-level crime boss. He does things his way running shady operations and odd schemes to make money with long time friend, Jonny. Jonny is the only person he trusts with his life. He has a straight forward personality and a keen sense of judgment. Technically Jonny's boss but treats him as an equal. Very down to earth type.
JONNY – Jonny is a smooth-dressed business oriented killer-type and life-long friends with Sal and ladies man. Jonny trusts no one but Sal. He is brutally cold when killing; almost no emotion when engaging the act. No heart. Ladies flock to Jonny due to confidence and status.
MADISON CONNERS – Mr. Connors' daughter. She is about 16 years old and far from innocent. She acts like she is an angel around her father, but away from him, she causes trouble anywhere she can.
PAIGE – She is Anne's older sister and keeping an eye on her little sister to help keep her out of trouble. She is always having to look out for her sister and most of the time has to take the fall for Anne's mistakes. She's beautiful, but plays it down because she can't be distracted from her sister by men and politics.
Boom Operators
Production Assistants
Catering Staff
Location Scouts
Costume Supervisors
Upscale Restaurant
Bar Scene
Country Road
Roof Top in the City
Parking Garage
City Street
COMPENSATION: Non-paid
OTHER COMPENSATION: Film credit, DVD copy, Meals, Snacks/beverages
SUBMISSIONS DUE BY: December 31, 2014
EMAIL SUBMISSIONS TO: firstname.lastname@example.com
SUBMISSIONS TO INCLUDE: Headshot, Resume, Demo reel file, Demo reel link
AUDITION DATE: November 29, 2014-December 31, 2014
AUDITION START TIME: November 29, 2014 at 12:01am
AUDITION END TIME: December 31, 2014 at 11:59pm
AUDITION ADDRESS: By Email Only
I would ask that you please send a video that has minimal to no distractions like pets, children or roommates to infringe upon your audition. Dress appropriately as you would for an in-person audition.


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Every detective has one or two cold cases that stay with him or her forever. It was no different for Harry Bosch. He now works for the Open-Unsolved Unit. The one case that continues to haunt him is Marie Gesto who disappeared after walking out of a supermarket in Hollywood.
Marie was never found - dead or alive! Shortly after her disappearance her car was found in an apartment garage. The thing that seemed really strange is that there was clean clothing neatly folded inside the car. Harry has his own idea as to who killed Marie Gesto; however, he could not prove it.
Harry received a call from the D.A. They had a man who has admitted to several murders. He was also willing to come clean on a few others including the murder of Marie Gesto. They explained to Harry that the police grew suspicious when they saw a van marked "Clear View Residential Glass Cleaners" out and about at 2:00 A.M. The cops ran a license check and found that the plates were registered to a Ford Mustang. This gave the cops probable cause to stop the van. After the van was stopped they noticed several black plastic bags on the floorboard in front of the passenger seat. A substance appearing to be blood could be seen leaking from one of the bags. When the police asked the driver if it was blood he responded by saying he cut himself earlier in the day. When they asked the man to show where he was cut, he tried to restart the engine. One of the officers restrained him. After the police checked the first bag they discovered body parts.
What Harry has to find out now is did this man really murder Marie Gesto or is he just admitting to the crime in order to make a deal and avoid the death penalty.
One of the things that Harry discovers is that he and his partner missed a clue back in 1993 that could have led them to Gesto's killer and that would have prevented all the murders that followed. This really takes a toll on Harry.
Is Harry Bosch successful at finding out the truth?
Michael Connelly is at it again! He hooks the reader from the very first page. If you are a fan of Harry Bosch, you must read this one - it has to be one of Michael Connelly's best books yet. I know I keep saying that - I don't think they can get much better - then comes another one that is better than the last! Mr. Connelly is an unbelievable writer when you think of how he can take any story and turn it into a thriller time and time again. Be sure to add this one to your reading list.
Thanks for visiting!


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Eyes Set To Kill has been one of the premier bands of the scream/metal genre since their inception in 2005. Formed by sisters Alexia and Anissa Rodriguez, their 2008 debut album Reach is now considered to be one of the classic albums that spearheaded the movement for screamo bands everywhere and boasts an eclectic mixture of melodic post-hardcore and gut wrenching screams. 2018 marks the tenth anniversary of Reach and Suburban Noize Records is commemorating the occasion by releasing the album on vinyl for the first time. For fans of Black Veil Brides, Escape The Fate, A Day To Remember, A Skylit Drive and Blessthefall.
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My Parent's Graduation Pictures
A couple of early pix of me circa 1963
My Family circa 06-17-63
My Bradley Grandparents and I in 1963
Me and my backyard pool 1963
Me in 1965
My sister Kelly and I in 1968 and 1974
The last picture taken of my Dad, taken 08-20-1978
This picture was taken at Thanksgiving 1979 ( Mom hated my smoking. Can you tell?)
My Family in 1983 and in 1988
These pictures were taken at my Sister Kelly's Wedding in 9-89
My sister and her children T.J. and Amber
This picture was taken when Anne Rice was here signing copies of Servant of TheBones
This picture of Mom and myself was taken 10-03-98
This is the most recent picture of me It was taken Halloween night


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The woman's eyes stared vacantly into the sky.
The runners had been bounding in, beaming with relief. On both sides of Boylston Street, hundreds of spectators still had packed the area, many cheering with hoarse voices for the late finishers surging in, scores of them every minute. An elderly volunteer greeting runners kept repeating this mantra: "You're all winners."
When the first boom shattered the bliss and the haze of white smoke washed over the finish line, I could see in the eyes of the woman what had happened. She wasn't breathing. She wasn't moving. Her eyes appeared lifeless as she lay beside the metal barriers on the sidewalk, where dozens of people were sprawled on the concrete, their limbs mangled, blood and broken glass everywhere.
I had been in a crouch shooting video of runners taking their final steps of the race, maybe 10 feet from the blast. I saw runners in front of me fall, at least one of whom appeared wounded. Those beside me at the center of the finish line — Marathon volunteers, security, fellow journalists — fell back as the ground trembled.
Someone beside me said he saw a red flash. Others close by told me they felt the spray of what they thought were shards of shrapnel. My ears were ringing from the blast, my eyes stinging from the smoke.
Time felt like it had slowed down — the disorientation, the confusion, the strange silence stealing my breath and delaying my ability to comprehend.
Seconds later, it became clear that it wasn't a gas explosion or some machinery malfunctioning. When we heard the second blast a few blocks down Boylston, everyone who wasn't running was now running.
Many were fleeing, but many were running to the wounded. They ripped down the metal barriers separating the runners from spectators. Unsure of whether there would be another explosion, these strangers risked their lives to help other strangers, performing CPR, comforting those in shock, and carrying the wounded to the nearby medical tent.
Alix Coletta, 26, a nurse in the medical tent, later told me she and others had treated dozens of people — including children — for severe trauma, massive bleeding, and heart problems.
"It was just chaos," she said.
At the center of Boylston Street, with hundreds of people running in every direction, I watched as the wounded cried for help. Those still walking began searching for friends and relatives.
Andrea George, 39, who was in the stands across from the first blast, told me a friend was standing a few feet from where the bomb exploded.
"I can't get in touch with him," she said, as the tears streamed. "It was the scariest thing I ever saw."
As sirens blared, police poured in, and FBI agents arrived, I watched as flags from around the world still fluttered in the breeze, a symbol of the thousands of people from nearly every corner of the planet who had come to help celebrate Patriots Day in Boston.
Many were fleeing, but many were running to the wounded. They ripped down the metal barriers separating the runners from spectators.
When I was finally escorted out of the area, police and emergency officials were still carrying the wounded away.
I was looking for the woman whose eyes will continue to haunt me. She was gone. Only the blood remained.David Abel can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @davabel.


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Georgia May Jagger is sizzling for Sisley in this shoot with her boyfriend for their fall/winter 2013/14 campaign. It's an impressively styled shoot, especially when you compare it to the awful Miley Cyrus feature that V magazine did recently.
Lots of Bardot vibes again in this campaign plus great chemistry with boyfriend and fellow model Josh McLellan.
The clothes look great and the games and sports vibe works a treat.
The Queen of the Swingers.
Clever symmetry with the floor.
Queen corners King.
Georgia has been supporting/partyimg with her dad on the Rolling Stones summer tour.
Great clothes from Sisley.
Muse Magazine
A fantastic vibrant shoot by David Bellemere is another winning campaign.
Is harlequin a good alternative to the normal chic dress vibe on bicycles?
Cheeky so and so!
Pussycat digs dem booties
Cool variety of looks.
L'Officiel Magazine
Lots of high end labels in this classy shoot. Chanel, Cavalli and Prada give maximum style.
Full-on leopard spots and floral combo.
Dazed & Confused Korea
Glam rock chick styling for this magazine. Love the skirt!
Fab ruffle skirt.
Sunday Times feature.
Mother's Day campaign for Sunglass Hut
Cavalli Ambassador
Jessie J would lust for this jumpsuit.
With Ronnie Wood and Taylor Swift.
Amazeballs trio!
Hot diggity dog! Defo not the Victoria's Secret diet.
Puppy love
What a fantastic few months for this amazing model.
What a fantastic few months for this amazing model.


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Revision Guide Search Result
GCSE Maths OCR Modular Revision Guide - Higher
Qualification: GCSE
Subject: Maths
Exam Board(s): OCR
Level: Higher
Specially designed for the new maths specification for OCR, this guide covers everything that is needed to know for the OCR modular course in the higher level (Check with your teacher whether your course is linear or modular and what level or tier paper you are taking) . Sections are broken down into revison for modules 6 to 10. Laid out in a friendly, easily accessible note-like format with plenty of diagrams these CGP guides are amongst the most popular on the market. 120 pages in full colour.
Click on the book to see reviews and comments at Amazon
View Contents Page | View Contents Page 2 | View Sample Page | Email to a Friend


text: If you know what it means for someone to wake up on the wrong side of the bed, you should have the common sense not to get too close to that person. Give her plenty of time and space to clear out the grouchiness. Fair warning: Please keep your distance from me today or I'll likely bite your head off. It won't be your fault, but whatever you say to me might not be taken kindly even if it is meant as a compliment. I'm out of sorts, and am easily agitated by the slightest annoyances. What's up with that? I returned home last evening from traveling. It often takes me a day or two before settling into a normal routine after returning home from a trip. Today seems extra rough considering we were only gone for a couple of days. I guess it doesn't matter if I'm gone two days or two weeks if it involves air travel and a different time zone -- my sensibilities are knocked out from their normalcy. I will allow myself another day to keep to myself and recoup my energies and not concern myself with why I'm being such a crank. At least this is a temporary feeling, not a lingering feeling I'm dealing with. I'm catching up on my emails and am happy to see that my ankles are returning to a normal size. Swollen ankles are no fun, this often occurs when I fly. Try these travel tips for sensitive souls if you too find it takes time to snap back into your routine after returning home from a trip.


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An Overview of Location Highlights and Features of Abad Oasis
Abad Builders' residential project titled "Oasis" is situated in Unichira, which is one of the bustling real estate areas in Cochin. In case you are a home seeker searching for ready to occupy apartments with 2, 3, and 4 bedroom options in Edappally, Abad Oasis is worth considering as a luxury investment option.
Unichira is adjacent to Cochin's go-to residential areas namely downtown Edappally and Thrikkakara village, which are locations with affluent apartment projects from some of the top builders in Kochi. Abad is certainly is one of them, a competitor to some of the distinguished builders in the real estate segment of Kerala.
Much like most of the luxury housings in Edappally or anywhere in Kochi, Abad Builders aims to raise the quality of living with "Oasis." The CRISIL-rated builders' nomenclature has more to do with the fact that it is rare to find luxury apartments, especially in a metropolitan area with high-traffic, and ones that feature natural amenities coupled with the state-of-the-art facilities.
For starters, the residential project of Abad Builders spans around 82 cents of property and has 95 units with two, three, and four BHK apartments. Besides, Abad Oasis has wastewater treatment plant, rainwater harvesting facility, centralized gas supply, an electronic boom gate, high-speed elevators with LCD panel and stainless steel cabin, fully air-conditioned health club, A/C equipped multipurpose recreational hall, a swimming pool, another pool for kids with Jacuzzi, etc.
The building is designed with a wall sharing separating a luxury flat from that of the neighbor. The parting wall sharing system offer privacy to the residents, improves natural light and ventilation inside the rooms, and is one of the common features of most of the affluent apartments in the city. Besides these ultra-modern features, there is another important factor to consider while looking for a place to live in a metropolis.
Places that reside within 3 kilometers distance from the high-rise project of Abad Builders include Thrikkakara Temple, Lulu International Shopping Mall, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Edappally Metro Station, Saint George's Forane Church, KIMS Hospital, and Sunrise Hospital.
Apart from these places, Abad Oasis is encircled by some of the quickly developing municipalities that come under the Administration of Kochi with Thrikkakara being one of the nearest.