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I will attempt to pass on the intuition I have developed for using pointers in C and C++. The metaphors and explanations that I use are based on a number of attempts to help beginners struggling with concepts. Each of whom now have a better understanding of these confounding constructs. Even if you are completely comfortable with pointers, maybe I can possibly give you another approach to help better explain these fundamental tools to others.
This post will introduce pointers and the syntax for interacting with them. I will write a follow-up post that addresses more complex things that are done with pointers, such as creating data structures and using function-pointers.
I want to start with an analogy. Think of your program as a book. The pages are like memory addresses, and the content on each page is the data.
A pointer in this context would be an entry in the index. The name of the entry is similar to the name of your pointer. This entry takes up space in the book, but the entry itself does not contain any data. Instead, it contains a page-number (address) where you can actually find the data related to this index entry.
You cannot access the data the index refers to directly from the index itself. Rather, you must first dereference the index (pointer) by navigating to the page (address) indicated for the entry.
With computers, there are two ways to reference data, directly and indirectly.
Direct references are to variables that refer to data that is directly associated with the storage location for the variable. These types of variables have been statically allocated, which means they are local variables allocated on the stack, global variables, or variables that have been declared with the
static qualifier. To keep things simple, I will only use local variables in the code examples.
Indirect references do not have storage associated with the data to be accessed. Instead, we have a variable that points to the storage location. The storage location is a memory address on the computer. Essentially, a pointer is a variable that stores a memory address. Pointers, References, and even Arrays are all forms of indirect data access. This post focuses on the Pointer.
A computer address requires a value that is the size of a machine-word. The machine-word size can be deduced by the target machine's architecture. For example, a 32-bit architecture has a word-size of 32-bits. Virtually all modern architectures use an 8-bit byte. Therefore, a 32-bit architecture has a machine-word size of 4 bytes. Since a pointer is a variable that holds an address, a pointer will be the same size as the computer's machine-word.
A pointer must be initialized before it can be dereferenced. Dereferencing an uninitialized pointer is considered undefined behavior, which basically means your program won't work. There are two things that you can use to initialize a pointer, 1) a valid address in your program, 2)
NULL or 0.
NULL is defined in both C and C++, but it is generally advised to not use NULL because it is not defined portably across different systems. Instead, you should use the value 0.
One note of caution, Operating systems typically do not map data at the address 0x0. However, 0x0 may be a valid address on some resource constrained bare-metal systems. Therefore, take the time to learn the details for each system on which your programs will execute.
A new literal value for pointers was added to C++ 11 called,
nullptr. This is a safe and portable value that can be assigned to a pointer to indicate that it does not reference anything valid. If you are using newer versions of C++, this is the recommended value to assign to empty pointers..
Let's review the different types of syntax that can be used to interact with pointers. The operations include the ability to take the address-of a data location, dereference a pointer to its data location, and even accessing members of complex data structures.
& becomes the address-of operator when placed in front of a variable. Use this operation to create a pointer to variable. This is a fundamental operation that is used to assign indirect storage to pointers and pass local variables to functions that expect pointers.
char buffer[] = "2147483647 is 2^31 - 1";
char* p_end = 0;
// Convert the text string to a number.
// The last character parsed is returned in p_end.
long value = strtol(buffer, &p_end, 10);
long p_long* = &value; // The address where value is located
// is assigned to the pointer
* is the dereference operator when placed in front of a pointer. This is how to access the underlying data referenced by the pointer. You must dereference a pointer if you want to access the data for both reading and writing to its indirect storage location.
char* strcpy(char* dest, const char* src)
// Copy each character from src into dest
// until the terminating NULL is found.
char* cur = dest;
// Dereference src to read its value
while (*src != 0)
// Dereference src to read its value for assignment
// to the current location of the dereferenced cur.
*cur = *src;
// Advance the location pointed to by
// both of these pointers, i.e. next character.
// Copy the final NULL termination.
*cur = *src;
return dest;
Structs and classes collect a set of member data and functions into a single construct. If you have a pointer to an object and want to access one of its members, you will have to dereference the object pointer before you can access the members.
struct Entry
int key;
int value;
Entry* p_entry = new Entry;
(*p_entry).key = 1;
(*p_entry).value = 100;
This syntax is a bit cumbersome. There is a member access operator that can indirectly reference their members
Entry* p_entry = new Entry;
p_entry->key = 1;
p_entry->value = 100;
Arrays provide a convenient method to refer multiple data locations through a single variable. Arrays are pointers dressed up in disguise. The same notation used to access an index in an array can be used with pointers to access an element offset from the base address of the pointer.
// Allocate a block of 10 integers
int* p_ints = new int[10];
// Remember, zero-based indexing in C and C++
p_ints[0] = 1; // Assign 1 to the first element, which is
*p_ints = 1; // equivalent to this operation
p_ints[1] = 2; // Assign 2 to the second element
p_ints[9] = 10; // Assign 10 to the tenth element
Notice how the pointer indirection is automatically handled when the subscript operator is used. To be clear, an array and a pointer accessed with the subscript operator are two different things. The array is located at the same address as the variable's storage. On the other hand, the pointer contains an indirect address to the storage. When the subscript operation is used on the pointer, its address is first dereferenced before the value is indexed. You can test this with the
sizeof operator to report these size of the variable in question.
int array_ints[10];
int* p_ints = new int[10];
size_t array_size = sizeof(array_ints); // 10 * size of int (4) = 40
size_t pointer_size = sizeof(p_ints); // word size = 4
Although the array has storage associated with its variable, if the array is used directly without a dereference operation, the address of the array is returned. In essence, the array is a dressed up pointer. However, you cannot assign a new pointer to an array variable. When you pass an array as an input parameter to a function expecting a pointer, it is implicitly converted to a pointer. This is also true if you attempt to declare a function with a parameter that is an array. You can learn more about that from a previously written post on Type Decay[^].
Sometimes it is useful to hold a pointer to a pointer. If you wanted to declare a variable to hold a pointer to a pointer, it would look like this:
char value = 0;
char* p_value = &value;
// Declare a pointer to a char pointer
char** pp_value = &p_value;
// A double indirection is required to read the
// actual value stored at the final address.
char data = **pp_value;
There two reasons that I can think of to use multiple levels of indirection. The first is to make call-by-reference functions calls with pointer variables. Call parameters for functions in C can be either call-by-value or call-by-reference. Call-by-value places the value of the variable on the call stack, whereas call-by-reference places the address of the variable on the call stack. You use call-by-reference when the called function will modify the call parameter passed to the function. In the case of the
strtol example, a pointer to the first character after parsed number is returned.
Call-by-reference is especially valuable when you have more than one value that you would like to return from a function.
Here is an example of double-indirection by a function that allocates a new buffer to copy the contents of a string. The second level of indirection is required so the caller can receive the updated value of the pointer, which points to the newly allocated buffer.
// Allocate a buffer to hold a copy of the input string.
// The number of bytes allocated
size_t CopyString(const char* input, char** output)
size_t len = strlen(input) + 1;
*output = new char[len];
strncpy(*output, input, len);
return len;
The other reason is to dynamically create an array of pointers. For that matter, even a statically allocated array of pointers has double indirection. An array of pointers could be used as a container for other dynamically allocated variables, or a function-pointer table. I will discuss function-pointers in the follow-up post to this article.
The final concept that I want to introduce in this post is pointer arithmetic. It is commonly used. It is also easy to mess up if you aren't paying attention. I think it is important to walk through this concept to help you from being surprised when you work with different pointer types in this context. The pointer type supports basic addition and subtraction, which also includes the increment
++ and decrement
-- operations.
Using the subscript notation is a simply a different form of performing pointer arithmetic, followed with indirectly referencing the data at the specified index. A pointer is an indirect reference to a specific type. Whether it is to one of the fundamental types, an object or even another pointer, this referenced type has a size associated with it. Adding one to a pointer will increase its value by the size of its referenced type. Similarly, subtracting one from a pointer will reduce its value by that same size. Therefore, the subscript operator intrinsically performs the pointer arithmetic to identify the location of the index from the base pointer.
int* buffer = new int[10];
// ... Populate the contents of the array
// These two statements are equivalent
buffer[4] = 101;
*(buffer+4) = 101;
Be cautious when performing pointer arithmetic, because if you attempt to calculate an offset with the wrong type, the wrong type-size may be used in your calculation. This is most likely to happen when you are converting data between types, such as reading a message from network communication.
Finally, you cannot perform pointer arithmetic on a
void*. This pointer type is an intermediate type that must be cast to another type before it can be dereferenced or indexed.
When you are wading through a morass of pointer code, I find it useful to deduce the type for variables with lots of indirection. Especially pointer logic that is iterating through the elements of a buffer.
We will deconstruct the types from this snippet of code:
char Buffer[] = "Code"; // Statically allocated char array
char* pb = Buffer; // char* points to first buffer char
char b0 = pb[0]; // Dereference char* becomes char, 'C'
char b1 = pb[1]; // Dereference char* becomes char, 'o'
char* pb1 = &b1; // then take address results in a pointer.
// Equivalent to this: &pb[1]
char* pb2 = pb+2; // Add char slots from base pointer,
// results in a new pointer
char b2 = *pb2; // Dereference points to 'd'
// Equivalent to this: *(pb+2)
Let's do one more. This time a bit more complex:
// Create two strings,
char* pHello = new char[6]; // This one is dynamically allocated
strncpy(pHello, "Hello", 6);
char pWorld[] = "World"; // This one is statically allocated
char** ppStrings = new char*[2]; // Allocate an array of char*
// This is a pointer to a char pointer
ppStrings[0] = pHello; // Let's associate pHello with the first index.
// We dereference the first pointer
// This gives us a char* pointer.
// Now we can assign pHello
ppStrings[1] = pWorld; // The same applies to the second string.
// For cleanup, must delete 2 allocations
delete[] ppStrings; // Be sure to use [] version of delete
delete[] pHello; // Same for pHello.
// pWorld was not dynamically allocated
Pointers are essential to perform many operations in C and C++. Arrays are basically pointers in disguise. The indirect nature of pointers can lead to confusion, and the difference between the size of the pointer and the size of its type can lead to confusion. I showed in this article how you can successfully manipulate pointers by identifying the type of variable you are working with before performing any operations. In the next part, I will tackle some more complex topics related to pointers, which includes data structures and function-pointers.]]>
As part of my coursework in the pursuit of a Masters degree in Cybersecurity I took a course called Software Engineering for Real-Time Embedded Systems. The course focused on the concepts and challenges that are encountered when developing software for systems that have hard real-time deadlines for the system to function properly. The homework was a series of projects that led up to the development of a quad-copter with streaming video.
Many of the developers that I follow on Twitter have asked for resources on how to get started with embedded development. I thought this would be a great project to build and document the process for those of you that are interested in learning what is required to create one of these machines. I plan to build a general-purpose drone that is suited for aerial-photography with longer-than-average flight-times. However, the software that I develop can be adapted to all types of multi-rotor air-vehicles. This means that by changing the components such as frame and motors, you could easily build your own drone suitable for FPV racing.
There are plenty of pre-built and DIY (do-it-yourself) kits available to amateurs and enthusiasts. If I simply wanted to fly model aircraft I would purchase one of these kits and I wouldn't be writing this series. My chosen career is Software Engineering and it just so happens that is also my hobby. While I will be using the same components found in the DIY kits, I will be foregoing the flight-controller. Instead, I will be designing and documenting my journey as I develop this controller and integrate it with the drone. If you aren't interested in writing your own flight controller from scratch, you can still build a drone based on an embedded controller and use the open-source software Ardupilot. This development for this software is definitely active and contains support for many different types of air-vehicles. Alternatively, you could purchase a flight controller circuit-card that has all of the required functionality built into the hardware.
I will definitely cover all of the software aspects required to build a drone for yourself. I also plan to write some entries that will be of interest to you if you are interested in embedded development. For example, reading component data sheets, setting up interrupts and other aspects important to real-time embedded development.
A quad-copter is considered a multi-rotor air-vehicle. Other common multi-rotor configurations include 3, 6 and 8 rotors. Four rotors provides a relatively stable configuration that is symmetric and won't be as expensive as the 6 or 8 rotor configurations.
There are two other types of radio-controlled air-vehicles common with hobbyists.
These are relatively efficient craft that allow for much longer flight times. However, they typically require a large amount of setup/teardown time when moving to the flight zone, and these craft require large open areas where the craft can maintain constant forward momentum to create lift over the wings.
This is a single-rotor aircraft. The flight direction is controlled by changing the attitude of the main rotor and a secondary tail rotor is required to counteract the gyroscopic rotation caused by the primary blade.
I mentioned that a traditional helicopter requires a tail-rotor to counteract the gyroscopic rotation introduced by the primary blade. A quad-copter is subject to the same forces as its rotors spin. To counteract this effect, we will spin two of the motors clockwise and the other two motors counter-clockwise. At this point I do not know if it matters which motors that we command to rotate in each direction. Unless I find a definitive reference or someone comments with the definitive answer, this seems like something worth experimenting with when I reach that point.
This is the rotation configuration that we will start with as we work towards the final quad-copter:
We will alternate the direction of rotation for each motor
The four rotors on a quad-copter allow for a relatively stable and very maneuverable aircraft. A quad-copter has 6-degrees of freedom in movement, 1) up, 2) down, 3) left (port), 4) right (starboard), 5) forward, and 6) backwards (aft). Additionally, the craft is also capable of hovering in-place and rotating in both the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions.
A different set of terminology is used in navigation of ships and aircraft, and I will be using these terms moving forward.
This describes the overall rotation speed of the rotors. Thrust adjusts the relative speed of each rotor equally. Therefore, if the thrust is increased, the speed of the rotors will increase and the air-vehicle will ascend. Alternatively, if the thrust is decreased the air-vehicle will descend. Assuming the air-vehicle is in the air, if the thrust is left at a steady neutral position, the vehicle will hover in place. This will require the calibration and selection of the hover level for thrust. The hover level is the neutral thrust level.
This causes the craft to rotate either to the left or the right. This rotation will cause the drone the move to the side as well. To introduce this motion the two rotors on the side in the direction of the roll should be reduced, while the rotors on the opposite side are increased.
This causes the craft to move forward or backward by rotating the orientation of the craft. Again, to introduce this motion the rotors on the opposite side of the desired direction of movement should be increased.
This is the rotation of the craft around the vertical access. The gyroscopic forces of the spinning rotors are used to control this aspect of flight. Two of the rotors spin clockwise and two spin counter-clockwise. Increasing the speed of the clockwise motors relative to the counter-clockwise motors will induce a force that causes the craft to yaw to the right (clockwise). The craft moves in the opposite direction when the rate of the counter-clockwise motors is increased relative to the clockwise motors.
The list below contains a description of the components that are required to build a basic quad-copter / quad-rotor. I have also included the parts that I am using for my build.
There are many types of frames, built with a variety of materials such as wood, plastic and carbon fiber. It is important to get a frame that is light and well-balanced. I chose to work with the Tarot - IronMan 650, which is built from carbon fiber. This frame collapses easily to make it more portable. It has a solid core with two plates to protect the internal components. This frame was about 100 dollars. It is a larger frame, so it is not suited for FPV-racing. I am more interested in developing a platform that I can additional sensors to perform interesting tasks remotely.
Multi-rotor copters typically use outrunner type motors because of their high efficiency. Outrunners are a type of motor where the internal coil is mounted fixed and the entire brushless outer bell-housing rotates with the shaft, attached to the propeller. Motors are rated by a unit represented as KV. This means Kilo-rotations / Volt. Typical batteries run at 12 volts. Therefore, the 1000KV motor would rotate at a top speed of 12000 RPM.
I selected the Turnigy - Multistar Elite 4006 740KV motor for my drone. This is a slower motor at 740KV that has a larger number of magnetic poles to produce more torque. I will pair this with a steeper pitch of propeller to create a drone that can handle a heavier payload with the additional sensors that I will eventually add. The specs for these motors indicate they are capable of handling from 10" to 17" rotors. To start with, I have selected 11" carbon-fiber rotors. If you are purchasing equipment to build your own drone, I suggest you order extra rotors. Because you will break a few before you attain stable flight.
The motors are ultimately controlled by an Electronic Speed Controller (ESC). They are colloquially called "Escapes". The motor is controlled by 3 input wires, which the ESC uses to adjust the voltage across the different wires to cause the motor to spin. The controller side of the ESC has two wires that the flight controller uses Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) signals to signal the desired speed. I will elaborate on the ESC in later posts when I describe its integration with the flight controller.
Most ESCs are designed to support a single motor. These ESCs are attached to each arm of the multi-rotor so they can connect to the flight controller in the center of the frame, and the motor on the edge of the arm. A separate ESC is required for each motor. This electronic component is one of the most important elements of your drone. So don't go cheap on this component. ESCs are rated by the current that they control. I have seen ratings in increments of 5A and 10A. I would go one level greater than the rating of the battery that you plan to use. ESCs can support additional features to protect the other electronics in your system, such as a low-voltage protector for your lithium-polymer battery. These features are often programmable.
When searching for the ESC that I wanted to use, I discovered a 4-in-1 module that is installed at the center of the drone and supports up to 4 motors. This module also has a Battery Elimination Circuit (BEC) that can be used to power a 5 volt flight-controller. I chose the Q Brain 4x25A Brushless Quadcopter ESC. I wanted to simplify the circuitry that I would have to create for the drone. I am more interested in the software that plan to write than the physical circuits that are created.
The current drones are powered by Lithium-Polymer (Lipo) type batteries. They are very dense and can store quite a bit of energy. There are a few metrics used to rate these batteries:
Lipo batteries are rated by the rate of current that can be drawn from the battery. This quality will be indicated with a "C" in the battery description. For example, a battery that is capable of sustaining a current of 10 amps will be marked 10C.
The amount of energy contained in a fully charged battery is indicated in milli-amp hours (mAh). Smaller batteries may only contain 100 mAh, while the types of batteries used to control a multi-rotor drone store between 2500 mAh to 12000 mAh. This rating typically determines the amount of flight time you will get per charge. I don't know if there is a calculation to approximate your flight times. I will be sure to post it if I run across one.
Most entry-level drones uses batteries with 3 cells. When you read a batteries rating, it will indicate the number of cells with an "S". Therefore a 3 cell battery will be described as 3S. More cells generally means more stored power to provide longer flight times or support a stronger current draw.
I will be using a Turnigy MultiStar battery rated at 5200 mAh 4S 14.8V @ 10C. note: I couldn't find an image to match the rating of the battery that I purchased. (I also didn't look that hard).
This is the most important sensor on a quad-copter. This sensor is also found in smart phones. An IMU contains a collection of accelerometers and gyroscopes to deduce the orientation and current motion of your drone. The absolute orientation of the drone can also be determined by locating magnetic North when the IMU contains a magnetometer. All of these sensors are typically packaged into a relatively inexpensive MEMS unit and integrated on a circuit board. The processor board that I selected is designed for robotics applications and it contains an IMU. If you want to use a different processor board, you can pick up an inexpensive IMU from AdaFruit.
To control the drone, you will need a radio transmitter and receiver pair. The most straight-forward solution is to simply buy a RC controller from a hobby shop or online. The transmitter is typically a controller with a channel selector and joysticks. The radio receiver is a small component that integrates with the Analog-Digital Converters (ADC) of your processor board to read the signal levels for each control.
While I initially develop my drone, I am going to use a standard 802.11 wifi network that connects my tablet to the wifi radio in AP mode on the flight controller processor board. I capture the control inputs with an Xbox 360 controller. Using this method allows me to capture useful information and display it on a display on my computer on the ground while I am testing. This wifi link will also facilitate streaming of live video once basic flight is achieved. We can go back at any point in time and integrate support for a traditional RC controller if desired.
This control board is the component that coordinates all of the information required to make a multi-rotor drone capable of flight. As I have already mentioned, many flight controllers exist and can be purchased just like all of the other components that I have mentioned. Except, that is not why we are here. We are going to explore the embedded world, and take on the challenge of developing our own flight controller.
I originally planned to use the BeagleBone Black. This is a very cool open-source prototype board that has lots of capabilities related to embedded systems development. It is very similar to the Raspberry Pi. The BeagleBoard runs an image of Debian Linux. I really enjoy working on these boards, because I can eliminate the need for setting up a cross-compiling toolchain. I compile the BeagleBoard's software directly on the BeagleBoard. I will add another post soon to help get you started with this platform.
Finally, this board requires a 5v power-supply. When I first assembled the drone, this configuration was great, in that I was able to use the 5v BEC from the ESC controller to power the Beagle board. But then...
I discovered the recently released (March 2017) BeagleBoard Blue. This is a version of the board is specifically designed for robotics applications. It contains an embedded IMU, and a wifi radio. This meant that I would no longer have to integrate those two components into the drone as they would be contained within this single board. However, this board requires a 12v power supply, or a 2 cell battery. I will be powering the flight controller with a separate 2 cell battery.
That covers the basic concepts of a quad-copter and hardware that I plan to start with. The next few posts will focus on getting started with the BeagleBone processor board and developing basic electronics projects. This will set the stage to integrate all of the components I described in this post. The final goal is to have a working quad-copter with supporting software that is ready to be expanded for custom purposes. The software will be available from GitHub. So if you are interested, check back soon. Follow me on Twitter to receive tweets when I post new updates.]]>
I haven't yet decided if I think this is a universal flaw among people or that it is a trait more prone to the practitioners of our profession; I am referring to the absolute mentality that so many people seem to use when making decisions. This is a closed-minded approach to solving problems. This is the basic concept:
"There is one absolutely best practice, and you are an idiot if you don't subscribe to the same approach that I take."
It is important to leave your comfort zone to expand your abilities. You can increase your potential by learning to spot this cognitive bias, recognize when you are limiting your potential by falling prey to it, and learn to evaluate objectively as you make decisions in your day-to-day activities.
I do think Ignorance is Bliss in many ways. When you are unaware of politics, current world conflicts, or the unfair business practices of large corporations, there is less for you to worry about. In most cases, you couldn't do anything to resolve these issues by yourself anyway. Regardless, this post is about something a bit more focused, willful ignorance.
Willful ignorance is what I believe most people mean when they call someone else ignorant. Ignorant by itself, simply means "lack of knowledge, education or awareness." It's not an inherently negative state of being. We are all ignorant of programming concepts when we first start our careers. Along with "best" practices, the "best" tools and the "best" coding styles. As we learn skills and become informed, we shed that state of ignorance and become capable of making more informed decisions for our daily activities. However, to reach this point requires a conscious active effort to increase one's knowledge. Willful ignorance is when a person actively stops acquiring new knowledge.
I will admit that I have trapped myself in that state of being before, multiple times actually. The first occurred when I first started programming and I reached a level of skilled commonly referred to as "Expert Beginner". This is that level when developers are quite dangerous. They are capable enough to accomplish things, but still quite ignorant of the world of computing. I remember feeling all-powerful. I mean, just a year earlier I knew zero programming concepts and now I could program in multiple languages and I was even commanding a computer to drive CNC milling machines. Also, consider that I had no difficulty developing code for the same type of problems that were disguised in different forms. I stopped running into new challenges, and mistakenly believed there wouldn't be any others.
It took a mix of observing other co-workers exhibiting similar behavior and the exposure to more complex concepts in my college courses to realize how little I actually knew. It's an easy trap in which to fall prey and it doesn't have to be permanent. It wasn't for me because I was actively pursuing knowledge and continued to seek growth. I will describe the other time I became ignorant of better ways later in this post.
A limited perspective provides limited choices.
It's that simple.
Have you ever run across a piece of code that just didn't seem to fit? Or you are trying to put together a solution but everything you try feels like it should be much simpler than your solution? That may be your intuition trying to guide you to that simpler solution. Since you don't currently see any better solution, take a step back. Go for a walk even.
While on your walk, don't think about the problem. In fact, don't think about any problems. Let your mind wander and relax. You may find that idea your intuition had in mind bubbles to the surface before you make it back to your desk. If not, no worries. With a clear mind, return back to your problem and seek out a new perspective.
I believe it is important to experiment, especially as a programmer. Hopefully you are able to find the time to explore here and there, to discover different approaches to solving problems.
Create a prototype solution the next time you design a feature. This is how you can explore the possibilities without giving up your nights and weekends. This will also give you a better understanding of your solution when you are ready to implement the real solution. You may think that you are too busy. Try it! You will surprise yourself.
This code truly should be proof of concept. Quick and dirty to test the feasibility of an approach. To help with this, consider using a different context for naming your objects to make it less tempting and convenient to paste your prototype into your production implementation. I will often create my prototypes in a unit test harness. This allows me to create multiple, small test scenarios to use my prototype while I try to understand the problem space.
Prototypes also give you the opportunity to experiment with features of a language or a library of which you recently learned. You should spend a minimal amount of time experimenting to determine if there are merits to this feature for your current problem. If it turns out to be a good fit, fantastic! However, even if it is not a good fit for your current problem, you may gain insight to the types of problems you could solve with this feature in the future. Most importantly, don't view prototype development as wasted time and effort. Even if your prototype fails to provide value, you have still learned something and gained experience; that is invaluable.
It's no coincidence that I embraced prototyping when I started to embrace the concept of unit testing with a test framework. Unit test frameworks provide a harness to execute and observe your prototype code. If you have setup your environment so that creating new test harnesses are effortless, it becomes effortless to explore ideas in the form of prototypes. Another advantage of this approach is that the code remains segregated from your main project. Therefore, the temptation to incorporate this experimental code into your main project is minimized.
Starting a new programming solution from scratch is an exciting prospect. You get to work from a clean slate, and create your solution. Working in a codebase that was written by someone else. Well, that just sucks. However, there's much to be learned from an existing code base. Especially if the program works.
If the program works, that means the previous developer did something right. It's easy to jump into unknown code and criticize it."What the hell where they thinking?"
Consider this, what are you possibly missing? Although the software may not be perfect, it probably has some redeeming qualities. For legacy code, these qualities may be hidden beneath the years of maintenance additions that have compromised it's original architectural integrity. So how does it work? Learning to read and understand new code is extremely valuable.
Pro Tip:It's easier to understand new code if you don't judge it while you are reading it.
If you find it difficult to not judge the code in which you are stuck working, then spend a little time dissecting and understanding an open-source library that you admire. For example, something from Boost.org. Take a little bit of time to play around with the library. Possibly even create your own simplified version of it, while emulating the techniques used to implement the library.
The key theme in all of these techniques are they are different ways to practice and explore something new.
There is are no silver bullets, or killer strategies that will always work. Best practices, sure. These are strategies that usually lead to successful implementations. But remember they may not provide for the optimal solution, or even a useful solution. Best practices are the greatest common denominators for practices to guide developers that range from expert-level all of the way to beginner.
Use a healthy dose of skepticism for every guideline you apply to your code. Generally, the guideline is valid and should be used. That is, until it's not.
The other time I realized that I had become an expert beginner, was just a few years ago. I have had the opportunity to utilize a wide variety of algorithms after nearly two decades of programming. What I found, was that I basically resorted to the same small set of algorithms and data structures. That's because they were good enough. The problem is they were good enough for most situations. Because I had acquired a small list of algorithms that I depended on, I ignored all of the other possibilities that existed.
I returned to college to work on a masters degree. The program I chose had a required class "Foundation of Algorithms". I thought this will be boring because I took this as an undergraduate. I also considered getting a waiver for the class. I am glad that I didn't, because it opened my mind and reacquainted me with many of the concepts that I had tossed aside. I still go to my favorite list of algorithms, but not before considering the criteria required to solve the problem at hand.
As an example, consider the binary-search tree (BST). The red-black tree is a great implementation of this data-structure because it is self-balancing. Therefore, you have a solid general purpose binary-tree that gives you O(log n) performance for search, insert, and delete. Many implementations of the C++ Standard Library use a red-black tree to implement the
There is another type of self-balancing BST called, AVL tree (AVL are the initials of the authors). This tree also provides O(log n) performance for the three main operations of a BST. One is just as good as the other, right? The difference between these two trees is in how the tree is balanced. The AVL tree uses a stricter algorithm that keeps the height of the tree to a minimum. Therefore, it performs better in situations that rely heavily on search operations.
The red-black tree is still the better data structure for general-purpose use, because the balancing algorithm is more efficient than AVL's algorithm. This high-lights the trade-off that we need to make when selecting between the two data-structures. If our data is typically loaded once, then primarily searched, the AVL tree would be the better choice. However, if the data in the tree is fairly dynamic with insertions and deletions being at least as likely as a search, then the red-black tree will be a better choice. Of course, if the data-set remains small, then they type of tree may not matter at all. Each situation is unique, and should be analyzed.
Selecting the best algorithm becomes a set of choices between the trade-offs. In my case, I quit analyzing the situation and simply reached for the correct class of algorithm.
This led me to the realization that lists of best practices or development methodologies are designed to guide developers to a good solution in most circumstances, without the requirement of giving much thought. "Just follow the steps down the path, you'll know when you get there..."
For a while, I thought this was a good thing. Someone has distilled this list of best-practices so I don't have to think about the minutiae, I can focus on the problem at hand. The problem is, we tend to lump all types of development together. What works well for website development probably will not be compatible with development of embedded hardware in highly regulated industries. And as these two types of development diverge to their extremes, the differences only become greater, e.g. high-demand websites on distributed server-farms vs. safety-critical embedded controllers for commercial aircraft.
Another way this manifest itself is with methodologies, such as the Agile method. Actually, not the Agile method itself, but how it is practiced, very rigidly. The point of being agile, is to being open to adapt to changes gracefully. It may be that a certain aspect of the SCRUM process does not fit well with the team or the way products are developed at your company. You should evaluate what doesn't work and modify it for your needs, or possibly even eliminate it. Strictly adhering to a process because that's what the expert's say is, well... willfully ignorant.
Originally, I started this post as a rant against the absolute mentality that many people use with work and maybe even life. Then as I wrote, I thought it would be more constructive to help others identify this mind trap, and avoid it. It happens to all of us. The thing is, you don't have to stay in that spot. Following guidelines or a methodology are not excuses to mentally checkout. If something doesn't make sense, try to understand it and change it if necessary. Otherwise, you run the risk of becoming an expert-beginner with no path for growth.]]>


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Distance Education is Now Training the Next Genertation of Medical Assistants
- 1373 Views
Typical Methods of Distance Learning for Medical Assistant programs and other schools include:
One-way video/two-way audio via satellite
Two way video and audio conferencing
Multiple user audio-only conferencing
World Wide Web-based access to educational programs
Internet and e-mail-based distributed educational programs
Online labs using innovative distance education technology (excellent for the Medical Assistant student)
A critical element of effective distance learning today is the learning environment. Interaction within that environment can occur by many technical means: e-mail, fax, telephone, two-way video. Interestingly, this interaction is becoming more asynchronous Qmeaning it doesn't have to happen at the same time for all participants.
Medical Assistant distance edcuation is quickly becoming the norma and not the acception for the future generation of new Medical Assistants. The Medical Assistant that can integrate technology with their profession and on-going education is at a GREAT ADVANTAGE to the students studing in older classroom modules and settings. The next generation of Medical Assistants will be educated by distance education technology and will replace the older traditional classroom trained medical assistants. Detailed information about Medical Assistant distance education is now available at the St. Augustine Medical Assistant website: www.medassistant.org
Dr. Mark Stout, Physician and Dean of Education for St. Augustine School of Medical Assistants

subset: commoncrawl


text: Hey yall! As you may or may not know, i'm Linsabella Ariella. I'm stuck in a small town with larger than life dreams. I was born with many talents, and ever since I was younger I wanted to make them come true. I know I'm only 18 and I'm still young right? But to me, I've been waiting all my life muhnnn! So what's up yall? What are yall up to at this moment? Tell me. Me? I'm just up to ya know, being the freak that I am. I am up right now because sometimes I just can't sleep at night. So, I copyrighted some of my songs! All I need to do is make music for them. It seems simple enough,eh? i guess for a reject like me it's not so simple. But it will get done, even if it takes one week or 10 years. That's the thing about me. I am such a freak, misfit, loser, stuck in a cruel world but if there's one thing I am not, it's a QUITTER. Ya know, it's a good thing I don't care what people think about me anymore. My life is like a movie in SO many ways. I will keep you updated on my life through these blogs! <3 I know you are so looking forward to it right?! WRONG! Love yall...kiss kiss hug hug and all that jazz... <3


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Bit of a spotty sleep last night but I managed to get to my new routine of cardio/kindling … Read more
Still getting used to Journaling….
Forgot to do this the last few days. This is my first foray into Journaling so please forgive … Read more
Tiring Saturday
Worked a long shift at worn today, gets to be a bit Tiring working in 2 degree windy … Read more
Start of the Search for Work
Wanted to get up super early, but then realized I needed the extra sleep, gotta do what your … Read more
The Commitment
Hey y'all this is my first one! I'm starting this journal to document everything that I do every … Read more


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For some reason the continuity sheet icons weren't appearing in chronological order but Cistec have identified the problem and we're releasing an update soon! We're also planning to release an update modifying the text functions so that the costume list section or any other notes can be colour coded or written in bold, or italics etc.
We've discovered that when a character wears similar or the same make-up / hair for every or most story days, it's easier to make a master continuity sheet of make-up notes and label it as such with no photo or scene number details; it can then be copied and edited to include relevant details everyday with different scenes and photographs.
You can follow @ProFilmApp on twitter or check out our Facebook Page here


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Wouldn't it be great if you could select a wonderful web host that was flexible and affordable? You need a reliable web page hosting service so that you can join all the people who are earning a living through their websites. Learn which features you need and how much to spend so that you don't waste any of your hard-earned money on unnecessary website hosting costs. The tips below will let you determine how good a current or prospective web hosting provider is relative to its competitors.
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If you do not have a large budget, consider finding a web host that is free. Your site is displayed with ads, and you have limited space to store it. If you want to create a professional-looking site, choose a paying host.
It is important to know which features you need when choosing a web page hosting provider. The field is populated with a number of quality providers, but you do need to invest some time and effort into identifying the host that is right for you. Use the tips above to expedite your search and find the web page hosting service that can take your business to the next level.
Posted in: Uncategorized on December 14, 2016 @ 1:18 am
Comments Off on Easy To Understand Web Hosting Advice And Tips


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Explore over a dozen programs available over Winter 2019
With a dozen Study Abroad programs available over Winter Session, there's a variety of opportunities to make international travel and exploration part of your Cal State Fullerton experience.
Below is a list of current Winter Session programs, along with links to more information about dates, cost, curriculum, faculty and the application process.
Classes fill quickly, so act now to reserve your spot: Most programs will be accepting applications through September 15 (see program pages for exact deadlines). Applicants will receive decisions by September 29, unless otherwise stated.
BIOL Winter Session in Baja California Sur, Mexico
Faculty Lead: Professor Darren Sandquist, Ph.D., College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
BIOL Winter Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Faculty Lead: Dr. Maria Soledad Ramirez, Biological Sciences
CAS International Internship Option in Thailand 2019
CAS Practicum Courses
Faculty Lead: Dr. Claudia G. Pineda, Child and Adolescent Studies
Program Full: Inquire about waitlist applications
CRJU Winter Session at the U.S.-Mexico Border
Faculty Lead: Professor Rob Castro, Division of Politics, Administration and Justice
Students will not enter Mexico and will not need a passport.
EGCE 401 Winter Session in Ensenada, Mexico
Faculty Lead: Dr. Binod Tiwari, Civil and Environmental Engineering
Global Titans First Year Experience Program Abroad
Global Titans First Year Experience Program
Faculty Lead: TBA
Application due October 5, 2018
ENGL Winter Session in Paris, France
Faculty Lead: Dr. Lana Dalley, English, Comparative Literature & Linguistics
GEOL/BIOL Winter Session in Death Valley and Mohave Dessert, CA
Faculty Lead: Dr. Jeffrey Knott
HUM Winter Session in Madrid, Spain
Faculty Lead: Dr. Juan Carlos Gallego, Professor of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) and Spanish
*These programs are open to all majors.
Read the Orange County Register story about Abigail Segura's two-week Winter Session 2017 trip to Thailand.Read More
The Study Abroad office can help you decide where to go and how to get there. Visit our Info Sessions page to view upcoming sessions and reserve a spot.Info Sessions


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East Yorkshire, Paradise Place, Goole, DN14 5DL
27th October 2018 at 20:00
Excellent show in prospect tonight in the splendid surrounds of Junction situated in the UK's most inland port. As ever, a lovely Barnstormers Comedy MC will be on hand to introduce more top acts from the National Comedy Circuit and beyond. Tonight, they are: offbeat Irish anecdotalist Chris Kent, ''Compelling storyteller, truly surprising, beautifully delivered'' - The Scotsman; the stream of consciousness style ranting of Phil Jerrod, 'Casual brilliance' – The Guardian; and the dark and insightful Bethany Black, 'Something quite special and unique… I was genuinely grateful for the experience' - Time Out


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Nicely updated, Everhart Village home with 4 bedrooms, 2.5 baths and lots of living space. The home boasts new siding and windows, a remodeled front porch, new carpet and partially new/newly finished hardwood floors. The main floor offers an open concept with a large kitchen, dining area, and two living spaces. The lower level is also tastefully finished with additional living space, an office and storage area. Outside you'll find a large, tree lined yard with a deck for entertaining or relaxing. Conveniently located just two miles from town/campus, and close to the YMCA, conservation land, parks and South Atherton retail/commercial areas. Listing agent is related to Seller.
Courtesy of JILLIAN REESE WEYHE and KISSINGER BIGATEL & BROWER/NSelling Office: .


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Engineering Style Drawing Levels
For students interested in pursuing careers in Architecture, Urban and Regional Arranging, Preservation, Landscape and Environmental Style or Interiors the Cities Program provides a unique preparatory major. This internet site focuses on Architectural Design.
A Level two drawing. This is employed to figure out where there may possibly be any errors or troubles in fabrication. This part could be 3D printed or machined out of metal. We assume that you have information equivalent to four semesters at higher school level (Years 11 and 12) with sound achievement (four, SA). Essential: Make a note of the QTAC code for this course (412372) because you are going to need to have to enter it as element of your QTAC application. apply for registration to the Architects' Board in every state or territory in which you want to practise.
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AD exists so that you can stay informed of the architectural trends of tomorrow. Fully illustrated in colour, AD supplies one particular of the most penetrating, insightful and in-depth views of architecture these days. Thanks for sharing these Leading 10 Interior Decorating Blunders and How to Stay away from Them. This is truly great!


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We start off by defining what obesity is. It's defined clinically as an accumulation of body fat. Accumulation of fat to the level where it starts to endanger health. This is obviously a serious health problem, also a serious social and economic problem as well. But to understand how common obesity is, and to understand … Continue reading »
Filed under Research …
5 Ways to Ward off Cancer
Harvard Health Letter There's no guarantee you can prevent cancer, but you can reduce the risk of developing it by making lifestyle changes. Cancer is a complex group of diseases, each characterized by the uncontrolled growth of previously normal cells. While cancer is complex, reducing your risk for it isn't nearly as complicated: it boils down to … Continue reading »
Cancer & Diet
This Forum will explore what we know, and don't know, about links between diet and cancer. Included in the discussion will be the World Health Organization's classification of processed meat as a "Group 1" carcinogen; the latest on what is known about fats and cancer; and the just-released Dietary Guidelines for Americans as they pertain … Continue reading »
Chronic Disease Prevention
What is a Chronic Disease? The main chronic diseases according to the latest WHO report are: Cardiovascular diseases, mainly heart disease and stroke; with the pre-condition of high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure levels, cancer; chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes type 2 and Depression. This are the main chronic conditions and diseases that contribute significantly … Continue reading »


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Training in Kalari Marma Treatment
Training in Kalari Marma treatment is provided at Jai Hind Kalari Sangham. Being the most reliable treatment for back pain and such infirmities, Marma treatment has got a major significance in today's health care system. This treatment not only cures the physical illnesses but also rejuvenates the patient to refresh their soul. Thus strengthen the patient physically, mentally and spiritually.
Jai Hindi Kalari Sangham opens a chance for learning and training the Marma treatment. The clients can train under our expert master Sri.I Nazer Gurukkal. They can avail residential training facility so that they can feel and learn the treatment atmosphere deeply. A number of people are training in the Kalari Sangham and one of our students, Rogier Melchers is from Holland.


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BT Yahoo Mail Support Number for Email Help
Yahoo strikes to our mind, when we thought about the perfect web mail services and interference. With the availability of outstanding emailing facility and up-to-date features, BT Yahoo Mail Support Number provides deep satisfactions and experience to the emailing needs of the users.
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Dimension: 50*20*30mm
Nominal capacity: 200mAh
Internal resistance: ≤80mΩ
Nominal voltage: 3.7V
Charge/discharge protection: Yes
Cut-off voltage: 2.75V
Up-limit voltage: 4.2V
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Bluetooth earphone, kid toys, GPS locator, adult product, smart band, VR etc.
Home|Medical Battery|AI Battery|Robot Battery|Street Light Battery|Power Battery
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Shanghai Office:Room 904, No. 24, Lane 2055, Pingcheng Road, Jiading District
粤ICP备15100302号-4Technical Support:Su Jun Technology


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Dr. Balan's Shower for Julie
neighbor, Dr. Judy Balan, hosted a shower for Julie at one of
Scottsdale's finest restaurants and what a fun afternoon it was!
|Julie's bridesmaids were there along with many of my friends and neighbors. (l. to r.:): Julie, Ralna, Susie, Gloria, Judy, Carole, Lillian and Sandy.
|Julie got so many lovely gifts that day.
|A dear friend even sent this beautiful gift of 8 square plates of Julie's china all the way from Pennsylvania.
|Sandy, my friend and tennis buddy, brought the dolls her mother had made wedding dresses for many years ago to adorn the table.
|And what a pretty table it was!
Thank you Judy for a great shower!


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I made these first two cards for one of the cyber crop challenges at Scrap Pile. I was REALLY happy with them and so decided to have a go at the Love themed DCM dare. I had an idea for a very simple stylish card in the same vein as these two.
Now this is the first Time I have used my Green grass stamps that I won. I have been admiring them but not being a stamper was intimidated by the flat sheet of rubber, too scared to cut it, didn't /don't know how to cut it. Add to this no acrylic block etc ...
So they have sat there forlornly waiting...
This challenge was the perfect opportunity to I have a go, now as you can see my stamping skills leave a bit to be desired but I am happy with these considering I was using a glass coffee jar lid as my block and it was my first time with these kinds of stamps. I was going for a subtle effect with the sentiment on the baby card but not quite this subtle ( on the bottom of the frame ) I'll know for next time !
Now the love themed card was the real stamping disaster I just could NOT get the sentiment straight, though in my practice runs on scrap it was perfect, eventually on the 4th try I did it and then dragged the trim through the black ink before it was dry! Obviously patience is not one of my strong points when creating.
I was over it by then and spied the felt heart I had cut out for something else and not ended up using so I just decided to experiment with it.
So here is my 'LOVE' card substantially smaller and not at all resembling what it was planned to be, but nonetheless cute!
Any information or advice on the best way to cut a sheet of rubber stamps would really be greatly appreciated if any of you can help me.


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Mardi Gras Sweet Tooth: Beignets! Beignets! Beignets!!!
Monday, March 7, 2011
No Mardi Gras celebration could be complete without Beignets. Pronounced "ben-yays," it's a French import into Creole Louisianna. It means "fried dough" and out of the various fried doughs out there is my most favorite (sorry zeppole). They're surprisingly light for their density, wonderfully yeasty, and not overly sweet which is a wonderful departure from the American doughnut and all it's various sugar-driven toppings (although I like me a good doughnut too!). They are easy to prepare, requiring only water, yeast, all-purpose flour, a pinch of salt, a handful of sugar, good vanilla, and evaporated milk. A good standing mixer does the work for you, and then all you need to do is roll out your dough, cut, and fry. The dough can be made a full day in advance so all you need to do for your celebration is roll, cut, and fry. They are best served most hot directly out of the fryer and dusted immediately with an obscene amount of powdered sugar -- this is where they get most of their sweentess from actually -- and can be served plain as is or with a fruit dipping sauce on the side. I love them in the morning with a hot cup of coffee. Cannot....beat...that.
Beignets can be both sweet or savory, with the overwhelming percentage of them out there being sweet. You can also fill your beignets with fruit jams or jellies, but in my opinion you're then entering the German Spritzkuchen territory, another yeasty fried dough confection with jam preserves injected in the middle. Like with all great foods, keep it simple with beignets and relish in its uncomplicated perfection.
The art of a good beignet comes not from ingredients, but more so in the technique. First, make sure your yeast is active and not expired or else you'll compromise the fluffy yeasty goodness. In fact, I used instant yeast for this recipe which is based on Ann Burrell's with resounding success. I think instant yeast is the best invention after nutella, and is Idiot Proof for challenged pastry chefs and bakers like myself. If you can't find it, you can certainly go the traditional yeast route with the warm water + active dry yeast + tsp sugar = activated goodness. Then use the proper oil for frying: peanut oil is the best as it's smoking point is the highest of all the oils (meaning, it takes a higher temperature until the oil burns and thus won't burn the stuff you're cooking; vegetable, canola, or safflower oil are also acceptable neutral oils for this; leave out the flavored oils like olive or grapeseed oil on this one!
That's it for the ingredient tips!
As for technique, you could theoretically make the dough by hand but that is stupid. If you haven't invested in a standing mixer yet, please stop reading this now and go out and buy one. It will save your life and open a whole new door of possibilities. I suppose a bread machine would work for this too but a standing mixer does the job fine. A standing mixer will mix your dough in literally 5 minutes.
You need to let the dough then rise properly. When they say warm place, they mean WARM place. More on that later...
Roll quickly and decidedly -- show the dough who's boss and don't let it boss you around. Yeasty doughs can have a mind of their own and almost fight you back. Take control and make it submit to your will without pulverizing it in the process. Coax it, love it, talk to it and make it empty promises you know you won't come through on...whatever it takes to make it love you back for the brief moment you need it to.
When I say to roll it out 1/4" thick, I mean 1/4" thick; not 1/2" thick, not 1/28" thick. I mean, 1/4" thick.
And now...the recipe...
Mardi Gras Beignets
3/4 cup lukewarm water
1 packet instant yeast*
1/2 cup
4 cups all-purpose flour
1/2 tsp salt
2 egg yolks
1/2 cup evaporated milk
3 tablespoons melted butter
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
4 to 6 cups peanut or other neutrally-flavored oil, for frying
powdered sugar
In the bowl of a standing mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, combine the instant yeast, flour, sugar, salt. This is your "dry" mixture.
In a separate bowl, combine the egg yolks, evaporated milk, melted butter, and vanilla. This is your "wet" mixture.
Add the wet mixture to the dry mixture and change your paddle attachment to the dough hook. Mix on low speed until combined, helping by scraping down the sides of the bowl with a spatula. Once the mixture is combined, knead the dough for 5 minutes on low speed. Remove the hook and turn out the dough into another bowl (metal or glass or porcelain works best), then cover the bowl with a kitchen towel. No need to oil the bowl -- the butter in the dough will prevent it from sticking. Place bowl in a warm place (on top of a dryer working on medium-high heat works miracles for this) for 2 hours, or until dough has doubled in size.
Once the dough has doubled, turn it out on a floured working surface. Lightly knead the dough with your hands and then roll it out to 1/4" thick. Then using a pizza slicer (the rolling one!), cut 2" thick strips, then cut again from the other side making 2" thick squares or rectangles. Don't worry if they're not all perfect.
In a wide, deep pot, heat the oil to 350 degrees F.
Set out a baking sheet sprinkled with a generous amount of powdered sugar. This will "receive" the beignets when they come out of the oil. Fry the dough in batches, careful not to overcrowd the pot, until golden brown and puffed up. Transfer to the baking sheet and immediately dust very generously with powdered sugar. It helps if two people are doing this -- one person fries, the other dusts. Conversely, you can place a 2 cups of powdered sugar in a large brown bag and throw the fried beignets directly in and shake the bag around to coat them well.
Serve hot!
*If you can't find instant yeast and need to make the yeast the old fashioned way:
In a measuring cup combine the 3/4 cup water, 1 envelope dry active yeast, and 1 teaspoon sugar. Let sit until the yeast gets frothy and smells yeasty. Then add this yeast mixture to "wet" ingredients.
**Yes you still add the 3/4 cup water regardless if you are using instant yeast or the other.
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Butterscotch: A sweet caramel candy butterscotch type with cinnamon sparks and rich maple to make it undeniably delicious.
Suggested Usage Rates
This fragrance has been tested for the following applications: Candle Making, Soap, as well as Personal Care Applications such as Lotion, Shampoo and Liquid Soap
–Please Note – This fragrance may also work in countless other applications. The uses above are simply those products that we lab tested this fragrance in. For other uses, it is recommended to test a small amount prior to full scale use. All of our fragrance oils are intended for external use only and should not be ingested under any circumstances.
Bulk Apothecary only sells the finest quality ingredients and our Butterscotch fragrance oil is no different. All of our oils are custom blended by a team of perfumers that are industry veterans with the knowledge and experience to ensure quality and consistency that is unmatched in our opinion. Furthermore our state of the art facility houses one of the largest stock inventories of fragrance oils in the nation making our signature fragrances available at wholesale pricing to the general public without lengthy lead times.
Many people ask us what makes our oils so much different from the competition. The little known secret is that many large suppliers of fragrances dilute their oils with cheaper carriers to increase their profit margin. This is often done at the manufacturing level and allows some suppliers to sell their product at prices that are occasionally lower than our wholesale price. These elevated carrier levels drastically affect product quality and In many cases will force you to use as much as 5-10 times the fragrance oil that you would need with our top quality oils. Our Adriatic Fig fragrance oil can typically scent much more product than any other supplier we've evaluated. That's the Bulk Apothecary difference!
WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including safrole, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer. For more information, go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov or our Proposition 65 page.
Disclaimer: While we work to ensure that product information is correct, WE DO NOT MONITOR REVIEWS FOR ACCURATE INFORMATION. WE STRONGLY INSIST THAT YOU DO NOT TAKE MEDICAL ADVICE FROM ANY REVIEWS OR ASSUME THAT A PRODUCT WILL WORK THE SAME FOR YOU AS IT DID FOR OTHERS. Every consumer is different, circumstances vary and interpretations of results vary. These reviews allow consumers to share their experience with products but WE DO NOT VERIFY THE LEGITIMACY OF REVIEWS. These reviews are not intended to substitute for advice given by a physician, pharmacist, or other licensed health-care professional. You should not use this information as self-diagnosis or for treating a health problem or disease. Contact your health-care provider immediately if you suspect that you have a medical problem. Information and statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition. BulkApothecary.com assumes no liability for inaccuracies or misstatements about products in these reviews.
Posted by Unknown on 8th Mar 2017
Vee reminiscent of My favorite childhood candy. Still love it now. Thanks B.A.
Posted by Brook on 27th Jan 2017
I have ordered this twice now in the same month! Great Scent! I used it in bath bombs and it worked great as its not thick blanket sweet.
I am going to attempt it in CP this month so hopefully it does good.
Posted by Holly on 30th Oct 2016
I used this for 'butterbeer' candles. It was the perfect sweet butterscotch, I added some vanilla butter fudge that I had for a deeper scent but they turned out perfectly. Added a little brown and yellow from dye blocks for a light 'beer' color.
Posted by Blue on 19th Sep 2016
It truly smells like Butterscotch!!!!
Posted by Unknown on 22nd Jun 2016
This smells exactly like those butterscotch candies your grandma always had in a glass dish. It's super, super sweet smelling, but really nice to blend.
Posted by White Amber S. on 9th May 2016
Very authentic and delicious scent, initially. Thought this would be a favorite lotion scent until we noticed it has a strange dirt-like finish after it's been worn a few hours. Not sure if it's the lotion base or a body chemistry issue, but so far we're 3 for 3 on the dirt smell.
Posted by A Lane on 16th Dec 2015
I love this butterscotch, it has a smooth, buttery and rich smelling fragrance. It smells much like a fine mix of brown sugar and butter. It's a strong scent, but with light use, gives a more toffee scent. Very nice.
Posted by Unknown on 15th Sep 2015
I liked the layered scent that this oil provides. A rich, buttery, and sweet experience. Very nice!
Posted by Blu on 17th Jun 2015
True butterscotch scent. Very nice!


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text:
Warriors' Richardson fined
New York, NY (Sports Network) – Golden State Warriors guard Jason Richardson
has been fined $35,000 by the NBA on Thursday for improper interaction with a
The incident occurred with 21.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter of the
Warriors' 118-112 loss to Dallas in Game 5 of the first round of the Western
Conference Playoffs on Tuesday at American Airlines Center.
Richardson is averaging 19.5 points and 6.8 rebounds per game in six games
during the playoffs.
Golden State advanced past the first round by scoring the biggest upset in
league history Thursday night. beating Dallas, 111-86, in Oakland. The
Warriors, who surrendered the final 15 points in losing Game 5 Tuesday, became
the first eight seed to knock off a top seed in a best-of-seven series.


text: Early Adulthood - After Graduating from Clarksville High School in 1975, Enlisted in the US NAVY SUBMARINE SERVICE. In 1980, KM Was Converted to Christianity and in his own words "Received Divine Inspiration and Abilities" to compose and play Blues and Spirituals on guitar, primarily and secondary, the harmonica. Received an Honorable discharge from the US NAVY in 1981 and relocated to Cleveland, Ohio, where he married, started in a career in the commercial power industry and begin playing guitar for local Baptist church choirs and quartets. CONVERSION to the TEXAS BLUES PREACHER - In 1995, KM became an Ordained Minister in the Church of God in Christ (COGIC). Shortly after accepting this calling; He lost his job and His marriage fell apart. Unable to maintain support for his family; his first family left him. KM then begin taking on temporary work assignments to survive. In 1996, he started a subcontracting business during the day and started a Chicago/Delta Blues band at night called "KM WILLIAMS AND THE BLUES TRAIN", developing his signature Texas/Mississippi guitar/vocal style and honed his songwriting abilities. They Released on Album called "ROLLIN' AND TUMBLIN'" and opened for major Blues and Gospel acts that passed thru Cleveland including Lockwood.htm">Robert Lockwood JUNIOR, LITTLE MILTON, THE HOLMES BROTHERS and THE FIVE Blind Boys Of Alabama. KM Continued to preach in the streets of Cleveland and various Churches that would have him. BACK TO TEXAS AND FAME - In the fall of 1998, KM again fell upon hard times when gigs got sparse and his subcontracting business not making much money. Unable to make ends meet; He relocated , with the help of his Mother, back to Texas in early 1999, first to Clarksville, then to Dallas, where shortly afterwards met and married DIANA HALL/DEMERSON, Regained employment, and started playing Solo Texas/Delta Blues Coffeehouse Gigs in Deep Ellum, Lower Greenville and Arlington. A Chance meeting and ON-air Radio Show performance on KNON RADIO 89.3FM with Blues DJ DON OTTERMAN (known as Don O") convinced him to record a CD of original songs. That First CD was entitled "THE REVEREND OF TEXAS COUNTRY BLUES"(2000) and received international acclaim and rave reviews from both LIVING BLUES and BLUES REVUE Magazines for Its authentic gutbucket Texas/Mississippi Country Blues/Spiritual style that revisits the styles of BLIND LEMON JEFFERSON, LIGHTNING HOPKINS and BLIND WILLIE JOHNSON. In 2001 a second CD entitled(SANCTIFIED BOOGIE" further merged his style with the Country Boogie style of JOHN LEE HOOKER and received another rave review from LIVING BLUES magazine. Since then KM has Performed nationally and internationally at various clubs and festivals, and released fourteen more Solo CD's, three DVD'S(including an auto biography filmed and directed by BILL FOUNTAIN in 2004 also entitled "SANCTIFIED BOOGIE" from LEVEL GROUND FILMS) and 4 CD's under a partnership with Texas Washboard player and percussionist WASHBOARD JACKSON called "TRAINRECK", whose sound merges KM Williams' Texas/Mississippi Country Blues into a more Electric, Driving Trance Blues and North Mississippi Hill Country Boogie similar to T-MODEL FORD, RL BURNSIDE and JUNIOR KIMBROUGH. KM Williams also founded the SOUND GOSPEL BIBLE MINISTRIES in 2002 and continues to Play, Sing, Preach and Teach the Gospel of Jesus Christ.


text:
Atlassian Sourcetree is a free Git and Mercurial client for Windows.
Atlassian Sourcetree is a free Git and Mercurial client for Mac.
What is this?
LLDB comes with a Python package, lldb.macosx.crashlog that can be used to symbolicate Mac OS X crash logs. You're supposed to use it like this:
$ lldb (lldb) command script import lldb.macosx.crashlog "crashlog" and "save_crashlog" command installed, use the "--help" option for detailed help "malloc_info", "ptr_refs", "cstr_refs", and "objc_refs" commands have been installed, use the "--help" options on these commands for detailed help. (lldb) crashlog /path/to/crash.log
Unlike other symbolicators, it annotates the backtrace with your actual source code (and/or in some cases disassembly) so that you can see where the crash took place. Additionally, if you run it as above, within LLDB itself, it will set up the memory map as if your program was loaded. The other option is to invoke it directly; if you are using the version within Xcode, it's in Xcode.app/Contents/SharedFrameworks/LLDB.framework/Versions/A/Resources/Python/lldb/macosx/crashlog.py, which makes for rather a lot of typing!
Unfortunately the version shipped with LLDB and Xcode 7 doesn't quite work properly; not only does it rely on a script, dsymForUUID, that is not provided and whose behaviour is not documented anywhere, but it chokes on some crash logs, and the neat memory map feature only loads the __TEXT segment in the correct place, which makes it somewhat less useful than it might otherwise be.
So, really, what is this?
It's a fixed version of crashlog.py, with the following additional features:
- It doesn't need dsymForUUID. In fact, it's faster without it! But, if you work at Apple and want to use the version you have there, you can do so by setting the DSYMFORUUID environment variable to the full path of the script before running it.
- It can also process the output from the sample tool (or, equivalently, the Sample button in Activity Monitor).
How do I use it?
I recommend installing the crashlog.py script in /usr/local/bin:
sudo cp crashlog.py /usr/local/bin/crashlog sudo chmod ugo+x /usr/local/bin/crashlog
That way you can add /usr/local/bin to your PATH (if it isn't already there) and you can just invoke it directly, e.g.:
$ crashlog /path/to/crash.log


text:
Freakin' Xtreme! on twitter
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rss link to just3group
use your barcode app on your iphone or droid ;-)
Tag Archives: H2O
Paleo Hydration – Water You Made Of?
Water you made of?!! Paleo Hydration On the Paleo diet, it's easy to focus on food – what foods and how much to eat, when to eat them, (or not to eat them), and where to get them. But food … Continue reading
Posted in Water Tagged alkaline, calcium, H2O, health, Hydration, magnesium, Medicine, minerals, nutritional supplements, paleo diet, water, wellness Leave a comment
How alkalinity rid the body of toxic waste and maintains a healthier life!
When asked what the number one cause of death is worldwide, most will likely answer; Heart disease, Cancer, Type 2 Diabetes or Obesity. Every one of these answers will be right. No matter what the name of the illness is, all human diseases … Continue reading
Posted in diet, minerals, nutrition, organic, Water Tagged acid, acid alkaline food chart, alkaline, calcium, diabetes, Dr Marthin Botha, environment, H2O, health, Inflammation, magnesium, Medicine, minerals, nutrition, nutritional supplements, water, wellness Leave a comment
Cranky? Drink a Glass of Water
Cranky? Drink a Glass of Water! Mild dehydration can trigger headaches, fatigue, and poor concentration among otherwise healthy men and women, according to two recent studies from the University of Connecticut. By Jaimie Dalessio, Senior Editor TUESDAY, Feb. 21, 2012 — Turns … Continue reading
Posted in Water Tagged H2O, health, mild dehydration, minerals, nutrition, water, wellness Leave a comment
6 Reasons to Drink More Water
6 Reasons to Drink More Water By SHAPE magazine | Healthy Living – Mon, Sep 17, 2012 9:56 AM EDT by Elizabeth Goodman Artis Six reasons to drink more water today. Scientifically speaking, water is the basis of life, but beyond being essential to your … Continue reading
Are You Chronically Dehydrated?
Are You Chronically Dehydrated? It's hot, and getting hotter, which means that, like most people, you need to drink more water.
Posted in Water Tagged Dehydration, H2O, Hydration, minerals, nutrition, water, wellness Leave a comment
Water & Wellness: 3 BIG Connections
Water & Wellness: 3 BIG Connections By Matthew Lovitt As an individual with a proclivity for the outdoors, it seems that I am almost always losing and replenishing my body with water. Whether at my desk, hiking the trails or during … Continue reading
Posted in diet, Fitness, minerals, Water Tagged blood pressure, H2O, health, healthy-living, nutritional supplements, water, weight loss, wellness Leave a comment
The five best summertime detox beverages
The five best summertime detox beverages (NaturalNews) Summertime and the living is easy, except it gets hot. Some places get really hot but not so humid, others get hot and humid. Either way, it's a time for refreshing cool or … Continue reading
Posted in nutrition, organic, Water Tagged aluminum toxicity, detox, food, H2O, health, minerals, nutrition, vegetarian, watermelon nutrition, wellness 1 Comment
kids and water: go with the flow
water: go with the flow Water is one of the body's most essential nutrients. People may survive six weeks without any food, but they couldn't live more than a week or so without water. That's because water is the cornerstone … Continue reading
Posted in nutrition, Water Tagged child obesity, H2O, health, nutrition, water, water recommendations, wellness Leave a comment
Water as a Weight Loss Supplement
Water Water is what makes life on Earth possible. It is vital for survival. In fact, our bodies are 70% water. So, why does drinking more water help you lose weight? There are many reasons. Primarily, being properly hydrated allows … Continue reading
Posted in Water Tagged alkaline water, diuretic effect, H2O, health, healthy-living, Inflammation, minerals, nutrition, water, wellness Leave a comment


text:
Default welcome msg!
Your world of Magento Extensions
and Magento Themes.
Welcome to the Scioptic Store
SciOptic USA Carries everything a Geologist/Mudlogger need to:
Wash a sample (Sieves, Gloves)
Dry a sample (Frying Pans, Vacuum Sets, Drying Pans)
Describe (Trays, Thumb dishes, charts, tweezers, probes, watch glasses..etc)
Store a Sample (Vials, Bags, Envelopes, Sticky Files)


text:
Saturday, May 31, 2008
I'm changing my name to Awesome
Dear readers,
I suggest you sit down if you are not already doing so... I HAVE A JOB! Yes, the kind where you get up in the morning and go to a building and you do this thing called work with these people called co-workers. Weird. I know, the concept is kind of new to me and I am super pumped up about it. (Can I hear a "Pump, pump, pump it up!")?
I got a job in La Jolla at the University of California San Diego as a graphic designer. Woot! Woot! I am not a failure.
I was beginning to think that I would forever remain a gypsy. I thought that maybe I was one of those people that smell bad and doesn't know it. One of those people that should be named Valerie Schmeltz. One of those people that is mentally retarded and doesn't know it. Well, turns out I'm not. Or if I am, I was finally able to trick enough people into thinking otherwise and now I can be a responsible citizen with something to offer the world.
My sister, Amanda, told me that now I don't have to decide between eating or buying deodorant. I am thrilled to be able to do both, and to be designing again (because I'm pretty damn good). It will be fun to explore the University because there are tons of cool buildings, and I'd like to get started on my Masters in Architecture before I turn 50. Check out the photo of the library below, meanwhile I will concentrate on being awesome.
Yours truly,
Dr. Awesome
5 comments:
- gurrbonzo said...
Congratulations! Though remember, plenty of mentally retarded people get jobs. If I still had Lou, I would let you climb on the roof and then we would drive around in celebration. Good job.
- May 31, 2008 at 9:55 PM
- Chelsea said...
P-U-M-P pump it up!!
Nice moves Zachattack!!! :)
- June 2, 2008 at 5:33 AM
- Katie and Warren Tickner said...
Is it just me, or does the library look like a space ship?
Congrats on the job!
- June 13, 2008 at 3:26 AM
- Ashley is Blogalicious! said...
I'm so proud to know that you can finally support our baby.
- June 23, 2008 at 3:14 PM
- Seriously, so blessed! said...
I am proud of you, too! Love you!
- July 5, 2008 at 12:24 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Open Eco-Homes - What's next?
If you want to know more about any energy saving feature, asking the hosts would be a first step. Otherwise the following websites are useful sources for further information.
Can I afford it? Grants and Loans availableThe green Deal funding is no longer available. For details about ECO funding follow this link
If you install an electricity generator, such as PV panels or a wind turbine, you can get a Feed In Tariff (FIT) for the electricity you generate - currently 12.9p/kWh - and still use your electricity generated for free. However by January 2016 this will be reduced to below 2p, so hurry!
In July, the government announced the Renewable Heat Incentive, which pays householders to install sustainable heating: Air Source heat Pumps, Ground Source heat Pumps, Solar thermal panels and Biomass. For details click here.
You can find lots of advice and information about low impact living by following this link.


text:
Went today to the Kala Ghoda Arts Festival downtown. Every year, the Association hosts the Kala Ghoda Arts Festival for nine days in February. The festival features street events, music concerts, dance, literature events, film screenings, theater, pavement exhibitions and a whole lot of fun.
I've been a regular here since the past few years, and make it a point to catch at least one evening of the festival. Every time I've come across some unique thing or the other. This year too there were quite a few surprises.
Just before the entrance, was a huge area largely dedicated to cars and play areas and workshops for kids. There was a stall displaying models of the electric car Reva. One could also take a spin round the block in one of the test drive models. You also had a large Papier-mâché horse, along with huge balloons and ferris wheel made of bicycles. Besides this, there were also specially decorated cars, with spray paint , faux fur etc on display.
When you enter Rampart Row (the street where most of the action takes place), you first come across a huge art installation called "Mosquito" which features a sculpture of a man with wings and one long proboscis like nose. One both sides of the road are art installations and stalls. These range from stalls selling handicrafts to the delicious food from Bombay Blue. The art installations feature topical urban issues. There was even one featuring photographs clicked by blind photographers.
Towards the middle of the road, lies the stage and facing amphitheater. The stage was host to a dance competition as well as exhibition of traditional Indian and Tibetan dances. At the end of the road, just before the Lion Gate entrance to the Naval Dockyard, was a stop where you could get on an electric golf cart like vehicle that would ferry you to the next location – Horniman Circle, where the various music concerts were held.
I sat through a concert by some college band called Chaotic Mess and a very nice Latin Jazz concert by Latin Amigos there. The pond there had the same set of ducks I had seen the last time I went there. I also had a peek at St.Thomas Cathedral, which is almost opposite the garden. The cathedral has some amazing stained glass, and should be a delight to visit some other time.
The festival is definitely worth spending some time at, so if you are in Mumbai and have some time free, head over to Kala Ghoda and have a great time.
P.S. Will post a link to the pictures soon.
Technorati Tags: Kala Ghoda Festival, 2008, Kala Ghoda


text:
Furumachi is a district within Niigata, which is still an active Geisha district. The Geisha of Niigata are known as the Furumachi Geigi.
Guides & ArticlesView all
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AttractionsView all
Takada Park
Takada Park, in Joetsu in Niigata, is most famous for its cherry blossom being considered one of Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots.
Toki Messe
Toki Messe, in Niigata, is the tallest building on the Sea of Japan coast and features an observation deck on the 34th floor which provides e Read more [...]
Naeba Ski Resort
Naeba Ski Resort is on Mt Takenoko near Echigo Yuzawa in Niigata Prefecture. Naeba Ski Resort features a maximum course length of 4,000m and Read more [...]
Northern Culture Museum
Northern Culture Museum, in Niigata, is a museum displaying the distinct history and culture of the northern parts of Honshu. Northern Cultur Read more [...]
Okotsu Canal
Okotsu Canal, also known as the Okouzu flood-control channel, in Tsubame Niigata Prefecture, is famous for its cherry blossom and is Read more [...]
Shibata Castle
Shibata Castle is a flatland style Japanese Castle is in Shibata in Niigata Prefecture in the Chubu region. Construction of Shibata Castle st Read more [...]
Kasugayama Castle
Kasugayama Castle, also known as Hachigamine Castle, was a flatland style Japanese Castle is in Joetsu in Niigata Prefecture in the Chubu reg Read more [...]
Muramatsu Park
Muramatsu Park, in Kosen Niigata, is famous for its 3,000 cherry blossom trees consisting mainly of the Somei Yoshino variety, but with Read more [...]
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» You are here: Home » Dildos & Dongs » Inflating & Ejaculating » Fetish Fantasy Inflatable Ball Gag
Fetish Fantasy Series Inflatable Ball Gag. Looking for the perfect-sized ball gag but none seem to fit? With a few squeezes of the medical-style pump ball, this latex gag quickly inflates to fill any size mouth. Take total control over when and how often your lover speaks in seconds! To relieve the pressure and deflate the gag, simply press the quick-release valve and it shrinks to its original size. Cleanup is a snap after the fun with Pipedream Toy Cleaner and warm water. Country of Origin China. Harmonized Tariff Schedule HTS Code3926909987. Fetish Fantasy Inflatable Ball Gag is featured in Pipedream Products 2011 Fetish Fantasy Catalog, page 82. New package.
Illinois residents will be charged 8.00% sales tax.
This website is intented solely for viewing and purchasing by an adult audience. If you are under 18 years old (21 years old in some states) we ask you to leave this website. Please do.All models are 18 years of age or older.


text:
It was a lucky number seven for state Rep. Tom Yewcic Tuesday as the incumbent won his bid for re-election.
According to unofficial results reported by Somerset and Cambria counties, Yewcic topped Republican opponent Daniel Branas by nearly a 3:1 margin.
A Democrat, Yewcic said his focus has been on road and infrastructure improvements received 16,813 votes from all 68 precincts. His opponent received 6,329 votes.
In Cambria County, Yewcic received 11,994 votes compared to Branas' 3,570 votes in all 165 precincts.
"I just would like to thank the residents for their overwhelming support," Yewcic said.
During his campaign, Yewcic focused on several key issues, including infrastructure and the economy.
He said his hopes are to bring new jobs to the area.
One such place in the mining industry, he said, where approximately 750 jobs could be created in the coming months at Mine 33.


text:
Businessmen step in to secure future of Hungerford
Sat, 11 Mar 2017
PARENTS brawled on the pitch and a boy needed hospital treatment after a junior football match erupted in violence.
The mayhem happened during the second half of a match in Burnham, near Slough, between Lambourn FC and Burnham Junior FC Lynx Blues on Sunday afternoon.
Police say there was an altercation and the Lambourn FC victim, aged 15, was attacked by two men.
He suffered bruising to his chest and injuries to his face and leg. He was treated at hospital and has been discharged.
But since then an extraordinary series of allegations have been published on the official website of the Burnham Junior Football Club.
The 'match report' makes serious, unsubstantiated claims against Lambourn players, officials and parents, including an assertion that one adult threatened another with a knife in a car park and later intimidated him in a road rage incident.
The report also details alleged acts of violence on the pitch and attributes the blame to the 'away' team from Lambourn.
Coach for Lambourn FC under 16s, Simon Sutton, said he was horrified by the match report and added: "We have reported it to the FA [Football Association], who are now investigating. These are wild and untrue allegations of the most serious nature."
He said the atmosphere at the match was "volatile from the start" and that his young players had been threatened and intimidated.
Mr Sutton went on: "Then around 15 to 20 parents invaded the pitch and, in the ensuing melee, I tried to get all our players to safety.
"Safety is our utmost priority. Our players suffered sustained and outrageous abuse from some Burnham parents. I am currently compiling witness statements for the FA and we would like it to be known that we vehemently deny these disgusting allegations."
The officer investigating the alleged attack on the Lambourn player, Pc Matt Styles, said: "We would be keen to hear from anyone who was at the match and witnessed the altercation to contact us."
If you have any information, contact Pc Styles via the Thames Valley Police Enquiry Centre on 101 quoting URN 1250 5/3.
Share your opinions on Newbury Weekly News
Article comments
15/08/2017 - 08:08
After 3 aborted attempts, the hearing regarding this incident took place on 2nd August. The Police investigation had already found the alleged attack on the Lambourn player to be unfounded and dropped the case. The Berks and Bucks FA investigation found the charges of violent conduct by the BJFC personnel to be unfounded, and dropped the case. The Berks And Bucks FA found the Lambourn player who reported being assaulted to the police, guilty of violent conduct against BJFC officials. He has received a 4 match ban and a financial penalty. This said person is currently in the Swindon Town FC Academy. The Lambourn player who violently assaulted the BJFC right-back during the final seconds of the game received a 4 week ban at the time of the incident. During these investigations, Simon Sutton accused BJFC personnel of racism, cheating, violent play and violent assault on his players. None of these accusations are true. Will this paper investigate, and publish what really happened?
12/03/2017 - 18:06
Very poor one sided report as Burnham Juniors or the many independent witnesses not contacted by Newbury Today
12/03/2017 - 18:06
Very poor one sided report as Burnham Juniors or the many independent witnesses not contacted by Newbury Today
12/03/2017 - 11:11
Lambourn Ultras - worse that ICF in my experience


text:
There are no job vacancies for pilates instructors currently listed.
If you would like your job vacancy added to this page please email details to email@example.com.
There is no charge for this service for businesses currently listed in our Pilates Directory. For those not listed, there is a £20 fee per job dvertisement.
Closing date for applicants must be given. Advertisement will be removed one week after the closing date.