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Have you ever made any of these faux-pas? Weigh in here:
When it comes to nasty breakups, do you have good Facebook manners? Timmy and Alice don't. Watch their bad behavior to learn the dos and don'ts of Facebook breakups. Check out the 2010 Webby Award winning video "Facebook Manners And You".
Meet Alice. She has just arrived home from a hard day at work. She switches on her computing machine and looks to see what her friends have been up to on Facebook, the electric friendship generator.
First, she checks in to see what Timmy's been up to. Alice and Timmy have been going steady for six months and she thinks he's a real swell guy. Alice hasn't spoken to Timmy since last evening and can't wait to see what his day was like.
That's funny.
At 2:05 this morning, Timmy changed his relationship status from "in a relationship" to "single".
Even more curious, he became friends with Donna Whitehouse at 2:07 a.m.
Timmy just bungled rule #1 of Facebook relationship etiquette: Don't change your relationship status without consulting the other person. What a dope.
Alice decides there must be some sort of mistake; the Timmy she knows would never
disregard her feelings this way. She sends him a note to see if it was a mistake.
Alice waits and waits and waits.
Alice is tired of waiting so she decides to stick it to Timmy. She uploads and tags a few embarrassing photographs of Timmy. Timmy may have a hard time making new friends when they see that he likes to dress up in Alice's undergarments. Those photographs sure are funny.
But Alice just broke Facebook relationship etiquette rule #2:
Don't post embarrassing photographs of other people.
Shame on you, Alice. It's okay, we all make mistakes.
It looks like Timmy has posted some messages on Alice's wall.
"I can't believe you posted those photos of me! Sorry for being such a square. Baby, are you there? By the way, it was just a regular rash." TMI Timmy, you've just broken Facebook relationship etiquette rule #3:
Be discreet when posting messages on another person's wall.
Alice doesn't take the bait. She removes Timmy's posts and tries to move on with her life.
That's interesting.
Timmy has been very busy on Facebook making friends with all of Alice's friends. Who would wanna be pals with a roadie jodie like Timmy.
He has violated Facebook relationship rule #4: Don't steal other people's friends. Cool it, Alice.
No one's going to date you if you get frown lines.
Alice is fed up so she creates a group called Timmy Gordon's a real wet blanket. According to the group's description, Timmy cries over spilt milk. Timmy buys things not made in the USA. Timmy wets the bed. And Timmy is a communist.
Be careful, Alice. This is clearly in violation of Facebook relationship rule #5:
Don't start hate groups. Nothing good can come of this.
What did I tell you, Alice?
Timmy is in the slammer and Alice is ashamed. All of this could have been avoided by following the simple rules of Facebook etiquette. Don't be bungle heads like Alice and Timmy. Have good Facebook manners and the electric friendship generator will be more fun for everyone.
Follow YourTango:


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CHAMBERSBURG, PA. - A countertop manufacturer with a plant in Chambersburg has received a $1.38 million package of state grants and loans that will result in the addition of approximately 110 local jobs over the next three years.
LamTech Inc. of Ephrata, Pa., operates a plant at the Cumberland Valley Business Park, formerly part of Letterkenny Army Depot, President Bryan Martin said.
The company employs about 150 people at the Chambersburg plant, where laminate, cultured marble and solid-surface countertops for kitchens and baths are made, he said.

subset: commoncrawl


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The law professionals at Las Vegas injury law firm like Greenman, Goldberg, Raby, and Martinez have the expertise and skills necessary to protect your legal rights but they cannot do it alone. We must rely on our clients to do certain things to ensure they have the best chance of receiving a settlement or a favorable verdict if the case goes to trial
If you receive injuries in an accident caused by the negligence of someone else, it is important for you to take the following steps:
• Seek Appropriate Medical Treatment Immediately – You must have documentation of your injuries prepared by a qualified physician. What appears to be a minor injury may develop into something more serious without the proper treatment. Failing to visit the emergency room or see a doctor immediately after your accident can impede your recovery, which will have a significant impact on what your case is worth.
• Do Not Withhold Information – Be honest about the circumstances surrounding your injuries and the accident when consulting with your physician and lawyer. Withholding even the smallest detail may damage your credibility and have a devastating effect on your case.
• Take Caution When Speaking to an Insurance Adjuster – Insurance companies will seek information to reduce their liability and they will be looking for anything they can use against you in your case. It may be best to seek the advice of a law professional before making any statements to an insurance representative about the accident.
Following this advice will improve your chances of receiving the financial compensation you need if you are injured in an accident.
The attorneys at Greenman, Goldberg, Raby, and Martinez have the experience and resources to help you seek justice. Call us at 702-388-GGRM (4476) to see why we are one of the most respected Las Vegas injury law firms.


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Elaboration and Volume V are available now for download via the iTunes App Store. The catalogs provide interactive page flipping where pages follow your fingers and a 10x zoom feature to view the intricate details of White River products.
Also included is a unique sharing feature that allows you to share our catalogs with your colleagues just like you would in the real world! You will have access to bookmarks, a contents page, and a great search tool, which allows you to search the entire catalog for that perfect product(s) for your next remodeling or new construction project. A must have if you own an iPad or iPhone!


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Manufacturer: Asia Dispensary
Pharmaceutical Name: Testabol depot, Testosterone cypionate, Banrot, Testosterona Ultra, Cypiotest, Depo-testosterone, Deposteron, Testex Leo Prolongatum
Chemical name: Testosterone Cypionate
Strength: 200mg/ml
Size:10ml bottle
Testosterone cypionate has become one of the most widely used testosterone esters on the market today. Most athletes debate the difference between this and Enanthate but chemically they are roughly the same on paper. The only difference between the two is that this one carries a one day longer shelf life. Both are excellent at delivering quality performance results and the varieties are extremely powerful over a moderate release point.
Unlike some other testosterone esters that can clear from the bloodstream quickly these injections only require a 1 to 2 times a week dose for a greater ease-of-use and much more powerful results at a reasonable cost. Most athletes generally take two doses a week to maintain their proper blood levels and sometimes a blood check is required to get the absolute correct dosage.
You can see a massive increase when it comes to muscle strength because this compound is both androgenic and anabolic. Athletes can gain muscle weight but also lose fat making this a very versatile product for strength training. You can push your training to new levels as well as enjoy a better sense of well-being, sex drive and the ability to repair damage over time. Fat loss and reduced recovery times makes it easier to train and train much harder as well. This medication is quite often given in the medical world to patients recovering from surgery or from accidents so that they can gain better endurance for physiotherapy and for healing and recuperating. Over just a short time you will start to feel a better sense of well-being through the entire course of your cycle.
Most athletes start with a dose between 250 mg-1000 mg every week. It's usually best to divide your doses at least twice a week to maintain blood and hormone levels. Blood tests are the best way to be sure that you are getting enough of the hormone. It's also generally a good idea to take some type of anti-estrogen especially if you are taking a heavy dose so that you can prevent negative side effects from occurring such as gyno.
This is generally medication that you take over a short term cycle. The average seems to be around four weeks and you definitely wouldn't want to go past six weeks as this can start to seriously affect the way that your body produces natural testosterone. PCT give your body a chance to recover and produce natural testosterone after your cycle is completed.
200mg/ml, 10ml multidose vial with green fliptop cap
Keep out of the reach of children; protect from light; store at room temperature; do not refrigerate or freeze
Asia Dispensary Testosterone Cypionate 200 [Testabol Depot 200] - 10ml
- Brand: ASIA DISPENSARY
- Product Code: AD TC-200
- Reward Points: 30
- Availability: In Stock
- Price in reward points: 300
Tags: AD Testosterone Cypionate 200, Testabol Depot 200, TC, Asia Dispensary, Injectable Steroids


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A dinosaur's life was not easy. Volatile pre-historic terrain, harsh climate conditions, insufficient food and water, as well as unrelenting enemy predators made survival anything but a given. With cutting edge forensics leading to new discoveries every day, researchers are gaining remarkable insight into the psychology and physiology of these ancient beasts. The new series JURASSIC FIGHT CLUB, premiering on History, Tuesday, July 29 at 9pm ET/PT, brings the history of dinosaurs and their epic encounters to life like never before seen with astonishing CGI, illustrating the characteristics that made some the hunters and others the game.
At first I wasn't too sure what to make of Jurassic Fight Club. The whole concept seemed like it was trying to be 'too cool'. Let's combine the idea of the cult classic film Fight Club with dinosaurs! Sounds like a viable idea. However, there is more to this series than what meets your eyes from the promos, and that's a good thing.
Each episode in the series examines different dinosaurs from different time periods, showcasing their confrontations as well as providing information on their environments and how they survived. All of the information presented is based off of recent paleontological findings, so not only are you entertained, but also educated. The idea is quite good and thankfully deeper than all the commercials lead me to believe. Taking actual findings and putting them through current day lab processes to determine what happened at the final resting grounds of these animals puts a modern day twist to pre-historic crime scenes.
Examining the actual fights, I'm not sure the CGI is all that it could be. Calling it astonishing I think is a bit of an overstatement by the History Channel. There are multiple fight sequences where the dinosaurs just don't visually fit in with their backgrounds. If you're looking for the realistic look and feel from films such as Jurassic Park, you won't find it with this series. The graphics will likely remind you of a video game you played 5 years ago. I found myself constantly wondering why they didn't do the backgrounds in CGI as well, that would have improved the animated sequences quite substantially in my opinion.
The first episode, while it pulled me in, was not for the faint of heart. The battle scene wasn't at all what I expected. It was hypothetical and based off of the creature's bones, their brain cavity, and their environment. While the series does open the viewer's eyes to the gruesomeness of the species (the Majungatholus in this episode), the fights are all just a series of guesses, and I'm not sure how many of those are made purely for the sake of entertainment.
This series is for dinosaurs what UFO Hunters was for the extraterrestrial. Nothing ground breaking, but entertaining none the less. The series premieres on July 29th, and wraps its first season on October 14th. If you're a fan of dinosaurs (and how could you not be?), this series definitely holds some great offerings, and it's worth checking out.
Review by Emma Loggins
Grade: B
Official site: http://www.history.com/minisites/jurassic-fight-club
Buy on Amazon: Jurassic Fight Club


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Two of the master classes have been announced!
Actor's Bootcamp
Actress, director and writer Tasha Smith will be the instructor for the Actor's Bootcamp.
Writing for Television
Karen Horne will be the instructor for the Writing for Television master class. Ms. Horne is the SVP Programming Talent Development & Inclusion NBC Entertainment & Universal Studios.
Please visit the website for the American Black Film Festival for more details about the master classes.


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The ground floor is semi-open plan with generous living space. White walls and oak flooring combine with contemporary designer fabrics and furniture for a modern but comfortable feel. There is a sleek luxurious kitchen with stone worktops, Neff appliances and seating around the island hob – perfect for convivial cooking. The dining/ sitting room has an extending dining table that can sit up to 10 comfortably and a large corner sofa for relaxing in front of the TV or with a magazine.
The double height extension features a huge corner window that captures the lovely view down the glen, plus more comfortable seating, a cosy wood burning stove and second television. Sliding doors open to the deck to the front and to the patio at the rear where there is a table and chairs for outdoor eating and a Weber barbeque.
A wireless music system with built-in ceiling speakers on the ground floor allows you to enjoy your music from your smart phone or iPod. The all important boot room provides plenty of space for outdoor gear, dog beds and drying things.
Sleeps 6 (3 bedrooms)
2 bathrooms (1 en suite)
Dogs welcome (up to 2, subject to house rules)
Internet available
Games room, tennis court, rowing boat, fishing, nature walks
Upstairs there are three bedrooms with exceptionally comfortable Hypnos beds (all ziplink), crisp white bedlinen and fluffy towels. The luxurious bathrooms feature quality contemporary fittings, underfloor heating and shower gel and soaps from the Highland Soap Company. The en suite bathroom has a large shower and the family bathroom has a separate shower and bath.
Outside there is a fenced front garden with lawn and a large back garden with woodland. There is a burn running down the garden next door so small children do need to be watched.
There is a games room, shared with the holiday cottage next door, with pool table, table tennis and darts.
Heating and hotwater are provided by a biomass boiler which runs on waste timber from the estate and, being a new house, it is very well insulated, so not only is it warm but extremely environmentally friendly too.
Weekly lets are Saturday to Saturday. Short breaks are available during the off peak and mid season only, i.e. not July-August or half term weeks. 3 day minimum stay. Please send an enquiry via HomeAway on the form above.
High chairs, travel cot, changing mat and an off-road pram available by request.
We welcome well behaved dogs and respectful owners! Dogs are not allowed upstairs and must sleep in the utility room overnight. As this is a working estate so dogs must be kept under control and on a lead around livestock. They can be excercised freely in the 5 acre Millennium Wood near by.


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I have something special for men. And if you're ready I hope you will take a look.
2014 BMW 2 Series Coupe with M Performance Parts gets pole position in the premium compact segment.
Chevrolet. Another beautiful car but not just for men…this car is good for womens too. 🙂
This car is amezing. I can say is the most beautiful car i ever seen. I hope you enjoy it. Have a nice day.
Have a pink world 😀


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Company: Brainchild Corp., 3050 Horseshoe Drive N., Suite 290, Naples, FL 34104. Phone: (800) 811-2724; internet: www.brainchild.com.
Price: $147 per class per subject. Quantity discounts are available.
Audience: Ages 6–adult.
Format: Internet-based: text, animation, and graphics.
Minimum System Requirements: A computer with internet access and a web browser.
Description: The Achiever! program assesses student knowledge as it relates to state standards and adjusts student instruction based on scores from online testing.
Installation A
Content/Features A
Ease of Use A
Product Support A
Reviewer Comments:
Installation/Access: A simple login with a username and password is required for access. Installation/Access Rating: A
Content/Features: The Achiever! assessment program creates individualized lesson plans designed to provide differentiated instruction tied to learning standards for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
This is more than a quiz program. Students are tested and instructed on each of the standards throughout an automated personal learning plan designed to help them learn and master the required material. Self-pacing is obviously a strong feature of this program. The instruction is engaging and appeals to various learning styles and abilities.
The program helps teachers identify student strengths and weaknesses early in the school year, allowing ample time to prepare for high-stakes spring testing. The content, which is based on state standards, is presented through formative and summative assessments. The lessons are numbered to reflect state standards identifications.
An array of multimedia instruction teaches learning concepts. The multimedia content includes animation and colorful graphics that provide an attractive format designed to engage student learners. ESL (English as a Second Language) students will benefit from the focus on graphics in the lessons.
At the start, students are "pre-tested" on each content standard. At this stage, they can review mistakes by looking back at the answers they missed. The correct solutions are shown immediately when a mistake is made.
The Study Mode offers randomized multiple-choice questions with immediate and detailed feedback. If a student inputs a wrong answer, the Explain button can offer instant guidance. Students must solve each question before they move on to the next. The Review Mode resembles an electronic flashcard presenting a question and an explanation.
A standards-based Post Test can be taken when the student is ready.
Achiever! is designed for individual use. Students can access the online program from any location within a school and complete any number of lessons. Users can work online in the classroom, at school, at home, in after school programs, and in home-schooling situations. The personal learning plans can be made available to parents, teachers, and tutors.
The management system stores scores of data and creates reports with individual, school, building, and district performance data.
A home version is available. Content/Features Rating: A
Ease of Use: Access requires a username and password. Students can work on the program with any computer with internet access at school or at home. Ease of Use Rating: A
Product Support: Product support is available via a toll-free telephone number and by email from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern time. Product Support Rating: A
Recommendation: Achiever! offers an excellent way to measure and assess student progress throughout the school year. Differentiation is automatic. Instruction can be adjusted in areas where students are struggling. Students know exactly where they are in their learning and can set personal goals for growth and progress.
Overall, Achiever! simplifies the work of assessing students on a regular basis. The management system provides immediate access to helpful data. The collected data can be sorted easily and used by school administrators to see where each child is performing. Teachers can use the data to prepare class and individual lessons. Parents will appreciate the information when it is presented at conferences scheduled throughout the year.
Schools looking for an online answer to state standards assessment will find this to be a great program. Achiever! can help make AYP (annual yearly progress) much easier to attain through its structured and systematic format. This is definitely a program that every school would find helpful as it works to reach its yearly goals for students. Highly recommended.
Reviewer: Sally Finley, Educational Consultant.


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Hiscox bolsters claims operation
by Richard Kilner
Story link: Hiscox bolsters claims operation
Specialist insurer Hiscox has bolstered its claims operation with the creation of two new, senior positions.
Joanne Musselle becomes head of UK Claims for Hiscox UK, and Tony Rai has been named as head of London Market Claims, within the London Market division.
Musselle has been with the firm for the last seven years, joining as a technical underwriting manager, and will report directly to Group Claims Director Jeremy Pinchin.
Her new London-based post will see her take responsibility for 40 claims employees across the commercial and personal lines businesses, whilst retaining her position as head of group claims strategy .
Tony Rai has been with the firm for two years, and during that time has helped drive forward positive changes to Hiscox's claims operations.
Rai will also be responsible to Pinchin, and his new role will augment his current duties in supporting continual change aimed at making the firm the best provider of top quality claims service in London.
News posted:


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Baltic Defense Ministers to meet with U.S. Secretary of Defense James Mattis
Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian defense ministers are to meet with U.S. Secretary of Defense James Mattis in Vilnius on Wednesday.
It is the first visit of such a high-level U.S. defense visit in the Baltic region. The topics to be discussed at the meeting between the four defense ministers are defense cooperation and the security situation in the Baltic region.
"The visit of James Mattis to our region shows that we have allies and that the defense cooperation between the U.S. and Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is strong," Estonian Defense Minister Margus Tsahkna said.
After a work lunch, the ministers are to visit the General Silvestras Zukauskas training area in Pabrade where they will meet with representatives of the U.S. and Lithuanian defense forces as well as the NATO battle group stationed in Lithuania.
The United States is one of the most important strategic partners and allies in assuring the peace of Estonia as well as the other two Baltic countries. As of 2014, the military presence of the U.S. in the Baltic countries has substantially increased in connection with the changed security situation in Europe.


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As an EBNMP™ Canada Association Recognized Educational
Institution, students are assured that your institution and it's natural
medicine programs meet the high standards of education as set by the
World Board of Natural Medicine (WBNM) and follow the WHO Benchmarks for Training in TM/CAM. Please see
below for credential assessment procedure.
Institution Recognition Fees are as follows:
Application & Assessment fee: $500.00 (max 2 program.
Additional programs $150 each)
Fees are payable yearly and are non-refundable.
Credential Assessment Procedure:
Print and
complete the Application & Assessment Form for Recognized
Educational Institutions (click
details on program content, exam procedures, internship and teacher
Submit the
form along with the required fees, program brochure and copies of
Certificates / Diplomas that are granted to graduates.
Once your package has been received, you will receive a
confirmation email. Please allow up to 4 weeks for a response. A
representative from EBNMP™ Canada Association will contact you if
further information is required.
Copyright © 2006 - 2018
Canada Association]
All Rights Reserved.


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Last updated on May 12th, 2018
Nature and Parks Around Kuala Lumpur
Head out north of Kuala Lumpur, far enough from suburbia. On Route 1, drive past the Country Club, whose membershipRead more.
Party Hotspots in Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is a place where you don't need to break the bank for an all night casual party. MaybeRead more.
Our Favourite Markets in Kuala Lumpur
The Malaysian experience is never complete without a walk through a pasar malam. Pasar malam take place in the evenings fromRead more.
A Guide to Shopping Malls in Kuala Lumpur
Shopping in Kuala Lumpur offers some of the better deals in Asia... Designer labels are expensive anywhere but visitors withRead more.
Chinatown Temples and Clans Walk in Kuala Lumpur
Built in 1864 by Yap Ah Loy, a Kapitan Cina (Chinese Captain), as the Portuguese called the leaders of theRead more.
Dataran Merdeka Colonial Architecture Walk
KL was born in the 1850s when the Malay Chief of Klang sent Chinese workers upriver to open a tinRead more.


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Surrounding Vastu | Neighborhood Vaastu | Outside Vaasthu | SubhaVaastu.com: -
Surroundings Vastu Shastra : Surrounding Vastu, Neighborhood Vastu, (Some says) Environmental Vastu, Outside Vaastu, circumference effects on a particular property, encompassing natural effects, around consequences, enclosing repercussions aftermath, neighboring vastu effects etc the meaning may be same in terms of Vasthu. Its very hard to meet this subject but you are aware that we are always be ready to face with new challenges and getting success with all your honest and kind blessings and good wishes. Thank you for your conscientious decent patronage in helping this free concept vastu website. Vaasthu is a name given to a balanced proportion of Air, Water, Fire, Sky and Earth for human beings. So Vastu Shastra and environment are closely related or almost one and the same, they may not be separated from each another.
Even now we come across instances where renowned scientists attribute their success to God. We remember one such Dr. Ajay (North India), a Heart specialist, who seldom attributes anything to God, and thus sincerely believes in one's own efforts, is a competent doctor who has earned handsomely by his dedicated service. In case of one patient, he had an opportunity to discuss with a Vastu consultant. In the end the eminent doctor admitted that any good thing happens only with God's grace. It does not, however, mean that when we are unwell, we should not consult a doctor. We should do our duty and leave fate to do its duty. This doctor had no belief in Vastu shastra. Yet his wife could prevail upon him to consult a vastu scholar while building their own house. After a lengthy discussion, he was convinced of the scientific temper of the vastu scholar. His secretary could not believe that even though very busy the doctor invested over two hours in his discussions with the vastu scholar.
From events like this it is clear that even non-believers could be convinced of the efficacy of this science. It affects one and all irrespective of their beliefs or otherwise. Many people doubt whether this science has any utilitarian value at all. For them I only say this much. Following this science one will have a harmonious life and progress in one's endeavors. For even very rich people often suffer unhappiness in life and are victims of several problems, often difficult to solve. They would pathetically plead for mental happiness. If only such people live in a vastu compliant home certainly harmony and mental happiness would be part of their lives. We often see children becoming vagabonds and wasting their time and resources. Sometimes they do feel their shortcomings and look for proper avenues in life. In such situations, if their house is vastu compliant they would try to apply themselves in a positive way and even come out of the rut. A vastu compliant home bestows progress in one's endeavors. Before we proceed further let us dwell a while on the basic five elements. The combined effect of the amalgam of all these five elements in an appropriate measure is vastu and neighborhood vastu shastra.
If both neighborhood and our own construction are vaastu compliant it could as well be a great fortune. It is for this reason a vasthu scholar should take a holistic view of the picture. Neglecting the neighborhood vastu may as well lead to disaster. For clear study of neighborhood, daytime is the best period. For this reason Vaasthu is best studied during day time only. I relate in this regard an experience of mine that took place in Kurnool.
We studied a house in Kurnool district some time ago to be precise on first of December 2005, the house had Northwest Street thrust. The resident was living in the house for two years. After studying the house fully, I recommended him to change the residence immediately, if possible even on the same day. He was stunned, it is believed some vastu consultant has stated that the house was fully vastu compliant and thus was surprised hearing me say otherwise. As the home was rented one the landlord would not agree for any changes. Not withstanding this I made my firm recommendation and left the premises. The resident was fuming on my statement. On 17th December of same year an incidence had happened. The elder brother (whose house had southeast street thrust) of the above person as also southwest defect was murdered. As ill luck would have it the case fell on the younger brother having Northwest Street thrust whose house I visited. He had to undergo jail term for four months incur huge losses in his enterprise etc. No doubt this has enhanced my status but alas! At what cost. This Northwest street focus is also a powerful cause for the negative results.
When coming to buy properties residents should observe every part and position of the structure, style of the property and surrounding effects on a specific construction, streets, street focuses, water canals, water ponds, water bodies effects or any other messy environs effects on properties then only one has to come for the decision why this property came for the sale or on what reasons to buy the property. If we may not keenly observe everything then most of the things will be tohubohu there and finally thought that "Vastu is not works", from starting we urge everyone that approach only one famous vastu consultant, he will justify your payments. If one may approach quacks then your position may always chaos. Intelligent residents never take any chances, first they will approach only the vastu specialist in the society.
A single wrong stop may finally make residents conjure experts finally for the corrections. Don't take such step. Experts will always follow legitimate actions because they never spoil their name in society. Half knowledge people may do Zeigarnik effect in many places when doing the vastu corrections in the property. Experts will do complete holus bolus on spot.
While we are discussing about vastu consultancy with experts, many experts have opinioned that many residents followed such a way, this has to be noticed to every inhabitant and vastu consultant too. In USA if one family is visiting one restaurant for a weekend dinner, it may cost about 125 USD to 150 USD, they never check for this prices and will had their delight dinner and enjoying it with their family members or friends. If the same family visiting India and moving to some places for sight seeing, they spent 85 USD to 160 USD for one night stay at Five star hotels, they require luxury stay.
For our surprise the same family requires to spent very few dollars for vastu. The flabbergast info is the same family members will search for vastu information on vastu books and vastu websites and taking decision to buy or leave, or they may consult a dead cheaper price so called vastu specialist and taking their decisions after paying 5 or 6 USD, yes its true to believe, they are looking for deadly cheaper price vastu consultancy services.
For one night stay this family members spending 160 USD and for one night dinner they spends 150 USD, see how much they wants to pay for life long comfortable stay in a property, they require wonderful results property with deadliest cheap price consultancy, do you feel that they are illiterate, most of them got Gold medals, distinction rank, first class, software engineers, even doctors and business persona.
How residents are respecting this vastu consultancy services. How it was come down to 5 USD or 6 USD, it was happens only because of some pseudo vastu specialists. Pseudo's wants to kill the consultancy, most of them are trying to blame other consultants and require to expect benefits. If they want to do some favor to the residents then why don't they provide FREE VASTU CONSULTATION, instead of taking 5 or 6 USD.
How can residents expecting skillful and magnificent consultancy services from cheaper prices. The expert vastu consultant never come down from their vastu consultation prices, they may be ready to provide free consultation, but they won't come down what they are looking for a evaluation price.
Hardly most of them may provide only some reasonable discount based on honest requests or for an trusted cause. That is why they are called as "Vastu experts". Most probably "vastu experts" never hunt for vastu consultation, they never check for new clients. Clients alone come straight to these experts and taking suggestions. Its of their "capability".
Usually, bums are always enquiring about other vastu consultants fee structure and asking "how much", "how much" from the residents who already taken consultancy from other experts. Endsville information is the intelligent residents can easily grasp these cheaper techniques and they never approach them. That is why they are called intelligent. If a resident plans to take vastu consultation then reading this matter may useful for them.
They can easily understand bums mentality and can able to avoid them, a simple tip for dwellers. Keep these dissemblers far from you. Don't access them even when you are in urgent need of taking decisions. You will be the loser then.
The experts always act dignified, they never use cheap words, they never particularly and repeatedly ask about other vastu consultant fees again and again, they respect other vastu pandits, they are honest, they may be mostly pricey, magnificently noble and courtly, having incredible qualities.
Due to some of the pseudo's collecting cheaper costs, many residents in society treated this vastu shastra consultancy as low-cost one. Make this science as a noble and stand it long time in future, don't spoil the diplomacy of this royal profession.
Make it live for some more years on this planet. Don't make others rib-tickling with your cheap actions. Many times we clearly mentioned that no body is the master in this field, except GOD. We are all doing our best to the residents/society for the comfortable stay. Thank you for your best understanding and co-operation.
1. Streets
2. Street Focus
3. Neighborhood Up and downs
4. Vacant places and their effects
5. Water Sumps
6. Mountains or hilly areas
7. Apartments and their effects to our living property
8. Canals, water ponds etc.
9. Storage tanks etc
10. Properties in between skyscrapers
11. Adjoining vacant property to our property
12. Cellphone Towers and Electric polls.
13. Directional Effects
14. Political Leaders, rowdies, Hooligans and their influences on our property.
15. Encroachments.
16. Water Flow directions.
17. Shadows of Temples and bigger constructions on our properties.
18. Vicinity or Proximity.
Observe this tree here, it is most important information in our future articles, we are developing this web page with latest and fresh content, please be wait for our complete development of this webpage. Once we published fresh content later we will discuss every thing about this tree plantation, how trees are supporting humans from negative vastu impacts etc. Once you go through our future articles finally you may come to the decision that trees are the best and right tools to fight with the negative energies. We urge residents and people and Government, we should not cut trees, they are the heavenly elements which are 24 X 7 X 365 days protecting us.
- Vastu for Plots, how to buy a good plot?
- What is Panchaboothas or Five Elements?
- Who is the best vastu consultant in Secunderabad?
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- Vastu Consultant in New Jersey, looking vastu expert advice for home?
A temple was built within 15 meter distance from our house. I have read about the complications due to the temple. I want to know about the remedies that can cancel these side effects. Please let me know it will be a huge help.
My wife and I had an utmost desire to build our own house (north facing and back side hill area) and we purchased 4 cents land. We were overwhelmed over the fact. The whole property is coming about 14 cents and the person on the left side of my house having 5 cents and the remaining land to the right side and my plot in the middle measuring equal values. I have heard that a plot in the middle; or a small construction between bigger constructions seems to be very inauspicious. Also i have no compound wall on both sides as my neighbours are ready constructing for themselves which in turn can reduce my expense. Is there any particular issue for this? Also what is the vastu remedy for a small house between two bigger constructions. Already myself and wife are having controversies in our present life. As if now even in my 40's I have not succeeded in job, business as well as wealth wise. Will my dream home make my life worser..? Please help me
soola for main door...pls give me suggesion.
Please advise.
I am planning to construct house in my site 30 X 40 sq ft ( south - north 30ft
and north to east 40ft ) road on west.
Please suggest me the correct direction
with vastu. Ground floor with parking, 1st floor for self occupence, 2rd and 3rd if possible for rent.
My birth date : 01.04.1967 as per record.
Looking forward your best suggestions.
Venkatesh babu
we are staying in a duplex house (north facing)for last 13 years with happiness & good peace. while constructing vastu consultation taken & made accordingly.
recently our on east side of our house they have made a car parking shed leaving only 6 inches gap of the compound wll on north-west side - which is north -east side of our house.
do we have any negative effect on us and any remedies please kindly suggest
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Dear Suresh, I am pleased to inform you that like the way you provided consultation for my home and explained to me all the changes required inside and outside home. I really appreciate the diagrams that you prepared for my home with pictures and arrows showing the changes need to be done. Above all, you explained very well the reasons behind changes you recommended for my home with great clarity and sense of humor. No doubt in my mind, you are the best Vastu expert, I really appreciate your dedication by building and maintaining a very informative website that is helping thousands of people across the globe. Also, I sensed when I talk to you and when I was dealing with you, you follow honesty and integrity and you have a sincere desire to help others - Kotesware Rao - Dallas - USA
We are tech professionals and working in USA. After a year long search we brought the house. After buying the house I started looking for consultant who can help me evaluating the house. I came across Subhavaastu website which has lot of information. I contacted Mr.Suresh and requested him to help with our house vastu. It has been a great pleasure working with him. He is very detailed oriented person and never compromises with his work. I am typically not interested to deliver the reviews. But after working with Mr. Suresh I decided to share my experience. Mr. Suresh has great expertise in providing vastu consultation to USA property. He is always available through email and phone l to answer questions. I am writing this review hoping it will help other people like me who lives in abroad. Please take advise before buying the house. I highly recommend Mr. Suresh as he has great experience with structure of USA properties and also he provides genuine consultation. I really appreciate Mr. Suresh's help in evaluating our house - Padma - Boston - USA
Hello Sir, My name is Bharathi. Me and my husband have been reading your articles closely. We really appreciate the effort put by you to share your knowledge about vastu and it's effects - Bharathi - USA.
I have consulted Suresh Garu during December 2014 during the process of buying a house in Texas, USA. I have occupied the house for one year now, and feel like dropping a review regarding my experience during the entire process. I am very much satisfied with the kind of service I received from him. He is very knowledgeable and I was often stunned by his detailed analysis during the course of my interaction with him. He was very much accessible over phone (perhaps more than 10 times for one house plan!) and the price is very much reasonable especially compared with the cost of the house. I noticed his burning desire to help me in making informed decisions on certain things. I have seen some people pretending to know this subject and misguiding those who come for help by saying only what we want to hear. SubhaVaastu is definitely not that one. Finally, I am strong believer of leaving certain things to experts in those subjects. I have been in US for more than 13 years and have seen people doing their own corrections (by reading website articles) trying to save few dollars. Please don't do that. You would end up in causing more damage. I highly recommend you to engage SubhaVaastu in your next project - Satish - Dallas - TX - USA
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There are very many people though keenly wish to avail vastu services are unable to do so, only due to financial limitations. In case if you have in your town/village a group of people . . . . For more details Free Vastu Services page.
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About Our Classes and Programs
Kids Martial Arts
Whether or not your child is athletic, they'll feel right at home in our Lawrenceville Kids Martial Arts classes. That's because every child here is encouraged to go at his own pace. That's one of the reasons lots of kids prefer martial arts over team sports.
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Lawrenceville Kids Karate and Martial Arts Birthday Parties are a super-fun, structured, supervised event that your child - and all his friends - will remember. Kids get action-packed activities... learn real martial arts techniques... goof off with exciting games... and of course - eat great birthday party food!
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Summer Camp
Most summer camps are nothing but games and... more games. Don't get me wrong - games are great for kids! But wouldn't you like your child to also spend their summer growing and learning skills that will help them succeed in life?
Introducing our Martial Arts Summer Camp: The perfect blend of super-fun games, important life lessons, fitness, self-defense skills and more. Your child will not only have a blast... they'll also gain powerful skills and traits to help them get ahead in life. Call now to learn more. But hurry! We sell out fast! (Spots are limited).
Teen Martial Arts
Many take our Lawrenceville Teen Martial Arts classes because they were faced with a dangerous situation - and want to know how to protect themselves and their loved ones.
Others just want the peace of mind that comes with having self-defense skills. Whatever your goals are, we'll help you get there. And along the way, we'll help you get fit, toned, and more confident than ever.


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A combo of Cirque do Soliel and Yoga!
Intro to Aerial Yoga for Absolute Beginners
This class introduces the safe and effective use of the Aerial Suspension Yoga Sling that will give you a complete body workout. You will learn the basic skills and technique for this new aerial genre. Students will learn how to use the Yoga Sling in a safe and effective way to discover how inversion and aerial movements strengthens the core and decompresses the spine.
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|Director's Note for Spamalot
When I was asked why I wanted to direct Spamalot, I didn't have to think twice about my answer:
Spamalot is a unique piece of musical theater. Most musical theater takes the audience through a storyline with each scene setting up the other through dialogue, dance, and music. Spamalot, on the other hand, is a tapestry of skits woven together with catchy songs and rollicking dance numbers. The show, at best, has a sketchy storyline with no real purpose other than to entertain its audience. It is intelligent farcical slapstick at its very best. Eric Idle and John DuPrez adapted Spamalot from the 1975 movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail. The characters in Spamalot have been recreated to mirror the characters originally created by Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, & Michael Palin in
Geoffrey Ward


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Highway Water Department
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Endeavour – Fugue
Come, friends, gather. Tonight we sing the praises of Endeavour. Welcome to my favourite episode of Season One, Fugue, and of course it is focused on music. Morse and music go together better than bacon and eggs. The episode opens with choral singers, specifically Morse, who has been spotted by the local newspaper as he […]Read More Endeavour – Fugue


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By Ken Sanz,Scott M. Deitche
Read Online or Download Balls: The True Life of Eddie Trascher, Gentleman Gangster PDF
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I missed my week 4 weigh in as I was on holiday, which was probably just as well. The day before I'd been to my future brother and sister-in-law's house for an Easter Sunday meal, which consisted of a ridiculous amount of alcohol, 3 courses, cakes, Easter eggs and a massive cheese board!
The holiday then began the following day. It was a big family holiday, which we tend to do around once a year at a lodge in Dunkeld, Perthshire. It gives everyone a chance to catch up and enjoy ourselves in a beautiful part of the country. This year I had volunteered in advance to take over the cooking of dinner. I love cooking anyway, and none of the rest of my family are as keen as me, so they were happy for me to do it. This meant that for the 3 out of 4 nights which we ate in the lodge dinner was healthy. (Although my dad did question if I actually was on a diet!)
We had planned a BBQ for the first night, so I had made some beef burgers and Cajun chicken burgers in advance, which my mum actually preferred to the regular burgers she'd bought! Those and a baked potato meant I was nice and full without picking at the naughty sausages. The next night was a big cottage pie and lots of veg. This went down brilliantly with everyone, including my 4 year old nephew who doesn't like potato but ate just about all of it! Finally we did a curry night, and I made chicken jalfrezi and syn free pilau rice.
So dinners were fine, as were breakfasts – most mornings I sat down to a good portion of Mexican scrambled eggs and some bacon, whilst everyone else had a fry up, though I have to confess to sneaking in the odd hash brown on a few occasions. Lunches weren't too bad, as when we were out we tended to take picnics with us, so I could make up a sandwich using a healthy extra portion of bread, however I did tend to have crisps with my lunch! One day I also had a baguette from my favourite deli, which was very naughty but very enjoyable!
However, the worst problem was alcohol. When my family get together there tends to be a lot of alcohol drunk, and when I drink I eat badly too, so the evenings were full of nibblings on crisps and biscuits!
I did get some exercise in whilst on holiday too – being in the countryside gave me plenty of opportunity for walks, and I took the chance to play with my niece and nephew a lot, which I'm sure burned a few calories.
Overall I was pleased with how I'd done on holiday – I wanted to still enjoy myself and not feel like I was missing out, and I think that's what I did. My aim for the 2 weeks was to stay the same weight, and when I weighed in on Monday I had actually lost half a pound, so I was thrilled.


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I'm Kate, I live in Yorkshire and I love handbags.
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Editors Cathy Ascroft and Larry Hoffner, with a final sweep by Marise "the comma queen" Auffray
Typists Linda Shawcross and Michele Penn
Graphic Designers Walter Leipurts and Wendy Yip
Many thanks to the following artists/writers for use of their lyrics:
And finally to all those who have stood for and against me along the way, hair on ya.
This story pays homage of sorts to exuberant adolescence. You may recall the condition: sweaty palms, terminal awkwardness, sexual high-tension. It started off as a bit of a self-entertainment, so I wasn't particularly concerned about creating a conventional narrative. You know, one good guy, one bad guy, a couple of supporting characters, a single point of view. Anyway, I've never subscribed to conventionality, especially not in my exuberant adolescence. What I wanted to portray was the vast kaleidoscope of events and emotions, the sturm and drang of the everyday as you ricocheted from drama to drama, interacting with a multiplicity of groups and individuals: hoods, villains, greasers, jocks, blockheads, browners, frats, geeks, nerds, sluts, cockteasers, hosers, stoners, piss-tanks, nancy-boys, ice-maidens, dorks, jerks, jackasses, jazzers, studs, freaks, pencil-necks, pervs, debauchers, dinks, rink rats, oh yeah, and the occasional good guy. Remember all those friends and acquaintances you collected along the way; all the minor players who blew into and out of your life like so many autumn leaves. What I'm trying to tell you is that there are a whole lot of characters populating this story, a lot of names to keep track of. So, for those of you who have trouble recalling the moniker of the person you shook hands with not five minutes ago, I've created a bit of a crib sheet, a cast of players, the primary ones at least. They're even grouped by faction. You can't say fairer than that.
There's a fair whack of back story as well. Mostly in the beginning. Some may refer to it as digression. Me, I like a bit of meat on the bone, a little side-jaunt once in a while. Hey, if you're in such a hurry to get to the end, just read the last chapter and be done with it. Oh, and another thing, once in a while I like to change tense. Not in the middle of a paragraph or anything, but in certain scenes where I'm trying to heighten the tension or put the reader in the moment. Tends to bother the conventionalists. Hopefully, you won't even notice it's happening.
Finally, this is a true story, all of it. Only the names have been changed to protect the innocent and the guilty.
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|novel | synopsis | outline | reviews | comments | posters | links | about the author ©2019 runawaysummer.com


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"A cathartic ceremony" El Confidencial
As a member of Fun-da-mental, it is expected that he does not to shy away from what needs to be said, explored, debated or challenged, even within a dj set.
It's a bit of a sweaty affair for those within listening range, necks bruk to low slung beats and hips disco-lated 'cos the ancients and the fresh have graced us with their transcripts. From London to Kazakhstan, Malta to Serbia, Sweden to Italy, and many points in-between - the typical nightclub, festival settings, to collaborations with storytellers, or museum openings, squat parties, social manifestations, his record box contains more that 'just shake yer booty', and doesn't get stuck on one groove, so to speak. The ever shifting political and cultural landscape we face is woven into the fabric of his sets.
"Una de las cinco mejores actuaciones en el Womad de Las Palmas".
La Gaceta de Canarias


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Don't you just hate taking your car to be repaired. I know I do. I always worry about how much it's going to cost and how long it will take. I don't know about you, but I can't be without a car for very long. There is just too much to do and most of it requires driving. I also worry about whether or not the person working on my car really knows what they are doing. If you are a mechanic, sorry, but it is something I think about.
In this week's video blog, I visit an Oklahoma school that makes me think that at least the students there, probably do know what they are doing and as you'll see…can get it done quite quickly.
~Alisa Hines
On the Horizon: Hot Rods from Alisa Hines on Vimeo.


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September 19, 2014
Keith McCown to Moderate Labor Law Panel at Suffolk Law School - Corporate Counsel Institute Seminar (Boston, MA)
On September 19, 2014, Keith McCown will moderate a panel of labor law experts at Suffolk Law School -- Corporate Counsel Instutute's 3rd annual seminar - "Tackling Hot Topics in Labor and Employment Law." This full-day seminar will be attended largely by in-house counsel and will focus on a variety of current labor and employment law topics. Keith's labor law panel will include Jonathan Kreisberg - NLRB Regional Director, Christine Nickerson - Director of Labor Law, Ahold USA (Stop & Shop), and Paul Kelly - Segel Roitman.
For more information and to register, click here.


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Genetically modified fish
Genetically modified fish (GM fish) are organisms from the taxonomic clade which includes the classes Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and Osteichthyes (bony fish) whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the fish which does not occur naturally in the species, i.e. transgenesis.
GM fish are used in scientific research and kept as pets. They are being developed as environmental pollutant sentinels and for use in aquaculture food production. In 2015, the AquAdvantage salmon was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for commercial production, sale and consumption,[1] making it the first genetically modified animal to be approved for human consumption. Some GM fish that have been created have promoters driving an over-production of "all fish" growth hormone. This results in dramatic growth enhancement in several species, including salmonids,[2] carps[3] and tilapias.[4][5]
Critics have objected to GM fish on several grounds, including ecological concerns, animal welfare concerns and with respect to whether using them as food is safe and whether GM fish are needed to help address the world's food needs.
History and process
The first transgenic fish were produced in China in 1985.[6] As of 2013, approximately 50 species of fish have been subject to genetic modification. This has resulted in more than 400 fish/trait combinations. Most of the modifications have been conducted on food species, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), tilapia (genus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).[7]
Generally, genetic modification entails manipulation of DNA. The process is known as cisgenesis when a gene is transferred between organisms that could be conventionally bred, or transgenesis when a gene from one species is added to a different species. Gene transfer into the genome of the desired organism, as for fish in this case, requires a vector like a lentivirus or mechanical/physical insertion of the altered genes into the nucleus of the host by means of a micro syringe or a gene gun.[8]
Transgenic fish are used in research covering five broad areas[6] -
- Enhancing the traits of commercially available fish
- Their use as bioreactors for the development of bio-medically important proteins
- Their use as indicators of aquatic pollutants
- Developing new non-mammalian animal models
- Functional genomics studies
Most GM fish are used in basic research in genetics and development. Two species of fish, zebrafish and medaka, are most commonly modified because they have optically clear chorions (shells), develop rapidly, the 1-cell embryo is easy to see and micro-inject with transgenic DNA, and zebrafish have the capability of regenerating their organ tissues.[9] They are also used in drug discovery.[10] GM zebrafish are being explored for benefits of unlocking human organ tissue diseases and failure mysteries. For instance, zebrafish are used to understand heart tissue repair and regeneration in efforts to study and discover cures for cardiovascular diseases.[11]
Transgenic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been developed to study muscle development. The introduced transgene causes green fluorescence to appear in fast twitch muscle fibres early in development which persist throughout life. It has been suggested the fish might be used as indicators of aquatic pollutants or other factors which influence development.[12]
In intensive fish farming, the fish are kept at high stocking densities. This means they suffer from frequent transmission of contagious diseases, a problem which is being addressed by GM research. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) have been modified with a transgene coding for human lactoferrin, which doubles their survival rate relative to control fish after exposure to Aeromonas bacteria and Grass carp hemorrhage virus. Cecropin has been used in channel catfish to enhance their protection against several pathogenic bacteria by 2–4 times.[13]
GloFish is a patented[14] technology which allows GM fish (tetra, barb, zebrafish) to express jellyfish and sea coral proteins[6][15] giving the fish bright red, green or orange fluorescent colors when viewed in ultraviolet light. Although the fish were originally created and patented for scientific research at the University of Singapore, a Texas company, Yorktown Technologies, obtained rights to market the fish as pets.[15] They became the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet when introduced for sale in 2003.[16] They were quickly banned for sale in California, however they are now on shelves once again in this state.[17] As of 2013, Glofish are only sold in the US.[18]
Other transgenic lines of pet fish include Medaka which remain transparent throughout their lives and pink body color transgenic angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and lionhead fish expressing the Acropora coral (Acroporo millepora) red fluorescent protein.[19]
The ocean pout type III antifreeze protein transgene has been successfully micro-injected and expressed in goldfish. The transgenic goldfish showed higher cold tolerance compared with controls.[20]
One area of intensive research with GM fish has aimed to increase food production by modifying the expression of growth hormone (GH). The relative increases in growth differ between species.[21](Figure 1)[22] They range from a doubling in weight, to some fish that are almost 100 times heavier than the wild-type at a comparable age.[13] This research area has resulted in dramatic growth enhancement in several species, including salmon,[23] trout[24] and tilapia.[25] Other sources indicate an 11-fold and 30-fold increase in growth of salmon and mud loach, respectively, compared to wild-type fish.[6][26] Transgenic fish development has reached the stage where several species are ready to be marketed in different countries, for example, GM tilapia in Cuba, GM carp in the People's Republic of China, and GM salmon in the USA and Canada.[27] In 2014, it was reported that applications for the approval of transgenic fish as food had been made in Canada, China, Cuba and the United States.[6]
Over-production of GH from the pituitary gland increases growth rate mainly by an increase in food consumption by the fish, but also by a 10 to 15% increase in feed conversion efficiency.[28]
Another approach to increasing meat production in GM fish is "double muscling". This results in a phenotype similar to that of Belgian Blue cattle in rainbow trout. It is achieved by using transgenes expressing follistatin, which inhibits myostatin, and the development of two muscle layers.[13]
AquAdvantage salmon
In November 2015, the FDA of the USA approved the GM AquAdvantage salmon created by AquaBounty for commercial production, sale and consumption.[1][29] It is the first genetically modified animal to be approved for human consumption. The fish is essentially an Atlantic salmon with a single gene complex inserted: a growth hormone regulating gene from a Chinook salmon with a promoter sequence from an ocean pout. This permits the GM salmon to produce GH year round rather than pausing for part of the year as do wild-type Atlantic salmon.[30] The wild-type salmon takes 24 to 30 months to reach market size (4–6 kg) whereas the producers of the GM salmon claim it requires only 18 months for the GM fish to achieve this.[31][32][33] AquaBounty argue that their GM salmon can be grown nearer to end-markets with greater efficiency (they require 25% less feed to achieve market weight[34]) than the Atlantic salmon which are currently reared in remote coastal fish farms, thereby making it better for the environment, with recycled waste and lower transport costs.[35]
It has been claimed that to prevent the genetically modified fish inadvertently breeding with wild salmon, all the fish will be female and reproductively sterile.[33] However, it has also been claimed that a small percentage of the females will remain fertile.[30] Some opponents of the GM salmon have dubbed it the "Frankenfish".[30][36] Approval of the AquAdvantage fish by the FDA was opposed by a consortium of more than 20 anti-GM organisations.[35]
Detecting aquatic pollution (potential)
Several research groups have been developing GM zebrafish to detect aquatic pollution.[37] The laboratory that developed the GloFish originally intended them to change color in the presence of pollutants, as environmental sentinels.[38][39] Teams at the University of Cincinnati and Tulane University have been developing GM fish for the same purpose.[40][41][42]
Several transgenic methods have been used to introduce target DNA into zebrafish for environmental monitoring, including micro-injection, electroporation, particle gun bombardment, liposome-mediated gene transfer, and sperm-mediated gene transfer. Micro-injection is the most commonly used method to produce transgenic zebrafish as this produces the highest survival rate.[43]
The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of genetically modified crops. There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the USA and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a fish not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.
The US FDA guidelines for evaluating transgenic animals define transgenic constructs as "drugs" regulated under the animal drug provisions of the Federal Food and Cosmetic Act. This classification is important for several reasons, including that it places all GM food animal permits under the jurisdiction of the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) and imposes limits on what information the FDA can release to the public, and furthermore, it avoids a more open food safety review process.[44]
The US states of Washington and Maine have imposed permanent bans on the production of transgenic fish.[44]
Critics have objected to use of genetic engineering per se on several grounds, including ethical concerns, ecological concerns (especially about gene flow), and economic concerns raised by the fact GM techniques and GM organisms are subject to intellectual property law. GMOs also are involved in controversies over GM food with respect to whether using GM fish as safe is safe, whether it would exacerbate or cause fish allergies, whether it should be labeled, and whether GM fish and crops are needed to address the world's food needs. These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, and protests, and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in most countries.
There is much doubt among the public about genetically modified animals in general.[45] It is believed that the acceptance of GM fish by the general public is the lowest of all GM animals used for food and pharmaceuticals.[46]
Ethical concerns
In transgenic fast-growing fish genetically modified for growth hormone, the mosaic founder fish vary greatly in their growth rate, reflecting the highly variable proportion and distribution of transgenic cells in their bodies. Fish with these high growth rates (and their progeny) sometimes develop a morphological abnormality similar to acromegaly in humans, exhibiting an enlarged head relative to the body and a bulging operculum. This becomes progressively worse as the fish ages. It can interfere with feeding and may ultimately cause death. According to a study commissioned by Compassion in World Farming, the abnormalities are probably a direct consequence of growth hormone over-expression and have been reported in GM coho salmon, rainbow trout, common carp, channel catfish and loach, but to a lesser extent in Nile tilapia.[47]
In GM coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) there are morphological changes and changed allometry that lead to reduced swimming abilities. They also exhibit abnormal behaviour such as increased levels of activity with respect to feed-intake and swimming.[27] Several other transgenic fish show decreased swimming ability, likely due to body shape and muscle structure.[28]
Genetically modified triploid fish are more susceptible to temperature stress, have a higher incidence of deformities (e.g. abnormalities in the eye and lower jaw[48]), and are less aggressive than diploids.[49][50] Other welfare concerns of GM fish include increased stress under oxygen-deprived conditions caused by increased need for oxygen.[27] It has been shown that deaths due to low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) in coho salmon are most pronounced in transgenics.[51] It has been suggested the increased sensitivity to hypoxia is caused by the insertion of the extra set of chromosomes requiring a larger nucleus which thereby causes a larger cell overall and a reduction in the surface area to volume ratio of the cell.
Ecological concerns
Transgenic fish are usually developed in strains of near-wild origin. These have an excellent capacity for interbreeding with themselves or wild relatives and therefore possess a significant possibility for establishing themselves in nature should they escape biotic or abiotic containment measures.[21]
A wide range of concerns about the consequences of genetically modified fish escaping have been expressed. For polyploids, these include the degree of sterility, interference with spawning, competing with resources without contributing to subsequent generations. For transgenics, the concerns include characteristics of the genotype, the function of the gene, the type of the gene, potential for causing pleiotropic effects, potential for interacting with the remainder of the genome, stability of the construct, ability of the DNA construct to transpose within or between genomes.[52]
One study, using relevant life history data from the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) predicts that a transgene introduced into a natural population by a small number of transgenic fish will spread as a result of enhanced mating advantage, but the reduced viability of offspring will cause eventual local extinction of both populations.[53] GM coho salmon show greater risk-taking behaviour and better use of limited food than wild-type fish.
Transgenic coho salmon have enhanced feeding capacity and growth, which can result in a considerably larger body size (>7-fold) compared to non-transgenic salmon. When transgenic and non-transgenic salmon in the same enclosure compete for different levels of food, transgenic individuals consistently outgrow non-transgenic individuals. When food abundance is low, dominant individuals emerge, invariably transgenic, that show strong agonistic and cannibalistic behavior to cohorts and dominate the acquisition of limited food resources. When food availability is low, all groups containing transgenic salmon experience population crashes or complete extinctions, whereas groups containing only non-transgenic salmon have good (72%) survival rates.[54] This has led to the suggestion that these GM fish will survive better than the wild-type when conditions are very poor.[28][55]
Successful artificial transgenic hybridization between two species of loach (genus Misgurnus) has been reported, yet these species are not known to hybridize naturally.[56]
GloFish were not considered as an environmental threat because they were less fit than normal zebrafish which are unable to establish themselves in the wild in the US.[6]
AquAdvantage salmon
The FDA has said the AquAdvantage Salmon can be safely contained in land-based tanks with little risk of escape into the wild,[35] however, Joe Perry, former chair of the GM panel of the European Food Safety Authority, has been quoted as saying "There remain legitimate ecological concerns over the possible consequences if these GM salmon escape to the wild and reproduce, despite FDA assurances over containment and sterility, neither of which can be guaranteed".[35]
AquaBounty indicates their GM salmon can not interbreed with wild fish because they are triploid which makes them sterile.[32] The possibility of fertile triploids is one of the major short-falls of triploidy being used as a means of bio-containment for transgenic fish.[57] However, it is estimated that 1.1% of eggs remain diploid, and therefore capable of breeding, despite the triploidy process.[58] Others have claimed the sterility process has a failure rate of 5%.[34] Large scale trials using normal pressure, high pressure, or high pressure plus aged eggs for transgenic coho salmon, give triploidy frequencies of only 99.8%, 97.6%, and 97.0%, respectively.[59] AquaBounty also emphasizes that their GM salmon would not survive wild conditions due to the geographical locations where their research is conducted, as well as the locations of their farms.[32]
The GH transgene can be transmitted via hybridization of GM AquAdvantage Salmon and the closely related wild brown trout (Salmo trutta). Transgenic hybrids are viable and grow more rapidly than transgenic salmon and other wild-type crosses in conditions emulating a hatchery. In stream mesocosms designed to simulate natural conditions, transgenic hybrids express competitive dominance and suppress the growth of transgenic and non-transgenic salmon by 82% and 54%, respectively.[60] Natural levels of hybidization between these two species can be as high as 41%.[60] Researchers examining this possibility concluded "Ultimately, we suggest that hybridization of transgenic fishes with closely related species represents potential ecological risks for wild populations and a possible route for introgression of a transgene, however low the likelihood, into a new species in nature."[56]
An article in Slate Magazine in December 2012 by Jon Entine, Director of the Genetic Literacy Project, criticized the Obama Administration for preventing the publication of the environmental assessment (EA) of the AquAdvantage Salmon, which was completed in April 2012 and which concluded that "the salmon is safe to eat and poses no serious environmental hazards."[61] The Slate article said that the publication of the report was stopped "after meetings with the White House, which was debating the political implications of approving the GM salmon, a move likely to infuriate a portion of its base".[61] Within days of the article's publication and less than two months after the election, the FDA released the draft EA and opened the comment period.[62]
- 1 2 Staff (November 2015)FDA Has Determined That the AquAdvantage Salmon is as Safe to Eat as Non-GE Salmon FDA Consumer Health Information / U.S. Food and Drug Administration / November 2015 / Retrieved 20 November 2015
- ↑ Jun Du, Shao; Zhiyuan Gong, Garth L. Fletcher, Margaret A. Shears, Madonna J. King, David R. Idler & Choy L. Hew (1992). "Growth Enhancement in Transgenic Atlantic Salmon by the Use of an "All Fish" Chimeric Growth Hormone Gene Construct". Bio/Technology. 10 (2): 176–181. doi:10.1038/nbt0292-176. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ↑ Devlin, Robert; Carlo A. Biagi, Timothy Y. Yesaki, Duane E. Smailus & John C. Byatt (15 February 2001). "Growth of domesticated transgenic fish". Nature. 409 (6822): 781–782. doi:10.1038/35057314. PMID 11236982. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ↑ Rahman, M. A.; A. Ronyai, B. Z. Engidaw, K.Jauncey, G-L. Hwang, A. Smith, E. Roderick, D.Penman, L.Varadi, N. Maclean (19 April 2005). "Growth and nutritional trials on transgenic Nile tilapia containing an exogenous fish growth hormone gene". Journal of Fish Biology. 59 (1): 62–78. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02338.x. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ↑ Hackett, P.B. and Alvarez, M.C. (2000) The molecular genetics of transgenic fish. Recent Adv. Mar. Biotech., 4, 77-145.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dunham, R.A.; Winn, R.N. (2014). "Chapter 11 - Production of transgenic fish". In Pinkert, C.A. Transgenic Animal Technology: A Laboratory Handbook. Elsevier. ISBN 9780323137836.
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- ↑ Hallerman, E. (2004). "Glofish, the first GM animal commercialized: Profits amid controversy". Retrieved September 3, 2012.
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- ↑ Anthes, E. (2013). Frankenstein's Cat: Cuddling up to Biotech's Brave New Beasts. Oneworld Publications.
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- ↑ Rahman MA et al. (2001) Growth and nutritional trials on transgenic Nile tilapia containing an exogenous fish growth hormone gene. Journal of Fish Biology 59(1):62–78
- ↑ "AquAdvantage® Fish". AquaBounty Technologies. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
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- 1 2 3 Environmental Assessment for AquAdvantage Salmon
- 1 2 Steenhuysen, J.; Polansek, T. (November 19, 2015). "U.S. clears genetically modified salmon for human consumption". Reuters. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
- 1 2 Milman, O. (November 19, 2015). "FDA approves genetically modified salmon in agency first". The Guardian. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 Connor, S. (November 19, 2015). "Genetically modified salmon becomes first to be approved for human consumption - but it won't have to be labelled as GM". The Independent. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ↑ Connor S. (2012). "Ready to eat: the first GM fish for the dinner table". The Independent. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
- ↑ Lee, O., Green, J.M. and Tyler, C.R. (2015). "Transgenic fish systems and their application in ecotoxicology". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 45 (2): 124–141. doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.965805. PMID 25394772.
- ↑ National University of Singapore Enterprise webpage
- ↑ "Zebra Fish as Pollution Indicators". Archived from the original on 2001-11-09. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
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- ↑ Nebert DW et al (2002) Use of Reporter Genes and Vertebrate DNA Motifs in Transgenic Zebrafish as Sentinels for Assessing Aquatic Pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(1):A15 | January 2002
- ↑ Mattingly CJ et al (2001) Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) function in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Aug;109(8):845-9
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- 1 2 Bailey, C. (2015). "Transgenic salmon: Science, politics, and flawed policy". Society & Natural Resources. 28 (11): 1249–1260. doi:10.1080/08941920.2015.1089610.
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- ↑ Mora, C., Menozzi, D., Kleter, G., Aramyan, L.H., Valeeva, N. I. and Reddy, G.P. (2012). "Factors affecting the adoption of genetically modified animals in the food and pharmaceutical chains". Bio-based and Applied Economics. 1 (3): 313–329.
- ↑ Kirkden, R.; Broom, D.M. (2012). "Welfare of genetically modified and cloned animals used for food" (PDF). Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Benfey, T.J. (2001). "Use of sterile triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) for aquaculture in New Brunswick, Canada". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 58 (2): 525–529. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.1019.
- ↑ Fraser, T.W., Fjelldal, P.G., Hansen, T. and Mayer, I. (2012). "Welfare considerations of triploid fish". Reviews in Fisheries Science. 20 (4): 192–211. doi:10.1080/10641262.2012.704598.
- ↑ Piferrer, F., Beaumont, A., Falguière, J. C., Flajšhans, M., Haffray, P. and Colombo, L. (2009). "Polyploid fish and shellfish: production, biology and applications to aquaculture for performance improvement and genetic containment". Aquaculture. 293 (3): 125–156. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.036.
- ↑ Sundt-Hansen, L., Sundström, L.F., Einum, S., Hindar, K., Fleming, I. A. and Devlin, R.H. (2007). "Genetically enhanced growth causes increased mortality in hypoxic environments". Biology Letters. 3 (2): 165–168. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0598. PMC 2375932. PMID 17272234.
- ↑ Devlin, R.H.; Donaldson, E.M. (1992). "Chapter 13 - Containment of genetically altered fish". In C.L. Hew; G.L. Fletcher. Transgenic Fish. World Scientific. pp. 229–266.
- ↑ Muir, W.M.; Howard, R.D. (1999). "Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: Sexual selection and the Trojan gene hypothesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (24): 13853–13856. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.13853. PMC 24154. PMID 10570162.
- ↑ Devlin, R.H., D'Andrade, M., Uh, M. and Biagi, C.A. (2004). "Population effects of growth hormone transgenic coho salmon depend on food availability and genotype by environment interactions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (25): 9303–9308. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400023101. PMC 438972. PMID 15192145.
- ↑ Benessia, A.; Barbiero, G. (2015). "The impact of genetically modified salmon: from risk assessment to quality evaluation". Visions for Sustainability. 3: 35–61.
- 1 2 Oke, K.B., Westley, P.A., Moreau, D.T. and Fleming, I.A. (2013). "Hybridization between genetically modified Atlantic salmon and wild brown trout reveals novel ecological interactions". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1763): 20131047. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1047.
- ↑ Mair, G.C., Nam, Y.K. and Solar, I.I. (2007). "Chapter 8 - Risk management: Reducing risk through confinement of transgenic fish". Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms. Volume 3. Methodologies For Transgenic Fish. CABI. p. 227.
- ↑ Bodnar, A. (2010). "Risk assessment and mitigation of AquAdvantage salmon" (PDF). Information Systems for Biotechnology News Report: 1–7.
- ↑ Devlin, R.H., Sakhrani, D., Biagi, C.A. and Eom, K.W. (2010). "Occurrence of incomplete paternal-chromosome retention in GH-transgenic coho salmon being assessed for reproductive containment by pressure-shock-induced triploidy". Aquaculture. 304 (1): 66–78. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.023.
- 1 2 Carrington, D. (May 29, 2013). "GM 'hybrid' fish pose threat to natural populations, scientists warn". The Guardian. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- 1 2 Jon Entine for Slate Magazine. Wednesday, Dec. 19, 2012 Is the White House Interfering With a Scientific Review?
- ↑ Brady Dennis for the Washington Post. December 21, 2012. Genetically altered salmon are safe, FDA says. Retrieved 2012-12-22.