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Item #: MY100250
Made of natural, high-quality leather, the Albrecht Cuirass makes a statement with its detailed design and versatile style. Including both a breastplate and backplate, wear this medieval armour for LARP and historical reenactments.
Item #: MY100163
Seasoned adventurers know that even light questing can lead to battle scars. Whether for LARP or practice, no worthy warrior should go unprotected, especially at their core. Be well protected with the Antonius Leather Cuirass.
Item #: MY100856
A soldier often looks to strike at the heart of their enemy. Protect your chest with the Antonius Leather Torso. It is ideal for the smart warrior who is attending a medieval faire, historical convention, or role-playing activity.
Item #: RT-174
This is a corset for the wench who means business! The Armor Corset features the classic style of a typical wench corset with the added touch of an armor-grade leather construction, making it as tough as typical LARP armor.
Item #: RT-175
Being more armor than clothing, this protective corset benefits from the addition of pauldrons. In fact, not only is the Armor Corset with Pauldrons protective and defensive, but it looks stylish with its shoulder pieces.
Item #: MY100420
Reclaim the lands of your people as a fierce warrior queen, or join your clan in relieving a coastal village of its wealth. Regardless of the role, the Artemis Celtic Leather Cuirass for Ladies offers enhanced style and defense.
Item #: MY100419
Guide your army to victory as a warrior queen from the Middle Ages, or adventure through a fantasy realm as a fearless mercenary. No matter the role, the Artemis Embossed Leather Cuirass for Ladies raises both style and defense.
Item #: RT-105
The mark of a good assassin is that your mark never sees you coming. But in the event that your mark does notice you, it is always a good idea to be well-armed and armored. In this Assassins Armor, you will definitely be both.
Item #: DK5005
Our Banded Leather Cuirass has an awesome look to it. You can order it with contrasting colors or all one color. Our Banded Leather Cuirass is made up of a breastplate and a backplate, and is available in two leather thicknesses.
Item #: RT-113
Simple and savage, a Barbarians Armor was often cobbled together from various pieces of leather, hide, and fur. Instead of being ineffective, though, this style armor was rather protective, as well as a point of pride to its owner.
Item #: RT-114
Barbarians were savage fighters, whose skill with a weapon and tenacity made them a foe to fear. Barbarian armor was just as impressive as their weapons and skills, as can be seen when looking at this Barbarians Armor With Skirt.
Item #: MY100412
Command both respect and style on the LARP battlefield with the Celtic Isolde Leather Corset. This gorgeous piece of armour not only accentuates your waist, but also raises your defense during light combat and training.
Item #: MCI-2715
Our Celtic Lamellar Leather Armour has a unique design with a spin on the traditional look. In between lamellar segments, there are sections of leather that have gold painted Celtic designs that set this armour apart from the others.
Item #: MY100416
Heed these words, brave warrior. Never enter a LARP kingdom without a solid defense. Crafted from multiple riveted segments, the Celtic Mantikor Leather Cuirass offers the protection you need when braving an unpredictable world.
Item #: DK5001
This attractive harness provides full frontal and rear torso protection. Our Centurion Armour has a classic Roman Style making this perfect for Roman soldiers, gladiators, centurions, and even praetorian guards!
Item #: RT-108
Let glorious chaos be spread in the name of war and conquest! This Chaos Armor is an impressive example of leather armor at its finest, offering great protection and a look worthy of any entropic warrior of pandemonium!
Item #: DK4000
Dragon scales are some of the best protection you can get. More so, they are also quite appealing to wear. This Childrens Dragon Scale Armour allows even your little one to join in the fantasy fun by giving them armour of their own!
Item #: DK4001
The term lionheart is used to describe someone who possesses exceptional courage. Your child will love to suit up in this Childrens Lionheart Armour while they learn to properly wield a sword and shield like the knights of old.
Item #: DK4002
A squire is a companion and attendant to a knight or noble. In return for their service, they receive training in combat and other noble pursuits. This Childrens Squire Armour is perfect for any youth seeking to aspire to knighthood.
Item #: DK4003
Perfect for young rangers and fae folk, this Childrens Woodland Warrior Body Armour provides lightweight and comfortable protection for LARP and other light combat activities. This leather harness is flexible and laces up the sides.
Item #: RT-151
For the complete warrior who wants nothing short of top protection, there is the Conquerors Armor set. This armor is protective, covering the chest, shoulders, and upper legs in layers of leather and metal that will foil many a blow.
Item #: RT-149
A true warrior knows that looking impressive is second to mobility and protection, which makes this Conquerors Breastplate the piece of armor to wear when you are looking for all three of those qualities in one armor.
Item #: RT-150
The inclusion of shoulder armor has made the Conquerors Breastplate with Pauldrons all the more effective, as now, it provides even more protection without further compromising a warriors ability to be mobile and adaptive in battle.
Item #: MY100173
Fate often leads you through unknown territory. Foes with unique fighting styles typically appear. You must rely on skillful reflex. Move swiftly on instinct while protecting your upper torso with the Crisso Leather Harness.
Item #: MY100858
Just because you are holding a shield, does not mean that the enemy will not attack that side. Go protect yourself with the Crisso Shoulder Harness. It is a great addition to a fantasy or historical costume for a convention or faire.
Item #: RT-104
The shadowy warrior is one to fear, as much for their prowess as for their appearance. In this suit of Dark Armor, intimidating will barely describe your look. With its impressive design, this armor will leave your foes in awe.
Item #: DK5022
Whether worn by warriors with holy purpose or nefarious intent, the Dark Crusader Leather Armour impresses with quality craftsmanship and bold design. This leather cuirass features a contrasting cross accent across its chest.
Item #: RT-138
Spikes and intimidation are two things that this suit of armor offers in spades. The Dark Lords Armor is crafted in quality 9-10 oz. leather. This dark armor offers a stellar look for any warrior to feature.
Item #: RT-137
If you ever encounter anyone wearing this armor, you can probably rest assured that they mean business. The Dark Lords Breastplate with Pauldrons is a piece of armor that features all the spikes a warrior would ever want.
Item #: DK5021
Creeping along the rooftops, the scout watches the knights stumbling from the tavern. Distracted by the rowdy nobles arguing over their cups, no one notices the shadowy figure in the Dark Rogue Heavy Leather Armour stalking her mark.
Item #: DK5009
Even sneak-thieves need to consider personal protection. For the warrior looking to preserve their agility, nothing will suit quite as well as our Dark Rogue Leather Armour, which offers style as well as a high degree of protection.
Item #: DK5010
Even sneak-thieves need to consider defense sometimes. For the warrior looking to preserve their agility nothing will work quite as well as our Dark Rogue Leather Armor without Hood, which offers style as well as protection.
"For some reason I didn't realize this (DK1029) was a triangular shaped bottle, but I dig it. The corks on their bottles are great quality, the leather work is effective, and carrying glass bottles on a belt is a really neat idea. I am very pleased."
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The website is: All Delco. All the time. DelcoPride.com focuses on the life, gossip, culture, and general wackiness of Delaware County. We know how to laugh and laugh at ourselves.
This site includes:
- Delco Pride TV – our exclusive TV channel
- Famous Delconians – our proudest progeny
- Made In Delco – our local business video profiles
- Dining/Drinking Delco – our keeping it real reviews of local establishments
- Guest Bloggers – our finest written communicators
- Delco Apparel – our Delco inspired clothing and accessory line
- Yo Delco! – your chance to sound off and define Delco.
The site is focused on Delaware County but is certainly of interest to outsiders. Because there are 2 kinds of people in the world. Those from Delco and those who wish they were from Delco.
We know Delco is unique. That's why we came up with this site to celebrate our heritage. But Delco Pride doesn't exist without you and your ancestors. DelcoPride.com relies on tips and submission of our readers. We want your pics, videos, stories, celebrity sightings, suggestions and complaints. On second thought, keep your complaints to yourself.
Submissions for DelcoPride.com CLICK HERE.
DelcoPride.com is currently looking for guest bloggers to write a regular column for our site. You don't have to be a professional writer. This ain't The New York Times. You do have to have a passion for Delco, and some funny stories to tell. And most importantly,YOU MUST BE FROM DELCO. For more information: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Learn more about the
Purchase Program
Commonly asked
Learn more
about Disclosures
Roadmap to Condominium Homeownership at University Terrace
Condominium Sales Program
Move-In Ready Homes Available for Sale
Schedule Appointment with Purchase Consultants.
Schedule the Condominium Home Selection Appointment.
Condominium Homes
Purchase contracts, community disclosures, and other documents will be available after home selections.
Purchase Consultants will be
coordinating contract signing
7 Days after the Home Selection Appointment.
A contract deposit of $4,000
will be required.
Loan appointment
FSH will be coordinating appointments for lease and loan documents to be signed approximately one (1) week before you close escrow.
escrow appointment
The title company will provide an estimated closing statement that includes the amount you will need to pay one (1) day before the projected close of escrow. The funds must be sent via a wire transfer or cashier's check to the title company.


text: |Girl on Girl by Charlotte Jansen, is the first in-depth, critical study of contemporary photography by women who are united in their exploration of the female subject. Published by Laurence King, in this thought-provoking new book, renowned critic and curator Charlotte Jansen brings together interviews with 40 international female photographers whose diverse interviews in this book provide a personal insight into the lives and works of these women. Jansen's highly engaging and critically astute writing makes Girl on Girl a fascinating read and a timely testament to the way photography continues to shape our view of female identity.


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- 44"w x 31"h
- 360 Total Watts
- 6 Lights
- Incandescent Output
Elegant and graceful chandelier in antique hand rubbed bronze finish with antiqued candlesticks and hand cut faceted crystals.
The Fine Art Lamps 844040-32 Marquise collection Chandelier Lighting in Antique Hand Rubbed Bronze uses Incandescent light output and brings Modern style. This item is 31"H x 44"W x 25"D. The total wattage is 360 and the voltage is 120 volts. The Fine Art Lamps 844040-32 requires 6 bulbs (not included). Additional Information: Shade-Bare Lamp With Hand Cut Faceted Crystals.
By Selecting the Options above you can view all of these Fine Art Lamps Lighting Products in this Marquise Collection: 844040-11, 844040-12, 844040-21, 844040-22, 844040-31, 844040-32


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Ed Sheeran releases two new songs: Castle on the Hill and Shape of You
Ed Sheeran is the first major artist to release new music in 2017. The English singer-songwriter has unveiled two songs that you can listen to now: uplifting mid-tempo Castle on the Hill and the club-friendly Shape of You.
Castle on the Hill
Shape of You
Unveiled in the early hours of this morning, the singles are Sheeran's first releases since 2015 and showcase two very different sides to his unparalleled musical palate. Castle on the Hill, written by Ed and Benny Blanco (also on production), pays homage to growing up in Framlingham, Suffolk. Driving beats and Springsteen-esque riffs collide to create another stadium-ready anthem. Shape Of You, written with Johnny McDaid and Steve Mac (also on production), dismantles and rebuilds club-friendly pop music using little more than a loop pedal. The record is an extension of the sound for which Sheeran has become known for.
The editorial unit


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Spruce up your home & garden with a conservatory
Whether you would like to enjoy your garden all year round, or you are looking to increase the size of your living space without the problems of an extension or moving homes, a conservatory is ideal. Increasing numbers of people are now having conservatories built and installed to their homes, mainly because it adds great value to your home and also means it is like to sell a lot quicker with a conservatory rather than without one.
But before purchasing a conservatory, you need to consider how much room you have available, the amount of money that you would like to spend, and the style of conservatory that you are looking for. Whilst some conservatories are suited to properties with large gardens, there are also a wide range of conservatories designed to suit smaller gardens.
Below are the various types of conservatory styles
Victorian Conservatories
One of the most common conservatory types is the Victorian Conservatory, mainly because of its timelessness and versatility, also the fact that it suits most house types, whether they be a period home or a brand new build. This conservatory has rounded sides that create a soft appearance. This conservatory style is distinguished by its faceted front, creating a curved appearance.
Gable Conservatories
Also known as gable fronted conservatories because they have a front side that resembles the gable of a home, this conservatory makes good use of floor space and feature added ceiling height, this conservatory style is ideal if you want to let in as much light as possible. Rather than sloping back, the front panel of the roof stays upright, creating a perception of greater height.
Lean-to conservatories
The lean-to conservatory is ideal for properties that don't have too much space available, it is also quite popular with homeowners that prefer a cleaner more simple look. Because the pitch of the roof can be changed, it is very versatile.
P-shape conservatories
The P-shape style conservatory is perfect for larger, detached properties; this combines a Victorian conservatory with a lean-to conservatory. This can either be five-faceted or three-faceted. If you combine a lean-to conservatory with a Georgian-style conservatory, this is then called an L-shaped
T-Shape conservatories
This is a very versatile style of conservatory; it allows you to create two living spaces within one room. With T-shape conservatories, the central area goes quite deep into the garden, which creates a sense of bringing your garden into your home.
Lantern Roof Conservatories
The Lantern conservatory style was pretty much the first conservatory style, they used to be known as orangeries. If you have the right budget, the Lantern Roof conservatory has elegance in abundance. Distinguished by its two tiered roof, the height within a lantern conservatory creates a real feel of light and spaciousness. This is a popular choice for people with swimming pools.
Edwardian Conservatories
Similar in style and shape to Victorian conservatries, the Edwardian conservatory is rectangular and has no soft edges. This is advantageous as more of the available floor space is utilized.
Garden room conservatories
Garden room conservatories are both timeless and simple with a single pitch roof and probably one of the most common types of conservatories. They are unfussy, extremely flexible, modern and make good use of any ground space.
Georgian conservatories
The Georgian conservatory style is very similar to the Edwardian style of conservatory, originally built on period homes from the 18th century and early 19th century, the style of these has been replicated on many non Georgian homes ever since. Originally, people who owned Georgian conservatories were classed as posh.


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update #3 2015-10-01
Another user reports that the issues continues for him, even with the server version updated (as discussed in update #2). Many other users have reported that the problem has gone away with no changes by ExQuilla, Thunderbird, or them. Something is causing problems with Office 365, we don't really know what it is, but those problems seem to be slowly being fixed by Microsoft. I wish there was some way to be more definitive, but I am not aware of any way to get better information our of Microsoft.
Update #2 2015-09-28
Another user has now reported that a problem which used to exist has now disappeared due to a server update on Office365. If you are experiencing this issue, it will probably go away on its own when Microsoft updates the server.
You can check the server version in use by activating "Log Server Interactions" from Tools/Account Settings/(your ExQuilla account)/"Log Server Interactions". Enable that, do some operation (like click on a folder to check email), open the log, then disable that option (as it will generate a log of activity if left activated.)
Search that log for a line that contains ServerVersionInfo and check your version:
Affected version: ServerVersionInfo MajorVersion="15" MinorVersion="1" MajorBuildNumber="274" MinorBuildNumber="22" Version="V2_66"
Updated, unaffected version: ServerVersionInfo MajorVersion="15" MinorVersion="1" MajorBuildNumber="280" MinorBuildNumber="20" Version="V2_66"
Update #1 2015-09-28:
One user has sent detailed logs, and according to the logs, ExQuilla is sending a properly formatted email to the server, but when read back in Sent Items (and presumably when sent) the line breaks and spaces were stripped. I suspect this is an issue with a particular release of Office365, but still investigating. The only workaround I can imagine for this issue, which appears to be a bug in Office365, is going to be to force emails sent with that version of Office365 to always use HTML emails. That would require an updated version of ExQuilla to enforce. So this issue is not resolved, and we are still investigating options.
(Original note.)
Beginning about September 17, 2015, we started receiving reports from ExQuilla users who used Office365 as a server, that sent emails have all line breaks removed, which appears as an issue to both the recipient as well as in the Sent Items folder. A typical report:
"When I send or reply to emails, all the line breaks in the messages are lost. The entire email message becomes one big paragraph (sending text emails, not HTML emails)."
We've investigated whether this is an issue related to changes in either Thunderbird or ExQuilla, and it does not appear to be. Something changed in Office365. One user reports:
"FYI: Seems that this is a known issue, and is possibly due to Office365.com. There are complaints in the Office 365 community forums. My apologies for thinking this was an ExQuilla issue."
A user reports a workaround:
"I can get around this it seems by using explicit html formatting. e.g. add a bullet list or change the font, etc. This results in changing the message Content-Type to multipart/alternative with text/plain and text/html sections, *both* of which are formatted as expected. If I just type a message without changing any formatting, it gets changed to type text/plain and removes all the carriage returns, putting all text on one line."
So the current suggested workaround, should you have this issue, is to manually select a font for your outgoing message.
If this issue persists, we will be forced to automate that workaround for ExQuilla users. But the current hope is that this is a bug recognized by Office365 that will be fixed soon by them.


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Copyright © 2012 - 2019 The Bothy. All rights reserved. Website Created by Hooked
Up Marketing & Design
Phone: (780) 761-1761
This region is by far the largest area and the distilleries are promoting more and
more their North, South, East or West Highland locale. Indeed there are noticeable
differences from each sub-division, but all the whisky made in the highlands does
share a firmness of of body, with fruity or floral notes, restrained peat and the
highland heather. Coastal highlanders tend to show island characteristics.
Highlands, Scotland


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Ooooppsseeee – I am SO sorry. My fantastic team at BoardingArea.com tech (who takes care of the tech side of the blog) accidentally merged all the Mileage Run e-mail subscribers into the main RenésPoints e-mail subscriber list. That, my dear elite points junkies, is why you have stopped getting any "instant" e-mails about sweet runs like:
To be clear, the difference between the mileage run e-mails is they go out as soon as possible and if I post 2 or 3 runs in a day you get an email for each one. The normal blog e-mails are limited to 1x mail a day no matter how many posts go up on the blog.
So how do you re-subscribe again? It is simple to do. Just click here -> www.RenesPoints.com/RunMail and then:
You should next see a verification screen. You will get an email for you to confirm you want to subscribe to the run e-mail list.
Lastly, after you have confirmed you should see the above screen. I have run a test post and all seems to be working correctly.
Again, huge apologies for this inadvertent error from the IT team and expect many more cheap sub 4 CPM runs to be posted before the end of 2017 for your 2018 Delta Elite Medallion year. Plus, starting soon, I will be post partner runs as well as an explanation why many of us are going to be flying Skyteam partners rather than Delta on elite runs in 2018! – René


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Film and Literature
From imagination to empathy
" I truly and passionately believe that reading and trying to write are the most important things you can do to change your life. " – Susie Nicklin, Literature Director - British Council.
British writer Ian McEwan once said that true intelligence requires an incredible imagination. And nothing better than reading to nurture it. Many studies have already been made trying to connect reading and intelligence, all with very similar results – that the habit of reading improves the comprehension of life. Not only that: reading classics increases empathy, social perception and emotional intelligence, abilities that not only enrich life but also contribute to a better and fairer world.
As a part of the Olympic legacy, the programme Transform supported large-scale projects and events that demonstrate the British Council's involvement with the arts in Brazil through educational, artistic and exchange activities with the United Kingdom, taking place between the London Olympics 2012 and Rio 2016. And as it should be, literature and cinema were one of the highlighted areas of work within the programme.
Luiz Coradazzi
Director of Arts, British Council
was our audience at Festival do Rio - British Focus at Copacabana beach in 2012
people joined us at FLUPP, Literary Festival for peripheral communities, in Rio de Janeiro in 2012
atendees at our various events during Literary Festival FLIP in Paraty, Rio de Janeiro in 2012.
Sabrina Cândido
Arts Project Manager for Music and Cinema
Culture for all
"A study conducted in the United Kingdom showed that if you are a parent and want to influence your child, the most important thing you can do is encourage them to read for pleasure; more important than piano lessons, learning mandarin or writing, reading is more important than any other thing that money can buy", says Susie Nickling, during the first FLUPP, Literary Festival for under served communities in the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro. The event, supported by the British Council, aims to engage vulnerable communities with excellence in the arts by creating opportunities for new talents. Over four days, Brazilian and British writers performed, read and discussed matters that involve the daily concerns in the urban communities. "The decision to support FLUPP was very easy, because it brings values that the British Council already shared of democratization of culture, supporting new authors and artists and taking culture to marginalized communities", explains Luiz Coradazzi, Arts Director of the British Council Brazil. To Lucimara Letelier, Deputy Director for Arts at the British Council, art surpasses the barriers between cultures. "When you talk about literature, you're talking about popular knowledge, the history of people. Literature brings these cultures together and we understand that a programme like this can transform the way one culture sees another", concludes Lucimara.
Check out more Transform videos [+]
From United Kingdom to the world
Shakespeare's legacy was celebrated in the 400 years of his death by the Shakespeare Lives, a global campaign present in over 140 countries which includes artistic and educational activities all over Brazil. The programme brings dance and theatre shows, film and art exhibitions and the publishing of educational resources for teaching English. Though not technically a part of Transform, it was thanks to it and relationship building along the years that allowed the Shakespeare Lives campaign to strengthen its presence at FLIP, Paraty International Literary Festival, where the British Council hosted the Shakespeare House in 2016. The five day event took place at the Nossa Senhora das Dores Chapel, at the city's historical centre. Determined to bringing the author closer to new audiences and deepen the experience for existing fans of Shakespeare's work, the house was a stage for specialists' debates, performances, commissioned sculptures of characters of the Bard, and trainings for teachers – whilst sipping English tea offered by our all day complimentary tea service. In 2014, also in Paraty, newcomer and mid-level Brazilian and British literary translators gathered for a workshop at Escola de Inverno (Winter School), a partnership between the British Council, the Fundação Biblioteca Nacional and the Universidade Fluminense ,supported by the Arts Council England. Aiming to value this important area of work and to create a professional networking among both countries, these workshops brought discussions about the complexity and the inherent challenges of the craft.
Access and opportunity
It's worth reminding that Transform was launched at the Rio Festival in 2012 – Focus UK, with silent Hitchcock films restored by the British Film Institute's National Archive (BFI) and featured at Copacabana beach, with live soundtrack performed by the Young Brazilian Symphonic Orchestra. The British Council also promoted an important exchange between Brazilian and British professionals from the sector through participation in festivals. The Mostra Geração presented British movies for under served communities in Rio de Janeiro aimed at a younger audience, followed by debates with directors, authors and other specialists. Rewarded filmmakers (as the Bafta winning Scottish animator and director Ainslie Henderson) and educators from the Glasgow Youth Film Festival have participated of the educational programme in the Amazonas Film Festival; the Festival de Curtas de São Paulo and the Encounters SFF Bristol also established a rich partnership, as well as the Janela de Cinema de Recife and the British Film Institute Archive special programme. All these partnerships provided master classes, debates, lectures and workshops on animation, special effects and festivals production.
"When you talk about literature, you're talking about popular knowledge, the history of people. Literature brings these cultures together and we understand that a programme like this can transform the way one culture sees another."
Lucimara Letelier, Deputy Director Arts, British Council
Rare Opportunity
Guess who was the author most adapted to film all over the world? Yes, the Bard himself: William Shakespeare. With over a thousand mentions between films, television and series, his work was also influential for those who didn't read his work, but watched his films. As a part of Shakespeare Lives, a rare collection of films from the British Film Institute has been on tour with Shakespeare on Film, with screenings in São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife. Shakespeare's biographers and theatre critics are unanimous stating that, beyond great classics, his work left the incomparable legacy of taking men to his own encounter, helping them with comprehending his own nature. At the individual level, his work can be considered as an additive to intelligence. At the collective level, it is a powerful tool for transcendence, because there's nothing more transforming than reflection and awareness.
See also:
Transforming Conversations
"Art transforms everything."
Jo Clifford
Jo Clifford, Scottish playwright, poet and actress talks about her work with British Council/Transform projects with Núcleo de Dramaturgia SESI - British Council, Unlimited and FLUPP.
Discover all about the Transform Programme by category:
| Music | Museums | Drama and Dance | Film and Literature | Creative Economy & Cultural Skills | Accessibility and Human Rights |


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REVIEW: DJ Stickybuds rocks the boat
Feb 13th, 2014 | By Oren Oaariki | Category: Arts/Entertainment, Editor's Picks, Features, Front Page Layout, Most Popular, Student Features, Top Picture
LOOKING back on a life littered with experiences of incredible live music performances I am always sceptical that any show could possibly top the best that came before it.
It's true that I expect a lot from artists because the shows I remember all had a certain wow factor that kicked cynicism out of the venue and left irreplaceable memories.
One artist who topped those memories several years ago wasdj Stickybuds aka Tyler Martens, so I highly anticipated his arrival in Wellington.
I first discovered Stickybuds by accident at the bi annual Splore music festival, at Tapapakanga Regional Park, when I stumbled upon horde of loyal fans chanting his name as they downed some shots.
They slurred on about how good he was and after bribing me with beer they did finally encourage me to stick around for the show.
Moments later he had myself and thousands of others bouncing in unison as he belted out track after track of funky dance goodness into the night.
I wondered if the Canadian dj could bring that energy to Wellington and with support from the mighty K+lab this show had the potential to be a real showcase of music's biggest hitters.
As Stickybuds arrived at Oriental Parade's Tugboat he was swamped by loving fans.
The engine room of the Tugboat began to fill in as local dj el Pasko took to the decks, kicking off the dance floor with a hearty stream of fresh and mellow beats.
The atmosphere got wilder when K+lab entered the scene, raising the tempo and setting the agenda with his signature glitch hop style.
K+lab's supporters danced with urgency as the Wellington based artist surgically delivered the heavy sounds that got him nominated for best electronica album at last year's Vodafone Music Awards.
And amongst the crowd a familiar curly mane could be seen flowing with the rest of the bunch.
It's rare these days for international artists to hang out with their fans, often preferring to mull around in tight stinky green rooms sipping pretentious drinks.
Stickybuds appeared to favour the company of his fans rather than the mezzanine floor area set up for him, sharing high fives and conversations with his followers.
As the party rocker stepped up to the decks the crowd began to tighten up toward the front of the stage.
There was a tense moment of anticipation during the transition from K+labs final tracks into Stickybuds.
You could be forgiven for thinking anyone performing under the name like Stickybuds would have to be an avid 4.20 worshiping reggae selector but the opposite is the truth.
Opening with a huge dance floor banger, the veteran dj had the boat rocking from side to side as heavy bass resonated around the steel walls.
As the crowd rocked he seamlessly moved through genres, dropping all eras of hip hop flavours and dicing them with glitchy funk tracks and old dancehall favorites.
Even drum and bass fans were covered as he spun various junglist tunes into the mix.
The moving and shaking was intense as Stickybuds' loyal mob threw themselves around the dance area much like what you would expect at an 80's punk rock show.
The only downside to the show would have to be the ticket price of $20 which I heard many punters complain about at the door.
It's an aspect that tends to plague music promoters nationwide as a huge section of the market like their live music cheap and tend to boycott shows if ticket prices are too high.
But Stickybuds fans are an enthusiastic young lose breed of music lovers who like their electronica with a bit of bite, and love to party.
Although the Tugboat engine room only reached around half capacity, if you were a true Stickybuds fan you wouldn't have noticed any emptiness at all.


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Advances in Consumer Research Volume 15, 1988 Pages 5-12
Susan Spiggle, The University of Connecticut
Cathy Goodwin, Georgia State University
A content analysis of ACR presidential addresses using quantitative and qualitative procedures revealed that their implicit value content varied and formed three clusters. These clusters were related to the major issue differentiating the addresses--those focusing upon the discipline and those focusing upon the organization. An explanation for these findings and their implications are discussed.
The Association for Consumer Research, like other scientific organizations, has its mission and long term goals defined by charter. Organizational values that are subject to cultural change (Namenwirth 1987) shape its direction, form and resource commitments. Whether values determine behavior is a debatable question. However, the articulation of values and discussion of issues in an organization provides us with insights about its idealizations, its goals, and its ideological commitments. Namenwirth (1987) argues that organizational values may be identified by analyzing the addresses delivered by presidents to the membership. This paper analyzes fourteen addresses delivered by ACR Presidents and identifies values that reflect the organization's culture and the recurring issues and themes.
Namenwirth (1987) analyzed changing values of three long-lived scientific organizations, the American Chemical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Economic Association. Using an automated, quantitative content analysis, he analyzed presidential addresses of these organizations in three selected Lime periods from 1900 to 1970. Presidential addresses, he argued, are appropriate documents for such an analysis for three reasons. (1) They appear at yearly intervals. (2) They are delivered to a large audience and "thus must be of general, rather then arcane interest." (3) Delivered by departing presidents, typically centrally connected to the field, they are likely to reflect fundamental issues and concerns.
Namenwirth constructed a profile for each document analyzed by counting word frequencies assigned to one or another category defined by a value dictionary. He factor analyzed the resulting categories and obtained five factors, representing issues or dilemmas that differentiated the presidential addresses over time and across scientific organizations.
These five factors represent continua with bipolar positions. They are anchored by contrasting issue themes. Namenwirth argued that they are latent issues or controversies, not explicitly articulated as the major controversial issues of the moment upon which the speaker takes a position. Rather, they are implicit, "potentially divisive issues, consisting of two counterviews." These five factors form the conceptual foundation of our quantitative content analysis:
VALUE ORIENTATION--Value laden vs. Value neutral [Following Namenwirth (1987), factors are written in capital letters and poles are written with the first letter capitalized.]: This dimension raises the question of whether the address commits itself to values, or demonstrates an absence of value concerns by employing descriptive and analytic discourse and technical scientific language.
SCIENTIFIC ORIENTATION -- Applied vs. Theoretical: This dimension addresses the question of whether scientific inquiry should be guided by questions of utility and application external to the discipline, or by questions of truth and the pursuit of knowledge.
ORGANIZATIONAL SCOPE -- Cosmopolitan vs. Parochial: This dimension addresses the issue of whether the organization should concern itself with problems at the border of the discipline and the surrounding world, or with its internal affairs.
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS -- Meta-theory vs. Methods: This dimension concerns the question of what produces scientific progress--speculation and theoretical elaboration, or development of methods and instruments.
ORDER ORIENTATION -- Liberty vs. Regulation: This dimension addresses the issue of whether social order is seen as the product of liberty, competition, and individual activities, or authoritative planning, regulation, and centralized control. This latter factor was dropped from the present analysis because of the virtual lack of content concerning it found in ACR presidential addresses.
The data for this analysis include the fourteen ACR presidential addresses delivered between 1972 and 1986, commencing with the institution of formal presidential addresses. It does not include the addresses delivered by Engel and Perloff as Chairmen of the Advisory Council in 1970 and 1971. Also, Wells did not deliver an address in 1974. Cohen's address in 1972 was published in the ACR Newsletter, the remaining ones in Advances in Consumer Research.
The Quantitative Analysis
Because the computer automated content analysis program, using words as the basic datum of inquiry, was not available at the time of the analysis, we operationalized Namenwirth's five factors in the following manner. Paragraphs were defined as the basic unit of data, and a content coding scheme was developed that reflected the Namenwirth (1987) factor dilemmas [The content coding scheme is available by request from authors.].
The data collected using Namenwirth's dimensions was used to develop a profile of each address. The profiles were constructed as follows:
1. The content analysis was conducted by both authors independently. Every paragraph of each speech was coded to indicate the presence or absence of each pole of the 5 bipolar categories. An acceptable intercoder reliability rate of 87% (Kassarjian 1977) was achieved. Coding disagreements were resolved by mutual agreement.
2. For each speech, the percentage of paragraphs containing a given bipolar orientation was computed. Thus, for the category VALUE ORIENTATION,a given speech would be scored 30% Value-laden if 30% of its paragraphs contained value-laden material and 890 Value-neutral if 8% of its paragraphs contained value-neutral material. For any pole, scores could range from 0% to 100%.
3. Speeches were profiled based on percentages of paragraphs utilizing content representing each bipolar category.
4. Profiles were submitted to a cluster analysis using Ward's method (Punj and Stewart 1983) to identify similarities in value profiles of the addresses along the four value dimensions, VALUE ORIENTATION, SCIENTIFIC ORIENTATION, ORGANIZATIONAL SCOPE, and SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. (See the Appendix for graphic presentation of profiles.)
Three clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (Organizational Dynamics) includes the addresses of Cohen (1971) [Dates following addresses are the years during which the address was delivered.] Pratt (1973), Gardner (1976), Bernhardt (1983), and Sheth (1984). They are characterized by high relative frequency of parochial content on the ORGANIZATIONAL SCOPE dimension, a relative absence of attention to the SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS dimension, moderate incorporation of Value Laden content, and varying concern with the SCIENTIFIC ORIENTATION dimension. Illustrative quotes from Cluster 1 are:
"Why was ACR started in the first place? Viable organizations or institutions are not born in a vacuum. While the need for an organization must be perceived and implemented by individuals, motives underlying such implementation most often result from a recognition that there is a purpose to be served that is not being effectively met by existing institutions." (Pratt 1973)
"Many of us consider ACR the primary organization with which we identify. We're associated with a very prestigious journal. The conference itself and the proceedings are of the highest quality and I think are generally perceived as such. I think we have been successful in advancing the field substantially in many, many areas." (Bernhardt 1983).
Cluster 2 (Application of Theory) contains the speeches of Hunt (1979) and Kernan (1978). They are similar in their frequent use of Value Laden content and strong Applied orientation. They address the ORGANIZATIONAL SCOPE dimension only briefly and fall on the Parochial side when they do so. Finally, they make reference to the Applied pole of the Scientific ORIENTATION dimension more frequently than any other addresses, but incorporate a moderate number of references to the Theoretical pole. The following quote by Hunt (1979) represents this cluster.
"Where we have strong points of view based on our professional expertise, I feel we have an obligation to enter the public arena to do all that we can to see that our point of view prevails."
Cluster 3 contains the addresses of Jacoby (1975), Kassarjian (1977), Wilkie (1980), Olson (1981), Zaltman (1982), Wright (1985), and Bell: (1986). The cluster is generally defined by its relative lack of attention to the ORGANIZATIONAL SCOPE dimension. The cluster solution suggests that it is composed of two subclusters. Subcluster A (Development of Knowledge) contains the addresses of Jacoby (1975), Kassarjian (1977), Wilkie (1980), and Belk (1986). The content of these speeches is similar in their substantial use of Value Laden material and references to the Theoretical pole of the SCIENTIFIC ORIENTATION dimension. Jacob 1'S address (1975) fits least well with this subcluster in that it shows fewer references to the Theoretical pole of the SCIENTIFIC ORIENTATION dimension, and it is the one address out of the fourteen that makes frequent references to the Methodological pole of the SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS dimension. The following quotes illustrate this subcluster.
"...a personal choice to attempt to contribute to knowledge is not an empty or minor gesture. The first perspective which I encountered in beginning to address the question was a realization that, by opting to assert a goal of 'adding to knowledge,' we have elected to join the thousands of men and women who have also sought this goal, and who have gone before us." (Wilkie 1980)
"Besides the day-lo-day choices of a consumer, there are the decade-to- decade consumption choices made by societies. There is much that is of great human consequence in consumption, and yet we have for the most part wasted our talents on the dog-food level of things." (Bell: 1986)
Subcluster B (Progress through Theory) is composed of the addresses of Olson (1981), Zaltman (1982), and Wright (1985). The similarities in their addresses arise from considerable content about the Meta-theoretical pole of the SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS dimension and the Theoretical pole of the SCIENTIFIC ORIENTATION dimension. Wright's address differs from the other two in this subcluster in its relative lack of Value Laden content, compared to the moderate incorporation of Value Laden content by Zaltman and Olson. Quotes from Olson's (1981) and Zaltman's (1982) addresses typify this subcluster.
"To have a viable science of consumer behavior, we must have viable theories of consumer behavior. Thus, doing consumer behavior science involves working with theoriesCdeveloping, testing, modifying, and improving theories of consumer behavior phenomena." (Olson)
"...the quality of our research primarily follows the quality of our ideas and concepts. This is an assertion that some of you may challenge. However, I trust DO one would dispute the general importance of concept development. I then observe that while we have not done at all badly with our cu rent ideas we may soon be depleting most of what they have to offer." (Zaltman).
The three clusters that emerged in the quantitative content analysis utilizing Namenwirth's categories do not show a simple, linear relationship to the dimension of time. That is, earlier and later speeches are found in the first and third clusters. However, the first cluster contains a disproportionate number of speeches in the early period, and the third cluster a disproportionate number of speeches in the later period. The second cluster contains two addresses that are temporally adjacent and represent the approximate mid-point in time of the life of ACR. The time span covered by these addresses is far too short to allow identification of trends. However, the temporal pattern suggested by the clusters suggests that central concerns and value positions may shift as the organization becomes established and gains recognition and acceptance.
The following analysis supplements the preceding one. The search for recurring themes, issues, and positions using an inductive, qualitative analysis revealed similarities to that of the quantitative, deductive analysis and also uncovered trends that were not revealed by the five categories suggested by Namenwirth.
The Organization and the Discipline
All but one of the fourteen speeches can be classified into two major categories-- the organization oriented and the discipline/research oriented. Only Hunt's speech (1979), discussing pragmatic and ethical issues of the expert witness, fails to fit into these two broad categories. - The organization oriented speeches, which entirely comprise Cluster 1, focus on what ACR as an organization can do to help members and improve research. Membership growth and composition are key issues. Some of these speeches (notably Sheth 1984, Gardner 1976, and Cohen 1972) address issues in the field of consumer behavior. However, their primary focus is directed at ACR's role in improving research by facilitating interdisciplinary connections (Gardner 1976 and Cohen 1972), setting standards (Cohen 1972 and Sheth 1984), and encouraging broader research interests (Sheth 1984). Pratt (1973), Gardner (1976), and Bernhardt (1983) expound upon the history, present status, and future of ACR as an organization.
The other eight speeches, which comprise Cluster 3 and include Kernan's address, focus OD the discipline of consumer behavior, pointing to its shortcomings and arguing for improvements. ACR is mentioned only in passing and, in some speeches, not at all (Wright 1985, Belk 1986). Jacoby (1975) and Wilkie (1980) accept the prevailing research paradigm and insist on the need to raise the quality of consumer behavior research. Their solutions implore consumer researchers to make a greater commitment to and use of the canons of traditional science. In a similar vein, Kassarjian (1977) argues that attributing less involvement to the consumer and wording towards simpler explanations will provide improvements to the field.
In contrast, Kernan (1978), Olson (1981), Zaltman (1982), Wright (1985), and Belk (1986) challenge the traditional views of theory and research and advocate novel perspectives whose adoption is seen as beneficial for improving the field. Kernan (1978) and Wright (1985) propose that the investigation of everyday, ordinary marketplace events involving persuasion attempts (e.g., low balling and consumers' intuitive theories) can provide the field with a needed shot of relevance and excitement. Olson (1981) and Zaltman (1982) argue for innovative theoretical approaches that encourage theory and concept development in the field as opposed to theory borrowing and theory testing. Belk (1986) invites consumer researchers to include a macro perspective that shifts research concerns to the impact that marketing activities and consumption choices have upon human well being.
The organization oriented speeches suggest that ACR can play at least a facilitating role in improving research quality. The discipline/research oriented speeches do not identify any institutional structures that can contribute to their goals, although Kernan (1978) makes a passing reference to MSI's role in marketing. These latter speeches address an audience that is seen as well trained and employ moral suasion (Wilkie 1980), or intellectual suasion to enjoin them to rise to the presidential challenge. Thus, the discipline-oriented speeches focus on output, rather than input or process concerns.
Consumer Behavior as a Distinct Discipline
Six past presidents addressed the status of consumer behavior as a distinct discipline, particularly in relation to marketing, social psychology, and other fields recognized as independent areas. Kassarjian (1977), Wright (1985), and Belk (1986) argue explicitly for the distinct nature of the field by pointing to the uniqueness of the phenomena that consumer researchers should be studying. For Kassarjian it is "the thousands of insignificant and trivial [consumer] decisions in the world." For Wright it is marketplace gamesmanship and for Belk it is the impact of consuming decisions on society and human well being--' the relationship between consumer behavior and the rest of life."
Similarly, Jacoby (1975) argues that consumer behavior is "independent of any disciplinary orientation" as it is a "fundamental form of human behavior" that exists independently of the formal disciplinary organization investigating it. Gardner (1976) distinguishes consumer behavior from the field of marketing and points to its interdisciplinary foundations. He argues that the field's distinctiveness is conferred by its focus on the consumer in market relationships, regardless of the academic rubric under which investigation occurs. While Jacoby and Gardner suggest that specialists in such fields as psychology and sociology can be considered consumer researchers, Olson (1981) argues that consumer behavior will become a "science" only as the field develops its own theories rather than borrowing from other disciplines.
In summary, there appears to be a consensus that consumer behavior as a field of study can be differentiated from such fields as social psychology, sociology or even marketing. However, disagreement exists as to whether the theoretical orientation of the field is sufficiently developed to allow its consideration as a truly independent discipline.
Interdisciplinary Nature of Consumer Behavior
A number of the speeches make reference to the need for consumer behavior researchers to draw on a variety of disciplines. Cohen (1972) suggests that meetings represent an opportunity for members to interact with individuals from other disciplines. He urges members to develop a "broader approach" to consumer problems. Pratt (1973) points to the interdisciplinary mission of ACR. Gardner (1976) identifies "roots" of consumer research in several disciplines, including economics. As does Cohen, he advocates ACR's attraction of researchers from all fields, but sees the need for ACR to be "pre-eminent" before other researchers will join. Wilkie (1980) not only ties interdisciplinary relationships to ACR's purpose, but also identifies specific "basic disciplines" whose "mastery" may be a prerequisite for contributing to consumer research. Sheth (1984) also urges researchers to "learn new disciplines" such as resource management, as well as the "traditional" psychology-based disciplines. In summary, presidential speeches have endorsed interdisciplinary contact and even recommended specific non-marketing disciplines for researchers.
The Consumer Perspective
Three past ACR Presidents suggest that the consumer's view of marketing may differ substantially from the marketer's. Although this theme occurs in only three speeches, it is worth noting because these three speeches deal with the issue fairly extensively. Wright (1985) offers the most complete treatment, devoting his entire speech to what he calls a "schemer schema," the notion that consumers expect marketers to follow certain techniques and therefore discount information received through marketing sources. Wright argues that consumer researchers have an opportunity to make a significant intellectual mark by investigating these intuitive consumer understandings. Kassarjian (1977) and Belk (1986) question the importance of consumption in the consumer's life: the centrality of consumption activity to consumer research, they suggest, does not necessarily reflect a similar focus in the subjects being studied. Kassarjian suggests that we have "projected" our sense of importance about consumer goods purchases onto the consumer whose world "is mostly full of insignificant decisions and unimportant solutions."
Public Policy
The contribution of consumer research to public policy is mentioned briefly and in general terms. An exception is Pratt (1973) who discusses insights on substance abuse available from consumer research. Cohen (1973) suggests the importance of "consumer welfare;" Jacoby (1975) indicates a need for researching "social issues;" Belk (1986) urges an exploration of "macro issues" of fundamental significance to humanity; and Hunt (1979) certainly makes reference to public policy in his discussion of the expert witness. Generally speaking, public policy concerns are not a substantial focus of ACR presidential addresses.
Human Growth as Metaphor for ACR
No fewer than five A( R presidents chose human growth as a metaphor for ACR's growth and development. Pratt (1972) writes, "As organizations grow, ACR is still in diapers," and refers later to the organization that was "born." Cohen (1973) says ACR has been "the new kid on the block," but at his speech, "the infant begins to grow to maturity." Gardner (1976) refers to "birth" and "maturity" of the field. Kassarjian (1977) writes that JCR had been "conceived" and would soon be "born" and paraphrases Pratt's depiction of ACR as "a fledgling adolescent." Finally, Sheth (1984) speaks of ACR's "mid-life crisis."
This repeated comparison with human growth suggests the strong involvement of past presidents with the organization and related institutions. The choice of a metaphor of human growth, rather than the product life cycle metaphor familiar to all marketers, suggests also that the presidents view ACR as a life form, rather than a product which exists independently of its ownership.
Consumer Behavior Education
Virtually all academic ACR members engage in some teaching, and a number of government and industry members serve as adjunct faculty. A large percentage of ACR members can be expected to have taken marketing research and consumer behavior courses. The content and quality of these courses can influence career choices, as well as an individual's ability to engage in high-quality research. The only reference to teaching or coursework comes in the form of an anecdote by Wright (1985). the omission of references to education and professional socialization (excepting Wilkie 1980) is consistent with the explicit articulation of output concerns identified in discipline-oriented speeches.
The External Environment
During the decade and a half of ACR's existence a number of demographic, political, social, and economic events occurred that affected aggregate consumption patterns and produced new consumer trends--the Arab oil embargo, economic deregulation, maturing of the baby boom--to name a few. Noticeably absent from ACR Presidential addresses are references to such events. An exception is Pratt (1973) who discusses at length the specific macro-environmental circumstances that resulted in the need for an organization such as ACR--mass affluence, consumer power, and the informational needs generated by them. BeLk (1986) discusses the significance of considering consumption from a macro perspective, but does not refer to specific, concrete macro events. The general absence of concern with the macro environment is consistent with the lack of content on the Cosmopolitan pole of the ORGANIZATIONAL SCOPE dimension.
A study of ACR presidential addresses has identified certain recurring themes: the nature of the consumer behavior field as a distinct discipline; the relation of this discipline to other fields of research; the need to improve the quality of consumer research; the role of ACR in supporting the professional activities of its members; and the status and future of ACR as an organization.
The theme chosen by an individual ACR President is related to the value positions hat are implicitly articulated in the addresses and described in the quantitative analysis. A classification of speeches by thematic content closely resembles the classification by value positions as presented in the cluster analysis.
In addition to these dominant themes, common value positions among the speeches can be identified. The speeches collectively indicate little concern with the Value Neutral (of the VALUE ORIENTATION dimension), the Methodological (of the Scientific PROGRESS dimension), and Cosmopolitan (of the ORGANIZATIONAL SCOPE dimension) poles. In other words, the presidential addresses paid minimal attention to other institutions and external forces, did not view methodological improvements as the key route for the advancement of the field, and tended to articulate value positions.
The lack of attention to the Cosmopolitan pole may be explained by the dominant micro perspective of the discipline and the consequent failure to raise macro issues when formulating research questions--a concern raised by Belk (1986). Concern with the Theoretical, rather than Methodological pole of the SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS dimension, may reflect a concern with establishing the field as a separate discipline, apart from marketing and psychology. Concern with the theoretical framework can be expected within a field that is questioning its disciplinary boundaries. However, the focus on output of members, rather than concern with such inputs as training and organizational support, suggests an assumption that members are adequately trained in methodology and supported in carrying it out. The concern is that methodology be applied to well-constructed theories rather than developed for its own sake.
The lack of attention to the ORDER ORIENTATION dimension mirrors the cursory treatment given to public policy issues. It is somewhat surprising that references to this dimension are lacking. One might expect the social scientific branch of marketing to refer to the marketplace and its dynamics (which represents the quintessential structure of the Liberty pole) frequently. References to the marketplace are notably infrequent in ACR presidential speeches.
Finally, the considerable amount of Value Laden content may reflect cultural dynamics generated external to the discipline. Namenwirth found similarities in value-laden patterns among the three organizations that he studied. He interpreted this result as indicating that the agent of change was external to each of the fields and thus societal wide. A transition to Value Laden content may be occurring in other, older scientific organizations.
On the other hand, in this organization, the Value Laden content may reflect the normative expectations of these addresses: they are expected to be personal statements about the organization and the field, rather than scientific treatises (Gardner 1976 and Kassarjian 1977). Several ACR presidents tried to establish the uniqueness of their speeches with references to differences from the "usual pattern". Differences in subject matter and value profiles stem from the personal agendas, intellectual interests, and individual career histories. Thus, while presidential addresses are accorded special status as organizational documents, they remain personal statements reflecting the intersection between individual biography and organizational history.
However, even if ACR presidential addresses represent personal views, our analyses suggest commonality, as well as uniqueness. This commonality reflects the function of presidential addresses as ritual events in the lives of scientific organizations: they are solidarity-producing social situations (especially those delivered over lunch with the communion of food). Even when the content of the addresses discusses potentially divisive issues, the ritual context of the address provides conventional boundaries within which the dimensional polarities are addressed.
Further, where presidents use the address as a forum to push their pet ideas, they do not set up their viewpoint in contradistinction to some other one. The field of consumer research is increasingly polarized into two intellectual camps, although they do not correspond to the value-based and thematic clusters found in this analysis. The content of presidential addresses does not reflect this intellectual descensus, but portrays the field as more integrated than it actually is. No ACR president has suggested that the field embraces two opposing paradigms, although this division has been discussed in the literature (Anderson, 1986; Deshpande, 1983) and is widely recognized by centrally connected ACR members as fundamentally shaping the content of the ACR annual conference program. The neglect of this important issue in presidential addresses reflects their solidarity producing function.
The themes and value positions identified in this analysis reflect the organizational culture into which new ACR members are socialized, as well as existing agendas of experienced members. The analysis suggests that the organization is dedicated to improving research quality and developing a theoretical base that will move consumer behavior toward the recognition as an independent discipline. Those speeches not addressing research quality reflect a concern with serving the membership more effectively.
Both the field of consumer research and ACR are young but growing rapidly, and both have attracted talented researchers from a variety of disciplines. Unlike the organizations studied by Namenwirth, ACR combines interests of both academic and practitioner members, including those not directly involved with research. to the extent that central concerns and issues of the field are incorporated in presidential addresses, they merit continuing study by those who wish to understand and participate in the growth of both the organization and the consumer research discipline. Bettman (1987) in a recent editorial in the ACR Newsletter recommended research using a sociology of knowledge perspective to analyze the field of consumer research. This paper suggests some intellectual or ideational clusters characterizing the field. A logical extension of these findings would employ a sociology of knowledge perspective addressing the question of the social structural foundation of these intellectual clusters.
Anderson, Paul F. (1986), "On Method in Consumer Research: A Critical Relativist Perspective," Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (September), 155 - 173.
Bettman, James R. (1987), "President's Column," ACR Newsletter, (March), 2.
Deshspande, Rohit (1983), "'Paradigms Lost': On Theory and Method in Research in Marketing," Journal of Marketing, 47 (Fall), 101 - 111.
Kassarjian, Harold H. (1977), "Content Analysis in Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research, 4 (June), 99-118.
Namenwirth, J. Zvi (1987), "Values in American Science: Cultural Dynamics in Three Professional Societies Since 1900," in J. Zvi Namenwirth and Robert Philip Weber, Culture Dynamics, Winchester MA: Allen and Unwin.
Punj, Girish and David W. Stewart (1983), "Cluster Analysis in Marketing Research: Review and Suggestions for Application," Journal of Marketing Research, 20 (May), 134-148.


text: When he was young, Frenchman Jacques Henri Lartigue was given a camera as a gift. At the age of eight he began to record the life of his family with his new toy. Lartigue produced approximately 120 photo albums, probably one of the most interesting... Read More | Share it now!


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Dr. RRK Sharma was born on 12 Jan 1959 to mother Nalini and father Subbaraya Sharma. He belonged then to a lower middle class family. Mother taught him how to excel in mathematics and father taught him value of hard work. He did his BE (Mech) from VNIT NAGPUR in 1980. He worked in TATA MOTORS for 2 years as graduate engineer trainee. Later did his Ph D in management from IIM Ahmedabad in 1988. After a brief stint of 9 months with TVS Suzuki he shifted to the noble profession of teaching and research at IIT KANPUR (Dept of Industrial and management Engineering) where he is continuing for the last 25 years. He worked hard and freely distributed knowledge to anyone who came across. He has published profusely (and evenly) in both quantitative (OR & Production Planning and Control) and qualitative (manufacturing strategy; HR; Organization Behaviour; and management control systems) areas of management. He has published 2 books and more than 94 articles. He is happily married to Dr Sheela (Obste and Gynae) for the last 25 years and has two lovely children, namely Shriniwas (4 th year BITS PILANI; BE Mfg Engg) and Anjaneys (class XIII; now preparing for competitive exams).
Dr Sharma has had 26 years of career to date. Started as graduate engineer trainee with TELCO (PUNE) (now TATA MOTORS INDIA) during 1980-82, and later went on to do Ph.D. in management at I.I.M., Ahmedabad, INDIA. After Ph. D. in management, he worked with TVS Suzuki (for 9 months) as executive assistant to GM (marketing). Now he has 23 years of teaching and research experience at the department of Industrial and Management Engineering, I.I.T., Kanpur, 208 016 INDIA. He has taught over 22 different courses in management at IIT Kanpur INDIA (to B. Tech., M. Tech. and M.B.A. students) and is well versed with all the facets of management and has unique ability to integrate different areas of management. To date he has written over 92 papers in international/national journals and two books (one on MRP systems & one on control systems of organizations). He has developed over 8 software products. Till date he has guided 49 M TECH and 6 Ph D theses at IIT Kanpur. He has guided 101 Special Studies Projects for MBA II nd year students of IME, IIT Kanpur.
As a researcher Dr. RRK Sharma has made some important contributions to the field of management science and management. He has developed the fastest known algorithm for preparing PERT networks (that runs in O(n2 log(n)) time). He has written many papers (in international journals) in the field of warehouse location theory and transportation problems. Also he has written many papers in the field of manufacturing strategy, strategic management, entrepreneurship, portfolio selection problem and MRP (manufacturing resources planning systems) systems.
He has won several international awards : notable among them are the Archimedes Award, Life Fellow, Life Time Achievement Award given by the International Biographical Centre, St. Thomas Place, Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB7, 4GG, ENGLAND; Web : http://www.internationalbiographicalcentre.com/; and the American Medal of Honor (received medal number 9 out of 100) and the 2006 and the 2008 Man of the Year award given by the by American Biographical Institute, Inc., 5126 Bur Oak Circle, PO Box 31226, North Carolina, 27622, USA. Web: www.abiworldwide.com. Recently he was appointed to Research Council of International Biographical Centre. He was adjudged the OUTSTANDING EDITOR and OUTSTANDING MANAGEMENT RESEARCHER by the AIMS (All India Management Scholars) International Society. He was elected FELLOW of AIMS International in 2012.


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It was around 1920 when the American company Atlantic Refining, based in Philadelphia, extended its activities into Europe.
A subsidiary was founded in Belgium under the name Atlantic Belgium and in 1930 a sales office was created in Rotterdam.
After the end of WWII in 1945 a new European headquarter was founded in the Netherlands, based in the Hague under the name:
Olie Maatschappij Atlantic Nederland NV with subsidiaries in a few European countries including Belgium again.
In 1953 Atlantic sold its European operation to British Petroleum (BP) and BP renamed the company into Olie Maatschappij Anglo Nederland BV (OMAN). Some of the European offices were later on merged into local BP operations.
In 1997 with the formation of the Joint Venture between BP and Mobil in Europe , OMAN became part of the Mobil Europe Lubricants organization, with processing at both the BP- and the Mobil blending plants. When this JV was dissolved - due to the Exxon Mobil worldwide merger - OMAN came into the hands of Exxon Mobil. In 2001 OMAN finally became an independent Lubricants manufacturing & marketing company again.
Presently OMAN is still an independent manufacturing- , trading- and marketing company in baseoils, lubricating oils and -greases and automotive chemical markets and has its head office in Rotterdam, the heart of the oil industry. Thru branches and distributors we supply our products to market , under our OMAN-brand and as specialist in private label under the brand of our distributors. The manufacturing of OMAN-lubricants now takes place exclusively thru processing deals with some of the Major Oil Companies who blend our OMAN-products in large quantities in their blending plants. A small amount for the Eastern-European and Asian markets is made on location in our own plant. The bulk products are stored, processed and packed at our location in the port area of Rotterdam, where it can easily be shipped – also in containers – to our customers.


text:
Some Montcalm County Finds
Author(s): Tom Doty
Year: 1963
This resource is a citation record only, the Center for Digital Antiquity does not have a copy of this document. The information in this record has been migrated into tDAR from the National Archaeological Database Reports Module (NADB-R) and updated. Most NADB-R records consist of a document citation and other metadata but do not have the documents themselves uploaded.
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Cite this Record
Some Montcalm County Finds. Tom Doty. Newsletter of The Houston Archaeological Society. 46 (5): 40-40. 1963 ( tDAR id: 183907)
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Chipped Stone
Pipe Stems • Prehistory • Projectile Points • Site Settlement • Special Archaeological / Anthropological Study • Special Archeological / Anthropological Study • Technology
Geographic Keywords
26117 (Fips Code) • Michigan (State / Territory) • Montcalm (County) • North America (Continent) • United States of America (Country)
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min long: -85.563; min lat: 43.119 ; max long: -84.835; max lat: 43.468 ;
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NADB document id number(s): 6232
NADB citation id number(s): 000000082447


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It's no secret that eating fruits and vegetables can help us maintain a healthy body, but would you believe me if I told you that they can save your life? It happened to me…
As a teen I remember my grandfather buying me one of Jack Lalanne's first juicers called the Juice Tiger.
From a young age I had an interest in health and staying fit, but my issue was always having an addiction to all the wrong foods. Even though I was trying to eat right I would sometimes fall back into old habits.
As life moved on and I started working full time jobs it was common to eat out and grab whatever I could get my hands on. One of my first jobs was right next to a Greek restaurant which was a huge curse. I was able to order fried chicken, lemon rice soup and had an endless supply of all the rice pudding with whipped cream that I wanted.
I felt healthy and happy for the most part, but started experiencing horrible fatigue. It didn't matter how much I slept. I would walk around feeling like I had a thousand pounds on my shoulders all day long.
Years went by and I was finally diagnosed with my first autoimmune disease. I didn't have a clue what was going on and my doctor didn't explain to me that my disease was most likely caused by the combination of poor diet, the environment, and my family genetics.
So, I chose to try and help myself by changing my diet. I began juicing again, eating more fruits and vegetables and making smoothies. I started feeling better, started jogging again and went on for years battling my disease which had declined in severity to a more mild form.
I struggled to maintain my diet and always slipped back into old habits. I got really bad again and I started consuming massive amounts of sugar from candy, baked goods, and processed foods. My health declined and I was again diagnosed with a more deadly autoimmune disorder. This time I didn't have a choice. I had to straighten up and fly right or I was going to die.
I started juicing and eating healthy again. I removed gluten and dairy which were huge issues for me. I went and visited a holistic doctor and had a systemic allergy test done. I learned that there were many things I was eating that were killing me. I had serious nutrient deficiencies and I was shocked to learn that I had pesticides in my system too from all the years I was eating and juicing conventional fruits and vegetables.
Yes folks, I believe it's important to buy organic whenever possible, but that's a post for another day!
So, here I am now and in a fairly healthy state. I'm a serious juice advocate and would recommend it to anyone who wants to heal their body or just to maintain their health. I still occasionally cheat and allow foods in that I shouldn't, but for the most part I juice, make smoothies, and try to eat an assortment of fruits and vegetables daily. I also eat nuts and seeds.
I know that eating enough fruits and vegetables doesn't come easy for everyone. We live busy lifestyles and some days it's hard to get the recommended amount of vitamins and nutrients in our diet when we aren't eating right, or enough. Preparing fresh juice is easy and in turn you'll create a rich treat for your body that will include vitamins, minerals, and enzymes to keep your body in the best health.
Below are some of my favorite juice recipes. I won't get into the nutritional content of the juices, but I've included a list of books that can help you learn the nutritional content of fruits and vegetables. I hope these will help you on your juicing journey.
Ingredients: Watermelon
This is one of the simplest juice recipes because it contains watermelon as it's only ingredient. All you have to do is remove the rind, cut it up into pieces and feed it into your juicer. It's that simple. Watermelon contains Vitamin C, Beta Carotene, Potassium, Magnesium-the list goes on…
What I love most about making watermelon juice is that you get TONS of juice from a smaller size watermelon. The circular watermelon you see above is roughly 10-11 inches in diameter and picked right out of my garden. After juicing it, here's what I got…
Nearly a quart and half of juice. That's almost 6 cups of juice and in a matter of a few minutes! You can store it in the fridge but the sooner you drink it, the better.
Green Juice
Green juice is one of my favorite juices by far. Most of the ingredients can be grown in your own garden and the health benefits are amazing. There are many different versions of green juice that I enjoy, but this one is quite simple and tastes pretty good.
1 bunch of cilantro, 1 bunch of parsley, 1 fennel bulb, 1-2 apples, 1 pear, 2 lemons, a handful of kale, and 1 bunch of celery.
Rinse and chop everything excluding greens and press through your juicer. I only peel the lemons. The yield is about 2 cups.
Another one of my favorite green juice recipes is a recipe from Joe Cross called "Mean Green Juice"
Mean Green Juice INGREDIENTS:
- 2 cucumbers
- 8 celery stalks
- 4 apples
- 16 leaves kale with stalks
- 1 lemon
- 2 in (5 cm) piece of ginger
- Wash all produce well.
- Peel the lemon and core apple.
- Add all ingredients through juicer and enjoy!
Servings: Makes 2 servings of 16-20 oz (500-600 ml)
I drink a quart which is 32 ounces if I'm replacing a meal.
If you'd like to learn more about Joe Cross you can click his name above. Here's the trailer for his juicing documentary – Fat, Sick, and Nearly Dead. I highly recommend watching it. It's a real eye opener and you'll learn the basics including information on why you should juice and what's so great about it…
Straight Carrot
Another simple and great tasting juice is what I call "Straight Carrot." It's just carrots! I don't even peel them. If you want a sweeter juice, peel them, or simply add a few apples. Wash and juice…
Carrot, Celery, Beet, Apple
This juice is so delicious. You don't have to measure out how much you use, but here's a rough estimate of what I normally juice for this recipe.
1 overflowing handful of carrots, 2-4 apples, 2 beets, and a handful of celery. You'll get about 2 cups of juice.
Any time you add beets you wind up with a beautiful red juice…
Ingredients: 3-4 grapefruit depending on size. Mine are small. If i'm replacing the majority of a meal, I'll drink a quart of juice.
You'll get roughly 2 1/2 to 3 cups of juice.
Orange, Apple, Beet, Turmeric
2 apples. 3 oranges, 2 beets, and a piece of turmeric. I don't even peel the turmeric but I definitely peel the beets, otherwise the juice can taste like dirt. It's personal preference and you choose what works for you.
Rinse, Peel, Chop, and Juice. When it comes to apple seeds, I leave them. Some people believe you need to remove them as they are poisonous, but I believe it would take consuming hundreds of seeds at one sitting to cause concern. I've never had a problem.
You'll get 2 to 3 cups of juice…
When it comes to juicers I would recommend a masticating juicer, one that smashes the food rather than a centrifugal juicer that has the potential to heat the juice. It's personal preference and I've used both. Omega juicers are the best to me because you get a wonderful 15 year warranty!
Here's my juicer. I love it…
I purchased my juicer from John at http://www.discountjuicers.com. Here's a video of John with a tutorial on the juicer.
I've had other juicers in the past including 2 Jack Lalanne Power juicers that I liked. They were both centrifugal. You can stick full size foods into it because it has a larger shoot and juices differently, so it's a bit faster.
At one time I had a Native Juicer which I would never recommend because it broke all the time and you only get a 1 year warranty on it. In 1 year I had to have it replaced twice.
The only juicers I recommend to people now are Omega Juicers. It's also been my experience that the yield of juice is higher with masticating juicers like the Omega above…
Here are a few book recommendations. There are hundreds of books out there on juicing that you may find helpful, but these are a few that I keep around on my shelf. A few of these are outdated, but I still use them.
One of my absolute favorite juicing books is by Jay Kordich. It's a small paperback loaded with recipes and nutritional information. There aren't any color photos, but the content is wonderful. It covers equipment, recipes, nutrition, and even has a section about juicing for specific ailments.
Blurb: Television's Juiceman serves up his unique formula for healthy living, with almost one hundred recipes for fruit and vegetable drinks designed to lower cholesterol, increase sexual energy, and much more.
My rating:
Here's a video of Jay Kordich lecturing:
Juicing for Life covers the basics of juicing, includes recipes and discusses ailments and disorders. There aren't any pictures but this a great beginner juicing book.
Blurb: Eating fresh fruits and vegetables can boost your energy level, supercharge your immune system, and maximize your body's healing power. Convenient and inexpensive, juicing allows you to obtain the most concentrated from of nutrition available from whole foods.This A-Z guide shows you how to use nature's bounty in the prevention and treatment of our most common health disorders. This accessible book gives complete nutritional programs for over 75 health problems, telling you which fruits and vegetables have been shown effective in combating specific illnesses and why. Along with hundreds of delicious, nutrition-rich juicing recipes, this book provides dietary guidelines, and diet plans to follow in conjunction with your juicing regimen.
My rating:
The Fully Raw Diet by Kristina Carrillo-Bucaram
This is one of my favorite raw food books. It contains raw recipes, juice recipes, and smoothies as well. It starts with Kristina's story and what she typically eats in a day and continues through her journey.
Recipes include juices, smoothies, soups, dips, dressings, salads, main dishes and desserts.
All recipes in this book are 100% raw. My favorites are: Fully Raw Fettuccine Alfredo, Raw Zucchini Pasta, Pineapple Cucumber Gazpacho, Totally Tropical Smoothie, and Cotton Candy Juice.
It's not specific to juicing but I highly recommend it.
Blurb: The must-have book for FullyRaw fans or anyone who wants to explore a raw-foods vegan diet to lose weight, gain energy, and improve overall health and wellness
The Fully Raw Diet offers a 21-day plan to help people enjoy a clean, plant-based, healthful approach to eating. Kristina Carrillo-Bucaram transformed her own health by eating vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds—100% fresh, raw, and ripe—and she is now the vivacious, uber-healthy founder of the FullyRaw brand. Her ten-year success with this lifestyle inspires thousands via social media, and her 21-day FullyRaw Video Challenge on YouTube in 2014 dramatically grew her fan base. This book shares her advice and will correspond to a new video challenge, with meal and exercise tips, recipes, and vivid photos. Fans will love the smoothies, salads, main dishes, and desserts, such as Lemon-Ginger Blast, Spicy Mango Basil Salad, Yellow Squash Fettuccine Alfredo, Melon Pops, and Caramel-Apple Cups.
My rating:
Here's a video with Kristina teaching about her recipe for her Anti-Cancer Green Juice
Live Raw by Mimi Kirk
Blurb: Everyone knows that eating well makes you feel good, but Mimi Kirk is living proof that eating well ideally raw vegan food can make you look amazing. She 's routinely taken to be at least twenty years younger than her age. Live Raw offers 120 recipes sprinkled with must-have advice, including such topics as: Detoxifying So Gravity Won t Get You Down: A detoxifying program to rid your body of dangerous toxins drop weight in the process and experience an abundance of energy. What You Need to Eat Every Day, and Why: An easy-to-read chart of the foods your body needs daily, what vitamins they contain, and what part of the body they compliment and nourish. Delicious Raw Food Recipes That Won t Scare Off Non- Vegetarians: Stuffed Portobello Mushrooms with Basil Pesto, Pomodoro Lasagna, Lemony Cheesecake, and more. Learn how to feel better and look better with Mimi Kirk in this engaging, one-of-a-kind guide.
My Review:
Mimi Kirk has some amazing raw recipes! I absolutely LOVE her and her books are amazing. This one has smoothies, juices and other raw recipes including salads. It contains many color photos of the recipes as well.
What I love about Mimi's books is that they contain tons of fully usable recipes that are easy and I continue to make them time and time again. Not to mention, many are kid friendly raw recipes. Her almond milk is a staple in our home. Do yourself a favor and try her chocolate milkshake below. It tastes just like chocolate pudding. Yum…
I would highly recommend for anyone who wants to eat raw and even for those who just want to supplement with health recipes.
My rating on this one is:
Mimi's Chocolate Milkshake:
The NutriBase Nutrition Facts Desk Reference
This is my go-to guide whenever I want to find caloric content and basic vitamin and mineral content in foods. It also has content values for fat, sodium, carbs, fiber, protein and more. It's very simple to use.
Blurb: A completely revised and updated edition of the most comprehensive collection of food values.
With more than 77,000 copies in print, The NutriBase Nutrition Facts Desk Reference is an essential tool for monitoring the nutritional value of your diet.
This completely updated edition provides thorough nutritional profiles of generic, brand-name, prepared, and specialty foods, including values for fast foods and restaurant meals–more than 40,000 listings in all. Arranged alphabetically for easy reference, listings are complete with the amount of calories, carbohydrates, sodium, protein, fiber, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and percentage of calories from fat in each item–in short, everything needed to analyze diet and nutrition.
This essential reference book is based on data from the NutriBase Nutrition Managers integrated software package, the most complete and versatile nutritional and fitness information available.
My rating for this book is:
Here's a book I'm currently reading by Mimi Kirk titled:
The Ultimate Book of Modern Juicing: More than 200 Fresh Recipes to Cleanse, Cure, and Keep You Healthy
My Review
Mimi Kirk is one of my favorite raw food advocates. This juicing book is over 300 pages long and full of information on juicing, including scads of juice and smoothie recipes. It covers information on equipment, ailments, fasting/detox, and even blending.
I love the colorful pictures included. This undoubtedly is one of my new favorite juicing books.
Worth every penny!
Blurb: The most current and comprehensive juicing guide available
Step aside, Juicing Bible and Big Book of Juices: Mimi Kirk is back with the most current and fresh guide to juicing yet. With more than 200 recipes, handy advice on how to get the most from your juicing, and an eye toward taste, health, and cost, The Ultimate Book of Modern Juicing is the only book on the topic you'll ever need. Kirk has been juicing vegetables and fruits for more than 40 years, yet she doesn't look a day over 50. (And yes, those two things are connected.) She recently became more interested in how to use juicing to feel and look even better. Her discoveries—genuinely up-to-the-minute—are shared here, along with vibrant photographs of her creations The Ultimate Book of Modern Juicing is a must-have for everyone interested in or committed to the juicing lifestyle.
My rating for this book is:
I think the best advice I can give is to JUICE. You don't have to use any particular recipe. You can just start easy with 1 ingredient juices like carrot or apple. The best starter juice is a simple one – carrot, apple, and celery in equal amounts. Find out what works for you and makes you happy.
I hope this post will inspire you and help you to decide if juicing is for you. Later this week I'll have a post containing information about smoothies including some of my favorite recipes!
Please feel free to leave comments below. If you have any recommendations, please let me know.


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Army Corp & WDFW wants to flood thousands of acres of Washington farmland, but forgot to ask the farmers about it
This is some of the most beautiful and productive farmland in the state. It is used to grow seed potatoes in Whatcom County. Seed potatoes require land that is well prepared and isolated. The Army Corps of Engineers and Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife are planning on flooding about 800 acres of this land. The plan also calls for removing drainage ditches--essential for farming. This could cost an addition 2500 acres of prime farmland.
They say the loss of farmland is "insignificant." Maybe to them. But farmers can't farm without farmland. There is no more farmland to be had in Whatcom County. You don't manufacture it out of thin air. What is left, less than 100,000 acres, is increasingly precious and increasingly expensive. Top notch berry land goes for about $35,000 per acre. This plan would remove about 3% of Whatcom County's remaining farmland--an absolutely irreplaceable loss in an area where farm viability is teetering.
Farmers are very concerned about environmental protection, restoration and fish habitat. But, this plan directly contradicts the Puget Sound Partnerships Action Agenda (read Section A.3 which calls for measures to protect farmland by protecting the economic viability of farmers!).
Capital Press did an excellent job of covering this story. One thing the Army Corp and Fish and Wildlife should know right now--farmers will not support this misguided misuse of taxpayer's money.
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Marketing recruitment agency Denholm Associates is launching an "employer brand" consultancy, helping businesses stand out when it comes to hiring staff.
It said the new venture known as Inside Out is the first organisation of its kind in Scotland and is targeting the SME sector, headed by advertising stalwart Mark Gorman and HR specialist Keith Thompson alongside Nicki and John Denholm.
Gorman said: "We want to help businesses enhance performance and become more profitable by getting the best out of their existing people, attracting the best new recruits and developing a strong people brand. To do this we need to help companies from inside the organisation and then communicate the branding positioning outside as increasingly companies need to clearly differentiate themselves in the crowded and competitive employment market, especially in 'tough-to-hire' talent groups."
Denholm chief executive Nicki Denholm said: "We know first-hand how important it is for an employer to have a strong brand that can attract the highest calibre of candidates. But it is vital that the reality of the experience matches the expectations they have created. Many companies invest heavily in their consumer or trade brand for their products or services but don't invest at all in their employer brand and this leads to a disappointing employee experience. We're on a mission to change that."


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Food to get costlier up to 27% by 2020 if recession lasts1 min read . Updated: 01 Dec 2008, 02:08 PM IST
Food to get costlier up to 27% by 2020 if recession lasts
Food to get costlier up to 27% by 2020 if recession lasts
By PTI
New Delhi: Much to the discomfort of consumers, food articles will be costlier by up to 27% by 2020 if the global slowdown continues and investment in agriculture falls, says a US think-tank.
"The prices of major cereals will increase significantly if economic growth is reduced by two to three per cent and agricultural investment and productivity also decline, in line with the reduced economic growth," the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) said in its report 'Food and Financial Crisis: Implications for Agriculture and the Poor´ released today in Mozambique.
By 2020, rice prices would rise by 13%, wheat by 15% and maize by 27%, it said, adding that in the past few months, the prices of major cereals have fallen by about 30 - 40% as a result of the economic slowdown and favourable weather conditions, but they remain high compared to the rates three years ago.
Many developing regions have experienced high economic growth in recent years. Between 2005-2007, developing countries in Asia grew at an annual average rate of 9%, while African economies grew at 6%. In 2008, however, with the onset of the food and financial crises, that robust growth has tapered off, the report said.
"When economic growth declines, investment in agriculture is typically cut back and that hurts production in the long-run," said Mark Rosegrant, director of Environment and Production Technology at IFPRI.
However, if developing countries and investors can maintain agricultural productivity and investments under a recession, these dire consequences can be avoided, he said, adding "we need more public spending in research and development, irrigation, and productive services in developing countries."


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