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The South Asian Diaspora And Retention Of Culture In The New York Metro
May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons: Exploring the South Asian Diaspora of the Greater Metro - Two Indian quotes have always attracted my attention. A common blessing at Hindu weddings states "May you be the Mother of a hundred sons". During the intense cricket rivalries one may often hear an Indian fan state "If all of India were to urinate at once, we could flood Pakistan". Although, the conditions of women in India are disheartening and the jingoistic nationalism displayed by both Pakistan and India are somewhat extreme, they are not the focus of this project. Instead, this project focuses on the South Asian Diaspora living within the greater metro area. I wanted to find how culture and nationalism changed or stayed the same after one immigrated to the United States and how it relates to their American born children. A particular phenomenon occurring is the reproduction of national identity at the local level.
Over a period of two months I observed, participated in, and interviewed the South Asian community in Jackson Heights, New York and Southern Connecticut. I found three particular cases that reinforce these identities: the nationalism displayed by both Pakistani and Indian nationals through cricket games, the use of electronic mediums to reproduce the heritage politics of household/power, and finally the relation to the imagined community by retaining and imposing culture on self and children.
Cricket Nationalism
Cricket to South Asians can easily be likened to obsession. Originally a game introduced by the British in India, the sport long outlasted the colonialists. In diaspora communities in the US, cricket seems to have transcended borders of simply a game. It is now a form of national consciousness, community, animosity and friendship.
Since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, relations between Pakistan and India have not been ideal. Three wars have been fought over the disputed region of Kashmir and intelligence agencies of both countries repeatedly place blame on one another for internal and external difficulties such as terrorism and development. Because of the continuality of the 'blame game' for over half a century, increased nationalism and disdain for the rival neighbor have not been left within South Asia. These sentiments transcend borders and immigrate with immigrants, they are part of this unique ethnoscape.
From Nov 30-Dec 4, 2007 Pakistan and India played a 'test match' in Calcutta. A test match is a game that lasts for five days and often results in no clear winner. I had read that the Eagle Theater in Jackson Heights often hosts live coverage of the big games (literally India vs. Pakistan). I could not imagine how anyone could be so devoted to a game that they would follow it for five days. However, what was more surprising was the realization that to watch this game in the United States, you must sacrifice all of your sleep. The games last between six and eight hours (including tea breaks) and begin at 12:00 am on average. One would think that the amount of individuals that would be able to attend such a showing would be minimal (or at least limited to students and retirees). This was clearly a wrong assumption.
I realized the best way to experience the cricket phenomenon was to become part of it. I traveled to the Eagle Theater and arrived at 11:00 p.m. (with my devout cricket fan husband). I was astonished at the amount of people that filled the 450 seats of the theater. Men (2 women, including myself) of all ages, religion and backgrounds eagerly awaited the rivalry game. The men sported flags and shirts that asserted their support for their team. The majority of the men were Indians and about a quarter were Pakistani's. I was interested to find out the fan's thoughts about the opposing country's people and country. The responses were wholly mixed.
In Modernity at Large Appadurai coined the term "cricket diplomacy" to describe the games between the two nations.
India and Pakistan are thinly disguised national wars. Cricket is not so much a release valve for popular hostility between the two populations as it is a complex arena for reenacting the curious mixture of animosity and fraternity that characterizes the relations between these two previously united nation-states.[1]
Was Appadurai correct? Did the competition on the outside only bring the two peoples closer as they sat beside one another in a crowded theater at 2 a.m hoping for domination? Did all tensions between the two erase as both sides realized the common fraternity they once had pre-1947? According to Mohammed Sharif a 25 year old Pakistani-American student
"We like to come together under one building and watch something we love. Don't get me wrong I don't hate Indians or anything, but as the game gets intense we get really pissed as they cheer and taunt us as their team is succeeding, at the end of the day, It's worth more to see India lose than it is to see Pakistan win".
Indian fan Jignesh Pratisk a 45 year old restaurant owner from Brooklyn living here for 20 years stated that:
"It's like a war, but after the game is over there is no animosity. This isn't back home, we get along and live beside each other here, we're all just trying to make the American dream come true for ourselves".
I was curious to know the feelings of the younger generation (who should have been in bed since there was school the next day but cricket seems to have taken precedence). When I asked Fourteen year old Amit Singh about his feelings regarding the game and India/Pakistan rivalry he said "we are rivals in sports, but not in real life, at least in New York". Was this true, had all the raw tensions been left back home? Maybe through cricket the new generation could bring peace and understanding.
Within minutes of Amit's response, a shouting match had broken out between two opposing fans (with the aid of alcohol). Although I could not understand it, it sounded intense. My husband (fluent in Hindi) told me they were calling each other derogatory names and in the meantime supporting their team and asserting its superiority. These men were evicted from the theater as the theater manager asserted that he would not tolerate this sort of behavior in his institution.
I had no plans to stay the entire night, and unlike these fans, I needed rest, but before leaving I asked Khalid Hussein a 22 year old CUNY student born in the US what he thought about the India/Pakistan tensions/camaraderie demonstrated through cricket games. Somewhat angrily he responded "we aren't friends, we're enemies. India treats Muslims like dirt and they kill and rape innocent people every day in Kashmir, the greatest gift we get out of these games is seeing the unhappiness [of Indians] when they lose".
The responses I received were surprising. Both foreign and national born persons had feelings of amity and detestation for their rivals. Nonetheless, it seemed like American born nationals had stronger feelings than those who immigrated. Although, based upon the cheering during the game, everyone from every background supported their team vehemently. Nonetheless, there are literally no reports of hate crimes between Pakistani and Indians in this very "mixed" community.
As I could not attend all five game showings at the theater I had an interest in further studying what Appadurai called "the erotic pleasure of watching cricket for Indian male subjects."
In Southern Connecticut there are cricket leagues that play these 6 hour games every Sunday for approximately six months. Although these leagues are determined by geographic location (i.e. those from Stamford play with Stamford, those from Cheshire play with Cheshire etc) the teams are roughly divided by nationality and religion. The Stamford team includes fifteen players, all of whom are Indian and non-Muslim. The Fairfield team is largely Pakistani but has five Indian Muslims. I discovered that many of the Indians on the Stamford team actually lived within Fairfield jurisdiction but refused to play with Pakistani's and Muslims. I asked Satish Bhagat, (an Indian who had grown up in the Caribbean but has been living in the US for five years) why that matters since this is Southern Connecticut community against community. He laughed at me and said "I know you aren't that nave, we don't care about Stamford or Fairfield, or Connecticut or New York, this is about us and them. Why do you think we have Pakistan vs. India tournaments in the SCTCA" (Southern Connecticut Cricket Association)?
I asked another Stamford player Jagdish Mirchandani if such animosity was just on the field. He replied that "when we go on the field all of our tensions over these expletives goes into full rage. Those five Indian Muslims on the Fairfield/Pakistani team are traitors. How could they forget their own homeland, and all of the bullshit that Pakistan has put us through?"
I realized that most of the Stamford team felt the same way about the Indian Muslims on the so-called "Pakistan" Fairfield team, so I figured the best thing to do would be to talk to them. In the break of an intense elimination round game, I went to the Indian Muslim players and asked them if they knew how much resentment many of the Indians had for them because they were playing with a "Pakistani" team. Alil Khalifa responded that
They (Stamford) take cricket way too serious, this isn't India, this is the US. We play with Fairfield because we live in Fairfield, why would we travel an additional thirty minutes each week for practice when there is a cricket team right here. This isn't about patriotism, they need to get over it, this is about love for the sport. We all love the sport so why can't we just play the game for what it is?"
One player on the Stamford team overheard his comment and said, "Why did you just lie to her? What you all do here is the same thing Muslims do in India, you support Pakistan. You don't care about India you care about Muslims, you should remember Pakistani's don't care about Indians, so why should you care about them?"
In all of the overwhelming display of masculinity that Southern Connecticut cricket is, a few of the player got into a yelling match using their favorite expletive "benchod" (a term that relates to one's sister). It was at this point I realized that nationalism and rivalry between these two countries runs very deep. As I watched the shouting match (brought on by my inquiries) I despised the British for introducing this "gentleman's game" into India.
These cricketers see much more than a cricket game. Within a game they see the past, present and future of their country. They are no longer in a northeastern city; instead they are part of their international community throughout the world linked together by a sport. It is a powerful sentiment of the imaginary. Diaspora support of their country in a game equates to supporting everything their homeland represents. Losing to India is losing a war of ideas, it is losing Kashmir and accepting defeat. An Indian loss to Pakistan is giving an upper hand to those who chose to secede from Mother India, it is a failure to overcome these separatists.
Shaadi.Com and Heritage Politics of the Household
Shaadi.com advertises itself as "The World's Largest Matrimonial Site". Perhaps you have heard of E-harmony or Match.com, but Shaadi.com takes the Dating services to another level. The Hindi word for wedding is Shaadi, hence Shaadi.com's sole purpose is for marriage, it is not a Dating service. Although the marriage seeker has the option of creating their own profile, it is often done by the parents. Originally an Indian site, today tens of thousands of South Asians living in America have profiles.
In India, the trend remains that the majority of marriages are arranged. This has always been the case since the belief is that the parents know their child's personality best. In a "love marriage" parents believe their child's mind is not clear and they will marry someone out of love, not rationale. After all, the most important fact is that "love will come after marriage". The role of marriage and status in the South Asian community cannot be understated. To have a thirty year old daughter unmarried is borderline failure.
The electronic world is playing a newly significant role. In Modernity At Large Appadurai wrote that it [the electronic world] has broken out of the special expressive space of art, myth and ritual.[2] Shaadi.com is reflective of ancient ritual intersected with modern technology in order to preserve tradition. It is an attempt to salvage all that has been lost with modernity.
Some common complaints I hear from Indians living in America is: Indians today have lost all values, culture, religion; they have no respect for elders, parents, country. Yet it seems they have nostalgia for the present. Was the tradition ever really lost? According to the number of matrimonial ad's on Shaadi.com it seems arranged marriages are still going strong (ten million profiles). After all, nearly one million marriages have come from this site alone (50 each day).
One would think that the American born children of South Asian immigrants would automatically disconnect with parts of Indian culture that seem foreign or bizarre (arranged marriage being a key example). Nonetheless, in a random survey of 200 U.S profiles on Shaadi.com of Indian females, 40% were American born and raised whose parents were putting their profile online. Of the remaining 60% who had put up their personal profile, nearly 70% wrote a line that their parents had pressured them to get married and the profile was the result of that.
Family to a South Asian is important. Therefore, pleasing them is sometimes conceived as more important than pleasing oneself. Oftentimes those children who choose to go against family/cultural values face harsh consequences. Choosing a spouse that is not deemed appropriate by the family can result not only in ostracizing and disapproval, but can result in familial banishment. Family honor is one of the most important values in Indian and Pakistani families. Going against a family's wishes is to disgrace everything that represents their deemed cultural identity. While some children will in essence 'do anything for love' most are not willing to 'lose everything for love'.
Cultural reproduction at the individual family unit seems to victimize women the most. They are the 'pawns in the heritage politics of the household'.[3] These potential brides put online by their parents are the sacrificial lambs of a family. Their profile is proof that shows 'our family still follows South Asian tradition". Even the most successful modernized women (by westernized standards) will have her profile put online by her parents. She is no longer the PhD student, Doctor or lawyer, she is a traditional homely girl with a fair complexion.
Shaadi.com reinforces the forms of traditional marriage commodities. Below are some highlighted examples of women's classifications on Shaadi.com (all profiles are posted by parents and live in New York City and have not been edited in any way)
Age: 23
Education: M.A electrical engineering
Personal description: She is slim, fair, smart and elegant looking Her hobbies are to listen to music, watch movies (both Hindi and English), traveling, shopping, going out with friends and simply spending time with family at home.
Age: 26
Occupation: Medical Doctor
Personal Description: Fair Bengali Brahmin, Enjoys movies, Shopping, dancing, lately she has taken up cooking and she is really good at it! She really values spending time with her family and friends. Our daughter Salma is homely caring and soft spoken girl. she is educated, caring person. believe in god. Down to earth likes to watch movies n loves cooking. After marriage her in laws would b her parents
Age 25
Occupation: Lawyer
Personal Description: Attractive and homely brought up with good family values Modern yet religious. Well versed with home as well outside chores, respect family values.
Age: 22
Education: Pursuing M.S in Biotechnology
Personal Description: I'm looking for a suitable match for my youngest daughter. We are a well established, reputable family, living in the US for over 30 years. My older two daughters are married to well known Nair and Menon families and are also settled in the US. The boy should be tall, smart and of a good family
Age: 28
Occupation: US Department of Health and Human Services
Personal Description: My daughter has learned classical music and dance, enjoys Indian movies, music and culture. She is religious and grew up going to the local temple on a regular basis. She has a passion for art and likes to spend her free time with her family and friends. She is currently working at the US Department of Health and Human Services in Washington DC while also completing her Master's degree. She places a high value on family.
Age: 26
Occupation: Doctor
Personal Description: Her preference is to meet individuals who are religious, tall, fair laid back, have traditional values, cultured, family-oriented, funny, patient, enjoy travel, well educated and down to earth. We are looking for someone who lives in USA only, as my husband and I would move to California after our daughters wedding.
Age: 25
Education: She has her Bachelor's in Biology and her Master's in Biomedical Sciences. Currently, she is working full time at a biotech company. Personal Description: We hail from a strong family background. Reena is a simple family oriented girl. Brought up in a traditional environment. She is a God fearing and friendly girl. He must be a non-smoker and non-drinker. And horoscopes must match.
Age: 22
Education: Pursuing Masters
Personal Description: Swati is very Smart in housework and her office work too She has hobbies of Singing, Hearing songs, Doing all creative work.
Age: 27
Occupation: Doctor
Personal Description: she is fair, tall, intelligent with special talent in dance and literature. she is a good looking girl, very sweet and homely and religious too.
Despite all of the success these women may have achieved in career and education, they are diminished to menial qualities that make them presentable to what is considered 'traditional Indian woman'. The family wants to prove, despite all the westernization that 'others' diasporic people face, they have been able to overcome all the difficulties and maintain 'culture', 'values' and 'traditions'. They are striving to reproduce the family as microcosm of culture.[4]
Commodification of marriage is nothing new and Shaadi.com is reflective of that. Women realize that their prospect of marriage decreases with the darkening of their skin.
"Particular physical qualities are always fetishized in constructions of beauty. However, in these communities, the stigma attached to dark color intersects with broader racial discourses in the U.S."[5]
Hence the presence in all South Asian grocery stores of the ever-popular fair and lovely cream. A product that promises fairer skin in days, "a perfect life: a sure-shot at a husband, a super job and instant acceptance."[6] One researcher studying skin color, self-esteem and marriage prospects of the Indian diaspora in the United States found that
"British colonialism in India served to fuel the preexisting light-over-dark ideal by placing the white British woman as the standard of pristine beauty and the non-white, colonized Indian woman as conversely inferior."
Rahman found that the lighter the skin tone or perceived skin tone of an individual, the higher the individual's self-esteem and perception of his/her marriage marketability.[7]
The October 2005 Economist article Made for Each Other stated that "the forces of globalization, which many Indians fear might be the ruin of tradition, can also bolster it." [8]Shaadi.com has played into this perceived aspect of beauty and bolstered a negative aspect of narrow-mindedness in South Asian society. For example, after the essential categories of gender, age and marital status, skin color is the next classification. In fact those searching for a potential bride (or husband for that matter) can narrow down the search solely based on skin color. The complexion color ranges from: very fair to dark. Even those whose skin color in the pictures appeared somewhat dark, not one single profile skin listed his/her skin as dark. Classification past "wheatish" declines the possibilities of potential suitors.
A magazine created especially for the Indian diaspora community Little India did a study on what they called "The White Complex".
"Indian immigrants, living far from home, seem to export their white fixation, along with their achaars, papads and Alphonso mangoes, when they migrate to the New World."[9]
Indian American beautician, Laila Samtani, said she has seen hundreds of Indian women clients of all hues over the years at her salon. She says the fairness fad persists only among the older generation.
"You will never see any youngsters or college graduates using any of that kind of stuff on their face. Nowadays the younger girls are into tanning and don't ask about whitening creams.I think the color bias persists among overseas Indians, especially those who have not integrated into the local culture or society, "
The Bollywood film industry does not help to diminish this melanin prejudice. Appadurai has noted that "Many people throughout the world see their lives through the prisms of the possible lives offered by mass media in all their forms". Therefore any unreal expectations offered by mass media and film helps to reinforce negative social norms. This multi-billion dollar industry (and multi-million dollar industry within the U.S) lacks any stars that could be classified as anything other than fair skinned (with perhaps two exceptions). In one Bollywood film with Rishi Kapoor, he had a very dark wife who actually encouraged and understood his affair with a very fair girlfriend, because she felt she was too ugly to merit his love."[10]Although this is not likely, and an over the top situation, the movie industry does not diminish the prejudice. Within Bollywood the most popular beautiful actresses often have skin color comparable to Caucasians
These actresses personify all that is the perfect Indian: cultured. submissive, beautiful, soft-spoken and religious. On the popular social network facebook, thirty-four groups alone have the title "Bollywood gave me unrealistic expectations of men/women". Within these groups, American raised Indians share their frustrations of the opposite sex's inability to meet the potential created in their mind by Bollywood.
I was interested by the lives of the diaspora through this electronic medium. Nonetheless, I still had a feeling that what I saw online were families who were more 'traditional'. I assumed the way 'liberal' South Asian families assimilated to American culture would be different. Therefore, I decided to visit a family that had been living here for over thirty years and whose children had been born and raised in the United States.
On October 1st, 2007 I was invited along with two other couples to visit a middle class Indian Jain family living in Jackson Heights. Although I would not consider my investigation clandestine I did not explicitly state that I was observing and studying their way of life.
Bhanu and Gita lived in a modest two bedroom apartment with their daughter a student at NYU. She and her husband had moved to New York nearly thirty years ago and their children were raised in the U.S. Despite living in the US for longer than India, the traditions and accent remained.
Once in the home I noticed pictures of Jain Tirtankhers (enlightened beings) and personal gurus on the walls. There were Indian relics displayed throughout the house and Gita was dressed in the traditional salwar kameez. The daughter however, had highlighted hair, colored contacts and wore western clothing. Once we arrived and all sat down, within one minute the women stood up and left the room. Curious to see the reason for the sudden exile, I followed the women into the kitchen. As I assumed, the reason for the exit was to finalize the food that was to be served. I had often read that in India the reason for women's malnutrition is because they eat last and subsequently eat less. The reason of eating last is due to their deemed obligation to serve the family first. However, the situation was opposite this night. The food was prepared and looked delicious and to my surprise, Gita said "okay, let's eat" I assumed she meant all of us would eat together. Instead, all of the women sat down and ate. For a moment I began to bask in some sort of feminist glory, until I realized the ulterior motive. All of the women hurriedly ate and with noticeably small portions. The more I ate the more they looked at me condescendingly, as if I was stealing food from a hungry person. In fact, I guess that's what I was doing. After we finished eating, the women then moved all of the food into the dining room and served the men, and then went to sit down in the adjoining room. Although I was somewhat irritated by this separation I didn't necessarily see a problem with it. Afterwards I asked Gita "why didn't we all eat together". She answered that
"when men are around each other they enjoy each others company and want to talk about cricket and work, and not bother with women interrupting". "Women on the other hand want to talk about cooking and fashion and men don't want to listen to that".
Although bothered by this gender classification I wasn't completely troubled. Then I noticed something disturbing, although the food was sitting on the table in front of the men, and the women were in the next room, the men called for their wives whenever they wanted additional food on their plate. The reason we ate first was so we could be available to serve our husbands.
Next, some of the men then complained that there wasn't enough poori (fried bread) and they wanted more. Consequently, the women returned to the kitchen made the dough, then fried the bread. At this time the language changed from English to Hindi. I later found out that they were complaining I ate too much and didn't save enough for the men.
After the men finished eating, the women promptly took the dishes to the kitchen and cleaned up. Next door, the men reveled in their gaseous aftermath while the women remained in the kitchen and discussed the best way to prepare aloo tikki. Changing topics from regional dishes to Indian traditions, I asked the women if they felt that Indian culture was able to be maintained outside of India. I received mixed answers, but the overwhelming majority stated that it is possible to maintain cultural norms away from the 'motherland' but near impossible to raise children here with the same respect and practice of the culture.
I had a keen interest in knowing the life of these American born Indians. I spoke to Gita's daughter Rani a self described liberal who was pursuing her Phd in Health sciences. I asked her if she considered herself more American or Indian and she said 'American, but with Indian highlights'. She said that she loves Indian food, and music and gives respect to her parents 'unlike American's do'. Nonetheless, she said most of her friends are non-Indian and she prefers the American way on life, but can't escape from 'Indian ways'. I asked her to elaborate on what she meant by escaping Indian ways. She said as a 24 year old female in an Indian family the pressure to marry is immense. Although, she prefers to finish her studies (another 3 years) she knows that if she does not satisfy her parents, they will become very stressed. Unwilling to look for a partner with her busy schedule she agreed to have an arranged marriage. I was surprised that a liberal American born Indian would agree to this. She said that she trusts her parent's judgment since they know her. She said she had ultimate control over who she marries, that nothing would be forced, although her parents did have preferences. I asked how they went about arranging a marriage and she said through two methods: through local community contacts and shaadi.com.
Gita and Bhanu seemed as Indian as Indians in India, but their daughter was not really comparable by most standards to the Indian mentality. Nonetheless, one key component that separated Pratishka from most Americans is the parental attachment and importance placed on their happiness. How many Americans would go so far as marrying someone of their parents choice, just to make them happy? This family is an example of the homogenization that does not occur as a result of globalization. In fact such a threat has reinforced their values, and perhaps made them stronger. Maybe this is part of a "national fantasy" the
"seductiveness of a plural belonging, of becoming American while staying somehow diasporic, of an expansive attachment to an unbounded fantasy space"[11]
Their daughter had only been to India once, but within the next year she will likely be part of an Indian tradition as old as time.
Despite Rani's willingness to let her parents search for a potential life partner I knew that not all children were so obedient. From personal experience I have found that most of my Indian and Pakistani friends often had a significant other unbeknownst to their parents.
Marriage conventions are quite popular with South Asians. At these 'conventions' parents pay large amounts of money for their children to go and meet potential brides and grooms. Accepting some modernization, the parents do not attend. These conventions though, are not so innocent. A recent article discussed how these conventions within the 'youngster community' are actually called 'American Desi Underground'. At these parties "The atmosphere is a cross between a colorful Indian wedding and that of a corner bar selling cheap drinks to locals on a Friday night who are simply searching for one night of "no strings attached" Sex." [12] Not only would such a description be disturbing to Indian/Pakistani parents, but the likelihood of shock would occur after they realized they are paying around $500-$1500 for their child to be promiscuous.
Only single 'desi's' living in America are allowed to attend, and if anyone is found to be suspicious they will not be allowed. Showing the modernization and relative unimportance of caste/religion and background the following credentials are required to enter: Age: who cares Status: unmarried, single, divorced, or widowed Caste: doesn't matter Income: yeah that doesn't matter either FOB (Fresh Off the Boat) - YES American Desi - YES ABCD (American Born Confused Desi) - YES[13]
These gatherings are entitled desi marriage conventions and while some do meet potential spouses there, most return and tell their parents they did not find any good boys or girls there. The disappointed parents will then encourage them to go to another convention. Without much protest the children will agree, in short, both parties are pleased. In the end the American Desi cardinal rule remains: "what they don't know won't hurt them."[14] Such conventions display the intersection of tradition with rebellion. Nonetheless, although the children are rebelling, they do not openly disappoint their parents and will likely ultimately fulfill their marriage wishes.
I opened with a somewhat disturbing quote about a common wedding blessing wishing for the birth of 100 sons. I spoke to Sejal Vyas who is a thirty-five year old U.S citizen of Indian background.[15] She has been living in the United States for nearly fifteen years. She came as a student, married a U.S citizen (Indian) and has been working as a chef ever since. Her Indian accent was barely noticeable and she carried a Marc Jacobs bag and dressed in designer clothing. She said her marriage was a 'love marriage' and both families were happy with the decision that was made. She said the only part of India that still plays a part in her life is her love of Indian food and Bollywood. She described her ways of thinking as liberal and western. She said that for every Indian who attempts to maintain all aspects of tradition while living in the US, there is one who attempts to lose everything and become the 'quintessential' American. Raised as a strict vegetarian in India she said one of the first things that she gave in to was the smell of New York street vendors selling meat. However, this is one thing she never let her parents know, as it would completely devastate them. She says her life here is no different than any American. When I asked her if she was American or Indian-American she said American, with Indian background....she had lost her hyphen, but did she lose the identity as well? I knew there were exceptions to every case, but before I finished talking to her I wanted to know some more about her children.
Sejal had two children a four year old daughter and two year old son. She said she was teaching them Hindi so they could still have a connection to their ancestral roots. She also said their favorite food is chole bhatura (an Indian chickpea dish). I asked her about her children's births and the reaction of the families back home in India. She said both sides were getting worried once she was thirty years old and did not have a child. She had been married for five years and hadn't produced a child, to family back home this is a very rare choice. When she was pregnant with her first child and told her husbands family about it, she said their first question was "will it be a boy"? She had no plans of knowing the Sex of the child until its birth. She says when her first child (a daughter) was born it was the happiest day of her life. She said her husband's family's reaction was not as positive. Although they said their congratulations (and chose the name of the child according to the horoscope) they expressed their desire for a grandson. Two years later their desires were fulfilled and they received a grandson. Sejal also received a gift of $1000 dollars from the family and lots of gifts, something which was absent when her daughter was born.
I had studied gender in India and knew how much a son was desired in Indian society. Not only does it mean the family does not have to pay a dowry but it also means they will have a new asset come live in their joint family with them after the marriage of their son (an extra helping hand who can do the cooking and care of family). While I did not find any specific scholarly research on the topic, I talked to five personal friends who are U.S female citizens of Indian descent and had married other Indians.[16] All five said that her family had given many gifts to the groom's family while they received nothing. One family had to give $3, 000 and a new car[17]. The women said the families do not classify it as dowry, even though it blatantly is, instead it is labeled a "gift". Three of the women also said that after marriage their husband's parents moved into the house, and they were expected to care for them. This shows that even practices banned in India (dowry) still occur in the U.S.
A common saying in India is: to have a daughter is to plant a seed in someone else's garden. This unfortunate classification and system is likely responsible for the ongoing female infanticide in India. Although I could not find any information on the US, I found that the infanticide trend is something not limited by boundaries. The unwanted girl child has transcended borders in the UK. Thousands of British-Indians have had sex-selective abortions, [18] perhaps an unwelcome microcosm of South Asian culture. One can only assume that if the situation is occurring in Britain, there is also a likelihood that it is occurring in the U.S. South Asian Diasporic communities in Britain are similar to those in the US.
Sejal said this kind of behavior is ridiculous. She admitted it wasn't their [Indians] fault. "Culture that has been around for centuries cannot change overnight". She said it is something she just has to deal with. She said she is glad her relatives all live in India so such a type of influence is not put upon her children. Nonetheless, she cannot escape the six month visits of her in-laws every two years (who admittedly give more presents and attention to her son).
Sejal is a shining example of being caught between two cultures. She enjoys and lives the American way of life, but with every phone call and visit from and to India she feels all the progress and work she has done in her time here, is "instantly dismissed". Her validity as a wife is related to her "ability to provide a grandson and feed her husband".
These cases are not all encompassing. Each individual within the Diaspora is unique. The original immigrant at times sees themselves as part of the imagined community and views it essential to maintain cultural identity through means such as language, religion, and tradition. Their abundant fear of losing cultural identity often results in overexertion of cultural norms. Electronic mediums and globalization have actually helped reinforce these identities instead of destroy them.
At times these immigrants feel it is their responsibility to transcribe identity to their American born generation. Nonetheless, from the most Americanized Indian to the recently arrived Immigrant, in some shape or form their heritage identity remains whether through choice or force. The hyphen can be lost, but identity fades slowly.
[1]Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large. Minneapolis: The Public Works. 1996. Page 109
[2] Ibid. Page 5
[3] Ibid Page 44
[4] Ibid. Page 45.
[5] Assisi, Francis. "Color Complex in the South Asian Diaspora."Model Minority.July 2004.
[6] Melwani, Lavini. "The White Complex: What's behind the Indian Prejudice For Fair Skin?" August 18, 2007
[7] Saifee, Maryum. "From "Wheatish to Dark": Globalization, Marriage & Skin Color Commodification". < http://www.jademagazine.com/59iss_saifeer.html>.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Melwani, Lavini. "The White Complex: What's behind the Indian Prejudice For Fair Skin?" August 18, 2007
[10] ibid
[11] Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large. Minneapolis: The Public Works. 1996. Page. 170
[12] Synard, Sejal. "American Desi Underground Sex Parties". Associated Content. March 28, 2006.
[13] Ibid
[14] Ibid
[15] Vyas, Sejal. Personal Interview. November 2, 2007.
[16] The women requested their names to not appear. However, all women are residents of Fairfield County Connecticut and responded to my questions over e-mail intermittently from the period of November-December 1st 2007.
[17] Yadav, Preity. Personal Interview. November 29, 2007.
[18] BBC. "UK Indian Women 'aborting girls'". December 3, 2007.By Neal -
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Bob Kensinger
Missy Stewart
Christopher Tandon
Mother's Day is the final movie from renowned romantic comedy writer/director Garry Marshal. The movie follows a diverse group of couples, families and mothers just before Mother's Day. Sandy (Jenifer Aniston) is happily divorced with two young sons. But when her ex remarries a girl half her age, Sandy must learn to cope with this new step-mom. Her friend, Jesse (Kate Hudson) and Jesse's sister Gabi (Sarah Chalke) are both surprised by their parents, who show up unannounced. Discovering that both their daughters have big secrets, throwing the family into turmoil. Bradley (Jason Sudeikis) is a widower with two daughters, one of whom is a teenager and Bradley finds it hard to accept her new interests like boys and he still misses his wife. These stories intertwine to provide a mediocre romantic comedy.Read more »
Furniture, Lighting, Décor & More
Scene image credit to Open Road Films/Rice Films
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subset: commoncrawl


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Abatement is the reduction in the amount of tax a company or individual has to pay. An example of abatement includes a rebate or a deduction. Some cities have property tax abatement that can significantly reduce property tax on homes.
Principal is the amount of money that is actually borrowed.
If for example you were to take out a £10,000 loan, this is the principal. By the time you pay back the loan, you may pay back £12,000 (depending on the interest rate). The £2,000 is the interest and the £10,000 is the principal.


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Woodworking Tips Amp Techniques PDF epub Books. Are you also searching for ? Get it only at our library now. . eBooks is available in digital format.
Yestermorrow Design/Build School Woodworking Certificate Program Yestermorrow's 11-week Woodworking Certificate program is designed to give amateurs and aspiring professionals a solid grounding in woodworking and furniture – making techniques,
Woodworking Workshops and Tutorials The Country Workshops Store – Woodworking Tools, Books and Videos 2012 Class Bulletin & Store Catalog • For updates on classes, tools and the tour, visit our Website •
Fine Woodworking Techniques 6. 20-06-2016 2/4 Fine Woodworking Techniques 6. Other Files Available to Download [PDF] Sweet Suspicions If you are looking for Sweet Suspicions, our library is free for you.
Woodworking techniques, tips, and shortcuts : best of American woodworker. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press. (1995). Useful woodturning projects : the best from Woodturning . Full WWG Library Page 2 magazine. Lewes, East Sussex, Guild of Master Craftsman
Essential Techniques for Bending Wood Plus a Bent Wood Shelf Plan. Photo by Al Parrish. Most of the time when a most of my woodworking but bent lamination isn't a standard pro-cess. The wood wants to straighten back out, and yellow glue is some-
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This industry is one of the most popular home work businesses. You can find online training courses at places like eLearners.com If you love children and are particularly talented with a lot of patience, you can always start a home daycare. If you are at hand, there are many little old ladies who are willing to pay someone to do small jobs around the house. There are even franchise opportunities available from some companies.
I must say that I had to learn my skills and learn new techniques to accomplish some of these things. Learning has been rewarding in itself. I spent the last few years with a mix of projects and I must say that my greatest satisfaction came from projects that I worked with my grandchildren. We made toys, furniture, toolboxes, and more. - Michael D. Thomas Some readers had businesses and they had a glimpse of the difficulties in realizing profits.
As beards have become popular, the demand for beard combs has increased dramatically. They are pretty cheap and quick to do. A nice scented wood will allow you to sell them at a good price, some of them are sold for as much as $ 60. If you want to start small, you should make frames. They are very easy to promote mouth to mouth and you can also place them in a gift shop to increase sales. The demand for wooden tableware is rising.
How to start a business Joinery companies. You will want to make sure that you are legally registered, even if you are only planning a part time carpentry business. You can also check 11 ways to promote your carpentry business for tips on attracting customers. Check here for tips on how to sell your joinery. How to make money from wood. Be sure to check out these helpful books on starting a successful carpentry business.
All the best for your success. I receive a commission when you make a purchase via my links. This helps to support my site and my family With the casualty and unemployment, many people are struggling to get a satisfying job that could meet the basic needs of their family. This is especially true for all male employees, who sometimes have to work hard to earn a reasonable living. We can not all be blessed with well-paid jobs with immense job satisfaction.
Workshops and Tutorials Country Workshops Store woodworking techniques in a logical and thorough manner. We are a hands-on school; participants are involved in every step from raw materials to the finished project. Our
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Book name Author Publisher Comment The Handyman's Book Paul N. Hasluck 10-Speed Press A great book about hand tool woodworking. One of the classics. And cheap. Traditional Woodworking Handtools Graham Blackburn Blackburn Books Blackburn's companion volume to the techniques book.
About > Hobbies > Woodworking Woodworking with Larry Eastman Your Guide to One of Over 700 Sites Hand/Power Tools Kiln Drying Machinery Magazines Museums/Galleries Planers 101+ Tips & Techniques Tool Reviews WoodworkingTips.com WorkbenchPlans.com GardenGateTours.com Weekly E-Tips Basics
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Woodworking techniques, tips, and shortcuts : best of American woodworker. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press. (1995). Useful woodturning projects : the best from Woodturning . Full WWG Library Page 2 magazine. Lewes, East Sussex, Guild of Master Craftsman
Thank you for purchasing this Woodworker's Journal Woodworking Technique. Woodworker's Journal Woodworking Techniques are reproductions of content from our library of
You are here: About > Hobbies > Woodworking Woodworking with Larry Eastman Your Guide to One of Over 700 Sites Search for Tips/Techniques Tole Painting TV Shows Unfinished Items Web Articles Web Rings Wooden Kits Wood/Components Woodworkers' Sites Hardware
TECHNIQUES FOR TRADESMEN & HOME IMPROVERS 30. DECORATIVE MOULDINGS 1 INTR ODUCTION trendrouting technology INTRODUCTION KITCHEN & BATHROOM JOINERY WINDOWS AND DOORS The use of the r outer for jobs on-site and around the home is certainly under estimated.
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Designed for use in the tailstock with our 60mm 3 jaw chuck and 2.5" 4 jaw independent slim body chuck.
Good for supporting large diameter work where a live centre isn't practical.
3 jaw self-centring chucks are supplied with inside and outside jaws
4 jaw independent chucks have reversible jaws
Chuck Specifications:
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Away In a Manger: SATB Choir, Piano, Harp and Cello
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This new lipstick duo is just fabulous! I love the whole concept of one neutral colour for the day time and a bolder colour for the night – all in one product! I purchased the shade 'Graphic Minimalist' which was designed by a pair of my favourite YouTubers Tracy and Stef of EleventhGorgeous.
I especially love this daytime shade as I'm really enjoying the nude colours for lips at the moment.
The night time shade will be perfect for my first wedding anniversary celebrations this weekend. Win!
You can purchase the lipstick duo on the e.l.f website here.
Do you own any e.l.f products? What would you recommend?
Kerry x


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Australia university > The University Of Sydney courses > Master Of Jurisprudence
Master Of Jurisprudence is a course taught by The University Of Sydney in New South Wales. The course is a Masters Degree (coursework) level qualification. The CRICOS code for the course is 008406b. It belongs to Law category.
Master Of Jurisprudence in The University Of Sydney is not a dual qualification course. The course lasts for 52 weeks. The cost is about 24480 Australian dollars. The course is taught at St James Campus .
Course Summary:
Course Name: Master Of Jurisprudence
Course Field: Law
Course Provider: The University Of Sydney
Course Code: 008406b
Course Level: Masters Degree (coursework)
Is Dual Degree: No
Duration: 52 weeks
Cost: AU$ 24480
State: New South Wales
Location: St James Campus
For more information about Master Of Jurisprudence, please contact the provider directly. To apply to Master Of Jurisprudence, please contact local representative. For all courses on Law, please find out at Study Law in Australia..
Other courses offered by The University Of Sydney:


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Aalto University and its student union allocate in cooperation study grants for incredible projects that promote studies and learning. The study grants are to enable you to implement your fantastic idea not to stand for additional costs such as food. You can apply for the grant by yourself, together with your friend or association – as long as the idea is good, we want to help you to implement it!
The application period is continuous and applications are processed on a monthly basis, the idea is that your good idea does not get old and you could implement it straight away. Applications are processed and approved by Aalto University Student Union's academic affairs sector and Aalto University's vice president in charge of teaching.
Once you have implemented the project, we require from you a communicative report: a few paragraphs of text, pictures or maybe a video in order for us to inform the entire Aalto community about your incredible project!
Find put more about the criteria and application from here.


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Bled Castle
Bled Castle
The oldest castle in Slovenia stands on a sheer cliff above Lake Bled. It was first mentioned in writing in 1011, when the German Emperor Henry II donated it to the Bishop of Brixen. It is highly likely that, at that time, on the land where the castle stands today there was simply a Romanesque tower surrounded by a protective wall. Additional towers were constructed and the fortification system was perfected in the High Middle Ages.
The entrance to the castle is particularly interesting due to its Gothic arch and drawbridge across a now filled-in moat. Construction of the castle complex was completed with the addition of various buildings in the Baroque period.
The foundations of the castle are in two parts. The inner part comprises residential quarters and a Gothic chapel, while the outer part consists of administrative buildings, protected by a high Romanesque wall with defensive battlements, an entrance tower and an implosive Gothic defensive tower.
entrance to the chapel on the upper courtyard
The most interesting of the remaining buildings is certainly the chapel on the upper courtyard, dedicated to the Bishop St. Albuin and to St. Ingenuin. It was first constructed in the 16th century. Baroque elements and illusionist frescoes were added around 1700. There are images of the donors of the Bled lands, the German Emperor Henry II and his wife Kunigunda next to the altar.
Bled Castle Museum
Fragments of the collapsed Gothic arch are incorporated in the wall of the
neighboring building, which nowadays houses a museum. Numerous coats of arms,
either painted as frescoes or carved into the stone, embellish individual castle
buildings. After the roof of the castle had been destroyed by fire in 1947, and
during the first post-war archaeological excavations in Bled in 1948, the
National Museum suggested the conservation of the castle complex. Between 1951
and 1961 the castle was thus renovated and supplementary architectural details
were added.
Bled Castle today attracts visitors with its age, the picturesque architecture and an unforgettable view across Lake Bled and the wider area. The ancient history of Bled and the different stages of the development of Bled Castle are portrayed in the building next to the chapel. The ambience of the castle is enhanced in summer months with the reception of the Lord of the Manor, as well as an archery tournament. The castle herb gallery and printing press are also on display.
the well
looking over the town of Lake Bled
the castle as seen from Bled Island
seen in early morning light
People and Places


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Chester is a very
handsome 3 1/2 year old boy. He is a bouncy, happy greyhound who loves to
run and play and enjoy his time outside. He's very curious and checks out
everything and everybody who comes to visit! This is a very social boy
who will give you a big kiss as he runs by with a toy hanging out of his mouth!
He really needs a big yard to run and play in.
Chester was adopted! Way to go handsome!


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2CommentsJoined August 16th, 2016
- Pamela1313 commented on Golddogs123's instructable DIY Zelda Treasure Chest2 years agoView Instructable »
Can you replace the batteries on the audio? If so, how would I be able to do that?
- Pamela1313 commented on Zachariah Cruse's instructable Legend of Zelda Treasure chest with sound!2 years agoView Instructable »
Is there any way someone can teach me how to put the audio step by step? The process that they wrote had me really lost :/


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The Hubbell Duplex Side "A" is located on Historic Route 66 which is part of the Sixth Street Historic District. The district has evolved into a hub for the city's nightlife and shopping. There are plenty of restaurants, antique stores, art galleries and local bars in historic buildings. If you're interested in the golden era of Route 66, then this is where you can experience a glimpse into the glory days of Route 66.
Charming and cute. Large one-bedroom duplex with formal dining area, huge living room with fireplace, master bedroom with king bed, full kitchen, there is another room that has a daybed and closet, and laundry room with washer and dryer. 1196 sq ft, so there is plenty of room to relax. Original hardwood floors. The outside features a nice patio and fully fenced yard.
Designed by Guy Carlander, a well-known and prominent local architect. The Hubbell Duplex gets its name from Mr. and Mrs. Hubbell, who in 1925 hired Mr. Carlander to design the Hubbell Duplex. The duplex is known for its Craftsman style, which includes battered brick columns supporting the dual entry porticoes.
The Hubbell Duplex is part of the Historic District and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Historic Route 66, Sixth Street District is comprised of 13 blocks along Sixth Street and includes several vintage service stations, art galleries, shops and buildings in different architectural styles from the 1920's to the 1940's. When in Amarillo make plans to also visit the Cadillac Ranch, The Big Texan Steak Ranch and Palo Duro Canyon State Park.
We are "dog friendly" and have a few guidelines for our guests with furry friends'/fur babies.
- Guest are responsible for cleaning up any pet waste.
- Please keep pets off furniture and bedding.
- Please remember to clean your pet's paws when they come inside.
-If it has been raining or snowing, please make sure pets do not track mud inside.
Any evidence of not following these guidelines may incur extra cleaning fees.


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Posts tagged betfair software
Custom Betfair Software
Sometimes you may find yourself in a situation when no Betfair software available on the market fits your requirement. You may have some very specific logic to select horses. Maybe you need to check prices on both Win and Place markets, limit matched volumes and so on. The best way might be to get a custom made Betfair software. You don't have to be a software programmer but you can hire someone to develop the software for you.
There are several ways to get this done. You may request new features for a particular Betfair software for sale. For example, Betsender team offers free custom staking plans for anyone who has purchased the software.
The other way is to find a company which offers their services making custom Betfair software. There are a lot of them, just to mention few: Betgrail and Betsuit.
At last you might want to hire an individual programmer who has experience in Betfair software design. Some good sites to find freelancers are: vworker.com, getafreelancer.com, guru.com.
Also Betfair has it's own directory of companies that offer their services.
Betfair Invests in Mobile Software
Recently Betfair has announced their support program for mobile software developers. To encourage developing of mobile bots, Betfair offers a share in it's commission revenue.
Any vendor who sells mobile software for Betfair will receive 5% of Betfair commission generated by all users betting with the software. The group of mobile platforms consist of Apple OS, Android, Blackberry and Windows Phone 7. The software has to use Betfair API and pass certification process.
The offer is valid until 30th April 2012.
At the moment there is not many Betfair programs developed for mobile devices, so hopefully this new initiative will change the things.
Betfair API
From Wikipedia: "An application programming interface (API) is a particular set of rules and specifications that a software program can follow to access and make use of the services and resources provided by another particular software program that implements that API." In other words API is a kind of protocol which a software developer can use to create software that works with a particular service (API provider).
Betfair has it's own API to allow software developing companies make software which access Betfair's data. In this case Betfair is service provider and other companies are clients to it's services. The API can be used in different programming languages which support web services. It can be utulised even in Excel.
The API has been designed for two purposes. First is to give vendors a unified, not html-dependent way to make Betfair software. Second is to control increasing number of software and minimize security risks for users who use the software. The second purpose is achieved by requirement to pass certification process to access API for every redistributable software.
There are Free API (personal) and Vendor API (commercial). Commercial API is dedicated for software vendors who want to distribute their software to other users. Usually it's a trading software or software for tipsters. It's goals are speed and manageability. You have a vendor control panel where it's possible to manage Betfair users who can use your software. However Vendor API costs 200 GBP per month to a vendor. Free API doesn't have any charges, but the number of requests is limited. For instance, it's not allowed to request market prices more than 60 times per minute. Here is the official Betfair page comparing these two APIs.
Free API can be easily accessed by anyone who has some programming knowledge. There are free samples which demonstrate how to utilise the Betfair API.


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Baby Bear Blue-Small China Mug.
Part of Raw Xclusive's fabulous collection, Baby Bear (blue) is the smallest, available on an ESPRESSO sized mug which is smaller than our standard sized mug. When purchasing this design it will be sent to you on the espresso size but please contact the office on 01389 755 655 if you have any queries or would like to request an alternative size.


text: As you guys already know, I like to do a little modeling every now and then. Sometimes it's fun to work with someone else's vision and try to bring that to life. A few months ago local fashion designer Godfrey Mensah reached out to me through Instagram and asked if I would be interested in modeling the Spring/Summer 2016 collection for his line Keniya X Label called "Raw Hype". I had seen his unisex garments gather attention at Toronto Men's Fashion Week and was intrigued by the aesthetic so I said yes.


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Wayne A. Cordes, 20, of 2312 Kane Road, Hopewell Township, and Kayle C. Hill, 22, of 33 Shorty Lane, New Sewickley Township, at about 6:45 p.m. Oct. 26 at a home in the 200 block of Penn Avenue in Aliquippa. According to a police report, Hill told a man to meet her at the home. Police said when he got there, Cordes hit him in the head with a bat and demanded he give him his belongings. Cordes then took the man's shoes, police said. According to the report, the man was treated at an area hospital. Cordes is charged by Aliquippa police with aggravated assault, robbery, reckless endangerment, simple assault, theft, receiving stolen property and tampering with evidence. Hill is charged with conspiracy to commit the following charges: aggravated assault, reckless endangerment, simple assault, theft, receiving stolen property, robbery and tampering with evidence.
Wiley E. Lightner, 69, of 611 Hickory Drive, Hopewell Township, on May 19 at his home. According to a police report, Ligthner inappropriately touched a 9-year-old child. Police said the child was interviewed by Beaver County detectives in October. He was charged Oct. 24 by Hopewell Township police with indecent assault, indecent assault of a person under age 16, indecent assault of a person under age 13 and corruption of minors. According to court records, a summons was issued to Lightner on Nov. 13.


text: Merry Greets Friend, Thanks for dropping by! This here wordpress website is where Roma Chocolates began. You can now find my most up-to-date web and social media presence: Here: Roma Chocolates HTX Here: INSTAROMA And here: Tweet Tweet Thank you for dropping by and I hope my chocolates make their way into your life real soon! … Continue reading


text: "i enjoy talking with people about the connections to experiences they or people close to them have had. those moments, like the street they used to live on, the way mom wore her hair. . . i start to feel their connection to that moment. so I began my process to create biographical connections for everyone close to that experience to enjoy." - freddiefred


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Nighttime scene at Pad A, Launch Complex 39 showing Apollo 17 space vehicle
Searchlights illuminate this nighttime scene at Pad A, Launch Complex 39, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, showing the Apollo 17 (Spacecraft 114/Lunar Module 12/Saturn 512) space vehicle during prelaunch preparations. Apollo 17 will be the first nighttime liftoff of the Saturn V launch vehicle. Note the full moon in the background.
|Cafe Press Apollo Explorer Store
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As a result, China's high-profile nationwide campaign to boost science and scientific research is being reconsidered with an eye to social responsibility, and the possible "economic adulteration" of all Chinese products.
Weird science
The scandal broke in September after melamine-polluted milk killed four babies and sickened as many as 60,000.
It spread from the milk industry to the animal feed industry in late October when Hong Kong authorities found melamine in eggs imported from the mainland - the result of tainted feed given to chickens. There have been subsequent reports of melamine found in feed for pigs, cows and fish, prompting fears that meat and meat products could be contaminated.
China's state news agency Xinhua reported on Wednesday that 1,272 infants are still hospitalized in China with at least two of the babies in serious condition. Ingesting melamine can cause kidney stones and lead to kidney failure in young children.
But scientists say warnings signs were apparent as early as last year when melamine in Chinese-made pet food killed house pets across the United States.
"You can't separate the food supplies of animals, pets and people," Marion Nestle, a public health professor at New York University and author of the recent book Pet Food Politics: The Chihuahua in the Coal Mine, told the Washington Post. "That's an enormous warning sign that if something wasn't done immediately to clean up the food safety problem, this would leak into the human food supply."
China has used the Kjeldahl Nitrogen Determination Method to measure protein level in food, meaning the content of protein is determined by the level of nitrogen. It is an open secret in China that melamine is added to milk and animal feed to artificially boost nitrogen levels. It was not until recently, after the exposure of the tainted-milk scandal, that China make it compulsory to test the content of melamine in foodstuffs.
While unscrupulous milk and fodder producers - and subsequently the government - came under public accusations for making and covering up melamine-contaminated products, angry Chinese consumers are now pointing fingers at scientists.
The prestigious, government-funded CAS was among the first to be linked to the chemical.
Last month, Chinese bloggers exposed that as early as in 1999, a CAS institution placed advertisements for an additive to cattle feed called "DH Composite High-protein Fodder Supplement". The advertisement claimed that the technology could be used to manufacture "high protein fodder using organic nitrogen and special catalysts".
The technology was sold by the Appliance Technology Institute of CAS for 10,000 yuan (US$1,466) plus an extra 5,000 yuan ($700) for training, according to the advertisement. The online ad was soon posted on major websites and forums. Many believed that "DH Composite High-protein Fodder Supplement" was based on melamine.
The CAS, however, was quick to deny the charge. Jiang Xiezhu, spokesman of the CAS, told the media that an investigation launched by the academy showed that the supplement "had nothing to do with melamine". His explanation was that the advertised technology could not produce the high temperature needed for the production of melamine.
Few are convinced by the explanation, however, because the investigation was done unilaterally by the CAS. Without an independent observer, people began to doubt the objectivity of the results. And while denying that "DH Composite High-protein Fodder Supplement" is based on melamine, the spokesman also failed to publicize its formula or ingredients.
The CAS also failed to mention who invented the technology. It only said that the contact person named in the advertisement, Gao Yinxiang, was not a scientist, implying that Gao was not the inventor.
This is not true. In an interview with the Beijing Evening News, Gao acknowledged taking part in the development of the product. The Beijing Evening News later exposed Gao as a former director of the Appliance Technology Institute of CAS, and a biologist.
It's not clear whether the CAS deliberately hid Gao's identity. However, the process of investigation and the contradictory statements made the CAS's explanation quite weak. Even commentaries in major newspapers demanded the CAS give a more thorough clarification.
In China, various kinds of "Protein Essence", or additives to boost the protein levels of products, have been readily available for purchase.
Chen Junshi, a research fellow of China's Disease Prevention and Control Center, said that the main ingredient of these "Protein Essence" additives is melamine. The Chinese government began to ban "Protein Essence" after melamine-tainted pet feed killed pets in the US last year. Gao insisted that his supplement was not a "Protein Essence", although he remained vague about what exactly his supplement was.
More scientists under fire
It might never be known whether the CAS invented the melamine supplement. Still, the online ad did reveal a fact: China's top government-funded science institution researched chemical fodder supplements nine years ago for profit.
Making chemical additives can be highly profitable. Industry insiders say that the price of melamine was only 600-800 yuan per tonne, but its price could jump 500% to 4,000 yuan a tonne when it was made into protein supplements.
As the Washington Post reported, "Melamine is used to make fertilizer and plastic but the factories where it is made regularly sell melamine scraps to whoever wants them. The scraps, in turn, are frequently used to make protein powders that are used to spike animal feed and watered down milk in order to pass protein tests."
A November 10 blog hosted by the Washington Post and titled "The Mathematics of Melamine" published an excerpt from an article that ran in Chemistry World, a publication of the Royal Society of Chemistry based in the United Kingdom:
Industrial melamine costs about 12,000 yuan (US$1,765) per ton, much higher than the price of milk - 1,200-1,800 yuan per ton. But the practice of adding melamine to milk is profitable because just one gram of melamine per kg of milk is enough to lift the apparent protein content of milk from less than 27 grams of protein per kilogram (the cheapest grade of milk in China) to greater than 31 grams per kilogram - the most expensive grade. So for 0.012 yuan (0.0018 US cents), producers can illegally boost the price of a liter of milk from 1.2 yuan (17.6 US cents) to 1.8 yuan (26.5 US cents) per kilogram. If the milk is diluted, the resulting profits can be even greater.Driven by such profits, biologists have been eagerly developing cheap fodder supplements made from chemicals, which, according to industry insiders, are used on far more than cows and chickens.
According to Zheng Shixuan, board chairman of Guangdong Yuehai Fodder Group, "Protein Essence" has been used in the feed industry for at least five years - at the cost of public safety. International health authorities have warned that melamine could lead to fatal kidney failure as early as 1994.
Gao was not the only scientist suspected of making melamine fodder additives. According to the Southern Metropolis Daily, another research institute under the CAS, the CAS's Senior Experts' Technology Center in Shanxi province, developed a protein supplement called "DH Protein Essence" in October 2007. A description of the supplement said that adding it could boost a product's protein content 160-200%. The CAS is yet to give an explanation on the product.
Another well-known biologist Wang Houde was also suspected of inventing a "melamine supplement", after Chinese bloggers found Wang's name in an ad selling a "Protein Essence". The ad claimed that this "Protein Essence" was a patented product of Wang and described it as a cheap alternative to high-protein fodder.
Wang denied the accusation. He said the technology was developed by Nanjing University in 1989 and the Ministry of Agriculture never banned it from the fodder supplement industry.
Next on the menu
The rampant use of chemical additives in animal feed can be traced to 1999. According to Gao Yinxiang, the research and development of high-protein feed additives was a hot field among scientists about 10 years ago due to shortage of animal fodder in the country at the time.
From that time, it's hard to define the exact role that scientists played in the evolution of the melamine scandal. Yet scientists certainly contributed to it by developing unsafe protein alternatives. Many Chinese are now calling on scientists to examine their conscience before making profits at the expense of public safety.
The CAS may not have invented melamine additives. However, it still owes the public an explanation as to why it developed - and continues to develop - feed supplements that food experts say are dangerous for human health.
The melamine saga and the reactions from relevant parties, including scientists, the government and the related companies, shows a system that continues to shirk responsibility rather than taking efforts to avoid similar incidents happening again.
Without effective supervision and sound accountability, China's food scares are far from over.
Stephen Wong is a freelance journalist based in Shanghai.


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Responsibility Begins With Education
Celebrate the holidays responsibly and plan for a safe ride home before the party.
Click Here for tips on how to be a responsible party host.
Know The Law
Under Oregon law, a social host could be held liable for injuries, death and damages caused by visibly intoxicated guests. So, please monitor your guests' alcohol consumption. Remember, if an intoxicated guest insists on driving, you are perfectly within your right as the party host to alert the police.


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Demi's been spotted out and about with a new guy.
Who is Henri Alexander Levy? The designer has been spotted out and about with Demi Lovato since the star left rehab earlier this month.
The two were first seen together getting dinner at the Matsuhisa restaurant in Beverly Hills on Nov. 3, where stealthy snaps of the pair holding hands across the table first sparked romance rumors.
The following day, the two were spotted out again, cozying up on a coffee date and strolling down an L.A. street with their arms around each other.
Reports broke last weekend that Lovato, 26, had completed a 90-day rehab program following her near-fatal overdose earlier this year. After a ten-day hospitalization, Lovato checked herself into rehab in early August.
Since completing the program and returning to L.A., the star appears to be doing well, spending lots of time out and about with Levy. As romance rumors continue to swirl around Lovato and her new companion, here's everything you need to know about the star's potential new man.
1. He's the founder of an elite fashion label
Levy is the creative mind behind Enfants Riches Déprimés, a super-exclusive brand sported by the likes of Kanye West, Sofia Richie, and — oh yeah — Demi Lovato. Levy founded the label, which translates to "Depressed Rich Kids," back in 2012 when he was just 21 years old. The brand, which Levy described as "elitist, nihilist couture" in a 2016 interview with Complex, maintains its exclusivity through intentionally small quantities and distribution sizes.
2. Henri or Henry?
The designer was born Henry Levy in Atlanta on July 14, 1991. Since launching the brand, the young founder often goes by Henri Alexander or Henri Alexander Levy.
3. Speaking of elitism...
Levy attended Switzerland's prestigious Institut Le Rosey, AKA "The School of Kings." Founded in 1880, the institution is known for being the most expensive boarding school in the world. Back in 2012, Business Insider reported tuition rates of $113K per year. Levy also attended various boarding schools in America and Canada, telling Complex he "didn't last long" at any of them.
4. Troubled past
Like Lovato, Levy is no stranger to substance abuse. "I was, like, a fuck up in high school," he told Complex. "I was caught up in drugs and sh*t like that," he explained. Levy was just 15 when he did his first rehab stint in Malibu. The designer spent the rest of his teens in and out of various rehab programs, citing the experience as a major influence on his brand.
5. Aluminum Tastes Like Fear
The designer proved he's an artist across multiple mediums earlier this year with the release of the fashion documentary, Aluminum Tastes Like Fear, a film examining his unique blend of punk-rock and high fashion lifestyles.
6. He and Demi met through rehab
According to TMZ, the two artists actually met a few years back while both were seeking treatment. Whether the two are sober companions or more, they seem to have created a mutual support system, reportedly attending an AA meeting together after their rumored coffee date earlier this week.
7. A romance could lead to trouble
While fans would love to see Lovato in a new romance following her tumultuous past year, addiction specialist Jennifer Gimenez cautions that a new relationship may not be the best idea for the recovering star. "In early recovery, it's really important to focus on yourself," Gimenez told HollywoodLife. "When you're newly sober there's one thing you need to change, and that's everything. It's essential at that time that you surround yourself with people that only want the best for you, and it's really important to steer clear of embarking on any kind of romantic relationship for at least a year."
Regardless of Lovato's relationship status, it's great to see the star out and about and looking happy in her continued recovery.
Kayla Kibbe is a writer wrapping up her final semester at Connecticut College where she is an English major with a concentration in creative writing. She covers trending celebrity and entertainment news, love and relationships, and astrology.
WATCH: Demi Lovato Breaks Silence, Wilmer Valderrama Fearing For Her Health


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Водоохлаждаемая башня PMS-D
Производитель: Mita
Open circuit cooling tower – with axial fans PMS-D series is suggested in small size plants.
All models are totally pre-assembled in our workshop.
- Directly coupled axial motor-fan group/s, low installed power, low noise levels, IP56 Siemens motors
- Casing and basin entirely made of FRP (fibre-glass reinforced polyester resin), corrosion-free material
- Water distribution system in PVC, PP or PE equipped with non-clogging PP spray nozzles
- Fill pack with different kinds of air/water channels, suitable for the use with different water types
- Certified PP drift eliminators (entrainment 0,01%)
- Basin with sloping base entirely made of FRP
- Capacity: from 18 to 860 kW (indicative values referred to one unit, 5 °C temperature range)


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Fairs & Exhibitions we are attending
Each year we participate in a number of fairs. From a very crowded calendar we select those that we feel put us in front of a public most likely to appreciate the furniture and works of art in which we specialise.
Maastricht remains the finest fair in the calendar, and on that occasion we bring out a selection of significant pieces which we have not hitherto shown. Masterpiece is the best of the fairs held in London over the summer, while PAD (London), which coincides with Frieze, is a sparkling fair with an emphasis on design. We start each year at the Armory in New York, with the Winter Show: an ever-evolving event that is rooted in tradition.
The Winter Show 2019
18th – 27th January 2019
(Preview 17th January)
Park Avenue Armory, New York
Park Avenue at 67th Street
16th – 24th March 2019
(Previews 14 and 15 March)
Maastricht Exhibition & Congress Centre (MECC)
Forum 100
6229 GV Maastricht, Netherlands
Masterpiece 2019
June/July 2019 – Dates TBC
South Grounds
The Royal Hospital Chelsea
Chelsea Embankment
London SW3 4SR
PAD London 2019
October 2019 – Dates TBC
Berkeley Square
London W1


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In it they anticipate the philosopher's death. Applause. Bravo, bravo. But now to ourselves the world! A good and great old man. After him greater and better ones are coming and we, the young, will be there with them. The gigantic hall empties."
I have witnessed this syndrome in people who rush to hear and see a great thinker because they think s/he might be fatally ill. There's something insulting in such morbid sentiments: "Must get to see X because it might be the last chance". This is the equivalent of behaving badly at a funeral except the person whose death is anticipated is standing there before the audience at the lectern. I recall a writer's bewildered comment that every time he speaks in public he is filmed or recorded. Curiously he has never received copies of the recordings; they were evidently not intended for him. Rather, they are taken for a future that does not include him, except as a ghostly ornament embalmed with digital fidelity.
In another way, Sartre's acolytes might think that he belongs exclusively to them. To say you have 'grown up with a thinker' is to make a privileged claim to their ideas. There are many people who act like this with regard to great thinkers like Bourdieu or Foucault, but such claims miss another twist. All books are spectral dossiers, time-lapsed thoughts that have been written down. As a consequence, reading is a kind of possession, as the words inhabit us as much as we inhabit them.
Literary work is secure because it outlives not only its authors but also its students. There are no readers beyond the time of a book. Books and the thoughts contained within them are not the exclusive property of any generation. This is perhaps the writer's ultimate reprisal.


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Crestwood Craft Beer
Crestwood Craft Beer is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at April 24, 2019 upload by admin in .You can download it in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.
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Timestamps are in GMT/BST.
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TLGFastMail is a FREE command-line mail utility. Use batch files to send automated mails or use it as a tool in other programs
Fast, Internet, Mail, Send, Tool
Need a FREE tool to send automated mails? Does your employees forget to send you yesterday's sales? Need to receive a snapshot of a file every hour? Then TLGFastMail is the right tool. Using it in combination with Scheduled Task utility of Windows, SQL Server Agent or any other similar software (even Excel with a macro) you can send automated mails.
Crazy send mail, Free mail tool, Internet 5.01, Mail batch send, Misc mail tool, Send e-mail c#, Send ghost mail, Smtp send tool, Vb6 send mail, Yams mail send
With Newsletter you have a 7 in 1 tool to send HTML formated newsletters or any kind of e-mail to your subscribers, customers or other e-mail lists you have. It is a complete software with resources to send, import, create, manage and check e-mails.
Fast bulk email software. Powerful Direct Email Send ability bypass your ISP. Fast Send bulk email using multi-thread. Automaticly remove duplicate e-mail address. Support Text, Html (Gif) Format. Invaluable for internet email marketing service
PostCast Server transforms your Windows based PC computer into a mail server and deliver your e-mail messages directly from your computer.This is a perfect solution for sending newsletters, notifications and any other types of e-mail.
Send simpel e-mail ocx
It's an easy to use email server software and web mail server, allows you to send and receive emails across the Internet and has supports for client email applications such as Outlook etc and ASP web mail. Supports for ESMTP and multiple domains.
SonicFile is a desktop application for sending big files in email, to anyone, via HTTP, up to 3 GB in size! Get it Free!
Mp3 Web Voice Mail allows to send e-mail voice messages in Mp3 format from Web site to any existing e-mail software, even to free web based e-mail like Hotmail and Yahoo. Voice message can be played back by any Mp3 player.
Hotmailer is a bulk email sender, email address finder and verifier. It can efficiently search large amount of e-mail addresses from a mail server in a short time.
RoboMail has a built-in e-mail server which can send out e-mail without using ISP's server. You can prepare personalized e-mail easily. You can send newsletter, product release, promotion to customers easily and stands out from tons of junk mails.
Mix2Minion is a software suite that lets you send and receive very anonymous mail.
You Do Not Even Need An Email-Address!
Operating System: Windows (all versions).
Reclaim Your Privacy and Increase Your Internet Security!


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Business Law
Attorney Raegan King knows that your small business is more than a job. She provides concierge level service to meet your needs whether you are starting a new venture or fine-tuning a well-oiled machine. The Law Office of Raegan M. King, LLC can meet your legal needs ranging from planning to litigation. Raegan provides legal services including:
- Corporate Formation
- Contracts
- Lease Review
- Litigation
- Breach of Fiduciary Duties
- Breach of Partnership
If your situation is not listed above, please call or email me to schedule a free, confidential consultation.


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Bill Clinton strolled onto the DNC stage for last night's keynote speech and spoke some beautiful music to Democrat ears, riffing off-script, leading the crowd through a melody of policy, arithmetic, reason and rhetoric. Our favorite Chicano political satirist Lalo Alcaraz summed it up beautifully in today's cartoon.
Scroll down to see more examples of Lalo Alcaraz's work.
About the artist:
Lalo Alcaraz is perhaps the most prolific Chicano artist in the nation, according to his own bio. Lalo has been busy for over two decades chronicling the political ascendancy of Latinos in America and vigorously pushing the boundaries of Chicano art in the Post Chicano Art Era.
An award-winning journalist and illustrator, Lalo is also an author, faculty member at Otis College of Art & Design in Los Angeles, and radio host. He is also the creator of the first nationally-syndicated, politically-themed Latino daily comic strip, "La Cucaracha."
Lalo's most recent project is a re-boot of the famed Pocho.com, his pioneering humor, satire and cerveza webzine/blog/news site.


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US Hiking Trails
Garland Trail
Garland Trail
Finally, hiking time is here again, and if you happen to be in Pushmataha County of Oklahoma, Garland Trail is a great local trail for doing a bit of leg stretching. There are many hiking trails in the Ouachita Mountains, there's no better way to enjoy these mountains. This part of Oklahoma has a great deal of available outdoors activities.
You'll have to go far from McAlester to get to Garland Trail but hiking it is great fun any time. A wonderful place
for whitewater paddling close to Garland Trail is Little River. There's so much to do here at Garland Trail that you need to camp here for a while, Indian Mounds Camp is a good place for that. Man, is there loads of amusing stuff
to do in the Ouachita Mountains. Rocky Creek is a fine whitewater spot in the vicinity of Garland Trail; you'll meet a lot of people from Nashoba here. Garland Trail is fine enough to spend more than a day at, Clancey's Cabins and RV Park is a fine local campground. Garland Trail is a rather wet place ordinarily with a lot of precipitation. Throughout the month of May you get the most rain around here, and January is when it's the driest. Summertime highs at
Garland Trail frequently tend to be in the 90's while nighttime lows are ordinarily in the 60's. High temperatures throughout the wintertime are normally in the 50's, and during the dark hours in the winter at Garland Trail temperatures fall to the 20's.
Be the first to review Garland Trail
Campgrounds Nearby
List of Nearby Campgrounds
Local weather forecast
These outdoors activities are available near Garland Trail.
Campgrounds Near Garland Trail:
Clayton Lake State Park
, Nashoba , 9 miles away
Lake Nanih Waiya
, Tuskahoma , 11 miles away
Potato Hills South
, Tuskahoma , 13 miles away
Potato Hills Central
, Tuskahoma , 14 miles away
Indian Mounds Camp
, Clayton , 15 miles away
Whitewater Near Garland Trail:
Little River
, Leflore/ Pushmataha County , 17 miles away, Class II - 40 miles long (Honobia to Cloudy Road)
Rocky Creek
, McCurtain County , 18 miles away, Class III-IV - 3.5 miles long (Timber Road 74000 to West Fork Glover River)
Glover River
, McCurtain County , 20 miles away, Class II+ - 25 miles long (Rd 56000 Close to Octavia to Highway 3 at North Pole)
Hotels Near Garland Trail:
Antlers Budget Inn
, Antlers , 35 miles away
Hi-Way Inn Express-Antlers
, Antlers , 36 miles away
Holiday Motel
, Hugo , 36 miles away
Magnuson Hotel Idabel
, Idabel , 41 miles away
Rodeway Inn Broken Bow
, Broken Bow , 42 miles away
Lakes Near Garland Trail
Sardis Lake
, Latimer County , 16 miles away
copyright © maxtrails.com


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Medabit 101-112
101. Organ donation becomes mandatory in France (02/01/2017)
France has reversed its policy on organ donations so that all people could become donors on their death unless they join an official register to opt out.
102. New organ discovered inside human body by scientists (05/01/2017)
103. Give peanut to babies early (06/01/2017)
104. ACOG Recommends Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping for All Healthy Infants (15/01/2017)
105. Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Rates Are Low in Women With Advanced Kidney Disease (15/01/2017)
106. Chemo-Brain Among Women With Breast Cancer Is Pervasive (15/01/2017)
107. Promising Clinical Activity for HER2-Targeted Vaccine in Early-Stage Breast Cancer (15/01/2017)
108. Vaginal Microbes Point Toward Early Detection, Screening for Endometrial Cancer (15/01/2017)
109. Pre-Pregnancy Progesterone Helps Women With Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (15/01/2017)
110. What is the Optimal Dosing Interval for Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Bone Metastases? (15/01/2017)
111. GERD Medication in Pregnancy May Be Linked to Childhood Asthma (15/01/2017)
112. Human-pig 'chimera embryos' detailed (15/01/2017)
113. Cholesterol-lowering jab to help prevent heart disease (21/06/2017)
114. Older fathers have 'geekier sons' (21/06/2017)
115. Cardiologist: Breast implants skew heart attack test (21/06/2017)
116. Breast implants and other medical items get safety barcodes (21/06/2017)
117. How safe is the cosmetic surgery boom? (21/06/2017)
118. Vaginal mesh implants: Hundreds sue NHS over 'barbaric' treatment (27/06/2017)
119. NHS hernia mesh repairs 'leaving patients in chronic pain' (27/06/2017)
120. Magnets used to control flickering eyes (27/06/2017)
121. How lack of sleep affects the brain (27/06/2017)
122. The incontinence surgery that's wrecked thousands of women's lives: Victim left wheelchair-bound from horrific internal lacerations reveals how she finally found a solution for embarrassing leaks (29/06/2017)
- Karen Griffiths, 51, suffered stress incontinence after having second child
- It forced her to stop exercise and led to awkward social situations
- Had treatment called transvaginal tape – a mesh implant under the bladder
- Suffered 'cheeswire effect' of internal cuts after mesh slipped out of place
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3493194/The-incontinence-surgery-s-wrecked-thousands-woman-s-lifes-Victim-left-wheelchair-bound-horrific-internal-lacerations-reveals-finally-solution-embarrassing-leaks.html#ixzz4lLzQo1BY
123. Flu Is Causing 1 in 10 American Deaths and Climbing (10/02/2018)
124. First human eggs grown in laboratory (10/02/2018)
125. Is social media causing childhood depression? (10/02/2018)
126. Where Do You Go When You Die? The Increasing Signs That Human Consciousness Remains After Death (11/02/2018)
127. Could an Antibiotic Treat Autism? Medication to Reduce Brain Cell Inflammation Could Treat Widespread Disorder (11/02/2018)
128. Schizophrenia patients calmed by video game (15/02/2018)
129. Orthorexia: My 'healthy food' eating disorder (15/02/2018)
130. New antibiotic family discovered in dirt (15/02/2018)
131. Cleaning sprays 'as harmful to your lungs as smoking 20 cigarettes a day' (16/02/2018)
132. More than half your body is not human (22/04/2018)
133. Why a faecal transplant could save your life (22/04/2018)
134. Breast cancer screening programme 'does more harm than good' (22/04/2018)
Themedideas.com is not responsible for the contents of the linked webpages/articles.
© Dr Sudipta Paul, themedideas.com, 2016
Tags: artificial human egg, autism, childhood depression, cleaning sprays, flu, health news, health research, life after death, medical news, medical research, orthorexia, schizophrenia


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Hormones, from conception are produced by the endocrine glands. They serve as messengers from your brain, telling the internal organs how to function. A decrease in the production of hormones begins in middle age and continues to diminish in a linear fashion until old age. When hormones start declining, we begin an accelerate aging process physically and mentally.
DHEA : secreted by the adrenal glands, this hormone benefits the immune system, reduces visceral fat and reduces cardiovascular risk through its effects on lipids and body fat.
Melatonin: regulates the deep stages of sleep and stage IV sleep, thereby increasing and enhancing the immunity system.
Thyroid: secreted by the thyroid gland, regulates temperature, metabolism and cerebral function. Insufficient thyroid levels result in fatigue, increased cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Estrogen: protects against heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease and memory disorders. It protects against vaginal atrophy, urinary incontinence, and prevents symptoms of menopause, including hot flashes.
Progesterone: protects against uterine and breast cancers, osteoporosis, fibrocystic disease and ovarian cysts. It dramatically decreases pre and post menopausal symptoms.
Testosterone: A hormone normally associated with men, but is also found in women. Secreted by the adrenal glands, testes and ovaries, It contributes to muscle mass, strength and endurance, decreased fat, increased exercise tolerance, lowers blood pressure, modulates cholesterol levels, enhancement of well-being and psychological status.
Pregnenolone: Studies indicate that pregnenolone and hormone therapy might be beneficial against age-related cognitive decline line failure of memory and lack of mental clarity.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH): is produced by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized organ at the base of the brain. HGH is one of the most important hormones in controlling how our cells grow, reproduce
and regenerate.
Bio-identical hormones are hormones that are structurally identical to the hormones we produce in our own bodies.
Because they are identical, these hormones mimic the exact chemistry occurring naturally in the body.
The Wheel of Health, developed by integrative medicine experts at Duke University, reflects the general approach taken by professionals in this field. The nine key areas of health listed below demonstrate interconnectedness between mind, body, and spirit:
CONTACT US today for more information and available treatments