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- Research
- Open Access
Numerical approach for airframe assembly simulation
© Petukhova et al.; licensee Springer. 2014
- Received: 10 January 2014
- Accepted: 25 March 2014
- Published: 3 June 2014
The paper describes the methodology of contact problem solving that is used for simulation of aircraft assembly process.
The dimension of the problem is reduced after eliminating the unknowns outside the contact zone and the initial problem transforms into the problem of quadratic programming with linear constraints.
The special computer code ASRP (Assembly Simulation of Riveting Process) was developed on the base of presented methodology. Now this code is utilized by Airbus. Some results of application of developed code are given in this paper.
- contact problem
- riveting process
- quadratic programming
- dimension reduction
1 Introduction
- 1.
The parts to be assembled are brought together and initial clamping is performed.
- 2.
The holes in assembled parts are drilled sequentially and temporary fasteners are installed in these holes. After completion of this stage the initial gap needs to be closed.
- 3.
The temporary assembly is examined and shimming is performed if needed.
- 4.
The temporary fasteners are removed, the assembly is taken apart, the parts are cleaned and sealant layer is applied.
- 5.
The assembly is fastened again by temporary fasteners.
- 6.
Sequentially the temporary fasteners are removed, the holes are widened and permanent rivets are installed in their positions.
During the assembly process it is important to control both gap between joined parts and stresses caused by installed fasteners. On the one hand tight contact between parts should be achieved; on the other hand engineers should avoid cracks, composite layer separation and part destruction.
The main goal of the presented work is to develop special tool which allows engineers to perform simulations in order to evaluate displacements and stresses of aircraft parts on the assembly line. For this purpose ASRP software complex was developed for solving special class of contact problems that particularly arise during the simulation of riveting process. Let us denote this class as class R. The considered class R has specific features that were taken into account during construction of problem solving technique:
The area where contact may occur is known apriori and is relatively small regarding whole model. Further we will refer to it as junction area.
Tangential displacements are negligibly small in comparison with the normal ones in the junction area.
External loads are applied in the junction area or can be transferred there.
Friction is not taken into account.
Stress state of each considered body obeys linear theory of elasticity.
The problem is considered as stationary.
Usually it is necessary to perform the number of numerical experiments (e.g. with different fastener arrangements or initial gaps) on the same mechanical model.
The developed ASRP complex considerably surpasses commercial FEM codes in speed and user convenience for simulation of aircraft assembly process.
The structure and features of this software are described in [1] and [2].
The present paper gives the detailed description of developed mathematical algorithm as well as application examples.
2 Main section
2.1 Methodology for gap computations
Let M be a number of finite element nodes in the model and is a set of finite element nodes. The unknowns are displacements in all the nodes . Here we assume that the set includes the nodes of upper, middle and lower panels.
where is global stiffness matrix, is vector of loads.
where is a part of the boundary where displacements are specified.
Here A is linear operator determining the relative displacement of parts in normal direction, is a function of normal initial gap in the node ; is junction area that is the set of nodes that can come into contact.
To finalize problem statement we pose conditions on contact stresses: in the contact points the normal stresses are contradirectional and have the same value. For class R the friction between parts is not taken into account, so tangential stresses in contact points are zero. Thus we consider so-called unilateral contact problem. As it was shown in [3], the solution of this problem provides good agreement with aircraft assembly experiment.
If we solve the problem belonging to denoted class R we can reduce its dimension by eliminating all unknowns outside the junction area. It will lead to significant decrease of computational time without loss of accuracy. Similar approach of dimension reduction was used in [4]. Also we recall the condition of tangential displacement inifinitesimality that allows us considering node-to-node contact model. Thus we need to compute only normal displacements of nodes in junction area.
Further in the paragraph we are to formulate the reduced minimization problem (with unknowns in junction area) equivalent to (4) and (5).
Reduced rigidity matrix characterizes the response of computational nodes to the applied load. To be more precise, is inverse matrix to and is a displacement of j th node caused by the unit load applied to i th computational node. Let us consider a method for computing matrix .
We divide whole displacement vector into two parts: , where is vector of displacements in junction area, is vector of displacements in all other nodes.
Calculating Schur complement for the block (see [5]) we obtain reduced rigidity matrix instead of block .
Reduced rigidity matrix is computed once for considered junction during data preparation stage. Then this matrix is stored and can be used for series of computations because changes of initial gap or applied loads do not affect . This computational decomposition is relevant for simulation of riveting process as it is aimed at solving variety of problems with different fastener configurations and different relative positions of joined parts.
Most of the research work devoted to simulation of riveting process is done for the case when the contact problem is solved only in the neighborhood of one or several fasteners, i.e. local modeling is performed. Presented methodology allows us to perform global modeling, which means to calculate displacements and contact forces taking into account that contact may occur anywhere in the junction area. Dimension reduction technique is well known as substructuring or superelement creation (for example, see [4]) and turned out to be very efficient when applied to considered type of contact problems.
where .
It is not difficult to prove that vector is a solution of minimization problem (4) and (5) if and only if is a solution of the problem (8) and is determined by equation (9).
Problem (8) is a quadratic programming problem (QPP). The method for its solution is discussed in the next section.
to the system (1), (2) and solve the obtained system of linear equations. Or alternatively we add contact forces to the vector of loads F and also solve the system (1), (2) to obtain U. Knowing field of displacements, it is easy to obtain all information about deformed-stress state of our system (including strains and stresses).
Also it is possible to use more refined finite element model to find field of stresses within considered algorithm. To do so we interpolate the computed displacements and/or contact forces to the refined mesh and then compute stresses using linear static analysis.
2.2 Quadratic programming problem solving
2.2.1 Problem statement
In this section we consider the algorithm used for solving QPP (8) and its adaptation to the peculiarities of contact problems from class R.
where is a vector of displacements in contact nodes of i th part.
where is reduced rigidity matrix of i th part.
From (12) one can see that matrix has block diagonal structure.
Matrix A that defines admissible set in problem (8) has a simple structure: each row of matrix A contains one or two non-zero elements. It is due to the fact that node-to-node contact is considered. Thus constraint matrix A can be considered as sparse matrix.
2.2.2 Algorithm description
We made a review of algorithms for solving QPP: interior point methods, gradient projection methods and active set methods. The last group meets our goals as iteration process finishes after finite number of steps and algorithms allow to simply vary initial approximation. One of the most popular algorithms for solving QPP is described in [6, 7]. It is known as Goldfarb-Idnani algorithm with Powell modification and is used in this project (further it is called G-I-P). Goldfarb-Idnani active set method is proved to be fast and efficient; furthermore the Powell modification is favorable for ill-conditioned problems. This method is also implemented in well-known libraries such as IMSL Numerical Library and Scilab for solving quadratic programming problem.
The main idea of considered algorithm is:
To start at the point of unconstrained minimum of the problem. If it satisfies the constraints (there is no contact in junction area), then this is desired solution.
If the constraints are violated, the iteration procedure starts. At each iteration step the current point is forced to satisfy one of violated constraints in a way:(13)
It is done until the point is in admissible set and this means that solution is obtained.
If it is not possible to satisfy any constraint during iteration step, rollback is performed: point is shifted in such a way that one of the current active constraints is violated again.
It is worth mentioning that iteration step is made in both primary and dual spaces (not only the point is shifted but also Lagrange multipliers).
According to described procedure it can be clearly seen that solution can be found faster if less nodes in contact zone are involved into contact interaction. The greater contact area is, the more steps are required to satisfy each constraint, the longer time algorithm works.
2.2.3 Implemented modifications
In order to speed up the computations we propose several modifications of described algorithm that make use of input data structure given in Section 2.2.1 and take into account algorithm specifics.
- 1.
Making use of the block structure of matrix .
- 2.
Making use of simple structure of matrix A. The number of non-zero elements in matrix A is not greater than 2n, therefore the number of multiplication may be decreased by a factor of ten: perform operations instead of .
- 3.
Choosing the most appropriate constraint. At each iteration step the next constraint to be satisfied is being chosen. In original version of algorithm the first most violated constraint is taken into consideration. It makes sense to introduce more complicated procedure of constraint choosing. We rely on the fact that if force is applied to computational node, then it means that fastening element is installed in this point in terms the riveting process. Usually if the fastening element is installed, the gap in this point is closed and condition (13) is fulfilled. Hereby, we are to choose the constraint that links the nodes where maximal force is applied.
- 4.
Saving results from previous computations. When simulating the riveting process it is usually necessary to test different fasteners' configurations, i.e. to solve quite similar problems where only vector F may vary. If the fastener configuration changes slightly it is reasonable to start not from the point of unconstrained minimum but from the solution obtained for previous problem.
- 5.
Solving the dual QPP. Combining dual and primal approaches prevents from increasing of computational time with contact area extension. See [8] for details.
2.2.4 Results
The next bar chart in Figure 6 illustrates the computation time needed to solve test problem if 153 fasteners are installed using modified G-I-P algorithm. We consider several load cases with different initial approximations such as:
Unconstrained minimum (blue column).
Solution obtained for 93 fasteners installed (red column).
Solution obtained for 113 fasteners installed (green column).
Solution obtained for 133 fasteners installed (violet column).
According to the bar chart we may conclude that if we use obtained solution of previous problem we skip iterations that have already been made. Thus if external forces, for example, change from configuration of 133 to 153 fasteners we may reduce computational time from 24 to 6 seconds. This 'warm start' technology is quite profitable when making series of computations.
2.3 Applications
2.3.1 Wing-to-fuselage assembly simulation
2.3.2 Fuselage-to-fuselage assembly simulation
Also we present an example of fuselage-to-fuselage assembly simulation.
3 Conclusions
Developed approach is the most efficient for simulation of aircraft parts' riveting. The need to perform series of similar computations and a priori known narrow junction area are the main features that allow reducing computational time and resources.
The collaboration between St. Petersburg Polytechnic University and Airbus Company in the area of airframe assembly process simulation continues since 2006. Recently ASRP complex was entitled TRL 5 level by Airbus Company. TRL is the abbreviation for Technology Readiness Level. TRL 5 means that the technology has passed the thorough testing of prototyping in representative environment. Basic technology elements integrated with reasonably realistic supporting elements. Prototyping implementations conform to target environment and interfaces (see http://esto.nasa.gov/files/trl_definitions.pdf).
Described methodology was fruitfully applied to simulation of real airframe junctions. In particular ASRP complex was successfully tested on airframe junctions for latest Airbus aircraft models like A350 and A320 NEO.
We would like to thank Jacques Bouriquet, Nicolas Prioul, Claude Gimenez (AIRBUS) and professor Eugene Victorov (Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University) for their invaluable assistance.
Authors' Affiliations
- Lupuleac S, Kovtun M, Rodionova O, Marguet B: Assembly simulation of riveting process. SAE Int J Aerosp 2010, 2: 193–198.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lupuleac S, Rodionova O, Smirnov A, Shubnikov V, Bretagnol B: Software complex for riveting process simulation. SAE Technical Paper 2011, 2011–01–2772Google Scholar
- Lupuleac S, Petukhova M, Shinder Y, Bretagnol B: Methodology for solving contact problem during riveting process. SAE Int J Aerosp 2011, 4: 952–957.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Pedersen P: A direct analysis of elastic contact using super elements. Comput Mech 2006, 37: 221–231. 10.1007/s00466-005-0707-0MATHView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wriggers P: Computational Contact Mechanics. 2nd edition. Springer, Berlin; 2006.MATHView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- GoldFarb D, Idnani A: A numerically stable dual method for solving strictly quadratic programs. Math Program 1983, 27: 1–33. 10.1007/BF02591962MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Powell MJD: On the quadratic programming algorithm of Goldfarb and Idnani. Math Program Stud 1985, 25: 46–61. 10.1007/BFb0121074MATHView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lupuleac S, Shinder Y, Petukhova M, Yakunin S, Smirnov A, Bondarenko D: Development of numerical methods for simulation of airframe assembly process. SAE Int J Aerosp 2013, 6: 101–105.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.


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(c) 2000-2007 Kimmo Uutela. All rights reserved.
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Never letting it be said that I don't like to challenge myself, I set about creating a photo about how I feel inside versus the face I show to the world. This is such a simple composite but it took me ages and of course, when I look at it now, I cringe at the lack of finesse. However, I'm also very proud of it. Yes I could have taken a simpler option but instead I pushed myself well beyond my boundaries to try to achieve the vision in my head.
I still love the concept of this photo and maybe I'll redo it or maybe I won't. But what is interesting is that my first composite photograph was one that spoke about the battle with my demons. Four years on and I'm just starting to shoot for my very first solo exhibition which will be held in October/November this year. It too revolves around mental health and I'm so thrilled to have a group of people happy to open up about their battles too.
These next few months are going to be crazy busy for me and I may be quieter on here than usual. Next week, I present my very first TAFE class. Yes, I've gone from being a student at TAFE to teaching my own class. I'm a bit nervous but very excited. To make the year even busier (and more special) I have my first much awaited and loved grandbaby due in a few months, I'm heading overseas just after that and then it will be full on with preparing for the exhibition. I have between 30-40 images to shoot in that time and they won't be shown until the actual exhibition, so it may not be all that easy to do lots of other work in between to put up here.
Hopefully, I'll fit a few other images in between. But today, I'm enjoying looking back from where I started to where I am now and of course, the evolving is never over. I'm looking forward to where this journey will take me.


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Aberdeen's office market is continuing to recover with the rebound in the oil price contributing to increased demand for space.
New figures reveal that 89,776 square feet of office space was transacted in the second quarter of the year, almost mirroring the result for the first quarter and bringing the total take-up for the first half to 178,550 sq ft.
There have been 50 office market deals transacted over the past six months which is up by about two-thirds from this time last year, according to data from property consultancy CBRE Scotland.
The largest letting of the first half was 19,000 sq ft to Aberdeen Journals, publisher of the Press and Journal newspaper, which secured the top floor of 1MSq, Marischal Square.
Demand from the energy sector was described as "encouraging", evidenced by the recent lettings to BWO Offshore, securing 10,325 sq ft in Horizons House; Ping Petroleum taking 8,777 sq ft at Caledonian House; Verus Petroleum and CATS Management taking 6,079 sq ft and 4,193 sq ft respectively in The Silver Fin Building; and most recently the announcement of Serica moving to a 7,730 sq ft suite at H1, Hill of Rubislaw.
Recent take-up also indicates that there is activity in the banking sector with RBS relocating from the west end having secured the 7,000 sq ft top floor of 2MSq, Marischal Square and Barclays joining some of the aforementioned occupiers after securing 3,100 sq ft on level six at The Silver Fin Building.
The first half of 2018 set a new record headline rent of £32.50 per sq ft in Aberdeen which was achieved at The Silver Fin and is expected to be maintained in future transactions, CBRE noted.
Amy Tyler from the property firm's Aberdeen office, said: "We have certainly witnessed an improvement in sentiment in the Aberdeen office market during the first half of 2018.
"This is mainly attributed to the increase in oil price, which peaked at just under $80 per barrel at the end of June from circa $65 per barrel at the start of the year.
"This is beginning to filter through to the office market where we have experienced an encouraging increase in demand for space.
"We are expecting a strong start to the second half of the year with a number of transactions already due to complete over the next couple of months. This take-up will come from a mix of public sector bodies and energy operators looking to improve their working environment on lease expiry of current buildings."


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Dry and sensitive skin needs special care. Within the Maria Galland product range, we find COCOON treatment, specially dedicated to caring the sensitive skin.Applying COCOON treatment is the ideal method to hydrate and care for sensitive skin.A healthy look of the skin is very important to make you feel both comfortable and confident.Whether it's a dry skin, a skin that needs regeneration or lifting, COCAON from MARIA GALLAND offers a range of luxury facial treatments that fit every skin type.
What is COCOON treatment?
Exceptional treatment with visible results that give a perfect state of well-being due to the "cocoon" foam mask that covers the face and provides energy and elasticity. This treatment may be adapted, considering what we want to achieve in the end: hydration, firmness or regeneration.Extremely effective in hydrating and improving skin elasticity, COCOON treatment is personalized applied, depending on the skin type and includes: Hydration Treatment, Regeneration Treatment and Profilift – Firmness & Lifting.
The treatment for hydration and regeneration involves a cleansing of the eyes and lips, as well as of the face and neck.Then is used a special lotion Maria Galland, and in order to remove the dead skin cells a delicate scrubbing is made. After that, the skin is moisturized with a light massage by using a Maria Galland cream and a special essence.After all these procedures, the COCOON mask it is applied on a face for a few minutes, after which the skin is hydrated with serum and moisturizing cream.
The products are adapted to all types of skin including sensitive, intolerant or allergic skin and do not contain parabens, paraffin, artificial dyes or allergens.
The products contain strong antioxidants that protect the skin for a long time, from the environmental impurities.
Maria Galland Profilift – Firmity & Lifting
It starts with a cleansing of the eyes and lips, as well as of the face and neck, followed by the use of a soft tonic lotion which is a gel lotion that gives instant relaxation and is the first step in the hydration process due to the rich content of algae extracts. Then follows a complex massage by using acupressure and drainage around the eyes for 20 minutes with a cream rich in vitamins and hyaluronic acid, after which, depending on the problems of the skin, several essences are applied (orchid black, caviar, hyaluronic acid, peptides, argan, algae, malachite, white truffle extract, stem cell extract, 24 carat gold, silver, amber extract).For hydrating the area and reducing the wrinkles, a delicate mask is applied around your eyes, and a cold, moisturizing mask, rich in hyaluronic acid and collagen is applied all over the face.Over that mask is applied another mask: the foam mask that facilitates the penetration of active ingredients.This mask gives a relaxing and very pleasant state for clients. After 15 minutes, the mask is removed, and is applied the hydrating serum rich in hyaluronic acid, collagen and vitamins A and E and the moisturizing cream with a soft and pleasant texture.Finally, a SPF 20 protective serum is applied which represents an excellent makeup base with anti-age and anti-pollution effect that contains Provitamin C – an antioxidant, wrinkle-reducing peptides and synthetic extracts from plants collagen and have anti-pollution effect.
Who are the beneficiaries of Maria Galland COCOON treatment?
The Cocoon treatment for hydration is suitable for both young people and people with more mature skin, while the treatment for regeneration and Profi-Lift treatment are suitable in particular for the mature ladies (over 30-35 year old)
How long last the Maria Galland COCOON treatment?
Normally, a treatment session, whether it's moisturizing, regenerating or profilift, lasts 90 minutes.Although results are visible immediately after the first treatment session, for maintenance, specialists recommend the treatment at least once every 3 months and the regularly use of Maria Galland products.
What are the benefits of Maria Galland's COCOON treatment?
The treatment provides an extraordinary feeling of relaxation, the face being shrouded in a cocoon by a pleasant mask of foam. The treatment is very beneficial for people with dry or dehydrated skin, with fine wrinkles or sensitive skin to environmental factors.
The Profilift treatment, a new dimension of anti-age treatments, combines a shiatsu-based work technique that creates deep relaxation and includes last generation ingredients such as trimolecular hyaluronic acid, polysaccharides extracted from the Konjak root, squalane, Vitamin A and E, Firmlainer 3D (a corn extract), Toniskin (yeast extract), encapsulated retinol, marine collagen that instantly results in firmness, toning and remodeling of the contour of the face.
What is the price of a COCOON treatment from Maria Galland?
The price of the COCOON treatment from Maria Galland varies depending on the type of skin and the products used, as follows:
– COCOON treatment for hydration – 220 Ron / 90 min
– COCOON treatment for regeneration – 220 Ron / 90 min
– COCOON treatment Profilift – 250 Ron / 90 min
We kindly invite you to discover Maria Galland's luxury treatments and to discover the beauty and health ritual for your skin at Privee Salon de Beaute!


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This is an archive of the ArtCat Zine, 2007-2009. Please visit our new project, IDIOM.
This Friday is the first of two animation nights at the Phatory, the other being July 18. Featuring work by Asteriskpix, Brian Dewan, Mike Estabrook, Elise Engler, Brent Green, John Goras and Jim Torok. Jill Connor curates, 7-9pm.
Saturday at 9pm is the New York premiere of Andrew Hahn's 52-minute no-budget bio-pic of the Unabomber entitled 'Manifesto.' David Hughes stars as Ted K. At Rental Gallery, located at 120 E. Broadway, Floor 6, NY 10002
And lastly, the final 'Social Sunday' from 4-6pm at Pocket Utopia. Celebrating the last day of the current show featuring photography by Luke Abiol, Eric Hairabedian, and Kristopher Graves, refreshments available.


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Michael Charles Sowers, 21, and Samantha Kay Fischer, 20, both of Hancock.
Todd Benjamin Yoder, 25, of Inwood, W.Va., and Katie Rae Saufley, 20, of Williamsport.
Ira Andrew Singleton Jr., 28, and Tara Marie Arvin, 22, both of Hagerstown.
Lannie Dean Myers Jr., 36, and Marie Patricia Malejko, 31, both of Hagerstown.
Stephen Marc Hendrickson, 31, and Brenda Lee Lappe, 28, both of Hagerstown.
Kevin Bradley Reichenbaugh, 28, and Kelly Ann Mihalic, 32, both of Hagerstown.
Lloyd Calvin Kelley Sr., 58, and Catherine Marie Tyler, 48, both of Hagerstown.
Donald J. Walukas, 70, and Pamela Elizabeth Drees, 57, both of Meyersdale, Pa.
Edward Allen Walker III, 35, and Betty Yvonne Reed, 45, both of Capitol Heights, Md.
Sean Thomas Ritson, 24, and Jessica Renee Collins, 24, both of Pittsburgh.


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As part of our commitment to offer radiation protection supervisor courses and NORM workshops that continuously meet the needs of our customers, we encourage all course attendees to provide feedback on their experiences and how well they perceive Tracerco to be performing in terms of value and customer service.
Tracerco RPS Courses 2018
'Overall a great experience, more information provided compare to previous courses at other facilities.'
'Very interesting course, Instructors very helpful and knowledgeable. Excellent Course.'
'Excellent, enjoyed using meters and practical exercises.'
'Really good practical sessions & lots of good advice/tutoring'
'Contamination monitor practical was excellent'
'As always a very good course, well presented - good NORM exercise '
'Course exceeded all expectations.'
'Tracerco course is head and shoulder above other courses I have attended.'


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FATface Production Limited is specialized in providing top quality visual effects and post-production services. With the needs of upcoming featured film projects, we are seeking for talents to join our teams and work together on the fun yet challenging projects. Website: http://www.fatface.hk
Position: FX Animators (Experienced or Freelance)
Requirement and qualifications are:
• With solid experience in producing effects (e.g. liquid, explosions … etc.)
• With demonstrable experience in effects work on feature film or TV commercial projects
• Familiar with Maya, 3ds Max, Houdini, Mel
• Have good observation and analysis skill
• Have creative problem solving skill, logical & procedural mindset, reasoning ability
• Able to communicate creative and technical thoughts
• Able to work both collaborative and independently
• Able to meet tight deadlines
• With knowledge in pipeline, rendering, node-based compositing is a plus
• Official 5-days working but might need to work overtime on holiday due to job request (will provide compensation leave)
**Candidates with less experience or fresh graduate will be considered as Junior position
Interested parties please provide the following information:
1) Resume with expected salary
2) Position to be applied
3) Portfolio (file size within 15MB) or web link to: firstname.lastname@example.com


text: KUALA LUMPUR, June 28 (Reuters) - * Malaysian palm oil operator Felda Global Ventures forecast average price of crude palm oil at 2,400 ringgit-2,600 ringgit per tonne in 2018, according to its 2017 annual report. * Felda Global says price outlook is buoyed by expectations of stronger crude oil prices, the U.S. Federal Reserve raising interest rates and appreciation of the greenback against emerging market currencies. * Malaysian palm oil inventories are likely to grow more than 2.82 million tonnes in 2018, Felda said. (Reporting by Emily Chow, Editing by Sherry Jacob-Phillips)


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- This event has passed.
Solstice Festival Party at Sidewinder: Tele Novella / Dreamboat / Edison Chair / Fair City Fire / Casual Interference
June 17, 2016 @ 8:00 pm - June 18, 2016 @ 2:00 am
Event Navigation
Its that time again! Solstice Festival is on the horizon! We are having parties all around Austin June 17th 2016 to celebrate!
Buy a wristband to the ALL the parties and the festival at the early bird price now:
Main event FB: bit.ly/1VV7jrO
Otherwise pay $10 at the door
Location: The Sidewinder
Doors 8pm
9:30pm Dreamboat
10:30pm Edison Chair
11:30pm Fair City Fire
12:30am Tele Novella
1:15am Casual Interference
For more info:
For more info about the festival and other parties visit:
EDITOR'S NOTE: Listings on the Austin.com calendar contain user-submitted information. Make sure to double check the date, time, and location of your event!


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When I got back inside, I found that Tessie had taken paintbrush in hand and finished another section of the siding on the back of the cottage. She did a pretty good job, considering that she used a #00 brush.....It took her a while.
I went and found some egg cartons and did some more brick for the foundation. That's another one of those things that just has to be done.....Boring.... Two sides down and two to go.
We are making progress on the rug. We have been arguing over the size. I finally convinced Tessie that a square rug would be enough. If I did the oblong one, it would cover most of the main floor of the cottage. I doubt that most people living in a small country cottage would have a large area rug.
I wonder if I could pay Tessie to do that part? Probably not.... Back to work.
See you tomorrow.


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Very strange opening this afternoon with strong QSB.
I m also QRV on 4m but nothing so far.
Noisy QTH make my life on high bands very difficult with S-meter to show 5-6 units noise...!!! Many weak stations are disappeared into the noise.
Hope conditions to be better later and before the band is closed.


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Mysuru City Corporation (MCC) is all set to distribute street vending licences with Quick Response (QR) Code and GPS-enabled vending licences and identity cards to all street vendors in city.
The MCC has already conducted a survey of street vendors based on the directives from the State government to facilitate the extension of facilities provided by Union and State governments for street vendors under Deendayal Antyodaya National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM). Oct. 30 was the last date to submit the applications for vending licence and identity card.
MCC had distributed 5,000 applications forms for enrolment of street vendors under the programme and of this, 1,400 have submitted the duly filled-in application forms. While filing the applications, the street vendors had to submit documents like a photo identity card, BPL ration card, Aadhaar card, caste certificate, bank passbook and photographs with family members, family details, place and time of business, etc.
Street vendors must use the licence and identity card while doing business. The GPS-enabled identity card and licence will help officials trace their location and details on the government schemes availed by the vendor.
The identity card and licence will be issued to a single person. Either that person or his family members can run the business in the place allocated by the MCC. This identity card will also check the street vendors from renting their pushcarts to others, officials said.
President of Karnataka State Street Vendors Federation Bhaskar Srinivas Raje Urs said that there are nearly 12,000 street vendors selling vegetables, fruits, fast food items, clothes, handkerchiefs, handicrafts, etc. "The identity card and licence will be useful to street vendors. This will also help them and their family members to avail various government benefits. He said the identity cards and licence will also check misuse and will facilitate ease of business," he said.
Regarding only 1,400 vendors applying for this new system, he admitted that the response from the vendors had been poor despite the Federation's best efforts. "We had identified representatives ward-wise to enrol vendors. Though applications had been distributed to many of them, they are yet to submit the same with the required documents. Many of them are still arranging the documents," he lamented.
Though the last date for vendors to submit filled-in applications was on Oct. 30, the MCC has relaxed the deadline. The civic body will start issuing vending certificates with QR codes only after receiving a substantial number of applications.
"We will start processing the applications after we receive about 2,000 of them and issue the vending certificates," said G.M. Ravindra, Additional Commissioner of MCC, who is also in-charge officer of DAY-NULM.
Vending banned on these Streets…
MCC has banned street vending at various places such as the surroundings of Town Hall, Ramavilas Road, Gandhi Square, Sayyaji Rao Road, Devaraja Urs Road, Mysore Palace, Krishna Vilas Road, J.K. Grounds, 100 feet Road, Irwin Road, K.R. Circle, Highway Circle and Dhanvanthri Road.
G.M. Ravindra, Additional Commissioner, said that MCC has constituted Town Business Committee to ensure basic facilities for street vendors. This Committee has already identified street vending business spots, allotment of site, types of street vending business, location size and area, worked out the details of rent collection. It also categorised the street vending business like selling fruits, vegetables, fast foods etc. MCC will fix monthly rent depending upon location, size and business. Rental charges between Rs. 200 and Rs. 1,000 will be collected and licences renewed in April every year.
22 street vending spots identified
MCC has identified 22 spots for street vending across the city and it is creating facilities stage by stage at the identified spots like the one near Ballal Circle where over 30 street vendors can do their business.
Other street vending spots are Second Main Road in JP Nagar A and B Block, 20th Cross, 24th Main Road in JP Nagar Second Phase, near Vivekanandanagar Circle at Ramakrishnanagar, Market Yard in Arvindanagar, place opposite Saraswathipuram Swimming Pool, near water tank on Vishwamanava Double Road, area opposite St. Joseph's Hospital in Bannimantap, Basappaji Circle at N.R. Mohalla, Abdul Rehaman Road, Lidkar Colony near Azeez Sait Road, near RTO Office on Rajkumar Road, P&T Quarters and Police Quarters at N.R. Mohalla, near Bus Stand behind Devanoor Lake, near Gupta Stores in Rajivnagar, near Bus Stand in JP Nagar, Opposite Jayanagar Community Health Centre, near GTR Hotel in Chamundipuram and at Government plot near Madegowda School in Basavanagudi Circle.


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Draw: Seven of Branches
Message: Your fierce protection of yourself is honorable. Sometimes, however, the best use of your fire is not casting out demons, but illuminating them and preparing for their eventual transformation into qualities and skills that serve you rather than harm you. Listen to your body to figure out how to best use your fire.
so it is okay to eat hot dogs
i will say this as many times as necessary
it is okay to eat hot dogs
it is okay to say fuck you & also
it is okay to say nothing at all
it is okay to say i don't owe you shit
like thank you or sorry
you don't always have to thank
the people who hurt you
for teaching you a lesson


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Beats Making Software For Sale Cubase 7, Fl Studio, DR. Drum, BTV SOLO, Best Software For Beats Making Best Beats Making Software Come On Check It Out Please Click The Beats To See All Softwares
You'll have the right tools for practically any audio or multimedia task when you use Steinberg Cubase 7.5 as your DAW. From tracking bands and mixing albums, to creative sound design and electronic music production and even scoring, Sweet water is continually impressed with how flexible and powerful Cubase software is. Helpful tools like Track Versions lets you easily manage multiple takes, while enhanced track visibility tools make it incredibly easy to manage large sessions with high track counts. You'll find that from inspiration to final production, Cubase 7.5 has the flexibility you need in a modern DAW.


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KABUL - MoF officials said that of the eight commitments made by the international community four, as noted below, will be implemented by the end of this year.
- Effectiveness of Assistance and Capacity Building with global payments from the national budget
- Investment of 80 percent of global aid in Afghanistan's priority projects
- Integration of parallel project management bodies into government institutions and
- Reporting of high salaries of contract staff to the Ministry of Finance
But the Ministry of Finance report shows that only just over 50 percent of all 28 commitments have been implemented.
"So far, 55 percent of Brussels's commitments have been fulfilled, and we hope that all these commitments will be implemented by the end of the year," said Abadullah Darman ministry of finance's acting spokesman.
In this report, the lack of trust over state institutions, the lack of capacity and the existence of administrative corruption in these institutions, the lack of coordination between government agencies and global institutions and the global institutions' lack of interest in implementing a number of their commitments was the failure to implement 100 percent of global commitments.
A number of economic analysts have said it is important for the Brussels Summit's commitments to be implemented in order to address problems in Afghanistan.
"The donors need to implement their commitments, and these commitments are crucial to building a climate of trust between government and the international community," said Hasibullah Mohid economic lecturer at Kabul university.
It is expected that in the next two months, the progress of the mutual commitments of the Brussels Summit in Geneva with the participation of representatives of the Afghan government and the international community is to be reviewed.
A number of economic analysts say that government should fully participate in this in order to make sure further aid will be granted to Afghanistan in the coming years. (Tolo news)


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You like a guy and that guy likes cars. So you want to amaze him by your knowledge of cars. But hold on…! You are the one who feel disconnected in the conversations of cars or you don't know abcd of cars. Sound familiar isn't it? If so then don't fret! This series of articles will help you.
After reading this article, definitely you are not going to use "BadiGadi, chotigadi, foreign ki gadi, Jeep, tempo" words.
So let's start –
Cars are broadly divided into 7 types
1) Hatchback
Hatchbacks are small car. These cars are usually used to commute in city limits with 4-5 people on board. These cars have limited features and cargo space. Hatchbacks may be described as three-door (two entry doors and the hatch) or five-door (four entry doors and the hatch) cars.
Some hatchbacks nowadays have more power, more features and more internal space these are called Luxury hatchbacks.
2) Sedan
We commonly know sedan as "Badi Car". These cars are big in size. These cars have more power, more feature and more space compare to Hatchback. Sedans are usually used for more comforts drive. These cars are expensive compare to Hatchback.
There is one hybrid segment which provides features of Sedan cars in Hatchback cars body. It is usually known as Compact Sedan. These cars are actually having size less than sedan but more than Hatchback.
Sedan with extra loaded features from big brands like Mercedes and Audi are fall under luxury Sedan. These cars have great performance and many loaded functions which makes drivers life easy.
3) MPV – Multi Purpose Vehicle
MPVs are five to seven-seat vehicles. These cars are used to travel for long distance with large number of people. These cars have big body and larger cargo space. Performance wise these cars are equally placed with Sedan.
4) SUV – Sports Utility Vehicle
SUVs are performance cars with having cross road driving capabilities. SUVs are used for long distance and for cross road driving. They are packed with many features and comforts. Usually SUVs are 5 to 7 seater vehicle.
5) Sports Car
Sports cars are very expensive but great performance car. These cars have great powerful engines and luxury features.These cars are mostly two seaters. They are mainly designed for racing.
6) Hybrid Cars
Hybrid Cars run on alternative fuel like Electricity/CNG along with normal petrol or diesel engine. These are not very much popular in culture but you can see hybrid cars in big Cities.
7) Electric Cars
This is new generation cars which run totally on Electricity. In India only Mahindra Revo is total electric car. Their performance is much lower than petrol engine cars. These cars are used for short distance travel.
If you like this article, share this with your friends. And like us to get interesting stuff always 🙂


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What Podcast Will You Listen to Today?
Today is just a question for discussion. You already know the Tactical Catholic Podcast is available on Stitcher and iTunes. What I want to know is, besides the best Catholic podcast (mine), what podcast(s) are going to listen to today?
In my queue today:
- Survivalist Prepper w/ Dale and Lisa
- Retronauts
- Armed Squirrels Project Podcast
Posted on January 16, 2015, in Dialogue, Entertainment, Good Media, podcast and tagged Best podcast, Catholic podcasters. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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MEWP Training
MEWP Training
UK law requires that all workers operating MEWP (mobile elevated work platforms) must complete appropriate MEWP training before work begins.
We can provide your employees with MEWP training, to ensure that your business is fully compliant with UK law. Call today for a Free Quote.
Due to the dangerous nature of working on MEWP, there are many regulations which surround MEWP work. The Work at Height Regulations 2005, the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER), and the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER), to name just a few.
Following these regulations, UK law requires that all employees using MEWP must have the appropriate training to do so. Responsibility for ensuring that adequate MEWP training has been completed is down to the employer. Failure to abide by the regulations and the employer will be held accountable. Consequences for not ensuring that your employees have MEWP training can be severe, resulting in heavy fines or even jail time. Therefore, it is crucial that your business undertakes MEWP training immediately.
MEWP Training Courses
MEWP (mobile elevated work platforms) training will include the following:
- Ensuring the operator understands the relevant health and safety laws
- Providing accident prevention and control training
- Ensuring appropriate PPE (personal protective equipment) is provided and that operators have had the necessary training for use of PPE
- Ensuring the operator can carry out checks and maintenance prior to work commencing
- Ensuring emergency procedures are in place and that the operator knows what these are.
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Lender Raises $9,000 for MDA
Executives from the Columbus, Ohio-based Residential Finance Corporation (RFC) competed for "bail money" after they were "arrested for having a big heart" and raised $9,000 at a fundraiser the mortgage lender hosted to benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA). RFC president Michael Isaacs, senior vice president and general counsel David Stein, vice president sales Obi Egbuna, chief operating officer Doug Harris, chief financial officer Darren Fleishman, and vice president and chief marketing officer Jessica Manna offered their services for the fundraiser, soliciting funds through personal appeals and social media outlets. The $9,000 raised exceeded the lender's goal by 183%. "RFC employees are consistently participating in and supporting many causes to help others. For this fundraiser, we had fun doing a photo shoot depicting our executive team in 'mock' mug shots and sending out an appeal seeking 'bail money' in the form of donations to the Muscular Dystrophy Association," said Manna, who also chairs the lender's charitable giving committee, in a statement. "This is a great cause and we're very excited by our results in raising such a large amount of money so quickly," Manna added Write to Austin Kilgore.


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bytatyk Changes her Lyfe
Posted on 18 February 2016
Babe @bytatyk
Just started this detox. Wanted to do this since I had been traveling
for a while and eating out is not always the best. I love the energy
this gives me I haven't been drinking coffee since I started. I do
workout as well, which helps and I love how it makes me feel. I will be
buying again ✔ #bytatyk #lyfetea


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May 17, 2018
Classes to begin before Labor Day in 2020
Topic: Campus News, Regents
Classes at the University of Michigan will begin before Labor Day for the 2020-21 academic year.
The academic year, approved by the Board of Regents during its meeting Thursday, will start Aug. 31 and end with Spring Commencement May 2.
The calendar was developed following the university's well-established academic calendar guidelines. The fall term has 68 days and will end Dec. 21. The winter term has 69 days and will start Jan. 6.
A pre-Labor Day start allows for a one-week break between the end of the summer term and the start of the fall term. It also provides two full weeks between fall and winter.
Fall break will remain at the mid-semester mark and runs from Oct. 19-20, and there will be no classes on the day before Thanksgiving, Nov. 25.
Spring break will begin Feb. 27 with classes resuming March 8.
University officials have not yet determined the start dates for the 2021-22 academic year.
Lee Ridley
on 5/18/18 at 9:44 am
I assume the regents thought about the fact that most off-campus leases don't start until September 1 and MANY students will have to deal with figuring out where to stay and moving and beginning of classes all at once? I would be interested in their solution.
Bett Weston
on 5/23/18 at 10:00 am
Lee Ridley has very good point. Also add the month of May as an issue since the students will no longer be done by the end of April. This schedule might work for elementary school children but poses real difficulties for those who rent housing. I am staff and take my vacation the last week of August including Labor Day ready to start Fall Term in September.
Commenting is closed for this article. Please read our comment guidelines for more information.


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Botswana with Greenlife Safaris offers the best safari lodges and camps with superb wildlife in wilderness areas, an experience unparalleled in Africa.
Laying in the heart of southern Africa, Botswana is a country that exemplify the safari experience and embodies the outstanding beauty of Africa. The arid desert country is one of miraculous scenes, and to ensure it stays that way, Botswana has adopted a low-impact, high-cost tourism policy which guarantees its visitors exclusivity, luxury and the feel of a true African wilderness.
The allure of picture-perfect panoramic plains stretch as far as the eye can see, granting Botswana the title of being a Mecca to all photography enthusiasts. Its allure is one of diversity, a country that absorbs the beams of the African sun and in turn, transforms its desert heat into a glittering landscape of marvel and magnificence.
The dusted town of Maun is the gateway to all things safari in Botswana and although the country is a vast arid region of red desert sand, the Central Kalahari is unusually carpeted by grass-covered dunes, dotted by ancient baobab and acacia's, and flourishing with vegetation.
Journey to the world's largest inland delta and drift through shimmering floodplains, pools and lily covered lagoons which is essentially known as the Okavango Delta.
Chobe National Park is a collection of paradise-like eco-systems, swarming with the flutter of remarkable birdlife which are attracted by the thriving growth of lush plant species; all coming together to fill the outstandingly beautiful landscape of the Africa wilderness.
Botswana has daily flights to Gaborone and Maun via Johannesburg OR Tambo Airport and Cape Town. Domestic flights connect between Gaborone, Maun, Kasane and Francistown. Self drive is only recommended with two or more 4x4 vehicles.
Vehicle hire is available
The ideal time to experience Botswana is between 7 - 10 days.
One of best safari destinations in Africa. Safari activities in Okavango, Chobe, Mashatu and Kalahari. Discover Rock Art, archaeological treasures, traverse expansive salt pans, discover giant baobab trees, explore red sands of Kalahari, and seek out elusive desert animals.
The country is a Mecca for photography, wildlife safaris and adventures. Botswana is one of Africa's booming economies, and as such, the country welcomes international guests with warm smiles and open arms.
Offering everything from ancient history, African tradition and culture, an outstandingly miraculous landscape and of course, a safari destination that is home to a diverse population of exceptional wildlife. There is no doubt that Botswana is one of the best countries to visit when on safari.
Botswana's infrastructure is excellent and the country is relatively safe. Home to international bank facilities and luxurious accommodation, Botswana is sure to impress the most seasoned of travelers.
Botswana is largely covered by the Kalahari Desert, but inland rivers run deep and the Okavango Delta gives rise to a lush emerald covered landscape.
Round about the 1800's, the Batswana moved into Botswana from the regions of South Africa and lived under tribal rule as hunter-gathers. The 19th Century ushered in turbulent times between the tribes of the Batswana and the Boer settlers who occupied the Transvaal. In 1885, the northern regions of Bechuanaland were placed under the direct protection of the British Government and the southern regions became part of the Cape Colony.
As time passed, northern Bechuanaland became known as Botswana and southern Bechuanaland has formed part of South Africa's Northwest Province.
In 1964 Botswana was granted independence from British government and as a result, the county became democratic and self-government.
"EXPLORE IN A MAKORO: The many river valleys, swamps and streams attract a plethora of wildlife and with a traditional mokoro, these waters become a majestic winding course of exploration. The mokoro is a dugout canoe used by the indigenous people who occupied the land hundreds of years ago. Drift across pools, lagoons and narrow streams, and listen to the cry of the overflying birds. Watch were you're drifting because these streams are home to some rather territorial hippos and crocodiles who lounge about without a care in the world, other than the thought of their next meal.
BIRDS PARADISE: The Okavango Delta is a luscious wonderland of papyrus lined waterways, forest fringed pools and rolling grasslands. It is no surprise that birds would flock to these majestic confines. The colourful carmine bee-eater flocks back during the summer months. The woodland kingfisher, hornbill, francolins, warblers and bulbuls all raucously fill the air with the chorus of their tweets. Slaty egret, wanders, storks, cranes and 16 species of heron are all present too.
FEISTY FISH: Home to well over 70 species of fish, the Okavango Delta is the ideal waters to cast a line in and relax. After all, you're going to need to reserve your strength if it's the fighting tiger fish you're after. The streams are flourishing with sick-fin barb fish, tilapia and catfish. Keep a lookout for the giant 1.4m sharptooth-catfish which lurk in these waters.
QUAD BIKE: Explore the plains of the Makgadikgadi Pans on quad bikes. Immerse yourself in the vast saline covered areas and speed around for hours without a true destination.
ELEPHANT TRAILS: Besides the unparalleled beauty of the Okavango Delta, the floodplains lend itself to the march of the African elephant, a giant member of the Big Five. Here you get a chance to explore the wilderness on the back of a well trained gentle African giant. Perched high, you blend into the wilderness which offers astonishing advantages. Strolling alongside the larger elephants are playful calf's, cutely trying their best not to trample on their own trunk or strolling behind holding the tail of their mother.
Botswana is consistent with a arid-desert climate.
The wet season causes the delta to swell and the desert bursts into blossoming colour from November to March.
Rain generally stops in the month of April and the areas become dryer toward October. During this time, game congregate around permanent water holes and the water streams of the delta.


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Daisy scroll Bookmark : Blue
An exquisite Blue bookmark used to mark your place in your favourite book or to enhance that Coffee Table book which takes pride of place in your home. Stitched using the beautiful techniques of Traditional Japanese Beading it is worked in quality Japanese Toho Beads, with highlights of Swarovski crystals on a Spanish made Jacquard Braid. This kit includes all materials that you will need to create this project with clear instructions and Pictures supplied to make it suitable for both Beginners to this form of Embroidery and experienced embroiderers.
You will need a roller frame or set stretcher bars 15-20cm x 30cm (6"-8" x 12") to work this project. In addition it would be beneficial to have a Koma, bead shoe and Tekobari or alternate laying tool.
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This is an email that I sent when one of my friends asked me what the deal was for kneeling to receive the Blessed Sacrament; why do people do it in general, and why do I do it in particular.
Once upon a time, everyone received Communion kneeling, all the time, for about one thousand years. For well-nigh a millennia, if not longer, every Catholic in the world assumed the practical posture of respect, and humility, before his God (the other being prostration, but that is not practical for receiving a consumable). They knew what they were doing and they knew why they were doing it – for probably all of that time, the countryside was crawling with kings and barons and dukes and earls and lords and things, who all wanted their subjects to assume the proper posture for being in their presence. People understood that they should bow or even kneel to their temporal superior, who quite possibly held their livelihood in gloved, bejeweled fingers. How much more must they have understood that it is right and proper to conduct themselves with even more humility before the Blessed Sacrament, which is God. People should know who and what they are in relation to each other and especially to God. One of the gifts of the Holy Spirit is "fear of the Lord". It is not such for nothing.
However, time passed and what with the Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, people began to get uppity. Sometimes it was good, and we had the American Revolution. Sometimes it went overboard, and we had the bloodbath of the French Revolution. England went through a totally schizophrenic phase and couldn't decide what religion it was going to be that year or whether or not they'd suffer the current monarch to live. As nobility gradually lost more and more power, and the monarchy gradually became more and more of a joke, ordinary people didn't have much of a temporal hierarchy to show them how to behave towards a spiritual hierarchy. Little by little, the formal acts denoting the balances of rank and respect faded into empty courtesies. Men stopped kneeling to anyone, and bowed to whomever they wished. It became a greeting between anybody. Those bows became slighter and slighter until they turned into head nods. Men stopped doffing their hats with a flourish, and substituted tipping them instead. That tipping turned into touching, that touching to motioning somewhere in the vicinity of his hairline. The curtsy found itself on a milk carton. This loss of meaningful motion, if you will, had a sort of "trickle-up" effect – it started with one's local baron and went up from there.
However, when even the kings and queens were being met with bows meant more to pacify their sense of propriety than any actual deference, the Church was different. People still clung to the knowledge that Churchmen were still a people set apart, and since they dealt with the holies, the mysteries, their affairs of God, laymen showed them more respect than their secular counterparts. But just because the decay was slower, did not mean it wasn't happening. First a skirt-chasing king and then an overreacting monk sent colossal shock waves through Christendom. Suddenly there was a sense that Church leaders were no more than men, and somewhat distasteful ones at that. Confidence was shaken and respect lost. Even through it all, though, the notion that God was supreme, and that the Blessed Sacrament was indeed His Body and Blood, Soul and Divinity, remained. People still knelt down to receive their Lord. They still understood, on some level or other, where they were in relation to God.
Towards the middle of the 20th century, the Uppity chart had another enormous spike, far outstripping the previous one. God didn't matter, and if He did, everything was cool, because Jesus is our homeboy. The world looked at religion and said, "Who cares? It's all good… except when you make me do something I don't feel like doing." Catholics looked at the Church and said the same thing. God became radically unimportant. Jesus became a buddy instead of Lord, and buddies don't ask us to kneel to them. They offer to fist-bump us instead. Religion became unprecedentedly casual. The sense of awe for God, the reverence, the knowledge that He is an omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent deity with all the power of life and death, creation and destruction, miracles and wonders, who made us, taught us, saved us from ourselves and from sin and death, and who gives us the ability to exist and act, had all but disappeared.
Reception of the Blessed Sacrament had been understood as an intimate encounter with God in a totally unique way, yet undeniably while in communion ("common union") with the others at Mass. It was stripped down to its skivvies, so to speak, to be taught as merely another way we the faithful express our union with each other at Mass (note that I refer to reception, that is, how we receive, not the sacrament itself), with exactly the same meaning and significance as standing together in the pews. Reception became all about us, without a whit for God. Eventually we regained a single scrap of sanity, and the bishops decided that people should be encouraged to bow before receiving the Sacred Species.
Standing to receive Communion is the norm in the United States. It became the norm after a bunch of obstinate, misguided people refused to stop standing to receive Communion. It used to be a liturgical abuse. However, in this case the squeaky wheel got the grease – the bishops caved, petitioned "The Vatican" (here used in its inaccurate catch-all definition of "someone in the upper levels of the hierarchy but I'm not sure who"), somebody at "The Vatican" caved as well, and those obstinate, misguided people had a field day while dragging the rest of us down. The bishops rationalized this incredible display of their real identity as invertebrates along these lines: People are raising a giant stink about this. We can't get certain priests (and perhaps other bishops) to knuckle down and tell people NO, you really can't do that and how dare you display such disobedience and flagrant disrespect. The fire is raging and we're tired of trying to put it out. And all things considered (in my opinion they couldn't possibly have considered "all things" but again IMO they obviously didn't consider the Biggest Thing), it's really Not That Bad… right?? And poof, an abuse became, not only legitimate, but THE NORM. Those bishops didn't just say "Well, ok, I guess we can tolerate it," but said "Hey guess what! EVERYBODY has to do this thing that used to be WRONG!!!!1!!!!11!!!! :D :D Oh and btw you can just forget about what your conscience tells you because if I catch you kneeling I will refuse you Communion, or pull you to your feet, or otherwise embarrass and persecute you." (Yes, those things did happen, and there are many cases on video even now.)
It took awhile, but eventually the CDW (Congregation for Divine Worship) received enough letters to write something definitive in reply. Here are three letters addressing this issue. From the first one comes this quote: "In fact, as His Eminence, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger has recently emphasized, the practice of kneeling for Holy Communion has in its favor a centuries-old tradition, and it is a particularly expressive sign of adoration, completely appropriate in light of the true, real and substantial presence of Our Lord Jesus Christ under the consecrated species." Additionally, from an interview of Cardinal Canizares, current head of the CDW, comes this quote:
"The pope then, to give greater prominence to the due reverence with which we must approach the Body of Christ, wished that the faithful who receive Communion from his hands do so on their knees. This seemed to me a beautiful and edifying initiative of the Bishop of Rome. The present norms do not require anyone to do the same. But neither do they prevent it."
There is something of a siren song in things which are meant to be symbols, signs, and other quiet messages of larger truths and realities. Just because an action, object, etc., has a meaning, or has a reason, does not mean that the meaning or reason is true, accurate, applicable, or enlightening. Also, just because two items have related meanings/reasons does not mean they are interchangeable or of equal value. For example: Standing to receive Communion has a meaning, and so does kneeling. One aspect of properly forming our consciences is learning how to evaluate their importance, truth, applicability, and value. Standing is a sign of Christian unity, full stop. That is the meaning/reason for why it is the norm at this time. Kneeling is a sign of right orientation with respect to how we should comport ourselves in the close proximity of Jesus. That is the meaning/reason for why it had been the norm for over 1000 years. If it is written that at the name of Jesus every knee shall bend, then what are we saying when we do not bend the knee when He is before us, hidden under the guise of bread? My conscience does not permit me to think that standing to receive my Lord as though I am going through a lunchline is ok for me to do. Other people are in different situations, so I don't bother thinking about whether it's right or wrong for them to stand. It is not forbidden, and I'm not going to act like it is. Rather like wearing my veil, it is an understanding I have come to for myself within the guidelines of Church law.
I consider commenting negatively about a person's decision to kneel for Communion in the same light as commenting negatively about a person for wearing a veil, or having a home altar, or genuflecting before the tabernacle, or bowing at the name of Jesus, or kissing their thumb-cross after the Sign of the Cross, or just plain praying too much. It's foolishness, and rooted in mean-spiritedness. I think it's silly and narrowminded to expect everyone never to do more than the bare minimum. That being said, it's common knowledge that wherever the minimum is, that's where most people tend to be. Lower it, and people will sink. Raise it, and people will rise. Perhaps someday kneeling at an altar rail will become the bare minimum again.
There is the argument that doing anything other than standing to receive Communion with an optional-but-encouraged bow beforehand is disruptive, that it is simply one person calling attention to herself, and that it is an inappropriately singular display of overly pious behavior.
To the first, I say that people really ought to be focusing on their own prayers, songs, and connection to the Lord, and if they're distracting themselves by people-watching and happen to be self-righteous enough to take umbrage, then it is their own darn fault.
To the second, I say that if indeed the kneeler is putting on some kind of production, they should be corrected, because NO ONE should be putting on a show at Mass. However, someone dropping to their knees and then taking all of an extra second to get up, all the while attempting to be graceful and not taking up extra space, is not an attention-calling action at all. It is different, yes, and perhaps surprising the first few times it is witnessed by various people, but so is anyone else who receives in an "alternate" fashion – the woman who receives the Precious Blood instead of the Body, for instance, or someone in a wheelchair, or the little old ladies who don't leave their pews. (Our parish does not offer the Precious Blood to everyone, most likely because our pastor is aware of the hypocritical numbers game involved in offering the Precious Blood while also enlisting Extraordinary Ministers of Holy Communion.)
As for the last one, it particularly gets my dander up. It falls under the principle of catering to the least common denominator. There are some people who take offense to anyone who does more of anything that they do. How dare they go to Confession more than once a year! How dare they pray the Rosary every morning! How dare they genuflect when crossing in front of the tabernacle! They're making MEEEEEEEEEEE look bad! If traveled through its logical course, this route will slowly strip away all the exterior, and then interior differences between people; never requiring more of those who do less, but requiring less of those who do more. Well, the least common denominator are those "cultural Catholics" who don't go to Mass or pray at all! We shouldn't look any more pious than they are, because of course that's being a show-off. And poof, the whole religion crumbles because no one practices or believes anything anymore.
And that brings me to my last point: lex orandi, lex credendi, lex vivendi. It's the principle that the law of faith, the law of belief, and the law of life are all interconnected. How we pray – our words and actions – molds what we believe, and that affects how we live (and the other way 'round, too). It is very important that our words and actions embody and reflect the truths we as Catholics hold, otherwise our personal beliefs will go haywire. For me, I must assume what my properly-formed conscience tells me is the appropriate posture for receiving the Blessed Sacrament, because I believe certain things about the nature of the Host and the nature of God, and my relation to Him. I used to stand to receive Communion like everyone else, and it was one of the major contributing factor in becoming a functional atheist when I was a teenager. My body language, my actions, told me that this was just some random non-tasty thing that I was eating. It was not holy, or sacred, or even very important. When I came out of that bleak era, I quickly realized that I did not feel right just shuffling along like I used to. I started genuflecting and then standing back up to receive. That got old relatively fast because after awhile I felt like I was cheating; as though I were curtsying to the Queen and then standing up to slap her on the back and ask her about that local sports team. So I started kneeling and haven't looked back.
I did catch some flack for it a couple times. Once was while I was at my old parish – no sanctuary of orthodoxy there – and the priest harrumphed, rolled his eyes, whispered, "You're not supposed to do that," and fortunately still gave me Communion. For months after that my parents were mystified because I was sporadically receiving and not receiving Communion. My dad asked me if I wanted to go to Confession with him that Saturday (the not-so-subtle "are you in mortal sin?" angle), but I said no and next Sunday I received Communion. My mom noticed it first. Whenever we sat on the left side of the church, thereby getting funneled into the line to receive communion from whoever the priest was that Sunday, I stayed in the pew. When we sat on the right side, and in no danger of a repeat scene, I went up. Luckily it wasn't too long after that that I switched to my current parish and now don't have to deal with it anymore.
Two other blips in the record: When the swine flu hysteria first peaked, and our pastor was really skittish about Communion on the tongue and said so in his homily, I stood and received Communion in the hand out of obedience to his direct request to us, his parishioners. The next week he seemed to have calmed down, and I went back to kneeling.
The other one was at Easter Vigil. The pastor had brought up kneeling in passing during the "rehearsal" for those receiving their sacraments, and since he did actually mention that it was not the norm, plus I knew that as a sponsor I would have a lot of non-understanding eyes on me, I decided the most prudential thing to do would be to receive standing (but still on the tongue) to prevent idle gossip and a wounded pastor. He's a good man and an excellent priest, and has too many other people making trouble for him for me to add to it.
If you have any questions, feel free to ask. I promise not to write a book for ALL of them.