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Toby Barnard (University of Oxford)
The ambiguities in publicizing Catholic loyalty in mid-eighteenth century Ireland
This paper focuses on printed accounts of Irish Catholics in the eighteenth century. In particular it considers the few known printed funeral sermons and how they treated their recently dead subjects. The lengthiest and in many ways most interesting is that for Father John Murphy in 1753. Its format and tenor are compared with those for other Catholics, both priests and lay-people. There are also suggestions about differences in the use of the genre by the Church of Ireland, Presbyterians and other Protestant dissenters. How then exemplary Catholics were memorialized and the extent to which defiance or submission was emphasized will be discussed.
John Bergin (Queen's University Belfast)
Daniel Macnamara: from Jacobite to Hanoverian
Daniel Macnamara (1720–1800), from Ardcloony, Co. Clare, had a highly successful career as a lawyer in London. He was the last important representative of a tradition of Irish-born Catholic conveyancers or 'chamber counsel', who combined London agency for Irish clients (often Protestants) with lobbying on behalf of the Irish Catholic interest. Among his predecessors (such as the lawyers Adam Colclough, Peter Sexton and Dennis Molony) and his friends (such as the Irish merchant George Fitzgerald, junior) a good deal of evidence of Jacobite sympathies and activity may be found. These Irishmen in England sprang from families which had served James II in Ireland: Macnamara himself was a grandson of Florence Macnamara, an officer in King James' Irish army and MP for Ennis in the parliament of 1689. Some of the earliest evidence for Daniel Macnamara in London concerns his Jacobite activism in the 1750s. Yet he was subsequently employed by the Dukes of Bedford and became a close friend of Richard Rigby, a Bedford ally and Irish chief secretary during the 4th Duke's Irish viceroyalty, 1756–61. In later life, Macnamara's celebrated political dinners were a regular fixture at his Streatham villa: the Prince of Wales, William Pitt and other political figures were among his guests, where they mingled with Macnamara's clients. From 1778 he was retained (and handsomely paid) by the Irish Catholic Committee as their London agent. Like his clients and the rest of his social circle, he was thoroughly respectable and (Catholic relief apart) politically conservative: he was alarmed by the proposed tax on Irish absentees and horrified by the French Revolution. His career might be seen in some respects as embodying the journey from Jacobite to Hanoverian allegiance.
Michael Breidenbach (University of Cambridge)
British Catholic sources of American religious liberty
Within the budding literature of 'Catholic Enlightenment', historians have identified a particular strand of eighteenth-century Catholic political and religious thought in Europe and America that contrasts the ultramontanism of the next century. Little effort, however, has been made in identifying, tracing, and examining a transatlantic Catholicism flowing from Europe to America. This paper is interested in the particular constellation of eighteenth-century Catholic discourses in Britain and America concerning the nature of papal power, the relationship between church and state, and the content and parameters of religious liberty. As previous scholars have suggested, but without precision, Catholics within the British Empire appropriated the assumptions and claims of the Parisian conciliarist tradition, nationally manifested in English Cisalpinism and Scottish conciliarism. This paper will argue that a specific group of American Catholics who were educated in Continental Europe and England—John, Charles, and Daniel Carroll of Maryland—were well ensconced in this tradition: they were educated by, corresponded with, and read these conciliarists with approval. Upon returning to America at the outset of the Revolutionary War, they employed these ideas in framing religious liberty legislation and establishing the American Catholic Church, including a rejection of the pope's temporal power, a commitment to constitutional republicanism, even ecclesiastically, and an acknowledgement of the rights of individual conscience and resistance. America's British Revolution of 1776, unlike Britain's Revolution of 1688, could establish a sufficient legislative recourse for Catholic religious liberty precisely because these American Catholics rejected the pope's temporal power, the confessional state, and sectarian preferentialism and intolerance.
Maurice Bric (University College Dublin)
Supporting Catholic Emancipation in Quebec: the Paradox of Protest and Loyalty, 1820–30
Ian Campbell (University College Dublin)
Catholic loyalists, Catholic monarchomachs, and Protestant Power in Seventeenth Century Ireland.
Abstract: What did the seventeenth-century universities teach about Catholic loyalty to Protestant princes, and did this teaching inflect political discourse among the Irish Catholic elite? This paper will explain the theory of Protestant power taught in Europe's Catholic universities well into the eighteenth century and examine the uses to which the Irish elite put this theory. The remarkable fact is that even those Irish radicals who hated English, Protestant, Stuart monarchy in Ireland and worked from the 1610s through to the 1660s to destroy that monarchy never argued that Protestants were incapable of lawful rule over Catholics merely because they were Protestant. All the Catholic universities taught that it was heresy to imagine that sinners (and Protestants were no more than sinners) lost their rights to property and political power; and Ireland's Catholic loyalists and monarchomachs agreed that Protestants could lawfully rule Catholics, make binding agreements with them, and even contract valid marriages with Catholics. Disagreement between loyalists and revolutionaries focused on two issues. First, whether or not Ireland's Protestant monarchs had promulgated positive laws which contravened natural law, the law that all humans could perceive simply because they were human and upon which all positive law was based. Such contravention of natural law was widely recognised as grounds for disobedience to the monarch and even his or her deposition. Second, whether the pope possessed the right to depose monarchs who threatened the true church. Historians of early modern Ireland, following the work of Breandán Ó Buachalla, have argued that the Irish Catholic elite coped with Protestant monarchy by distinguishing rigidly between their spiritual and temporal loyalties. This inaccurate simplification neglects both political doctrines which were fundamental to university curricula, and the anxious engagement of Catholic loyalists with their disloyal co-religionists.
Liam Chambers (Mary Immaculate College, Limerick)
Loyalty, Toleration and the Irish Catholic Community, 1748–1766
The period between the end of the War of the Austrian Succession and the death of James III witnessed the development of Irish Catholic arguments in favour of toleration, drawing on continental European models and Enlightenment ideas, as well as increasingly public professions of loyalty to the Hanoverian state on the part of some members of the Irish Catholic community. The fact that the majority of the community continued to look on James III as their legitimate ruler ensured that debates about toleration and loyalty, while they were not new, were deeply controversial. This paper reconsiders the nature of these debates by examining the increasing use of the printing press to make the case for Irish Catholics, the initiatives to present loyal addresses to George II and George III and the early efforts to establish more organised Catholic lobbying structures. These activities involved a wide spectrum of the Catholic community including gentry, merchants, professionals and clergy. Indeed, the debates about proposed legislation for the registration of Catholic clergy in 1756 and 1757, and the related 'Trimleston Pastoral' issued by Archbishop Michael O'Reilly of Armagh and a small group of Episcopal colleagues, reveals the extent to which Catholic clergy were willing to offer loyalty to the state, long before the death of James III. The paper argues that clerical engagement in the debates about toleration and loyalty during this period extended to the continent. O'Reilly, for example, had strong connections to the Irish clerical community in Paris and was one of a number of reformers or 'zelanti', identified by Hugh Fenning, with bases in Dublin, Armagh and the French capital. In 1759 a new edition of Louis Moréri's Le grand dictionnnaire historique included a series of Irish entries penned by the Cork-born priest and influential proviseur at the Irish Collège des Lombards in Paris, David Henegan. Towards the end of his long essay on 'Irlande', Henegan made a case for the toleration of Irish Catholics, pointed to the Dutch Republic as a model (an idea that had been floated in Dublin in 1757) and effectively argued for the accommodation of Irish Catholics to the Hanoverian state. That Henegan, perhaps the leading Irish clerical figure in Paris, could take such a bold public position just over a decade after the Battle of Fontenoy is startling. Despite the important work of Maureen Wall, Hugh Fenning, Patrick Fagan and others, the nature of Catholic debates about loyalty and toleration between 1748 and 1766 remains surprisingly understudied. This paper offers a fresh evaluation of the issues, which were to dominate Irish politics later in the century, and beyond.
Liesbeth Corens (University of Cambridge)
'Bound to his Majesty': The English Catholic Expatriate Community as exiles, traitors, and loyal subjects.
In the eyes of the English state, every Catholic was a potential traitor, and their going abroad an incentive for plotting. In Catholic polemics, their stay on the Continent was one of loyal subjects exiled for their faith. This paper assesses how these opposite interpretations were shaped and interrelated during the period when Titus Oates's conspiracy theories caused heightened concern about the dangers of Catholics abroad. It focuses on how English Catholics negotiated their going abroad in relation to their allegiance to the king and their faith. By combining official legislation, printed defences, and family archives, it explores how these different source bases explain one another, and lay bare a more broad and varied spectrum between loyalty and resistance.
John Cunningham (Trinity College Dublin/University of Freiburg)
Catholic loyalty in Ireland from the Cromwellian Conquest to the Stuart Restoration
The conquest of Ireland between 1649 and 1653 undermined two of the key focuses of Catholic loyalty: the Catholic Church and the Stuart monarchy. This upheaval meant that Irish Catholic relations with the state had to be redefined. On the one hand, the Catholics believed that the terms of the various articles of surrender granted to them in 1651–2 provided a type of contractual basis for the safeguarding of their much-weakened position under the new regime. On the other hand, Catholics wishing to remain in the country were expected to subscribe an engagement of loyalty 'to the Commonwealth of England, as it is now established, without a King or House of Lords'. By 1659 the Catholics were able to argue that their record of obedience since 1652 entitled them to better treatment. Just a year later, the emphasis shifted back towards professions of loyalty to the Stuarts, with Catholic expectations again resting on articles, this time the Ormond Peace of 1649. This paper will explore the nature of Irish Catholic loyalty to the state in the 1650s: was it simply a matter of necessity? How was it related to seemingly similar English Catholic efforts to reach an accommodation with the authorities? These under-examined aspects provide an appropriate background against which to assess Catholic efforts to recover their position after 1660. They can also been seen as foreshadowing the experience of the 1690s, when the Catholics had again to deal with the challenges that arose in the aftermath of military defeat.
Aidan Enright (Cardiff University)
'I see no inconsistency in my being a good Catholic and a good Englishman': The competing loyalties of English Catholics from the Declaration of Papal Infallibility to Irish Home Rule
The thoughts of John Henry Newman in his letter to the Duke of Norfolk in January 1875, they closely resembled the reactions of many English Catholics when, in November 1874, their loyalties to the Pope and the Protestant British state were deemed incompatible by W. E. Gladstone in his pamphlet on the Vatican Decrees. But even though elite English Catholics were more or less of one voice in professing their loyalty to the state in response to such Protestant misgivings, their loyalty to the Vatican in the wake of the Declaration of Papal Infallibility in 1870 was very much up for debate in Catholic periodicals and pamphlets. Liberals, like Newman, either questioned the necessity of the declaration, or, like Lord John Acton, outright opposed it; while ultramontanes, like the Duke of Norfolk, wholeheartedly supported the edicts of Rome. The battle lines were similarly drawn when Gladstone introduced his first Irish home rule bill in 1886. Some Liberals, like Lord Ripon, supported home rule and insisted that their loyalty to the state was not compromised; while ultramontanes, like the Earl of Denbigh, opposed it and deemed the former disloyal. It will therefore be the concern of this paper to examine competing versions of English Catholic loyalty, which, in the end, only served to further undermine their credentials as loyal citizens in the minds of already sceptical Protestants.
Ultan Gillen (Teesside University)
Irish Catholic Loyalty and the French Revolution
This paper examines Catholic loyalty in the era of the French Revolution, concentrating on the sermons of the Catholic hierarchy and the pamphlets of the prominent Catholic activist and later government pensioner, Theobald McKenna. It examines the arguments they used to try to convince the government and the supporters of Protestant Ascendancy that their loyalty was genuine, and the arguments they used to try to convince Catholics to be loyal. It also examines how Catholic loyalists continued to push for reform even as resistance to change intensified during the course of the 1790s. The question of Irish Catholic loyalty raises issues surrounding the nature of the confessional state in Ireland and its relations with the majority of the population, as well as Anglo-Irish relations, and the effects of the Revolutionary Wars on national identity in Britain and Ireland. It also gives an insight into European Catholic reactions to the French Revolution and the threat its principles and actions posed to the Church. It sheds light on the construction of counter-revolution in Ireland. The paper argues that ultimately while Irish Catholic loyalists and their allies in England like the Burkes succeeded in convincing the London government of their loyalty, they were doomed to be marginal figures, along with their Whig allies, once Fitzwilliam had been recalled in 1795. They were part of a centre ground that could not hold in the polarised atmosphere of the 1790s.
Gabriel Glickman (Warwick University)
The Catholic interest and the politics of the overseas empire 1660–1702
Recent studies of British national consciousness have described the imperial and Protestant identities of the three kingdoms advancing naturally hand-in-hand. However, between 1660 and 1688, a striking number of English and Irish Catholics played visible roles in the development of the nascent overseas empire. From Tangier to New York and the Leeward Islands, men liable to prosecution for recusancy when they stepped back on British shores could be witnessed occupying high civil or military offices, circumventing the penal laws by establishing themselves in places where the writ of parliament did not run. This paper will look firstly at how individuals such as the first Lord Belasyse, Sir Thomas Dongan and Sir William Stapleton developed careers within the overseas dominions, and then show how the empire had become increasingly central to the thinking of Catholic circles at the Stuart court, where the search for global mastery was perceived as a political and intellectual alternative to the European obligations championed by Whigs and confessional Protestants. However, Catholic penetration of the empire did not go unnoticed, and the paper will show how the promotions made through imperial service raised a series of controversies that drew the overseas dominions into the domestic conflicts arising from fears of popery and arbitrary government. The resultant debates wrought a lasting impact on the strategic and ideological character of British imperialism into the eighteenth century.
Richard Keogh (University of Northumbria)
The 'repeal' of Catholic emancipation? The Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 and Irish Catholic loyalty
In 1850, Pope Pius IX's restoration of a Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales generated widespread indignation and reinvigorated anti-Catholicism across the isles. Even the Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, in an inflammatory letter to the Bishop of Durham condemned the Pope's actions as 'Papal aggression'. Russell proceeded to add injury to insult when his government proposed, and then successfully passed, the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851. This piece of anti-Catholic legislation, and the bill that had preceded it, had mobilised the politics of the Catholic 'establishment' in a manner not seen since the campaign for emancipation. This paper reconstructs the rhetoric and discourse that characterised the opposition to the bill, and responses to the act, of elite Irish Catholics.
Given that the tests of loyalty were in the hands of the Protestant state, it is unsurprising that public displays of Catholic loyalty were energised in response to times of heightened anti-Catholicism. By taking the reference point of Catholic emancipation, and invoking the rhetoric that the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill would 'repeal' the act of 1829, these Catholics were successfully able to contest the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill as citizens with rights rather than subjects with duties, whilst ensuring that their loyalty remained intact. Moreover, it is argued that by contesting the anti-Catholicism of the state, the 'loyalty' of these Catholics was not undermined. This paper demonstrates that periods of intense anti-Catholicism could serve to re-define Catholic loyalty, and reveals the contractarian and conditional nature of this identity in mid-Victorian Ireland.
Eoin Kinsella (University College Dublin)
Preventing dispossession: Protestant support for Catholic landowners in Ireland, 1660–1702
The latter half of the seventeenth century provided a series of challenges to Irish Catholics, particularly in relation to the security of their land tenure. Suspicions regarding the sincerity of Catholic loyalty, commonly held among the Protestant polity, appeared in a variety of ways during the Restoration and Williamite eras, yet Catholic landowners also received support from Protestant neighbours and acquaintances at crucial junctures; notably during 1660s and 1690s. While many Catholics could construct convincing cases in the decade after the Restoration pleading their loyalty to the exiled Stuart court, the situation was quite different in the 1690s. Those who appeared before the courts of claims during that decade could rarely fall back on assertions of loyalty to support attempts to retain their land. To claim under the articles of surrender was, essentially, to admit having partaken in rebellion. Even so, no claim passed the court without the support of three Protestant witnesses. For other Catholics who were ineligible for trial before the courts of claims, direct appeals to William III for a royal pardon were necessary. Such petitions were frequently accompanied by certificates from Irish Protestants attesting to the 'good behaviour' of the appellant.
This paper will explore the various ways in which Irish Protestants supported their Catholic counterparts at times when Catholics were particularly vulnerable to the loss of their lands. The language employed within Catholic petitions seeking to demonstrate their loyalty will also be contrasted with that used by their Protestant counterparts, such as William King's State of the Protestants in Ireland (1691). The paper will also address the central role played by the threat of land dispossession in determining where the loyalty of Irish Catholics lay.
Alexander Lock (University of Leeds)
The Grand Tours and Conflicting Identities of Eighteenth-Century English Catholic Travellers: Sir Thomas Gascoigne and Henry Swinburne, 1775–1779
In the autumn of 1775 Henry Swinburne (1743–1803) and his travelling companion, and patron, Sir Thomas Gascoigne (1745–1810) embarked upon an extensive Grand Tour of Spain, France and Italy. The details of their tour were later published by Swinburne as Travels Through Spain in the Years 1775 and 1776 (1779) and Travels in the Two Sicilies (1783–1785) which established Swinburne's reputation as a travel writer. Using extensive primary source material this paper will explore the writing and reception of Swinburne's Travels and delineate Swinburne's and Gascoigne's tours through Spain and Italy. It will outline the mode in which they travelled, and explore their reception and their reactions to Continental culture, customs and especially religion. Both Swinburne and Gascoigne were descended from English Catholic gentry families and had separately spent their formative years on the Continent. It will be argued that the fact of their religion and upbringing gave both men a cultural advantage over their contemporaries, such as Philip Thicknesse (1719–1792), allowing them easy access to elite social circles and Continental religious institutions. The fact of their faith, however, did not make the travellers overly sympathetic to the Catholic Church on the Continent and both were critical of what they described as 'the strange practices of religion' and 'superstition' they observed. Such opinions were shared by many of their Protestant compatriots travelling on the Continent, who similarly represented this Continental Catholicism as superstitious and as having a stultifying effect upon the population and economy. This paper, therefore, will demonstrate and analyse how Gascoigne and Swinburne viewed faith on the Continent; they judged it not on its own terms but in relation to all that they patriotically felt England stood for despite their Continental upbringing and despite the prejudices they would have encountered as Catholics in Anglican England. Whilst abroad they perceived themselves specifically as loyal 'Englishmen' and as adopting a peculiarly, more enlightened, English form of the faith.
Emma Lyons (National Library of Ireland)
Infancy, lunacy and loyalty: a case study of the Lattin family during the 1660s
During the 1650s there occurred what T.W. Moody has termed 'the most catastrophic land-confiscation and social upheaval in Irish history' (N.H.I., iii, xliv), which resulted in those deemed to have supported or taken part in the 1641 Rebellion forfeiting their property. The Lattin family from county Kildare were just one of thousands of Catholic families who were recorded as having lost their estates during the Cromwellian settlements. However, whilst the Lattins were recorded as having been transplanted, the family remained in possession of their estate during the 1650s and 1660s, retaining a significant portion of their estate on the eve of the eighteenth century. In order for this to be possible, the family would have had to prove their loyalty, a difficult task given that they had apparently voted in the confederate elections of 1640 and had supported the rebels during the 1641 Rebellion. This paper will therefore focus upon the Lattin family's efforts to demonstrate their loyalty during the 1660s, the means by which they sought to explain and rationalise their past actions, and their reliance upon third parties to support their claims of loyalty.
C. Ivar McGrath (University College Dublin)
Catholic recruitment into the British regular army, 1692–1770
It is well known that Irish Catholics were recruited into the French, Spanish, and other European armies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The reasons for such recruitment are complex, but one justification traditionally put forward as being in some part contributory to the phenomenon was the absence of similar opportunities in Ireland, where a blanket-ban on Catholic recruitment was instigated in the 1690s and not withdrawn until after the commencement of the repeal of the Penal Laws in the 1770s. However, it has also more recently started to be acknowledged that despite such a ban, some Catholic recruitment did occur in the British regular army units based in Ireland or sent overseas from Ireland to other parts of the emerging British empire. This paper examines the extent of such recruitment, how it was facilitated, why it occurred, and the degree to which the blanket-ban was or was not applied, ultimately with a view to addressing aspects of Irish Catholic engagement with the state in eighteenth-century Ireland and, more generally, with the British empire.
Tom McInally (University of Aberdeen)
Cardinal Charles Erskine and the transfer of Jacobite loyalties to the House of Hanover
When James VII started his campaign in Ireland almost the entire student community of the Scots College in Paris enlisted in his army. They were joined by a significant number of alumni of all the Scots Colleges abroad many of whom were professional soldiers. They served with distinction and a number gave their lives in James' service. For over half a century the members of the Scots Colleges fought and died for the king, his son and grandson. However, at the end of the eighteenth century the colleges were serving the military interests of the House of Hanover and making similar sacrifices. This was not so much a transfer of loyalties as a redefinition of objectives. The reasons behind the change are complex but one man, an alumnus of the Pontifical Scots College in Rome, Cardinal Charles Erskine, played a pivotal role in helping the transition. As papal envoy to the court of George III he was a strong advocate for cooperation between the Catholic community and Protestant Britain. He succeeded to a large extent while gaining respect at court despite the disadvantages of being a Catholic prelate, the son of an exiled Jacobite rebel and the friend and protégé of the Stuart claimant to the British thrones, Cardinal Henry Duke of York. This paper will attempt to explain the means he used and the immediate consequences of his success.
Oliver Rafferty (Heythrop College, University of London)
Irish Catholics and the State 1800–1870
The aim here is to give a brief overview of Catholic loyalty to the Union in the first seventy-years of its existence. After the initial disappointment, expressed by some, of the failure to grant emancipation in the context of the Union, Catholics showed themselves by turns loyal and rebellious. Government attempts to restrict the freedom of the Catholic Church by means of the veto over episcopal appointments met with great resistance although the lead here was taken by laymen rather than by clerics. O'Connell's emancipation and repeal campaigns did not of themselves weaken a connection with the Crown, but the perception of government inaction during the Famine put the relationship with the Union under considerable strain. The remarkable thing, however, is not the extent of disloyalty but the abject failure of appeals to revolutionary activity in the face of perceived government indifference. Archbishop Cullen's arrival in Ireland in 1850 marks a turning point in the church's evaluation of its relationship with the state, but Cullen's intention was the improvement of the church's status within the UK rather than per se seeking to align Catholics with forces which would lead to the break of up of the Union. A vehement opponent of political violence Cullen aimed to steer Catholics away from flirtations with Fenianism and to concentrate on Catholic social and political advancement. The disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1870 was a watershed in the church's ambitions and represented exactly the sort of Catholic ecclesiastical triumph that Cullen hoped would govern all Catholic exchanges with the state. Throughout some attention will be given to the international dimension of the issue especially to the papacy's concern for stability in church–state relations in Europe as a whole.
Patrick Walsh (University College Dublin/University College London)
'Rendering unto Caesar what is Caesar's': Catholics, taxes, and the Irish fiscal military state
The idea of 'credible commitment' has become popular with historians seeking to explain the growth of the fiscal-military state and political stability in Britain, or at least England, in the period after the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688. This thesis first developed by American economists Douglas North and Barry Weingast suggests that political and economic institutions were able to develop in Britain because the revolution settlement guaranteed individual property rights, therefore allowing individuals to invest in and support the state.
In Ireland the revolution was not so 'glorious'; the Catholic majority were excluded from participation in the structures of the new Williamite state, while the Protestant minority were forced to adopt a defensive stance to protect their hard-won legal privileges and property rights. Despite this unpromising outlook the eighteenth-century Irish state was able to fund itself collecting taxes and raising loans as necessary. This ability to raise regular revenue, predominantly through a customs and excise system which permeated every corner of the kingdom, suggests a strong degree of acquiescence and loyalty from the Catholic majority to the institutions of the Williamite and especially the Hanoverian state. Catholic loyalty to the state's financial initiatives could be seen in other areas too, with some Catholics financially willing to support the state, both through investment in the Irish, and indeed British, national debt, as well as through offering support for the putative bank of Ireland in 1720 and the actual bank in 1783. Some such offers were rebuffed however with both the aborted Bank of Ireland scheme of 1720 and the successful scheme of 1783 excluding Catholic directors.
These exclusions have often been read as evidence of Protestant fears, but perhaps they may also be considered as reactions to expressions of Catholic commitment to the financial structures of the Irish state. This paper will examine the complexities of the Catholic financial relationship to the eighteenth century Irish state. It will demonstrate that both through their acquiescence to taxation and to through the willingness of some Catholics to invest in the state, many Irish Catholics demonstrated loyalty and 'commitment' to the post revolution state.
Mark Williams (Oxford University)
The Cultural Limits of Catholic Loyalty: Communication, Misrepresentation, and Accommodation in Ireland and England, 1650–1685
The articulation and successful implementation of a model (or models) of Catholic 'loyalty' in the late seventeenth century hinged not only upon the eloquent grafting of theological principles onto politically pragmatic ideas, but also upon the cultural limits in which individuals and communities had to express those ideas. No matter how accommodating or seemingly principled notions of loyalty to the state may have been for an individual or community, failure to communicate and represent those models of loyalty in a language comprehensible and familiar to a wider political audience often doomed such attempts to failure.
Central to such failures were contrasting cultural engagements with the wider Catholic European world. In England, a growing fascination with and concern for Continental European articulations of loyalty and state power both reinforced and challenged existing ideas of loyalty: the rise of Jansenism and the assertion of Gallican liberties in France simultaneously provided a language with which to question the monolithic powers of Rome and develop a model for Catholic loyalty at home. Moreover, increasingly common Protestant encounters with European Catholicism through exile and travel challenged polemical representations of Catholicism: increased access to foreign books, communication with Catholic intellectuals and merchants, and other such encounters suggested a much deeper, considered sense of Catholic loyalty was feasible. In contrast, Ireland's longer-term engagement with Continental Catholicism proved to be a double-edged sword. Familiarity with the courts and colleges of Europe allowed key voices – including Father Peter Talbot and Father Peter Walsh – to articulate ideas of Catholic loyalty with the added cultural currency of European support. Reliance upon Irish merchants and clergy as vital communication links with Catholic Europe were vital both to the sustaining of the exiled Stuart courts and the security of the Dublin government after the Restoration. Nevertheless, as this paper will show, the place of these Irish Catholics within Europe was frequently misunderstood and misrepresented on all sides across genres of print, oral culture, and political debate. This resulted in a broader failure to find a common language across England and Ireland through which to imagine and implement models of Catholic loyalty.


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Free Online Resources
The following online resources can be used to help you sharpen your computer science, cyber security, and programming skills–for free.
Join the conversation!
Have questions about cyber security? Looking for help in learning a new computer science skill? Join the conversation in the NodeSC Slack channel.
Slack (www.slack.com) is a group chat tool that allows you to speak with other NodeSC students and volunteers who can help answer your security and computer science questions. It is monitored by security professionals and NodeSC volunteers to ensure the conversation is kept at a high quality.
To request an invitation to the NodeSC Slack, contact NodeSC (https://nodesc.org/contactus/). Any students interested in joining the NodeSC Slack must register using a valid SC school email address.

subset: commoncrawl


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Web Design
CTU web design team is made up of number of individuals located around the world with unique talents. We handle every project as a team to ensure each component of your website gets the proper attention to shine in cyberspace and to make the process easier for you. We assign a single contact person from our lead development team who manages all the aspects, serving as the perfect bridge between you and our skilled gurus.
Web Design Walk-through
- Complimentary Consultation
- Forming of the Site Map
- Creation of the Artwork
- Content Addition
- Optional Custom Programming / Functionality
- SEO & SMM Optimization
Starting with our complimentary consultation, we capture the essence of your business and its premise. Beginning with our first step interview, we form a map of your site with all of its sections which we then hand over to our artwork team who connects with you to work with your existing color scheme, logo, and material to create your unique web theme. At the next stage, our content team takes over the project to fill in the magical words. Upon the completion of the content process, our programming team implements your relevant features like online database, client update modules, and anything else important to your website. At the final stage, we have our SEO (Search Engine Optimization) and SMM (Social Media Marketing) team bring together their talents to maximize the impact of your site. As you read through the steps above, the whole process may sound expensive and daunting, but you will be surprised at how stress-free it all will be with experienced team members and affordable, competitive pricing. We work with a wide variety of clients with ranging needs from clients with small personal projects on tight budgets to clients with offices around the world with maximum budgets.


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The FirstEdit
Named for their prominent position with the Lost's social structure, 'The First' Family are named for the role that their ancestor played in the founding of the Lost as an independent identity, separate from their 'Old brothers'. The First represent the direct descendants of the Great Nomad, He who Lead the Lost to their new home in refuge and founded the great camp that the Lost use still today. One of the most active families within the Lost's home territory and the Refuge, the First serve as the foremost tip of the Lost's spear when facing threats, gathering information of the most hazardous threats as well as acting as one of the most recognised groups of the Lost seen throughout the dead Hive. According the Traders of the First family have developed a knack for dealing with outsiders and as well as procuring necessary items from the most unlikely of sources to ensure the families survival, alongside the families Boundsmen who have become accustomed to handling the outside threats that the family face on their travels along the nomadic roads. As such the Family has ascertained a reputation for Pragmatic resilience when dealing with the denizens of other cultures as well as a stern realism about what a waits those on the nomadic roads.
The BoundEdit
One of the Youngest families of the lost, The Bound have begun to claw out a name for themselves within the lost as they continue to grow in influence and numbers. Descended from a small group of warriors from the Great migration that led the ancestors to the Refuge, the Bound pride themselves on their commitment to survival of the families and the Refuge itself, acting as one of the few families that does not walk the nomad's roads, instead choosing to settle permanently within the Refuge itself, guarding it from intruders and mutants between the time of the Elder meet. Accordingly the Bound have begun to gain a reputation for steadfast reliability in their cause and in a determination in their path that few can shake them from, with their few traders assuring a continual flow of resources into the refuge by any means necessary as well as to the families that most need it, and their Boundsmen being some of the most experienced at holding ground and fighting alongside others from outside the family at a moment's notice.


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The Pulse line can be connected to the Echo Dot through the Amazon Alexa mobile app as a Bluetooth audio device, but you will not be able to use the in app features such as dimming the lights and/or adjusting sound settings.
Here are some steps on how you can get your Pulse bulbs connected:
- Make sure that your Pulse device is powered on, and that you hear the Bluetooth startup tone. (There should be no additional beep) (If there is an additional beep, then another device is connected)
- Once the Device is powered on, and you have ensured no other devices are connected.
- Open up your Amazon Alexa app (available on the app store), and go to the Application Menu (3 horizontal bars, top left) and head to "Settings"
- In the "Alexa Devices", locate and select your Alexa device. (If you have not setup your device, please take the time to do so now.)
- In your device's menu select "Bluetooth", select Pair a New Device.
- From the "Available Speakers" menu, select your Pulse device ('C01-BR30')
- Once Paired, you will be greeted by Alexa through your Pulse speakers.


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Rediscovering Music
Mary Beth took piano lessons from about the age of four through high school. She played often as an adult, but life's moves took her away from the instrument she loved. Within a week of living at Silverado Peoria, Mary Beth found herself tickling the ivory once again. She claims that "as long as it's with one finger" she does fine, but with the assistance of Silverado's Engagement Associates who encourage her and bring in sheet music for her she has been entertaining other residents, teaching children, and has rediscovered the joy of music.
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Bill Warfield; Tim Harrison
The Lehigh University Jazz Repertory Orchestra; Tim Harrison
Theatre Location
Baker Hall, Zoellner Arts Center
Presented by
Lehigh University Music Department
Performance Dates
Friday, April 17, 2015
Jerome Richardson; Thad Jones; Earle Hagan; Hank Levy; Tim Harrison; Quincy Jones; Frank Foster; Sammy Nestico; Hoagy Carmichael; Johnny Mercer; Bob Brookmeyer; George Benson; Brad Turner
Musical Work(s)
Groove Merchant; Harlem Nocturne; Time for a Change; Kensal Rise; Soul Bossa Nova; The Waltz You Swang for Me; Shiny Stockings; Stockwell Park; Skylark; Rock-a-Bye
Document Type
Publication Date
Spring 4-17-2015
Recommended Citation
Lehigh University Music Department, "The Lehigh University Jazz Repertory Orchestra" (2015). Performance Programs. 253.


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I have seen men complain that women on dating sites often say they are looking for a "partner in crime." I can understand how seeing the same phrase over and over can become wearisome. Men (and maybe women too) on dating sites often claim they are living life to the fullest. I have no idea what that means. But I try not to be too judgmental about this kind of thing because communicating with other human beings is difficult. It's not like communicating with Kaiju when I'm lying on my bed with my computer in front of me, because he spreads himself over my forearms at such times, between my face and the keyboard, and then it is very easy to communicate with him via scritching his belly or merely inclining my face downward so that it rests directly on his flank. He communicates meanwhile by purring lustily and doing that toe-flex thing that is a vestige of kneading behavior and means he is SO HAPPY OH MY GOD.
Speaking of dating and people being impossible, yesterday's mention of Kafka's belief that he was ugly and that girls probably wouldn't want to do him for free made me think of archy and mehitabel, specifically the passage in which the cockroach archy recalls what he looked like in his previous incarnation as a human vers libre poet (it was the crime of being a vers libre poet that caused him to be reborn as a cockroach):
some vers libre poets are beautiful
but i was not
i had a little blond mustache
that every one thought was a mistake
and yet since i have died
i have thought of that
with regret
it hung over a mouth
that i found it difficult to keep closed
because of adenoidal trouble
but it would have been better
if i could have kept it closed
because the teeth within
were out of alignment
and were odd sizes
this destroyed my acoustics
as you might say
my chin was nothing much
and knew it
and timidly shrank
into itself
receding from the battle of life
my eyes were all right
but my eyebrows
were scarcely noticeable
i suppose though that if
i had had noticeable eyebrows
they would have been wrong
Don Marquis, archy's author, started writing about him in 1916, the year after Kafka published The Metamorphosis, but the first English translation of the story wasn't published until the thirties, and it seems unlikely that Marquis was influenced by it. I think he and Kafka just both saw the inherent poetic potential of the cockroach.


text:
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Hey Singstar forum, apologies if this has been discussed elsewhere but does anyone know if Sing star will be coming to ps4/ will you be able to download current songs on to the ps4 and will you be able to transfer your song list from ps3
I hope so, although it seems those dance games seem to be getting pushed more than this now, going by the launch line-up dance efforts.
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I've been thinking a lot about my family, with Christmas coming up, and of Christmases past. Whether I was bad or good for the entire year, I was always spoiled by my parents on December 25. I realize now how hard they worked to shelter and feed our family, clothe us and keep us healthy, and still get me that electronic football game or Hot Wheels SuperCharger Race Set. I've always felt fortunate, and that feeling has little to do with money.
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors is reportedly autobiographical, and about as clearly written as any work about the realization that you're poor, at least as seen through the eyes of others. But the song's beauty — besides its melody and Dolly's performance — lies in the singer's rejection of what others think of her and the realization that there are some gifts you can't put a price on.
Coat of Many Colors (performed by Dolly Parton)
Written by Dolly Parton
Back through the years
I go wanderin' once again
Back to the seasons of my youth
I recall a box of rags that someone gave us
And how my momma put the rags to use
There were rags of many colors
Every piece was small
And I didn't have a coat
And it was way down in the fall
Momma sewed the rags together
Sewin' every piece with love
She made my coat of many colors
That I was so proud of
As she sewed, she told a story
From the Bible, she had read
About a coat of many colors
Joseph wore and then she said
Perhaps this coat will bring you
Good luck and happiness
And I just couldn't wait to wear it
And momma blessed it with a kiss
My coat of many colors
That my momma made for me
Made only from rags
But I wore it so proudly
Although we had no money
I was rich as I could be
In my coat of many colors
My momma made for me
So with patches on my britches
And holes in both my shoes
In my coat of many colors
I hurried off to school
Just to find the others laughing
And making fun of me
In my coat of many colors
My momma made for me
I couldn't understand it
For I felt I was rich
And I told them of the love
My momma sewed in every stitch
And I told 'em all the story
Momma told me while she sewed
And how my coat of many colors
Was worth more than all their clothes
But they didn't understand it
And I tried to make them see
That one is only poor
Only if they choose to be
Now I know we had no money
But I was rich as I could be
In my coat of many colors
My momma made for me
Made just for me
Yeah, the song is a little corny, but it always makes me cry. It's a valuable lesson to learn: to be proud of what you are, not what you have. Especially in times when you don't have money.
I recently watched a video of my Dad describing my Mom in elementary school, how she and her sisters would wear sewn-together flour bags as winter leggings. She would never have denied it — it was a source of pride to her, how practical her family was during some desperate times, how homemade clothing was better, warmer and more comfortable. She made amazing dresses for my sisters, who seem from photos to be the best-dressed kids in their school. (She made me a few sweaters and shirts over the years, but I think my usual jeans and t-shirts were even cheaper.)
I'm also thinking of those who are having a particularly rough Christmas this year. I hope the new year brings them "good luck and happiness."
And I hope that the time has now passed in which we think of poor people as people who haven't tried hard enough. Maybe we can consider that poor people, for the most part, play by the rules, and that is a much harder way to become wealthy. We've been reminded enough this year about the few who took a shortcut to wealth, and how little value they bring to our world.
Merry Christmas, Happy Hanukkah, and may your airing of grievances and feats of strength make this the best Festivus ever.


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This week's 10 questions look at the Queen's reign in the late Seventies, when Her Majesty celebrated her Silver Jubilee after 25 years on the throne.
Amid difficult international relations and political disruption at home, the Silver Jubilee was a time for millions of the Queen's loyal subjects to come together to celebrate the Royal family.
On June 7, 1977, Jubilee fever gripped Britain. Huge crowds assembled outside St Paul's Cathedral in central London to watch Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip lead a magnificent procession in the golden state coach.
Despite heavy rain, thousands camped overnight to watch the parade as it made its way down the Mall and through London to Trafalgar Square, Fleet Street and Ludgate Hill.
Millions across the Commonwealth tuned in to watch a special appearance by the Royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace.
In her celebratory speech, Her Majesty thanked her supporters for their messages of congratulations and good wishes for the future. "I want to thank all those in Britain and the Commonwealth who through their loyalty and friendship have given me strength and encouragement during these last 25 years," she said.
Week 12 of our quiz covers this exciting period of Queen Elizabeth's 60-year reign. From political scepticism about the celebrations to a dedicated rock album released in honour of the Queen, test your knowledge with Gavin's latest questions.
Think you know the answers to Gavin's quiz? Take the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Royal Quiz, Week 12 to find out.
Do you have a photograph you've taken of the Queen? Send us a copy and the best will be published.


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Workers' Compensation Toolkit
Return to Claims Kit Home
Michigan Compliance
Reporting of Claim by Employer Rule 1
If an injury results in death, a specific loss, or a disability of seven days or more, the employer is required to report that injury to the agency on a Form WC-100.
An employer must give a copy of the report of injury (form 100) to the injured employee immediately, and in the case of death, to the dependent. Form 100 indicates compliance with this requirement. A delay in reporting will not occur because of this requirement.
In the case of death, Form WC-106 must also be filed.
Record Retention 418.805
Every employer who is subject to this act shall keep a record of all injuries causing death or disability of any employee arising out of and in the course of the employment, which record shall give the name, address, age, wages of the deceased or disabled employee, the time and cause of the accident, the nature and extent of the injury and disability and such other information as the director may reasonably require. Reports based upon such record shall be furnished to the bureau at such times and in such manner as the director may reasonably require.


text:
Kyoto Introductions - SnakeFawdz6 months ago
Where did you grow up?
Where I grew up? I was born and raised in New York in one of the five boroughs. While I wasn't born in the best, and most prestigious neighborhood, it wasn't exactly full of sunshine and rainbows either. Gunshots regularly littered the streets, stabbings, homicides, generally not a good place, however, over time the area has become a bit more gentrified. This whole "Thuggish" kind of area really taught me to adapt to my surroundings, as you must fit into your surroundings and adapt to what is around you.
What first got you into gaming?
I've been into gaming for longer than I can remember. My parents citing several photos of me having fun on a Gameboy before I could even write my name. However, most of the childhood gaming came from the elusive Nintendo Gamecube, a console only remembered by its amazing library of games. With classics ranging from The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker, to Super Smash Brothers Melee. Both of these games provided endless hours of fun as a child, as exploring the large open seas of Hyrule, to bashing in the faces of my friends in SSBM. This, however, segwayed into a larger interest in the genre, eventually leading to the installation of Counter-Strike on my family computer. This game really got me interested in the esports side of gaming. I did also have a heavy interest in Starcraft 2: Wings of Liberty, as I had the disc I borrowed from a friend, that I unfortunately never returned. This eventually leads to my interest in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, a game that got me into the meat of the competitive side. While I was relatively unsuccessful in CS: GO, other games such as Team Fortress 2 and currently Hearthstone, really allowed me to elevate and succeed in various tournaments.
How did you first find Kyoto Esports?
Kyoto Esports was hard to miss, as they were one of the few organizers who constantly put out nightly tournaments that would also double as qualifiers for the Challenger Finals. The challenger finals were a qualifier tournament for the HCT system, and a way to eventually get to the World Championships. The reason I had joined however came when they put out an advertisement in their discord, with the need for new writers for their article collum on the website. This piqued my interest while I had a love for Hearthstone, I had been enjoying playing the ladder less and less. I of course, then had started to pick up and interest in writing and the two eventually met. I was promoted the head of the department, when the original head of Journalism Zupple, had stepped down due to personal reasons. I was selected due to my excellence in providing consistent content. He had said he saw me as the best candidate and offered me the spot.
What is your favorite part of working with Kyoto?
Well, In honesty, I'm not sure. However, the whole staff team is a fun little bunch that is always great to work with. I've even made a few friends that I play games with outside of the Org.
You mentioned you have some experience in Hearthstone, what is your favorite Hearthstone deck?
This is a no hesitation answer for me, Control Paladin. It's a deck that promotes extensive knowledge of the game and is a great challenge of balancing your resources until your opponent concedes. The other deck would probably 2014 Control Warrior. It had the same challenges of the Paladin, however, it would often go for longer amounts of time, requiring a much greater trial of skill.


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The big upgrade process is pretty much finished. I managed to get minor services migrated too and have shut down the old machine. I also improved configuration of various things.
I was about to find out how to upgrade to version 3.x but discovered I was already running it. As it is mostly just script files I did not do full re-install.
To make Redmine see gitolite repos,
UMASK in
~/.gitolite.rc has to be changed to
0027 and the user running Redmine (
redmine in my case) has to be added to the gitolite user main group (
gitolite in my case). Here is a related SlackOverflow thread.
I had a single large repository but I decided to not cut it up into smaller git repos. Now I'm serving it over SSH as Nginx+svn is a no-go. I used a good tutorial from here.
As with gitolite, Redmine user must be added to the svn user's main group.
A script checking lots of sites for status code
200. During the upgrade I implemented an option to log failures only. The log file of the script is watched by a real-time third-party logging service.
Decided to go with ufw. My configuration (
ntp) looks like this:
Status: active
Logging: on (low)
Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing)
New profiles: skip
To Action From
-- ------ ----
22 ALLOW IN Anywhere
80 ALLOW IN Anywhere
25 ALLOW IN Anywhere
443 ALLOW IN Anywhere
123 ALLOW IN Anywhere
22 ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
80 ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
25 ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
443 ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
123 ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
One minor annoyance about ufw is that it stores configuration under
/lib not under
/etc. I use etckeeper which unfortunately does not version
/lib (not that it should at all). There is a bug filed on it too.
Init scripts
On my old server I did not put much strength on init scripts. This time I created one for each service that does not start by other means. Thin server for Redmine uses this. The feeds app uses this and the blog uses this.
Nginx conf improvements
Had to configure proper redirects from http to https and www to non-www. Added expire headers for static files. Configuration for the feeds app is here and for the blog is here.
Also configured the default server for Nginx. It can be accessed from http://184.108.40.206/ and the source is here. This is shown whenever someone asks the server for a domain for which the server has not been configured.
Missing favicons and robots.txts
I created some of these but I'm not entirely sure whether it's better to serve empty
robots.txt or send status 404. 404's on
robots.txt can be easily removed from error logs but every site should have a favicon. It's easier to navigate browser tabs with them.
Finishing up
By now I have everything running on the new machine. I will set up proper backups in the next week and keep eye on logs to iron out last possible quirks.


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New upmarket eco chic developments in Barbados' St Philip's just unveiled
Having instituted a green programme at the upmarket Crane Resorts - the business is starting from scratch just down the coast creating a whole new eco-friendly development.
Crane resorts has expanded dramatically over the course of the last few years, from an original 18 rooms, the 128 year old Crane Beach Hotel now has over 252 luxurious accommodations - all created via internal cash flow. Quite an impressive success story.
But even more impressive is the fact that all this has been done with a full CSR programme in mind.
Apart from the usual social costs and engagement with local businesses, managing utility consumption sustainably is a key issue - and at the Crane water is a big deal.
The Crane has over 100 individual pools which require not only a substantial body of water but also a significant pump requirement. And on top of all this there are the usual massive resort energy requirements.
Having created systems to manage all this - and save a substantial amount of energy, water and thus money - the Crane is starting from scratch with a new-build development just down the coast overlooking Skeete's Bay Beach and Culpepper Island.
Here, on the 1% of the East coast that is outside of the Barbados National Park, 45 free standing beach houses and a boutique hotel are taking shape.
These are expensive, luxury properties that have been designed to be very, very green too.
And it's simple to see, even from outside. The terraced single story design is a bold departure - seeking to camouflage rather than emphasise the properties. The green landscape which the buildings displace has been moved to the roofs.
Naturally the lessons learnt in energy conservation at Crane Resorts has been applied in this luxury development.
Although, the luxury has not been stinted. Infinity pools with hot tubs, floor to ceiling glass windows, open-air bathrooms, sensational kitchens, amazing views and total privacy in an eco-friendly development is a combination that will open hearts and minds.
Valere Tjolle
This week special offer - whole library of current sustainable tourism reports and guides - 93% off HERE
Categories: Sustainable Destination


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Traditional article marketing works in a specific way: First you write a 450-750 word article, and submit it to as many article directories and submission websites as you possibly can. If you do not feel confident in your writing capabilities, there are plenty of professionals that will do it for you. After a few days to a week, your article will be accepted and published into the article directories, allowing your content to be accessed by thousands of readers and websites in the process.
After your articles are submitted, search engines will begin to pick up on them, and you will begin to see new links appearing for your website. Your search engine ranking will benefit significantly as your submitted articles will create links to your website, and potential readers and customers will follow these links to your website over and over. If you want maximum results when it comes to your article marketing strategy, you should consider the following tactic:
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The colleges provide you programs in various disciplines which help the students in many ways. The variety helps the students as it opens up in front of them many career opportunities. If you are an International student and you come to study in California then you are in for surprise as you get a variety of career options. For International students scholarship programs are available which helps the students to apply for admission. The colleges have state of the art facilities and serve the students with the best quality education. There are 2 year and 4 year institutions in California. Some California Colleges focus on religious study.
The educational policies taken up by the Government sees to it that it helps the students in every possible way to succeed in their academic endeavors. There are many technical and vocational colleges in California which offers certificate programs. Students can also complete their education through the online learning facility. These online facilities help the working professional to a great extent as they can balance work and studies. So attend one of the California Colleges to make your career a sure hit.


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Oars move the boat through the water and act as balances. Sweep oars are
longer than sculling oars and typically have wooden handles instead of
rubber grips. The shaft of the oar is made of extremely lightweight carbon
fiber instead of the heavier wood used years ago.
The popular hatchet blade -- named because of its cleaver-like shape --
is about 20 percent larger than previous blades. Its larger surface area
has made it the almost universal choice among elite-level rowers.
The Boats
- Sculls and Shells
All rowing boats can be called shells. Rowing boats with scullers in them
(each person having two oars) are also called sculls (e.g., single scull,
double scull, quadruple scull). Originally made of wood, most new boats
are made of honeycombed carbon fiber. They are light and appear fragile,
but are crafted to be strong and stiff in the water.
The smallest boat, the single scull, is approximately 27 feet long and
as narrow as 10 inches across. At 58 feet, the eight is the longest boat
on the water.
The oars are attached to the boat with riggers, which provide a fulcrum
for the levering action of rowing. Generally, sweep rowers sit in configurations
that have the oars alternating from side to side along the boat. Sometimes,
most often in the 4- or 4+, the coach will rig the boat so that two consecutive
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athlete power.


text:
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Dave's Dinners: A Fresh Approach To Home-Cooked Meals
by Dave Lieberman
This is a fantastic vegetarian pasta because the meaty mushrooms are very satisfying. I like to spice up the sauce with red chili flakes, but you can leave those out. Presentation's a cinch. Just throw some shaved Parm on top, and you've got a beautiful rustic dish.
Serves 6
• 1 pound fettuccine
• Extra-virgin olive oil
• 2 large portobello mushrooms, stems removed, peeled, and sliced about 1/2 inch thick
• Salt
• 4 garlic cloves, thinly sliced
• About 10 dashes red chili flakes (optional)
• 1 bunch asparagus, bottom quarter trimmed, cut into 2-inch pieces
• Parmesan, grana padano, or pecorino Romano cheese for shaving
In a large pot, cook the fettuccine in boiling salted water until al dente. Drain and toss with olive oil to keep the pasta from sticking together.
Heat 1/4 cup olive oil in a large skillet over high heat.
Toss in the mushrooms, season with salt, and saute over high heat, browning evenly. Remove the mushrooms from the oil and set aside.
Reduce the heat to medium and add the garlic and chili flakes, if using. Cook garlic just a minute or so without browning it.
Add the asparagus pieces and cook until they are bright green and slightly softened.
Add the mushrooms back to the pan and toss together with the asparagus.
Season to taste with salt and toss with the pasta until heated through.
Transfer to serving plates and top with the shaved cheese.
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1. Preparation. Unlike Ayahuasca, there is no food preparation with Iboga. No special diet. However it is best to stay hydrated a few days before and during your retreat since the process can cause constipation if you are dehydrated. No alcohol should be ingested five days prior as well. The most important preparation you can… Read more »
Posts Tagged: ayahuasca costa rica
5 Things You Should Know About Iboga
1. Iboga is a tool. Iboga is a visionary plant medicine that is on this earth for all who seek it. Iboga is not a magic bullet and it is important to meet it halfway. You can learn from it and use the spirit of iboga's help and guidance to heal on a physical, mental… Read more »
Trust and the Iboga Journey
Trust is a very important component to having an amazing, life-changing iboga retreat. When you trust your provider and feel like your are in a safe and comfortable environment, you will calm your mind and focus on the "task at hand". The task is connecting to your soul and finding out your true life path…. Read more »
Activating the Pineal Gland / Third Eye with Iboga / Ibogaine
The pineal gland, also known as the Third Eye or the Seat of the Soul, is a small gland inside your brain that secretes hormones like melatonin, serotonin and DMT (Dimethyltryptamine). It also contains rods and cones similar to the human eye. Melatonin and serotonin are responsible for sleep and meditative states, emotional states of… Read more »
Iboga for Treating Candida Overgrowth
Iboga has been shown to kill Candida and kill chronic viral and bacterial infections. Sometimes Candida can be the main cause of depression, chronic fatigue, or an overall sluggish body and mind that is not performing its highest. Many times Candida or other parasites can be a secondary factor in many conditions. Most people who… Read more »
Iboga and Ayahuasca
Ayahuasca and Iboga may have a few similarities, but these two plant medicines are very different. We actually do not like to compare the two because the sacred herbs of the earth were provided for us to use and every plant spirit has a different energy. However, so many people ask the question, "What is… Read more »


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Yale University Law School (J.D. 1973)
Oct. 2003 - Feb. 2008. Energy and Utility Consultant and Attorney. Provide expert witness testimony on consumer and regulatory issues before state and provincial regulators; represent state commissions before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; advise low-income energy assurance group. Develop positions for clients on market abuse and market power in competitive electricity markets, merger policy, rate design and equitable ratemaking, protection of consumers from utility misbehavior, and access to utility services.
Oct. 1998 - Oct. 2003. New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission, Concord, N.H., Commissioner. Assisted in successful transition of major electric monopolies to competitive structure; assisted in transforming national telephone numbering policy to protect consumers from disruptive numbering changes and to better use existing number supply; assisted in developing model national policy on bill accuracy; assisted in establishing first New Hampshire statewide protection from winter utility shut-offs. Presented papers on the U.S. utility safety net at conference of European and Eurasian regulators in Hungary. Served on numerous industry and regulatory committees, include the following:
Member of the Advisory Council of the New England ISO (1997-2003).
Vice-Chair, NARUC Consumer Affairs Committee (2001-2003)
Chair, Consumer Affairs Committee, NE Conference of Public Utility Commissioners (1999-2003)
Member, Steering Committee, National Council on Competition in the Electric Industry (1999-2001)
Member, NARUC Ad Hoc Committee on Competition in the Electric Industry (2002)
Member, North American Numbering Council (advisory board to FCC) (1999-2003)
1991 - 1998, National Consumer Law Center, Boston, MA., utilities consultant and attorney. Presented testimony on behalf of consumer groups in over 30 proceedings, resulting in improved access to utility services for payment-troubled customers. Advised consumer representatives nationwide on utility matters, including consumer rights, rate design and restructuring. Developed model statutory language for state and federal restructuring legislation designed to protect consumer rights in restructuring. Member, Illinois Governor's Advisory Committee for Electric Utility Regulatory Reform, 1997. Wrote and spoke extensively on consumer protection issues for utility consumers. Spoke on U.S. policies for low-income consumers to consumer representatives of Electricité de France. Served as Member, California PUC Low-Income Governing Board (1995-1997)(advised California regulators about low-income utility issues), and on Energy and Transportation Task Force of President's Commission on Sustainable Development.
1986 - 1991 Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities Commission, Boston, MA., counsel to Commissioners (General Counsel, 1989-1991). Presided over hundreds of hearings on public utility rates and consumer protection; successfully mediated dispute between five natural gas utilities that threatened service to major city. Assisted Commission in developing consistent set of consumer protection principles and precedents.
1983 - 1986 Maine Public Utilities Commission; Augusta, ME., Hearings Officer, Senior Staff Attorney. Assisted in development of policy in areas of consumer protection, non-utility generation, stranded costs of nuclear plants, and conservation and load management.
1981-1983 Maine Legal Services for the Elderly, Inc., Augusta, ME., Chief Attorney (Executive Director), Staff Attorney. Represented seniors in consumer, medical, public assistance and housing matters.
1974 - 1981, Various legal services positions, representing low-income individuals:
Staff Attorney, Directing Attorney, Pine Tree Legal Assistance, Inc., Augusta, ME. (1979-1981)
Staff Attorney, UMass Student Legal Services, Amherst, MA. (1977-1979)
Staff Attorney, Western Massachusetts Legal Assistance, Inc., Springfield, MA. (1976-1977)
Staff Attorney, Legal Aid Society of New York, NYC, NY (1974-1976)
Access to Utility Services (with Margot F. Saunders), National Consumer Law Center, 1997. Comprehensive manual for low-income advocates and others on the legal bases for consumer protections enabling customers to obtain electric, gas, water and telephone service.
Tenants' Rights to Utility Service (with Margot F. Saunders and Roger D. Colton) (1994). A manual for practitioners covering all aspects of a tenant's relationship to providers of utility service.
"Intervenor Funding in Public Utility Rate Cases," Clearinghouse Review, June 1995, Chicago, Illinois.
AARP Model Statute for Consumer Protection in Electric Industry Restructuring, Washington, D.C.: AARP (1999) (with Jerrold Oppenheim).
Principles Applicable to Electric Industry Reform Legislation (April 25, 1997), Report of the Governor's Advisory Committee on Electric Utility Regulatory Reform, Governor of Illinois (with Charles Stalon and Randle Smith).
Public Goods of the Electric Utility Industry: Will They Be Stranded and How Can We Preserve Them? (October 1996) National Council on Competition in the Electric Industry (with Mike Sherman).
"Regulatory Jurisdiction to Enforce Consumer Protections Against Competitive Electricity Suppliers: The Case of New England," in Barbara R. Alexander, et al, eds., Consumer Protection Proposals for Retail Electric Competition: Model Legislation and Regulations (October 1996) The Regulatory Assistance Project.
Consumer Issues In Restructuring: Scoping the Need for Legislation (August 1996) Spratley Associates: Legislative Energy Assistance Project.


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As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases
This mint tea recipe is very simple to make.
Don't let it brew longer than 10 minutes or its delicate flavor may be spoiled.
This recipe will make 2 cups.
If you don't have a special pot, you can use a mug or cup to brew the tea. Put a saucer over the cup to keep the volatile oils from escaping and the heat in.
Take a handful of fresh mint - peppermint is best for medicinal purposes.
You can afford to be generous, it grows like mad in the garden.
Rinse well to get any bugs off.
Roll the mint, leaves and stems in your hands to crush it - this begins to release the essential oils.
I use a cafetiere to make my mint tea - top up with just boiled water.
Put the top on which helps the volatile oils remain in the pot.
Allow it to brew for no more than 10 minutes.
You can sweeten this recipe with honey if you need to - it's an acquired taste like all herbal tea.
Take up to 4 cups a day to relieve flatulence.
This can also relieve stomach bloating, indigestion and nausea. It can also be helpful as IBS relief (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
It is soothing, refreshing and comforting.
It is possible to use any kind of garden mint instead of peppermint, but it has less menthol and so has a milder effect.
You can buy dried mint quite easily. It's generally on sale at the grocers and any health shop will have larger packs.
You can also buy mint tea bags - or you can make your own with a small piece of muslin and pop your home dried mint into it.
The short video shows you how easy it is to dry mint using the oven. You can time it so that you use a cooling oven after you've finished cooking - you'd only be wasting that heat, so you might as well dry some herbs!
There's a series of 'Preserving Herbs' videos linked from this one which will show you the most common methods of drying herbs. It's very easy and if you have herbs growing either a surplus from the supermarket plant or in the garden, you won't be wasting any.
This method is suitable for using with any herb - you can use fresh or dried.
A tablespoon of chopped fresh herb is usually equivalent to a teaspoon of dried chopped herb.
There are some great reusable gizmos if you're making herbal tea. It's best to buy your own herb material or grow it yourself if you can.
That means you're going to have loose tea of course and bits floating on the top are an irritation. Herb tea is supposed to be relaxing!
So, one of these tea infusers or a special pot will save you the problems.
These other pages about mint may be of interest to youThe Herb Guide › Herbal Remedies › Mint Tea Recipe
I may receive a commission if you purchase something mentioned in this post. See more details here


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Shop online and collect from a store near you
4-7 days for metro and most regional areas 7-10 business days for regional WA, QLD and NT
The VAN HEUSEN Lilac Nail Head Business Shirt features a peak collar, front pocket and round mitred cuff. This business shirt is an essential for your corporate wardrobe. *Tie not included.
• Classic fit
• Nail head weave
• Round mitred cuff
• Fabrication: Cotton polyester
Style No. A103 LILAC
Product code 832679480


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Example Lab Report - Download as DOC
Any deviations from the given procedure (lab manual or handout)must be noted in the Discussion section. Non-formal reportsshould include items 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10. You can place thenormal cover page info at the top of the first page. Althoughnon-formal do not have to be word processed/typed, handwrittenreports are not encouraged. Again, unless otherwise specified,all exercises are to use the non-formal format. You can seean example lab report .
The bottom right image above shows the last portion of an example lab report format. Here, students are requested to explain their data anddiscuss the results including graphs and error analysis. They also mustdefend their conclusions.
Example lab report format Measurement and Measurement Error by


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Each year the Martin Luther King, Jr. Community Center hosts the Annual 2018 Juneteenth Celebration, which is a community-based event celebrating art, history, music, food, family, and freedom. The Juneteenth celebration is a free event honoring the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United States.
The celebration includes:
- Local Craft and Food Vendors
- Free health screenings and HIV testing
- Nonprofit organizations providing information on community events and social services
- Fun and educational games for children
- Arts and Crafts activities for the entire family
- And last, but not least, live entertainment by local artists, musicians, spoken word artists, dancers, and more!
Juneteenth is an American holiday observed annually on June 19. Dating back to 1865, it was on June 19th that Union soldiers landed at Galveston, Texas with the news that the Civil War had ended and that all slaves were now free. This was two and a half years after President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.


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Smart partnerships help us deliver the best IT support and services to you.
F12 has partnered with top dealers in the industry. You're getting the best in quality products and support from some of the world's leading technology brands.
Microsoft Gold Partner and Tier 1 Microsoft Cloud Partner, F12's team has the knowledge, skills and commitment to provide the highest level of IT support.
Equips our clients with the best in printer, mobility and desktop compute with one of the world's leading hardware vendors.
Dell Partnership helps businesses select the best in server and storage solutions.
With VMware, F12 is able to seamlessly scale server resources on-premise and in the Private Cloud
Feel safe about your network with security from WatchGuard. F12's trained staff delivers one of the best network security solutions on the market.
Provides fast, reliable connectivity and scalable SmartVoice unified communications.
As a member of the Trust X Alliance, F12 has access to partners across North America. This allows us to meet the needs of clients in areas we would normally not be able to service.
Complete the form below, and someone from our staff will be in contact with you soon to book your consultation.


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Directory » Melanesia » Bismarck Archipelago (PNG)
Bismarck Archipelago (PNG)
Travels, tours, hotels and recreation in Bismarck Archipelago. Links directory.
1 results found in the Bismarck Archipelago (PNG) category.
The Next Paradise Boutique Resort – Details
The Next Paradise Boutique Resort sits on one of the most beautiful white sandy beaches of Zanzibar, facing directly the Indian Ocean and protected by the coral reef which is about one kilometer away. Located only 45 minutes drive from Ston...
Australia and Oceania Caribbean Central Africa Central Asia East Africa East Asia East Europe Melanesia North Africa North America North Europe Polynesia South Africa South America South Asia South Europe South-East Asia West Africa West Asia West Europe


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Virginia Department of Forestry (VDOF) officials report that demand for loblolly pine seedlings is very high this season, and the agency anticipates selling out early. Customers interested in purchasing specialty seedlings should visit buyvirginiatrees.com and set up an account prior to the store's opening at 10 a.m. Oct. 14.
The top loblolly pine varieties offered this season include Control Pollinated (CP) seedlings, limited to 25,000 per customer and priced at $135 per 1,000; Virginia's Best ($105 per 1,000) and Elite ($85 per 1,000 ) seedlings will be limited to 50,000 per customer. These prices include pesticide treatment for Pales weevils.
All of VDOF's loblolly pine seedlings provide growth gains over unimproved seedlings. The top three loblolly pine varieties are best suited for landowners who utilize silvicultural treatments, such as site preparation and woody vegetation control, on their pine stands as part of their sawtimber rotation. The actual growth gains of each loblolly family depend on the planting site, soil type and these expected treatments.
Due to limited nursery staff, customers are not advised to call the nursery to place these orders. All customers must pay by credit card for online or call-in orders unless they have established a line of credit with the nursery. Any customer wishing to establish a line of credit should contact the nursery.
Customers can call the Garland Gray Forestry Center at 804-834-2855. To reach the Augusta Forestry Center, call 540-363-7000 or 540-363-5732.


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Allegheny Ludlum Steel
Allegheny Ludlum is an AWE facility for 1950-1952 so workers are eligible to file for Part B claims.
Allegheny-Ludlum Steel rolled uranium billets into rods for the AEC as part of the multi-site process overseen by the New York Operations Office for the production of uranium metal for fabrication into slugs for fueling the Hanford production reactors.
Alternative Name
DOE Legacy Management has a webpage for Allegheny-Ludlum since it was considered for FUSRAP.
DOL provides Part B statistics for Allegheny Ludlum.
NIOSH lists statistics for Allegheny Ludlum dose reconstructions.


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The Electronic Training Collar
by Laura Stimatze,
Stimatze Working Cow Dogs
Mr. Smith needed some help with his old cow dog.
He found this new gadget in the special catalog.
The Electronic Trainer, it'll make your dog holler,
its got quite a name, but its just a shock collar.
It's got two little buttons, you can take your pick.
Put both of them together and its got quite a kick.
There's a dummy collar to put on his neck,
Mr. Smith looked at it and said "What the Heck?"
Ol' Scott knows what he's supposed to do,
and when he doesn't listen, I'll zap him, wouldn't you?
I'll zap him for this and I'll zap him for that,
I'll zap him real good , he'll be quick as a cat.
It wasn't too long and Ol' Scott said look,
If you're gonna use this thing ,at least read the Book
Mr. Smith was a learning and finally would see,
the day Ol' Scott got mad and chased him up a tree.
The old dog had had it, all he could take.
He took off the collar and tossed it in the lake.
Mr. Smith, he was out about 500 bucks.
Hopefully Ol' Scott'll recover, I wish him good luck.
Copyright 2001 to Infinity, NAAKR, Inc. All rights reserved.


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4mm 28mm diameter Rubber Aluminum Pipe CutterContact: firstname.lastname@example.com (Dwayne Espinoza)
* Rubber Plastic and Aluminum pipe/tube cutter
* The tool cuts 1/8" to 1-1/8" diameter pipe/tubes
* The cutter and blade is in great condition.
* Heavy duty stain steel structure.
* Necessary instrument for water, electronic technologist
* Delivery Time is approx. 7 - 12 business days to US destinations.
* eCheque will be held until cleared.
* The photos are just for illustration purposes only.
* Warranty period: 90 days warranty for all products except digital camera (2.0 mega pixels or above) and cellular phone of which the warranty period is one year.
Attention Intellectual Property Rights Owner
* We endeavor to source genuine products from our suppliers. However, if you do feel that our products may infringe your trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights, please send e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com. We will respond to you and address your issue immediately.
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