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As the 2014-2015 academic year concludes, NACCHO's Local Public Health Policy and Practice Scholars Program completed a successful pilot year. Twenty graduate-level students from across the country gained firsthand knowledge of the domestic public health landscape and the roles of local health departments. Participants gained subject matter expertise, refined their writing and research skills, and expanded their network of public health professionals. Some highlights include the following:
- Policy Scholar, Agnes Jensen's Story from the Field, Hepatitis-A Case Strengthens Partnerships and Exercises Epidemic Response
- Policy Scholar's Preparedness Brief articles on Ebola response and resource allocation: Emergency Preparedness Funding and Ebola: A Look into the Efforts Being Made by a Rural Local Health Department in Ector County, Texas by Policy Scholar Junaed A. Siddiqui, MS and Resource Mobilization and Utilization in an Emergency: Pinal County Public Health Services District by Pooja Kothari, RN
Policy Scholars also conducted key informant interviews, drafted research and issue briefs, attended internal and external meetings, and developed infographics and presentations, among other projects.
NACCHO is now recruiting students for the 2015 summer session. Selected students will choose a focus area and contribute to NACCHO deliverables (policy statements, issue briefs, interviews, etc.) within this interest area. Focus areas include the following:
- Environmental Health Practice
- Environmental Health Security
- Healthcare Coalitions
- Maternal and Child Health
- Medical Reserve Corps (MRC)
- Pandemic Influenza Preparedness/Pharmaceutical Countermeasures
- Public Health Law
- Public Health Preparedness Planning
- Risk Communication
For more information, please refer to the 2015 Local Public Health Policy and Practice fact sheet.
How to Apply
Students who have completed their first semester in a graduate-level program in public health, or a related discipline, are encouraged to apply. Applicants must receive academic credit for an internship or practicum. Selected students are expected to complete a minimum of 100 hours, to attend a half-day program orientation and a half-day closing meeting (via webinar or in-person), and must be able to work remotely. Applications will be reviewed on a rolling basis through May 1st, 2015; students are encouraged to apply early. Interested students may apply through the online form.
Please direct questions to email@example.com
Know of a student who may be interested? Please share this information with your public health and university colleagues.


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The Dartmouth College Department of Computer Science invites applications for a tenure-track faculty position at the level of assistant professor (exceptional candidates at other ranks will be considered). We seek candidates who will be excellent researchers and teachers in the broad area of cybersecurity. Applicants should hold a Ph.D. in Computer Science or related field by the date of the start of their appointment. We particularly seek candidates who will help lead, initiate, and participate in collaborative research projects within Computer Science and beyond, including Dartmouth researchers from other Arts & Sciences departments, Geisel School of Medicine, Thayer School of Engineering, and Tuck School of Business.
The Computer Science department is home to 25 faculty members. Research areas of the department encompass the areas of security, computational biology, machine learning, robotics, systems, security, algorithms, theory, digital arts, vision and graphics. The Computer Science department is in the School of Arts & Sciences, and it has strong Ph.D. and M.S. programs and outstanding undergraduate majors. The department is affiliated with Dartmouth's M.D.-Ph.D. program and has strong collaborations with Dartmouth's other schools.
Dartmouth College, a member of the Ivy League, is located in Hanover, New Hampshire (on the Vermont border). Dartmouth has a beautiful, historic campus, located in a scenic area on the Connecticut River. Recreational opportunities abound in all four seasons.
Applicants are invited to submit application materials via Interfolio at: https://apply.interfolio.com/53697. Please upload a CV, research statement, and teaching statement, and request at least four references to upload letters of recommendation, at least one of whom should comment on teaching. Email [email protected] with any questions.
We seek candidates who have a demonstrated ability to contribute to Dartmouth's undergraduate diversity initiatives in STEM research, such as the Women in Science Program, E. E. Just STEM Scholars Program, and Academic Summer Undergraduate Research Experience (ASURE). We are especially interested in applicants with a demonstrated track record of successful teaching and mentoring of students from all backgrounds (including first-generation college students, low-income students, racial and ethnic minorities, women, LGBTQ, etc.).
Dartmouth College is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer with a strong commitment to diversity and inclusion. We prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, disability, veteran status, marital status, or any other legally protected status. Applications by members of all underrepresented groups are encouraged.
Application review will begin January 1, 2019, and continue until the positions are filled.

subset: commoncrawl


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Obama's Picks Show Split on Trade
Choices for Representative, Labor Secretary Appeal to Different Wings of Party
WASHINGTON -- President-elect Barack Obama plans to name former Dallas Mayor Ron Kirk, a longtime free trader, as U.S. trade representative, and Rep. Hilda Solis, a free-trade opponent, as labor secretary, Obama advisers said, reflecting the split in the incoming administration over trade.
During the presidential campaign, the only trade deal that the Obama camp spoke positively about was the proposed Doha global trade pact, which has been marked by failure to conclude a deal. Negotiators now have largely suspended work while...


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Iuka Natural Portals
Iuka Ravine was defined by the community as one of the 'hidden gems' of the District. By placing portals designed by an artist with natural materials the path from High Street to Iuka Park could become more interesting, recognized and enjoyable. Additionally, these natural portals could be integrated into other University District park spaces to draw in residents and visitors and add interest.


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From the blue period to the rose period, cubism to surrealism, the legendary works of Spanish artist, Pablo Picasso will be on display at New York City's Museum of Modern Art from March 28th through September 30th.
Step into Picasso's world of neutral palettes, cubed forms and surreal depictions with the Buckingham Hotel's VIP Picasso MoMA package.
Starting at $279* per night, this package includes 2 VIP tickets to the exhibition with passes that enable patrons to skip the lines, as well as an introduction to printmaking book and artwork book, Art Masterpieces to Color: 60 Great Paintings from Botticelli to Picasso. for guests to channel their inner artists.
The Museum of Modern Art is a short seven-minute walk from this midtown Manhattan hotel.
*This package is valid through August 30, 2010, and has a minimum stay of 2 nights. For further details, or to book, please call toll free at 888.511.1900.
About the Buckingham Hotel
The Buckingham Hotel is an intimate, 100-suite boutique property that provides guests with the unique experience of New York living combined with modern hotel style. Comfortable and chic with eat-in kitchens, spacious rooms, and public areas designed to echo the red velvet and dark wood of the hotel's neighbor, Carnegie Hall, the Buckingham is city lodging at its finest.
Located in the heart of midtown Manhattan, the property is just seconds from Central Park and the Museum of Modern Art, as well as shopping destinations like Tiffany & Co., Gucci, Bergdorf Goodman and Barney's — only a few of the lifestyle experiences that make New York City exceptional.


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I celebrated my champagne birthday (25 on the 25th) in LA! It was such a lovely week. I felt so loved + cared for by the ones who matter the most. On this trip I was able to visit Malibu for the first time. It was a really special day. I basically did a vegan food tour around LA, and I'm thrilled to share some of my favourite spots:
- mama shelter rooftop (west hollywood) - perfect views, comfy beds, + chill vibes
- locali (hollywood) - an AMAZING vegan breakfast sandwich
- roosevelt hotel pool (hollywood) - good cocktails
- veggie grill (hollywood) - i'm in love with everything on the menu
- sage vegan bistro (echo park) - some of the best vegan food i've ever had
- cafe gratitude (hollywood + venice) - the BEST taco tuesday + happy hour EVERRRRR
- gracias madre (west hollywood) - vegan mexican food + margaritas... obsessed
- the butcher, the baker, the cappuccino maker (west hollywood) - cutest lil brunch spot
- the sunset (malibu) - cute bar on the beach for some drinks
- the waffle (hollywood) - they have great vegan options
- m street kitchen (santa monica) - cute patio with great food + drinks
I love California so much, and I can't wait to go back :)


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broadcasting without permission from an attic somewhere in Berlin [about the metaverse – naturally!]
don't let the title mislead you: this is not some exploitative show but simply commemorating a super special event = you meet someone in real life for the first time, someone you have previously only known by their avatar and interacted only in our beloved virtual world. happened to drax in vienna a few days ago and here is a fabulous conversation which touches on a few controversial topics:
more to read on the topics discussed below:
the drax files radio hour [with jo yardley] is a weekly production of basicdrax entertainment.
the show is supported by time portal, slartist, warbug, bay city you know for kids, zero-one heavy industries corporation, hextraordinary, ionic, maven homes, gizza creations, botanical, strawberry singh, abranimations, aeros avatars, kahruvel design, the cube republic, {what next}, landscapes unlimited, fallen gods incorporated and death row designs.
thumbnail by justin esparza
contact the show via skype draxfiles, avatar draxfiles or email firstname.lastname@example.com
The difference between pranking and trolling is friendship. A prank between friends is a form of endearment, testing limits and learning. Trolling is causing discomfort to others just to entertain theirselves or others at the expense and misery of others. Pranking is used in gangs as a team building exercise. I've seen in Second Life at Camp Hardnox a summer camp for SL Kids, they would do special pranks to each others cabins, it was a vital part of the fun.
Pingback: show #153: confessions of a [second] lifer: rai fargis — the drax files radio hour [with jo yardley] | ZZ Bottom misadventures in Virtual Worlds!


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Connect with us and be part of the movement to build stronger families and a more educated nation.
|Advocate for and establish literacy as a value in every home.
Jump to page:
~Nov. 6 event at the Meyerson Symphony Center will honor the legacy of former First Lady Barbara Bush and her work to empower families through literacy~
DALLAS (Aug. 20, 2018) – The Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy, established in 1989 by former First Lady Barbara Bush, will host the 17th annual Dallas/Fort Worth Celebration of Reading on Tuesday, Nov. 6, at the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center. Former First Lady Laura Bush will serve as honorary chair, and the event chair will be Brill Garrett, wife of Dallas Cowboys Head Coach Jason Garrett and a passionate advocate for making a difference in the lives of children.
"The Celebration of Reading is always powerful, but it takes on special meaning this year with the recent loss of its beloved founder, former First Lady Barbara Bush," said Brill Garrett. "What a tremendous honor to help continue the work she began, bringing amazing authors to Dallas and inspiring people to embrace reading while supporting local family literacy initiatives."
Members of the Bush family are expected to attend the event along with a stellar lineup of The New York Times best-selling authors (to be announced in coming weeks). The day kicks off with a luncheon at noon for the authors and top sponsors at the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, followed by a VIP authors' reception from 6-7 p.m. for patron level and higher sponsors at the Meyerson's Horchow Hall. Highlighting the day is the always-entertaining program, a ticketed event from 7-8:30 p.m. in the Meyerson Concert Hall where authors share their personal stories and read from their most recent works. After the program, the authors will conduct a book signing at 9 p.m. on the lower level. (Doors to the Meyerson Symphony Center will open at 6:30 p.m.)
Earlier that day, student winners of the region-wide essay contest along with their teachers and principals will be honored at a breakfast event hosted by the Gene and Jerry Jones Family at AT&T Stadium.
A Princeton University undergraduate and Harvard Law School graduate, Brill Garrett brings tremendous experience and passion to the Celebration of Reading event. Through her leadership with the Jason Garrett Starfish Charities, she has originated a number of education programs for Dallas public school students in grades Pre-K through high school. Additionally, she has served on several charitable boards, including the Center for Brain Health (part of the University of Texas at Dallas) and SMU Simmons School of Education and Human Development as well as Camp John Marc. An art docent for students touring AT&T Stadium, she also is an active member of the Dallas Cowboys Women's Association and headlines its Reading Blitz program for under-served, at-risk elementary school students.
Laura Bush is an advocate for literacy, education and women's rights. After leaving the White House, President and Mrs. Bush founded the George W. Bush Presidential Center in Dallas. Today Mrs. Bush pursues her work on global healthcare innovations and empowering women in emerging democracies through the George W. Bush Institute. She also serves as the Chair for the Bush Institute's Women's Initiative. As First Lady, Mrs. Bush advocated the importance of literacy and education to advance opportunity for America's young people and to foster healthy families and communities.
"We are so honored to have Mrs. Bush and Brill Garrett at the helm this year," said Anne Davies, senior vice president and chief development officer for the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy. "As a former librarian and teacher, Mrs. Bush has had a lifelong love and appreciation for reading. Combining Brill
Garrett's drive and expertise in creating and supporting youth education programs, we anticipate an extraordinary day of Celebration of Reading events on November 6."
The work of the Barbara Bush Foundation is more critical than ever. By 2030, an estimated 1 million Dallas County residents will not be literate in English – limiting opportunities and economic prosperity for families and the entire community. Further illustrating the issue is that approximately 70 percent of low-income fourth graders in North Texas today cannot read at grade level.
Funds raised from this year's event will support more than 140 family literacy programs and groundbreaking literacy initiatives throughout the country that provide parents and children – including nearly 5,000 North Texas families – with access to educational opportunities so they can better their own lives and pass these important skills down to the next generation.
Sponsorships packages are now available. Platinum Sponsors are $100,000 and above; Gold Sponsors are $50,000; Silver Sponsors are $25,000; Bronze Sponsors are $15,000; Patron Sponsors are $10,000; and Friend Sponsors are $5,000. A special "Tickets for Teachers" sponsorship package rewards eight dedicated educators with an opportunity for a special night out to celebrate the joy of reading. Individual tickets will be available at a later date.
For sponsorship information, contact Melissa Metoyer at firstname.lastname@example.com. To learn more about the Dallas/Fort Worth Celebration of Reading, go to barbarabush.org/get-involved/events/.
About the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy: The Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy, a public charity, is the nation's leading advocate for family literacy. The Foundation was established by Mrs. Barbara Bush in 1989, and today remains committed to her vision of fostering the opportunity for every man, woman and child to secure a better life through literacy. To learn more, visit www.barbarabush.org or join the conversation on Facebook or Twitter (@BarbaraBushFdn).
Media Contact: Becky Mayad, 214-352-1881 (office), 214-697-7745 (cell) or email@example.com
Be a part of a caring community that believes everyone has the right to read.
Connect with us and be part of the movement to build stronger families and a more educated nation.
You may also contact us by phone at 850.562.5300 or by mail at:
Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy
516 North Adams Street • Tallahassee, Florida 32301


text: Health Insurance Print How Health Insurance Companies Prevent Adverse Selection By Elizabeth Davis, RN Updated March 21, 2019 Eric Audras ONOKY/Getty Images More in Health Insurance Healthcare Reform Affordable Care Act & Obamacare Medicare Medicaid Prescription Drug Insurance Financial Aid & Subsidies More Types Adverse Selection in health insurance happens when sicker people, or those who present a higher risk to the insurer, buy health insurance while healthier people don't buy it. Adverse selection can also happen if sicker people buy more health insurance or more robust health plans while healthier people buy less coverage. Adverse selection puts the insurer at a higher risk of losing money through claims than it had predicted. That would result in higher premiums, which would, in turn, result in more adverse selection, as healthier people opt not to buy increasingly expensive coverage. If adverse selection were allowed to continue unchecked, health insurance companies would become unprofitable and eventually go out of business. How Adverse Selection Works Here's a grossly simplified example. Let's say a health insurance company was selling a health plan membership for $500 per month. Healthy 20-year-old men might look at that monthly premium and think, "Heck, if I remain uninsured, I'm probably not going to spend $500 all year long on health care. I'm not going to waste my money on $500 monthly premiums when the chance that I'll need surgery or an expensive health care procedure is so small." Meanwhile, a 64-year-old obese diabetic with heart disease is likely to look at the $500 monthly premium and think, "Wow, for only $500 per month, this health insurance company will pay the bulk of my health care bills for the year! Even after paying the deductible, this insurance is still a great deal. I'm buying it!" This adverse selection results in the health plan's membership consisting mainly of people with health problems who thought they'd probably spend more than $500 per month if they had to pay their own health care bills. Because the health plan is only taking in $500 per month per member but is paying out more than $500 per month per member in claims, the health plan loses money. If the health insurance company doesn't do something to prevent this adverse selection, it will eventually lose so much money it won't be able to continue to pay claims. The ACA Limited Insurer's Ability to Prevent Adverse Selection There are several ways health insurance companies can avoid or discourage adverse selection. However, government regulations prevent health insurers from using some of these methods and limit the use of other methods. In an unregulated health insurance market, health insurance companies would use underwriting to try to avoid adverse selection. During the underwriting process, the underwriter examines the applicant's medical history, demographics, prior claims, and lifestyle choices. It tries to determine the risk the insurer will face in insuring the person applying for a health insurance policy. The insurer might then decide not to sell health insurance to someone who poses too great a risk or to charge a riskier person higher premiums than it charges someone likely to have fewer claims. Additionally, a health insurance company might limit its risk by placing an annual or lifetime limit on the amount of coverage it provides someone, by excluding pre-existing conditions from coverage, or by excluding certain types of expensive health care products or services from coverage. In the United States, health insurance companies aren't allowed to use most of these techniques anymore, although they were widely used in the individual (non-group) market prior to 2014. The Affordable Care Act prohibits health insurers from refusing to sell health insurance to people with pre-existing conditions.prohibits insurers from charging people with pre-existing conditions more than it charges healthy people.prohibits health plans from imposing annual or lifetime caps on benefits.requires individual and small group health plans to cover a uniform set of essential health benefits; health plans can't exclude certain expensive health care services or products from coverage.essentially eliminates underwriting for major-medical comprehensive health insurance (underwriting is still allowed for coverage that isn't regulated by the ACA, including things like short-term health insurance, limited benefit policies, and Medigap plans purchased after the enrollee's initial enrollment window) But the ACA Was Also Designed to Help Insurers Prevent Adverse Selection Although the Affordable Care Act eliminated or restricted many of the tools health insurers used to use to prevent adverse selection in the individual market (and to some extent, in the small group market), it established other means to help prevent unchecked adverse selection. From 2014 through 2018, the ACA required all legal residents of the U.S. to have health insurance or pay a tax penalty. This encouraged younger, healthier people who might otherwise have been tempted to save money by going without health insurance to enroll in a health plan. If they didn't enroll, they faced a hefty tax penalty. The penalty was eliminated after the end of 2018, however, as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was enacted in late 2017. The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the elimination of the individual mandate penalty would result in individual market premiums that are 10 percent higher (each year) than they would have been if the penalty had continued. That projected premium increase is a direct result of adverse selection, since it's healthy people who are likely to drop their coverage without the threat of a penalty, resulting in a sicker group of people left in the insurance pool.It provides subsidies to help those with moderate incomes buy health insurance in the health insurance exchanges so they're more likely to enroll in a health plan. This factor is the primary reason the ACA-compliant individual markets are not facing a death spiral in most areas, despite significant rate increases in 2017 and 2018 (rates mostly stabilized as of 2019 in the majority of the states). The premium subsidies grow to keep pace with the premiums, which means coverage stays affordable for people who are subsidy-eligible, regardless of how high the retail prices go (unfortunately, there is currently no mechanism in place to keep coverage affordable for people who aren't eligible for premium subsidies; healthy people in that population are more likely to drop their coverage as premiums increase). It places restrictions on when people are allowed to enroll in an individual market health plan so that people can't wait to buy health insurance until they're sick and know they'll be incurring health care expenses. People are only allowed to sign up for health insurance during the annual open enrollment period each autumn, or during a time-limited special enrollment period triggered by certain life events like losing job-based health insurance, getting married, or moving to a new area (and subsequent rules have tightened up the regulations pertaining to these special enrollment periods, requiring proof of the qualifying event, and in many cases, requiring that the person already had some sort of coverage in place prior to the qualifying event). These limited enrollment windows already applied to employer-sponsored health insurance and Medicare, but individual market plans were available year-round prior to 2014—albeit with medical underwriting in nearly every state.It allows a short waiting period between the time someone enrolls in health insurance and the time coverage begins. Coverage takes effect January 1 if a person enrolls during the fall open enrollment period. For those who enroll during a special enrollment period, coverage is effective either the first of the following month or the first of the second following month, depending on the circumstances (in the case of a new baby or adopted child, coverage is backdated to the birth or adoption date; all other enrollments have prospective effective dates). It allows health insurers to charge smokers up to 50% higher premiums than non-smokers (some states have restricted or eliminated this provision).It allows health insurers to charge older people up to three times more than they charge young people. Older people tend to have more medical expenses than younger people, and thus present a higher risk to the insurer.It established uniform tiers of coverage based on actuarial value, allowing insurers to charge more for health plans with a higher actuarial value. Gold plans cost more than bronze plans, so consumers who want the more robust coverage offered by a gold plan must pay more to get it (note that there are some pricing oddities in the individual market as a result of the Trump Administration's decision to stop reimbursing insurers for cost-sharing reductions; in many states, silver plans can be more expensive than some gold plans as a result). Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. Email Address Sign Up There was an error. Please try again. Thank you, , for signing up. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit Article Sources Adverse Selection Issues and Health Insurance Exchanges Under the Affordable Care Act. National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Congressional Budget Office. Repealing the Individual Mandate Penalty: An Updated Estimate. November 2017. HealthCare.gov. How Insurance Companies Set Health Premiums. Continue Reading


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Franchises for Sale in Wellington, KS
Discover business opportunities, in or around Wellington, with well-established brands, who are looking for people like you to help them grow.
As of the 2010 United States Census, Wellington, located in the Sunflower State, had a total population of 7,735 people. This makes Wellington the thirty-eighth-most populated city in the state of KS.


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Sheridan Plaza – 4607 N Sheridan
For leasing information CALL: 773.529.7200 ext. 125
Property Details
Designed by famed architect Walter Ahlschlager and built in 1920, Sheridan Plaza is now a beautifully rehabbed building with historical essence and vintage charm. Re-live the excitement of Chicago's roaring twenties in this completely revived former hotel. The lobby fountain and original decor will take your breath away. These incredible apartments are recently renovated and feature new kitchens with stainless steel appliances, sparkling bathrooms and all of the details a premiere historic building has to offer. Live in luxury and walk to the lake!
- Stainless steel appliances
- Updated bathroom
- Breath-taking lobby
- Fitness Center with weekly group classes
- Complementary Wifi by Everywhere Wireless.
Call 773.529.7200 or click here to schedule a showing.
Building Amenities
Apartment Features
Buena Park / Uptown
Living in our Uptown apartments means you live among historic mansions and beautiful tree-lined streets. A classic Chicago neighborhood, Uptown is known for being the infamous stomping grounds of Al Capone, and the pinnacle of nightlife during the Jazz age.
Nestled next to Lake Michigan, the residents of Uptown and Buena Park have access to Margate Park, Montrose Harbor, the Green Mill, and the Riviera Theatre. Easily accessible to the lakefront path, Sheridan and Broadway buses, and the Red Line "El", there are easy and direct routes to Downtown Chicago.
If you want to live in one of Chicago's most diverse and culturally rich neighborhoods, then take a look at some of the charming Uptown apartments that Horizon Realty Group offers:
Buena Park
- Buena Terrace – 4242 N Sheridan
- The Uptown Regency – 5050 N Sheridan
- The Renaissance – 901 W Argyle
- Sheridan Plaza– 4607 N Sheridan
- The Covington – 4600 N Clarendon
- Montrose Beach
- Montrose Harbor
- Aragon Ballroom
- The Riviera Theatre
- The Green Mill
- Margate Park
Nearby Transportation
- Red Line "L" Stations
- CTA Bus #151 Sheridan
- CTA Bus #146 Inner Drive Express
- CTA Bus #36 Broadway
- CTA Bus #78 Montrose
- CTA Bus #81 Lawrence


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Apartments in Ospedaletti |
- 120m2
- Balcony
- Good condition
- Garden
- Investment
- New building
- Pool
- Requires repair
- Renovated
- Terrace
- Sea view
Three-bedroom maisonette on the first line from the sea. Located on the top floor of a three storey house and has an optional attic level.
On the first level are the kitchen, living room, big bedroom with en suite bathroom, a guest room, one bathroom, two balconies.
On the second level, big bedroom with en suite bathroom, studio (room), terrace.
The house has an elevator with a private entrance to the apartment.


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This apprenticeship offers you the opportunity to learn whilst working in the horticulture industry. You'll come to college once a week to learn basic and specialist skills but the majority of the course takes place and is assessed in the workplace. The programme also includes maths and English qualifications.
The chance to develop a career in the vibrant local horticultural industry, such as in management positions in a range of horticultural businesses, or to travel aboard and use your skills.


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FREE!!! Register here.
The Mozambican traditional dances are joyful and energetic, often with a challenging footwork to fantastic rhythms from the southern parts of the African continent. The participants will work intensively with both technique and style in a 90 minute class. This class would be suitable for dancers at all levels, beginners to more experienced dancers, we dance together but to one's own ability.
Teacher bio.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: August 23Robot Lock to the POP with Jazzy J
Later Event: June 17Hip Hop with Robin Dunn


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Taking Back the Night: Halloween for Christian Kids
Halloween has gone from being a relatively minor children's holiday of the late 20th century to now, a major commercial event for adults as well as children. While most Americans view it as a day of family fun and dressing up, some pagan groups use it to celebrate idolatry and even devil worship. Since the


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Our Latest Initiative: July, 2017
July saw Cana Academy on the road to Colorado where president Andrew Zwerneman pitched our Cana Classical Guides to some leaders in the charter school movement and participated in the Regional Conference for the Institute for Catholic Liberal Education, held mostly at the University of Denver. There, he presented on how to lead discussions on great books and directed a seminar on fiction for twenty classical school teachers. Each contribution was based on our Cana Classical Guides, A Lively Kind of Learning: Mastering the Seminar Method and Teaching Fiction from the Inside Out.
Cana Academy conducted its latest VISIONS seminar in July as well. The program, presented to the residents at the ecumenical Christian community Hubbard Hill in Elkhart, Indiana, focused on the Italian painter Caravaggio and his masterful way of imagining the Bible with light, darkness, and drama. The discussion of the Caravaggio paintings was so lively that the program actually went a bit overtime—a first in our seven-month run at Hubbard Hill. One resident who has attended every one of the Cana seminars designed for seniors says that "VISIONS is our favorite event at Hubbard Hill each month." Another resident who attends regularly describes the value that the Cana presentations afford her: "I did not go to college. That's why I come to these VISIONS programs."
We are fully moved into our headquarters in Falls Church, Virginia. High atop an office complex owned by the Falls Church Anglican Church, our suite is now refurbished with fresh paint and flooring, outfitted with furniture and art, and serving our mission well.
While we have conducted a number of Cana Table Seminars elsewhere, we held our first one in the new headquarters just this past week. The mission team from Saint Philip Catholic Church—two pastors, a visiting priest, a seminarian in residence, the music minister, the facilities manager, the financial officer, the religious instruction director, and two parish secretaries—joined us for a seminar on Flannery O'Connor's short story, "Revelation." The discussion was lively and fun and led everyone to a better understanding of the story and of our humanity.
It also fulfilled one of Cana's purposes. "When we founded Cana Academy," explains Zwerneman, "one of our goals was to support mission teams. We wanted to help them deepen their understanding of the human condition and to bond as teams who serve their communities and neighbors."
Commenting on how the seminar helped build team spirit, St. Philip's facilities manager Tim Harris said it allowed him to "see a different side of [his] coworkers." Harris gave the seminar an "Excellent" rating and found the new Cana headquarters "Beautiful!" As another participant from St. Philip's observed, "The seminar brought us together in an intellectual way that is typically not experienced in the office. This allows team members to show a depth of character and personality that is not always visible." St. Philip's pastor, Fr. Denis Donahue, called the event "a time of insight, beauty and joy." Like his two colleagues quoted earlier, he learned something new about the mission team he leads: "[T]he discussion was so different than our usual staff interactions, we had the chance to grow in appreciation of each other."
The seminar approach Cana Academy used, poring over two pages of the story at a time and carefully examining the physical and psychological inventory, was new and helpful for the participants. As Donahue commented, that plan for discussion "assisted [the participants] in noting the significance of the details in short stories. I was not aware of this 'detail-centered' approach before, but... I plan on using it in my future reading of literature."
Donahue especially valued how the Cana Table Seminar strengthened the St. Philip mission team in a unique way: It "provided the chance for all of us to share our thoughts, which unlocked the significance of the story while also revealing something about ourselves. Truly an afternoon of 'revelations'! There are not many places where you can engage in this kind of activity."
Cana Academy's Joe Wood has been traveling and teaching in Slovakia. Check out the beautiful photographs he recently sent while on the road there. Joe has also been networking with potential allies in the effort to support persecuted Christians abroad.
In August, Cornerstone, an Evangelical school that operates in one of the poorest parts of Washington, D.C., and serves a predominantly African-American student body in grades one through twelve, will be sending nine of their teachers to us for professional development. Cana Academy will provide four services: Andrew Zwerneman will conduct a workshop on how to teach history. He will also run a coaching session on how to plan out a humanities course consisting of ancient and medieval history and literature. Then Jeannette DeCelles-Zwerneman will run a workshop on how to teach literature and conduct a seminar on a piece of fiction.
We hope you are encouraged by the news from Cana Academy. Let us know how we can help you build the best culture.
Picture of VISIONS seminar by Tim Henke. Pictures of Slovakia by Joseph Wood. All other photographs by Helen DeCelles-Zwerneman


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Marine redox fluctuation as a potential trigger for the Cambrian explosion
The diversification of metazoans during the latest Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian has been attributed to, among other factors, a progressive rise in surface oxygen levels. However, recent results have also questioned the idea of a prominent rise in atmospheric oxygen levels or a major or unidirectional shift in the marine redox landscape across this interval. Here, we present new carbonate-associated uranium isotope data from upper Ediacaran to lower Cambrian marine carbonate successions. [...]"
Source: Geology
Authors: Guang-Yi Wei et al.
Heterogenous oceanic redox conditions through the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary limited the metazoan zonation
"Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the linkage of oxygenation and metazoan evolution in Early Cambrian time. However, little of this work has addressed the apparent lag of animal diversification and atmospheric oxygenation during this critical period of Earth history. This study utilizes the geochemical proxy and N isotope record of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary preserved in intra-shelf basin, slope, and slope basin deposits of the Yangtze Sea to assess the ocean redox state during the Early Cambrian metazoan radiation. [...]"
Source: Scientific Reports
Authors: Junpeng Zhang, Tailiang Fan, Yuandong Zhang, Gary G. Lash, Yifan Li & Yue Wu
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07904-3


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An amusing story from the Cyprus Mail one day last week...
Sunday, 27 April 2008
In the news...
Posted by she at 4:10 pm
3 comments:
- iamdecal said...
- 28 April 2008 at 01:28
- Dave Lawrence said...
That is indeed very amusing!
As if ANYONE isn't going to realise that it's not their cat. Similar isn't identical, and every cat's personality is different.
It's like me replacing my cousing with someone who looks quite like him, and expecting no one to notice!
- 29 April 2008 at 18:05
- paul said...
Multilols :-)
- 15 May 2008 at 00:08
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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The Ultimate Pragmatist: Kautilya's Philosophy Essay
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The Arthashastra is a treatise of political advice to the king, written by the Indian philosopher, Kautilya, in the 4th century B.C.E. Kautilya's pragmatism is reflected in policy advice on how to conduct war and diplomacy by both honest and dishonest means toward the goal of increasing the power,wealth, and security of the state. Kautilya advocates "SMART"[1] power–the interface of warfighting capabilities combined with diplomacy, opportunism, and guile. His ideas for competitive advantage, resonate today.
Kautilya's ideas center around the concept of his "Raj Mandala"–a model upon which the king could decide on collusion, cooperation, alliance, acquisition or destruction in dealings with other nations. Through all of this he set forth a scheme of covert dealings, misinformation, spies, planned assassinations and poisonings. Kautilya can be seen as "predecessor" of Machiavelli, and like him is viewed as both a sinner and a saint on management principles and practices.
Public bureaucracies, such as the military confront quandaries of ethical choice.
Such dilemmas are often of an ends/means nature, or the greatest good for the greatest number, and Machiavelli's proposition, "when the act accuses, the result excuses." When is a lie "noble" or "royal"?–in Platonic terms we sometimes suggest that the people may be deceived for their own good, and when is it not? What about the "dirty hands dilemmas" often encountered when public officials such as military commanders commit acts that from everyday reality are considered evil, but deemed necessary to maintain the national interest. In modern day cases like Abu Gharib, Guanatnamo Bay interrogations, the Iran-Contra affair and in a myriad of other instances our military leaders face conflicts of values, dilemmas of the "lesser of evils, " or the quandary of "viable alternatives."
From the year 2010, let us backtrack quickly to the year 352 BCE when a man named Kautilya served as the advisor to a powerful King, Chandragupta Maurya, in the Mauyran dynasty. Kautilya, generally felt no such conflicts. As the ultimate pragmatist he wasted no rhetorical statements to dilute his harsh management philosophies. Like Hoederer in Satre's play, he might well have stated: "I have dirty hands right up to the elbows. I have plunged them in filth and blood. Do you think you can govern innocently?"[2] This case study bring to light a number of questions, is the public servant who commits bad deeds for the public good, an evil person, a pragmatist, or a tragic hero like Weber's "suffering servant" (1919, 1946, 1978) who in doing his duty has ultimately lost his soul?
The treatise, known as the Arthasastra, was written by Kautilya around 321 B.C.E. He was the Prime Minister of the Mauyran Empire in the service of Chandragupta Maurya, its powerful king. This was one of the greatest books on war, leadership, management, and political economy of the ancient world. It presented strategic advice for decision-makers to maximize a state's resources and its national security. It advocated rational self-interest in decision-making, yet at the same time it also argued for principles of a welfare state, in which enlightened self-interest would prevail. However, enlightened self-interest was promoted by Kautilya for pragmatic reasons and not for ethical ones, per se. Its precepts embody patterns of thinking on leadership and management applicable to modern corporations and military bureaucracies. On reading the Arthasashtra, one is struck by the political astuteness of its writer, Kautilya, who can be termed one of the shrewdest policy wonks the world has ever known. The purpose of the Arthasashtra was to be a comprehensive guide for government in the Mauryan Empire, and to aid its ruler to increase the wealth, power[3] and security of the kingdom.
To do this, Kautilya, much like his modern counterparts appears to have had an on-going love affair with growth and business enhancement, albeit in a cunning, ends-based philosophy that echoed Machiavelli's famous dictum, "when the act accuses, the result excuses" (The Prince, 1532). The word, artha, itself, translates to "material well-being"– in effect, it is the study of economics. The work is, thus, sometimes referred to as "the Science of Material Gain" (Kosambi, 1994). Indeed as Tisdell has argued there was no parallel in economic philosophy to the Arthasashtra until Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations (Tisdell, 2006).[4] It has also been translated as the "Scripture of Wealth." Because of its focus on power, accrued via the sharp instruments of politics, public policy analysis, and administration, the Arthashastra, is also sometimes known as "The Science of Polity," "Treatise on Polity," and the "Science of Political Economy (Singh, 1993; Kosambi, 1964; Boesche 2002 and Boesche, 2003).
To these definitions of what the Arthasashtra represents, this analysis adds that it is also the Science of SMART Power, using regular and irregular means to do so. Kautilya's realism is reflected in the often brutal and gory details of what the king must do to seize and to retain power. Thus, Kautilya, much like any modern CEO, kept a vigilant and analytical eye on the internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats of the nation, as they impacted state security and welfare. Kautilya's analysis of wealth and power has four characteristics—reality, usability, transferability and consumption power (Raja, 2005, pg. 51). To him, the satisfaction of the need for wealth and power, at any cost, would naturally create positive externalities for the state to maximize overall satisfaction–a concept which was later associated with Jeremy Bentham's philosophy: "the greatest good for the greatest number" (1789).
Who would be the leaders of this state? Here Kautilya, the Professor from Taxila University, just like for Plato before him, was an elitist when it came to governance. He believed in oligarchic government, whose leadership, he argued, should be made up of learned elites. Upon the shoulders of these learned officials would fall the responsibility to discern the methodologies for the satisfaction of preferences that provided the greatest value to the state. Like Plato, he believed in the policy of the "noble lie" –i.e., lying for the public good.[5] Similar to Plato, he was in favor of a strong military elite, whose generals would be in key advisory roles to the Commander-in-Chief (Chandragupta Maurya). Because the leaders were given the leeway of extreme utilitarian goals (later associated with the Machiavellian aphorism: "the ends justify the means") the Arthasashtra approved of the breaking of compacts, loose-promise-keeping, and treachery[6].
Thus, in modern moral terms, such incentives could be seen as flawed policies, in that they were strongly-coupled to economic outcomes, while paying scant attention to the ethics of the means and ends. The Arthasashtra was an interesting document in its emphasis on materialism at a time when India was concerned with issues of spirituality and a focus on moksha—the liberation of the soul from the bonds of karma. In the Hindu philosophy then as now, the ultimate end is an end to rebirth and a conjoining of the individual soul with the divine. Thus Kautilya's often sadistic means of reaching the end state of wealth and power, would only be a way of creating karma that binds a soul to the material universe. It has been theorized that it is because of the brutality of some of the means used to get to the ends, that Chandragupta's grandson, the great Mauryan Emperor, Asoka, turned away from violence and embraced non-violent Buddhist ethics.
It is impossible to read the Arthasashtra without being struck by its pessimistic and cynical view of human nature. Being the ultimate pragmatist Kautilya, dispensed general advice to those who lead governments: "a person should not be too honest. Just as straight trees are chopped down first, honest people are taken advantage of first" (Arthasashtra, 350 BCE). This, "no-nonsense" treatise has been described as a book of "political realism," by Boesche (2003)–because it does not advocate what "ought" to be done, rather what "must" be done in a world of imperfect human beings. His statement that "the intrinsically pure man is rare" resonates with another practical strategist, Sun Tzu, who lamented: "hardly ten men of true integrity and good faith can be found today…" (Sihag, 2009; Rasmussen 1994)
The dicta in the Arthasashtra show clear, if cynical, observations of hypocrisy, and; how human beings will generally put their preferences and interests first, will lie and cheat–even while simultaneously giving lip service to lofty ideals. Kautilya notes: "It is possible to know even the path of birds flying in the sky, but not the ways of government servants who hide their income" (Arthasashtra). If Kautilya's advice to the ruler appears to resemble Machiavelli's counsel to the prince, this is a fact that has not escaped notice. Kautilya preceded Machiavelli by many hundreds of years, thus Kautilya could be said to be Machiavelli's intellectual ancestor. In his work, "Politics as a Vocation," Max Weber found the advice of Kautilya to be so calculating, wily and ruthless as to render Machiavellian thought "harmless"[7] (Runcimann, translated by Matthews, 1978). Kautilya like Machiavelli looked at the dark side of human nature as the baseline from which leaders must strategize. Machiavelli observed: " It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges laws for it to presuppose that all men are evil and that they are always going to act according to the wickedness of their spirits whenever they have free scope." (The Prince, 1532).
Kautilya's advice to the King was similar to the thinking of a Theory X manager (MacGregor, 1960, i.e., the nature of the governed was: weak, opportunistic, greedy, and self-serving). These were people to be controlled by a powerful bureaucracy led by the King by selected punishments and rewards. See Table 3.1. Both philosophers preferred utility to morality and both men have views on perfidy that are audacious by today's accepted moral standards.[8] How well did Prime Minister Kautilya succeed in his efforts in using "the means justify the ends" utilities, as a SMART tool in nation-building? History records that Chandragupta Maurya (under Kautilya's tutelage) succeeded in bringing together almost all of the fiefdoms in India, making him the unifier of all India, its first Emperor while he was still in his early twenties. Because his achievements ranged from destroying the Nanda Empire, and conquering the Alexander the Greek's Macedonian provinces in India and eventually establishing centralized rule throughout South Asia, some scholars refer to him as cakravartin, or world conqueror (Bhargava, 1996, Kohli, 1995, Spellman, 1964).
The Mauryan Empire was larger than the British Empire in India, and spanned the Indian Ocean in the South and East, to the Himalayas in the North, to Iran in the West. Kautilya's precepts foreshadowed current management philosophy on internal strengths of the organization for competitive advantage. Building VRIO—valuable, rare, inimitable, and organizationally-integrated organizations (Barney and Hesterly, 2005) are implicit in the Arthasashtra. An important question remains, however, as to whether the economic guidance came at the price of subordination of ethics to terms of economics. In terms of modern management, how can Kautilyan dicta be viewed? This issue is taken up in Section III of this paper.
II. KAUTILYA'S SUCCESSFUL USE OF SMART POWER FOR INTERNATIONAL SUPREMECY: Kautilya was a complex individual and his policies for international relations are sophisticated, multifaceted, and byzantine in structure. He developed complex constructions on how war and international relations were to be conducted. Within each conceptualization were many substructures designed to meet any contingency. Many of the concepts had two faces—an overt one, for example, showing the face of friendship, and a covert one, undermining the friend by secret methods and then reaping the benefits. Again, all of these actions were advocated not for Kautilya's personal benefit, but were pragmatic aims for the power and glory of the Mauryan Empire. In dealing with other states, Kautilya advocated the use of soft and hard power– a modern concept, now known as "smart" power (Nye, 2003) which is discussed next.
2.1.: Smart Power: According to Professor Joseph Nye, a former Clinton administration official in the Department of Defense, who coined the phrase, "smart power" this is a combination of hard and soft power–i.e., the employment of both military and diplomacy tools. Nye's philosophy of soft power is getting what is wanted through attraction and collaboration versus confrontation and coercion. In her confirmation speech as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton called for the use of "smart" power, saying: "We must use what has been called smart power, the full range of tools at our disposal — diplomatic, economic, military, political, legal and cultural — picking the right tool or combination of tools for each situation" (Clinton, 2009). Returning to the Arthasashtra, one sees the concept of "SMART" Power in Kautilya's "Mandala Theory" of international relationships. How successful was the Mandala concept?
Alexander's defeat in India is credited to the philosophy of international relations, war, politics, and military matters that were existent in ancient India and at Taxila University, where Kautilya was a professor, and which later found their way into written form in the Arthashastra. The famed Indian Rajput warrior, Shivaji based his campaigns to defeat the Mughal Emperors on interpretations of the text. More recently a military leader like Bismarck, might have thought in Kautilyan style, in his attempts to expand the wealth and power of Prussia. Even while he did not always advocate conflict to increase the power and wealth of the state, to Bismarck the soft side of national power was ultimately and always a temporary phenomenon. Like a modern CEO Kautilya never lost cognizance of the fact that allies could easily become enemies depending on the dictates of the environment. Thus even while he argued for cooperation, collaboration, collusion with allies—much like a modern captain of industry or military leader [9], as will be described later, he was not above using corporate Feints and underhand Gambits in order to create advantage for his side.
2.2. Soft Power–The Raj Mandala Model of Diplomacy: The essence of Kautilya's utilitarian and practical advice is to prevent a balanced equation of power to remain between states, particularly between his own state and another. He believed that the ruler must always seek to tip the balance of power in his favor. Kautilya the realist understood the relationship between power and maximization of wealth. He sought to provide the means by which the balance of power would shift in favor of "the-king-who-wants-to-conquer," whom he called the "vijigishu". The vijigishu, of course, describes a ruler with the mindset of his own king–Chandragupta Maurya. He therefore argued for an energetic and dynamic foreign policy: "The welfare of a state depends on an active foreign policy," (Arthashastra 6.2.1.).
The power equation is important in deciding what foreign policy needed to be pursued. He envisioned his state as being surrounded by concentric circles—hence the term "mandala.[10]" For each of the concentric circles he designed policy blueprints for action: 1) Immediate Neighbors Should be Suspect at All Times: neighboring states were to be looked at as potential enemies, even if friendly relations prevailed in the immediate present. 2) Maintain Neighbors of Immediate Neighbors As Allies: The state that borders the neighbor on the other side of the vijigishu's kingdom should be courted and viewed as a potential ally– particularly if the vijigishu's immediate neighboring state was stronger or equally strong. This power and policy was not to be extended merely bilaterally or even linearly in geographic terms, but rather to be pursued in a geopolitical centrifugal concept, with the vijigishu's state at the center of the hub.
This was the "Raj Mandala" theory of balance of power as expounded by Kautilya. This formation of allies around the perimeter of neighboring states provided protective value, in case cordial neighboring relationships failed. Even if cordial relations did not fail, he envisioned taking neighboring states, usually in underhand ways, if he had created a strong ally on the other side of the "enemy's" kingdom: "The enemy, however strong he may be, becomes vulnerable to harassment and destruction when he is squeezed between the conqueror and his allies" (6,2,40). While the Mandala generally describes a series of concentric circles, the boundaries of these circles appear to move in and out of each there in various formations, from sharper incursions to more subtle ones. They are wholly contained shapes in the designated regions in the mandala depict infiltrators in those regions—possibly spies, envoys, dissenters, or secret agents. The Mandala is an apt depiction of complexity of stakeholders in international relations today. Figure 1.2: Kautilya's Raj Mandala: Enemies and Allies [pic]
A=The Vijigishu's State
B=The Enemy or Potential Enemy State
C=The Ally or Potential Ally State
Kautilya advocated six types of foreign policy: Sandhi, Vigraha, Asana, Dvaidhibhava, Samsarya, and Yana. 1) Sandhi: This is the principle of cooperation and accommodation, but as always, on a temporary and "wait-and-see" basis. Sandhi itself is a complex construct within which lie five discernable types, shown in Figure 2.1, (or Table 2.1) each of which is present in contemporary international relations. We see Mitrasandhi or friendship (mitra=friend) in our relations with certain countries, in particular with great Britain. In corporate America we see this as Joint Ventures (JVs). Sometimes these JVs steal knowledge from each other and then split up.
We observe Karmasandhi in compacts like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. In corporate terms we see alliances in the airline industry such as Star Alliance (United, Lufthansa, Air Canada, SAS, and others) and One World (American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Quantas and others). Bhoomisandhi or land exchange is more troublesome in current times, we have seen this in the India-Pakistan territorial split in 1947. In corporate terms, we see it in entrepreneurial "harvest and exit" strategies (Peng, 2009). In terms of Anavasitsandhi, some may see economic collusion between firms today as exploitive of other countries, amounting to economic colonization.
Another type of foreign policy was Vigara, a hostile policy toward another state—culminating in conflict or war. It was particularly toward the states that were either subordinate in power or equal in power that the Arthasashtra advocates the vigara policy. Yana is the policy of direct attack on another state. If the state is deemed to be weak, has valuable resources, or is in a favorable location, aggression would be considered. (The kinds of warfare Kautilya named are explored more fully in Section 2.3.).
Dvaidhibhava was a policy of non-alignment with states that are greater powers. For example, India pursued a policy of non-alignment for several decades in which both the United States and the USSR—both superior powers, were cultivated. Dvaidhibhava also meant double-dealing when necessary—i.e., dealing with one superior power overtly to maintain friendships, and dealing with another covertly to destroy the first. Asana was a foreign policy of indifference toward certain states for various expedient reasons. Samsarya was a policy of protection given to a weaker state. With samsarya, the protector gains an ally and a staging platform for future conflict with another state.
2.3. Hard Power—The Use of Force: Kautilya strongly advocated that the ruler must always be prepared for war (yuddha), and should actively seek to conduct war at all times in the pursuit of power and wealth. In contrast to Carl von Clausewitz who said that war is an extension of domestic politics ( 1976), Kautilya argued that that diplomacy is just a subtle act of war. This resonates with Max Weber's later dictum that there is no morality in international relations and that states must accept the reality of perpetual conflict (1919, 1978). He claimed that a nation's foreign policy should always consist of preliminary movements toward war. His focus was economics and not ethics and morality.
In viewing the opportunities and threats in the external environment Kautilya saw the following possibilities for national advantage, which can be translated to predatory or hostile attack strategy for corporations seeking competitive advantage: 1) Strong states are potential FOES—strong competitive corporations are FOES 2) States that have calamities (famine, floods etc) or are in trouble with bad economies are VULNERABLE, and should be immediately ATTACKED—ATTACK quickly and seek advantage when rival companies become weakened. 3) States that are weak with no popular support it should be EXTERMINATED—some corporations must be ELIMINATED when they add no value to customers, with little to no negative fallouts to oneself.
4) If a state has a tyrannical king, there is advantage to be gained from ATTACK, as inside support can be counted upon—plan to UNDERMINE unpopular corporate CEOs from the inside.
5) If a state is relatively strong, it can be HARASSED silently and weakened over time— continuous CHALLENGES to rivals comes about through continuous improvement on one's own products and services.
For Kautilya there were to be three kinds of warfare[11] on-going at all times: 1) Kautilya's Prakasayuddha, Overt, Conventional and Traditional War—such as the World Wars I and II. In business this attack is known as "thrust" and it is the classic frontal attack with brute force, for example, Advanced Micro Devices attack on Intel's Pentium chip, that temporarily cut into its market. The success of such an attack, Kautilya knew depended on relative strengths of the two forces, and the importance of the coveted areas. In this case the attacker needs to have strong strengths—at least a three-to-one advantage to overcome a well-defended territory. 2) Kautilya's Kutayuddha or Covert War, which we now term as asymmetrical or irregular warfare. This is similar to the wars being waged against the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan. This form of warfare is also similar to two philosophies from business, the tactic of the "Feint" and the tactic of the "Gambit".
As an example of a feint, Kautilya would not be above using deception by attacking a rival's less prosperous area, with an eye to a more prosperous area. When the rival's resources would be diverted to the secondary area, then the real target could be attacked. Kautilya's "gambit" was much like a game of chess when a lesser piece of territory is sacrificed to gain a higher-value territory—and is used today in corporate strategies. 3) Kautilya's Gudayuddha, or Clandestine and Silent War[12], which is an extension of the covert war, but in which spies and infiltrators, disinformation and treachery, within a targeted state is carried on, under the radar.
This is similar to a hostile surreptitious corporate takeover. Awareness is generally considered a prerequisite for any defense. One might look to the known example of Honda's successful attack on Harley Davidson's large, powerful, motorcycle empire with its small 50cc, $250 motorbike that looked more like a bicycle than a motorcycle. If an attack is so subtle that rivals are not aware of it, then the attacker's objectives are likely to be attained and systems will be in place to secure those objectives well before the target recognizes the attack. The military strategist Sun Tzu argued that "the expert general approaches his object indirectly" (Sawyer, 1994). Kautilya, wasted no time wondering about the ethics of the strategies he advocated. This is reminiscent of Max Weber's view, expressed in the 19th century, that morality plays very little part in international politics (Weber, 1919, 1946, 1978).
Kautilya, advocated the use of all three forms of warfare individually and even simultaneously. In the final analysis of Kautilya's international relations policy, he loudly articulates what today is only covertly advocated, i.e., that any state after some time uses up its resources and new sources need to be acquired either through alliances, pseudo-alliances or direct force. In corporate terms, a company that has exhausted the resources in a single product or geographic market, must diversify in order to continue to advance it underlying profit-maximizing goals.
The three important internal issues for the ruler to attend to are: Raksha—or protection of life and liberty within the state; Palana or law and justice; and, Yogakshema or welfare of the people. These three characteristics are also to be seen to be subsumed in the constitutions of all modern states as–preservation of Life, Liberty, Justice, Equality and Property. It is mainly in Kautilya's Yogakshma domestic policies that scholars see a "value-based" philosophy (Kumar and Rao 1996; (Chunder, 1970). Therefore, has Kautilya been misunderstood as a ruthless and brutal Prime Minister? Is he in fact a principled leader whose ideals centered around yoga-kshema? Given that one of Kautilya's famous pieces of advice in the Arthasashtra runs as follows: "a person should not be too honest. Just as straight trees are chopped down first, honest people are taken advantage of first," this would indeed be a curious interpretation of Kautilyan ideology.
Thucydides, in the Melian Dialog, argues Boesche, "has an objective standard of justice a moral yardstick by which to measure human actions." However, Boesche goes on to state that "Kautilya has no moral standard" (italics added) other than good or bad ends that accrue to states as consequences of their actions[13]. In effect, Kautilya is a consequentialist and an utilitarian. Within this structure he is also clearly a rule utilitarian, who defines general principles in the Arthasashtra that will increase value to the state, even if some bad deed is done to achieve it—such as lying, stealing, poisoning, and killing, i.e., the "ends justify the means" policy. Perhaps if we look at Kautilya's ethics as compartmentalized, then one can find some semblance of a "values-based" leadership within the domestic policies he advocates. However, these values-based principles, such as: piety, purity, truthfulness, avoiding injury to others[14] work towards the material and spiritual wellbeing of subjects [15]and avoid profits that bring injury to the people, must be analyzed in light of his ends-justify-the means" philosophy.
When he argued that the leader should undertake good deeds for his people, it was only for expediency to keep the populace happy so that they would not revolt, and less so for concern for human rights and social justice. He also displayed surprisingly gentle ideas of how to incorporate prisoners of war into the nation and use their labor to create value. What meaning can be drawn about such benevolence and protection of human rights from one who advocated the use of torture as a legitimate means to get information, spies, poisons, and treachery to acquire other nations? Was Kautilya the ultimate hypocrite? To answer this, one must look to the core characteristic of Kautilya—his pragmatism[16]. It was not so much that he advocated benevolence as an intrinsic virtue, but as a pragmatic tool to serve the ends of the state, to ensure the goodwill and labor of the populace, and to prevent challenges to the ruler.
He set up the bureaucracy to pull out the essential value from human endeavor through a series of economic and social incentives. Kautilyan incentives can be seen not only as instruments of power and control[17] over the bureaucracy, but also as insurance risk (Sihag, 2009). This system of rewards and incentives in management are remarkably similar to our own management philosophies of pay-for-performance systems, stock options, bonuses, and other incentive payouts for employees. He thus created, what might be the earliest governmental system of pay-for-performance, and management by objectives[18] for the bureaucracy, and divided these performance systems based on the kind of work that was done for the state from the senior executive service, middle-managers to lower functionaries.
Boesche's argument that the Kautilyan welfare state was paternalistic cannot be disputed. It had elaborate rules, designed to keep the goodwill of subjects, and also to keep them submissive (Boesche, 2002). The Arthasashtra was dictatorial in nature, giving detailed prescriptions on minute details of citizens' daily lives—such as how to wash clothes, keep clean, when to cover windows at night, and how many times to bathe horses. In this, Kautilya's precepts foreshadowed by many centuries, the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor, and scientific management. Like Machiavelli, Kautilya's final goal was wealth maximization. At best, his "valued-based" management principles were limited to domestic policies within the state; at worst one may see his ideas about governmental ethics to be amoral, at times immoral, and certainly contradictory.
How have Kautilya's ideas been implemented and modified through the years? What other theorists and practitioners have contributed to the evolution of SMART power? What are the modern applications of this concept? This paper's scope does not allow for comprehensive answers to these questions, but it is useful to examine how threads of Kautilyan thought have been weaved through the fabric of history. Figure 4.1 illustrates historical figures close to Kautilya's time as well as influential theorists over 1,000 years later. Figure 4.1. Kautilya in Historical Context
The writings of two figures from the same historical era as Kautilya have greatly influenced modern strategic thought regarding how nations interact, and many of their themes are in concert with one another. Some argue that Sun Tzu (circa 544-496 BCE) "has become the intellectual father of a school of warfare that advocates winning by maneuver or by psychologically dislocating the opponent." (Bartholomees, 2009) Also, he advocated use of deception, surprise, and intelligence akin to Kautilya's Gudayuddha to attempt victory without overt combat. A continent away and about a century later, Thucydides penned the epic history of the Peloponnesian War. In it, he analyzed the role of power in international relations including diplomatic interactions leading up to and accompanying war as well as the domestic and cultural aspects influencing them.
His chronicle of states' quests for power to survival and grow may have provided a theoretical foundation for the evolution of the modern international system where "on the level of grand strategy all instruments of national power must be leveraged in conjunction with military means in pursuit of national goals." (Nation, 2009) Thucydides' account addresses several ethical and moral issues related to the use of power that readers of Kautilya should note. This includes the bluntly pragmatic "the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must" logic of the Melian dialogue, although the resulting strategic consequences of Athen's harsh treatment of Melia may have contributed to their own eventual downfall. Applying Kautilya's direct warfare of Yana and Prakasayuddha against weak opponents may risk similar long-term faults. Skipping ahead by a millennium, one can see the evolution leading to the modern Westphalian state system through the writings of Niccolo Machiavelli, an advisor in the Florentine Republic, one of the five major Italian stato in the 15th century.
Often characterized as ruthlessly pragmatic, Machiavelli's emphasis on the survival of the state as paramount resonates with Kautilya's primary goal. This ends of the state—the raison d'état—are justified by any means necessary for success, although arguably his power policies follow a more amoral, vice immoral, approach. That is, although the state (embodied by The Prince in Machiavelli's case) should not set out to do immoral acts, they may be necessary for survival. As such, every tool available should be applied to increase the state's power, including violence, deceit, treachery, and dissimulation. Echoing the philosophy espoused by Kautilya, Machiavelli notes that rulers are "judged by their success in defending and advocating the interests of the state, not by any other standards, moral or political." (Nigro, 2009) Almost 200 years after the formal treaty of Westphalia, the Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz wrote his observations and philosophies regarding the nature of war during the 19th century.
The concepts in his work strongly influenced the development and application of U.S. land power during most of the 20th century. He recognized the strong connection between politics and war, highlighted by his "paradoxical trinity" composed of violence, subordination, and chance represented by the people (internal politics), the government (policy), and the military. His work concentrates on the more conventional aspects of war—the Prakasayuddh of Kautilya—with insights on such themes as seeking battle, determining an enemy's center of gravity, and reaching the culminating point of attack. The main thrust of his work focuses on the use of physical force—hard power—as a necessary component (the means) to imposing the state's will on the enemy (the ends). In the contemporary context, one might say that the U.S. Army has come "full circle" with regard to the balanced use of soft and hard power.
In the latest version of its primary field manual on Operations, the Army acknowledges the current U.S. security environment as "a complex period of prolonged conflicts and opportunities" which requires "the protracted application of all instruments of national power." The emphasis is no longer simply "to fight and win," but rather, "to create conditions that advance U.S. goals" across a spectrum of conflict spanning stable peace through insurgency to general war. In fact, Department of Defense policy directs that stability operations, the lowest end of the spectrum, "shall be given priority comparable to combat operations."
This more holistic approach mirrors those of Kautilya and Sun Tzu, with the crucial difference of the U.S. applying measures to ensure consistency with its enduring moral and ethical values. These include specific laws of war to safeguard fundamental human rights as well as to make the transition to peace easier. Also, rules of engagement (ROE) are directives provided to guide the use of force in a delicate balance to pursue tactical victory without causing strategic failure. (U.S. Army, 2008) Ideally, the application of laws of war and ROE will allow operations at the most violent end of the conflict spectrum to avoid the myopic and counterproductive shortfalls of Kautilya's brutal wielding of national power. To be effective, the U.S. must also be on guard to ensure that enemies whose activities follow the immoral aspects of Kautilyan philosophy do not undermine the commitment to fundamental values for expediency.
Kautilya's ideas on wealth maximization did not come to scholarly interest until the early 21st century, when this ancient treatise was translated into English and Hindi from its original Sanskrit in 1915 (Choudhary, 1971). Thus, scholars are only now beginning to place this work into a contemporary context. In his work, "The Six Principles of Political Realism," Hans Morgenthau has argued that, "…the fact that a theory of politics that was developed hundreds or even thousands of years ago….does not create a presumption that it must be outmoded and obsolete." He goes on to say that "To dispose of such a theory as a 'fashion' or 'fad' is tantamount to assuming that in matters political we can have opinions but no truths" (1973). In terms of what we know about ambition and pursuit of wealth and power from Kautilya's Arthasashtra, one can indeed describe it as a "Science of Acquisition."
To this some cautionary words to today's state and corporate leaders would be to temper a lust for acquisition of wealth with a sense of global economic justice. From the propensity of leader pathology in private and public corporations in modernity (Coates, 2004, 2007) it is clearly evident that the leaders in debacles of Enron, Tyco, Worldcom, General Motors, Bank of America, AIG, and others, pursued strategies of wealth maximization without concern for ethical codes of conduct. We did see that the fundamental attribution error and the self-interested bias prevailed in these cases—but corporate America is not alone. Lying, cheating and stealing are pervasive in Washington's public sector network of public conglomerates. However, if there is any thin silver lining of a lesson to be learned from the recent stories of Bernie Madoff and the philosophy of greed epitomized by the fictional Gordon Gekko[19], is that immorality, conscious or unconscious at the top is bad for business.
The Exxon Valdez, Johnson and Johnson, and Tylenol cases showed that market value decreased by 8% after these catastrophes, whereas after ten weeks following these disasters the stock of firms with ethical values increased by 5%, and unethical firms dropped by 15% (Fombrun, 2005). For utilitarian reasons, therefore, corporate leaders need to be the leading champions of the organization's espoused values (Coates, 2009). The military recognizes this value and has articulated it in doctrine–U.S. Army expects every leader to be a "Values Champion"[20] and to do his/her duty (USAWC, Primer, FM22-100). Michael Walzer has another perspective. He suggested that the populace must reconcile to living under the rule of bureaucrats "who have lost their souls" (1973).
From the Arthasashtra, one might speculate that despite harsh dictates in pursuit of "good" ends, Kautilya may have looked at the leader, not so much as a wealth mazimizing warrior, but more as a tragic hero who had to do evil to reap good. Max Weber offered a similar concept of the leader, as one who suffered, and "lets himself in for the diabolic forces lurking in violence" (Gerth & Mills, 1946). Although written hundreds of years ago, Books Seven, Eleven and Twelve of the Arthasashtra provide us practical guidance for use by the modern corporations. The discussions about human nature and its motivations and behaviors remain current across the centuries and so too do ontology, epistemology and methodology of nation-building and interstate relations. Distrust, self-interest and the on-going quest to secure scarce resources just as a part of modern nations as these were in Kautilya's time.
The "dirty-hands dilemma"[21] continues to challenge some modern leaders. For others, like Kautilya, the dirty-hands quandary is no dilemma at all, as he and they enthusiastically advocates policies that bring about private and personal gain. Not to do so, is an act that Kautilya may have seen as spinelessness and many modern leaders see as cowardice in the seemingly macho management milieu of the 21st century. In the end, Kautilya, the man, remains an enigma. On the one hand he dispensed soft justice in his Yogakshema concept of welfare. On the other hand he dispensed harsh justice, and was opportunistic to the point of brutality. Looking at the personality of Kautilya is much like peeling an onion. His is a layered and complex personality that will continue to fascinate scholars in its contradictions and brilliance for years to come and his pragmatism mixed with cynicism is relevant for in understanding the complexities, opportunities and threats to modern nation-states and business corporations.
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