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Specialty paper products made using natural pulps is an attractive field for the paper industry and for researchers. Studying the thermal dynamics of plant pulps is an important step toward improving the thermal stability of papers. This study has the aim of gaining detailed insight into the thermal properties of softwood, hardwood, flax, hemp, mulberry, bamboo, bagasse, and esparto pulps. Chemical composition and thermogravimetric analyses of these non-wood pulps were performed to find the correlations between the chemical, structural, and thermal properties of these pulps. In addition, the Malek model for kinetics of the thermo-decomposition process of pulps is proposed. The kinetics of the most probable mechanism function for G(α) = 1-(1-α) 1/2 of the thermo-decomposition process of plant fibers from 200 to 400 °C is deduced using the Malek model. This study also provides a method to help select the most promising pulps for specialty materials.
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Thermal Dynamics and a Comparison of the Thermal Stability of Various Non-Wood Pulps
Youmao Zhang,a Kefu Chen,a Jinquan Wan,a Haolian Zhuo,b Jichen Li,b Rendang Yang,a Wenguang Yang,a Fei Yang,a,c and Bin Wang a,c *
Specialty paper products made using natural pulps is an attractive field for the paper industry and for researchers. Studying the thermal dynamics of plant pulps is an important step toward improving the thermal stability of papers. This study has the aim of gaining detailed insight into the thermal properties of softwood, hardwood, flax, hemp, mulberry, bamboo, bagasse, and esparto pulps. Chemical composition and thermogravimetric analyses of these non-wood pulps were performed to find the correlations between the chemical, structural, and thermal properties of these pulps. In addition, the Malek model for kinetics of the thermo-decomposition process of pulps is proposed. The kinetics of the most probable mechanism function for G(α) = 1-(1-α) 1/2 of the thermo-decomposition process of plant fibers from 200 to 400 °C is deduced using the Malek model. This study also provides a method to help select the most promising pulps for specialty materials.
Keywords: Pulps; Thermal dynamics; Malek model
Contact information: a: School of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; b: Technology Center, China Tobacco Guangdong Industrial Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510385, China; c: Key Lab of Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong Province 250353, China;
* Corresponding author: email@example.com
With the expansion of paper application fields, the requirement for specific types of paper with specific functions has arisen. Such specific types of paper include capacitor paper, insulation paper, and archival paper (Gui et al. 2013; Huang et al. 2013; Zhu et al. 2013). These papers need to have resistance to both high heat and aging. Temperature is one of the main factors affecting the thermal stability performance of papers. With an increase in temperature, the volatile compounds of a fiber are broken up into small molecular hydrocarbons and expelled. In the course of such thermal decomposition the glycosidic linkage of cellulose is broken, the polymerization degree is reduced, and the aging resistance is weakened. Therefore, the key way to improve aging resistance is by raising the thermal stability of papers.
Pulp, the major component of paper, plays an important role in papermaking technology. The performance of pulp directly correlates with the aging and heat-resistance properties of a given paper. The pulp is derived from a variety of plant fibers whose characteristic properties, such as their species, location, origin (leaf, bast, bole, and stem) and age, should be considered. In general, non-wood plant pulps that are generated in large quantities, such as flax, hemp, bamboo, bagasse, and esparto fibers, are also used in the papermaking industry (Marques et al. 2010; Alila et al. 2013). However, there is little information about the chemical, thermal, and morphological properties of non-wood pulp for papermaking.
Cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose are the three main components in all natural fibers (Yang et al.2006). The differences in their chemical composition and structure cause the differences in their chemical behavior as well as in the pyrolysis process. In fact, there has been a lot of research on nature fibers for their thermal properties ( Chattopadhyay et al. 2011; Elkhaoulani et al. 2013). Moriana et al.(2014) summarized the correlations between thermal properties and chemical composition among different nature fibers. Through the thermogravimetric methodology, they assessed the thermal property of fibers in relation to their chemical composition and proposed the potential application for thermal conversion or material reinforcements. Marques et al. (2010) evaluated the chemical composition of different non-woody plant fibers for using in pulp and paper manufacturing. They mainly analyzed the influence of chemical composition on the pulping and bleaching performances. However, the correlation of chemical composition and thermal properties of pulps were not mentioned.
Information about their functional properties, which is related to their complex composition, is essential when attempting to use the pulp as a raw material to produce paper. Therefore, each chemical component should be analyzed to predict the relationship between their chemical structure and the thermal degradation process.
The thermal stability and thermal degradation kinetics are other important aspects to consider when using natural pulps as materials to make heat-resistant paper. To date, the study of heat-resistant paper has mostly aimed at original, rather than processed, pulp. Hence, it is important to analyze the chemical composition and physical properties and carry out the thermogravimetric analysis of pulp. Furthermore, there are only a few studies that have focused on the heat resistance of pulp, and little information is available on the pyrolysis mechanism. In this work the chemical structure and thermal properties of softwood, hardwood, flax, hemp, mulberry, bamboo, bagasse, and esparto pulps were evaluated, aiming to screen better resources for development of heat-resistant pulps for applications in the papermaking process.
Softwood, hardwood, flax, hemp, mulberry, bamboo, bagasse, and esparto pulps were the selected commercial pulps (bleached chemical pulp), provided by Hua Feng paper Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The physical and mechanical properties of the pulps are summarized in Table 1.
Chemical Composition Analysis
The chemical composition of each pulp was determined according to the procedures reported in previous works (Kataki and Konwer 2001; Yasuda et al. 2001; Schwanninger et al. 2004; Zhang et al.2012; Frollini et al. 2013).
The extraction of each pulp using a benzene-ethanol solution (2:1 in volume) as the solvent was carried out for 6 h in a Soxhlet apparatus. The amount of the extractives was determined according to the difference in weight loss. The cellulose content was determined by the nitrate method. Extracted pulp (1 g) was refluxed and extracted at 100 °C for 1 h using 25 mL of mixed ethyl alcohol and nitric acid (4:1 in volume) as the solvent.
Table 1. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Each Pulp
1 Measured with a Kajaani FS 300 (Mesto, Finland)
2 Calculated from infrared spectrum by FTIR (Nicolet, NEXUS 470, USA)
3 Calculated from X-ray diffraction pattern by diffractometer (Bruker D8 Advance, Germany)
The insoluble lignin content of pulp was measured using the Klason method. Samples were first hydrolyzed with 72 w/w % sulfuric acid at 20 °C for 2 h. The acid was then diluted with water to a concentration of 3 w/w% sulfuric acid, and the mixture was boiled for 4 h. The resulting material was cooled to the room temperature and filtered. The dry weight of the solids was measured as acid-insoluble lignin content. The acid-soluble lignin was measured by UV spectrophotometry (Agilent 8453, USA) at 320 nm.
The holocellulose content (cellulose + hemicellulose) was determined as follows: 0.6 g of NaClO2, 0.5 mL of glacial acetic acid, and 65 mL of deionized water were mixed and added to 2 g of extracted pulp at 75 °C for 1 h. Then, 0.6 g of NaClO2 and 0.5 mL of glacial acetic acid were added every hour until the pulp turned white. The resulting material was cooled and filtered. The hemicellulose content was determined by subtracting the percentage of cellulose from the percentage of holocellulose.
The total ash content of the pulp was measured after combustion at 575 ± 25 °C. Three replications for each pulp were performed, and the results were averaged.
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
FTIR was used to investigate molecular structures and to obtain information regarding the cellulose crystalline domains from the functional groups. The FTIR spectra of each pulp were acquired on a Nexus 470 spectrophotometer (Thermo Nicolet, USA). The dry samples were mixed and ground with KBr for IR measurement in the wavenumber range of 400 to 4000 cm-1. The relative contents of the crystalline allomorph of each pulp were identified using the second derivatives of the FTIR spectra.
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Measurement
The pulps were analyzed on a D8 ADVANCE diffractometer (Bruker, Germany) equipped with a Cu Kα filtered radiation (λ = 0.154 nm) and operating at a voltage of 40 kV and a current density of 40 mA. Scans were collected from 2θ = 10° to 40° at a scan rate of 2°/s and a step width of 0.02°. The crystalline index (ICR) of cellulose in each pulp was computed from the XRD patterns using the Segal empirical method (Chen et al. 2006),
where IAM is the amorphous counter reading at the valley (near 18°) and I002 is the counter reading at the maximum (at 22°).
Thermal Analyses
The thermal decomposition of the pulp was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA was performed with a NETZSCH TG 209 Jupiter Thermal Analysis System (TA Instruments, USA) thermogravimetric analyzer under an air atmosphere (50 mL/min). The samples were heated from 25 to 650 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min.
Thermal Degradation Kinetics
The kinetic parameters: apparent activation energy (E), and the pre-exponential factor (A) were determined from Coats–Redfern method (Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi and Abbasi 2008). According to the linear relationship of the equation, E and A were obtained from slope and Y-intercept, respectively. The apparent activation energy E, and pre-exponential factor (A) were applied to evaluate the thermal degradation kinetics of each pulp in the individual thermal decomposition process.
Chemical Composition Analyses
The chemical composition and the behavior of wood and non-wood pulps during pyrolysis is important to their pyrolysis behavior. The results in earlier experiments showed that the decomposition of hemicellulose occurred earliest during pyrolysis, followed by the decomposition of cellulose; lignin was the most difficult to decompose (Yang et al. 2007). Hemicellulose is rich in branches that are easy to remove, and cellulose is made of thousands of glucose molecules linked into giant chains without any branches, while lignin has a heterogeneous structure that causes its degradation to be extremely difficult. Therefore, the thermal stability of cellulose is higher than hemicellulose and lower than lignin (Dorez et al. 2013).
Table 1 presents the carbohydrate composition of various pulps. The results show that these fibers had differences in their chemical compositions. These pulps contained less lignin because the lignin removal technology was implemented during the pulping process. Therefore, in this work, we focus on the roles of cellulose and hemicellulose. Hemp pulp had the highest cellulose content (80.31%) and the lowest hemicellulose content (2.11%). The preliminary conclusion is that hemp pulp has high thermal stability. In addition, previous research shows that bast fibers, such as flax and jute, with high cellulose content, can be considered potentially competitive with aramid fibers (Moriana et al. 2014).
Table 2. Chemical Composition of Woody and Non-wood Pulps
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
Figure 1 presents the FTIR spectra of hardwood, softwood, flax, hemp, mulberry, bamboo, bagasse, and esparto pulps to elucidate the chemical structure of each pulp. The absorption peaks in the region around 3500 cm-1 are an indication of the stretching of hydrogen–bonded OH groups. The vibration absorption peaks around 2900 cm-1 result from the C-H stretching vibration. FTIR results did present a large difference in terms of the chemical structures of these pulps.
There was a difference in the regions of the C-H stretching vibrations because of the differing chemical constituents of the given pulps. Using this information, the crystallinity index (CrI) from the infrared spectroscopy based on the relative intensity was evaluated.
The vibration absorption peaks at 1429 and 893 cm-1 are characteristic peaks of the crystalline and amorphous regions in the cellulose (Kljun et al. 2011). The height ratio (H1429/H893) was used to determine the CrI of cellulose material (Ragab et al. 2014). Table 1 summarizes the values of CrI for all pulps. The CrI values followed the same trend for the pulps. Bagasse, esparto, and flax showed lower cellulose percentages, exhibiting lower crystallinity indexes than the others. Hemp, with a high cellulose content, showed the highest CrI.
Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of the pulps
X-Ray Scattering
The X-ray diffraction profiles of the pulps are shown in Fig. 2. The XRD pattern for all pulps clearly showed strong diffraction maxima (2θ) at approximately16.5° and 22.6°. The occurrence of these signals indicates that pulps exhibit a typical cellulose-I X-ray pattern (Ouajai and Shanks 2005). The crystallinity index and degree of crystallinity of each pulp are shown in Table 1. The same trend of CrI values was also observed in FTIR results (Fig. 1) for the pulps. Hemp and hardwood pulps, with high cellulose contents, showed higher crystalline indexes than other pulps.
Fig. 2. X-ray diffraction of representative pulps
Thermal Analyses
In this section, thermal pyrolysis experiments for each pulp were carried out to investigate their pyrolysis behavior in a TG apparatus. The weight loss curves of the pulps are given in Fig. 3. As can be seen, the first mass-loss regions for the pulps were in the section with temperatures from 25 to 200 °C. This was attributed to the release of water absorbed with a weight loss ratio between 3.05 to 8.48 wt.% in the pulps.
The second mass-loss region was between 200 and 400 °C, and the weight loss was mostly due to the depolymerization of hemicellulose and cellulose. The most weight loss occurred in this region. The main peak of the DTG curve was attained near 350 °C and was attributed to the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. From the DTG curve it is apparent that the decomposition temperature was primarily related to the cellulose content (Moriana et al. 2014). Esparto and bagasse pulps exhibited low cellulose contents and low decomposition temperatures (264.2 and 279.2 °C, respectively). Hemp and flax pulps exhibited higher thermal stability and higher decomposition temperatures (288.5 and 288.5 °C, respectively) due to the higher content of crystalline cellulose which is the most thermal stable component of fibers (Barneto et al. 2011). In general, higher cellulose content in the natural fibers exhibit higher thermal stability. This is very attractive to be applied as heat-resisting paper due to their resistance to degradation during heating or service life.
The last stage of mass loss was at temperatures higher than 400 °C. Little residue (approximately 10 wt.% of the original weight) remained at 600°C. The TGA results show that the water was removed at temperature of about 150 °C for all the pulps. The weight loss for all the pulps was negligible from 150 °C to 200 °C, while the weight of pulps was gradually reduced after 200 °C. In order to eliminate the difference caused by different water contents for different pulps, normalization processing was carried out for thermal analyses. The TGA curves were normalized to 100 wt.% at initial weight of 200 °C, and the results are shown in Fig. 3.
Table 3 shows the characteristic parameters of the TGA-DTG curves of pyrolysis of pulp. The temperature (Tmax) of maximum weight loss rates in descending order were hemp pulp > flax pulp > softwood pulp > bamboo pulp > mulberry pulp > hardwood pulp > esparto pulp > bagasse pulp. The Tmax of hemp pulp was the highest (368.1 °C), and bagasse pulp had the lowest temperature of maximum loss-weight (345.4 °C). The Tmax of flax pulp was 367.0 °C, which was similar to the 361.4 °C of hardwood pulp. The hardwood, mulberry, bamboo, and esparto pulps had similar Tmax readings, around 355 °C. In the process of pyrolysis, a high Tmax suggests high energy consumption and better thermal stability. The data in Table 3 indicate that hemp, flax, and hardwood pulps have greater thermal stability than other pulps.
The hemp pulp had the highest Tmax (368.3 °C), which was similar to the flax pulp (367.0 °C), and bagasse pulp had the lowest temperature of maximum loss-weight (345.4 °C). The hardwood, softwood, mulberry, bamboo, and esparto pulps had similar Tmax, from 354.2°C to 361.4 °C. But the temperatures of TW, T0.05, T0.1, and T0.5 for different pulps showed no obvious pattern.
In summary, from the above results, it can be approximately concluded that the hemp, flax, hardwood, and mulberry pulps had greater thermal stability than softwood, esparto, bamboo, and bagasse pulps.
Table 3. Thermogravimetric Parameters of Various Pulps
T0.05, T0.1, and T0.5:temperature at the rate of weight loss of 5%, 10% and 50%
Thermal Degradation Kinetics
In this section, a pyrolysis mechanism is proposed to account for the thermal degradation kinetics of the pulps using kinetics equations.
The general form for solid decomposition is usually defined as:
where α is conversion, t is time, and f (α) and G(α) are the mathematical functions that are present in the mechanism function. The conversion rate (a) can be calculated according to the thermogravimetric curve of pulps.
In the above equation, m0, m, and m∞ represent the initial (at 200 °C), instantaneous and final (at 400 °C) weights of pulps, respectively. The reaction rate constant k can be obtained based on the Arrhenius equation as:
Combining Eqs. 1 and 4 gives:
For constant heating rate non-isothermal conditions (β=dT/dt), Eq. 5 is frequently rearranged as,
where β is the heating rate. Integration of Eq. 6 leads to,
where G(α) is the integral form of the reaction model, A is the pre-exponential factor, E is the activation energy, and R is the molar gas constant.
To evaluate the thermal degradation kinetics of the pulps, the Malek method was selected to deduce the kinetic model.
Combining Eqs. 6 and 7 yields:
When α = 0.5,
where T0.5 and (dα/dt)0.5 are the temperature and reaction rate, respectively, when α = 0.5.
The defined function y (α) = Eq. 8/Eq. 9 gives:
which corresponds to each reaction mechanism shown in Table 4, and,
which can be obtained from TGA data. The y (α) –α curves of Eqs. 11 and 12 represent standard curves and experimental (EC) curves, respectively.
Representative curves of softwood pulp, which degraded between between 200 and 400 °C, are shown in Fig.4. The y(a) curves of En, Fn, R4, R3, R2, R1/2, R1/3, R1/4, D1, D2, D3, D4, Pn, and An were plotted using Eq. 11 according to different reaction mechanisms (Table 4). The y(a) curve of EC was plotted using Eq. 12 according to the TGA results of softwood pulp with heating rate of 10 °C/min.
It is clear that the experimental (EC) curve of representative hardwood pulps nearly overlapped the standard curves R1/2 (as seen in Fig. 4). It was concluded that the most probable mechanism function of pulp was the phase interfacial reaction. Additionally, the kinetic mechanism function was G (α) = 1 – (1-α) 1/2 and the reaction order was second-order.
Calculation of Activation Energy
The Coats–Redfern method is considered to be a helpful solution to determine the activation energy Eand pre-exponential factor A for pulps (Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi and Abbasi 2008). The dynamic equation is:
Using the linear relationship of the equation ln[G(α)/T2] – 1/T, E and A were obtained based on thermogravimetry, where the two variables are the slope and y intercept, respectively. The results are shown in Table 5.
The thermal degradation kinetic fitting equation among the eight kinds of pulp in Table 5 was in keeping with the correlation coefficient R > 0.98. The apparent activation energy of thermal decomposition of the pulps in descending order was: mulberry > softwood > hemp > bagasse > hardwood > bamboo > flax > esparto.
The apparent activation energy of mulberry pulp was 137.74 kJ/mol, which was the highest among the eight pulps. The lowest was esparto pulp, with 99.83 kJ/mol. These results are similar to the Broido-Shafizadeh model and other literature (Bradbury et al. 1979).
A high pulp apparent activation energy suggests a high stability. In summary, the above results demonstrated that the mulberry pulp and bamboo pulp had higher thermal stability, while the esparto pulp had the lowest thermal stability.
Table 4. Algebraic Expressions of Functions of the Most Common Reaction Mechanisms
The chemical composition, temperature of maximum weight loss, and apparent activation energy of thermal decomposition are all related to the thermal stability of pulp. So the higher the content of cellulose has, the higher will be the Tmax of the pulp, which leads to a higher apparent activation energy during thermal decomposition process. However, there was some deviation in the results shown in Tables 1, 2, and 5.
Possible explanations for the deviations are as follows: (1) apart from containing cellulose, the pulp also contains hemicellulose, lignin, and other organic or inorganic substances. Therefore, the degradation and interaction of these substances influences the thermal degradation of pulp, which causes some inconsistency between the temperature of maximum weight loss and the content of cellulose; (2) during the weight loss process of pulp, the factors that affect thermal decomposition were not limited only to dynamic factors, but also other factors like heat or mass transfer. Therefore, the apparent activation energy calculated from this dynamic model was not fully consistent with the decomposition temperature.
Table 5. Pyrolysis Equations and Thermodynamic Parameters of Pulps
In summary, the thermal stability of pulp was mostly determined by the apparent activation energy. Therefore, from the above results, it can be concluded that the thermal stability of the eight pulps in descending order was hemp > flax > mulberry > hardwood > softwood > bamboo > bagasse > esparto. The result is approximately consistent with the cellulose content of eight pulps.
As shown above, the composition of pulps could affect the crystalline states of cellulose. In addition, more energy needs to be consumed to destroy the crystalline region during the process of pyrolysis. Hence, extra energy consumption caused higher thermal stability.
These results were in agreement with previous research which showed that pure cellulose has better thermal stability than lignocellulosic fibers (Chang et al. 2014). Therefore, the chemical compositions of pulp were the main criteria in deciding the thermal stability of pulp.
Fig. 3. Thermogravimetric and derivative curves of the pulps
Fig. 4. Masterplots of different kinetic models calculated by the Malek method for representative hardwood.
- The thermal weight loss process of pulps from 30 °C to 600 °C was found to include three stages. The range of temperature of the main thermal degradation process was 200 °C to 400 °C, and the residue weight was approximately 10 wt.% at 600 °C. The decomposition temperatures of TW, T0.05, T0.1, T0.5, and Tmax indicated that the hemp, flax, hardwood, and mulberry pulps had greater thermal stability than softwood, esparto, bamboo and bagasse pulps.
- Using the Malek method of the thermal degradation dynamic mechanism function to draw an inference, the thermal degradation of the pulp could be described as a phase interfacial reaction. The reaction order is second-order. The dynamic mechanism function is G (α) = 1 – (1-α) 1/2. Using the Coats-Redfern method to fit the thermal degradation dynamic equation, the correlation coefficients were all > 0.98.
- The fibers with higher cellulose content (hemp and flax) showed higher structural properties and thermal stability. Combined with the results of decomposition temperature and the apparent activation energy of thermal decomposition, the stability measurements of eight pulps in descending order were hemp pulp > flax pulp > mulberry pulp > hardwood pulp > softwood pulp > bamboo pulp > esparto pulp > bagasse pulp.
The authors are grateful for the support of the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2015A030310369 & 2015A030313221) and the Foundation (No. 0308031363 & 0308031367) of Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Qilu University of Technology).
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Article submitted: September 10, 2015; Peer review completed: October 16, 2015; Revised version received and accepted: December 27, 2015; Published: January 19, 2016.
DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.1.2138-2151


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I had the pleasure of visiting New York City with my sister and husband one summer for a whirlwind three days before attending a wedding in the Hudson River Valley. What an incredible city!
One of our goals for the trip was to do all of our sightseeing without using cars, including cabs. This might not seem like such a novel idea to NYC locals, many of whom don't own a vehicle, but for a Utah girl who depends on her car almost every day, it was pretty radical. Combine this with a crazy heat/humidity combo and the fact that my sister was 6 months pregnant at the time, and we certainly had an adventure on our hands.
Here's how we accomplished our "no car" goal:
1. After flying into JFK, we took an express bus from the airport to Grand Central. It was relatively easy and quick, and very affordable.
2. From Grand Central, we walked, yes walked, to our hotel near Radio City Music Hall. This one was a killer, given the aforementioned heat/humidity and pregnancy. However, it was worth it for sightseeing value alone, and it wasn't all that bad since we only had carry on luggage (with wheels, thank goodness).
3. We braved the subway. After all the scary things we'd heard about the subway over the years, this one turned out to be a pleasant surprise. Very helpful employees, lovely air conditioning, easy-to-read maps, and took us pretty much everywhere we wanted to go that wasn't within walking distance.
4. We hoofed it. Walking everywhere allowed us to see so many great parts of the city, many of which we wouldn't have seen had we taken a cab. One day on our way to Central Park, we were suddenly surrounded by a large crowd. Music started playing and a bunch of guys broke out break dancing. We grabbed an ice cream from a nearby vendor and enjoyed the impromptu show. It was also rewarding to discover a couple of great delis/coffee shops after walking past them on the street.
5. We took the Staten Island Ferry, a great (free!) ride that gave us a fantastic view of the Manhattan skyline and the Statue of Liberty.
6. When it was time to leave the city and travel to the wedding near Fishkill, we walked back to Grand Central and took the Hudson Line train on the Metro-North Railroad. What a beautiful ride, right along the Hudson River! I would highly recommend taking this detour from the city if you have time.
7. Two days later and very sad to leave, we took the train back to Grand Central, then enjoyed a quick cup of coffee there before boarding an express bus back to JFK.
I was surprised that I didn't miss having a vehicle at all, and actually felt that our trip was much more enjoyable without one. What cities have you seen without a car?
Please visit Travel Tips Tuesday at Suitcases and Sippy Cups and Walkingon Travels for more wonderful travel-related tips!


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ERROR FARE: flights to BRAZIL from Paris for €73 **EXPIRED**
ERROR FARE: flights to BRAZIL from Paris for €73 round-trip by Aigle Azur. Find the cheapest flights to Sao Paulo, Brazil and book your ticket at the best price! Tickets will cost only from €73 both ways.
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and the Latin American region. It is the world's fifth-largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world and the only one in the Americas.
Paris – Sao Paulo – Paris
Travel dates:
July 2018
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Where to book:
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I will be contributing 3-5 works to the 7th annual Art for Jobs fundraiser. Art for Jobs is an annual art sale that supports and provides visibility for our cause: employment and financial self-sufficiency for our neighbors in the South Memphis community.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: September 28Paint Party at the Millstone Greenhouse!
Later Event: October 12Downtown Pop Up Shop with Dorothy Art at 9 North Main


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Before going to Phuket, all I could read online was the advice that to travel to Patong beach from Phuket Airport, one either needs to take an expensive taxi or an Aiport Bus to Phuket Town and from there a local bus to Patong. I was prepared to go through the hassle of using the Airport Bus option because the taxi rates being quoted were just outrageous. Phuket anyway is an expensive destination and that applies to everything that a tourist does here, starting right from the visa on arrival at the Phuket International Airport. The visa / immigration staff themselves rip tourists off by charging them 1200 THB for visa fee as against the official fee of 1000 THB and pocket the additional 200 THB. You may read about this Thailand Visa Scam at Phuket International Airport here. Coming to the topic of this article, the choice of travelling from Phuket International Airport to Patong, Kata, or Karon beach does not necessarily have to be between paying too much money or enduring too much inconvenience. I wonder why this thing has been kept such a secret.
The Usual Options
The taxi fare from Phuket Airport to Patong beach for the 39km ride is quoted at a minimum of 800 THB online. If one decides to take the cheaper option of the "Airport Bus", one needs to first pay 100 THB to go to Phuket town by this bus and from there hop on to a local bus that costs 30 THB per person to Patong. Heavy bags can be carried on both taxi and the buses but the taxi may be able to carry upto 2 large bags only even if four passengers are riding on it.
Direct Bus From Phuket Airport to Patong and Kata
After coming out of the Phuket Airport Arrival area, I was approached by a guy who was offering a bus ride directly to Patong and Kata beaches. He said the bus fare would be 150 THB to Patong but the bus would leave after more than an hour. He pointed me to go towards the left side. I did walk up to the bus parking area and saw this bus. I did not see any ticket counter for the bus except one guy sitting on a side trying to tell me in Thai language the bus will take a long time to start. It was a nice comfortable looking bus and I would have liked to go for it but the wait time for that bus to start was not certain. So I decided to take the other equally comfortable but quicker option.
Direct Mini Van (Mini Bus) from Phuket Airport to Patong, Kata, and Karon Beaches
So here's the good news. As you step out of the airport, you will notice about two or three of these counters probably belonging to the same company advertising mini van rides to Patong, Kata, and Karon beaches. The beauty of this service is that the fares are reasonable, the vans have a limited seating capacity, hence they fill up fast and are ready to go without a long wait. Another big advantage of the mini van service is that each of the passengers is dropped right at their hotel. All this at a price that really surprised me…
Mini Van Fares From Phuket Aiport to Patong, Kata, and Karon
The mini van fares from Phuket Airport are as under:
Phuket Town: 150 THB
Patong Beach: 180 THB
Kata Beach: 200 THB
Karon Beach: 200 THB
Bags are stored in the back of the van and there is no demand for extra fare even if a passenger is carrying heavy bags. The service operates as long as scheduled flights arrive at the airport.
The Process
At the airport, you just need to pay the fare and wait for boarding the mini van. When they have adequate number of passengers, a guy from the counter escorts you towards the van in the parking area. Just Keep your bags in the back and take a seat. The vans are air-conditioned too.
The Stop On The Way
The mini van stops somewhere in Phuket town at an office of the company where something like "Phuket SeaWorld and Tours" is written. This is the place where they take the name of your hotel and sort the passengers. Sorting means that your van may change at this place depending on the beach and the hotel where you need to be dropped. As an additional feature of this stop, the staff of the company try to sell tours to the passengers. Each of the passengers go through a small interview with the staff in which the name of the hotel is written at the back of the ticket and then the passenger is encouraged to purchase tours. Saying a polite "no" to the tours here is the best option in my view. Its a 15-25 minute stop depending on whether or not your van gets changed. If there is a change, make sure to take down all your bags from the first van.
Drop At The Hotel
After about one hour (for Patong), and probably going around in circles a few times, the van driver is able to locate your hotel.
In my case because the hotel was 20 meters inside a lane (Soi), they dropped me outside the Soi. Still, I was happy to have made this potentially difficult trip in a cheap and best way.
Return Mini Van From Patong To Phuket Airport
One would generally expect a particular place in Patong from where one can book a return mini van to Phuket Airport at a fixed price. Unfortunately there is no such place and because one has to book the return mini van seat from a travel agent in Patong, there is no fixed price too. I went to a travel agent close to my hotel (Lotus Hotel). It was a roadside counter as you can see in the above picture. They display the service as "Shared Mini Bus To Phuket Airport". The price was not displayed but the lady there asked for 200 THB that seemed very reasonable considering I was in Phuket. The price includes free pickup from your hotel at the appointed time and the van takes more than two hours to reach the airport. It takes so long because the van first goes around to different hotels in Patong picking up other passengers. The service was good because they agreed to drop me at my airport hotel where I wanted to spend a few hours before catching an early morning flight.
Also Read: Patong to Ao Nang (Krabi) By Bus


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Cuba remembers Ernest Hemingway with a Washington bar
Cuban and American politicians have celebrated together at the opening of Hemingway's, an invitation-only bar located in a Washington, DC embassy.
It started like a typical Washington DC function. Men and women in dark suits milled around a formal room, crystal chandeliers sparkling overhead. Waiters carried around glasses of red and white wine while guests made polite small-talk.
But after a series of speeches, guests were led to the back of the room, and into an entirely different experience.
They had entered Hemingway's, a bar celebrating the American writer who made his home in Cuba. There, the floors were covered in terracotta tile, while wooden fans whirred above. Bartenders poured cocktails under a brass replica of Hemingway's signature.
Aside from the fact that it serves liquor, Hemingway's isn't a bar in the traditional sense. Tucked inside the Cuban Interests Section of the Embassy of Switzerland, the bar has a strict invitation-only list.
It will be used for entertaining guests of the Interest Section, so tourists hoping to catch happy hour are out of luck.
It's illegal for the bar to conduct any commerce, but the embassy is free from the trade embargo that forbids importing products from the communist country. So drinks were on the house, made with Cuban rum that's normally impossible to find in the US.
Terry McAulife, the former head of the Democratic National Committee, ordered the first drink - Havana Club Rum, straight.
Mr McAulife, who travelled to Cuba last year as part of a trade mission, thinks that doing more business with Cuba could be a key to creating American jobs.
"It's a huge market, and every other country in the world is already there," he says. "And Cubans love American products."
From Versailles to Havana
But the opening of the bar wasn't simply about facilitating Cuban-American commerce.
Instead, the night was more about celebrating Ernest Hemingway, described as a "cultural bridge" by Jennifer Phillips, the grand-daughter of Hemingway's editor. Ms Phillips is co-founder of the Finca Vigia foundation, devoted to preserving Hemingway's Cuban home.
She spoke before the opening of the bar, reminding the audience that Hemingway is treasured by both nations.
Neither the US nor Cuba have official embassies in the other's country; instead both have Interests Sections that are considered part of the Swiss embassies.
Neither group has a history of being particularly friendly towards the host nation, though Cuba-watchers hope that Hemingway's signals a positive change.
When the Interest Section in DC was due for a renovation, the Cuban diplomats decided to reclaim a bit of the space as their own.
"The room was like the palace of Versailles," says Juan Leon Lamigueiro, deputy chief of the diplomatic mission. "There was very little Cuban."
"So we decided to convert the warehouse annex into a bar dedicated to Hemingway."
While mojitos and Cuba Libras were being poured in the small back room that houses the bar, a 12-piece band played Latin music in the front of the hall.
Sandra Levinson, resplendent in a sparkling black and blue blouse, spun and twirled with her partner. MS Levinson, executive director of the Center for Cuban Studies in New York City and director of the centre's Cuban Art Space, learned to dance during her many trips to Cuba, and had travelled down to Washington specifically to attend the opening.
As the crowd subsided, the hosts brought out cigars - the famous commodity that is forbidden in the US.
Reporters, bureaucrats, and Cuban emigrants happily puffed away - but more than one skittish politico declined to have their pictures taken enjoying Cuban contraband.
"You can write this," one conceded. "An anonymous Hill staffer said the mojitos were fantastic."
This story previously stated that the Interest Sections of Cuba and the US were located inside of the Swiss embassies. In each country, the interest section is considered part of the Embassy of Switzerland, but is located in a different location than the embassy itself.


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Rome 22 January 2019 16:00
- Leonardo and its partners will help maintain the local ecology of Lampedusa to protect the habitat of the vulnerable Eleonora's falcon, following the installation of an air defence radar on the island
- The research project will monitor the population of the bird-of-prey for two years, including using satellite transmitters to follow individual birds. Guidelines will be developed outlining how to best conserve the species and a field data collection will be generated which will include valuable new information and photos
- Leonardo promotes environmental protection in all of the areas in which it operates, considering ecological issues as an intrinsic part of doing business
Today Leonardo, Vitrociset and the University of Palermo's Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies signed a multi-year agreement to monitor the population of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae) birds inhabiting Lampedusa island. The agreement, which was signed at the Italian Ministry of Defence's TELEDIFE (Telematics and Advanced Technologies Department), will meet the needs of local authorities in Regione Sicilia and Legambiente to assess the environmental impact of the Fixed Air Defence Radar which was installed by Leonardo and is due for testing in February 2019. The research programme will help to maintain the local ecology of Lampedusa to protect the habitat of the Eleonora's falcon.
The agreement was signed by Lorenzo Mariani, Leonardo's Chief Commercial Officer, Paolo Solferino, CEO of Vitrociset, and Prof. Silvestre Buscemi, of the University of Palermo. The signing was witnessed by TELEDIFE's director Admiral Giuseppe Abbamonte.
Funded by Leonardo and Vitrociset and led by researchers from the University of Palermo, the Eleonora's falcon research project will monitor a range of factors relating to the species over two years, including the movements of individual birds via satellite transmitters. The final report will include guidelines outlining how to best conserve the birds and a database of valuable new information and photos collected during the project.
Leonardo promotes environmental protection everywhere it operates, considering ecological issues as an intrinsic part of doing business. By doing so, the Company contributes to stable and sustainable economic and social development around the world.


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crusher for construction waste
In recent years, the rapid development of society, a variety of high-rise buildings going up, bustling place self-evident. Construction of urban civilization to the city generated a lot of construction waste. Therefore, construction waste has become the focus of attention at present, then what should we do construction waste it? Appear crusher solve these problems.
Construction waste social background
National infrastructure construction has also been updated, especially the construction of railways, highways, as well as the transformation of the city buildings. Development of the city's housing projects continue to make all kinds of construction, the old building was gradually dismantled. House demolition process, will produce large amounts of solid waste – construction waste. However, the vast majority of construction waste without any treatment, he was transported to the suburbs or rural construction unit, open dumps or landfills, a considerable amount of land acquisition fees, garbage fees construction funds. Meanwhile, the stacking process Yisa and dust, sand fly ash and other issues also caused serious environmental pollution.
crusher for construction waste
To meet the needs of urban modernization, urban construction waste turning waste into treasure, company researchers several years of painstaking research, and finally the successful launch of the construction waste disposal equipment – mobile crusher.
We analyze the main ingredient under construction waste, which include: soil, sediment, scrap steel, scrap wire and various scrap parts, scrap metal pipes, scrap wood, sawdust, wood shavings, boxes of various decorative materials, bags scattered mortar and concrete, broken bricks and broken concrete blocks scattered during transport sand, gravel and stone, etc.
These seemingly useless junk brick industry is actually a good free resource. To allow construction waste can be better used for brick production, first with the simple construction waste sorting process, and then use the crusher can be used for those who produce concrete bricks, cement and other waste materials for processing crude break, and then the next step by sand processed to produce sand and gravel aggregate. These can replace natural sand and gravel aggregates Aggregates used to configure the concrete, recycled bricks or filler material, such as roads, and then combined with brick machine, thereby producing pavement bricks, permeable bricks, block bricks.
processing of construction waste
Shanghai SBM collection of construction waste crusher feeding, conveying, coarse, medium and fine crushing, screening, dust, and other technologies for the integration of highly integrated, modular crushing processing outfit. Its features are: small size, simple structure, large crushing ratio, low energy consumption, production capacity, uniform particle size, and selective crushing effect, is a promising device.
The product processes to construction waste crusher, vibrating screen, vibrating feeder and other special equipment to construction waste crushing, screening. After sorting through a particular construction waste iron equipment (dry magnetic separator) to remove ferrous material contained therein, the rough broken, broken, even crushing equipment crushing processing, processed into a certain size of regenerated sand and gravel aggregate Finally, applied to the roadbed stone, unburned brick, cement admixtures, and many other aspects. According sand and gravel production processes for the concrete construction waste, waste bricks, stones and other processing process in order to achieve recycling.


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Meatballs, Marinara Sauce, Mozzarella & Parmesan Cheese. 6.75
Meatballs, Marinara Sauce, Mozzarella & Parmesan Cheese. 6.75
Build your sub sandwich. Choose from wheat or white sub rolls then add your meat, cheese and toppings. 6.75
Sliced Chicken Breast, Swiss Cheese, Crispy Bacon Strips and sliced Tomato, Toasted on a Hoagie Roll and served with sides of Cole Slaw and 1,000 Island Dressing. 7.75
A crispy delight with three Chicken Tenders, Marinara, Mozzarella and Shredded Parmesan Cheese. 6.75
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BBQ, Bleu Cheese, Honey Mustard, Mild or Hot Buffalo, Marinara, Ranch & Sour Cream – .75
Alfredo, Cajun Rémoulade, Nacho Cheese, Pesto, Sriracha & Thai Peanut Sauce – 1.50
Choose your preferred location to see specific menu items and offers


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Come fill yourself with Christmas cheer at our first annual WCT Ice Cream Social! Featuring Sprinklz Ice Cream and SANTA!
This seasonal get together on Wednesday, December 21 begins at 5:00. We will be featuring ice cream flavors from Jennifer Krouse's local shop, Sprinklz: $5 for a generous scoop ($1 extra dollar gets you our special WCT sprinkles topping for your treat, which goes directly to our scholarship fund!)
Santa will make his appearance at 5:30 for photos. $10 for an 8x10, photographed and printed on site by Joe Menth and Rhiannon Fisher of Fine Balance Imaging Studios and Feather and Fox.
Pets, kids, friends - any configuration of family is welcome to come get their picture taken with the man in the big red suit.
Come join us for an evening of holiday fun! December 21, 5:00-7:00 pm.
Santa pictures begin at 5:30.


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Kybella injections, a widely accepted FDA-approved treatment for double chin, is offered at bodySCULPT®, a reliable AAAASF-accredited plastic surgery practice based in Manhattan. Clinical studies show that about 79% of people treated with this injection experienced enhanced satisfaction with the outcome. They reported satisfaction with the appearance of their face and area beneath the chin … More
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Most women now favor a curvier shape than the earlier standard, as reports show and this has increased the demand for cosmetic procedures that can help them achieve the same. Brazilian butt lift NYC is gaining popularity as an effective way of enhancing the derriere. The demand for this procedure is increasing drastically every year. … More
The demand for breast augmentation in New York City is gaining popularity rapidly with an increasing number of women undergoing the procedure each year. A report in Cosmetic Surgery highlights the fact that the demand for breast implants increased by 183% in 2015. This hike is because breast augmentation is a highly effective procedure that … More
According to The New York Times, many Americans are travelling to other countries to undergo plastic surgery. Canada, Israel, UK, Singapore and Costa Rica are the most popular countries for cosmetic surgery. Plastic surgeries may be affordable in many countries but you cannot rule out the risk involved. As cosmopolitan.com reports, last year a Brazilian … More
Physical anomalies can be corrected with the help of plastic surgery or reconstructive surgery. The procedure, apart from correcting the physical anomalies also provides a pleasing and attractive body contour…Read More about Three Tips on Finding the Right NYC Plastic Surgeon
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Year once year, the respiratory illness season has well-tried unpredictable in severity and length, which might create this aliment particularly tough to contain over the course of its seasonal run.
For example, in keeping with the Centers for unwellness management and bar (CDC), the 2015-2016 respiratory illness season peaked in period, one in all the newest peaks on record. As a result, the general burden of respiratory disorder was substantial, with associate calculable twenty five million respiratory disorder sicknesses, eleven million influenza-associated medical visits, 310,000 hospitalizations, and 12,000 deaths.
For the 2017-2018 respiratory illness season, hospitals and health systems would like a technique in situ to form positive they're activity the best commonplace of care. employees designing is that the best defense for achieving positive outcomes for your patients and your bottom line within the future respiratory illness season.
What is a well-planned offense for respiratory illness season?
When addressing something unpredictable, like the respiratory illness season, a strategic course of action will facilitate guard against negative results. A nurse staffing arrange that features contingencies for a stronger-than-expected respiratory illness season can permit a tending supplier prepare to build personnel months prior to.
"Although the respiratory illness season happens per annum, tending organizations ar still powerless by patients thanks to a scarcity of a centered employees arrange," aforementioned Marcia Faller, PhD, RN, Chief Clinical Officer for AMN tending. "Or if they need a thought, typically times it's either incomplete or doesn't adequately cowl the scope of challenges that the respiratory illness season brings."
Every respiratory illness season has the potential to become severe. And that's why Faller aforementioned a staffing arrange has to be dynamic rather than static. A tending supplier's ability to vary its respiratory illness season staffing arrange prior time will shield patient health and spare the provider plenty of issues.
If suppliers wait too long to rent temporary staffing for respiratory illness season, there might not be enough nurses and different clinicians obtainable.
Tips for staying prior the respiratory illness season
To help tending organizations prepare for the approaching respiratory illness season, Faller offered these tips:
Examine your existing respiratory illness season staffing plans as presently as potential. Review what your organization did in years past also. If you don't have a thought, begin one like a shot. A typical respiratory illness season might run Dec through Gregorian calendar month, however it will begin as early as Gregorian calendar month and last through might.
Conduct associate analysis of wants, together with associate examination of your organization's past trends in staffing numbers and patient census. Did you have got a patient surge throughout last year's respiratory illness season? can you wish additional facilitate this year as well? does one have the simplest way to secure extra nurses and certify they're onsite once needed?
Prior to respiratory illness season, your staffing arrange ought to be reviewed each 2 to four weeks till it's time to truly begin hiring a lot of nurses.
During respiratory illness season, still monitor your arrange for effectiveness and create changes as required.
Regularly monitor the agency concerning the future respiratory illness season. A in arrange is dynamic, thus associate updated agency respiratory illness season forecast would possibly amendment your plans. agency conjointly provides data concerning happening severity, the well-known strains of flue, and suggested treatments.
The earlier you begin getting for nurses and different tending professionals, the a lot of seemingly you may get them and be higher ready for the approaching respiratory illness season.


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How would you describe my style of wedding photography?
I love simple things. For me that means minimal gear and light cameras. My approach to wedding photography is similar to that of a travel or documentary photographer. I find joy in capturing the fleeting sincere moments while blending into the background. The last thing I want during a wedding day is to draw attention to myself.
It's (insert natural disaster here) on our wedding day. What do you do?
There are some things, like weather, that we just can't control. Regardless of what happens I'm flexible and prepared. I've shot weddings in the rain, snow, sweltering heat, and fog all of which have produced beautiful and unique photos


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Beijing - As of the end of December 2017, China started production of a new commercial airplane, the turboprop model MA700. The aircraft is designed by Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation, a company that is part of the AVIC group, controlled by the Chinese government.
The development of the aircraft is part of Beijing's strategy to boost regional aviation in the country.
According to a report of the news agency Xinhua, the production began with structural parts of the aircraft and components of the cargo door. The China-based news agency also pointed out that the first flight of the MA700 is scheduled for November 2019, while its operational certification and arrival in the market are expected in 2021.
At the manufacturer's definition, the MA-700 is a high-speed, medium-range commercial turboprop aircraft. Preliminary data from AVIC indicate that the MA-700 can reach a maximum of 640 km / h (with an estimated cruising speed between 550 km / h and 580 km / h) and travel up to 1,500 km with a maximum weight of 27,600 kg. The cabin is designed to accommodate between 78 and 85 passengers.
This capability and performance of the aircraft have a potential of being the ATR 72 of China, the world's best-selling commercial turboprop. The MA-700, however, is slightly superior in size and performance compared to the traditional model of the Italian-French manufacturer controlled by Airbus.
The MA700's development program was announced by AVIC in 2007. Since then, even though it has not yet had the product built, the Chinese manufacturer has already received 185 orders from 11 customers for the new turboprop. In addition to requests from airlines and aircraft leasing groups in China, the aircraft was also ordered by companies from South Africa, Bahrain, Cambodia, Nepal, and Pakistan.
The MA700 is one of four commercial aircraft currently under development in China and the only one in this segment driven by turboprop. Other ongoing projects in the country are led by COMAC, another Chinese state-owned manufacturer, with the C919 and CR929 jets (designed in partnership with Russia's UAC) and ARJ21, the first Chinese commercial aircraft to be certified.
The Chinese aerospace industry already has already some experience in turboprop aircraft manufacturing. AVIC itself has the models MA60 and MA600 in its catalog, launched in the last decade.


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GreenDye 20x
Boost your qPCR results without inhibition with GreenDye
GreenDye shows very low DNA polymerase inhibition when compared with other dyes in PCR. It features a very high fluorescence when bound to double-stranded DNA and exhibits no degradation during PCR cycling. It is a perfect dye for qPCR and high resolution melting applications.
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|200 reactions √† 25 ¬Ķl, 1 x 250 ¬Ķl
|¬†'ā¨ 50,-
|GreenDye 20x
|800 reactions √† 25 ¬Ķl, 1 x¬†1000 ¬Ķl
|¬†'ā¨ 150,-
Bulk offer: Should you require larger amounts (> 2000 ¬Ķl), significant discounts are available. Please contact us to receive an individual quotation.
- Thermally stable for 50 cycles and more
- Suited for qPCR, melt curve analysis and High Resolution Melting (HRM)
- No decrease in DNA polymerase performance at 1x concentration
- Optimized for PCR experiments with HiDi DNA polymerase and HiDi Taq DNA polymerase
- real-time PCR (FAM channel)
- melt curve analysis
- High Resolution Melting (HRM)
- qPCR
- real-time primer extension
- screening
Reaction Setup
Reaction Setup
It is recommended to use GreenDye at 1x concentration.
For example, in a 25 ¬Ķl PCR reaction 1.25 őľl GreenDye is used for each reaction. The fluorescence is measured at the usual SYBR/FAM channels.
Example Results
Example Results
Benchmarking GreenDye against competitors
The fluorescence of GreenDye is benchmarked using a qPCR assay for the detection of a sequence in genomic HeLa DNA. PCRs were performed with 1 ng/¬Ķl of HeLa gDNA¬†in the presence of either GreenDye 1x, EvaGreen¬ģ 1x or SYBR¬ģ Green I 1x in combination with HiDi DNA polymerase.
The real-time PCR curve with 1x GreenDye (green) in comparison with 1x EvaGreen (grey) and 1x SYBR¬ģ Green I (blue) shows the lowest ct-value.
GreenDye Melt Curve Analysis
RecommendationsIt is recommended to use GreenDye at 1x concentration.
For example, add 1.25 őľl GreenDye to a 25 ¬Ķl¬†PCR¬†reaction. The fluorescence is measured at the usual SYBR/FAM channels.
Content of the Product
20x GreenDye in a aqueous solution
This product is shipped in cool packs. Please store the product upon arrival at - 20 ¬įC. Minimize the number of freeze-thaw cycles by storing in aliquots. For a day-to-day use, we recommend keeping an aliquot at 4 ¬įC.
Quality ControlGreenDye 20x is tested together with HiDi DNA polymerase (#9001) in a real-time PCR. A sequence in genomic HeLa DNA is used as a target to validate ct- and fluorescence values of GreenDye at 1x concentration.
Please inquire more information at firstname.lastname@example.com for lot-specific information.
No contamination has been detected in standard test reactions.
Is it possible to use GreenDye in concentrations higher than 1x?
Can GreenDye be used in combination with other DNA polymerases than the HiDi DNA polymerase?
Contact & Support
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)


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If there is any uncertainty or something is unclear, please reach out to our player support from within the game. They have access to the purchase logs.
If there is any uncertainty or something is unclear, please reach out to our player support from within the game. They have access to the purchase logs.
Nick / Supercell
Community Manager
Like Hay Day on Facebook: http://facebook.com/HayDayOfficial
Follow Hay Day on Twitter: http://twitter.com/HayDay
Follow Hay Day on Instagram: http://instagram.com/HayDay
Subscribe to Hay Day YouTube: http://youtube.com/HayDay
I have reached out from within the game. They are now just responding with conversation closed. Hopefully they will respond to latest email. I contacted apple since they refunded wrong purchase apparently. I just want my decorations back and just spent more than I originally did hoping for that. This is crazy.
Guys, I have never posted on here before. Yesterday morning I woke up to see I have -3,565 diamonds in my account. I contacted Hay Day directly, and they told me to contact them in app.
So I did, I was told that I made a refund to my account so they took diamonds out of it. Since I bought them and refunded the money, they took back the diamonds (which would amount to the $99.99 purchase). I did not make that purchase and I never got a refund at all in my account.
I told them that I didn't get any refund or made the purchase and that this is on their end. They told me that since Apple handles their purchases, I have to speak to them.
So, I contacted Apple. They told me that they have not received any refund requests and this is SOLELY a hay day issue. I am not able to get a number for them to speak to an actual person and complain and basically the only way to get my account back to normal is to purchase their $99.99 diamond pack.
Has ANYONE had this issue? How can it get fixed?
So I logged on and I also have a -466 next to my diamonds. Ive spent years on this game and would like them back please! Yes I sent in a ticket with no response.
Farm 140
CoC TH11 BhB9 AQ 50 BK 50 GW 20
established level 16 clan seeking willing warriors, donators and clan games enthusiasts
Need a Siege Machine/Donate a Siege Machine...
I have reached out within the game (they closed the conversation and will not answer me anymore) and I have reached out by email. As i said, I never got a refund to my card or made a purchase that I have refunded.
In fact to test the waters, I refunded a purchase, the diamonds were taken out of my account and I had a refund to the bank account within 12 hours. And then i bought back the diamonds because it was not right to get a refund (even though i am getting scammed)
The diamonds were taken out of my account, I checked the apple account and spoke to Apple and nothing was refunded, requested to be refunded over the past year.
So tell me, if Apple didn't refund the purchase and this is happening to other people, it's probably a glitch in YOUR system.
Apple told me to contact you, but no one has been helpful, so I took it to the forum.
Now, how is supercell going to make this right? I spend money to get diamonds from you all the time. Is it really worth the $100 to get the diamonds back when in the long run, I would be spending more?
I am so very upset.
maybe start by saying that you have not made a recent purchase and that you have never requested a refund
Farm 140
CoC TH11 BhB9 AQ 50 BK 50 GW 20
established level 16 clan seeking willing warriors, donators and clan games enthusiasts
Need a Siege Machine/Donate a Siege Machine...


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Quick question: how bad is it to want to buy every single last piece of a new collection? Like, everything. That's what those little scamps at Lavish Alice have done to us with their amazing high-summer drop.
From holiday-perfect prints (just try not to have a good time while you're wearing a flamingo motif), to super-chic, all-white separates (we love the double-layered A-line skirt and high-neck tank with a luxe pool slider), they've solved all your summer wardrobe dilemmas.
We'll be wearing the lilac skirt with a cream blouse and silver heels for a wedding, and rocking the patchwork chambray dress with skater slip-ons on Saturday afternoon in the pub. Feel free to join us.
By Olivia Phillips


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Projects per year
Personal profile
I am Professor of Philosophy, and Director of the Philosophy Graduate Program at Monash. I am also Chair of Council of the Australasian Association of Philosophy. I was elected Fellow of the Australian Academcy of Humanities in 2009. I have been a member of the Council of the Academy since the beginning of 2017.
I have a BSc./BA (Hons) from Melbourne, and a PhD from Princeton. My dissertation was on semantics for propositional attitude ascriptions (philosophy of language). Some of my early publications were in the areas of philosophy of language and aesthetics. Most of my recent publications have been in philosophy of religion (though I have also published in metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy of science).
I came to Monash in 1996 after a period as an ARC Postdoctoral Fellow in the Philosophy Program in the Research School for Social Sciences (RSSS) at the Australian National University (ANU). I published a book on ontological arguments as an outcome of my ARC Postdoctoral Fellowship.
I am on the editorial boards of: Annales Philosophici, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, European Journal for Philosophy of Religion, International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion, Philo, Philosophy Compass, Religious Studies and Sophia.
I have held a number of ARC Project Grants. In particular, I had a large grant for a project on the history of philosophy in Australia and New Zealand that has issued in: a companion to philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, a book of interviews with philosophers in Australia and New Zealand, a book of public lectures by philosophers in Australia and New Zealand, and a two-volume history of philosophy in Australia and New Zealand (all co-edited with Nick Trakakis).
Other large grants on which I have been a CI include a project on Bayesian statistical inference, a project on critical thinking pedagogy, and a project on neglected problems about time. The project on Bayesian statistical inference led to the publication of a major paper on MML (in the British Journal for Philosophy of Science); the project on critical thinking pedagogy led to various publications, and to the creation of an innovative creative thinking unit; the project on neglected problems in time will eventually yield a book (currently still in process).
In 2017, I finally completed a large grant for a project on multi-faith dialogue, involving philosophers from a wide range of different religious traditions. This project lead to the publication of a four-volume work on inter-faith dialogue (edited with Nick Trakakis).
Apart from my book on ontological arguments, I have also written a book on arguments about the existence of God, a book on infinity, a short introduction to philosophy of religion, a book on naturalism and religion, a book on atheism, a book on atheism and agnosticism. and (with Michael Scott) a textbook on philosophy of religion. With Nick Trakakis, I edited a five-volume History of Western Philosophy of Religion; and I am currently editing a handbook of contemporary philosophy of religion.
My major research interest has been in arguments about the existence of God. More generally, I have tackled a range of topics in philosophy of religion (including various questions about divine attributes, creationism, the epistemology of religious belief, and spirituality and healthcare). I have published most on: ontological arguments; cosmological arguments; Pascals' wager; and arguments from evil.
Other topics on which I have published include: the two-envelope paradox; the Turing Test; future individuals; new atheism; slingshot arguments; pantheism; the definition of art; supervenience; eschatology; two-dimensional time; omnipotence; teleological arguments; gods; minimalism about truth; minimalism about truth-aptness; local realism; causal models; norms of assertion; and resemblance nominalism.
Research interests
Philosophy of Religion: arguments about the existence of God, divine attributes, religious disagreement, epistemology of religious belief
Metaphysics: time, cause, infinity, ontology, truth
Philosophy of Science: philosophy of physics, philosophy of mathematics
Epistemology: disagreement, Bayesian inference
Monash teaching commitment
Science, Religion and Witchcraft (1997-2001)
God, Freedom and Evil (1997-8, 2000, 2002-3, 2005-6, 2009-present)
Primary Logic (2004-6)
Philosophy of Mind (1996-7, 1999-2001, 2003)
Philosophy of Religion (1997-8, 2000-5, 2009-present)
Aesthetics (1997)
Origins of Modern Philosophy (2001)
Ethics (2009-10)
Mind and Meaning (1997-8)
Metaphysics (2000)
Truth (1996)
Infinity (1997)
Metaphysics and Epistemology (1999-2001, 2009)
Community service
2009-present: Chair of Council, Australasian Association of Philosophy
- Arguments About The Existence Of God
- Arguments From Evil
- Cosmological Arguments
- Creationism
- Epistemology of Religious Belief
- Gods
- Infinity
- Multi-Faith Dialogue
- Omnipotence
- Ontological Arguments
- Pascal's Wager
- Philosophy in Australia And New Zealand
- Philosophy of Religion
- Religious Disagreement
- Teleological Arguments
Recent external collaboration on country level. Dive into details by clicking on the dots.
Projects 2000 2016
The Epistemology of Expertise and Humility
Simpson, R. M., Bin Abdul Rahman, S., Chadha, M., Daniels, P., Jones, T., Kendal, Y. S. K., Koplin, J. H. J., Oppy, G. & Silva Jr, P.
John Templeton Foundation - USA
1/07/14 → 30/10/14
Project: Research
History of Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand
Australasian Association of Philosophy
1/01/11 → 31/12/11
Project: Research
Models of Divinity
Oppy, G. & Trakakis, N.
Australian Research Council (ARC), Monash University
1/01/10 → 30/11/16
Project: Research
Research Output 1987 2019
Research Output per year
A Companion to Atheism and PhilosophyOppy, G. (ed.), 2019, Oxford UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 581 p. (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy)
Research output: Book/Report › Edited Book › Other › peer-review
Atheism: The BasicsOppy, G. R., 2019, Abingdon Oxon UK: Routledge. 182 p.
Research output: Book/Report › Book › Other › peer-review
Philosophy, religion and worldviewOppy, G. R., 2019, Christian Philosophy: Conceptions, Continuations, and Challenges. Simmons, J. A. (ed.). Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, p. 224-259 16 p.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter (Book) › Research › peer-review
Atheism and AgnosticismOppy, G. R., 2018, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. 70 p.
Research output: Book/Report › Book › Research › peer-review
Infinity in Pascal's wagerOppy, G. R., 2018, Pascal's Wager. Bartha, P. & Pasternack, L. (eds.). Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 260-277 18 p. (Classic Philosophical Arguments).
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter (Book) › Research › peer-review
Activities 2018 2019
- 4 Public event
Activities per year
CosmoeticaGraham Oppy (Contributor)
Activity: Community Talks, Presentations, Exhibitions and Events › Public event
CVS PodcastGraham Oppy (Contributor)
Activity: Community Talks, Presentations, Exhibitions and Events › Public event
Public DiscussionGraham Robert Oppy (Contributor)
Activity: Community Talks, Presentations, Exhibitions and Events › Public event
J-Air ("Open Minds", November 7, 2018) https://j-air.com.au/Graham Oppy (Contributor)
Activity: Community Talks, Presentations, Exhibitions and Events › Public event
Press / Media
Thinking About Religion
1 media contribution
Press/Media: Public Engagement Activities


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Lones Scouts
The SA Lones Scout Group, which began in 1910, offers Scouting to young people who want to participate in Scouting and who cannot get along to a regular Scout Group every week.
Lones Scouts are people from remote or isolated farms, small towns, islands or overseas. Or they might be at a boarding school, travelling around Australia, or suffering from a chronic illness or disability.
The Lones Scout Group operates like a distance learning group with:
- Weekly programs on audio tapes
- Overnight and holiday Scout Troop meetings and activities.
- Programs on "School of the Air
- Internet Scouting
As far as possible, activities are as similar to those of regular Troops or Sections.
More information
Contact our membership hotline on 1800 SCOUTS (1800 726 887), visit the Lones Scouts Website or fill in our online membership form


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I'm not exactly sure what The Hypocrite Diaries is/are. My exhaustive research into the subject (about 60 seconds of Googling) has turned up nothing but this meme. I believe this meme is the entire volume of The Hypocrite Diaries and not an excerpt.
I wish everything were black and white. I wish I could dismiss this trio of charges as utter stupidity – completely wrong in every way. But I'm forced to peer into the gray areas, and the issue becomes much more difficult.
You see, I know hypocrites exist in every walk of life. Are there Communist sympathizers who favor the redistribution of wealth…until they find themselves on the other side of the manicured hedge? Of course. Are there women who espouse economic, social, and political equality for women until they find themselves comfortably within the bonds of marriage, whereupon they sacrifice some of their autonomy to their husbands? Undoubtedly so. Are there self-proclaimed atheists who pray fervently when they find themselves in peril? Yes. But are these so-called hypocrites indicative of all Communists, feminists, and atheists, as this meme seems to suggest? Not at all. Some Communist sympathizers do their best to give back to the community that nurtured them, most feminists view their marriage as a partnership rather than a subjugation, and many atheists cannot be cowed by terrible danger into supplicating salvation from a deity they do not believe in.
I notice that the three archetypical hypocrites listed in this meme tend to be left-leaning idealists, but certainly there are conservative hypocrites as well. What about:
- Pro-Lifers who procure clandestine abortions following an unplanned and embarrassing pregnancy, or
- "Traditional" marriage proponents who solicit gay prostitutes, or
- People who blather on about welfare drug testing while abusing prescription pain pills?
You would be perfectly correct to point out that not all Pro-Lifers, "traditional" marriage proponents, and welfare drug testing advocates are obnoxious hypocrites. Neither are all Communists, feminists, and atheists. As with any other group of people, some are hypocrites; some aren't. Let's stop the unfair generalizations, shall we?


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Frequently asked questions about your cable serviceBrunswick Area Television
Brunswick Area Television
4274 Manhattan Avenue
Brunswick Ohio 44212
Tom Keppler
Information and Public Communications Manager
Are cable rates controlled by any government entity?
No. Cable companies are basically free to increase rates as they see fit, without any oversight. There is no longer a local contract in existence between Spectrum or Wide Open West and the City to provide services to residents. All video franchising is handled through the State of Ohio, Department of Commerce. While our office is happy to answer any calls from concerned residents, you may also express your concerns directly to the Cable TV Consumer Hotline at 1-800-686-7826, or file a complaint online to email@example.com. We are looking forward to the opportunities for savings for consumers once our second video service provider offers its product to our residents.
What kind of problems can the City cable office help out with?
Our office is a good resource if you have an ongoing billing or service problem, and we can normally get your problems resolved in a few phone calls. Programming and rate issues are another story, and we have absolutely no control or input over those.
Will I need a cable box?
Video Service providers are slowly removing analog channels from the basic tier, replacing them with digital signals. These signals are only available by using a converter box. New digital TVs may not receive these channels either. Under federal law, only the lowest tier, or the broadcast basic tier, must be available without a converter box; however, those regulations are being relaxed. Some consumer based products are available for purchase to avoid the use of the cable box, but you must check with your video service provider to make sure it is compatible with your service.
Is Spectrum (formerly Time Warner) the only option for cable service in Brunswick?
Wide Open West cable service is also available our community. Like Spectrum, WOW provides video, voice and data services. Please check with their website for further information about availability.
What about this fiber optic project I've heard about? Will that bring us cable?
The Medina County Fiber Optic project is not designed for cable television services. It is to provide high capacity data transmission along the business corridors in the County. It will bring much needed data service to our industrial park, and offer some competition to Spectrum, WOW and Frontier for business services along Pearl and 303. It is not a residential service.


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Hey! I'm Jaime, and I'm going to be writing about my experience with HomeFit Consulting.
I'm a 26-year-old former college athlete who's, well, not quite in peak shape anymore. I played golf at UAB and could eat pretty much whatever I wanted because I was working out with a trainer 2-3 hours a week and walking/carrying my golf bag for four hours almost every day.
As it turns out, you can't keep eating whatever you want after you stop playing sports. In my four post-grad years, I've pretty much stopped working out all together and put on more weight than I care to share. I tried a few different fitness programs, but I didn't feel particularly motivated and couldn't stick to a routine for more than a few weeks.
Last month, I got engaged (yay!) and I knew that it was time to make a serious change. I didn't want to feel uncomfortable trying on wedding dresses or feel self-conscious walking down the aisle. So, I started training with HomeFit. Here's what happened in my first few weeks.
Week one: Cody started with a general health and fitness assessment. He asked me some questions about my goals, eating habits, where I wanted to be by my wedding date (9/29/18!), and about what hasn't worked for me in the past. It also helped that he knew me when I was at my peak fitness level at UAB (where he was a trainer). I told Cody that I wanted to lose about 30 pounds and completely tone up (gosh, even writing that makes me nervous).
We started with some baseline workout moves...and I literally almost passed out. I had to sit down because I was getting super dizzy and had tunnel vision. Thankfully, Cody was super understanding and immediately had me eat some fruit to get my blood sugar back up.
Note: Although the workout was tough, I don't necessarily think that's what did me in. I only had an English muffin to eat that morning, and Cody says I should eat a little protein and sugar before working out.
At my next session, I made sure to hydrate and eat a good breakfast and it truly made a huge difference. I had more energy, and was ready to tackle my workout.
Week two: I've done two sessions a week for the last two weeks, and I have to say I'm a little sore. I can definitely still get up and move around, but I feel little muscles starting to wake up again which is definitely encouraging. I'm also excited to say that I've already lost 2.5 pounds!
Check out some of the moves I've been doing in my sessions (and please excuse my messy apartment). Click the arrows on the side of the video to see more moves.


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Windows XP Black is not an official release by Microsoft, yet many users adore this unofficial product because of its simplicity and class. The jet black skin of this release makes it more attractive. Not only the dark skin but the speed of this OS is commendable and it is said to be the fastest one.
Windows XP Black is a lightweight program that runs very smoothly after installation and consumes a very little amount of hard disk. Furthermore, it optimizes the speed and stability of your system to a great extent.
Related Post: Download Glary Utilities Portable For Your System Utilities
The interface of this OS is not fancy but clean and user-friendly. It includes all features from its predecessors such as Start Menu bar and other advanced keys. Also, you can see various pre-installed apps and games in Win XP Black.
XP Black includes various distinctive MS products such as Office 2003, 2007 and 2013. Also, the Intenet Explorer is designed to provide you fast web experience even with unstable servers. For better security, it includes Firewall protection that prevents the entry of malware entities.
There are many other features such as fabulous Media Player that provides you high-quality sound while playing audio and video, of any format on your system. Above all, unlike other operating systems, Win XP Black automatically updates its files time to time.
Related Download: Hide Your IP address | Download IP Hider PRO
This feature-rich program is easy to use the yet very powerful fan-made product. One can perform multiple tasks like downloading latest software, games, and apps without any hassle. Moreover, it doesn't hang your computer and maintains its smooth perform throughout its life.
Win XP black is loaded with various security features and provide a protective shield to your data against virus and malware. It detects and informs you about the less secure apps on your system.
If you are one big fan of Windows XP, this edition of XP version is something you really gonna love. It has all astonishing features from XP along with some more advanced features.
System Requirements:
- Installed Memory (RAM): 256 MB
- Free Hard Disk Space: 1.6 GB or higher
- Processor: 400 MHz or later
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Despite being an unofficial release it is loved by millions of users. So, download Windows XP Black Edition and get a stable, reliable, secure and quick OS for your computer.


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Senior Sessions
Cost: $150.00.
Included: 30 to 45 minutes. Online album with 10 fully edited high resolution images. Print release.
Unlimited clothing changes included. I encourage you or your senior to choose the location. Senior year is a very exciting time! Please bring items that represent your senior's interests.
Non- Refundable Deposit: $75.00