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New home pages
Hi, we are forced to move our home pages on top of another platform and the transition impacts the content for some time. We see first how this new tool works and try to get the basics right first. Apologizes for the inconvenience, we will be more informative soon :)
Upcoming holiday season
Hello all, the short but waited summer season is starting here in Finland. We have our final steps any more left and then we can release the HighT UHD Resonator samples. We let you know about that in more details once we are ready, but meanwhile just for planning, please note that many of our team members will take few weeks off during July. Don't worry, we will not close the shop, but responding to emails gets slower;)
May 30th, 2017
June 2018


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The Bloomington Playwrights Project (BPP) is the only professional theatre in the entire state of Indiana dedicated solely to new plays. In operation for 39 years, we serve both the Bloomington and national theatre community by working with talented playwrights, actors, and artists to develop high-level productions for our local patrons as well as the many audiences attending subsequent productions of scripts that originated here at the BPP. We are an advocate for playwrights and new plays and believe firmly that they are not only important but absolutely vital to the future of our art form.
General Inquiries: email@example.com
Questions About Script Submissions: email@example.com
Producing Artistic Director: Chad Rabinovitz email@example.com
Managing Director: Brad Schiesser firstname.lastname@example.com
Associate Artistic Director: Ben Smith email@example.com
Education Director: Rachael Himsel email@example.com
Marketing and Development Associate: Mallory Elver email@example.com
Box Office Manager: Maddie Burton firstname.lastname@example.com
Literary Manager: Susan Jones firstname.lastname@example.com
Volunteer Development Associate/BPP Historian: Sonja Johnson firstname.lastname@example.com
Technical Director: Tien-Yin Sun
Resident Scenic Designer: David Wade
Sound Engineer / Master Electrician: Thomas Tiggleman
Resident Costume Designers: Scott Jones & Chib Gratz
Resident Stage Manager Kayla Cieslinski
Production Manager Patrick Weigand
To bring a new play to life is an arduous and risky journey requiring a strong creative team and visionary supporters willing to provide the resources needed for the trip. The Directors Circle was established by the BPP Board in 2011 to bring together and to recognize loyal and generous patrons willing to provide annual support to the BPP's operations now and into the future.
Each season the Directors Circle hosts five programs, each one related to one of the season's productions. All provide behind-the-scenes insight into the new play production process. A program might consist of a scene from an upcoming production and a chance to discuss it with the principals behind the project. A scene designer might trace the creation of a set from concept to construction – describing the interaction with script, director, and other designers that goes into the process. Or a playwright may join us to describe the inspiration behind the play and the value of the development process that BPP provides.
Every program provides Directors Circle members not only a special theatre experience but also a chance to visit informally with the new play production team and with other supporters of new plays. To become part of the Directors Circle, contact email@example.com
The Bloomington Playwrights Project (BPP) strives to be a leading artistic force in the production and encouragement of new plays. The BPP provides opportunities for development, education, and production for promising and established writers and theater artists in a professional environment.
In 1979, the Bloomington Playwrights Project (BPP) was founded by Tom Moseman and Jim Leonard, both of whom shared a vision of creating a venue to workshop and produce playwrights' works, and provide a place for actors, directors, and theatre technicians to hone their crafts. Jim Leonard's play The Diviners has since seen many productions across the country, and he has gone on to write and produce for television, notably Skin and most recently Close to Home. Tom Moseman is currently Senior Vice President of Envirosell.
Timothy J Wiles had a passion for theater from his pre-adolescence. Growing up in Norway Maine (population 5,000) a village which boasted of enthusiastic community theater efforts (Tim worked stage crew for a popular production of Dial M For Murder when he was 13.) Tim avidly read the New York Times theater reviews.
In 1960 as a senior at Bethel Academy, he was selected to attend a national theater Institute for high school students at the Ohio State University. While there he attended a cycle of Shakespearean plays at Antioch College and his college plans were set in his mind. He majored in English at Antioch and became involved in multiple stage productions. He interned during one cooperative academic quarter at the McCarter Theater in Princeton. He studied for PhD at Stanford University and wrote a dissertation that became a University of Chicago publication: THE THEATER EVENT, a study of the process of catharsis in avant-garde European and American theater.
In 1972 he joined the English faculty at Indiana University, Bloomington and his undergraduate drama courses became known for their dramatic productions: he staged Brecht's, THE MEASURES TAKEN in the woods behind Woodburn Hall, using Jordan creek as a part of the setting and he directed an innovative production of Apollinaire's, THE BREASTS OF TIRESIAS, on the roof of the IMU.
In 1975 two theater students, Tom Moseman and Jim Poyser came to Tim and asked his to direct an independent study course in playwriting for them. Later they were joined by Jim Leonard, a graduate student who had a major success with his first play, THE DIVINERS, which had a won a national collegiate theater competition and been produced at the Kennedy Center.
The three asked Tim to mentor them and to help them found a black box theater to produce new and developing plays. For several years, the Bloomington Playwrights Project was a small, theater workshop for new playwrights like those three young playwriting students.
Tim Wiles served on the BPP Board of Directors for many years, served as President and Vice President of the Board through the 1990's. He died in Bloomington in 2003.
The Bloomington Playwrights Project's Arts Fair on the Square is celebrating 33 years of bringing visual artists and craftspeople together with the local and regional buying community. This juried art show features over 60 regional and national artists and craftspeople on the picturesque grounds surrounding the Monroe County Courthouse. The mission of Arts Fair on the Square is to showcase fine art and craft of the highest quality, connect artists with the art-buying community and promote commitment to the arts through a variety of interactive arts experiences.
Arts Fair on the Square also includes interactive arts activities for children and entertainment from local artists for the whole family. Arts Fair on the Square runs in conjunction with the Taste of Bloomington which offers sampling opportunities from over 35 local and regional restaurants, special music and children's activities. Together Arts Fair on the Square and Taste of Bloomington draw thousands of visitors to downtown Bloomington to experience the finest the visual arts has to offer while sharing a little of that Hoosier hospitality that makes Arts Fair on the Square a favorite among artists and art patrons alike.
For more information please visit www.artsfair.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Production Engineering and
Printing Technology Department,
Akhbar El Yom Academy,
Giza 12655, Egypt;Mechanical Design and
Production Engineering Department,
Cairo University,
Giza 12655, Egypt
Mechanical Design and
Production Engineering Department,
Cairo University,
Giza 12613, Egypt
Contributed by the Tribology Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY. Manuscript received February 6, 2016; final manuscript received November 22, 2016; published online April 4, 2017. Assoc. Editor: Ning Ren.
The goal of this paper is to investigate tribological characteristics of nanographene platelets and hybridized nanocomposite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/multilayer nanographene platelets (MLNGPs)/lithium based-grease. Characterization is done through high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction. While grease properties were tested using Falex four-ball testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX) were utilized to characterize the lubrication mechanism and the worn surface. The results showed that 1% of MLNGPs is the optimum concentration. Wear scar diameter (WSD) was reduced by 66%, friction coefficient was reduced by 91%, while maximum nonseizer load was increased by 90 kg over ordinary lithium grease. Hybrid MWCNTs\MLNGPs were studied, and the optimum ratio of MLNGPs to MWCNTs was found to be 4:1.
HRTEM images of the MWCNTs
HRTEM images of the MLNGPs
Electron diffraction of MLNGPs
X-ray diffraction of MWCNTs
X-ray diffraction of MLNGPs
TEM images of the dispersed MLNGPs in grease with different concentrations (a) 0.5%, (b) 1%, (c) 1.5%, and (d) 2 wt.%
Wear scar diameter versus load at different MLNGPs concentration 1200 rpm, 60 mins running time
Coefficient of friction versus load at different MLNGPs concentration 1200 rpm, 60 mins running time
TEM images of the hybrid MWCNTs\MLNGPs grease formed at different concentrations: (a) 100% MLNGPs, (b) 80% MLNGPs-20% MWCNTs, (c) 60% MLNGPs-40% MWCNTs, (d) 40% MLNGPs-60% MWCNTs, (e) 20% MLNGPs-80% MWCNTs, and (f) 50% MLNGPs-50% MWCNTs
Wear scar diameter versus load at different hybrid MWCNTs/MLNGPs concentrations 1200 rpm, 60 mins running time
Coefficient of friction versus load at different hybrid MWCNTs/MLNGPs concentrations 1200 rpm, 60 mins running time
SEM images of the worn surfaces of the balls lubricated by (a) lithium grease only, (b) sample 1: MLNGPs, and (c) sample 2: hybrid MWCNTs/MLNGPs
EDX of the worn surfaces of the balls: (a) lithium grease only, (b) MLNGPs, and (c) hybrid MWCNTs/MLNGPs
SEM images of the worn surfaces after the friction process
WSD (mm) versus load (kg) for MWCNT, MLNGP, and MLNGP/MWCNT
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Summertime concerts in the park, NEMBAFest Mountain Bike Festival, The Annual Burke Fall Festival, WinterBike.... events of all sorts happen in and around Burke. Moonlit snowshoe treks, live music performances, seasonal parades, craft fairs, Open Studios weekend, snowmobile drag races...it's all here! To keep up to date on local happenings and special deals, sign up for the monthly Burke enewsletter.
From October - March, enjoy ice skating at Chester Arena - check their website for Public Skate times and other events.
The Catamount Arts Center in St. Johnsbury also features a range of events every week including independent film showings, classic films, theater, opera performances, live music as well as classes and workshops for all ages. Check out their Events Calendar to see what's going on.
For events in neighboring towns of Lyndonville and St. Johnsbury, please visit www.lyndonvermont.com and www.discoverstjvt.com. For event listings in other Northeast Kingdom towns, visit www.nekchamber.com.
Join Q Burke Mountain Resort and RuralEdge as we host Meal For a Mission on Thursday, March 6th.
Enjoy great food at the Tamarack Grill, and view an eye-opening, award-winning documentary focused on the recession and homelessness (American Winter). There will be indoor/outdoor entertainment for the kids, so no need to find a babysitter!
Tickets are $35 and are available at the Q Burke Guest Services Office, RuralEdge and LSC, or email firstname.lastname@example.com. Doors open at 5:45 p.m. Alcoholic beverages available for purchase.
Location: Tamarack Grill, 223 Sherburne Lodge Road East Burke, VT
Phone: 802-626-7300
Website: http://www.skiburke.com


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In an announcement, Google released a new feature int he beta Google Search Console that lets users check a specific URL on a website to see the status of how Google search sees that URL. This features, called the URL inspection tool, is rolling out to Google Search Console users over the coming weeks.
According to Google, this tool "provides detailed crawl, index, and serving information about your pages, directly from the Google index." It shows the last crawl date, the status of the last crawl, and crawling or indexing errors and the canonical URL for that page. The tool will show if the page was indexed successfully, any AMP errors, structured data errors and indexing issues.
It doesn't matter if you enter AMP or non-AMP URLs into the tool. They both work just as well.
There is a large help document that goes through all the features of this URL inspection tool.


text: Sandra Smith May 6, 2012 General News Let's get this party started. Sandra Smith May 6, 2012 General News Flying out to Little Rock, Arkansas, in a couple of days. Am presenting to a big group of wonderful people. Then, will catch a flight home. It'll be a quick trip, but, totally fun. Hope they like my dancing! Oh, yeah. Life Is Fabulous!


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Saving our secrets will be a monumental task
Published 27 March 2018
From Daniel Dresner, Manchester, UK
What an exemplary article on cryptography Michael Brooks presented to us (3 March, p 40). As we seek algorithms to ensure security against code-cracking quantum computers, surely we ought to be considering how such security will be rolled out across the myriad of devices that will no-doubt be in use for years to come and made vulnerable by quantum code cracking?
We are already challenged by people putting themselves, data and systems at risk, for example by not installing upgrades from software developers in time to counteract a careless click. So, how we take on the wide-scale upgrade to …


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Katy gets all mushy about Europe as we talk to a very clever man who makes his living by speculating on Eurovision. Daniel Gould (Mr Gould to Dominic), is the founder of Sofabet.com and gives us all the latest from Lisbon.
We then head over to Spain to speak to the activist and writer Brigitte Vasallo about Spain's #MeToo movement and the public reaction to the shocking court ruling in a rape case in Pamplona.
Plus, we have meatballs, terrorists, Harry Potter Royalty and a healthy serving of cultural appropriation.
Meanwhile, Katy is heading over to Aachen to find out if we've won Eurovision for Euro-geeks, aka the EU's Charlemagne Prize for Youth. Please leave us a review on Apple Podcasts to help stop the flow of tears when we probably/definitely don't win.


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[Watch] Trailer for Arcade Fire/Spike Jonze Film
Scenes From The Suburbs, Spike Jonze's companion short film to his music video for Arcade Fire's "The Suburbs," now has an official trailer. The film is set to premiere this week at South by Southwest's film festival, so watch the trailer after the jump, sit back, and enjoy! And remember, licking a car window may not be the most sanitary thing to do.


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Stylish Themes Stylish Theming Gallery App 5.0Free
Old versionsSee all
Stylish Themes (Stylish Theming Gallery) App is a browser extension that makes your Facebook look awesome. This app provides a gallery of Stylish Themes and Skins to allow you quick and easy access to available Facebook themes and styles to change your layout. Also, you can create and share themes online.
Share your experience:Write a review about this program
Info updated on:


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I am not a medical professional, but I am a human that cares. If you're suffering from depression, anxiety, eating disorders, or anything that consistently disrupts finding your happy place, please get help.
There are numerous avenues that are available to find someone that understands what you're going through. You can even chat with professionals if you're apprehensive about talking on the phone by clicking this link. http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/GetHelp/LifelineChat.aspx.
Suicide Hotline: 1-800-662-HELP (8255)
SAMHSA's National Help Line for individuals and family members facing mental health and/or substance abuse: 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
Rating: ★★★★★ 5/5 stars
Meg Haston does an incredible job of capturing the emotional conflict of a teenager in mourning. The internal dialogue of 17 year old Stevie throughout her treatment is raw and heartbreaking. Stevie is recovering from an eating disorder that developed after her mother's abandonment, and her brother's death amplified her loss. She blames herself for his death and is determine to end her life on the anniversary of the day he died. Stevie enters into a toxic friendship/pseudo relationship with a girl named Eden, who immediately takes advantage of Stevie's vulnerability and uses it to manipulate and destroy her family. It takes a very talented therapist, time in an eating disorder rehab, and a group of genuine friends for Stevie to understand that she deserves to survive her tragic loss and honor her brother's memory in a way that he would want.
This book was an emotional rollercoaster for me, bringing me to tears more than once. It brings to light how suffering from an eating disorder is different for everyone, and you don't necessarily need to experience a tragedy in your life to trigger a disorder. Everyone has their own varying degree of struggle, and if you notice someone you care about displaying symptoms of an eating disorder, talk to them about it. Sometimes the struggle is more than they can handle by themselves.
Book Club Discussion
Below I have put together some questions for discussion. Feel free to answer whichever you want and respond to other readers' comments. If you have any other questions for discussion, feel free to post those too!
You'll need to create an account to comment. Just click on the question you want to discuss and create an account. If you don't want to create an account, you can answer the question in the comment section at the bottom of the post. Easy peasy.
Disclosure: I do receive compensation for the links provided, but it does not influence my reviews or the books I choose to read. All thoughts and opinions are my own.


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Novelist / Drama Writer / Avid Reader
Source: Dawn.com: Published in Current Affairs on 31 March 2014 THE story […]
Abdul Qadir Junejo
Abdul Qadir is amongst the leading playwrights in this region of South Asia. His excellence encompasses social as well as anthropological issues. He writes to rewrite history and brings to life the forgooten values. Hailing from a villiage Janhan at the brink of desert Thar in Sindh, the southern province of Pakistan, he seldom misses to point out the prevailing harsh realities affecting the day to day living of ordinary people. He has been honoured with the prestigious awards for creative writers including Presidents's Pride of Performance for 1989 and 2008, the PTV award for the best Script Writer three times. Presently he is living in Jamshoro, Sindh.
This is Abdul Qadir Junejo's official website.


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When you are coaching football you are interacting with your players and coaches within the context of football. Your players are executing football actions when they are on the pitch and as the coach, you are executing coaching actions.
Imagine a beautiful day at your training facilities when you walk out onto the pitch to start training session. What is the first things that you do? You are looking around, taking in the information your surroundings are communicating to you. You notice how many players that are on the pitch, if the sun is shining or if it's still cloudy, and you notice which way the wind blows today. Based on this information you might make a decision to change your plans for todays session slightly by moving the pitch a couple of meters. Thereafter you execute this decision by moving the pitch or asking one of the other coaches to do it for you.
After the session you have scheduled a team meeting with your players. You are in the dressing room and your assistant is showing videoclips and talking to the players while you are observing the players. Imagine you notice a couple of players that are playing with their phones while your assistant is talking. What are you going to do? Based on this information your players have inadvertently communicated to you, there is a decision to make. Will you ask these players about their motivation to improve since they are obviously not paying full attention to what your assistant is saying? Or do you decide to let it go since they are not disturbing the rest of the group and talk to them individually? Whether your decision is to address these players in front of the group or individually, you will execute this decision with a certain tone of voice and body language appropriate to get your point across.
Both of these situations are examples of coaching actions within the context of coaching football even though it's not happening during a game or a session on the pitch. Think about when you are on the pitch and coaching in a session and you realize that you are repeatedly executing coaching actions. Imagine one of your players, a midfielder who is looking to receive the ball from a team mate in the center of the pitch just below the circle when building up. You see that the midfielder, before receiving the ball is only looking towards the player with the ball and can't see the opponent coming from behind and as a result, the pass is intercepted.
You decide that you want to make your midfielder aware of this mistake immediately since this is not the first time is has happened. Therefore you decide to freeze the play and address the situation by asking the midfielder what happened and what options are available for the next time a similar situation arises. And of course, if you decide to not address this situation immediately by freezing the play, possibly because you want to coach the player in a different way, that is also a coaching action. The decision of 'not doing anything' is also a coaching action as long as you as the coach have seen the football problem and decided that inaction is the best action.
Whether you are coaching in a training session or in a game you are executing more than just one coaching action. And just as the players want to improve their football actions, you as a coach want to improve your coaching actions. You want to become a better coach, which means that you want to improve your communication, decision making and execution of these decisions within the context of coaching football. If you are able to shorten the time between your coaching actions you could increase the level of your influence on your players by executing more coaching actions.
Sometimes you see in games coaches who are very active at the start of the game by executing many coaching actions as long as their team is ahead. However, when the opponent scores you see the coach turning around and finding a place to sit on the bench and for some reason the coach seams to stop coaching. When do your players need you more, when you are winning 3-0 or when you are losing 3-0? In the same way as you want your players to maintain good football actions and many football actions at the end of the game and regardless of the score, you as a coach also need to maintain good coaching actions and maintain many coaching action throughout games and training sessions.


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Location: Pollença Pueblo
ID: C-Pollensa5359
This property for sale in Mallorca is a unique and simply stunning town house in the highly sought after historic town of Pollensa in the north of the island. It is situated in the heart of the town and from the outside is a traditional consruction. However, it has been very carefully and stylishly renovated over a number of years. Originally there were three houses which were made into one large dwelling over three floors.
On the ground floor there is a beautiful living room, a fully fitted kitchen, a bathroom, a spacious bedroom, a patio, a laundry area and a garage.
On the first floor there are four double bedrooms, one single and three bathrooms.
The layout of this Majorca property is extremely attractive and slightly quirky in that it offers a great deal of privacy concerning the living spaces which makes it ideal for large families or groups of friends. The property has a valid Tourist Rental Licence which constitutes a fantastic business investment.
The icing on the cake in this property is the magnificent roof terrace on the top floor. It is the most recent renovation project to be carried out on the house and has a summer cooking area for alfresco dining and entertaining, an area for relaxing and a large pool.
This is unique in this part of the town where outside space is difficult to find, yet at the same time being a short walk from the Main Square and the hustle and bustle of the town centre. There are great views from the roof terrace out over the Bay of Pollensa and the nearby Tramuntana Mountains.
This property represents a magnificent opportunity to acquire a town house in this much demanded area and it is very special because of its unique features and characteristics. A short drive from the town takes you to the stunning north coastline of Mallorca where you can swim in crystal clear water and sunbathe on golden sands.
See a wide range of Town houses for sale in Pollensa: Townhouses for sale in Pollensa
Why buy a property in the north of Mallorca? The charms of the region of Pollensa
Find & Book Majorca holiday Villa with Pollentia Rentals. Book your Majorca holiday today: Book your holiday in Mallorca
Live "La Patrona" in Pollensa: Buy a house in Pollensa and make the most of La Patrona
The best beaches in the north near to your house in Mallorca: The beaches of the northern area of Mallorca
Mallorca, the perfect place for golf tourism: Golf in Mallorca
Check out more Townhouses for sale in Pollensa that may be of your interest. For additional information please contact POLLENTIA PROPERTIES by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com or call at +34 971 53 45 85.


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Another outrageous Bruce LaBruce classic, 'Skin Flick' follows a bunch of unruly, garrulous and highly unpleasant skinhead thugs on a senseless rampage of sex and violence. Two bourgeois gay men into toe-sucking and cottaging are in the wrong place at the wrong time when the gang of brutes break into their stately home in search for dough. Upon finding the wealthy owner and his black boyfriend, they sexually overpower and abuse them. Before long, however, the tables are turned and they too are subjected to submission and ridicule.
LaBruce throws all things topical, political, and scatalogical into this PC-busting ouvre. You have to see it to believe it!
|1 hour 5 minutes
|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|Political, LGBTQ, Crime, Gay
|Not available in United States of America
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Peacock Crosses Quilt
Peacock Crosses Quilt
from 325.00
These beautiful quilts are all made in the UK from the highest quality materials. Each quilt is made to order and is entirely unique, every one has a hand embroidered edition number and comes in a hand screen printed bag to keep it safe over the summer months.
As each quilt is made to order by a small team in the UK please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.
If you would like to order a custom size please get in touch and we will try to accommodate you.
Wadding: Organic European wool
Back: Turquoise linen
Front: Screen printed linen


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13 budget-friendly wines for less than $15
The holiday dinner goose on which you splurged is coming home to roost. Toys R Us wants your next paycheck, as you promised. You went to Jared, and now he's coming for his due.
It's the most un-wonderful time of year. Reckoning month. When holiday bills arrive.
I feel your pain. You, like I, will need something to sip to unwind after the arduous coming hours of writing checks. So here's a list of 13 wines $15 and under to avoid further fiscal folly.
1. 2013 Justin Vineyards & Winery Sauvignon Blanc, Paso Robles: pale yellow hue, aromas and flavors of ripe peaches, tropical fruits and citrus, crisp, medium body; $14.
2. 2013 Wente Vineyards "Morning Fog" Chardonnay, Livermore Valley, San Francisco Bay: hint of oak, medium body, aromas and flavors of green apples and minerals, crisp; $15.
3. 2011 LangeTwins Family Winery Cabernet Sauvignon, Lodi: hint of oak, aromas and flavors of black cherries, black coffee and cloves, ripe tannins; $15.
4. 2013 Don Miguel Gascón Malbec, Mendoza, Argentina: aromas and flavors of black plums, milk chocolate and cinnamon, ripe tannins; $15.
5. 2013 Esprit du Rhône Cotes du Rhône Héritier des Seigneurs de Gicon, Rhône, France: deep purple hue, aromas and flavors of black cherries and spice, soft tannins; $8.
6. 2013 Alamos Red Blend, Mendoza, Argentina (60 percent malbec, 25 percent bonarda, 9 percent tempranillo, 6 percent syrah): aromas and flavors of black cherries, black pepper and cinnamon, soft tannins, long finish; $13.
7. 2012 deAlto Amo Tinto Rioja, DOC, Spain: aromas and flavors of black plums and spice, soft tannins, mellow; $10.
8. 2013 Trivento Cabernet Sauvignon, Mendoza, Argentina: aromas and flavors of red plums and herbs, muscular and smooth, long finish; $12.
9. 2013 McManis Family Vineyards Pinot Grigio, California: crisp, light and lively, with lemon/lime flavors, very dry; $10.
10. Nonvintage Lamberti Prosecco, Veneto, Italy: lightly bubbly, with aromas and flavors of tropical fruits; $14.
11. 2012 Hoopla Unoaked Chardonnay, Napa Valley: lean and crisp, with aromas and flavors of green pears and citrus; $15.
12. 2012 Bridlewood Cabernet Sauvignon, Paso Robles (cabernet sauvignon, syrah, petite sirah): aromas and flavors of black plums and toasted sugar, hearty flavors, powerful tannins; $15.
13. 2013 Mirassou Pinot Noir, California (93 percent pinot noir, 6 percent zinfandel, 1 percent merlot): hint of oak, aromas and flavors of raspberries and strawberries, soft and smooth; $12.


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The Teacher Achievement Recognition program is a partnership with The Grand America Hotel, Salt Lake City School District, and Salt Lake Education Foundation and honors teachers and schools who achieve excellence.
The Teacher Recognition program is provided by a partnership with Granite Credit Union, Salt Lake City School District, and Salt Lake Education Foundation. The program provides significant recognition to Salt Lake City schools and teachers who have distinguished themselves as demonstrated by objective measurement of student performance.
Additionally, direct nominations for District Early Childhood Teacher of the Year and District Special Education Teacher of the Year awards are accepted from administrators, parents, other faculty/staff, and students. The success of this fair, equitable, consistent, and unbiased selection process is without equal in the state of Utah. During the past eleven years, nine teachers from Salt Lake City School District have been selected as finalists in the state competition, and six of the candidates have been selected as Utah Teacher of the Year.
Salt Lake City School District is proud of the more than 1,400 certified teachers who, day in and day out, provide a high level of instruction to wonderful children who, in many instances, face significant obstacles to their success.
Outstanding Administrator Recognition This year Salt Lake City School District and Salt Lake Education Foundation recognized a District Principal and Assistant Principal of the Year. The awards provide significant recognition on the regional and state level. The middle and high school level winners are eligible to compete at the national level.
School Growth Awards Recognitions include several different types of awards, all of which are based on growth in student achievement. Student scores from early in the school year are compared to scores from the end of the school year to determine which teachers, teams of teachers, and schools have made the most progress. Comparing growth makes the program fair for all schools, regardless of demographics. Schools achieving recognitions receive large banners to hang in their hallway.
Kellie May, Utah Teacher of the Year


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Rent 5-room apartment in Moscow for $12,903
m. Oktiabrskaya, st. Yakimansky lane, 6
Living complex Imperial House. Fenced guarded territory, underground parking. Spacious living room, kitchen-dining room, 4 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, laundry room, 2 walk-in closets, loggias. Air conditioning. Home applaicnes.
Schools nearby:BIS #3, BIS # 4, BIS #5, BIS #9, French Kindergarden
m. Oktiabrskaya, st. Yakimansky lane, 6
Rental price in rubles800 000 ₽
Rental price in dollars$12,903


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Unlike earlier than, transferring footage taken from iPhone to Windows 10 system has now been straightforward. Thanks to the a number of photo-management software program, Apple Mobile Device Service, and plenty of extra. Recently some iPhone customers have complained in regards to the problem in importing the photographs from iPhone to their Windows 10 PC.
There could also be an occasion whereby whereas transferring footage from iPhone to PC, customers is probably not ready to view iPhone photographs, or they could discover it troublesome to switch footage with functions like Bluetooth, iCloud and iTunes. In this case, It is necessary to perceive the supply of issues which can both be brought on by a corrupted driver or might require some tweaking in Settings. If you've got encountered comparable issues, we handle some potential options to repair this problem.
Can't import Photos from iPhone to Windows 10
Before transferring on, it's advisable to replace your iPhone and in addition iTunes. Additionally, please examine if in case you have up to date your Windows system to the latest model. Despite this, if the issue persists, take a look at the next options. This ought to make it easier to in resolving the error.
1] Restart the Apple Mobile Device Service (AMDS)
Apple Mobile Device Service is the method that tags together with different background processes whenever you set up Apple iTunes in Windows 10. This course of principally helps iTunes to acknowledge the iPhone machine that's linked to Windows system. If your system will not be recognizing the iOS machine, then you've got to restart the Apple Mobile Device service (AMDS)
The following pointers will assist in restarting AMDS.
Go to Run window by clicking Windows Key + R.
Type providers.msc within the Run window and hit OK to open the .
Search for Apple Mobile Device Service (AMDS) from the record menu of the web page.
Right Click on AMDS and click on on Properties from the drop-down menu.
In the Properties window, go to the choice Startup sort and choose Automatic from the drop-down menu.
Under Service standing, hit the Stop button and click on on OK.
After the service is stopped, as soon as once more Right click on on Apple Mobile Device Service and click on on Start choice from the drop-down menu.
Restart laptop.
Now open your iTunes and join your iPhone to import the photographs.
2] Import photographs from Phone drive to Windows drive
Connect your iPhone to PC. This will show a notification to Trust choice.
Click the Trust choice to proceed and shut the immediate window.
Open the File Explorer by urgent Windows + E which is able to show the telephone as a drive.
Copy and paste the photographs from the machine to your system.
three] Change the Permission of Picture folder
If you've got restarted AMDS and nonetheless the issue persists, then you could have to examine permissions for Picture listing in your Windows system.
Go to This PC and right-click on Pictures folder.
Click on Properties from the drop-down menu.
Go to Security tab and click on on Edit.
Locate and click on in your account identify from the record of username.
Check Full Control below Allow.
Click on Apply and OK.
four] Connect your iPhone to a unique USB port
Although USB three.zero ports are environment friendly and sooner than USB 2.zero port, iPhone customers have had an issue connecting the machine with USB three.zero port. If you aren't ready to switch footage from by USB3.zero ports, strive utilizing USB 2.zero Check if connecting to completely different ports will repair your drawback.
5] Use Cloud providers like iCloud & allow Photo Stream in your iPhone
If you discover it troublesome importing footage on Windows 10 utilizing, you strive utilizing cloud providers like iCloud to simply entry footage and movies from iPhone units.
Download and set up iCloud on Windows system.
Go to "iCloud for photographs" which is able to show the directories out there.
Click on the directories to entry the photographs and switch the specified footage to PC


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"Can you look without the voice in your head commenting, drawing conclusions, comparing, or trying to figure something out?"
Eckhart Tolle
"It is my conviction that there is no way to peace – peace is the way."
Thich Nhat Hanh
"Peace and trust take years to build and seconds to shatter."
Mahogany SilverRain
"Peace is not something you wish for, � it is something you make, something you are, something you do,�and something you give away."
Robert Fulghum
"Peace does not mean an absence of conflicts; differences will always be there. Peace means solving these differences through peaceful means; through dialogue, education, knowledge; and through humane ways."
Dalai Lama XIV
"Nostalgia is a necessary thing, I believe, and a way for all of us to find peace in that which we have accomplished, or even failed to accomplish. At the same time, if nostalgia precipitates actions to return to that fabled, rosy-painted time, particularly in one who believes his life to be a failure, then it is an empty thing, doomed to produce nothing but frustration and an even greater sense of failure."
R.A. Salvatore
"The law of evolution is that the strongest survives!' 'Yes, and the strongest, in the existence of any social species, are those who are most social. In human terms, most ethical…There is no strength to be gained from hurting one another. Only weakness."
Ursula K. Le Guin
"It is the oldest ironies that are still the most satisfying: man, when preparing for bloody war, will orate loudly and most eloquently in the name of peace."
Alan Moore
"Courage is the price that life exacts for granting peace."
Amelia Earhart
"In the heartfelt mercy of our God, the dawn from on high will visit us, to shine on those sitting in darkness, in the shadow of death, to guide our feet to the way of peace."
"As much as it hurts, I would rather miss someone than hit someone."
Brian Celio
"True freedom is not advanced in the permissive society, which confuses freedom with license to do anything whatever and which in the name of freedom proclaims a kind of general amorality. It is a caricature of freedom to claim that people are free to organize their lives with no reference to moral values, and to say that society does not have to ensure the protection and advancement of ethical values. Such an attitude is destructive of freedom and peace."
John Paul II
"No one is so foolish as to prefer war to peace, in which, instead of sons burying their fathers, fathers bury their sons."
"Peace by persuasion has a pleasant sound, but I think we should not be able to work it. We should have to tame the human race first, and history seems to show that that cannot be done."
Mark Twain
"It's hard to hear over the racket of gunfire. Politicians want to talk about war, but the people want to talk about peace.
Jarod Kintz
"If you love me as you say you do,' she whispered, 'make it so that I am at peace."
Leo Tolstoy
"Letting go gives us freedom, and freedom is the only condition for happiness. If, in our heart, we still cling to anything – anger, anxiety, or possessions – we cannot be free."
Thich Nhat Hanh
"Never worry alone. When anxiety grabs my mind, it is self-perpetuating. Worrisome thoughts reproduce faster than rabbits, so one of the most powerful ways to stop the spiral of worry is simply to disclose my worry to a friend… The simple act of reassurance from another human being [becomes] a tool of the Spirit to cast out fear — because peace and fear are both contagious."
John Ortberg Jr.
"Instead of hating the people you think are war-makers, hate the appetites and disorder in your own soul, which are the causes of war. If you love peace, then hate injustice, hate tyranny, hate greed – but hate these things in yourself, not in another."
Thomas Merton
"Self-talk reflects your innermost feelings."
Asa Don Brown
"I have never been carried around by a large boy, or laughed until my stomach hurt at the dinner table, or listened to the clamor of a hundred people all talking at once. Peace is restrained; this is free."
Veronica Roth
"Nothing can bring you peace but yourself."
Ralph Waldo Emerson
"Something wonderful begins to happen with the simple realization that life, like an automobile, is driven from the inside out, not the other way around. As you focus more on becoming more peaceful with where you are, rather than focusing on where you would rather be, you begin to find peace right now, in the present. Then, as you move around, try new things, and meet new people, you carry that sense of inner peace with you. It's absolutely true that, "Wherever you go, there you are."
Richard Carlson
"Be a light unto the world, and hurt it not. Seek to build not destroy. Bring My people home.
By your shining example. Seek only Godliness. Speak only in truthfulness. Act only in love.
Live the Law of Love now and forever more. Give everything require nothing.
Avoid the mundane.
Do not accept the unacceptable.
Teach all who seek to learn of Me.
Make every moment of your life an outpouring of love.
Use every moment to think the highest thought, say the highest word, do the highest deed. In this, glorify your Holy Self, and thus too, glorify Me.
Bring peace to the Earth by bringing peace to all those whose lives you touch. Be peace. Feel and express in every moment your Divine Connection with the All, and with every person, place, and thing.
Embrace every circumstance, own every fault, share every joy, contemplate every mystery, walk in every man's shoes, forgive every offense (including your own), heal every heart, honor every person's truth, adore every person's God, protect every person's rights, preserve every person's dignity, promote every person's interests, provide every person's needs, presume every person's holiness, present every person's greatest gifts, produce every person's blessing, pronounce every person's future secure in the assured love of God.
Be a living, breathing example of the Highest Truth that resides within you. Speak humbly of yourself, lest someone mistake your Highest Truth for boast. Speak softly, lest someone think you are merely calling for attention. Speak gently, that all might know of Love. Speak openly, lest someone think you have something to hide. Speak candidly, so you cannot be mistaken. Speak often, so that your word may truly go forth. Speak respectfully, that no one be dishonored. Speak lovingly, that every syllable may heal. Speak of Me with every utterance. Make of your life a gift. Remember always, you are the gift!
Be a gift to everyone who enters your life, and to everyone whose life you enter. Be careful not to enter another's life if you cannot be a gift. (You can always be a gift, because you always are the gift—yet sometimes you don't let yourself know that.) When someone enters your life unexpectedly, look for the gift that person has come to receive from you…I HAVE SENT YOU NOTHING BUT ANGELS."
Neale Donald Walsch
"My son, do not forget my teaching,
But let your heart keep my commandments;
For length of days and years of life
And peace they will add to you.
Do not let kindness and truth leave you;
Bind them around your neck,
Write them on the tablet of your heart.
So you will find favor and good repute
In the sight of God and man.
Trust in the Lord with all your heart
And do not lean on your own understanding.
In all your ways acknowledge Him,
And He will make your paths straight."


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Arame of Urartu
(Redirected from Aramu)
Arame or Aramu (Armenian: Արամե) (ruled 858–844 BC) was the first known king of Urartu.[1]
|Arame(Arama or Aramu)
|King of Urartu
|Kingdom established
Living at the time of King Shalmaneser III of Assyria (ruled 859–824 BC), Arame united the Nairi tribe against the threat of the Assyrian Empire. His capital at Arzashkun was captured by Shalmaneser.[2]
Arame has been suggested as the prototype of both Aram (and, correspondingly the popular given name Aram)[3] and Ara the Beautiful, two of the legendary forefathers of the Armenian people.[4] Khorenatsi's History (1.5) puts them six and seven generations after Haik (Khaldi),[5] in the chronology of historian Mikayel Chamchian dated to the 19th to 18th century BC.
See alsoEdit
- ^ History in Africa, Volume 2, p. 93. African Studies Association., 1975.
- ^ The Ancient Assyrians - Page 12 by Mark Healy
- ^ "Արամ" in H. Ačaṙean (1926-35), Hayocʿ Anjnanunneri Baṙaran (Yerevan: Yerevan State University), 2nd ed., 1942-62
- ^ Lang (1970), p. 85.
- ^ Авдиев В. И. «История Древнего Востока», М.: «Высшая школа», 1970, с. 419 420.
- David Marshall Lang, Armenia: Cradle of Civilization (1970).
|This biography of an Armenian ruler or member of a royal family is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This Ancient Near East biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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We are pleased to publish our summarised annual report for 2017, the report can be accessed by clicking here: Final Summarised Report 2017
Calling all pilots with clefts aged 10 and above! Spires Smiles are arranging a special flight opportunity along the Bournemouth coast. The flight will be 15 to 20 minutes and is free. More details of the June flight that was held here Helicopter Ride14June14, contact firstname.lastname@example.com to register your interest in upcoming helicopter rides!
Thank you to everyone that entered our story writing competition and congratulations to the winners. Winning stories can be read by clicking the authors names below:
Kingsley Selmes
Aimee Leaver
Klarice Bisla
Connan Sarre
We are very excited to announce that our new picture gallery is now up and running and would like to thank our patients who have taken the time to draw us a picture or write a poem. You can visit the gallery here
We would like to extend our thanks to organisations as well as past and present patients and families for their generosity in making donations to the Spires Cleft Lip and Palate Centre. If you would like to make a donation this can done to the individual centres in the following ways:
To make a donation to the Salisbury Cleft Lip and Palate Centre:
Click the following link to download and print a donation form:
SDH Donation Form (pdf; 261kb)
Please ensure you tick the option
"Another ward or department" stating the Cleft Lip and Palate Charitable Fund No. 1221 and send together with your donation to:
The Service Co-ordinator, Spires Cleft Lip & Palate Centre, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wilts, SP2 8BJ.
To make a donation to the Oxford Cleft Lip and Palate Centre:
Click the following link to make
a secure electronic payment to the OUH Charitable Funds
On the drop down menu regarding your donation click the 'other please specify' option. On the final page of the donation process please specify if you would like your donation to go to the:
Cleft Lip & Palate Research Development Fund 2011 which supports research into the causes of cleft
or the
Cleft Lip & Palate Outpatient Fund 2123 which facilitates updating of equipment in the outpatient area e.g. pens and colouring equipment for children, toys for clinic rooms etc.
If you have any questions or queries regarding the donation process you are welcome to contact us.


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Fun & Fabulous Finds on Main Street
Posted on Wednesday, August 6th, 2014 in Must See's & Stops, Places to eat, Shopping, Things to do in Elkhart County
Get inspired to re-create a room or two at the Black Crow on Main in Elkhart. It's packed with cleverly paired new and restyled furniture plus fun and funky accessories. In Goshen, explore Found where you'll feel like you're perusing the stalls of artisans in faraway places. The shop owners travel the globe to pick … Continued


text: I was basing the composition on the trope of Vanitas paintings. These paintings traditionally show the transience of earthly life and form through compositions of objects that show the transition from form to emptiness. These are usually still-lifes depicting a candle, flowers, fruit and vegetables, bones. In this picture I wanted to zoom out from the traditional table-top still-life composition to include an out-the-window landscape view. I've been working with this idea of "The view from the window / the view from the street." In this picture I was thinking about the transience of our landscape- which I've been witnessing as the architecture and shape of our city is changing so quickly around us. The city itself is a Vanitas.


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All about
plantar fasciitis
causes of plantar fasciitis
symptoms of plantar fasciitis
diagnosis of plantar fasciitis
treatment for plantar fasciitis
prevention of plantar fasciitis
How is plantar fasciitis diagnosed?
The first step in making a diagnosis involves obtaining a satisfactory history from the patient. Typical physical exam findings include tenderness on the bottom of the heel, closer to the midline, and mild swelling and redness. X-rays may reveal the presence of a heel spur protruding from the bottom front edge of the heel bone. This heel spur is a growth of extra bone produced over time because of a combination of the increased strain on the fascia and foot dysfunction. Other diagnostic tests, such as a bone scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound, are rarely needed.
More information on plantar fasciitis
What is plantar fasciitis?
- Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the thick tissue on the bottom of the foot that causes heel pain and disability.
What causes plantar fasciitis?
- An abnormal step causes the plantar fascia to stretch irregularly, become stressed, and develop small tears, which results in inflammation (plantar fasciitis).
What're the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
- The most common symptom of plantar fasciitis is pain in the bottom of the heel, usually worst in the morning and improving throughout the day.
How is plantar fasciitis diagnosed?
- Typical physical exam to diagnose plantar fasciitis include tenderness on the bottom of the heel, closer to the midline, and mild swelling and redness.
What's the treatment for plantar fasciitis?
- Initial treatment for plantar fasciitis usually consists of heel stretching exercises, shoe inserts, night splints, and anti-inflammatory medications.
How to prevent plantar fasciitis?
- The best way to prevent plantar fasciitis is to wear shoes that are well made and fit your feet. Exercises that stretch the heel cord may help.
Bone, joint, & muscle disorders
Topics in bone, joint, and muscle disorders
Bone diseases
Bone tumors
Bone cancer
Muscle diseases
Spine (neck and back) disorders
Dupuytren's contracture
Plantar fasciitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Septic arthritis (infectious Arthritis)
Psoriatic arthritis
Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis)
Ankylosing spondylitis
Gout (gouty arthritis)
All information is intended for reference only. Please consult your physician for accurate medical advices and treatment. Copyright 2005, health-cares.net, all rights reserved. Last update: July 18, 2005


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4 Essential Social Media Strategies to Keep Your Readers Sharing
We live in a social world where much of our news comes from sites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. To grow your readership and make sure your blog posts get the attention they deserve, you need to encourage your current readers to share what you've written on their favorite social media sites.
People who read health blogs like to go to Instagram to find motivation in images, Facebook to interact and be sociable, Pinterest to be able to save what they've found and don't forget Twitter.
Want to know how you can encourage people to share your health posts? Here is a list of 4 different ways that you can do that:
- Start with Quality Content
Of course, it all starts with quality content that your readers want to read and share. No-one is going to spread a crappy post on social media. Start by writing the best blog posts you can and do some research into what your audience wants and needs.
In other words, serve your market well and they will in turn share what you're writing with their friends and acquaintances.
Don't forget that this doesn't have to be content that you write on your own – use Health Blogger's Done For You Content and then add your stories to make it unique to you.
2. Make It Pretty
Next, it's time to pretty up your post. Break up your content into small bite-sized chunks so it's easy to read. Add some subheadings and formatting to make it easy to scan through the content. And don't forget to add a pretty image that captures the essence of your post.
Step away from your desk and then come back and look at it with fresh eyes. Answer these two question:
- Is the blog post visually appealing?
- Does it grab your attention?
If not, go back to the drawing board and see what you can do to improve it.
3. Make It Easy to Share
When your goal is to get people to share your blog post on social media, you want to make it as easy as possible to share.
We talked about what social media sites your audience favors earlier. Make sure you have one-click buttons to share the blog post available for all those sites. If you are running your blog using WordPress you should be able to find a plugin to help you do this.
4. Ask for The Social Media Share
Buttons are great, but sometimes it takes a little extra push to get your readers to take action. Don't be afraid to ask for the social media share. Close your articles and blog posts with a little sentence or two that asks them to share on Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest etc. if they enjoyed the post.
And don't forget to let them know how much you appreciate it when they share the love.
Take care,
P.S. Don't forget to sign up for the Health Blogger & Wellness Coach Blog with Intention Workbook. It'll help you plan your blog content.


text: The first freeze of the season has come and gone and our warm season grasses are starting to fade into dormancy. The trees are also changing into their beautiful colors and beginning to drop their many leaves. That brings up a question we get every year. Should I rake my leaves just let them sit?… Read more »


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Name & Title: Mark Stumer, Principal, AIA
Company Name: Mojo Stumer Associates
Address: 14 Plaza Road, Greenvale, NY 11548
Who or what contributed to your success in 2017 and why?
The economic market stayed strong and therefore provided a positive impact in high end design which resulted in an abundance of projects
What trends will impact your business in 2018?
The direction of design continues toward a modern approach in the more traditional areas. This will keep Mojo Stumer at the forefront of design as this is directly in line with our firm's philosophy.


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Newspeak & New Tibet, Part - IV
- - June 28, 2005 22:18The Myth of China's Modernization of Tibet and the Tibetan Language, Part Four
By Jamyang Norbu
The history of the Tibetan language under Communist Chinese control falls into three fairly distinct periods:
- The first decade and a half of Communist occupation when radical changes were instituted in the Tibetan language, essentially to create a glossary for ideological and propaganda needs.
- The period the Cultural Revolution when the Tibetan language itself came under attack as being a part of "The Four Olds", and it's teaching banned in many parts of the country.
- The post Deng era when patriotic Tibetan scholars, poets and writers attempted to resurrect Tibetan language and literature, but which now faces a threat from overwhelming Chinese demographic and economic presence in Tibet.
Soon after the Chinese occupation army entered Lhasa , the "reform" of the Tibetan language become a priority program of the new administration. Tsering Shakya, in an article in Lungta , maintains that its efforts were focussed primarily on the creation of "…a new lexicon and terminology ( tha snyad). A new lexicon was required to translate the Communist propaganda and Marxist ideology that underpinned the Communist revolution in China ." The work seemed to have proceeded at a fair clip. In 1952 the first dictionary of new terminology was compiled for the purpose of translating official documents. In 1956 four volumes entitled tha snyad gsar bsgrigs (A Compilation of New Terminology) were published by the Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing .
Most of the new terms created were not direct translations or derivations from the English, German, or Russian originals, but rather from Chinese translations and borrowings of those terms. The translation process could get quite convoluted with words of European origin that had earlier been borrowed by the Japanese, then translated into Chinese from the Japanese (and there are many hundreds of them as Lydia Liu, professor of Chinese language and Literature at Stanford has listed) finally being translated into Tibetan. A term like Suweiai (Soviet) used to refer to rural Chinese communes is obviously a straight borrowing from the Russian. But such Chinese words as Gongh e (Republic) as a part of the name of the People's Republic of China , Gongchan (Communist) in Chinese Communist Party and Shehui Zhuyi (Socialism) are borrowed "foreign" words – from Japanese translations of European words.
Even ordinary words in the new Communist-fashioned Tibetan vocabulary often disregarded earlier Tibetan adoption of new words and instead laboriously translated them from the Chinese. Hence the new terms for train and motor-car (earlier rili and mota ) were now mekhor and langkhor. These are verbatim translations of the Chinese huoche (fire vehicle) for train, and qiche (steam vehicle) for motor car. Unfortunately the mistake the Chinese made of referring to the motor car as a steam vehicle has been passed on into the Tibetan translation. Propaganda jingles were composed at the time where such new words were used. One that I heard as a child in Kalimpong, in 1958 or thereabouts, was from a cousin of mine who had just come from Lhasa .
Dhokpo nganyi trom la do
Hatsi! Lang-khor mangbu du!
Let us two friends go to the market,
My Goodness! There are so many steam-vehicles (cars) here.
Tsering Shakya tells us that many of the people employed in the task of translating the new words "came from monasteries and the religious community", and that this strategy was a covert means by the Communist to exploit the traditional educated elite and eventually undermine them. A tendency to use obscure and complex words and syllables derived from Buddhist philosophical terminology (often in quite inappropriate ways) rather than employing simple everyday terms has been a noticeable feature of the new translations.
Quite a few of the Tibetans involved were from outlying areas of Tibet as Batang and Amdo, where Chinese and hence Communist influence and ideas had arrived earlier. One such person was geshe Sherap Gyatso of Amdo, a former Guomindang agent whom the Tibetan government had earlier forbidden from bringing a Chinese delegation into Tibet , and who was bitterly opposed to the Tibetan government. He got his revenge in 1950 when he confronted the Tibetan delegation sent to negotiate the 17 Point agreement at a banquet in China and subjected them to a tirade of abuse.
In his autobiography, Jampel Gyatso, a writer and scholar from the Social Sciences Academy in Beijing , originally from Batang, claims that people from Batang were at the forefront of the modernization of Tibetan language and literature. Though that claim is certainly debatable, in point of fact many of the interpreters ( tungsi ) used by the PLA and the Chinese administration in Tibet were from Batang. Probably the most important Tibetan from Batang involved in the "reform" of the Tibetan language was Phuntsok Wangyal, the highest ranking Tibetan in the Chinese Communist Party and the Director of Propaganda of the 18 th PLA Corp in Tibet . In his recently published biography Tibetan Revolutionary, written by Melvyn Goldstein , we are told that Wangyal "…headed a research committee that translated news and directives into Tibetan", and was involved in "… inventing new terms in Tibetan." He was also responsible for bringing out a Communist weekly "newspaper" that was initially stuck up on the walls of the Barkor. Goldstein calls it the "proto-Tibetan 'newspaper', once again ignoring all the other Tibetan newspapers that had existed before.
Under the bland academic writing Goldstein's biography of Phuntsok Wangyal is essentially a leftist hagiographical tract, albeit of a low-key kind. No serious attempt is made at dissecting Phuntsok Wangyal's character or analysing his motives for betraying his country and people. In fact there is a chummy feel throughout the book with Goldstein constantly referring to Phuntsok Wangyal as "Phunwang", the pet name used by his family and friends. The reader is presented with a great revolutionary, nationalist, poet, scientist, friend of the Dalai Lama (who deems him a "sincere and dedicated Marxist") and ultimately a martyr figure who, through the machinations of false Marxists, suffers eighteen years of terrible imprisonment -- essentially for the redemption of the Tibetan people. This is not a book of great subtlety. At the conclusion of a fairly generous review in the New York Review of Books , Jonathan Mirsky points out that Goldstein and his co-writers, … "fail to see the irony in Phunwang's faithful Leninist support for Chinese authority over Tibet, just when Marxism and Leninism have become increasingly obsolescent in China…" and "… what neither Phunwang nor the authors are willing to say in so many words is that Chinese chauvinism backed by violence, dominates Tibet."
An examination of Phuntsok Wangyal's life and mindset is rewarding in understanding how in the name of "progress" and "reform" someone could bring himself to so casually inflict such tremendous damage, not just on a language but on an entire culture and society as well. Wangyal is the kind of model cadre, who having studied and embraced Communist ideology feels absolutely confident to pronounce (and act) on matters he has little knowledge about.
A bizarre but revealing example of this characteristic is provided by Phuntsok Wangyal's magnum opus, New Investigations into Celestial Bodies -- Liquid Water Does Exist on the Moon . (Foreign Language Press Beijing, 2002, available in the USA , free of charge, at the International Campaign for Tibet ). Wangyal wrote it after his release from prison, and it is fairly substantial at about 500 pages of closely-spaced small print. He claims it is a scientific treatise on cosmology, and though there are references to Copernicus, NASA, and some contemporary Western scientists, the intellectual "big guns" brought into play to "prove" that the moon holds deposits of liquid water are Hegel, Marx and Engels – or more properly their "dialectical methods". The emphasis on "liquid" in the title is interestingly emblematic. It might be easier to prove that there are deposits of frozen water on the moon, but such reservations or compromises are unnecessary. Dialectics of this kind has the power to prove anything you want it to.
In conversations and interviews Phuntsok Wangyal consistently maintains that Marxist dialectics is the "mother of all sciences" and "the ultimate science of all sciences". No matter how bizarre such thinking may seem to us now, it is in the grand tradition of Marxist scientific absolutism employed by Trofim Denisovich Lysenko, a semi-literate peasant from Azerbaijan and Stalin's master agricultural expert. Lysenko was the author of "The Great Stalin Plain for the Transformation of Nature", which in effect produced Russia 's "Great Famine". In China Mao's "Red specialists" and "barefoot scientists" led by China's own chief Lysenkoist, Luo Tianyu, ordered peasants to plough deep (sometimes down to ten feet), to plants seed closely like "the scales of a dragon", besides many other lunacies, causing history's greatest famine and the death of 30 to 60 million people.
Phuntsok Wangyal's cosmological treatise is filled with strange, undecipherable charts and tables, like illustrations in a mediaeval alchemical tract, which seems to be more revealing of certain psychological truths about the author than scientific information about his theories. And one could perhaps make the case that there is need for some sort of psychiatric analysis and exposure of this man. Even after the official persecution and suicide of his wife, his own torture and imprisonment for eighteen years, Phuntsok Wangyal's devotion to Marx, Mao and Chou Enlai remains unshakable. This is how he affirms his faith. "No matter what happened, I had clung stubbornly to the belief that someday that details of my case would reach people at the highest levels. I knew Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai personally, and I believed that Wang Feng and others had lied to them about what I had done and what was happening to me. I hoped against hope that one day Mao and Zhou would realize that I was innocent and order my release."
I must admit that I was only able to come to some sort of understanding of Wangyal's extraordinary dedication to Mao and Maoism, by recalling an earlier reading of a comparable account in political fiction. Arthur Koestler's masterpiece, Darkness at Noon, is based almost directly on Stalin's show trials of the 1930s, and describes the imprisonment, trial and execution of the old Bolshevik, V.S. Rubashov. The striking thing about the two reminiscences, despite the fact that one is fictional the other real life, is how Rubashov and Wangyal's loyalty to the party and leadership remain unshaken in spite of the fact that both are old partymen who have been cruelly betrayed by their leader, party and faith. In Rubashov's case he even ultimately confesses to crimes which he is well aware he has not committed. Wangyal does not confess but performs a more convenient sort of self-deception by blaming his incarceration on petty functionaries and not the Great Helmsman himself, whom "he idolized", as the Dalai Lama mentions, approvingly, in Freedom in Exile . George Orwell, reviewing Koestler's novel, writes that he was convinced that Rubashov and those like him "had been rotted by the revolution which they served" and had become morally and mentally bankrupt by the "habit of loyalty to the party".
Koestler also implies in his novel that Rubashov in power would be no better than those persecuting him now -- and I think one could safely extend the observation to Wangyal. Milan Kundera, writing of his childhood, observed "When I was a boy I used to idealize the people who returned from political imprisonment. Then I discovered that most of the victims were former oppressors. The dialectics of the executioners and his victim are very complicated." Wangyal's fanatical self-righteousness remains intact after eighteen years of torture and solitary confinement. It is untouched by any regret, or clouded by the least of doubts that by guiding a hostile foreign invasion force into his own country he bears considerable responsibility for the genocidal devastation of Tibet and its culture, and the ongoing oppression and exploitation of his people.
Getting back to the issue of language "reforms", it might be noted that from the conservative Lhasa-centric point of view, Phuntsok Wangyal, Jampel Gyatso, Sherap Gyatso, and others were essentially provincial intellectuals, with big chips (social, economic, linguistic) on their shoulders against the ruling Lhasa elite. And in spite of the lofty claims of "reform and progress" by these Tibetan Communists, there clearly was a substantial element of payback in their agendas. The only incongruity being that since Batang and especially Amdo had for long been under Chinese administration, whatever injustice or suffering our revolutionaries and their kith and kin might have experienced earlier in their lives were almost certainly inflicted on them by Chinese regimes and not by the Lhasa government.
One might also sense in Wangyal's academic posturing, a faint echo of the lifelong resentment that Mao, the country scholar, had of established Chinese writers and intellectuals of Beijing and Shanghai. It is a passing reflection, but the mantle of the provincial academic, the sophomore poet, or the failed intellectual, is one that Maoists, especially Maoist leaders, seem to assume uncomfortably well, from Pol Pot in Cambodia and Abemal Guzman in Peru, to Comrade Prachandra in Nepal.
Some Central Tibetans, even a few aristocrats such as Changlochen, were inducted into the language reform committee under Wangyal, but they seemed unable (or more probably it was not required of them) to provide the essential Tibetan quality, the cosmopolitan sparkle, as it were, to the new revolutionary language.
As could be expected, there was considerable resistance to the language "reforms" from a broad spectrum of Tibetan society, though it was confused and ineffective. An unexpected and forceful opposition came from the Panchen Lama, whom many Tibetans then considered to be a Communist puppet. In his "70,000 character report" of 1962, for which he was "struggled", tortured and incarcerated for 20 years, the Panchen Lama does not hesitate to denounce the arrogance of unqualified Communist cadres in perverting and destroying an ancient language. Some excerpts from the report:
"Tibetan is a good language which has the capacity to express meaning and which unifies people. But in recent years, wanting to carry out "cultural revolution" and "unification" of the written language with the oral language", those people who have a low level of Tibetan, whose pride is the size of a mountain or who are good at flattering and toadying, talked wildly and said, "they are not correct", or "they are not perfect" about the thirty letters of the Tibetan alphabet and grammar which are the foundations of the Tibetan language, and about the standardization of characters carried out and the common written language composed by themselves to be infallible, these people reformed the language, which led to the loss of its capacity to express common things and things of depth and its communicative and expressive capacities."
The Panchen Lama also points out the surprisingly arbitrary nature of the "reforms" where local cadres not only in the Tibetan capital but even "…in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places all took their own dialect as the common oral language and wrote it down accordingly. This led to people outside the area in which that particular dialect was spoken not being able to fully understand the meaning. In this manner, the unifying nature of the Tibetan language was lost. The Tibetan language, which has the considerable merits of communicative and expressive capacities, unifying nature and ability to express common things and things of depth, which is a legacy created by over ten thousand scholars during more than one thousand years, has been taken by those foxes who called themselves lions, and toyed with at will and for no reason. This should definitely not have happened."
The Panchen lama also appeared to have been worried about the dulling or (to use a more ingenious phrase) the "dumbing down" nature of Communist language policies, as these lines seem to indicate "… literate people are becoming illiterate in the area of understanding the meaning of words. This is not only a loss to the Tibetan people, but it is also a loss to the culture of the motherland."
China's drive to "modernize" the Tibetan language, and the reasons underlying it, cannot be fully understood without an appreciation of Communist "reforms" of the Chinese language itself. After their takeover of power, the Communists in their drive to create a revolutionary new Chinese language, first imposed a drastic simplification of the written language by reducing the number of characters down to a mere three thousand. This from, let us say, the forty-nine thousand of the kangxi cidian (the great dictionary compiled by the order of the emperor Kangxi), though probably only five to eight thousand were probably used in general educated society. Furthermore many of the surviving three thousand characters, especially the more complicated ones, were stripped down and redesigned so that they were easier to memorize and write.
This in effect created two written Chinese languages, the old, complex yet sophisticated one which continued to be used in Taiwan and by overseas Chinese, and the new simplified one for the masses in the People's Republic of China. Of course the Communist party elite, Mao, Zhou, Kang Sheng, Guo Moro et al , got the best of both worlds, retaining their libraries of forbidden classics and occasionally composing verses in the old manner. Dennis Bloodworth of the Observer, reporting on China in the fifties, observed that "the 'literate' young peasant or worker who has been given a limited education in Communist China in new basic Chinese is largely shut off from the deviationist writings printed in the more complex characters of the past, and is now enjoying the benefits of a closed-circuit Communist culture. The masses are back where they were when they relied on a small, literate elite to tell them what was what."
Simon Leys in an analysis of this new language and the "revolutionary" new vocabulary, concluded that its essential purpose was "to anesthetize critical intelligence, purge the brain, and inject the cement of official ideology into the emptied skull; once hardened, this will leave not room for the introduction of any new ideas ... In politics, the citizens of the People's Republic are thus equipped with a mechanical and prefabricated jargon that is a substitute for thought, that excludes the possibility of thinking. The extraordinary effects of this robotization is nowhere better measured than in the writings of dissidents who have tried from the inside to oppose the regime. Their efforts were doomed from the start: they had no intellectual tools to mine the ideological fortress but the cardboard pickaxe that had been provided them by Maoist dialectics."
George Orwell in describing the language of his totalitarian state in Nineteen Eighty Four , best explains the fundamental goals of Communist China's language reforms. "The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotes of Ingsoc (the official ideology), but to make all other modes of thought impossible ." (my italics).
With the advent of the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), even the concept of a separate (though politically "reformed") Tibetan language, came under attack. Under the master slogan of the Cultural Revolution "Destroy the old to establish the new", the teaching of the Tibetan language itself appears to have been prohibited in many schools throughout Tibet, where these schools were not just shut down altogether. Tsering Shakya tells us that during this decade the very "existence of any separate Tibetan identity was utterly denied, and … all aspects of Tibetan life and custom were attacked. The Party imposed a total uniformity of culture and lifestyle throughout China. In Tibet, the only marker of distinction was the spoken language. Almost all publications in Tibetan language came to an end, except for Party propaganda and translations of articles from Chinese newspapers."
A most informative and enjoyable book in this regard is Pema Bhum's Six Stars With a Crooked Neck: Tibetan Memoirs of the Cultural Revolution . The author does not give us the usual accounts of ideological struggles and the factional fighting but describes the effect of the campaign on Tibetan language and literature. Another special quality of the book is that Pema Bhum writes about this intensely political period largely from the perspective of his own childhood. He begins with the account of the confusion that predated the arrival of the now famous "Little Red Book". The official title of the book was Quotations from Chairman Mao (in Chinese Mao Zhuxi Yulu ) and since the Amdo word for baby goat was " ye-lo ", word had spread of the coming of "Chairman Mao's Baby Goat", though nobody was sure what it was, exactly. Finally when his older brother came home with the little red book, and furthermore there was nothing in the book about any goat, Pema (who was fond of baby goats) was understandably disappointed. Things get less funny as the story moves on. Pema tells us that Tibetan scriptures and texts were considered "poisonous weed" and burned, thrown into the river or ground for manure. "In time Tibetan pecha books were nowhere to be seen. People were allowed to behold only one book – a little red book called Quotations from Chairman Mao ."
Pema also describes how books printed in Tibetan by Chinese official publishing house, that had included several Tibetan cultural and literary classics, and even books on Tibetan grammar, were withdrawn and banned as "superstitious" and "old thought". In 1971 major reforms were made in Tibetan grammar. Pema informs us that the traditional Tibetan punctuation dbu-khyud , marking the start of a passage was banned on all texts, including the shad which signaled the end of a phrase or a sentence. The "revolution" in the Tibetan language also included the erosion of other grammatical rules. I learnt from Professor Elliot Sperling, a leading Tibet scholar in the United States, that the bdag-sgra or "possessive/genitive" case was, for example reduced from the three variations kyi , gi and gyi to just one " gi ", with no regard for the final letter of the preceding word. "Imagine a 'revolution' in English that eliminated the indefinite article 'an'", Professor Sperling explained to me "… and you were compelled to just use the article 'a' in every case -- for example 'a alley,' 'a opening,' 'a invention' -- in order to accommodate some party hack's notion of what the peasantry speak."
Young Tibetans became increasingly more fluent in Chinese and even began to explain Tibetan words and concepts to each other in Chinese. They even began to swear in Chinese -- "by Mao" being a favourite. Even older Tibetan cadres who spoke Chinese with difficulty, felt compelled to address meetings (even of remote nomadic communities) in halting Chinese. Pema Bhum was required to act as a translator on few such occasions. At the conclusion of his book Pema Bhum tells us " The Cultural Revolution lasted ten years, ten years during which Tibetan language instruction came to a hiatus in many Tibetan areas. A generation of Tibetan youth was barred from their due chance to study Tibetan language. As their 'native' tongue began to change from Tibetan to Chinese, the Cultural Revolution came to an end."
With the end of the Cultural Revolution and the advent of Deng's Liberalization policies, Tibetan language received a last minute remission from a near certain death sentence. Not only did the Communist Party's policies towards literature and language in China become more relaxed, but also even in "minority" areas as Tibet, the changes began to be felt. Tibetans started to write in Tibetan again, and literary journals, beginning with Tibetan Literature and Arts ( bhod kyi tsomrig gyultsal ) from Lhasa, and Cool Rain ( drang char ) from Xining made their welcome appearance in Tibetan society. Other journals followed.
Much has been made of this "liberalisation" in Tibetan letters by pro-Chinese Western scholars, and indeed even by some Tibetans in exile, frustrated at the intellectual sterility of exile society. Furthermore this change has been acclaimed as an indication of the sincerity and liberal direction of China's administration. Professor Perry Link of Princeton argues that Deng Xiaoping and the new regime made a "political calculation" in relaxing the Party's control over literary production. The new leadership cleverly used the "pent-up popular resentment at the Cultural Revolution", and that "…literature and art were an avenue for channelling the resentment towards support for the new regime" The limits of the liberalization were clearly apparent in the kind of writing that emerged from Tibet. Short stories, novels or memoirs that might mention or describe the suffering of Tibetans under Chinese administration were all careful to limit censure to events of the Cultural Revolution and "The Gang of Four", and even then qualify such partial criticism with expressions of praise or gratitude towards the Communist Party and the current leadership.
What must also be noted is that in spite of the claims of Han Suyin et al , no modern literature in Tibetan (even of a propagandistic kind) was produced for the first three decades of Communist rule. The Tibetan writer or literary worker invariably trotted out before visiting delegations of admiring Western Maoists or international dignitaries was a certain Rao-jia-ba-sang, (Rabgyal Pasang) who wrote entirely in Chinese. The first Tibetan modern novel Kalsang Metok ( Auspicious Flower ) by Jampel Gyatso, was written in Chinese in the sixties and was essentially a socialist realist morality tale of Cultural Revolution vintage. It was translated (or rewritten as the author claims) and published in Tibetan only in 1982.
The true regeneration of Tibetan language and letters from the eighties, must be credited to the efforts of such remarkable Tibetan scholars as Dhungkar Lobsang Trinlay, Mugi Samten, Tseten Shabdrung, and Horkhang Sonam Pembar who, under unimaginably harrowing and possibly even perilous conditions, somehow managed to hold on to their intellectual integrity, and when opportunity permitted, produced diverse works on Tibetan language, grammar, biography and culture. These in turn inspired the modern Tibetan poets and writers as Dhundup Gyal, Langdun Paljor, Jangbu, Tsering Dhondup, Tashi Palden and others. It should also be acknowledged that such figures as the late Panchen Lama, a few Tibetan officials in the Chinese administration and some local leaders provided, when they could, some support and encouragement. The present essay is not devoted to modern Tibetan literature, of which I have only limited knowledge. The reader will be well-served by reading Tsering Shakya's and Pema Bhum's works on the subject, many in Lungta , and also Tsering Shakya's forthcoming book, The Emergence of Modern Tibetan Literature.
Nevertheless as encouraging as the writings coming out from Tibet are, it should be borne in mind, as mentioned earlier, how restricted is the writer's ability to express his or herself freely. Present day Tibet with its tourists and karaoke bars is essentially a far more controlled society than the former Soviet Union in Brezhnev's time. There is no samizdat writing of any kind. Anyone attempting to produce or disseminate anything of the kind would be quickly exposed and punished.
Tibetans writing in Chinese appear to have somewhat greater leeway to express themselves. There are, of course, many more publishing houses in China than in Tibet, and many of these are private. In addition, the various provinces of China do not appear to apply censorship laws in a uniform way, or as rigorously as is done in Tibet. In 2003, a Tibetan woman writer Wöser had an anthology of her prose writing, Notes on Tibet published in Guangdong province. The book appears to have done very well, but then the censors in Beijing and Lhasa got wind of it and banned the book. The reasons given for the ban were the writer's "serious political mistakes", "exaggerated" expression of faith in her religion, her reverence for the Dalai Lama and her sympathy for religious leaders disapproved by the party. Wöser has now been removed from her post in the TAR Literature Association and deprived of her income. The housing assigned to her has been confiscated. Her medical and retirement insurance has been suspended, leaving her without any social security. She is not allowed to apply for a passport to leave the country. All this is in addition to the tiresome interrogations, harassment and intimidation that she and her family must routinely endure from security personnel.
Until very recently, scholars, teachers and writers in China were regarded as "workers" and received salaries, housing assignments and benefits from their "work unit" as did artists, musicians, filmmakers and other "cultural workers". But Tibetans were invariably paid far less than their Chinese counterparts and were on a lower rung of the academic or artistic ladder, even in Tibet itself. Dungkar Lobsang Trinlay, one of the most respected Tibetan scholars held a lowly position at the Beijing Minority Institute. Pema Bhum mentions that at the Northwest Nationalities Institute at Lanchou, the scholar Tseten Shabdrung did not even have a position as a lecturer while Chinese teachers who could not write a personal letter in Tibetan were given the title of professors and lecturers on Tibetan. "Most of the teachers in the Tibetan Language and Literature departments at the Northwest Institute and other nationalities institutes were Chinese" Pema mentions, "Since they had studied Tibetan briefly in the fifties and then become teachers, beyond some basic reading and comprehension skills they had neither the ability to write nor speak Tibetan." Pema Bhum also recounts a number of funny anecdotes in this regard. "One of these 'professors', Wang Yinuan, quoting from a song of the Sixth Dalai Lama: /Khyi rgan Rgya bo Zer ba / Rnam shes Mi las Spyang pa/, translated the phrase /Khyi rgan Rgya bo ('old grey dog') into Chinese as 'bearded dog'."
I had a similar experience when doing some research on Tibetan opera. I came across a booklet on the Lhamo written by a Chinese scholar Wang Yao. This is how he summarizes the script of the play Pema Woebar : " Once upon a time, there was a king named Mu-stegs rgyal-po meaning the 'king of pearls'. He had a minister nicknamed 'the Crippled Minister'." In point of fact the king in the story is called Muteg Gyalpo or the Heretic king, and the minister is called Lunpo Kanggyok Bangchen or the Minister Swift-foot Messenger. Wang Yao did not even know the difference between mutig (pearl) and mu-teg (heretic); and kang-kyok (lame or cripple) and kang-gyok (fleet of foot). Wang Yao was reputed to be the leading Chinese Tibet-expert and was the first person from the PRC to attend the International Tibet Studies Conference, then held in New York City in 1982.
The inability of Chinese officials in Tibet to speak or read Tibetan (with a rare exception here and there) is a fact that has struck most visitors to Tibet, and is indicative of the real failure of its language and other policies. It is particularly glaring shortcoming, especially when we look back at other colonial administrations in recent history, such as British rule in India. Officers of the Indian Civil Service and the Indian Army were, on joining the service, required to study one or more Indian languages, and to pass a standard examination, usually set by an Indian pandit or munshi. On passing, the officers were rewarded with a raise in salary. Consecutive failure of the language examination would result in dismissal.
It is this relatively liberal outlook of many early British administrators, heirs of the English Enlightenment, that allowed even such an essentially exploitative colonial rule a redeeming and even revolutionary role in the rediscovery of Indian language, history and culture. Successive Muslim invasions, and the accompanying violence and vandalism had reduced Hinduism to "a folk culture and folk religion" (Nirad Chaudhuri) and obliterated Buddhism, even as a memory, from the consciousness of the country, by the time the British gained a foothold in the subcontinent. The pioneering scholar in India's great intellectual awakening was Sir William "Oriental" Jones, who founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which he desired to be open, adaptable and to have 'but one rule, namely, to have no rules at all'. Jones himself through deep and immersive study of Sanskrit made some of the first translations of Sanskrit texts such as the Hitopadesa of Pilpai, the Shakuntala of Kalidasa and the Gitagovinda of Jagadeva. His greatest achievement was the discovery of the common origins of the Indo-European language pool.
The accomplishments of Jones's intellectual successors in India were no less astonishing. James Prinsip through deciphering the mysterious inscriptions on the great pillar of Delhi (the Feroz Shah Lat) and inscriptions at Sanchi, discovered Prakrit, an early vernacular form of Sanskrit. This led to the deciphering of other, hitherto incomprehensible (Buddhist) inscriptions, including the great edicts of Ashoka. In fact it was such inspired linguistic detective work and archaeological research that led to the discovery of nearly all the Buddhist holy sites in India and Nepal, that had been lost since the Muslim invasions. Prior to these discoveries, even Tibetan scholars had been unsure of the real location of Bodh-Gaya and some regarded the ancient city of Gaur (in Bengal) as the main candidate.
British scholarship gave Indian history a solid foundation it never had before. It was the cumulative labour not just of Jones and Prinsip, but also Charles Wilkins, Dr. Francis Buchanan, George Tournour, Henry Colebrooke, Monier Williams, Brian Hodgson , Alexander Cunningham, John Faithful Fleet, Max Mueller and other orientalists ( pace Edward Said) that drove this greatest single advance in the recovery of India's past and the re-discovery of Buddhism. Of course, there is no getting away from the fact that far too many British administrators were arrogant, insensitive and certainly racist. Lord Macaulay, regarded Indian culture as decadent and "worthless", and did his best to undermine the work of the orientalists. Nevertheless, Macaulay (besides inflicting the Lays of Ancient Rome on generations of schoolboys), bequeathed India a central pillar of its legal system, the Indian Penal code, one of the most erudite, wonderfully encyclopaedic and readable legal tomes ever put together.
This profound cultural debt is something that Indians, Ram Mohan Roy, Tagore, Nehru and many others have never failed to acknowledge. When James Prinsip died in 1840, a subscription was taken up entirely among the Indian population of Calcutta for the building of a commemorative landing-stage and shelter along the Hooghly river, which is even now called Prinsip's Ghat. When the great Indologist of our time, A. L. Basham died, about twelve years ago, I remember reading in the Times of India how the professors of Calcutta University tussled with each other for the honour of carrying his coffin to the Sealdah railway station, from where it was to be transported to Shillong, in Northeast India for burial.
One of the puzzling things about Goldstein or Han Suyin's ecstatic tribute to Communist China for its language "reforms" in Tibet is the singular lack of names of those Chinese cadres and scholars who must have guided and administered what Goldstein and Suyin consider to be the great social and intellectual revolution in modern Tibet. It is a mystery. The only Chinese name I ever managed to pin down in this context, appeared in a book from 1976, The Chinese Literary Scene: A Writer's visit to the People's Republic , where the author is told in Beijing that "the government has been trying to encourage the development of the ethnic-minority languages, but the results have not been satisfactory" and that a Professor Yan Jia-hua, an authority on dialectology had been assigned to this task. But writers and scholars (many from inside Tibet) I questioned had never heard of this person.
We also have to bear in mind is that Tibet, prior to the Chinese invasion, was, unlike pre-British India, not a country that had been so ravaged by foreign invasions and internal collapse, that it had become disconnected from its historical and cultural memory. Whatever the charges against Tibet by the left: dirty, backward, feudal, theocratic and sexually depraved (Grunfeld), there is no disputing that in the essentials it was a "going concern", unlike so many starving nations, debtor nations, bankrupt nations, immigrant-exporting nations, failed states, narco states, rogue states, and genocidal states in the world today. Tibet threatened none of its neighbours, fed its population unfailingly, year after year, with no help from the outside world, owed no country or international institutions a penny, maintained basic law and order without persecuting minorities (eg. Muslims) or massacring sections of its societies from time to time, as China does. Tibet required absolutely no outside intervention to save or resuscitate its culture and language.
(The fifth and final part will be posted in a few days)


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I almost forgot these new items, which are currently up for auction on FB here.
I made a new style of earrings and an earrings/coil bracelet set:
Red flower earrings – $15
Blue bracelet/earrings set – $20
Come back later for a new question of the day and chance to enter for the weekly draw!
Talk soon!


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Also, Mozart: Clarinet Quintet in A. The Beaux Arts Trio (augmented) and the Grumiaux Quartet (augmented). PentaTone Classics 5186 121.
Although Schubert's "Trout" was probably the first piece of chamber music I ever fell in love with, I had never had a particular preference for any one recording until the appearance of this Beaux Arts rendition originally released by Philips in the mid Seventies. Then everything changed; the first time I listened to the augmented Trio's sublime performance, I had to listen to it again and again. And then again.
The composer got his inspiration for the "Trout" Piano Quintet in part from a song he had written, aptly titled "The Trout," and in part from an earlier quintet by Johann Nepomuk Hummel. Schubert's friend, Albert Stadler, wrote years later that Schubert composed his quintet "at the special request of my friend Sylvester Paumgartner, who was absolutely delighted in the delicious little song." At his wish the quintet had to preserve the structure and instrumentation of the Hummel quintet, recte Septet, which at that time was still new. Schubert soon finished it; the score he retained himself." In any case, Schubert really only quoted the song in the many variations of the fourth movement, yet the whole thing is a delight from beginning to end, filled with the kind of melodies you go away humming for days (or in some cases, like mine, a lifetime).
With Menahem Pressler, piano, Isidore Cohen, violin, Bernard Greenhouse, cello, Samuel Rodes, viola, and Georg Hortnagel, double bass, the Beaux Arts Trio and friends play the "Trout" with infinite skill, warmth, and affection. Yes, there are faster, more exciting versions available and more historically informed versions as well, but there are no more charming, more delightful versions you can buy. It's appealing in every category by which one may judge music, a true classic of the recording catalogue.
With the PentaTone reissue, the coupling this time out is Mozart's Clarinet Quintet, with George Pieterson on clarinet and violinist Arthur Grumiaux's Quartet. Philips recorded it in 1974, a year earlier than the Schubert but in the same Concertgebouw location, so both works have a similar sound, round and soft and faintly glowing. The Mozart is fine, of course, but I miss Death and the Maiden, the coupling on Philips's own second CD release of the "Trout." Naturally, either coupling is better than that of the original LP, which was none.
The folks at PentaTone remind us that both selections on their disc derive from the era of quadraphonics, when Philips and others were testing the four-channel waters. Philips wound up shelving the idea and just releasing the two-channel stereo versions on vinyl, but now we have them in four discrete channels if you have the SACD playback equipment to listen to them that way. I listened only to the disc's SACD stereo layer on this hybrid multichannel/stereo disc. Interestingly, I found the sound of PentaTone's "Trout" slightly different from that found on the Philips disc, the stereo versions most likely mastered differently. The first Silver Line Philips mastering of the "Trout" was a little bright and hard, and it overemphasized the violin. The second Philips mastering improved the situation, and this new PentaTone is better still at making the sound smoother and more agreeable. The snag is that if you don't own an SACD player, you might not want to pay the extra money for the small improvement in straight stereo sound. Six of one....
To listen to a brief excerpt from this album, click here: