text:
Method and device for conditioning electric installations in buildings for the rapid transmission of data
The invention relates to a method and a device for conditioning electric installations in buildings for the rapid transmission of data. A frequency range of between 1 MHz and up to more than 30 MHz is designated for rapid data transmission via power supply systems. In known methods of signal coupling, installation power supply systems in buildings act as electromagnetically open structures with a negligible shielding effect and a high degree of asymmetry. This leads to poor transmission quality and to problems of electromagnetic compatability, meaning that only a fraction of the available channel capacity can be used. The aim of the novel conditioning method for power supply systems is to produce symmetrical transmission paths, along which high frequency signals can be transmitted with substantially no interference, using low-level emission. By introducing an inductance coil into the neutral conductor, as closely as possible to the earth point of the building, said conductor becomes insulated for high frequencies whereas the remaining conductors constitute the high-frequency earth. The high-frequency communication signals are transmitted between the neutral conductor and the protective conductor. This produces transmission channels with relatively good symmetry and negligible interference, which, in relation to the previous solutions, permit a significantly improved exploitation of resources. An inductance coil can be easily introduced into the neutral conductor contained, for example, in the meter cabinet of a building, to create an improved network for high-frequency signals. Modems for rapid data transmission can now transmit their signals between the protective conductor and the neutral conductor. The coupling can be achieved simply at each socket outlet, the device necessary for said coupling being particularly cost-effective, as the two conductors carrying the supply voltage earthed.
[0001] The invention relates to a method and a device for conditioning a building electrical installation for rapid data transmission, for example for realisation of telecommunication services of all kinds, but particularly rapid Internet access by way of sockets and also realisation of digital audio and video signal transmission.
[0002] There is already known, from WO 99/30434, equipment in which data are transmitted by way of a current supply mains inclusive of a mains internal to a building.
[0003] In addition, there is known from DE 195 44 027 C2 a bus system for a building electrical installation system in which three-core or also four-core conventional energy conductors are co-used for the data bus conductor.
[0004] Moreover, in DE 196 54 837 A1 there is described a bus system which is used in the field of building automation and in which the coupling into and coupling out of the low-voltage conductors employed is carried out by way of coupling transformers.
[0005] The frequency band coming into question for rapid data transmission extends from about 1 MHz to above 30 MHz. Up to now there are use specifications, in the form of European Standard EN 50065, 'Signalling on low voltage electrical installations in the frequency range 3 kHz to 148.5 kHz', CENELEC, Brussels, 1991, only for the frequency range of 9 kHz to 148.5 kHz below the long-wave broadcast band. In the higher frequency ranges of interest there are no freely available bands which could be allocated to new services and protected for that purpose. The spectral overlap with existing services such as broadcasting, maritime or aviation radio and amateur radio is unavoidable, so that without special measures EMV problems are not able to be excluded. This is because energy distribution mains are electromagnetically 'open' structures which, as antennae, receive radio signals radiated in and radiate out supplied high frequency. There are, in addition, numerous disturbances, particularly in buildings, arising through use of electrical energy, so that very low transmission levels are not sufficient for reliable communication. The scope of disturbance in factories can be particularly serious. Aggravation of the HF interference scenario is also expected in the future through the use of very rapid power switches in the form of IGBTs. The capability of realisation of reliable communication on energy distribution mains therefore stands and falls with technically and economically workable solutions for a wide palette of EMV problems. From the presentday viewpoint, current mains could take on a significance as communications medium for a period of up to 20 years. With growing scope of use the EMV problem also expands, so that a constant adaptation and supplementing of EMV solutions will be necessary.
[0006] Electromagnetic compatibility is always a two-sided issue. On the one hand it is necessary to design a system so that no impermissible disturbing effect to the environment emanates therefrom and on the other hand the system must function reliably and acceptably in every environment in which no disturbances exceeding limit values are present. The two requirements cannot be considered in isolation, but are characterised by close interaction. If there were to be success in at least partly producing, by relatively simple actions, in existing current mains the usually lacking symmetry, a significant lessening of the EMV problems could be achieved.
[0007] In all applications of communication by way of current mains the signal transmission shall fundamentally take place by way of conductor so that no outward radiation of electromagnetic fields occurs. In technical terms this is to be achieved by high symmetry of the conduction and so-called push-pull operation. Symmetry means that outward conductor and return conductor of a communications connection are disposed closely adjacent and that in terms of amount they conduct currents of equal size, wherein the current directions are opposite. In this case the fields compensate for one another in the environment and at small spacing already sink below the detectable limit. That applies particularly well to, for example, coaxial cables and twisted twin-core (English: twisted pair). If, thereagainst, typical building installations are considered, it is then recognised that such ideal conditions of symmetry are not fulfilled there.
[0008] On the other hand, however, extensive investigations into high-frequency characteristics of electrical mains installations have given the result that with moderate transmission levels a channel capacity reaching far beyond 100 Mbit/s is available. In this connection reference is made by way of example to the following documentary reference: Dostert, K., 'Power Lines as High Speed Data Transmission Channels—Modelling the Physical Limits', Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications (ISSSTA '98) Sun City, South Africa (Sept. 1998), ISBN 0-7803-4281-X, Vol. 2/3, 585-589.
[0009] The construction of connections with several megabit/s thus seems, at first sight, unproblematic. Unfortunately, however, the possibilities of use of the current mains are not unlimited, because, due to the asymmetry, signal emission has to be taken into account, whereby radio services (long-wave, medium-wave and short-wave broadcasting as well as amateur radio bands) can be impaired by entirely free frequency decontrol. Whilst research and development in the past have in the first instance worked on the feasibility of a rapid data transmission on the mains, solutions for problems of electromagnetic compatibility now stand in the foreground. It is necessary on the one hand to work out compromise solutions for frequency allocation and the establishing of level limit values, and on the other hand to prevent an acceptably high signal emission, by suitable measures of symmetrisation and push-pull feed. If, for example, the starting point is that for an acceptable communication a transmission level UL, stated in Volts, is to be fed to a socket, initially the question has to be answered which electrical field strength E (in volts/metre) results therefrom at a specific distance from the supplied conductor. The answer is anything but simple, because E depends, apart from the distance, substantially on the structure of the conductor system, the kind of feed and a number of further environmental conditions. If the ratio E/UL is formed, then there is obtained a characteristic magnitude with the dimension 1/m which is termed electromagnetic coupling factor or also antenna factor.
[0010] Numerical values of K˜10−2/m . . . 10−3/m for the coupling factor result for unconditioned mains from a number of published results, such as those indicated in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Power-Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC '99), Lancaster, UK (1999), ISBN: 90-74249-22-1, and in the conference record of the radio exhibition intensive seminar 'Powerline Communication and EMV', Munich, Jul. 1, 1999, and from individual measurements. This means that in the case of a transmission level UL=1 V on the conductor (unmodulated carrier, i.e. bandwidth zero), in the measurement distance (typically 3 m) account has to be taken of electrical field strengths of E=1 . . . 10 mV/m (≡60 . . . 80 dBtV/m). These values have particular significance in connection with future establishing of limit values within the scope of the so-termed use determination 30 for the frequency allocation plan Order (Communication 1/1999 of the Reg TP).
[0011] A good communication on most installation mains would be possible with a transmission level of 1 V. It is to be noted that here only the narrow-band, unmodulated carrier was taken into consideration and conducted at 60 . . . 80 dBtV/m. Substantially lower values are obtained with a wide-band modulation in the case of standardised measurement. Moreover, according to the present invention the coupling factor can be substantially reduced by symmetrising mains actions.
[0012] In the investigation of possible interference effects by communication on current mains, distinction must be made between the two mains levels:
[0013] Mains level 1: connections between transformer station and building service connection, usually earth cable.
[0014] Mains level 2: connections by way of building installation mains.
[0015] The mains level 1 represents the so-called 'last mile'. For system and appliance manufacturers the bridging over of the path only as far as the building service connection is not satisfactory. There is expected a significant enhancement of the offered services when even internally of the building no cabling is present any longer and thus, for example, a PC is immediately 'on-line' by insertion in the mains plug. There is no doubt about the feasibility of this vision of Internet from the socket. Nevertheless, it technically does not look like that a universal transmission from the transformer station to the socket will be realised. Rather, the building service connection will represent a transfer point where the mains level 1 ends. The service provider will be responsible for the functioning of this level, whereas the design of level 2 will lie largely in the discretion of the owner of the building or dwelling.
[0016] With respect to mains structures, quite significant differences exist, as is known, between the levels 1 and 2. The most important component in the area of mains level 1 is, without doubt, the cable. The most used cable in German distribution mains has a 4-sector cross-sectional geometry, wherein three of the sectors form the phases L1, L2 and L3 of the three-phase current system, whilst the fourth represents the zero conductor or neutral conductor which is earthed at each building service connection. If high-frequency transmission signals are fed symmetrically on two phases into such an energy cable, in which case oppositely disposed sectors are to be preferred, no radio emission is to be feared. Appropriate radio field measurements have confirmed this. However, it is important not to use the neutral conductor, due to its multiple connections to earth.
[0017] The energy cable itself thus plays a subordinate role in the unintended emission of electromagnetic energy in communication by way of current mains. Critical points on mains level 1 are, on one side, the busbar system of the transformer station and, on the other side, the building wiring. At these points care has to be taken by suitable measures for a smallest possible antenna effect. The HF-suitable building service connection and the conditioning of the building installation, which is the subject of the present invention, are described in the following.
[0018] According to FIG. 1, there are to be introduced at the housing service connection into the two high-frequency conducting conductors 1 and 2 the choke coils 3 and 4 which have for high-frequency signals a relatively high resistance in the order of magnitude of approximately 5 times the impedance level of the supply cable. In this case the reflection factor at the coupling-in point is less than 10%. The lowest signal frequency to be transmitted is decisive for corresponding establishing of the inductance of the chokes 3 and 4. Due to the transmission characteristics of the energy cable on mains level 1—see Dostert, K., Zimmermann, M., 'The Low Voltage Power Distribution Network a Last Mile Access Network—Signal Propagation and Noise Scenario in the HF-Range', AEÜ 54 (2000) No. 1, pp. 13-22—the frequency range of approximately 2 MHz . . . 10 MHz is here of particular interest for telecommunication applications. In the case of an impedance level the order of magnitude of 50 &OHgr;, a choke impedance of approximately 125 &OHgr; is thus to be achieved at 2 MHz. An inductance of 10 &mgr;H results therefrom.
[0019] Since the choke coils conduct high currents at the mains frequency (50 Hz), which can amount to up to 40 A in typical building service connections, inductances in this order of magnitude are not simple to realise. Due to the necessary constructional sizes, pure air-core coils come into question only in exceptional cases. It is better to use toroidal core structures of special ferrite materials, wherein the characteristics are decisively determined not only by the material choice, but also by the core construction. Materials are to be selected which have a high saturation induction and in the case of the core construction the inclusion of distributed air gaps is of advantage, because a shear of the magnetic characteristic curves is thereby produced so that the saturation is displaced towards very high currents which lie above typical building service connection values. Good experiences were made in this connection with toroidal cores of 'Kool-M&mgr;' material of the manufacturer Magnetics. By comparison with an air-core coil, higher impedance values up to a factor of 100 can thus be achieved in the frequency range of interest with a mains current amplitude of 100 A.
[0020] In order to obtain a clear and clean separation between mains level 1 and mains level 2, in accordance with FIG. 1 three wide-band high-frequency short-circuits 5, 6 and 7 are inserted relative to the building earth point 8 and are preferably realised in the form of capacitors appropriate for high frequency. Appropriate for high frequency means that even at frequencies of about 30 MHz still no parasitic series inductance, which reduces the short-circuit effect, makes itself noticeable. The selection of suitable capacitors is difficult, because a high voltage strength is required, which can be guaranteed only by a certain constructional size. Most capacitors which are sufficiently voltage-stable are constructed in roll form, whereby the tendency to parasitic inductance is preset. Such components are usually usable only up to frequencies below 5 MHz. For the higher frequencies, so-called chip capacitors are advantageous, which are constructed in waffle form, i.e. they have a block shape, wherein the two capacitor surfaces are alternately coated with the dielectric as intermediate layer. Because a continuously wound conductor structure is not present here, very small parasitic inductances result. Capacitors of this mode of construction with the requisite high voltage strength in the magnitudes, which are necessary here, of about 50 nF, are available only in most recent times. With 50 nF there is obtained at 2 MHz an impedance of approximately 1.5 &OHgr;, so that by virtue of the upstream chokes, which have approximately 125 &OHgr;, virtually a perfect HF block results.
[0021] The transmission end stage of a modem 9 for communication on mains level 1 can now be matched to the impedance level of the supply cable with the help of the coupling transformer 10 independently of all electrical occurrences in the building. A thus-designed transfer point ensures that the mains level 1 remains uninfluenced by all events in the customer installation. Only thus can the reliability and availability of offered services ultimately be guaranteed.
[0022] It is still to be established why chokes are required only in the two conductors 1 and 2 acted on by high frequency and not in the other two. Due to the close proximity of the four conductors in a cable, electromagnetic couplings are unavoidable, i.e. inevitably a certain amount of crosstalk occurs. This will be strongest immediately in the vicinity of the coupling point, because the transmission level is greatest there.
[0023] Here, however, there are disposed the HF short-circuits 5, 6 and 7 which securely prevent the undesired formation of high-frequency voltages at the building service connection point, because the coupling impedances between the conductors in the frequency range of interest are always substantially greater than the impedances of the HF short-circuits.
[0024] Whilst a good mains conditioning, which allows an electromagnetically compatible and acceptable, i.e. independent of mains operation, communication at high frequencies, is thus achieved on the mains level 1, a more extensive communication by way of building installation mains is the subject of the following considerations. Within buildings, the electromagnetic compatibility is a particular challenge, because here no possibilities of a mains preparation are known. No approaches to solution are known either for insulation in terms of high frequency or for a symmetrical, pure push-pull signal feed. Thus, up to now a relatively strong coupling effect between the signal voltage UL on the conductor and the irradiated field strength had to be taken into account, i.e. the coupling factor could quite readily adopt values substantially greater than 10−3/m.
[0025] The principal cause for that is the structure of typical building installation mains. Although the distances to be bridged over on mains level 2 are substantially shorter than on mains level 1 and thereby on the one hand a higher frequency (above 30 MHz) can be used and on the other hand low transmission levels are sufficient, nevertheless problems of electromagnetic compatibility are to be feared because the size of the asymmetry is particularly high. This can be clarified by the following example:
[0026] The feedpoint for high-frequency communication signals in buildings is typically the 230 V mains socket, to which, as standard, three conductors lead, namely a phase (L1, L2 or L3), the neutral conductor and the earth conductor. Until now the starting point was a parallel feed between phase and neutral conductor. Whereas in a building one pole of all sockets is necessarily connected with the same conductively through-connected neutral conductor earthed at the housing service connection, the three phases in the ideal case are uniformly distributed at the sockets. A conductive connection of the phases is thus given only in the low-voltage transformer. The connection in terms of high frequency takes place, however, according to FIG. 1 at the housing earth point, but in the form of a short-circuit of all HF signals with simultaneous earthing. This is very unfavourable in the sense of communications use, particularly if it is imagined that a transmitting modem is fed at a socket, for example between L1 and N, and the receiving modem is disposed at a socket with L2. Here only very weak use signals can pass between L1 and L2 by crosstalk if the two phases are led in parallel over a sufficiently long length. In typical building installations that is by no means the case, so that in the case of unfavourable combinations breakdowns have to be taken into account even over relatively small distances between transmitter and receiver. On the other hand a serious asymmetry can be present with respect to the conductor structure, because it is by no means guaranteed that phase and neutral conductor, which lead to a socket, are laid in parallel and closely adjacent over the entire conductor section. In the extreme case they can even come from opposite directions. This leads directly to a high common-mode signal at the feed point, so that even at low transmission power a noticeable emission of electromagnetic waves can be observed.
[0027] Whilst the short-circuit effect, which is under consideration, of the phases at the building service connection could in principle be eliminated by insertion of additional choke coils at the housing side, the problems of electromagnetic compatibility would not thereby be solved, because no increase in conduction symmetry is produced.
[0028] Thus, with the previously known techniques an exploitation of the resources, which building installation mains offer for rapid communications applications, is possible to only very limited extent. Here the special embodiment, which is described in the following, of the present invention shall offer a remedy. Four drawings are provided for explanation:
[0029] FIG. 1 conditioned building mains with a fault current circuitbreaker (standard),
[0030] FIG. 2 conditioned building mains with several fault current circuitbreakers,
[0031] FIG. 3 conditioned building mains with earth conductor and without fault current circuitbreaker and
[0032] FIG. 4 conditioned building mains without fault current circuitbreaker and without earth conductor (old building).
[0033] The building transfer point as a connection to the mains level 1 was already described on the basis of FIG. 1. For the mains level 2 the invention is based on the idea of configuring all three phases and the earth conductor in the case of communication by means of high-frequency signals as "ground" and of supplying the neutral conductor relative to this ground with high frequency. According to the invention this is achieved in that after the current meter 13 and the fault current circuitbreaker 14, a choke 15 is inserted into the neutral conductor so that the energy loss, at the building side, of the neutral conductor forms in terms of high frequency an "island" which is coupled only weakly with the remaining conductors and the earth. The construction of the choke is very simple, since a frequency range above 10 MHz is predominantly of interest for communication internally of a building. The frequency division between mains level 1 and mains level 2 is at the moment still the subject of standardisation considerations, wherein the range 2 . . . 10 MHz is kept in mind for level 1 and the range >10 MHz for level 2. Very good results are already achievable with an inductance of about 5 &mgr;H. For avoidance of saturation problems, a suitable coil can be designed to be material-free, i.e. as an air-core coil. An inductance of 5 &mgr;H can be achieved with, for example, a cylindrical air-core coil with a diameter of 3.5 cm and a length of about 8 cm. Other constructional shapes, such as, for example, a toroid or a spiral form, can also be used. If communication with frequencies far below 10 MHz is of interest, it can be of advantage to use ferrite materials for increase in the inductance. The toroidal core of 'Kool-M&mgr;' material that has proved itself at mains level 1 can be advantageously used here.
[0034] According to FIG. 1 the feed of the high-frequency signals between earth conductor 11 and neutral conductor 11 a insulated in terms of high frequency can now be carried out in that a modem 17 is coupled to this conductor by means of a transformer 18. High-frequency currents are prevented from flowing by way of the fault current circuitbreaker with the help of an HF short-circuit 16 in the form of a capacitor. Capacitances in the order of magnitude of 50 . . . 100 nF are sufficient here, wherein good high-frequency characteristics are required. Thereagainst, low demands need to be placed on voltage strength, because only very small differences in potential are present between earth conductor and neutral conductor at this point. The three phases 19a, 19b and 19c do not directly participate in the signal transmission. Due to their ground connection in terms of high frequency they exhibit a screening effect, which is desired in the sense of electromagnetic compatibility.
[0035] By virtue of the described conditioning in the direction of mains level 1 there is given at the building service connection point an earthing in terms of high frequency of all arriving conductors. The earth conductor 11 is internal to the building and connected with the corresponding contacts of all earth contact sockets of the building goes out from this earth point. The appropriate standards prescribe the use of such sockets as compulsory. Four sockets 12a to 12d with the corresponding earth conductor connection are illustrated by way of example in FIG. 1. The further common conductor leading to all sockets is the neutral conductor. The phases, thereagainst, are,—as already explained—usually distributed at the sockets in accordance with standpoints in terms of energy technology. For the most part no records exist with respect to the distribution. The coupling of a modem for communication by way of the building current mains is therefore carried out at a socket always on the earth conductor and neutral conductor in analogous manner as was described for the components 17 and 18.
[0036] The use in accordance with the invention of the neutral conductor for conducting high-frequency signals hitherto brought no achieved advantages, not only with respect to transmission quality, but also the electromagnetic compatibility; in detail these are:
[0037] Earth conductor and neutral conductor are, in the normal case, at almost the same electrical potential. This means that neither a mains alternating voltage nor interfering signals are encountered between the conductors. Thus on the one hand the demands on voltage strength of the capacitor in the coupler 18 are low and on the other hand it is possible to even completely dispense with a separation of potential between modem and mains. In the latter case the modem ground corresponds with the earth conductor potential and the signal coupling takes place directly by way of a capacitor on the neutral conductor. In practice, the use of a transformer can nevertheless be sensible, for example for matching the transmission end stage impedance to the conductor impedance level.
[0038] Due to the fact that neutral conductor and earth conductor at the building service connection are conductively connected, the major part of the disturbances arising through operation of the mains is short-circuited, so that only a very small disturbance level is encountered between these conductors. Moreover, the two conductors run—as indicated in FIG. 1—virtually always in parallel towards each socket. There is accordingly present in the entire building a twin-wire mains which is relatively well symmetrised by comparison with the rest of the current mains and which on the one hand has a good transmission characteristic and on the other hand has only a slight tendency to signal irradiation, because supplied high-frequency signals can propagate from the feed point over relatively long lengths in push-pull action. The undesired push-pull/push-push conversion thus takes place only with already strongly attenuated transmission signals. It is accordingly possible with the use, in accordance with the invention, of building installation mains for rapid data transmission to start from significantly lower electromagnetic coupling factors than was determined, for example, in the scope of the study Powerline (study results for EMV problems) in the instruction of Reg TP; http://www.regtp.de/tech_reg_tele/start/fs—06.html.
[0039] To assist the earthing, in terms of high frequency, of the three phases it can be advantageous, particularly in the case of extensive installation mains in large buildings, to incorporate additional capacitors 21, 22 and 23 in, for example, subdivisions.
[0040] For realisation of universal communication of transformer station with socket there is still required a connection 20 of the two modems 19 and 17 at the building service connection in FIG. 1. Such a 'gateway' can be realised in simple manner by, for example, a twin-core conductor or a four-core conductor for separation of the transmission directions. Moreover, the use of coaxial conductors or glass fibres is also possible.
[0041] It is important to make clear that electrical safety is not prejudiced by any of the measures according to the invention. In particular, the function of fault current circuitbreakers is not hindered or restricted in any way. This is possible in technically simple manner because the carrier frequencies into question for rapid data transmission lie very far above the mains frequency so that a perfect separation in terms of frequency of the function is already assisted intrinsically.
[0042] The further drawings FIG. 2 to FIG. 4 show special refinements of the invention for building installations which differ from the standard taken as a basis in FIG. 1.
[0043] FIG. 2 relates to a building installation which is equipped with two fault current circuitbreakers. The principle illustrated here can be extended in simple manner to any desired number of fault current circuitbreakers. The building surface connection relative to the supply transformer side does not differ from FIG. 1. The three short-circuits 201, 202 and 203 relative to the earth point 204 are similarly present here. There follows the current meter 200, at the outlet of which at the housing side the choke coil 205 is inserted into the neutral conductor, whereby the desired insulation in terms of high frequency of this conductor over the entire building mains results. Now follow the two fault current circuitbreakers 207 and 210, at which the neutral conductor connections for the high-frequency signals are now connected at the input side and output side by way of the capacitors 209 and 211. The capacitors have a very high impedance for the mains alternating voltage and remain without effect. High-frequency communication signals, thereagainst, are conducted by them past the fault current circuitbreakers. Thereby on the one hand no HF currents flow through the circuitbreakers and on the other hand there is obtained a good HF coupling of the respective neutral conductor mains parts 208 and 212 after the fault current circuitbreakers, so that the communication between the mains parts is possible without problems. The signal coupling of modems 219, 220 is again carried out in the above-described, advantageous manner between earth conductor 206 and neutral conductors 208, 212. The modem connection at sockets takes place analogously to FIG. 1.
[0044] FIG. 3 relates to a building installation without fault current circuitbreakers, but equipped with an earth conductor. The building service connection relative to the supply transformer side here, too, does not differ from FIG. 1. The three short-circuits 301, 302 and 303 relative to the earth point 304 are again present. There follows the current meter 300, at the output of which at the housing side the choke coil 306 is inserted into the neutral conductor 307, whereby the desired insulation in terms of high frequency of this conductor results over the entire building mains. The signal coupling of a modem 308 is again carried out in the already described advantageous manner between the earth conductor 305 and the neutral conductor 307. The modem connection to the sockets 310a to 310d illustrated by way of example is carried out analogously to FIG. 1. To assist the earthing in terms of high frequency of the three phases it can also be advantageous here, particularly in large buildings, to incorporate additional capacitors 311, 312 and 313 in, for example, subdivisions.
[0045] FIG. 4 relates to out-of-date building installations equipped with neither a fault current circuitbreaker nor an earth conductor. The existence of such old installations may be very small in Germany, with a tendency to decrease. Nevertheless, the present invention can also be advantageously used in such survivors for rapid communication by way of the building current mains.
[0046] The building service connection relative to the supply transformer side here, too, does not differ from FIG. 1. The three short-circuits 401, 402 and 403 relative to the earth point 404 are again present. There follows the current meter 400, at the output of which at the housing side the choke coil 405 is inserted into the neutral conductor 406, whereby the desired insulation in terms of high frequency of this conductor results over the entire building mains. The signal coupling of a modem 411 is now carried out between the earthed, in terms of high frequency, three-phase system 407a, 407b and 407c and the neutral conductor 406 by means of the transformer 412. The coupling between the two poles takes place at a socket 410.
[0047] To assist the earthing in terms of high frequency of the three phases it can also be of advantage here, particularly in large buildings, to incorporate additional capacitors 408 and 409 in subdivisions.
[0048] Due to the lack of an earth conductor, some disadvantages are present in the structures according to FIG. 4:
[0049] For the signal coupling, the mains alternating voltage, which amounts to about 230 V between the signal-conducting conductors, has to be isolated. The coupling capacitor in the transformer 412 accordingly has to be sufficiently voltage stable and the transformer must effect a secure separation, in terms of conductivity, between modem and mains.
[0050] The symmetry of the conductor systems conducting the high frequency can be less in structures according to FIG. 4 than in the case of the shared-use earth conductor according to FIGS. 1 to 3. A higher push-pull/push-push conversion, which leads to increased signal irradiation, can result therefrom.
[0051] In addition, the 'earthing' of sockets, i.e. a connection of neutral conductor relative to the earth contact in the socket, can prove disadvantageous with respect to electromagnetic compatibility, because high-frequency signals can thereby pass into appliances connected to the building and thus an additional antenna effect occurs.
[0052] In general, however, the solution according to the invention always allows expectation of better results with respect not only to transmission quality, but also to electromagnetic compatibility than the previous simple signal coupling between neutral conductor and phase of a socket. Essentially, the advantages of the solution according to the invention here result from the fact that the entire three-phase system in the building mains is earthed in terms of high frequency and the neutral conductor can, on its own, conduct high frequency relative to this 'ground'.
[0053] In a further embodiment of the invention a choke coil is inserted directly at the building earth point into the earth conductor instead of the neutral conductor in order to isolate these over the entire building in terms of high frequency from the remaining conductors representing the 'ground'. Since the earth conductor in normal operation is without current, highly permeable ferrite material can be used for the choke so that a high impedance and thus good HF insulation are achieved with a small constructional size. The signal coupling here, too, is carried out between neutral conductor and earth conductor with all advantages resulting therefrom. With respect to electromagnetic compatibility, however, loading of the earth conductor with high frequency can prove disadvantageous, because high-frequency signals can thereby pass to appliances connected with the housing and thus an additional antenna effect arises. Since the insulation in terms of high frequency, however, can now be carried out substantially perfectly through the choke due to the lack of premagnetisation current, it can be assumed that in this configuration it is possible to manage with a lower transmission power and thus compensation can be provided, by appropriate reduction in level, for the increased emission.
1. Method of conditioning mains for the purpose of rapid and electromagnetically compatible data transmission by way of current supply mains internal to a building, characterised in that
- a) an inductance having a high impedance for the carrier frequencies employed is introduced into the neutral conductor as close as possible to the building earth point,
- b) inductances are incorporated at the building service connection in two of the three phases L1, L2, L3 coming from the transformer station and the signal coupling-in and decoupling for communication between building and transformer station is carried out on the transformer side of these inductances,
- c) a short-circuit in terms of high-frequency of all four conductors relative to the building earth point is carried out on the building side at the building service connection,
- d) if one fault current circuitbreaker is present, the inductance is introduced into the neutral conductor on the load side of the fault current circuitbreaker and a high-frequency short-circuit is produced between earth conductor and the service connection terminal, which is at the building side, of the neutral conductor at the fault current circuitbreaker and
- e) if several fault current circuitbreakers are present the inductance is inserted on the side, which is remote from the building, of the fault current circuitbreaker as close as possible to the building earth point and the individual fault current circuitbreakers are bridged over in terms of high frequency at the neutral conductor terminals thereof.
2. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the signal coupling-in and decoupling for the rapid data transmission internally of a building is carried out at each service connection point (typically socket) in the building between neutral conductor and earth conductor.
3. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the signal coupling-in and decoupling for the rapid data transmission internally of a building is carried out at each service connection point in the building between neutral conductor and one of the three phases L1, L2 and L3, wherein all three phases are earthed in terms of high frequency and wherein to assist this earthing function, apart from the high-frequency short-circuit according to 1c) additional high-frequency short-circuits between the phases and the earth conductor are if needed inserted at several places in the building.
4. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that in the case of a special mains configuration an inductance is introduced serially into the earth conductor so that this is insulated in terms of high frequency over the entire building from the remaining conductors and earth and that then the HF signal feed takes place between either earth conductor and neutral conductor or earth conductor and one of the three phases, wherein the neutral conductor and/or the three phases represent "ground" in terms of high frequency.
5. Device for transmission of data by way of a current supply mains internal to a building, characterised in that
- a) a choke coil (15) is serially incorporated in the neutral conductor of a building installation mains so that the entire neutral conductor network, at the building side is, for high frequencies, separated from all remaining conductors and from the earth,
- b) choke coils (3, 4) with relatively high inductance are incorporated at the building service connection in two of the three phases L1, L2, L3 coming from the transformer station and the signal coupling for the communication between building and transformer station is carried out by means of a coupling transformer (10) on the transformer side of these chokes and
- c) three voltage-stable capacitors (5, 6, 7) are connected between the phases and from one of the phases to the neutral conductor at the building service connection on the building side.
6. Device according to claim 5, characterised in that in the presence of a 4-sector cable used for the building service connection the selection of the two phases used for the data transmission is carried out in such a manner that these phases are diagonally opposite one another in the cable.
7. Device according to claim 5 or 6, characterised in that in the presence of one fault current circuitbreaker (14) the choke coil (15) is introduced into neutral conductor on the load side of the fault current circuitbreaker and a capacitor (16), keeping high-frequency signals away from the fault current circuitbreaker is provided between the circuitbreaker and the service connection terminal, which is at the building side, of the neutral conductor at the fault current circuitbreaker.
8. Device according to claim 5 or 6, characterised in that in the presence of several fault current circuitbreakers (207, 210) the choke coil (205) is inserted on the feed side of the fault current circuitbreaker.
9. Device according to claim 8, characterised in that the choke coil is inserted in the vicinity of the building earth point (204).
10. Device according to claim 8 or 9, characterised in that the fault current circuitbreakers (207, 210) are bridged over at the neutral conductor terminals thereof by capacitors (209, 210) so that high-frequency signals are taken past the fault current circuitbreakers.
11. Device according to one of claims 5 to 10, characterised in that the signal coupling for rapid communication is carried out at each service connection point in the building between neutral conductor (11a) and earth conductor (11), wherein the earth conductor represents ground in terms of high frequency and the neutral conductor conducts the high-frequency signals.
12. Device according to one of claims 5 to 10, characterised in that the signal coupling-in and decoupling for the rapid communication internally of a building is carried out at each service connection point in the building between neutral conductor and one of the three phases L1, L2 and L3, wherein apart from the earth conductor the three phases also represent ground in terms of high frequency.
13. Device according to claim 12, characterised in that to assist of this ground function, high-frequency short-circuits (21, 22, 23) are inserted at several places in the building between the phases and the earth conductor.
14. Device according to one of claims 5 to 13, characterised in that a choke coil with high inductance is serially introduced into the earth conductor so that this is insulated in terms of high frequency over the entire building from the remaining conductors and earth and that the HF signal transmission takes place between either earth conductor and neutral conductor or earth conductor and one of the three phases, wherein the neutral conductor and/or the three phases represent ground in terms of high frequency.
15. Device according to one of claims 5 to 13, characterised in that in installation mains without earth conductor a choke coil (405) with sufficiently high inductance is introduced serially into the neutral conductor on the building side of the current meter so that this conductor is insulated in terms of high frequency over the entire building from the remaining conductors and earth and that the HF signal transmission takes place between neutral conductor and the three phases representing ground in terms of high frequency.
16. Device according to one of claims 5 to 13, characterised in that the choke coil (15) is realised in such a manner that it is clipped onto the top-hat rail system of a meter cabinet or distributor cabinet and is introduced directly into the corresponding conductor section.
17. Device according to one of claims 5 to 16, characterised in that the choke coil (15) serially incorporated in the neutral conductor is constructed as an air-core coil.
18. Device according to one of claims 5 to 17, characterised in that the choke coils (34) incorporated in two of the three phases coming from the transformer station have a core of ferrite material.
19. Device according to one of claims 5 to 18, characterised in that the three voltage-stable capacitors (5, 6, 7) provided at the building service connection on the building side are placed near the housing earth point.
Patent History
Type: Application
Filed: Oct 18, 2002
Publication Date: Jun 5, 2003
Patent Grant number: 7061136
Inventor: Kauls Dostert (Krickenbach)
Application Number: 10258070
International Classification: H02H001/00;


text:
Neglecting Inspiration
The sad thing is that it is under the guise of getting work done. I really shouldn't treat my ownContinue Reading
The sad thing is that it is under the guise of getting work done. I really shouldn't treat my ownContinue Reading
A couple of weeks ago I had a disturbing dream my feet were covered with tissue having a type ofContinue Reading
So lately there's been a lot of hype about Google's upcoming product, Wave. I won't deny that the features inContinue Reading
What an amazing mechanism to interact with information. I really like the math, language and storytelling concepts. More on theContinue Reading
While I can't help but make fun of novelty bake ware, the Recipes page on the Baker's Edge website allContinue Reading
The Universcale, a comparative visualization of the size of objects in our universe, strikes me initially as a combination ofContinue Reading
Things that have caught my eye today that I wish I had time to look at more, but will probablyContinue Reading
Alright, this website has been circulating around and I've seen it mentioned on a few of my regular reads. Things My Boyfriend Says posts hilarious snippets of conversation between a girl and her boyfriend, and I'm sorry I didn't visit it earlier because I fell off my chair from laughter.Continue Reading

subset: commoncrawl


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H 7860 BPOvenseamless design with food probe and BrilliantLight.
- Large touch display with movement sensor – M Touch + MotionReact
- Keep an eye on what's cooking anywhere at any time – FoodView
- Minimal cleaning effort – pyrolytic cleaning equipment & PyroFit
- Especially light dough and nicely browned crusts – Moisture plus
- Ensures your food won't overcook – TasteControl
Price: £ 3,699.00*Find a dealer
* Price incl. VAT
All product benefits at a glance - H 7860 BP
*Price incl. VAT
**Includes delivery, connection and recycling for Freestanding Laundry, Dishwashing, and Refrigeration appliances. Vacuums, Coffee-Makers and Accessory orders over £ 15.00 also include free delivery, orders of less are charged at £ 6.00. See General Terms and Conditions in footer for additional details
***Including free delivery
****Including free delivery and recycling of your old appliance
*****Delivery not included
Subject to technical changes; no liability accepted for the accuracy of the information given


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Tirana Flights by British Airways
Book your flights to Tirana with British Airways for an exciting holiday in Albania.
Voli per Tirana
Da£35 a trattaPrenoti
Passare alla pagina principale
Book your flights to Tirana with British Airways for an exciting holiday in Albania.
Da£35 a trattaPrenoti
Tirana is a modern city with a rich history, set against the stunning backdrop of the Albanian Alps.
Intrepid explorers can enjoy relaxing in Tirana's largest recreation centre in the Dajti Mountains, where visitors can take guided hikes up the mountain trails along some of the beautiful scenic detours Tirana has to offer.
Art and cultural enthusiasts can visit the Tirana International Film Festival focusing on the celebration of short films and feature length productions with a broad range of genres covered during the festival.
Direct flights from London Gatwick (LGW) to Tirana International Airport (TIA) take approximately 3 hours. Travel options include Economy and Business Class.
Trovi un volo British Airways a un costo inferiore e le rifonderemo la differenza.
Ricerca prezzo più basso e piccolo deposito iniziale.
Ensure your next holiday is extra special by talking to one of our European travel specialists.
Voli con British Airways e potrà godere di un servizio pluri-premiato e di tariffe con un ottimo rapporto qualità-prezzo senza spese nascoste.


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NGPriest.com Team: Now Available on Steam – Tokyo Tattoo Girls / 刺青の国, 10% off!
Ξ November 15th, 2017 | → 0 Comments | ∇ Author: NGPriest.com Team |
Now Available on Steam – Tokyo Tattoo Girls / 刺青の国, 10% off!
Tokyo Tattoo Girls / is Now Available on Steam and is 10% off!*
After a calamity befalls Tokyo, some of the city's survivors find themselves with powerful abilities bestowed on them by colorful tattoos. To create peace, the city has been divided into 23 wards, each controlled by a powerful group known as Kumi.
*Offer ends November 21 at 10AM Pacific Time
Source Article from http://store.steampowered.com/news/34612/


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Ep245: Heineken, Evite Help Party-Goers Choose Responsibly with 'Drink OR Drive'/
Today on CauseTalk Radio, Megan and I talk to Donnica Hawes Saunders, Manager of Alcohol Policy & Government Affairs, Heineken USA about its Drink OR Drive campaign to change consumer behavior and promote responsible decision-making over the holidays.
Through January 3rd, Heineken is using the Evite digital invitation platform to encourage consumers to decide early on - at the point of RSVP - whether they will be drinking or driving at holiday events and celebrations. As part of the campaign, Evite users in 11 cities will also receive discounted Uber rides from Heineken.
On the show, Megan, Donnica and I discuss:
- You've partnered with Evite and to create a campaign called Drink OR Drive, can you tell us about a this effort?
- How did this campaign come to life? Who approached whom to collaborate?
- We've heard for years not to drink AND drive. Why is your campaign called Drink OR Drive?
- You've done studies on why drivers drink and drive. What have you learned?
- Talk about how this effort fits into Heineken's overall Brewing a Better World platform
- Do you partner with nonprofit organizations to execute and any of your responsible drinking initiatives? Why or why not?
- You've already been running this campaign for almost a month: what have you learned so far?
- What's been consumer response to this campaign?


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Soft and warm blue/gray cashmere infinity scarf with choice of leather cuff.
Wear them together or separately.
Gold Shredded cuff measures 1.5 inches wide. Double wrap cuff has a total width of 1.5 inches. Both fit wrists up to 7.5 inches.
Scarf measures approximately 60″ around and 9″ tall.
Scarves are handmade from locally purchased material.
Dry clean only.
All pieces proudly hand made in the USA.


text: On Saturday, March 10, 2018, WWA was represented by seventh grader Sarah P. in the state spelling bee at the University of Denver. In her third year in a row advancing to the state level from the school-wide and regional competitions, Sarah competed in the written portion of the bee with all of the qualifying competitors. Although not advancing to the oral level, Sarah represented WWA with pride and enthusiasm. We look forward to seeing her compete in her final year next year!


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shake, rattle, and rock and roll
|©2011 gary garbett.com
For the first time in my half century of living, I experienced the earth physically move by her own will yesterday. All by herself, she quivered and rattled everything around me as I sat in cubicle 3-02R on the third floor. Like everyone around me, I paused everything I was working on, then quickly grabbed my camera and computer bags and made my way down the stairwell and out of the building. Within minutes of the movement, I read posts of a 5.8 magnitude earthquake reported on Twitter.
Upon arriving home two hours after the quake, just 20 miles from the epicenter, all appeared fine with exception to the hanging artwork throughout the house which had shifted and a few cupboard and cabinet doors had flung open. Our dogs and cats, who always greet us happily when we arrive, were very vocal, frantic, and far happier than normal to see us. Aftershocks of 2.8, 2.2, and 4.2 followed.
I discovered the greatest casualty this morning as I walked into my studio. My vintage G.I. Joes, Ace Frehley, and Paul Stanley dolls were sprawled on the floor, six to eight feet from the place they usually perch while watching and guarding the studio. The horror and senselessness was moving, much like yesterday afternoon.


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Out takes from the "Scarves of Mystery"
A few weeks ago I was fortunate enough to take part in the farm and artisan Summer Bazaar at HiiH Lights, where I sold botanically printed silk scarves. It was super fun. A few days prior to it I put together a last minute addition for the booth, a baker's dozen of "Canned Silks." I sold these scarves as Scarves of Mystery. Basically I weighed out dyes to dye one scarf, rolled the silk up with the dyestuffs, put them in individual small jars, added some water and screwed on the lid. These were then put into a boiling water bath to seal the jars. The mystery part is that the dyestuffs would theoretically be unevenly applied and the silks may end up with some unexpected patterning.
I sold enough of these canned scarves to purchase a dye book that I have been wanting, Dyes from Nature, written by Riikka Raisanen, Anja Primetta and Kirsi Niinimaki. It was originally published in Finnish. I am enjoying it very much. More of a text book than a how-to book, it is helping to feed my current insatiable curiosity about dyes.
Predictably what sold were the the red jars, and I came home with most of the yellows. Today I opened two of the jars up. I chose the two that looked the least saturated, namely weeping Birch Leaves: Betula genus- unknown species probably pendula, and Tansy: Tanacetum vulgare. Both have been used as dye plants in northern Europe for centuries. Tansy is coincidentally featured in the book.
Today the opening of the jars was accompanied by crisp somewhat medicinal smells. Which makes sense as both plants have medicinal uses. Birch leaf tea is a thing, used to help with UTI and soothe pain. Conversely Tansy has always been a low dose botanical, as it can be toxic. Which serves as a reminder that ventilation is always a very good thing while dyeing. Natural ≠ Harmless.
The colors are soft and beautiful - I think I will put in some rusty iron the next time I can up some silk with these plants, with hopes of enticing some greens to come forth. The color was much more even than I expected as the silk was crammed into the jars in a somewhat willy nilly fashion.
I am curious whether the tansy will remain aromatic after it dries. Years ago I wove a mohair blanket dyed with California bay laurel which maintained a wonderful scent for over ten years. The scent of the birch is much more woodsy than the tansy, less sharp, though very pleasant. The scents from plants is such a rich part of the dyeing process for me, even the pungent aroma of the indigo vat has its own appeal.
Nature is generous with yellow dyes, not all of which like to stick around. Dyes from Nature lists some of the chemical components within Tansy, some of which point to it possibly having good fastness, which is reassuring. Tansy is native to Eurasia and is naturalized throughout the United States and Canada. It isn't recommended as a medicine these days.
There are a many Birch species native throughout the northern hemisphere, as well as being frequently planted for their beauty. If gathering birch leaves for tea, be sure to choose a tree growing away from roadways and pesticide use. I also used birch leaves to eco print silk this summer - it gives strong bright color and crisp edges.
When I used tansy leaves and flowers to eco print silk the impressions were very diffuse, so it did not make the cut on the list of plants I want to use in that way. Its long history as a dye, and aromatic tendency do inspire me to try in on weaving fibers.I harvested the tansy while visiting my friends in Bellingham in July, and have enough dried to do a bit more experimenting. I will think of them and the walk we took together whenever I do so.
Birch has really come into my heart in a big way this summer as well, and I look forward to working with her more. Both as a print, and for immersion dyeing. Even though these two jars might have been considered duds I am actually inspired to dig a little deeper into the dye capacity of both these wondrous and generous plants.


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"The Prime Minister Office had recently asked the Coal Ministry to increase coal linkages to all the sectors, including power," an official said.
The linkages of coal demand is primarily done with the objective of planning of coal supplies to consuming industries.
The direction has come at a time when the government is considering coal linkage auction and has sought comments from stakeholders on the draft auction methodology.
"In order to conduct the auction of the coal linkages to non-regulated sector which covers cement, sponge iron, captive power and others through competitive bidding this ministry has prepared a draft auction methodology and also an approach paper has been prepared for public consultation," Coal Minister Piyush Goyal had informed Parliament last week.
The minister had said that in June "the members of the public and stakeholders concerned were requested to submit their comments/views on the draft auction methodology. The policy for linkage auction is under consideration of the Ministry".
He further said that an Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) was set up in January to consider various models, including auctioning of coal linkages/LoAs (Letter of Assurances) through competitive bidding as the selection process and to recommend the optimal structure that would meet the requirements of all the stakeholders.


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How to Moderate my Drinking. I Have Failed Before, Why is this Different?
I am the first to admit and preach that trying to control or moderate your drinking is not possible! Many years of practicing psychiatry, as well as living my life as a human being, I know as well as anyone else, that moderating or changing a behavior is really difficulty. Then you combine genetics into the equation and one is set up for standing no chance by themselves at achieving the goal of consistently moderating their drinking.
Over the past three years of my practice, The Sinclair Method has proved to be the missing link in the ability for someone to modify an extremely strong behavior or addiction to alcohol, drugs, porn, sex and anything else that people tend to become addicted to. As much as everyone vows to moderate their drinking each New Year's Day, frankly, the success rate is dismal. That same dismal rate of success for changing a long-standing habit exists outside of New Year's and instead, we as humans fail to change our unhealthy behaviors all of the time.
This leads me into the explanation of why The Moderation Method is so successful, which, in turn, makes it extremely exciting. The brain is complicated, obviously! I will break it down into a couple of easy-to-understand concepts that will hopefully illustrate the point I am going to make regarding why trying to moderate our drinking by ourselves is virtually impossible and the same goes for moderating any other problematic behavior such as moderating watching porn, moderating using drugs, moderating eating snack food...or, you name it!
The Moderation Method uses The Sinclair Method as the foundation of the program and it really takes an approach that attacks the biological aspect of addiction in order to moderate the use of anything or any type of addictive behavior. By addiction, I will clarify that I am referring to any behavior or habit that is something you feel is a behavior that needs adjustment in order to be healthier.
Let's talk about science and neuro-biology for a couple of minutes. The two major parts of the brain are the cortex (which is the massive amount of brain matter that essentially makes human and is on the surface of the brain), and the primitive part of the brain (which is the most deep and primitive part of the brain). In a nutshell, the cortex is what makes human beings different than animals in that it provides us with insightful thinking, logic, reasoning, language, memory and all of the types of special attributes that humans have.
Within the cortex, we have a skill known as willpower which is essentially a skill that we have acquired that enables us to exert control over our behaviors, even if our natural tendency is to behave in a different way. Let's talk about this in the context of drinking alcohol or specifically how to moderate your drinking.
Problematic drinking of alcohol is a consequence of three major components. First, there is a genetic component that dictates the specific circuitry in the brain that is there when one is born. Some brains are more susceptible to becoming addictive to alcohol than other types of brains. This is based on family history and is out of anyone's control.
Second, there is a learned behavioral component that causes our brains to desire alcohol after years of the same routine, which includes drinking alcohol and reaping the reward of alcohol. This reward can be relaxation, a calming effect, euphoria, stress relief, confidence or any positive effect you can imagine. The longer this behavior is continued, the more the brain learns to desire alcohol.
Third, alcohol use is a potent tool for coping with unpleasant emotions and feelings. The origin of the discomfort usually stems from elements occurring during childhood, young adulthood or traumatic adult situations. In short, alcohol helps numb the unpleasant thoughts and feelings we may have.
As much as we all desire to be successful at moderating any behavior, it is frankly an extremely difficulty task. In the case of alcohol, it becomes a: willpower vs. primitive need/drive to cope battle. Ultimately, willpower loses out the majority of the time. This is also why traditional alcohol treatment fails so much of the time. Traditional treatment provides no answer to address the extremely potent drive to drink from the most primitive biological center for driving addiction.
The Moderation Method, which is founded on The Sinclair Method, targets this primitive addiction part of the brain. The method acts by forcing the addiction part of the brain to "un-learn" its desire to use alcohol to cope or to provide such desirable feelings. Over the course of weeks and months, our brains learn to essentially disregard the part of the brain that drives addictive behavior.
With this addictive part of the brain essentially shut down, our willpower is able to drive the behavior and choices that we really want to initiate. This means that we have full control over choosing the behaviors that we want to do. Without this component and very powerful method, willpower is realistically not strong enough to over-power the deepest part of our primitive brain's addiction center.
How do I moderate my drinking or control my drinking? The answer to this question is The Moderation Method since it is the only way we can over-power that potent part of the brain that drives unhealthy behaviors.
The source of much skepticism is the fact that moderation has been tried for decades and decades unsuccessfully. We completely agree that moderation without shutting down the addiction center of the brain is a lost cause. However, with our ability to shut down and control the primitive addiction center of the brain, moderation becomes absolutely possible and this opens up the possibility to stay completely sober or drink moderately--with the equally great success rate of 80%!
Moderating your drinking is now a possibility and a realistic option so do not let people tell you that it is not possible or silly. The Moderation Method will help you achieve your goal no matter what your desire is and help you sustain success over the course of time.
Please visit the rest of our site at The Moderation Institute to learn all of the details surrounding our method which has unlocked the barrier to true successful alcohol treatment.
Michael Yasinski, MD


text: Beautiful Jenna is graduating from college in a few short months; so we took to the streets of downtown San Diego to capture some senior portraits. She was so much fun and I loved her easy style and laid back attitude. She is stunning and has the most beautiful porcelain skin I've ever seen. Good luck Jenna!!!


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Hey everyone!!!
Do you follow trends?Personally I don't follow the herd mentality and adopt "trends" just because everyone around you is doing it,I like to think for myself and see what's comfortable for me and if it enriches my personal style.So getting inspiration and making it your own is something I can relate to.
Sometimes I've seen what's trending and I've loved but many a times I couldn't understand why!Let me share a few beauty trends of 2018
1)Less is more
Image Courtesy:Marie Claire
To look Natural and have a beautiful glow despite the heavy makeup.
With the multiple beauty products launched for the same purpose it's not quite hard to achieve this if you inculcate the right technique while doing make up.
2)Fenty Beauty
This launched September 8 2017 by Rihanna and has taken the beauty line by storm.It appeals to the global audience and being backed by Rihanna has made it even more prominent.With unmatched offering of shades of all skintones their whole motto being inclusion of all women.For women of all shades,cultures,personalities and skintones.
3)Korean Skincare
Koreans cultural obsession with healthy skin started taking over the beauty market.The snail infused sheet masks,the brightening cleanser,they introduced the 10 steps to skincare to achieve beautiful skin,the double cleanse became quite popular in the beauty market.
4)Farsali Jelly Beam Highlighter
You will see majority of the beauty guru's on Instagram either using the Farsali Elixir or the jelly beam prior to starting makeup.We've all seen beauty videos where they drop this oil on their face to prep the skin.
5)Bright eyes
Gone are the days for neutral and smokey eyes.Now we see Blue,Vibrant Orange,Green,Sunny Yellow all this is not restricted only for the day,it's acceptable for a night out.
Let me know in the comments what your favourite beauty trend is:)


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This specific quantity from the reserve focuses actions in east world
The literature "Arab planet and Iran" was authored by Amin Saikal. He's a celebrated Professor who's concentrate is on Political Science. His ability goes additional to incorporate the regions of General public Policy Fellow. Additionally, the Saikal also retains the title from the Director within the Community for Arab and Islamic Reports Asia. This limits are stretched to succeed in the middle East at the ANU. He has distributed an assortment of books as author and manager; his show results has moreover proven up in vital diaries and dailies, by way of example, international herald tribune, New york Moments in the process as being the Guardian. Also, the author is understood to generally be an active observer of each the television channels, not forgetting the radio to maintain tabs in the latest matters which might be occurring worldwide.
This distinct quantity belonging to the ebook focuses largely on the provincial and household actions that acquire destination in both of those the Arab planet, likewise as in Iran inside of the the latest earlier. The sections with the guide are about a variety of nations, complications and conducting artists' between people. For example, it goes a action more to completely examine what transpired over the Arab Spring in relations with the Legal guidelines of Tunisian.http://top-essay.co.uk/buy-essay Also, investigations concerning the Saudi-Iranian strategic competition that is influenced by geographical place, likewise because the consequences that could crop up as a immediate consequence of ethnic, at the same time as legislative failures while in the nations of Iran, Syria, and Iraq. Sections emerging dependant upon the grasp supporters continue being sorted out inside of 3 sections. A most important place of the literature entails the views, at the same time as stream with reference to progress in the Arab realm (Saikal, 2016). The following chapter talks about issues relevant to Islam, Islamism on top of that to Islamic administration while in the nations around the world from the Arab Community and Iran. The 3rd location concentrates on Iranian regional moreover towards the territorial governmental issues.
However, the topic from the shift is consistent all by as this multidisciplinary e book attracts associations crosswise about nations and instances to illuminate about the predominant territorial circumstance, likewise regarding welcome viewers for making their unique inferences concerning the fate from the Center East. Furthermore, the show results addresses points such as the shifting progression inside the Arab realm, likewise as Iran. Also, it tackles tasks including the clashes, contentions, aims and processes that might be proposed to improve the middle East usually.
The e-book demonstrates the adjustments created around the appraisals, and this is based on geopolitical, inside, not forgetting religious primarily based issues that exist with the Arab globe. Also, the guide clarifies to the investigations which have manufactured unsettling gaps while in the political scenes with the place. While the problems encountered within the Center East may well not crack it, they show the characteristics of a location in jeopardy (Saikal, 2016). "With a random combination of aptitude and auspiciousness, the canny bits of knowledge based upon this literature with the ability to existing critically major boundaries in relations towards the people young and old who make the guidelines together with the regular people on the whole the same».
As indicated by this e-book, the world's true powers and first provincial on-screen figures want to set aside their disparities and eliminate the geopolitical emergencies influencing the Muslim Center East from spiraling exterior their ability to manage (Saikal, 2016). The unsteadiness in nations, like Syria, Iraq, and Egypt considering the purported Arab Spring of 2010 retains on frequenting the locale also, the earlier.
Whatever the quite possible end results within the conventions and competitions at lots of concentrations, the area significantly requirements common adjustments do not ever like previously a while lately. Just what is desperately required is definitely an interlocking territorial and around the globe settlement amongst the ideas provincial on-screen people Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, as well as world gamers, the usa and Russia expressly, during the Center East. Political concealment, human legal rights infringement, social and fiscal variations and shameful acts and dynamic courses, and furthermore Israel's charge of Palestinian terrains and America's unfit assistance of Israel and dictator administrations while in the Arab planet, have retained on animating radical gatherings restricted to these administrations and to search soon after their aims thru fanatic and brutal tactics and usually means.
To finish up, this ebook is convenient in analyzing the crucial and existing issues influencing the middle East. This is often intended to bring each socially and politically based mostly changes in the area. The book is exclusive in relation towards topic and also the tactic adopted and so highlights in the unpredictable connections that exist in Iran along with the bordering Arabia. It investigates the current resurgence on the neighborhood partisan clash as well as in addition the element of differing Islamist political belief solutions inside the district. What's more, it provides an investigation on Iran and its quick neighbors these kinds of as Saudi Arabia. It is imperative mainly because it adds about the enlarging assessment of a number of the issues that have an effect on Iran also, the Arab realm generally. On the nation's main portion in the locale past the cliche, Iran is seen for a «radical» and maverick state.


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A journey into the mind of a pig, as told by our children's book author, Leslie Crawford
Leslie Crawford was born and raised in Denver by two parents who adored reading. When it came to environmentalism they were not unlike the majority of their generation – it was a topic rarely discussed at the dinner table.
And yet. "As a kid, I was always worried about the planet," she says, "and would fret regularly about trash and pollution."
It wasn't until her time at Tufts University that Crawford really began to confront these anxieties. Just as her undergraduate studies began, so did her on again, off again relationship with vegetarianism.
"For many people, bacon is the hardest thing to give up," she laughs. "I understand. My own kids still eat it."
In place of promoting a strict moral code, Crawford's upcoming children's book, Sprig the Rescue Pig (published by Stone Pier Press, distributed by Chelsea Green Publishing) sets out to inspire empathy. Crawford wants the story to help children and their parents begin to consider what a pig is. "I think, overall, the more empathy, the better, no matter what," she says.
The first in our Farm Animal Rescue Series, the story begins with Sprig aboard a crowded truck bound for a grim fate. When the truck stops, Sprig catches a whiff of something utterly delicious and decides he must have it. So he leaps off - something that has happened in real life more than you might think - and sprints into a brighter future.
Sprig's adventure is, in many ways, informed by Crawford's commitment to the earth - to its scents and sounds, and to the animals who inhabit it. At her San Francisco home, where she lives with her two children, Gideon and Molly, she currently cares for 6 chickens, 5 rescue pigeons, and a lizard. "I love having them. It gets me closer to nature," she says. "It gets me out of my home."
It's exactly this curiosity that nudged Crawford into the mind of a pig. No matter the content, no matter the audience, when Crawford sits down to write, she tries to imagine herself in different shoes, with different skin - in this case, with wiry hair and a long snout capable of smelling things hundreds of feet away. This journey was undertaken along with some important research. She consulted several pig experts, including farm animal welfare specialists and Sy Montgomery, author of The Good Good Pig, for help on what makes a pig a pig.
"There's no way around anthropomorphizing," Crawford admits. "We simply can't know what it's like to be a pig or a chicken."
But if we can imagine pigs with wit and curiosity akin to our own children's, and recognize one for the individual it is – smart, affectionate, inquisitive, and friendly - then quite possibly we can reimagine what it means to eat them.


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15 - 20 June, Hannover/Germany
First in the world, light and transparent fire extinguisher
Amazing Material Just Right for a Fire Extinguisher - (PEN)
Lightest weight; Transparent Body
1kg Dry chemical Fire Extinguisher with Hello Kitty character box. With cute appearance, it can be installed anywhere.
The pioneer of Package Fire Extinguishing System. Super Owl has been fully redesigned boosting convenience and better operability!
- The smallest and lightest weight ...
CE marked, Compact and Slim.
LCD display on Control Panel, CO2 for clean efficient extinguishing, After Care and Service; High Quality, High Performance
In Kyoto, we have cultural assets that symbolize the Beauty of Japanese culture.It would be a huge loss if historical buildings were destroyed by fire. Creating national cultural treasures is the most difficult thing to do, but maintaining and protecting them is also a big challenge.Hatsuta's history began when we introduced the Dual Bottle Fire Extinguisher in Kyoto to protect people and cultural assets from the threat of fire. This mind set remains as our focus today.Until now and from now on, Hatsuta continues to chase our dream to keep on providing safety to the customer with reliable technology and excellent service.
3-5 Shodai-Tajika
Hirakata-shi 573-1132
Phone: +81 72 8561292
Fax: +81 72 8561475
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Brazilian Political Science Review (BPSR) is a political science journal, published online and in English, that supports the diffusion of high-quality political science work produced both in Brazil and abroad, thus contributing to the exchange of ideas within the international political science community. Notice to Readers: All the datasets published by the Brazilian Political Science Review are available at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/bpsr
The article examines the construction of the concept of autonomy in Latin America and discusses to what extent it can be applied to contemporary Brazilian foreign policy. The article first examines classical definitions of the concept, and then looks at the ways in which it has been used to analyze Brazilian foreign policy for over half a century. We then reaffirm the importance of agency and how power relations vary from one thematic area to another. In doing so, the […]
autonomy; Brazilian foreign policy; Dependency; Hélio Jaguaribe; Juan Carlos Puig
Leticia Pinheiro, Gabrieli Gaio
This article aims to analyze Brazil's policy towards South America during Luiz Inácio "Lula" da Silva's government by discussing what kind of leadership the country was able to perform in the region during this time. The authors examine the role played by the policy of International Cooperation for Development on such regional leadership. The central argument is that although Brazil has performed the role of a regional leader, there is a need for distinguishing leadership for regional matters – inwards […]
Brazil; development; international cooperation; regional leadership; South America


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Buy used cars, trucks, SUVs and Vehicles online.
Check out the local housing market online.
Hungry? Check out what to eat for lunch.
Sales and items from local retailers.
Buy Recreational vehicles, ATVs, Snowmobiles, etc.
Read the most recent obituaries.
Check out local yardsales.
The Adoration of the Most Blessed Sacrament is held at the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Roman Catholic Church, 306 Water Street, Miramichi, New Brunswick (Chatham Head) every Tuesday to Friday from 7:45 am to 8:45 am, followed by a mass at 9:00 am. The prayer intentions are for vocati... [read more]
Miramichi Hope Café serves free meals to the community every Friday from 12 pm noon to 1 pm, year-round, at Saint Andrew's Anglican Church Hall in Miramichi. They now serve between 40 to 55 meals each week, and also serve meals on special occasions.As well, a good used clothing table... [read more]
4 Hand Auction 45's – Card Game. Knights Of Columbus - Nelson Miramichi Weekly On Sunday Night's At 7 Pm. Sharp. Bring your own partner, Auction 45's card games will be at the Friendly Neighbors Senior hall on Sutton Road, Nelson. With a new prize structure each Week. There is also a 50/50 d... [read more]
Together, Autism Resources Miramichi Inc. and Sobeys Douglastown are partnering up for a Sobeys Sensitive Shopping Evening starting Monday, March 25th, 2019, from 6:00 pm to 7:30 pm and every Monday. This event will feature the following: Lowered LightingNo AnnouncementsCart Coll... [read more]
Again, Autism Resources Miramichi Inc. is partnering up with Sobeys. This time it is with the Sobeys Newcastle. for a Sobeys Sensitive Shopping Evening starting Monday, March 25th, 2019, from 6:00 pm to 7:30 pm and every Monday. This event will feature the following: Lowered Lighting... [read more]
Friends of Seamen's Hospital Craft Group had a busy summer and will be continuing the Wednesday craft days. Most people are quilting but all crafts are welcome. Come enjoy the day. Bring your lunch and your project. Learn something, teach something or just come to visit. $3.00 per day. 9:30 to 3 pm.... [read more]
COUNTRY COUSINS SQUARE DANCE CLUBBURNT CHURCH, NB326 Church River Rd, Burnt Church, NB, E9G 2H2COUNTRY COUSINS SQUARE DANCE CLUB is organizing an open house dance on September 5th, 2019. We dance at the Women's Institute Hall (address noted above) from 7:00 pm to 9:00 pm on T... [read more]


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- Brand: Smok
- Product Code: Species
The Smok Species 230W Vape Kit, the new generation of Smok Alien 220W, which with colored decorative strips covering on the front and black of the mod and like armor outline of the warriors, perfectly delineating the masculinity of the product. the newest smoktech vape kit includes Smoktech TC box mod and TFV8 baby V2 sub ohm tank. the Smok Species mod powered by dual 18650 batteries and max output 230watts, supports resistance as low as 0.05ohm under temp control mode. the smoktech species with one 1.45inch colorful touch screen, which is responsive, and with the brand-new designed user interface, most of the operations can be finished very simply. there are 6 colors available for screen setting. there is one independent screen locking button located at the bottom of the touchscreen, which is an obvious position and convenient to operate. screen locking button makes locking/unlocking the screen simple and secure. vapers need to unlock the fire key if want o perform the interface operation, long press the screen locking button to unlock the touch function. the TFV8 baby V2 tank can hold 5ml e juice, with convenient top refill design, bottom with dual airflow adjustable slots. vapers can refill the e-juice or adjust the airflow to your preference quickly. there are three brand new coil heads for TFV8 BABY 2 tanks, baby V2 A1, baby V2 A2 and Baby V2 A3. the baby V2 A1 coils with one large mesh coil covered with organic cotton inside, with the large heating area, vapers will feel the faster heating process and great taste. the baby V2 A2 coil has two holes inside, and both of the holes have cobra mesh covered, this design can help to bring more airflow and offer massive vapor. the baby v2 A3 has three separate heating coils inside, combing with 3 large airflow slots at the bottom of the tank, more air can be straightly brought in, the coils will heat simultaneously, the smok alien v2 kit brings vapers unprecedented huge and thick cloud of vapor.
Quick Links:
Species 230W TC Box Mod Features:
- Material: Zinc Alloy
- Colors: Black Red, Red Black, Gold Black, Prism Blue Black, Prism Chrome Black
- Size:82.1*49*30.6mm
- Output Wattage Range: 1-230W
- Battery: 2Pcs 18650 High-Drian Batteries9(Sold Separately)
- Input Voltage Range: 6.4-8.4V
- Output Voltage Range: 0.5-8.2V
- Resistance Range: 0.1-2.5ohm(VW)/0.05-2.0ohm(TC)
- Supports TI, NI200, SS Heating Elements Under Temperature Control Mode
- Preheat Modes: Soft, Normal, Hard, Max
- Temperature Control Range: 100-315℃/200-600℉
- 1.45 Inch Colorful Touch Screen
- 6 Colors Screen Setting
- Independent Screen Locking Button
- Dual Battery Life Indicator LED Light
- Brand New User Interface
- Charging Voltage: DC5V
- Charging Current: 1.8A
- Intelligent Atomizer Recognition
- Short Circuit Protection
- Puffs Monitoring System
- 10 Seconds Cut-Off
- Over-Heating Protection
- Over-Discharge Protection
- Micro USB Port Supports Upgrading And Charging
TFV8 Baby V2 Tank Features:
- Material: Stainless Steel
- Size: 54*30mm
- Thread: 510
- E Juice Capacity: 5.0ml
- Baby V2 A1 0.17ohm Single Coil,90-140W, Best 110-130W
- Baby V2 A1 Gold 0.17ohm Single Coil,90-140W, Best 110-130W
- Baby V2 A1 Rainbow 0.17ohm Single Coil,90-140W, Best 110-130W
- Baby V2 A2 0.2ohm Dual Coils,50-80W, Best 65-75W
- Baby V2 A2 Gold 0.2ohm Dual Coils,50-80W, Best 65-75W
- Baby V2 A2 Rainbow 0.2ohm Dual Coils,50-80W, Best 65-75W
- Baby V2 A3 0.15ohm Triple Coils,60-100W,Best 80-90W
- Baby V2 A3 Gold 0.15ohm Triple Coils,60-100W, Best 80-90W
- Baby V2 A3 Rainbow 0.15ohm Triple Coils,60-100W,Best 80-90W
- 16mm Delrin Drip Tip Included
- Convenient Top Refill Design
- Bottom Triple Airflow Adjustable Slots
Package Contents:
1*Species 230W TC Box Mod
1*TFV8 Baby V2 Sub Ohm Tank
1*Baby V2 A1 0.17ohm Single Coil(Pre-Installed)
1*Bby V2 A2 0.2ohm Dual Coils
1*Extra Glass Tank
1*USB Cable
1*User Manual
1*Spare Parts
Note: please ensure you have basic knowledge on how to properly to use it.
1)If the tanks use sub ohm coils, vapers must be sure that your device and batteries can handle sub ohm coils, only recommend experienced users order this, extra safety precautions should be practiced when using a sub ohm tank. the tank only work with the mod that can support the atomizer and coil.if you have a tank and resistance is 0.3ohm, you must sure that the mod or battery can support resistance low to 0.3ohm.improper use and lead to injury or damage.use the OHMS LAW Calculator to check.if you have question,please feel free to contact us.
2)if the coils are sub ohm coils, the user should be sure that the tank and mods can handle the sub ohm resistance coils, please make sure you have the great understanding of them, if you are not sure, please do not order and use, welcome contact us any time to get help.
3)users need pay attention to Li-ion cells when vaping.the batteries very sensitive to charging characteristics and may explode or burn if mishandled.so vapers must have enough knowledge of Li-ion batteries in charging, discharging and assembly before use. please use the fire-proof surface battery charger, never leave charging battery unattended.we will not responsible for damage for the human reason or mishandling of Li-ion batteries and chargers.the device always recommend work with rechargeable lithium-ion IMR batteries with min output current 20A or higher.
4) Smokstore will not responsible or liable for any injury, damage, defect, permanent or temporary that may be caused by the improper use of Li-ion battery, coils, tanks, mods etc.please have a basic knowledge of batteries.welcome to contact us anytime to get help.


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Imagine finding a great article on a USENET newsgroup when you were a freshman in high school and being able to go back and find it again this summer after you graduated. With USENET providers now having crossed the four-year mark in some cases, retention on the USENET system has become incredible.
Four of our favorite providers have managed to get up to the 1,460 day mark for retention. These include Giganews, UsenetServer, Newshosting and Supernews. With this much retention, it means that there is unprecedented data availability on the USENET system and that those great articles that you wish you could find years after having first seen them will likely still be there, live and ready to read.
For most of these providers, being able to provide this level of retention is only possible because of adding new equipment. UsenetServer, for instance, upgraded all of its server farms and offers the four-year retention period to subscribers all over the world.
It's no mean feat to provide this level of retention. Every day, the enormous number of newsgroups on the USENET system can generate up to 10 terabytes of new data. That means 10 terabytes per day, multiplied by 365 days per year, multiplied by four. The best USENET providers out there have an enormous backbone link that allows a huge number of users to download off of their systems without experiencing slowdowns or other degradations in service.
Any one of these for providers can offer you the four-year retention. That, presumably, will become the industry standard at some point. For now, however, you have to go with one of these four to get that level of service.
Any of these four are all recommended providers, but any one of them may suit your needs better than others, depending upon what you expect out of the USENET provider. Giganews, for instance, comes with its own newsreader – called Mimo – and can also be purchased with VPN service and a file storage service. UsenetServer is currently offering a 14 day free trial, which offers you up to 10 gigabytes of downloads. You can also try out new providers by using block accounts, which simply means purchasing a given amount of download bandwidth rather than buying a subscription.
No matter what option you choose, any one of these for providers offers excellent service and, on top of that, they all keep articles available for four years after they are posted.
|Best USENET Providers
Visit Newshosting
Visit Eweka
Visit TweakNews


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Clean Out
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Dave Smith is a photographer currently residing in Deep Cove, North Vancouver.
Recent work: Smith Optics, NSMB.com NeilPryde Bikes, Patagonia, Whistler Blackcomb & Yakima Racks.
Currently available for advertising-based and editorial assignment work. Email: smithalexdave(at)gmail.com
Dave is also a freelance Creative Director & Photographer with over 17 years of experience in traditional and digital advertising. His list of brand clients include Arc'teryx, Anthill Films, Coca-Cola, Fitbit, Kawasaki, Nike, Patagonia, Salomon Freeski TV, Shimano, SRAM and Whistler Blackcomb.
Advertising Portfolio: cargocollective.com/aprogressinwork
Email: smithalexdave(at)gmail.com
Instagram: @dasmith


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Sweet Jesus what was that.
I first read The Gunslinger in high school when I was a hardcore Stephen King fan and would read pretty much everything he wrote. It was definitely different than all his other books, walking some weird line between Camelot-dark fantasy-horror. My particular edition had a long author's note where he described the long process of writing the book, then eventually moving on with the series. The Drawing of the Three and The Waste Lands are probably the best two in the series, and yes it takes some dips over the course of seven books (the eraser thing at the end..) but I always thought it would be an awesome TV show. At first I thought it would be, especially when Game of Thrones stuff was getting hot, but I was totally willing to accept a movie. It would be a no brainer: just film the goddamned book and people would be happy. I was particularly excited after hearing Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey would be in it-- not a fan in the latter, but he's a good actor, and I thought he'd be an excellent Walter.
But seriously, what the fuck.
Where do you start the movie? How about the man in black fleeing across the desert and the gunslinger following? You know, the desert. The devil grass. Those weird towns. The intense loneliness.
It's hard to count all the ways this movie went wrong but I think the most profound was the decision to center the movie around Jake Chambers. Centering the movie around a random boy in New York City who suddenly discovers a secret portal to another world, and oh by the way there are all these bad guys after him, but why, now you have to find out why for that to make sense TAKES WAY MORE EXPLAINING than the actual starting of the book.
For the love of god, you got Idris Elba. He could trim his nails and make it riveting. The book is called The Gunslinger. The way the series eases you into all the crazy fantasy elements is starting with something really simple: here's this western-ish guy walking through the desert with a really single purpose: find the guy who screwed over his mother (and a bunch of other people). In staying with him, we can slowly unravel the history of Gilead. Of the lore surrounding Gunslingers-- about what it even means. In the movie you literally get one scene where Roland's father gets killed--we don't even know the context or get to actually SEE any of Gilead. (How do we even know who Roland is without seeing where he's from? What he's lost?)
They should have just straight shot the movie, but I'm guessing they didn't because they thought audiences wouldn't get it. They wouldn't get why Roland wanted to get to the Dark Tower without knowing exactly what the Dark Tower is. So the movie tries to deal with this by getting into stuff from the later books--like the last three--about the kids with the shining and the weird humanimals--but that stuff is just so WACKY that if you don't ease into it you're like WHAT NOW? WEASEL FACES?
How about trusting that an audience doesn't have to be spoon fed everything? Or if not that, that the movie is going to be seen purely on the basis of Stephen King's name and fans of the series so don't worry about all the lose ends not being tied up.
Spoilers follow:
Walter has all these magical powers, but we are given no sense of what he wants, what he is doing, why he wants to bring the Tower down (only a vague sense of wanting darkness to come). There are references to the Crimson King and Sombra but no explanation whatsoever of what those things are (so why include them?) There's none of the complex personal history between Walter and Roland. Matthew McConaughey delivers these stiff lines with none of Walter's oily evilness. He's an awesome character, and McConaughey can be an awesome actor when he wants to--so what happened?
Same thing for Roland--he's an incredible character I was happy to follow across a long series of books. Idris Elba has amazing range when he gets a good script, but it felt like he has a third as much dialogue as Jake (who I give two fucks about), NONE of his history is covered, which then makes no sense because all he wants to do is kill Walter, and he doesn't care about the Tower until Jake tells him to. I don't even think the word Gilead is mentioned. Or any of his ka-tet. There are some stunts (I guess you could call them that?) that were the kind that made you cringe because you could tell the director wanted you to think they were cool but they so weren't.
Then the movie shoots itself in the foot in an attempt to wrap everything up cleanly. Roland kills Walter pretty easily (never mind that takes the entire series of books to happen and how it happens is way creepier). The tower-breaking structures are easily blown up. There's no "Go then, there are other worlds then these." Jake and Roland happily walk into the sunset despite the fact that the former's entire family is dead and the latter had no real character arc.
The thing that makes this saddest is that it was so bad, there's definitely no way Drawing of the Three is ever going to get made. There go my fantasies of Aaron Paul playing Eddie Dean. #SAD