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January 6th - March 26th 2020
In the depths of darkest winter, Bluestone comes alive with the magical glow of the Winter Lights.
From January to March 2020, enjoy a heart-warming and fascinating adventure through the illuminated forest, with no end of spectacles and surprises along the way.
You'll feel sorcery in the air as you admire the beauty of the Enchanted Trail and become entranced by the legend of our wandering Welsh Wizard, at the Merlin Light Show. Reunite the old conjurer with his magic at the interactive Dinner Show, before getting creative at our craft Workshops.
It might be cold outside, but wrap up warm because there's lots to see on your Winter Lights journey.
Along an ancient and beautiful woodland path, behold an immersive and interactive adventure.
Witness the wonders of Illume and discover the stories within...
There is a tale to be told...but you are the storyteller to tell it!
Pools of coloured light, fairy lanterns, illuminated trees and glowpods light your way; gentle musical sounds play wistfully dance across your ears, step into the forest and start your adventure.
Your journey begins beneath the giant tulips that hang over the path dwarfing whoever ventures under them.
From there, make your way along the Forgotten Lane to the Entrance of Enchantment. The gateway to yesteryear was once a beautiful sight, but now it's been reduced to a glowing pile of ancient remains. Don't underestimate its magic though, as once you scramble through the entrance you'll find the beautiful sea of coral and bubbles sprouting from the ground.
Look up and you'll see a spinning curtain of leaves hanging from the forest canopy that twist and twirl, creating a psychedelic moray of magic. Across the valley you can spy an allotment bursting with sparkling fruit and vegetables.
In this wood trees yawn and burp, squirrel burglars steal nuts, and crackling fires burn in mid-air. Beatrice, the giant snake goddess, sings lullabies to the trees as she coils and curls among the branches while in the tree tops the Princess is preparing for her guests to arrive at a birthday party.
Spy a crafty fox, cross the rickety bridge and follow the bubbles to find frogs at busy at work on the water mill. Next door at Theatr Dyded you can listen in on the Old Man of the Woods telling ancient stories of Dragon's flight and fire.
Make sure you don't hurry past the Giant's Footsteps, the Pixie Village at the bottom of the valley. It might be on the small side, but the hustle and bustle of the village with its pub, toy shop and pixie gold mine, means there are always secrets and surprises to discover.
When you hear the echo of bird siren, you'll know you're coming towards the end of your journey. Follow the beautiful sound of the rainbow finches as they sing in harmony with the forest creatures. Carry on up the eerie luminous path to spy a glowing garden from another world with mushrooms, flowers and butterflies shining without light.
Just before you leave, you'll come upon the oldest, largest and wisest being in the realm – the Giant Oak Tree. Her woven maze of criss-crossing branches attracts all the beings of the forest; Some for shelter, or food, while others just come to gaze on her beauty.
You might have come to the end of the trail but, your Illume journey has just begun.
Enjoy craft time at one of our three Winter Lights Workshops. Using traditional crafting techniques and with materials found at Bluestone, the workshops are a great way to learn a new skill and create your very own Winter Lantern memento to take home with you.
Don't miss our Willow Workshop where you'll create your own fairy tale and tell it through shadows and light! Make your own Willow Lantern and decorate it with your own shadow story, ready to show off at the Light Parade and Winter Lights festival!
In our Woody Wild Workshop you'll become your favourite woodland character in our mask making workshop. Use natural materials and add a touch of glow to make your costume come alive.
Join us in our Enchanted Workshop and create your very own Magical Dream Light, inspired by the Welsh legend of the Tylwyth Teg. Sleep easy as the Dream Light protects you from bad dreams and stores all the nice ones!
**Please Note: Workshops for 2020 are not currently bookable. They will be available approximately six months before the season begins.
Begin your Winter Lights journey in the village with the Merlin Light Show, which takes place every evening after sunset.
As the sun goes down on another Bluestone day, the village comes alive with a dazzling display of beautiful colours as we tell the tale of Merlin, the Welsh Wizard.
Legend has it, Merlin was turned into wood and now stands at the centre of the village during Winter Lights. He still has some wizardry powers though and when you see Merlin's staff glow - it's a sign there's magic in the air.
The captivating event is free to guests and all are welcome to come along and enjoy the magical display.
A magical feast with a slice of spellbinding tricks, a pinch of illusion, all stirred together with a sprinkle of style - Merlin's Magical Dinner Show is a night of entertainment and wonder for all the family to enjoy.
Join your mystical host's quest to regain control of his magic after a spell goes disastrously wrong and enjoy singing, dancing and many laughs along the way.
**Please Note: Workshops for 2020 are not currently bookable.
They will be available approximately six months before the season begins.
Bring all of your wonderful glowing creations from our light inspired workshops to our magical light parade.
Follow our 11ft Merlin from the Adventure Centre and glow to the Village where you can enjoy the Winter Lights Festival, bringing everything and everyone together for a bright end to your break!
The kids did not stop talking about the fairy village all the way home!
Mrs Davies, Bristol


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The Best Tropical Trends For Summer
We are loving the explosion of everything tropically inspired at the moment, bringing vital splashes of vibrant green into our homes and a sense of the exotic from across the globe.
1: The tropical palm leaves wallpaper is from the Wallflora shop on Etsy. 2: Fashion house Aquazzura and de Gournay collaborated to produce this exclusive chinoiserie design. 3: Leo's Oyster bar in San Francisco designed by Ken Fulk and Jon de la Cruz. 4: Mind The Gap Wallpaper Collection - Birds of paradise from John lewis
From t-shirts to mobile phone cases and even affordable wall art, the tropical trend first made its appearance in the lead up to and during the Rio 2016 Olympics. Still filling our homes and our wardrobes a year later, the leafy greens and bright graphics have been a huge influence on designers across the globe and we don't think it's going anywhere soon.

subset: commoncrawl


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On-Line Stupidity – Part Two
We are looking at on-line stupidity or the art of being an on-line jerk. So far we have seen:
1> Move from arguing the substance of a disagreement to attacking the person with whom you disagree.
2> Assume what other people think and believe rather than asking them directly.3> Write things to or about your fellow believers in Christ that you would never have the gall to say to their faces.
4> Don't read a blog post or an article or comment carefully.
5> Write something online when you are angry or your feelings have just been hurt.
Let's go on from there…
6> Presume to know what another person is thinking and assume you know the motives behind their words and actions.
Put yourself in the seat that only God Almighty occupies and impugn their intentions. Judging a person's motives comes across in what is said. For example: "You said that because…" Another one would be: "You are trying to manipulate me when you said that." Or another example: You are trying to control me…"
You are judging the motives and thus the heart of another person.
7> Engage in "drive-by" character assassination by posting a comment on other people's blogs that smears the reputation of another child of God.
Don't post your real name and your real email address when you leave the flaming comment. And hope that the blogger is sloppy enough to not notice the comment so they don't delete it immediately.
Interesting point: Every comment on a blog has an identifiable IP address. So, it is not that difficult to identify the person.
8> If someone gives you a response, ignore their response and repeat your points over again.
Have the attitude, "Don't confuse me with the facts," and disregard what they say. Just keep pushing the same points over and over again, hoping that they will eventually agree with you.
This also holds true in any recent face-to-face argument you have had.
9> With forethought and deliberation, completely misrepresent what another person has said or written, then play the victim.
For instance, accuse someone of attacking others when they have attacked no one. Accuse them of holding to beliefs and ideas that they don't hold to. Play on the fact that some Christians will believe whatever you write instead of going to the source to verify if what you are saying is accurate or not. While this is the height of fleshly activity, it is fitting for the one who is perfecting the art of being an online jerk.
10> Forget what your Lord taught you.
Defy your spiritual instincts and grieve the Holy Spirit of God by treating other people (especially those you don't like) in a way that you would never want to be treated yourself. Post things online to and about others that you would never want posted to and about you or your loved ones. In other words, claim you believe Jesus' words in Matthew 7:12, but disobey them without wincing.
Matthew 7:12a "So whatever you wish that others would do to you, do also to them…
Just a closing thought: The world is carefully watching how we Christians treat one another online. Keep this in mind the next time you sit in front of a computer and type something.


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Shin Pond Village is now part of the nationwide Polaris initiative called Polaris Adventures. Polaris Adventures is the first-ever national network of ride and drive experiences. With premium rental agents such as Shin Pond Village, also known as Outfitters, in select locations, Polaris Adventures is able to offer some of the most unique terrain and some of the best destinations for riding in all of America.
All rental vehicles come with a Spot Satellite communication and location device, providing one-click 911.
All rental vehicles are equipped with GPS navigation devices with pre-loaded trail maps.
We provide helmets and eye protection.


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1 Mental metaphors
Metaphors aren't just ways of talking, they are ways of thinking. This claim, the central message of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Lakoff and Johnson 1999), was once supported only by analyses of metaphorical language. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, however, experimental tests of metaphor theory have accumulated at an astonishing rate. There is now abundant evidence that people think metaphorically, across numerous conceptual domains, even when they are not using metaphorical language (for reviews, see Casasanto and Bottini 2014; Landau et al. 2010). For example: (1)when people experience physical warmth they feel "more warmly" toward their friends, expressing more emotional attachment to them (Ijzerman and Semin 2009; see also Citron and Goldberg 2014a; Williams and Bargh 2008). (2) When people see words presented closer together in space, they judge them to be "closer" in meaning (Casasanto 2008; see also Boot and Pecher 2010; Winter and Matlock 2013). (3) When people move objects upward they tend to retrieve more positive autobiographical memories (i.e., times when they were feeling "up" or "high on life"), and when they move objects downward they retrieve more negative memories (Casasanto and Dijkstra 2010; see also Brunyé et al. 2012; Crawford et al. 2006; Meier and Robinson 2004; Riskind 1983; Tracy and Matsumoto 2008).
These studies test three of what Lakoff and Johnson (1999) identified as "primary metaphors" (Affection is Warmth, Similarity is Proximity, and Happy is Up), and what we will refer to more generically as "mental metaphors," which are implicit associations between two analog continuums: the "source domain" continuum, which is typically more concrete and can be experienced directly through the senses (e.g., touch for warmth, vision for spatial proximity or height), and the "target domain" continuum which is typically more abstract and can only be experienced through introspection (e.g., affection, similarity, happiness). 1 These examples, like many other mental metaphors, are typically referred to as "embodied metaphors." The notion that mental metaphors are embodied is deeply entrenched in growing literatures spanning linguistics, philosophy, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience, and theories of metaphor and embodiment often appear mutually inextricable (Gallese and Lakoff 2005; Gibbs 2003; Lakoff 2014; Lakoff and Johnson 1999; Shapiro 2011).
The goal of this paper is to raise the question: Are mental metaphors necessarily "embodied"? What precisely does this claim mean, how can it be evaluated, and what's the evidence for it? Here we will describe the theory of embodiment most commonly invoked by papers on mental metaphor and explain the predictions this theory makes about the way source-domain representations are instantiated in the brain. We then discuss how this theory can and cannot be tested, and evaluate the evidence that mental metaphors are embodied, in this sense.
2 What do we mean by embodiment?
What does it mean for thoughts to be "embodied"? Although embodiment can mean many things, we use this term as it is used in a landmark paper by Lawrence Barsalou (1999), and in the more than 4,000 papers that have cited it to date. According to Barsalou's theory of embodied cognition, thinking involves constructing "simulations" of bodily experiences. People interact with the world via multiple input and output "modalities": we see a car's shape, hear its engine, grip the wheel with our fingers, smell that new-car scent, and experience the thrill of the open road. Each of these perceptual, motoric, and affective components of the "car" experience is implemented initially in different modality-specific neural systems, which include brain structures that are highly specialized for one input or output modality: visual cortex, auditory cortex, somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, olfactory cortex, and structures in the limbic system that enable us to experience emotions. This information is then rapidly integrated in multimodal neural "convergence zones" that receive inputs from various modality-specific systems (Barsalou et al. 2003; Damasio 1989). Each episode of interacting with cars leaves a memory trace in these convergence zones, resulting in a schematic long-term memory representation that is built out of modality-specific information accumulated over an individual's experiences. Barsalou (1999) calls this representation in long-term memory a "simulator."
When you think about cars or use the word "car," this simulator is activated and it produces a "simulation," which according to Barsalou and colleagues (1999, 2003), is a partial re-enactment of your previous car experiences. Crucially, this simulation involves activity in the same modality-specific input and output areas of the brain that allow us to interact with cars in the first place. On this view, a simulation constitutes an instantiation of a concept or a word's meaning. The neural activity that occurs when simulators are creating simulations is not limited to modality-specific brain areas, but modality-specific neural activity is the sine qua non of embodied simulations.
Observing modality-specific neural activity is the only way to distinguish embodied simulations from disembodied (or non-embodied) alternatives according to which thinking happens entirely in modality-nonspecific areas of the brain (Fodor 1983). 2 A modality-nonspecific brain area could be "multimodal," meaning that it integrates information from multiple modalities, and that this information retains some trace of its modality-specific origins. Alternatively, it could be "amodal," meaning that modality-specific input is transformed into some common representational format and stripped of all modality specificity. At present, there is no way to distinguish these possibilities; thus, simulation theories can only be tested in modality-specific parts of the brain. For an experiment to support an embodied simulation claim, it must provide clear evidence that an observed behavior (e.g., understanding a word) corresponds to modality-specific neural activity: this is the minimum requirement for an experiment on embodiment to have "construct validity" (i.e., for it to test what it claims to be testing).
2.1 Why is it important to know whether metaphors are embodied in simulations?
Why is it important to find out whether mental metaphors are implemented by modality-specific simulations?
[M]etaphor theory may be of critical importance for advancing embodied theories of mental representation[.] Theories of embodied cognition, such as Barsalou's Perceptual Symbol Systems, posit that concepts are constituted, at least in part, by mental simulations of our perceptions and actions. […] Abstract concepts, however, present a serious challenge for embodied theories: Thinking about concrete objects and actions may involve perceptuo-motor simulations, but how can we perceptually simulate things that we can never perceive?(Casasanto 2008: 1048)
Metaphorical target domains like "similarity" and "importance" are imperceptible. By contrast, the source domains of primary metaphors are, by hypothesis, schematic representations of perceptuo-motor experiences (Lakoff and Johnson 1999): the kind of experiences that could be represented in perceptuo-motor simulations. If metaphorical source domains are embodied in modality-specific simulations, they can help to address the problem of embodying imperceptible concepts in perceptuo-motor areas of the brain (Casasanto 2008, Casasanto 2009) – a problem which, some critics have suggested, threatens to make all of embodied cognition a nonstarter (Mahon and Caramazza 2008).
Not everyone agrees that mental metaphors could be an important part of a theory of embodied cognition. Although Barsalou (1999) is regularly cited as having suggested that abstract concepts are embodied in metaphors, what this influential paper actually proposed is that "a direct, non-metaphorical representation of an abstract domain is essential," and that "perceptual symbol systems can represent all abstract concepts directly" (Barsalou 1999: 600; see also Barsalou and Wiemer-Hastings 2005; Prinz 2002). On this proposal, abstract concepts can be embodied without metaphor.
Conversely, mental representations can be metaphorical without being embodied. How? Representations of source domains like space are not necessarily implemented in modality-specific brain areas. Perceiving the distance between two points on a computer screen requires visual cortex, but representing this distance subsequently (in the absence of explicit visual imagery) may not; representations of spatial distance appear to rely most critically on parts of the parietal lobe that process information from multiple modalities. Our argument here is that metaphor theory could help to solve a hard problem for embodied cognition, but it is an empirical question whether it does help – that is, whether source domain representations involve modality-specific brain areas.
2.2 Behavioral (non-) evidence for embodiment of source domains
Are metaphorical source domain representations embodied in modality-specific simulations? According to a large behavioral literature, the answer is yes. Yet, according to our minimum requirement for testing embodied simulation theories, most of these studies do not support this answer. Almost without exception, studies that are framed as addressing the question whether mental metaphors are embodied actually beg the question, committing the reasoning fallacy known as petitio principii – asserting the critical conclusion without offering any evidence for it.
To illustrate this problem we will focus on the Good is Up mapping, which has been validated by many behavioral experiments and provides one of the richest sources of experimental evidence for mental metaphor. The earliest Good is Up experiments were conducted decades before theories of mental metaphor and embodied cognition were framed. For example, Wapner et al. (1957) found that participants who had just received a good grade on a test showed an upward bias when bisecting a square. Years later Stepper and Strack (1993) found that people expressed more pride in their performance when they were forced to sit up straight rather than slumping down. People are faster to judge the valence of positive words like "loyal" when they appear at the top of a screen, and negative words like "cruel" when they appear at the bottom (Meier and Robinson 2004). The valence of pictures biases people's memories for their locations. Participants tend to misremember positive pictures as having appeared higher on a computer screen than negative pictures presented in the same locations (Crawford et al. 2006). Likewise, when asked to recall the locations on a map where positive and negative incidents occurred (e.g., winning a prize vs. having an accident), the locations of positive events tend to be shifted upward in people's memories, and the locations of negative events shifted downward (Brunyé et al. 2012).
Across cultures, people spontaneously elevate the chest or raise the arms above the head to express pride, and hang the head or slump the shoulders to express shame. Accordingly, upward- and downward-directed bodily actions can influence the retrieval of emotional memories. People retrieve positive memories more efficiently when smiling and sitting erect, and negative memories more efficiently when frowning and slumping down (Riskind 1983). Even congenitally blind people express pride and shame with upward and downward postures and gestures, although they have never seen these behaviors modeled by other people (Tracy and Matsumoto 2008).
A study by Brookshire et al. (2010) established the automaticity with which space-valence associations can be activated. Participants saw positively or negatively valenced words (e.g., hero, villain) presented in the center of a screen in either purple or green font, and pressed a button that matched the font color. Pressing one button required an upward movement, and the other a downward movement. Participants responded faster when the direction of movement was congruent with the valence of the word (up for positive, down for negative) than when direction and valence were incongruent. This space-valence congruity task, in which neither the meanings of the words nor the directions of the responses were relevant, has been replicated and extended in subsequent studies (e.g., Santana and de Vega 2011; Dudschig et al. 2014). Together, this body of studies illustrates that people activate nonlinguistic mental representations in the source domain of vertical space with a high degree of automaticity when they process the target domain of emotional valence.
But what is the nature of these spatial source domain representations? Are they embodied simulations? In their study of vertical space-valence associations, Santana and de Vega (2011) concluded that "metaphors are embodied" (p. 1), and that the congruity effects they reported were the result of "motor simulations" (p. 10). Likewise, Dudschig et al. (2014) referred to their findings as "simulation effects" (p.20), and suggested that they reflect "reactivation of experiential sensorimotor traces in the brain" (p. 14). These claims about the embodiment of space-valence mappings are prefigured or echoed by many similar claims, from numerous supposed tests of "embodied metaphors" such as Power is Height (Schubert 2005), Importance is Weight (Jostmann et al. 2009), Time is Motion (Miles et al. 2010), Evil is Darkness (Sherman and Clore 2009), and Suspicion is Fishy-Smelling (Lee and Schwarz 2012); etc. Yet, there is simply no evidence to support these papers' assertions that their metaphor congruity effects are due to the embodiment of source domain representations.
The idea that mental metaphors are embodied may arise, in part, from the belief that they are learned through habits of bodily experience. For example, vertical space-valence associations could develop as people learn correlations between bodily postures and the emotions that accompany them: people stand tall when they feel proud or happy, and slouch when they feel sad or ashamed (Lakoff and Johnson 1999). Although there has been much written about the presumed bodily origins of primary metaphors, there is almost no experimental evidence to support this presumption (Casasanto 2009; Casasanto 2013). More to the point, even if a mental metaphor were learned through correlations in direct bodily experiences with the source and target domains, this would not imply that its source domain gets instantiated later via modality-specific simulation. The studies reviewed above provide a wealth of evidence for a Good is Up mapping in people's minds, but they provide no evidence that the spatial source-domain representations activated during these experiments are implemented in modality-specific neural systems. And there are good reasons to believe they may not be.
2.2.1 Non-embodied explanations for behavioral results
Non-embodied alternative explanations are readily available for the source-target congruity effects reviewed above – explanations that rely on basic principles of perception, language, and memory that are much older and better-established than embodied simulation is. Consider the highly cited space-valence congruity effect reported by Meier and Robinson (2004) in which participants were faster to judge the valence of positive words when they were presented at the top of the screen and negative words presented at the bottom. This is a stimulus-stimulus congruity (SSC) effect. The study by Brookshire et al. (2010) in which upward movements were faster for positive words and downward movements for negative words is a stimulus-response congruity (SRC) effect. In both SSC and SRC effects, the semantics of a stimulus word are either congruent or incongruent with a spatial aspect of the stimulus or the response. Such spatial-semantic congruity effects were extensively studied prior to the rise of interest in embodied cognition, and were described for decades in perfectly disembodied terms (e.g., Banks et al. 1975; see Kornblum et al. (1990) and Lu and Proctor (1995) for reviews). There is, therefore, neither any need nor any justification for interpreting space-valence congruity effects as evidence for embodied simulation of percepts or actions.
To make this point clear: the theory of embodied simulation could be 100% false, and the space-valence congruity effects reviewed above (and related effects) would still be easy to predict and explain, on the basis of well-established principles of perception, language, and memory that predate embodied cognition.
How could spatial-semantic congruity effects be disembodied? People experience space through the senses, so aren't spatial representations inherently embodied? No. Space is experienced through multiple modalities (e.g., vision, touch, audition), and spatial information from different input modalities must beintegrated – this integration allows us, for example, to determine how large an object will appear to be visually based only on the sound that it makes (e.g., imagine judging the visual size of a soda can vs. an oil drum based upon hearing someone hit them with a spoon). The fact that we can integrate spatial information across multiple modalities suggests that at least some spatial representations may be modality-nonspecific. And indeed, most research in the cognitive neuroscience of human spatial cognition has focused on brain areas that are modality-nonspecific. Spatial source-domain representations (and other source-domain representations) could, in principle, be implemented exclusively in modality-nonspecific brain areas (see Section 2.3); none of the behavioral experiments reviewed above allow us to distinguish modality-specific (embodied) from modality-nonspecific (non-embodied) source domain representations. 3
2.2.2 Summary of behavioral (non-) evidence for embodied source domains
There is a large and rapidly growing body of behavioral studies claiming support for "embodied metaphors," and specifically claiming evidence for perceptuo-motor simulations underlying metaphorical source domains. Findings in this literature have, on the whole, been misinterpreted. Many behavioral results showing activation of source-domain representations during target-domain processing do provide evidence for metaphor theory, and may be important in this regard. But they do not provide evidence for embodiment. On the basis of the results reviewed above, it is impossible to determine whether source-domain representations are instantiated in modality-specific or only in modality-nonspecific neural systems; that is, it is impossible to determine whether they are embodied or disembodied, in the senses of these terms described by Barsalou (1999) and invoked by nearly every paper in this literature. 4
2.3 Neural (non-) evidence for embodiment of source domains
In contrast with the numerous behavioral studies in our testbed of vertical space-valence associations, we are aware of only one neuroimaging study that addressed the critical question: are spatial source-domain representations embodied or disembodied? Quadflieg and colleagues (2011) asked participants to distinguish "high" vs. "low" stimuli of four kinds while they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): shapes presented at the top or bottom of a screen, words referring to objects associated with high or low locations in space (e.g., attic, basement), words associated with power or powerlessness (e.g., boss, intern), and words associated with positive or negative valence (e.g., beauty, tragedy). The authors used a statistical technique called multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to determine the neural correlates of visual height judgments, and then tested whether information from this analysis could be used to discriminate the "height" of items in the verbal conditions: literal spatial height, power, or valence.
Of primary interest, the MVPA classifier that was trained on high and low shapes was also capable of discriminating brain activity corresponding to words referring to objects associated with high and low spatial locations, and to words with positive and negative valence. However, the activity associated with valenced words was not found in modality-specific brain areas. Visuo-spatial information is processed in some modality-specific and some modality-nonspecific brain areas. Since the classifier algorithm was trained on visually presented shapes, in principle it should have been capable of revealing activity associated with literal or metaphorical height within visual cortex; it did not. Rather, "high" and "low" valence were discriminated in the intraparietal sulcus and the supramarginal gyrus – two regions known to be involved in processing spatial information (and other information) across multiple modalities. This experiment was capable of providing evidence that spatial source-domain representations activated during valenced word processing are embodied simulations – but it did not. Nor did it simply produce a null result. It produced evidence that spatial source-domain representations for valence are implemented in modality-nonspecific brain areas, failing to support an embodied neural implementation of Good is Up.
What about the other mental metaphor tested in Quadflieg et al.'s (2011) experiment, Powerful is Up? The MVPA classifier trained on visuo-spatial height did not succeed in discriminating brain activity associated with high- and low-power words. The "power" condition of the experiment produced a null result. This outcome should not be interpreted as evidence against the psychological reality of the mental metaphor Powerful is Up, which has been supported by numerous behavioral experiments (e.g., Schubert 2005). It should, however, be interpreted as a failure to provide evidence that the source domain of this mental metaphor is embodied. Papers reporting behavioral space-power congruity effects have expressly claimed that "the concept of power is embodied in vertical spatial positions" (Schubert 2005: 16), and that thinking about power "involves a perceptual simulation of vertical differences in space" (Schubert 2005: 3). Yet, these behavioral experiments are not capable of testing these claims, and the one relevant neuroimaging experiment provided no support for the claim that power is embodied in modality-specific simulations.
Do neuroimaging or neurostimulation studies show that the source domains of other mental metaphors are embodied? Not really. Language about the motor system has provided the most fruitful testbed for the embodiment of concrete, non-metaphorical concepts. Parts of the motor system in the human cerebral cortex are organized "somatotopically," meaning that there is a point-for-point correspondence between areas of the brain and parts of the body: hand areas in the primary motor and premotor cortices are responsible for planning and executing hand movements, whereas foot areas are responsible for foot movements, etc. Across numerous studies, language about hand and foot actions has been found to cue somatotopic activity: hand verbs like "throw" and "write" activate hand areas more than foot areas, and vice versa for foot verbs like "kick" and "step" (for reviews see Willems and Casasanto 2011; Pulvermüller 2005).
Several studies have contrasted literal vs. metaphorical or idiomatic uses of action verbs. In an fMRI experiment by Aziz-Zadeh et al. (2006), participants read matched literal and metaphorical action phrases (e.g., grasp the pen; grasp the idea), and also watched videos of literal actions (e.g., grasping a pen). Motor areas that were active during action observation were also active when participants read literal phrases about these actions – but not while they read metaphorical phrases with the same action verbs. This study by Aziz-Zadeh et al. adds to the body of evidence that language about literal action concepts is understood, in part, via modality-specific motor simulations. But it provides no evidence that simulations underlie the use of these action concepts as metaphorical source domains. Like the study by Aziz-Zadeh et al., other fMRI studies have also found motor simulation during literal uses of action language, but not during nonliteral uses (e.g., Desai et al. 2013; Raposo et al. 2009; Rueschemeyer et al. 2007).
Three neuroimaging studies (Boulenger et al. 2012; Desai et al. 2011; Lauro et al. 2013) and a neurostimulation study (Cacciari et al. 2011) have reported somatotopic motor activity during action metaphors or idioms. Although somewhat encouraging, these studies did not follow the most conservative statistical procedures to avoid false-positive results (e.g., testing for required higher-order interactions or correcting adequately for multiple comparisons). In light of the repeated null results from previous tests of somatotopy for action metaphors, results that are not supported by the most rigorous statistical tests should be treated with caution. It appears that "grasping the pen" is understood, in part, via embodied simulation, but "grasping the idea" may not be.
fMRI studies have tested for source-domain related activity in other modalities, including touch (Lacey et al. 2012) and taste (Citron and Goldberg 2014b). Lacey and colleagues asked participants to read sentences with tactile metaphors (e.g., she had a rough day) or non-tactile control sentences (e.g., she had a bad day). Sentences with tactile metaphors elicited more activity in parietal areas known to be active during tactile perception. Similarly, Citron and Goldberg asked participants to read taste metaphors (e.g., she looked at him sweetly) or non-gustatory paraphrases (e.g., she looked at him kindly), and found greater activity during the metaphorical sentences in brain areas known to be active during gustatory perception, including the anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus.
These findings are hard to interpret with respect to embodied simulation because the source-domain related activity was found in modality-nonspecific brain areas. The parietal lobe processes many kinds of input: not just touch. If tactile metaphors had activated hand areas of the somatosensory cortex, this result could have supported an embodied simulation claim in the study by Lacey et al. (2012). Likewise, in the study by Citron and Goldberg (2014b), source-domain related activity was found in massively multifunctional brain areas, which are activated during gustatory perception but also during many other cognitive and perceptual processes. These results, therefore, underscore the message of the fMRI study by Quadflieg and colleagues (2011) on space-valence mappings: source-domain related activity can be detected in the cerebral cortex, but for the most part it is found in modality-nonspecific brain areas.
Together, these results offer no clear support for the embodiment of mental metaphors. On the contrary, they suggest that source-domain representations are implemented in multi-modal or amodal brain areas – not in modality-specific simulations.
3 Summary and conclusions
There is strong evidence that people think in mental metaphors, and strong evidence that some of our thinking is embodied. But there is very little evidence that mental metaphors are embodied in modality-specific simulations. On the contrary, there is evidence that some mental metaphors are not embodied in this sense. There is, therefore, a Grand Canyon-sized gap between the strength of many researchers' belief in "embodied metaphors" and the strength of the evidence on which their beliefs should be based.
For a mental representation to be "embodied" in the sense most commonly invoked by metaphor researchers, it must be instantiated at least in part by a simulation of prior or potential bodily experiences, within modality-specific components of the brain's input and output systems (e.g., visual cortex, motor cortex; Barsalou 1999). There is only one way to demonstrate that a mental metaphor is embodied in this sense: show that source-domain representations are implemented in particular modality-specific systems. We do not claim that the neural substrates of mental metaphors should be limited to modality-specific areas, but at present there is no way to determine whether modality-nonspecific areas are supporting multimodal or amodal representations. Therefore, at present, it is only by testing for activity in modality-specific brain areas that embodied and amodal theories can be clearly distinguished; only modality-specific brain areas are useful for testing the embodied simulation hypothesis.
It is clear, then, what kind of data would be needed to support the embodiment of mental metaphors: if Understanding is Grasping is embodied, then activating the target domain of "understanding" should elicit source-domain activity in primary or premotor hand areas; if Knowing is Seeing is embodied, then activating the target domain of "knowing" should elicit source-domain activity in visual cortex; etc. To date, these predictions have almost no empirical support.
Dozens of behavioral studies have been interpreted as evidence for embodied metaphors. Most of these studies cite Barsalou's (1999) simulation hypothesis and claim to provide evidence that source-domain representations are implemented in perceptuo-motor simulations. In general, however, this claim is unsupported. Most behavioral experiments are incapable of fulfilling the minimum requirement for construct validity in a test of embodiment: evidence of modality-specific brain activity corresponding to the linguistic or cognitive process of interest (cf., Glenberg et al. 2008a). Therefore, most behavioral studies are not valid tests of embodiment, and their conclusions about perceptuo-motor simulation are misleading.
Even so, many behavioral studies of mental metaphor are valuable for at least three reasons. First, although these studies do not provide evidence for embodiment, many do support metaphor theory in creative and compelling ways. We now know that people activate source-domain representations with a surprising degree of automaticity when they process a variety of target domains. The profusion of experiments on mental metaphor over the past decade has transformed the landscape of evidence; it is no longer the case that metaphor theory is supported by analyses of linguistic metaphors, alone (Murphy 1996). Second, the behavioral study of mental metaphor has brought together communities of researchers who might not have interacted otherwise, from linguists and philosophers to psychologists (cognitive, social, developmental, clinical) and cognitive neuroscientists. Third, these behavioral studies provide evidence for a prerequisite to a theory of embodied metaphor: in order for people to activate embodied source domain representations, they must activate source-domain representations of some sort.
What sort of source-domain representations do people activate? Studies that allow observation or manipulation of neural states can address this question, and there is now a body of neuroimaging and neurostimulation experiments on mental metaphor. On the whole, they do not support the embodiment of source domain representations. Some show weak or null results. Others show clearly non-embodied results: source-domain representations are detected only in modality-nonspecific areas of the brain.
Perhaps these findings should not come as a surprise. "Image schemas" (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) such as verticality, containment, and support, which are hypothesized to be at the heart of source-domain representations, are highly abstract compared to percepts and actions. Even if image schemas are acquired through perceptuo-motor experiences, they are abstracted away from the particulars of those experiences. Mental metaphors could comprise source-domain representations derived from perceptuo-motor experience and stored in multimodal convergence zones, even if they do not typically involve modality-specific simulations. Testing this proposal awaits the development of methods that can distinguish amodal representations from multimodal representations in modality-nonspecific brain areas.
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- 1
We use the term "mental metaphor" as a generic alternative to Lakoff and Johnson's (1980, 1999) brand-name "conceptual metaphor," with the goal of freeing metaphor theory from some of Conceptual Metaphor Theory's commitments – such as the commitment to metaphors' developmental origins (see Casasanto 2008; Casasanto 2009; Casasanto 2010; Casasanto 2013 for discussion). Furthermore, the term "conceptual metaphor" is often used ambiguously, sometimes to refer to conventions in language and other times to hypothetical nonlinguistic associations in memory; we avoid this ambiguity by using the term "linguistic metaphor" for the former and "mental metaphor" for the latter. The term "mental metaphor" was used differently by Gentner and Gurdin (1985) to mean "a metaphor for the human mind" (e.g. Minds are Computers); our use of the term is much broader.
- 2
Here a "disembodied" theory is one that assumes thinking happens entirely in amodal symbols. A "non-embodied" theory (or result) is one that is agnostic to a role for modality-specific simulation in thinking.
- 3
Due to space constraints, we omit discussion of an influential set of studies by Arthur Glenberg and colleagues (2002, Glenberg, Sato, and Cattaneo 2008a, Glenberg, Sato, and Cattaneo 2008b) which has been interpreted as evidence that people's understanding of the metaphorical "transfer" of information from one person to another is represented via motor simulations. We do not believe the studies support this conclusion, in part for reasons articulated here. However, these innovative studies merit full consideration, and are discussed at length in Casasanto and Gijssels (2014). For the time being, we note that (a) these studies include one of the most ingenious attempts to date to test the simulation hypothesis using behavioral methods (Glenberg et al. 2008a), and that (b) still, we do not believe the attempt was successful. These studies do not constitute an exception to the generalizations we make here about obstacles to testing simulation claims with behavioral methods.
- 4
How could so many studies be so confused about what constitutes evidence for embodied simulation? It is easy to posit an explanation for confusion concerning supposed tests of whether metaphors are embodied; inferential problems may be inherited from similar behavioral studies that sought to demonstrate that simulations underlie the meanings of words for objects with canonical spatial locations (e.g., Estes et al. 2008; Zwaan and Yaxley 2003). Explaining how this crisis of evidence arose lies beyond the scope of this article (see Casasanto and Gijssels 2014); the crisis is not limited to studies on mental metaphor. Rather, it extends to nearly all behavioral studies that have attempted to test simulation claims.
About the article
Published Online: 2015-01-26
Published in Print: 2015-12-01
Research funding: Research supported by a James S. McDonnell Foundation Scholar Award (#220020236) and an NSF grant (BCS-1257101) to DC, and a PhD grant from the Scientific Research Fund of Flanders to TG.
Citation Information: Linguistics Vanguard, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 327–337, ISSN (Online) 2199-174X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2014-1015.


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Latest update January 26th, 2019 8:26 AM
Jun 25, 2016 VA Outdoors Recipes 0
In the summers, I spent days picking what seemed like an endless supply of blueberries from my grandparent's bushes. My grandmother made blueberry everything – pancakes, muffins and all kinds of desserts. Today I still love the taste of those tart and sweet berries. With summer here, take the time to get your kids out and picking fresh berries, and try this great blueberry cobbler recipe on your next camping trip.
Prep time is about 10 minutes, cooking time 30-35 minutes. You will need a large cast iron dutch oven, and a 10-12 inch skillet
For the filling:
For the dough:
In your skillet, melt the stick of butter over medium heat. Once the butter has melted, mix in the blueberries, sugar and water and cook this down until the liquids start to thicken up – around 5-7 minutes. Do not over-cook the blueberries.
Separately, mix the ingredients for the dough except for the butter. The butter should be in cut into ½ inch chunks and slowly worked into the mixture along with the milk. Roll dough mixture into ½' thick sheet and cut into small squares.
Once colas are ready, place the cooked blueberries into the bottom of the dutch oven, and place the squares of dough – covering the top of the blueberry mixture. The cobbler should bake at 350 degrees, to achieve this temperature, place 12 coals under the dutch oven, and an additional 20 coals on top of the dutch oven. Rotate the dutch oven every 5 minutes to cook evenly, for a period of 30-35 minutes. Let cool before serving.
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Blue Like Jazz
I'm currently reading Donald Miller's Blue Like Jazz and I found a quote this morning that I couldn't not share.
Here's what he says about God's Grace and Charity towards us:
"In exchange for our humility and willingness to accept the charity of God, we are given a kingdom. And a beggar's kingdom is better than a proud man's delusion." (Miller, Kindle location 769-771)
In the section before this quote Donald talks about how difficult it is to accept the grace and charity of God for what it is... Free. Humans, for some reason, have this idea that we can do it on our own so we don't rely on God to give us His free gift, we feel we have to earn it. We have to be good enough, we have to continue to do what He asks, we have to brush our teeth and say our prayers or He won't love us any more.
When we no longer believe that lie our lives CHANGE! God gives us a kingdom, the one He set out to give us from the beginning, and even if your kingdom isn't that great (it will be) it's better than living the lie that you can do it on your own.
I love this!
God, help me to stop living the lie and rely on you.
Have you experienced this in your life? Have you ever thought about the fact that God's love, grace and mercy are FREE? How has this changed your life?


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It's the Blog Hogger coming to you with something fun and dirty! Of course you know I'm talking about a card, right? lol Let's face it, there's something really enjoyable about ripping and sponging a card that just makes me happy!
I don't often do a "distressed" type of card but I wanted to challenge myself . . . in a positive way this time! lol I haven't gone back to stressing myself out, I'm pleased to say. (Frankly, that only makes sense if you are a regular follower of this blog . . . but basically all you need to know is I'm super competitive, even with myself! lol)
Anyway, here's my latest creation.
This one requires more work than my last few cards, but I think it's worth it.
Here are the details:
- The Crumb Cake cardstock (cs) is cut at 5 1/2" x 8 1/2" and scored at 4 1/4".
- The large Chocolate Chip layer is 4" square, and textured using the Square Lattice Emboss Folder.
- The Chocolate Chip layer with the ribbon is treated the same way and is just a little wider than the ribbon, and 5" long.
- The top Chocolate Chip layer (under the main image) is 4 1/4" x 3".
- The layer with the script on it and the top layer will be various sizes depending on how you rip the cs.
- I inked up one of the images from the Serene Silhouettes stamp set with Soft Suede ink, stamped it onto scrap paper and then onto the Naturals Ivory cs. (I wanted a very soft look.)
- The flower is made using the Five Petal and Boho Blossoms punches. The different layers are attached using an Antique Brad.
- Everything, and I mean every little thing, is sponged using Crumb Cake, Soft Suede and Chocolate Chip ink. In fact, I didn't have any antique-looking paper so I made some of my own by printing some stuff off on the printer and "dirtying" it up using the above mentioned inks. Here's a picture to show you the difference.
I have to admit I do like to make a card sometimes that can be used for almost any occasion and, since this one doesn't need a sentiment on the front, it meets that requirement.
Anyway, that's it for now, fellow stampers!


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Twins and triplets funny videos
Last month marked Twins and Triplets Awareness Week and to celebrate multiple births, we're sharing our favourite videos. From twin talk to playful triplets, here is the best of the rest.
- Triplets Laugh at Doorstop
- Twins secret language
- More Twin Talk
- Identical Playmate
- Twins Pretend to Bite
- Clever Bribing Triplet
- Giggling Quadruplets
- Bedtime Stories
- Twins Hate Song
- Triplets up to no Good
Triplets Laugh at Doorstop
Who needs expensive toys with flashing lights and noises when you can have fun with your brothers and a door stop?
Twins Secret Language
If you ever doubted that twins have a secret language that they use to communicate, this will be the video to convince you.
More Twin Talk
Another twin talk video showing the special bond between twins.
Identical Playmate
It must be great fun having a playmate who is exactly the same as you!
Twins Pretend to Bite
Luckily, these twins learned a vital lesson from the 'Charlie bit me!' video!
Clever Bribing Triplet
The trouble with triplets is finding a bench to fit all three…this triplet tries to bribe her sister to steal her seat!
Giggling Quadruplets
Quadruplets laugh in unison at their funny Daddy.
Bedtime Stories
Twins enjoying their favourite bedtime story.
Twins Hate Song
These twins have a very specific taste in music.
Triplets up to no Good
When triplets fall silent, it usually means they're up to no good!
Photography: Dan Bock @Flickr
Comments for 'Twins and triplets funny videos'
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smile.amazon.com/ch/02-0524211 and Amazon donates to Timberlane Community Band.
Amazon.com has a way to donate to Charitable organizations!
Simply log on to https://smile.amazon.com/ and your account information, etc. will follow you onto an almost identical site where every purchase can benefit the charity of your choosing,
such as: Timberlane Community Band!
If you are a member of Amazon Prime, it will work exactly the same here, and there are no additional costs to support the band!
Purchase as you normally would, and know that you are helping keep LIVE music going in the local area!
About AmazonSmile
What is AmazonSmile?
AmazonSmile is a simple and automatic way for you to support your favorite charitable organization every time you shop, at no cost to you. When you shop at smile.amazon.com, you'll find the exact same low prices, vast selection and convenient shopping experience as Amazon.com, with the added bonus that Amazon will donate a portion of the purchase price to your favorite charitable organization. You can choose from nearly one million organizations to support.
How do I shop at AmazonSmile?
To shop at AmazonSmile simply go to smile.amazon.com from the web browser on your computer or mobile device. You may also want to add a bookmark to smile.amazon.com to make it even easier to return and start your shopping at AmazonSmile.
Which products on AmazonSmile are eligible for charitable donations?
Tens of millions of products on AmazonSmile are eligible for donations. You will see eligible products marked "Eligible for AmazonSmile donation" on their product detail pages. Recurring Subscribe-and-Save purchases and subscription renewals are not currently eligible.
Can I use my existing Amazon.com account on AmazonSmile?
Yes, you use the same account on Amazon.com and AmazonSmile. Your shopping cart, Wish List, wedding or baby registry, and other account settings are also the same.


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Breaking Open of the Day
It is in the breaking open of the day, the sun is able to shine its light and darkness fades.Every night darkness returns, and every morning the day breaks itself open across the sky.
Perhaps the very first daybreak took a great amount of courage by the sun. There was not yet knowing that when the light came, darkness would fade. And there was not yet knowing how the light would impact everything on Earth.
This daily courage soon turned into knowing. This knowing eradicated any possible memory of a day without light.
As we find ourselves shrouded in darkness, we must have the courage to break ourselves open and release all our distortions so we may shine our light.
This daily courage and conquering of fears must become our only way of existence. We must eradicate all memory of choosing anything but this, So our light may be a constant.
We must anchor in the knowing that when darkness comes, the light ALWAYS comes shortly after.
Your world, and the world around you, needs you to shine your light. It needs you to exhume all the places within you that does not allow your light to break free.
Let's do it together. Break open with me.


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Hey guys! I started this blog for family and friends who would like to keep up with what God is doing through our family in Haiti. Feel free to share this blog on Facebook and such 🙂 I'll try to post something weekly, but forgive me if I miss a week. I'm not a "professional blogger", but I will do my best!
If you click on the "About us" tab and the "How to Get Involved" tab, you can read more information about what we do in Haiti. God bless!
Trip to Pennsylvania (picture above)
A few days ago, my parents and brother came home from a missionary retreat in Pennsylvania. They met with all of the other missionaries within the Cross Cultural Ministries organization. It was a great time of fellowship with fellow international missionaries. Lots of testimony sharing, encouraging, and praying for one another. It was also fun for them to catch up with our "Haiti missionary family". It was kind of a bummer that I (Emily) didn't get to go with them because of school, but maybe next time. 🙂


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Marshy Meadows FarmMarshy Meadows Farm Contact: Mardy Townsend
Biographical Info
Norman and Marge Townsend first purchased and moved to the family's Ashtabula County farm near Windsor in 1972. Through the '70s and early '80s they acquired additional land to get the farm to its current 226-acre size. They named the land Marshy Meadow Farms, and for good reason, said their daughter Mardy Townsend, who currently operates the farm. The land is very wet. It's that combination of dampness on the east side of Noble Road where the farm lies, and highly erodible land on the west side of the road, combined with the area's long, cold winters that prompted Townsend to transition the farm to all grass farming in 1990. Since then, a grass fed beef cattle herd has been the farm's primary enterprise.
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text: Grade 10-12 students may apply to be a Tutorial Leader for next year. Tutorials are first block every Wednesday from October to May. Leaders work in teams and are responsible for attendance and general supervision in their assigned learning spaces. If you would like to take advantage of this important leadership opportunity, please fill in the online application form. If you have any questions, please see Ms DiLauro.


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One of the New Year Resolutions that women should declare, if they have not already done so, is to practice self care. Skin care is among one of the many aspect of self care that women must implement. A good routine preserves your skin's aesthetics and health. Without further ado, I will share with you my current, post-shower nightly applications.
1. The Body Shop: Seaweed Clarifying Toner
This toner not only does its job of spreading preliminary moisture to my face, it also produces a cooling effect like no other toner I've previously used. Such sensation almost matches that of chewing minty flavored gum, with the sensual benefit and the much needed preparation for the next step of skincare.
2. Oliology: Therapeutic Guide, Vitamin C Serum
Despite being labeled #2, Oliology: Therapeutic Guide, Vitamin C Serum is used in conjunction with The Body Shop: Seaweed Clarifying Toner. I apply several drops of the oil to the toner and mix these products before application. In addition to the increased viscosity from the mix, this strategy combines the benefit from collagen and Vitamin C with that of the initial moisture,
3. Lancôme: Tonique Confort
Lancôme: Tonique Confort's high viscosity may appear sticky at first, but it feels anything but once you begin applying it evenly across your face. This is why I use it after applying The Body Shop's foundational toner. In addition to the enhanced moisture, which is much needed if you live in an arid region, this toner enhances the health of my overall complexion. Its performance is noted through its ability to rectify uneven tones on my face that emerged when I first moved from the coast to the desert. The issue with uneven tone never appeared again.
4.The Body Shop: Pomegranate Eye Roller
Although my under eyes aren't saggy, securing firmness of my under eyes with The Body Shop: Pomegranate Eye Roller further delays its onset. The little creases beneath the outer corner of my eyes – only visible when I squint my eyes – do appear less conspicuous after a prolonged use of this eye roller. After extended use of this product, I can say that I haven't observed any obvious, if any, signs of baggy eyes or additional creases. The rest is making sure that I get enough sleep.
5. Lanocrème Collagen Formula Firming Eye Serum
To lock in the benefits from the previous product, I apply the extra collagen from this eye serum to delay aging and impede the development of fine lines. This was a recent addition to my regimen, so I cannot comment on its long-term effects as of yet. I currently allow the skin absorb the ingredients before proceeding onto the night moisturizer.
6. Lancôme: Bienfait Multi-Vital Night
I end my routine with Lancôme: Bienfait Multi-Vital Night, a moisturizing night cream. Since I live in a dry region, including a night cream to your skincare routine becomes crucial for securing the moisture and maintaining softness. It also locks in the glow that my skin desires to emit. Finally, I experienced zero skin irritation from this particular moisturizer as I have with several other brands I've used. You don't want to go to sleep with a burning sensation that may cause insomnia.
In Conclusion…
Your mileage will vary. Different skin types require different products and regimen. People with various skin conditions should also consider potentials for dermal inflammations due to various ingredients. When in doubt, consult your dermatologist and read reviews by those with skin conditions similar to yours. The good news is that there are products for every skin type, so your options are not limited. You just have to take your time, do your research, and find the right ones for you.
Feel free to share your skincare routines in the comments below. I'd love to exchange ideas!


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Even as the Indian government pressed Sri Lanka for a thorough probe into the killing of an Indian fishermen, Sri Lanka said an initial probe had ruled out its navy's involvement in the incident. India had taken up the issue with Lankan PM Ranil Wickremesinghe.
The 22-year-old Indian fisherman was shot dead on Monday while he was fishing in a mechanised boat a short distance off Katchatheevu islet. Local fishermen alleged that he was killed by the Sri Lankan navy while another was injured.
In New Delhi, the foreign ministry said, "Government of India is deeply concerned at the killing of an Indian fisherman. Our high commissioner to Sri Lanka has taken up the matter with the prime minister of Sri Lanka (Ranil Wickremesinghe). The Sri Lankan navy has promised a full and thorough investigation."
Sri Lankan navy spokesman Lieutenant Commander Chaminda Walakuluge in Colombo categorically denied any involvement of its navy in the fisherman's killing, saying the navy did not open fire at poaching fishermen and only arrested them.
In a statement, the Sri Lankan foreign ministry said, "The initial investigations had indicated that the Sri Lankan navy was not involved. Irrespective of the parties involved, if in fact a shooting has taken place, it is a matter of grave concern and all possible action will be taken in cooperation with the relevant Indian authorities to investigate into this incident utilising GPS technology as well."
The killing has triggered protests in Tamil Nadu, where chief minister Edappadi K Palaniswami condemned the incident and announced a compensation of Rs 5 lakh for the victim's family.


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Christian Resource Center
Empowering People Across Greater Austin
Volunteer opportunities for individuals, families & small groups.
The purpose of the Christian Resource Center is to network and support ministries, churches, businesses and individuals to work together to demonstrate and proclaim the gospel for all people by addressing real needs.
As a top priority ministry focus of Community Impact, it is our goal to assist in growing the Christian Resource Center (CRC), the many ministries that operate on site, and the several partner ministries located off site that the CRC refers visitors to. Through mobilizing the people of Hill Country to serve at CRC and it's ministries, we believe many will hear & believe the life-changing reality of Jesus Christ.
The CRC is located just minutes from our Lakeline campus in Cedar Park at Twin Lakes Fellowship. From senior care to job training, food & clothing distribution to teen outreach, you can be a part of the work our community has united together to provide. Prayerfully consider how you can get involved!
There are plenty of the ways you can get involved and make a difference in our community. Here are just a few:
- Help prepare food boxes Monday and Tuesday
- Mentor young men in trades programs
- Provide administrative assistance
- Be a family case manager
- Be a prayer warrior
- Serve at Graduation celebrations
- Donate and help distribute clothes and household items
- Help with fundraising events
- Serve on a board of directors
Learn about different ministry opportunities at CRC below!
Clinic Ministries
Trotter House (formerly Austin PRC)
Trotter House offers resources and services including pregnancy testing, sonograms, Life Skills classes and more. The mobile unit visits the Christian Resource Center on the 1st Tuesday of each month, and client services are available during the rest of the week at the newly renovated office in Central Austin.
Trotter House is located at 2717 Rio Grande, Austin, TX 78705. The center's hours are MWF 10:00 am – 3:00 pm, Tues 10:00 am – 6:00 pm, Thursday 12:30 – 6:00 pm, and 1st Saturdays 10:00 am – 2:00 pm.
If you would like more information or to become a volunteer, you can email Rachel Carpenter at email@example.com.
Follow Austin PRC:
Job Skills Training
Trade Skills Training for Adults
Career Life Ministry
Career Life Ministry desires to saturate the next generation with the love of Jesus Christ while training them for technical career opportunities through short-term OSHA and NCCER certificated training in the electrical and/or plumbing trades.
Mentors guide participants in an atmosphere of caring and genuine concern for the student's spiritual future as well as their careers. A low student to staff ratio allows for deeper personal relationships that are key in life and career transformation.
This ministry offers the following types of volunteer opportunities:
- Adult Recovery
- Evangelism
- Job Skills Training
- Meals & Snacks
- Tutoring/Mentoring
Specific volunteer need:
Classroom instructors and mentors trained in electrical or other trade skills, as well as individuals to provide lunch to students and instructors on Saturdays. Also accepts donations of class scholarships ($375 + tuition costs per student), tools and electrical materials such as conduit, wire, light fixtures, etc.
Volunteer commitment: Saturdays 8:00am – 4:00pm
For more information or to volunteer, email John Jarmon.
Join our Facebook group!
Automotive Trade Skills Training for Teens & Young Adults
CARS/Owen's Garage
CARS is a faith based youth development program designed to reach and connect with young people ages 14-24 in a vocational and recreational setting. The program teaches automobile ASE certified care and repair and basic life skills through mentoring.
This ministry offers the following types of volunteer opportunities:
- Evangelism
- Job Skills Training
- Meals & Snacks
- Physical Labor
- Prayer
- Professional Services (admin, marketing, etc.)
- Tutoring & Mentoring
Specific volunteer need:
Classroom instructors and mentors, individuals willing to provide meals to students, instructors on Tuesday or Thursday evenings. Also accepting donations of cars, tools, supplies, food & drink, and building materials.
Volunteer commitment: Tuesday and/or Thursday 5:30pm – 9:00pm
For more information or to volunteer, email Marc Swiatek.
Join the Facebook group!
Entry-Level Job & Life Skills Training for Adults
Life Bridge Job Corps
Life Bridge Job Corp offers faith-based job readiness and life skills training for adults. Through meeting the practical needs of those in poverty through job readiness & adult education, LBJC has the opportunity to help participants and volunteers understand Christ's love for them.
This ministry offers the following types of volunteer opportunities:
- Driving & Delivery
- Evangelism
- Food/Clothing Pantry
- Foreign Language
- Job Skills Training
- Meals & Snacks
- Physical Labor
- Prayer
- Professional Services (Administration, Database, Event Planning & Coordination, Fundraising, Social Media, Marketing)
- Tutoring & Mentoring
Specific Volunteer Need:
Instructors, tutors, and class coordinators for computer skills, ESL and GED prep. Mentors for adult students. Administrative, childcare, and special event workers. Individuals or groups to provide and/or serve lunch to students and instructors. Hairstylists and photographers for Pro Image Days. LBJC also accepts donations of career closet outfits, undergarments, jewelry, paper goods, office supplies, coffee, sweetener, creamer, gift cards (used as incentives for GED students), cleaning supplies, & hair cuts.
Volunteer commitment: Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday 9:00-12:30. Evening Days and Times TBD.
For more information or to volunteer, email CRC Executive Director, Chris Rowley.
Professional Job Search Assistance for Adults
Job Seekers Network
We provide job search training, networking, and encouragement for professionals. To see a current calendar for meetings and workshops, location details and what to expect go to: www.job-seekers-network.org
Each Monday, 80 – 100 job seekers gather in the North Auditorium at our Lakeline Campus for job search training, networking and encouragement. We meet from 9:00-11:30 am. First timer? Please plan to arrive by 8:40 a.m.
Unemployment hits at the core of a person's confidence, emotions and faith, leading many to despair. Job Seekers Network is there to provide tangible job search help, along with prayer support and much needed hope.Mission Statement: Job Seekers Network is dedicated to providing comprehensive job search programs and services and emotional and spiritual support to unemployed and underemployed adults in Greater Austin to support, equip, and enable them to find a better fitting job faster.
FREE Monday Morning Programs & Services 9:00 – 11:30 AM:
- Keynote addresses by some of Austin's best motivational and job search strategy speakers.
- Encouraging life change stories and spiritual encouragement.
- Training on résumés, interviewing, elevator pitch, LinkedIn and more taught by excellent subject matter coaches.
- Recruiters and hiring organizations.
For more information or to volunteer, email HCBC ministry leader Craig Foster.
Stay updated with JSN:Facebook | LinkedIn | Twitter
Ministry to Senior Citizens
Drive A Senior Northwest
Drive a Senior offers free transportation and other support services for senior adults to live independently in their own homes. Services are provided by volunteer drivers, home handymen, office volunteers and hosts/hostesses for twice monthly luncheons.
This ministry offers the following types of volunteer opportunities:
- Driving & Delivery
- Meals & Snacks
- Physical Labor (handyman, landscaping, etc.)
- Prayer
- Professional Services (front office staff, event hosts)
Specific volunteer needs:
Drivers, handymen, monthly Senior Day Out hosts, front office help. Also accepting donations of gently used walkers and canes.
Volunteer commitment: Flexible scheduling with some services requiring just a one hour commitment. Most are one-two hour events. Volunteers must receive introductory training about use of the scheduling website and the spirit of services provided.
For more information or to volunteer, email Mark Holder.
Prison/Youth Mentoring
Nineveh Ministries – making a difference in the lives of juvenile offenders across Texas. Empower juvenile offenders to find purpose & personal growth through a relationship with Christ.
This ministry offers the following types of volunteer opportunities:
- Counseling
- Driving & Delivery
- Evangelism
- Job Skills Training
- Meals & Snacks
- Prayer
- Professional Services (Graphic Designers)
- Tutoring & Mentoring
Specific volunteer need:
Mentors & Bible study leaders (especially African American or Hispanic males) to meet with students in Williamson & Travis County juvenile detention facilities to pray and equip them with the gospel. Also looking for individuals to provide meals for Thursday night teen center gatherings. Nineveh accepts donations of cars, trailers, old cell phones and computers, food and pallets.
Volunteer commitment: Nightly
For more information or to volunteer, email HCBC ministry leader Lara Bailiff.
Resources for the Needy
Christian Compassion Center
The Christian Compassion Center (C3) collects merchandise for distribution to Austin citizens in need, free of charge, through associated faith-based organizations in the city. Last year, 1900 greater Austin area citizens were blessed through C3.
This ministry offers the following types of volunteer opportunities:
- City Development
- Disaster Recovery
- Driving & Delivery
- Evangelism
- Prayer
- Professional Services (admin, marketing,etc.)
Specific volunteer need:
Sort, organize, pickup and/or deliver donated goods. Also accepts donations of furniture, household items, and sundry items in good condition.
Volunteer commitment: C3 is open by appointment only. Contact ministry leader for details.
For more information or to volunteer, email HCBC ministry leader Mark Shackelford.
Follow Christian Compassion Center: Facebook | Twitter
What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? Can that faith save him? If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food, and one of you says to them "Go in peace, be warmed and filled," without giving them the things needed for the body, what good is that? So also faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead. – James 2:14
Reveal Resource Center
Reveal Resource Center is a food pantry and clothes closet at the Christian Resource Center (CRC) that serves 300-400 families each week with the help of 100+ volunteers. Reveal is a Central Texas Food Bank partner agency that distributes groceries, clothing, and ministry support. The primary focus is to be the hands and feet of Jesus to the Greater Austin community. Reveal also serves as a gateway to all of the resources available at the CRC, helping to break the cycle of poverty.
Reveal Resource Center opens its doors every Monday and Tuesday to offer food, clothing and spiritual resources to brothers and sisters in need. Check out Reveal Resource Center in action and find out how to get involved below.
Distribution of Food & Clothing
Reveal accepts donations of clothing (all types & sizes) and unopened, non-expired food.
Mondays: 7:00 – 8:00 pm
Tuesdays: 9:00 am – 12:00 pm
CRC at Twin Lakes Fellowship
1150 South Bell Blvd, Cedar Park
(512) 981-7721
*No identification or qualifying required
Mondays: 9:00 – 11:30 am > Unloading and bagging only
Mondays: 6:00 – 8:30 pm > Sort and distribute groceries and clothing; Carryout to client vehicles; Client intake and Gospel sharing (especially Spanish speakers); Data Entry; Set up/ Tear down
Tuesdays: 8:30 am – 12:30 pm > Sort and distribute groceries and clothing; Carryout to client vehicles; Client intake and Gospel sharing (especially Spanish speakers); Data Entry; Set up/ Tear down
Every Day: 7:30 – 9:30 am > Van/Truck Drivers to pick up donations from local grocery stores
For more information or to volunteer, email Bob Hartigan.
Follow us on Facebook!
Faith Home Restoration
Faith Home Restoration is a Christian home providing a safe environment and community for women that desire to walk through the restoration process with God. As a partner ministry of the Christian Resource Center, Faith Home provides a safe, drug-free environment and offers prayer, support, fellowship and encouragement. Residents participate in Celebrate Recovery and weekly Bible studies.
This ministry offers the following types of volunteer opportunities:
- Prayer
- Driving & Delivery (Grocery store, Doctor appointments)
- Mentors/ Life Coaches / Evangelism / Bible Study Leaders
- Food / Clothing Pantry / Cleaning Supplies / Paper Goods
- Mowing / General Lawn Care
- Job Skills Training
- Marketing / Admin Support (Web design, Graphic design)
- Social Media Support
- Donations: women's clothing, toiletries, toilet paper, paper goods, cleaning supplies, lawn equipment, vacuum cleaner, mops, food.
For more information or to volunteer, email or call Amy Crawford, 512.552.3259.
Follow Faith Home Restoration: Facebook
CRC at Twin Lakes Fellowship
1150 S. Bell Blvd
Cedar Park, TX 78613
Phone: 512-909-9166
Email: email@example.com
Web: crctwinlakes.org/volunteer


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Claire Ann Buckley (left), president of the Kane School Board, congratulates Jeff Kepler (center) after his appointment Thursday as the acting school superintendent on July 1. He will replace Anna Kearney (right), the interim school superintendent.
Pennsylvania American Water is continuing to distribute water to its Kane district customers who are still experiencing odor and taste problems with their home water. A sanitary tanker is parked inside the Kane Fire Hall on Poplar Street.
Demolition continues at the former Kane Handle plant along Biddle Street (Route 6). Steve Dyne of Kane is the excavation contractor. John Sheidio, operator of Sheidio Logging and Lumber of Slippery Rock, is the owner of the site.
Members of the Highland Township Volunteer Fire Department squirt water on "hot spots" among the remnants of the Highland Hotel, which was totally destroyed by fire early Tuesday morning. No injuries were reported. Damage is estimated at more than $200,000.
State Senior Judge John Cleland of Kane and his wife, Julie pose with the judge's portrait that hangs on the wall outside the main courtroom at the McKean County Courthouse. The portrait was hung recently as part of a Judicial Service Display Dedication ceremony.
Thousands of lights-- mostly blue-- shine during the Christmas season on trees in Evergreen Park in Kane. Bill and Kim Cecchetti lead volunteers in decorating the park with the lights.
This test pit at the rear of the Kwik Fill convenience store at 400 N. Fraley St. at Holman Street is part of continuing efforts of United Refining to recover gasoline that leaked from an underground storage tank at the store.
This massive 20-point buck was shot Monday – opening day for the rifle buck season – in Keating Township near Crosby in McKean County. Andrew Gallup, a senior at Smethport High School, shot the buck. It is the largest buck ever entered in the 49-year history of the Mt. Jewett Buck Contest.
The Kane Area Ministerial Association presented its annual Thanksgiving service earlier
Wearing just a short-sleeve shirt on Friday, Nov. 18, Cindy Brown of Kane pushes her 2 1/2-year-old grandson, Samuel of Ludlow in his toy car. The temperature rose into the upper 60s Friday under sunny skies. The euphoric attitude about the weather soon will end.


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Shields Family Portraits | Utah Family Photographer
I met Shannon through my sister a few years ago when I was getting my business up and going. She was also getting her business up and going. She is a talented makeup artist, so we partnered to give each others clients discounts. I have LOVED working with her, she is the perfect fit for my business. She treats my clients the same why I would treat them, with kindness and respect. Ive had the pleasure of shooting her family a few times now and her boys are so stinking cute and fun to shoot! Like all 3 year olds, Jet loves to be active, so we had a fun time trying to get him to cooperate for photos. I would let him take some pictures of his mom and then he would behave for a few more shots. Check out some of Shannons work on her instagram!


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Because majority of alpha males insult beta males. Nobody taught beta males(not even their own parents!) to know true nature of females/humans overall, thats why when alphas say "females are always natural children" this sounds very radical/strange for beta males, their mothers behaved more properly than current females so thats why betas dont understand very well. When you alphas tell stuff like that for beta males. You should always avoid insulting them, instead you need to provide lots of citations/evidence (example quotes from books/studies etc.. without forgetting to mention the full name and maker of the book) to prove your words to be true. With insulting beta males you only trigger their defensive mode of their minds, nothing else.
Goodluck on trying to talk with betas..
Goodluck on trying to talk with betas..
How quaint - beta demanding respect. If what I say is true, then they should act on it. They are either too stupid or too scared to do so, I suppose.
Betas are unbiddable children, you could say. To get them to do anything you probably have to frighten them or pay them, and they would end up bungling the job anyway.


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