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Agricultural Catchments
The Agricultural Catchments Programme is based on a partnership with farmers and other stakeholders and aims to support productive agriculture while protecting water quality. The programme integrates advice and research and operates in small river catchments of 500 to 2,900ha. The programme, funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and run by Teagasc, is implemented by a team of researchers, advisers and technicians working closely with farmers. The programme advisers provide an intensive advisory and planning service to farmers in the catchments with support from their colleagues locally and nationally. Their purpose is to improve the profitability of the farms and help the farmers to implement the Good Agricultural Practice measures contained in the National Action Programme. The programme's research and technical staff work with the farmers and advisers to evaluate the environmental and economic effects of the measures.
Recent Submissions
Phosphorus management on Irish dairy farms post controls introduced under the EU Nitrates DirectiveThe Republic of Ireland was one of a minority of EU member states to include direct controls on chemical phosphorus (P) fertilisers in its EU Nitrates Directive National Action Plan, first introduced in 2006. This study estimates farm gate phosphorus balances and use efficiencies across 150 specialist dairy farms over the seven year period since these controls were introduced (2006–2012) using nationally representative data. Results indicate that P balances declined by 50% over the study period from 11.9 in 2006 to 6.0 kg ha− 1 in 2012. This decline was driven by a reduction in chemical fertiliser imports of 6.5 kg ha− 1. This is equivalent to a reduction of 281 kg of P and represents a cost saving of €812 per annum across the average farm. Phosphorus use efficiency also improved over the period from 60% in 2006 to 78% in 2012, peaking in 2011 at 88.3%. This was achieved while increasing milk solids output per hectare and per cow. Results of a random effects panel data model indicated that P balance and use efficiency are significantly influenced by factors such as fertiliser prices, stocking rates, land use potential, use of milk recording technology, contact with extension services and rainfall patterns.
Developing the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network to derive indicators around the sustainable use of nitrogen and phosphorus at farm level.This study uses a national farm survey which is part of the European Union (EU) Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) to develop environmental sustainability indicators in the use of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) across a range of farm systems in the Republic of Ireland. Farm level micro data were used to calculate all inputs and outputs of N and P that cross the farm gate and to derive balances (kg ha-1) and overall use efficiencies across 827 farms in 2012. The sample is populated weighted to represents 71,480 farms nationally. Results indicated an average N balance of 71.0 kg ha-1 and use efficiency of 36.7% across the nationally representative sample. Nitrogen balances were between two and four times higher across specialist dairy farms compared to livestock rearing and specialist tillage systems. Nitrogen use efficiency was generally lowest across milk producing systems compared to livestock rearing and tillage systems. Phosphorus balance and use efficiency averaged 4.7 kg ha-1 and 79.6% respectively across the sample. Specialist tillage and dairying farms had higher average P balances compared to other livestock based systems. The approach developed in this analysis will form the benchmark for temporal analysis across these indicators for future nutrient balance and efficiency trends and could assist other members of the EU FADN to develop similar nationally representative indicators.
Summer Rains and Dry Seasons in the Upper Blue Nile Basin: The Predictability of Half a Century of Past and Future Spatiotemporal PatternsDuring the last 100 years the Ethiopian upper Blue Nile Basin (BNB) has undergone major changes in land use, and is now potentially facing changes in climate. Rainfall over BNB supplies over two-thirds of the water to the Nile and supports a large local population living mainly on subsistence agriculture. Regional food security is sensitive to both the amount and timing of rain and is already an important political challenge that will be further complicated if scenarios of climate change are realized. In this study a simple spatial model of the timing and duration of summer rains (Kiremt) and dry season (Bega), and annual rain over the upper BNB was established from observed data between 1952 and 2004. The model was used to explore potential impacts of climate change on these rains, using a down-scaled ECHAM5/MP1-OM scenario between 2050 and 2100. Over the observed period the amount, onset and duration of Kiremt rains and rain-free Bega days have exhibited a consistent spatial pattern. The spatially averaged annual rainfall was 1490 mm of which 93% was Kiremt rain. The average Kiremt rain and number of rainy days was higher in the southwest (322 days) and decreased towards the north (136 days). Under the 2050–2100 scenario, the annual mean rainfall is predicted to increase by 6% and maintain the same spatial pattern as in the past. A larger change in annual rainfall is expected in the southwest (ca. +130 mm) with a gradually smaller change towards the north (ca. +70 mm). Results highlight the need to account for the characteristic spatiotemporal zonation when planning water management and climate adaptation within the upper BNB. The presented simple spatial resolved models of the presence of Kiremt and annual total rainfall could be used as a baseline for such long-term planning.
Ireland's Rural Environment: Research Highlights from Johnstown CastleThis booklet gives a flavour of the current research in Teagasc Johnstown Castle Research Centre and introduces you to the staff involved. It covers the areas of Nutrient Efficiency, Gaseous emissions, Agricultural Ecology, Soils and Water quality.
The potential to reduce the risk of diffuse pollution from agriculture while improving economic performance at farm levelWithin the constraints of the EU Nitrates and Water Framework Directives, controlling and managing nutrient transfers to water from excessive nutrient use on agricultural land is a significant environmental policy challenge. This paper assesses whether there is room to reduce inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser applications and imported feeds by exploring the extent to which application rates may have exceeded optimum levels using data envelopment analysis methodology. The investigation concentrates on specialist dairy and tillage farms in the Republic of Ireland stratified by land use potential as these agricultural systems are the most intensive and may pose the greatest risk in terms of managing nutrient transfers from agricultural land to water bodies. Results demonstrate inefficiency in the utilisation of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers across these systems. Second stage regression analysis indicates significant return to efficiency from agricultural education. Average over application of chemical fertilizers ranged from 22.8 to 32.8 kg N ha-1 and 2.9 to 3.51 kg P ha-1 in 2008 which research has shown is at least similar and greater than losses to leaching and runoff for N and P, respectively, from similar intensive agricultural land uses. Potential cost savings on chemical fertilisers across all systems on average ranged from €38.9 ha-1 to €48.5 ha-1. Additionally, potential cost reductions on imported feeds of €65 to €84 per livestock were indicated for dairy farms versus efficient cohort benchmark farms. Average excess of imported feedstuffs equated to 5.82-7.44 kg LU-1 of N and 0.92-1.17 kg LU-1 of P. Such reductions have the potential to deliver a double dividend by reducing the risk of diffuse nutrient losses from agricultural land while improving economic margins at farm level.
Intra-national importation of pig and poultry manure: acceptability under EU Nitrates Directive constraintsMatching the agronomic limits of manure spread lands from housed animal units is an international concern where receiving lands can become over supplied and lead to water quality problems where eutrophication is a risk. Across the EU, this means establishing policy to export manures to off-farm spread lands under tight regulation. Transitional arrangements across, for example, the Republic of Ireland between 2006-2010 allowed pig and poultry manures to be spread subject only to the nitrogen amendment limits of the EU Nitrates Directive and not the phosphorus limits. From 2013 this arrangement is to be phased out, and pig and poultry producers have consequently expressed concerns about the availability of recipient spread lands for these manures. Using a national farm survey and a multinomial model this paper investigates the willingness of the farming population to import these manures. Results indicate that between 9 and 15 per cent of farmers nationally would be willing to pay to import these manures; a further 17-28 per cent would import if offered on a free of charge basis. Demand is strongest among arable farmers, younger farmer cohorts and those of larger farm size with greater expenditure on chemical fertilisers per hectare and who are not restricted by a Nitrates Directive derogation. The nature of this demand could assist in achieving environmental goals under the EU Nitrates and Water Framework Directives.
What are the financial returns to agriculture from a common property resource? A case study of Irish commonageCommonage in the Republic of Ireland has traditionally been used for agricultural activity, mainly livestock grazing. In recent times due to its prevailing common property characteristics and upland landscape, this resource is increasingly attracting the interest of recreational enthusiasts. However, the potential opportunity costs associated with recreation – namely the commercial value of sheep and cattle grazing on commonage remains to be investigated. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by analysing the agricultural returns from livestock rearing enterprises on commonage land for a sample of farmers in the west of Ireland. Results indicate that stocking rates are three times higher on privately owned land compared to shared commonage. Over 80 per cent of the farms in the sample had a gross margin under €20,000. In total, 96 per cent of gross margin was found to be attributable to Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) payments; with area based payments twice as important as direct livestock subsidies.
Implementation of the EU Nitrates Directive in the Republic of Ireland — A view from the farmThis paper employs Q methodology to investigate farmer opinions of the operation of the EU Nitrates Directive regulations after the first 4 year National Action Programme phase and explores the level of acceptance and refutation of measures from the view of farmers own knowledge and experience of land stewardship. Results indicate 4 main opinion groups. A "Constrained Productionists"group remain unconvinced about the appropriateness of certain measures from a farm management, environmental and water quality perspective. A second group "Concerned Practitioners" share some of these concerned but are generally more positive regarding other farm management and environmental benefits accruing from the regulations. A third group, "Benefit Accepters", indicated quite an environmentalist position and are generally very positive towards regulation implementation and associated environmental and farm management benefits. The final group "Regulation Unaffected" have some concerns but are mostly unaffected by the regulations. Results suggest there is a growing acceptance among some farmers of environmental benefits accruing from the regulation but scepticism remains around the validity of certain measures, especially, in the area of temporal farm practices.
Supply of an ecosystem service—Farmers' willingness to adopt riparian buffer zones in agricultural catchmentsIn the European Union, mitigation measures to abate diffuse pollution from agricultural land are implemented under the direction of the EU Nitrates and Water Framework Directives. As these measures are implemented in national policies, a review process will look at the efficacy of the measures with a view to recommending further measures as necessary and following scientific and stakeholder consultation. Riparian buffer zones, beyond those zones used as mandatory set back distances for fertiliser and organic manure spreading, have been used as filters in some countries to attenuate nutrient rich runoff and may be proposed as supplementary measures elsewhere. Notwithstanding the ongoing research on the physio-chemical efficiency of riparian buffer zones, this study examined the willingness of farmers to adopt such features on agricultural land. The sample size was 247 farmers in 12 catchments (approximately 4-12km2) in the Republic of Ireland. The survey was based on a proposal to install a 10 metre deep riparian buffer zone on a five year scheme and the analysis was based on principal components analysis, contingent valuation methodology and a Generalized Tobit Interval model. Results from this analysis indicated that famers' willingness to supply a riparian buffer zone depended on a mix of economic, attitudinal and farm structural factors. A total of 53% of the sample indicated a negative preference for provision. Principle constraints to adoption include interference with production, nuisance effects and loss of production in small field systems. Of those willing to engage with supply, the mean willingness to accept based cost of provision for a 10 metre riparian buffer zone was estimated to be €1513 ha-1 per annum equivalent to €1.51 per linear metre of riparian area.
Walking in the Irish countryside – Landowner preferences and attitudes to improved public access provisionThis paper explores the attitudes of landowners across Ireland to the wider provision of public access for recreational walking using a multinomial logit model. The study also investigates the level of compensation required to improve the supply of this public good. Results indicate that 51% of landowners are not willing to provide access (non providers), 21% are willing to provide access free of charge (free providers) and 28% seek compensation (willing providers). Our findings indicate that participation by landowners in a proposed public access scheme is influenced by landowners' experience with walkers, farm type, farm insurance costs, household demographics, regional variations, opportunity cost of land and participation in other agri-environment schemes. Mean willingness to accept for landowners willing to facilitate improved public access for walking was found to be €0.27 per metre of walkway.
Public access for walking in the Irish countryside – Can supply be improved?Public access to the Irish countryside for walking and recreation generally is a contentious issue. Increased affluence, mobility and changing values have brought about increased demands with respect to recreation in the countryside. There is also a greater emphasis on consumption demands for goods and services in rural areas. However, provision of a walking product has not been without problems in Ireland. This paper focuses on how public access provision for recreational walking might be enhanced by exploring the situation and precedent in a cross section of European and other developed nations and by examining the concerns of landowners especially with regard to public liability. Supply side factors affecting public access provision are examined in an economic context and a discussion is offered on how the supply might be improved. In the absence of compulsion through legislation, which seems unlikely in an Irish context, this paper contends that the supply of public access is dependent on factors such as cost of provision, potential monetary incentives and landowner preferences. Finally, a change to the Occupiers Liability Act to a definitive enter at your own risk situation would help dissipate liability concerns.
Recreational demand for farm commonage in Ireland: A contingent valuation assessmentThis paper measures willingness to pay (WTP) for public access and trail improvements on commonage farmland for recreational walking in upland and lowland areas of Connemara region in the West of Ireland using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Common to both upland and lowland commonage sites was the much higher ranking for infrastructural features by those WTP for scenario implementation compared to those preferring the status quo. Results for those expressing a positive WTP reveal a median willingness to pay (MWTP) for formal access with improved trail infrastructure of €12.22 for the lowlands compared with €9.08 for the uplands.
Improving Public Access to the Irish Countryside for Walking – Investigation of Supply and Demand Side FactorsIncreased interest and demand for land based recreational amenities has seen the rise of conflict between landowners and recreationalists (particularly walkers) in the Republic of Ireland. A right of access to the countryside for recreation prevalent across other developed nations does not apply. Stakeholders have tabled various proposals to address this situation ranging from a right to roam across the countryside to a compensation payment to landowners for recreational access. Whilst policy makers are aware of the economic opportunities associated with open-air outdoor recreation activities, rational public decision making requires that economic benefits and costs should be clearly identified and valued to justify any policy intervention. To-date no such evaluation has been undertaken. This thesis explores supply and demand side factors that influence public access provision to the Irish countryside for recreational walking. Firstly, contingent valuation was used to measure the willingness to pay of consumers for improved public access and trail improvements on commonage farmland based on two case study sites in the Connemara region. Secondly, a national representative survey was used to explore the attitudes of landowners across the Republic of Ireland to the wider provision of public access for recreational walking on farmland, including the potential opportunity costs to agriculture as well as the level of compensation demanded by landowners. This thesis argues that based on derived welfare estimates there is significant scope for policy interventions to improve public access to the countryside in the Republic of Ireland.
Variations in travel time for N loading to groundwaters in four case studies in Ireland:Implications for policy makers and regulatorsMitigation measures to protect waterbodies must be implemented by 2012 to meet the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive. The efficacy of these measures will be assessed in 2015. Whilst diffuse N pathways between source and receptor are generally long and complex, EU legislation does not account for differences in hydrological travel time distributions that may result in different water quality response times. The "lag time" between introducing mitigation measures and first improvements in water quality is likely to be different in different catchments; a process that should be considered by policy makers and catchment managers. Many examples of travel time variations have been quoted in the literature but no Irish specific examples are available. Lag times based on initial nutrient breakthrough at four contrasting sites were estimated to a receptor 500 m away from a source. Vertical travel times were estimated using a combination of depth of infiltration calculations based on effective rainfall and subsoil physical parameters and existing hydrological tracer data. Horizontal travel times were estimated using a combination of Darcian linear velocity calculations and existing tracer migration data. Total travel times, assuming no biogeochemical processes, ranged from months to decades between the contrasting sites; the shortest times occurred under thin soil/subsoil on karst limestone and the longest times through thick low permeability soils/subsoils over poorly productive aquifers. Policy makers should consider hydrological lag times when assessing the efficacy of mitigation measures introduced under the Water Framework Directive. This lag time reflects complete flushing of a particular nutrient from source to receptor. Further research is required to assess the potential mitigation of nitrate through denitrification along the pathway from source to receptor.
The significance of the differences in soil phosphorus representation and transport procedures in the SWAT and HSPF models and a comparison of their performance in estimating phosphorus loss from an agriculture catchment in IrelandPhosphorus transported from agriculture land has been identified as a major source of water pollution in a large number of Irish catchments. Models of this process are required in order to design and assess management measures. This paper reports on the comparison and assessment of two of the most promising physically-based distributed models, SWAT and HSPF, with particular emphasis on their suitability for Irish conditions. The representation of the overall soil phosphorus cycle is similar in both models but there is a significant difference in the level of detail in describing the chemical and biochemical processes in each model. Also there are differences in modeling the mechanisms by which phosphorus is removed from the soil column and either transported in dissolved form with the runoff water or in particulate form attached to eroded or detached sediment. These differences could have a significant influence on performance when using either of the models to simulate phosphorus loss from any catchment. Both models are applied to estimating the phosphorus concentration at the outlet of the Clarianna catchment in north Tiperrary (Ireland). This catchment is small (23km2) and the landuse is mainly pasture on grey brown podozilic soils. The results of model calibration are presented along with an assessment of the usefulness of the model outputs as a water quality management tool.
Developing an independent, generic, phosphorus modelling component for use with grid-oriented, physically-based distributed catchment modelsGrid-oriented, physically based catchment models calculate fields of various hydrological variables relevant to phosphorous detachment and transport. These include (i) for surface transport: overland flow depth and flow in the coordinate directions, sediment load, and sediment concentration and (ii) for subsurface transport: soil moisture and hydraulic head at various depths in the soil. These variables can be considered as decoupled from any chemical phosphorous model since phosphorous concentrations, either as dissolved or particulate, do not influence the model calculations of the hydrological fields. Thus the phosphorous concentration calculations can be carried out independently from and after the hydrological calculations. This makes it possible to produce a separate phosphorous modelling component which takes as input the hydrological fields produced by the catchment model and which calculates, at each step the phosphorous concentrations in the flows. This paper summarise the equations and structure of Grid Oriented Phosphorous Component (GOPC) developed for simulating the phosphorus concentrations and loads using the outputs of a fully distributed physical based hydrological model. Also the GOPC performance is illustrated by am example of an experimental catchment (created by the author) subjected to some ideal conditions.
Eutrophication from agricultural sources : a comparison of SWAT, HSPF and SHETRAN/GOPC phosphorus models for three Irish catchments - Final ReportPhosphorous has been implicated as the primary cause of the deterioration of surface water quality in Ireland. Extensive water quality surveys revealed that diffuse sources (runoff and subsurface flows) from agricultural land are the major contributors of phosphorus to surface waters. The mechanism of phosphorus movement from land to water can be described by a number of mathematical models that vary in modelling approaches and scales (plot, field and catchment). In this work three efficient mathematical models of diffuse source pollution in general and of phosphorus in particular have been applied, for the first time, to three Irish catchments (Clarianna (Co. Tipperary), Dripsey (Co. Cork) and Oona (Co. Tyrone)) in order to explore the suitability of these models in Irish conditions for future use in implementing the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The models are: (i) Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), (ii) Hydrological Simulation Programme FORTRAN (HSPF) and (iii) Système Hydrologique Européen TRAnsport (SHETRAN). The first two can model phosphorus production directly while the third can calculate fields of various hydrological variables relevant to phosphorous modelling. For the latter, a generic phosphorus modelling component called Grid Oriented Phosphorus Component (GOPC) has been developed here to model the phosphorus detachment and transport by taking as inputs the hydrological fields produced by any physically-based distributed catchment model such as SHETRAN. The three models have been successfully transferred to Irish conditions and this required the build up of a database consisting of topographic, land use and soil maps, water quality and weather data. The models application involved two stages. In the first stage, hydrological variables (evaporation, runoff, etc.) within the catchment domains were simulated by each of the three models. The second stage uses the outputs of the first in order to estimate the amount of phosphorus loss from the catchments. The SWAT, HSPF, and SHETRAN/GOPC models have been calibrated and then compared and assessed on the basis of their ability to fit and reproduce the flow discharges and phosphorus loads and concentrations for the three test catchments. The findings from the flow and phosphorus calibrations of SWAT and HSPF models were generally consistence with what have been found from previous studies outside Ireland. However, the simple structure of the first order kinetics method used for phosphorus modelling in HSPF has generally impeded the freedom of the phosphorus calibration which was noticeably difficult. Application of the SHETRAN model to the study catchments has illustrated the importance of carefully assigning the parameters related to the soil water modelling, particularly the parameters of the van Genuchten soil-hydraulic function, in order to obtain the best results. The GOPC performance has been found to depend significantly on the SHETRAN model which provided the required hydrological variables. The flow comparison has showed that in the three catchments, the HSPF model was the best in simulating the mean daily discharges. Moreover discharge simulation from an independent validation run of the three models in the Oona catchment have also demonstrated the superiority of the hydrological component of HSPF. However, the best calibration results for daily total phosphorus loads in the study catchments has been achieved by the SWAT model. However from the validation in the Oona catchment the HSPF has been found better than the other two models, SWAT and GOPC, in simulating the total phosphorus loads. Generally the results of total phosphorus loads from the GOPC in the three catchments were quite good and this model has reproduced some observed values better than the best model, SWAT. Simulation of the daily dissolved reactive phosphorus loads by the three models in the study catchments have showed big differences between the simulated and the observed data in most of the cases. Results for mean daily total and dissolved reactive phosphorus concentrations from the three models were not as good as the results for the loads in the three catchments.
Modelling phosphorus loss from agricultural catchments : a comparison of the performance of SWAT, HSPF and SHETRAN for the Clarianna catchmentMuch research in Europe at present has been directed at generating and assessing modelling tools for use in catchment management, driven by the requirements and schedule of the Water Framework Directive. A logical first step is to assess the suitability of existing models for this task so that any resources used in generating new models can be targeted at actual modelling needs. Crucial questions, relating to the model structure and complexity and spatial and temporal scales required must also be addressed. This paper reports a comparison of the performance and suitability of three "off-the-shelf" distributed catchment models, each with a different level of complexity, applied to modelling phosphorous losses from the Clarianna catchment in Ireland. In this paper, the performance of three such models (SWAT, HSPF and SHETRAN/GOPC) is compared, both in estimating discharges and phosphorous loads in the Clarianna catchment. The flow comparison has showed that the HSPF model was the best in simulating the mean daily discharges. However, the best calibration results for daily total phosphorus loads in the study catchment has been achieved by the SWAT model.
Developing an independent, generic, phosphorus modelling component for use with grid-oriented, physically-based distributed catchment modelsGrid-oriented, physically based catchment models calculate fields of various hydrological variables relevant to phosphorous detachment and transport. These include (i) for surface transport: overland flow depth and flow in the coordinate directions, sediment load, and sediment concentration and (ii) for subsurface transport: soil moisture and hydraulic head at various depths in the soil. These variables can be considered as decoupled from any chemical phosphorous model since phosphorous concentrations, either as dissolved or particulate, do not influence the model calculations of the hydrological fields. Thus the phosphorous concentration calculations can be carried out independently from and after the hydrological calculations. This makes it possible to produce a separate phosphorous modelling component which takes as input the hydrological fields produced by the catchment model and which calculates, at each step the phosphorous concentrations in the flows. This paper summarise the equations and structure of Grid Oriented Phosphorous Component (GOPC) developed for simulating the phosphorus concentrations and loads using the outputs of a fully distributed physical based hydrological model. Also the GOPC performance is illustrated by am example of an experimental catchment (created by the author) subjected to some ideal conditions.


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Blood Bride (1980) Robert J. Avrech
Labels : 80's , Robert J. Avrech , Thriller , USA , 0 com
Blood Bride (1980)
Genre: Drama | Thriller
Country: USA | Director: Robert J. Avrech
Language: English | Subtitles: None
Aspect ratio: 1.33:1 | Length: 94mn
Vshrip H264 Mkv - 767x592 - 25fps - 1.22gb
A beautiful and charming betrothed is promised to a beautiful woman. But he is a completely insane killer and she will be his next victim. Everything that follows the wedding will be a carnival of wickedness, sadism and brutality.
Blood Bride (1980)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Dads Look Different Now. This Book, DADLY Dads, Offers Proof
The family dynamic is much different nowadays, but perception is still playing catch-up with reality. While it's true that dads may not be portrayed as bumbling and incompetent as they once were, they're still largely ignored by entertainment, media, and marketing firms (check out the Twitter bio for Rice Krispies, for example).
Two dads on opposite ends of America are hoping to dispel those ugly myths and stereotypes which prevent dads from being treated as parental equals. Friends Hogan Hilling and Austin Dowd have unveiled a groundbreaking, new coffee table book which portrays dads in a new light.
{ MORE: 5 Funny Books That Will Make Your Preschooler Laugh Out Loud }
We love to share favorite products with our audience. We want you to know that we may benefit from purchases made using the affiliate links below.
DADLY Dads: Parents of the 21st Century is designed to showcase the good nature, wisdom, and value of fathers as parents. The book's compelling photos and content are already inspiring conversation using refreshing, positive images of 21st-century fathers as responsible, competent, active, and nurturing parents.
"DADLY Dads is a friendly invitation to embrace a view of dads from a different lens than the one of our culture and media," said Hilling. "Often we see a constant portrayal of dad as an incompetent, bumbling parent who is not as trustworthy as a mom and could never raise a child or be the primary caregiver as good as a mom. None of that is true."
Published by Motivational Press, the book is loaded with photos of 115 worldwide dads of various family dynamics. The idea came about when Hilling (Crestline, Calif.) and Dowd (Raleigh, N.C.) met at a dads convention and discussed the idea about shooting environmental portraits of dads.
"I loved the idea," said Hilling. "I suggested adding a form with questions for dads to answer and allow for more photos of dads with their kids. The result was pure gold with dads opening up and sharing intimate facets of fatherhood."
Hilling is an author of ten published books, creator of the DADLY Brand and book series, and founder of United We Parent. Hilling has also appeared on "Oprah." Dowd is a freelance photographer, co-founder of the Triangle Stay-At-Home Dads in North Carolina and board member for the National At-Home Dad Network.
{ MORE: 8 Things Not to Say to an Expectant Dad }
The book is the first of its kind in the industry, and both trust it offers a groundbreaking new image of dads.
"Austin and I hope and believe that readers will come to the same conclusion we have about the true state of fatherhood — that the responsible, active, nurturing caring, loving, dedicated dads far outnumbers the irresponsible, absent dads," Hilling said. "And more importantly, that fatherhood is alive in well all over the world."
DADLY Dads is available through Motivational Press and national retailers.


text: Forward to a friend Ask a question Bookmark Add to wishlist Argyll Heavy Fleece Product Code : 4656 Price £12.95 ex. VAT Product Info Details Related Products Size Guide Product Information: Heavy weight polar fleece with anti-pill finish Fleece lined collar 2 pockets Zipped pockets Elasticated cuffs Drawcord adjustable hem Generous fit Sizes: XXS - 7XL For sizes 2XL and above, a 25% surcharge applies Further Details Shell Fabric: 100% Polyester, Anti-Pill finish Fleece 400g 50+ UPF rated fabric to block 98% of UV rays EN 14058 Class 2 Related Products No related products found. Size Chart To view the size chart, please click on the link below: Size Guide how to measure Complete the steps below before adding this product your basket: 1. Select a colour: 2. Select size: XXS XS S M L XL 2XL 3XL 4XL 5XL 6XL 7XL 3. Select quantity: Quantity: Add to basket


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Visit us at next International Conference & Exhibition
Jumirah Hotel At Etihad Towers, Abu Dhabi – UAE, 12th-15th February 2017 – Booth n° 20
The event will be dedicated to recognising the full sulphur value chain and the role of the UAE as the world's largest producer. The one day commercial programme will be devoted to a thorough exploration of economics underpinning the oil and gas markets, and subsequent impact on the global sulphur market, ADNOC's role as the world's largest sulphur producer, maintaining the quality of sulphur, and demand updates from key consumers and new areas for sulphur demand.
The following two-days will focus on promoting best practice on the technical and operational aspects of sulphur production, incorporating papers on the latest technologies for sulphur production (SRU efficiency, energy efficiency, emissions compliance, sulphur forming & handling); operational best practice: sharing operational experience through operator-led papers.


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sister love, getaways, sickness. Happy February.1
February 4, 2014 by Ellen V
We spent the weekend at the lake. Sister A met us there, and we enjoyed some sister time, truly magnificent cosmopolitans, a blazing fire, and a little playtime in the snow all evening on Friday and again all day on Saturday.
Sunday, Jane woke up looking (and sounding) just awful.
Yesterday was the first day we've had to really feel the pangs of daycare, paying for a day she couldn't go and having to arrange our schedules to care for her. Luckily, her former sitter (who would watch her through thick and thin in the past) was able to help us for a few hours, too. Today, her fever broke by yesterday afternoon and while she sounds pretty rough today, she seems to be feeling much better. There's nothing like a bout of illness, though, to keep us all on our toes.
So, with the lake trip, a toddler illness, and a few long days at work, we're way behind at home. The refrigerator is bare, and I realized today that we still have a Christmas wreath up. Snow is forecasted for tonight (oh, winter…) so tomorrow morning's productive hours will most likely be eaten up by snow removal.
This is why midwesterners are crabby by February. We're tired of the weather, behind in our work, and haven't seen the sunlight in months.
It's February 4th. Is it okay to be looking forward to March already?
One thought on "sister love, getaways, sickness. Happy February."
Love the pic. And everything you say about February is true. Time to be done with winter.


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Normal levels of serotonin inside the brain are then maintained through this. Experts claim that about 1 in every 8 women suffer from post partum depression, this depression is largely caused by the change of hormones after delivery. I moved to a new secondary school, and soon my depression did start to lift.
If your children have mental diseases like depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder, carefully consider the usage of Zoloft and balance this risk while using clinical need, since Zoloft is only approved for treating such mental illness in kids over 6 years old. Although evidence is promising, this doesn't happen prove antidepressant use while pregnant actually causes the condition. Incredibly, he discovered that in 56% of such studies, depressed patients taking an antidepressant drug fared no superior to those who took a placebo.
Emedtv reports that Zoloft depression medication can be a category of antidepressant generally known in medical circles as "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor" (SSRI). For patients with depression who want to leave their medications, we are able to help most. After being about the Zoloft for a few weeks, my anxiety begun to calm down, but not completely. It is highly recommended that patients experiencing Zoloft side effects talk to their health care provider for additional evaluation.
If you commence out at 15 with anxiety and near panic like symptoms as you're taking the Neuro - Replete, etc. Restrict bipolar partners from accessing your accounts and constantly keep an eye on the joint accounts. The daily dosage is two 333mg tablets, three times every day, and during my practice coping with addiction and alcoholism, that has a limited benefit.
Cranberry extract for decades continues to be proven to significantly reduce the chances of a urinary tract infection. In medicine, for a long time these are already very hard things to treat effectively. Good quality clean water ' filtered or bottled mineral water ' ought to be drunk throughout the day; approximately 1 litre per 50lbs of body mass, as recommended by conditioning professionals.
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SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) -- Nuance Communications Inc. NUAN, +0.35% shares fell 10% to $11.94 in after-hours trading Tuesday. The provider of speech and imaging solutions said the second-quarter net loss was $1.38 million, or a penny a share, compared with a net loss of $1 million, or a penny a share, during the same period in the prior year. On a pro forma basis, the company reported quarterly per-share income of 6 cents, up from 3 cents in the prior year. Analysts polled by Thomson First Call had expected per-share income of 6 cents. Revenue for the second quarter reached $71.7 million, up from $53.1 million. Analysts were looking for a result of $75 million.
Nuance quarterly loss widens
Quote References
+0.06 +0.35%


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Elliott had an operation on his arm this week. It was very straight forward and something we hope is absolutely nothing to worry about but we should be clear on that matter next week.
The boys shared the same bed pretty much all the time clutching the Teddies the Hospital gave them.


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Besler Bale Loaders
Model 2000 Root Slicer
Product Details
The Root Slicer is ideal for pre-plant seed bed preparation in a variety of crops such as corn, milo and sunflowers. It can be adjusted to cut the root crown from the ground allowing minimum till farming with little ground disturbance. Low tractor horsepower, and high-speed operation allows for quick and efficient ground preparation. Recommend speed of 8-12 mph.
Features & Options
Besler Features:
• Available in sizes 4 row through 16 row.
• Rigid or folding models are available
• Sealed Bearings
• Rugged 7x7 tool bar.
Besler Options:
• Available with 28" cleated discs.
• Comes standard with 24" cleated discs
• Gauge wheels for added depth control
• Available with rolling basket assembly
Additional Resources
Library Items


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The day started nice and quiet on our little raft in the middle of the blue lagoon ...
( => click picture to enlarge !)
playing our feet in the water, enjoying the sun ...
( => click picture to enlarge !)
when suddenly terror struck: SHARK ALARM!
( => click picture to enlarge !)
On Him (MESH) (=> If no SLURL is linked, click on the sidebar store logo for a teleport!)
Necklace: DECO - MESH Seaside Necklace.
Trunks: sf design - cassidy swimshorts 2 styles lime (New Release! 4 colours available)
On Her (MESH)
Hair: Exile:: All Over You Dark Blondes.
Swimsuit: [R3VOLT] - Brienne Swimsuit [V3] 10 colours, HUD controlled with tango applier
Boobs: Lolas ::: ::: Tango Mesh Breasts.
Nails: Action - Mesh Stiletto Nails.
Raft with multiple animations: Prime - Hunt Gift from the 6th Annual Second Life Home & Garden Expo. Items in the hunt cost the small amount of 10 L$ each which will be donated to Relay For Life. Hints and SLurls can be found here!


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Butterfly Cupcakes - serves 10
- 200g unrefined caster sugar
- 200g butter or margarine, at room temperature
- 4 eggs
- 100g gluten free plain flour
- 50g maize flour or cornflour
- 50g ground almonds
- 1 tsp gluten free baking powder
- Buttercream
- 100g butter, at room temperature
- 200g icing sugar
- Couple of drops vanilla extract or other flavouring
How to make this recipe dairy free?
Need some advice on ingredients see -
The wheat, gluten and lactose free store cupboard
Fill a muffin tray with 10 muffin cases.
Preheat oven to 190°c / 375°f / gas mark 5
Combine the gluten free flour, maize flour, ground almonds and gluten free baking powder. Sieve together 4 times to combine.
Cream together the caster sugar and butter until light and fluffy. It is best to do this using a food mixer with a beater attachment or use a hand held electric mixer.
Crack the eggs into a bowl and beat lightly with a fork. Beat the egg into the creamed mixture a bit at a time making sure to beat in each addition properly before adding the next. If the mixture starts to split, mix in a spoonful of the flour.
Add the vanilla. If using a food mixture, mix in the flour on the lowest speed setting. If not then fold the flour in with a spoon.
Divide the mixture equally between the 10 cases and bake for 18 – 20 minutes until firm to touch and a knife inserted comes out clean. These will rise above the top of the case. Leave on a cooling wire until completely cold before finishing.
Beat the butter to soften using your food mixer.
Add the icing sugar and mix into the butter slowly. Add the vanilla.
Once the icing sugar is mixed into the butter, increase the speed and beat until light and fluffy. Add a drop of milk if the buttercream is too firm.
Use straight away or place into a container with a lid and store in the fridge.
You may need to rebeat the buttercream before using again or bring to room temperature.
Carve the tops off the sponge with a sharp knife and cut the top in half to make the wings. Spoon a tiny amount of jam into the centre of the cake. Pipe a swirl of buttercream on top. Stick the 'wings' into the buttercream and dredge the top with icing sugar.
how to make this recipe dairy free...
Use dairy free margarine in place of butter in the butterfly cakes. Use dairy free margarine in place of butter in the buttercream.
- 100g dairy free margarine
- 400g icing sugar
- Couple of drops vanilla extract or other flavouring
Mix the icing sugar and vanilla into the dairy free margarine. Do not overbeat the mixture as it will split. Stir in a few drops of water until it reaches the required consistency.
You may think this is a lot of icing sugar. If you use less icing sugar to margarine, the mixture will split. Add a little extra flavouring to this buttercream.
Gem's hints and tips
In all recipes requiring self-raising gluten free flour, I advise sieving the flours together with the gluten free baking powder four times to make sure all the ingredients are evenly distributed.
If you have made a cake that is really heavy with a solid lump of eggy mixture at the bottom one reason could be because the baking powder wasn't mixed into the flour properly.
If you can't find maize flour then cornflour is easily available and makes a good substitute. There isn't much difference but I do prefer maize flour. See resources.
Gluten free cakes are best eaten fresh, they will keep well for a week. They can be frozen but the texture goes a bit grainy when defrosted.
Gluten free cakes are crumblier than other cakes but taste just as good.
To cut neat slices, dip a sharp knife in hot water and wipe clean between slices. The 'wings' of the butterfly cakes will dry out if made too far in advance.
The sponges will get soggy if stored in a tupperware container.


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Freeda Thong is Mahdi Earth's first Earth Champion. The Earth Champion series showcases interviews with local Earth Champions. Earth Champions are inspiring people who have set out to make positive change in the world. Their initiatives help the environment, people or animals (and sometimes even all three!). The interviews discuss their products or services, their motivations and any advice they have for others.
I was lucky enough to meet Freeda at a Brisbane eco market a few weeks ago and was blown away by her kindness of heart, ingenuity and care for not only the environment, but women in need. I have no doubt that you will also be inspired after reading her story below.
Name of product: Ecopads Australia – Selling reusable menstrual cloth pads
Website: www.facebook.com/ecopadsaustralia OR www.etsy.com/au/shop/ecopadsaustralia
1. Can you tell us a bit about yourself?
I was born in Melbourne, Australia, but moved up to Brisbane at the young age of 3, where I now call home. My parents were both born and raised in Cambodia, and have been in Australia since fleeing the atrocities and brutalities of the Pol Pot Civil War. Due to my rich cultural background, I have a strong passionate for human rights and equality throughout the whole world. I believe that as a generation, we can help alleviate poverty by combating each small issue one by one, and see the world in the beauty I believe it's intent was to be.
2. What is Ecopads Australia and how does it benefit the world?
Ecopads Australia is a Brisbane based social enterprise. We design, sew and sell reusable menstrual cloth pads, which are essentially as they are titled. People often do double, triple or even quadruple takes before realising that it is in fact what they are – pads for periods that are made out of cloth. For each that is sold in Australia, we are sending one to a girl or woman in a developing country. In addition to this, we are working with organisations to provide educational workshops surrounding sex education and health hygiene. More importantly we are hoping to be tackle the confronting topics of period shaming, as there social stigma attached to menstruation, and we'd like to see this changed. Rather women should be embracing their womanhood and appreciate the beauty in it that it allows us to procreate.
3. What inspired you to create Ecopads Australia?
My sister introduced me to the product a little while ago, and since then I have been a research ninja on the topic of Reusable Menstrual Products (RUMPs). I believe that every girl and woman should be able to have access to sanitary products and this is a dream that our organisation lives by. Through giving a girl a reusable menstrual cloth pad pack, she is able to continue going to school without having to miss out on education.
4. How can people reading this help you and your brand?
- Speak about menstrual cloth pads
- Watch videos and do research on menstrual cloth pads and period shaming throughout the world that exists
- Spread the word through friends
- Give it a try! We are doing trial packs at the moment – get in quick!
- Check out all our social media sources
- Send us an email to connect at email@example.com
5. What has been the most surprising thing that has happened in the making of your product?
We never dreamt of selling over 100 in the first 5 weeks of starting up the business!
6. Who was your greatest role model/mentor on this journey?
There have been several mentors along the journey of starting up Ecopads Australia. It is with thanks to all the support of family, friends and networks within the same community that we owe our gratitude to the initial success. We cannot wait to see its further development and growth.
7. What has been the biggest challenge for you?
Reaching out to different organisations, we are not speaking about partnerships and further growth into other countries. Watch this space!
8. Did you ever want to give up? If so, what made you persevere?
Absolutely! For such a foreign product to the western world, there was a lot of determination behind building it up into what it is today. To persevere through, I had to remind myself why I am doing what I was doing, and to not be influenced by negative comments in the wrong way. Rather using these negative comments as an opportunity to explain the issue in a reasonable way.
9. Where would you like your brand to be in 5 years' time?
We would like to dream to have branched out into at least one other country by that time. It is a dream to one day be hiring women in developing countries to create these, to not only allow access to cloth pads, but to also hire women from the communities who are not able to find jobs.
10. Do you have any advice for others wanting to follow their dreams?
I have always lived by Walt Disney's words, "If you can dream it, you can achieve it". I believe this is so powerful and true. Follow what your heart desires, and you will reap its successes in due time. If you are unsure where to start, have a chat about it to find clarity. All it takes is starting, which is the hardest part of any journey.
Do you know, or are you an Earth Champion? Let me know at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Immigration: When individuals move from one area to another in order to find more resources. Toucans immigrating into a population would cause the population to grow and resources to become less available. Toucans might immigrate because they see the opportunity for more mates or better nesting sites in a different part of the rain forest.
Emigration: When individuals leave a population because there are limited resources and they can't be sustained in that area anymore. When individuals leave the population, obviously the size of the population decreases. Toucans might emigrate because they don't have enough fruit and nuts in the part of the forest where they live; therefore they have to go find more food sources.
Births: More toucans are born when there are more resources available to the population; the births will increase the population. More toucans might be born because there are a lot of nesting sites available and jaguar populations are down, so they aren't as vulnerable to being hunted.
Deaths: When more toucans die, there are more resources available because there is a smaller population to sustain. Toucans might die because other tropical birds out compete them for food and because of the scarce supply, they end up starving.
Population Growth: The graph above shows logistic growth. In the beginning, there is a slow growth and then it rapidly increases, finally topping off once it's reached its carrying capacity. The growth slows down once resources become limited. The toucan population would start off slow because there's not many individuals in it. Next it would begin to grow rapidly because there's a lot of resources and mates available in that area. Finally the population levels out because there's not as much food and space for the toucans so the population stops the exponential growth; the population's carrying capacity is the maximum toucans that can be sustained.
Density Dependent: These factors are affected by how big the population is in a certain and the interactions that occur between species. If the toucan population in a certain area is nearing its carrying capacity, there will be limited food supply because there are more toucans. There would be a huge shortage of fruit and nuts for other animals because the toucans have eaten all the resources. If there is a large number of toucans in a certain area, there will be a lot of competition. There are limited mates, food, nesting sites, etc. and every toucan wants to survive. Since there are more toucans, there are less resources thus making it essential to compete. If there are less birds, competing becomes much less common.
Density-Independent: These factors affect a population no matter how big it is. For example, toucans live in the big, tall trees of the rain forest, where they can hide from predators. If there's a huge storm that damages the treetops where they nest and live, they are going to have to live lower down in the forest. This makes them way more susceptible to being hunted, thus affecting the population. Another example would temperature. Toucans live in a hot, tropical environment. If there was a sudden temperature change that made the rain forests colder, toucans would have no option but to migrate or die. Since they are not birds made to migrate based on seasons, most would die in the effort.
Created with images by jinterwas - "Take a grape ..." • JimmyDominico - "toucan bird fly" • thejaan - "Toucan up close, beak detail"


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When you hear a brand's name, what thoughts come to mind? If they are positive, inspiring and make you want to run out to buy the brand's newest product, then a brand manager somewhere is doing his or her job!
Bossy Inc. Brand Agents are responsible for ensuring that our clients, the products, services and product lines that fall under their domain resonate with current and potential customers. To do so, these professionals continuously monitor marketing trends and keep a close eye on competitive products in the marketplace. They also regularly meet with clients and senior management, and they oversee a team of junior marketers.
Working under marketing managers, Bossy Inc. Brand Agents serve as the point-person for developing, implementing and executing marketing initiatives and activities for their particular brand. These initiatives and activities include campaigns (print, web, social media, broadcast, etc.), events, corporate responsibility programs and sponsorships.
Bossy Inc. Brand Agents are responsible for more than executing marketing campaigns; they are also in charge of managing and developing P&L and driving market growth. Strong analytical skills, business savvy and the ability to multitask are all essential.
At Bossy Inc., we specialize in assisting our branDING AGENTS VIA combine with great companies throughout the country as well as many other positions. If you're looking to market & brand your next ARTIST, product OR CAMPAIGN,
Stop Reaching!!! Allow Bossy Inc. PR to do it for you!
NOTE: Check out Bossy Inc. Mass Media Marketing, Branding & PR Firm on social media now!


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"Sir, What is the secret of your success?" a reporter asked a bank president.
"Two words"
"And, Sir,what are they?"
"Right decisions."
"And how do you make right decisions?"
"One word."
"And,sir, What is that?"
"And how do you get Experience?"
"Two words"
"And, Sir, what are they?"
"Wrong decisions"
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text:
by Emma Kenny-Pessia
One of the quintessential NYC events is the famed New York Fashion Week. Held in February and September each year, designers flock to NYFW to show off their seasonal collections to buyers, the press, and the general public. NYFW is known as the most prominent fashion week in the world (followed by London FW, Milan FW, and Paris FW) and is attended by the fashion world's elite – from the poker-faced Vogue editrix Anna Wintour, to world-renowned brands like Tommy Hilfiger and Herve Leger, to … Barnard first-year Hannah Yoo? As any Barnard student will tell you, one of the best parts about going here is being able to take advantage of the wealth of opportunities that New York City has to offer. "Unique New York" isn't just a tongue-twister – having only been here for a month, I have already had so many experiences that could only have happened in a city like New York.
Hannah certainly had what many would consider an atypical first semester of college. In between the mandatory Barnard NSOP (New Student Orientation Program) events, Hannah was interning for Vivienne Hu, a New York-based designer whose designs have been featured in various fashion magazines like Elle, Bazaar, Art and Designs, and Elegant. She has held this dream-worthy internship since early August, and was responsible for organizing swatches for Vivienne's sketches, creating personalized invitations for over 300 guests, assisting in model casting and creating the model line-up for the show, taking pictures for social media updates, and sewing Swarovski crystals on the clothing (!!) as part of Vivienne Hu's partnership with the Swarovski collective.
Hannah describes receiving the clothing for the fashion show along with "more Swarovski crystals than [they] knew what to do with." Once Vivienne Hu had approved all the crystal designs, Hannah began sewing on these crystals one-by-one. The dress pictured below was the finale outfit for the show, featuring hand-sewn crystals by Barnard's own Hannah Yoo. "It was surreal to see the dress that I had worked on for hours come to life. It was one of the best experiences of my life."
Besides Vivienne Hu's show, Hannah also attended Nanette Lepore's show last fall, and Libertine's show this year. Though she really loved Vivienne Hu's show, she says that Libertine's clothing and "vibe" is definitely more of her style. She loves the "vibrant colors, interesting patches and eccentric designs of his line," and describes Libertine's clothing as "one of the most unique lines of wearable art" that she had ever seen.
I know that it's one of the most convoluted questions, but I couldn't help but ask: "how would you describe your personal style?" Hannah says that she doesn't completely know how to describe her personal style, but admits that she has a soft-spot for autumn fashion, naming knee high socks, button-up shirts, boyfriend jeans, scarves, plaid prints, and big sweaters as a few of her favorites (along with pumpkin donuts and Halloween-movie-marathons, and who could argue with that?). Spoken like a true fashion mogul (and bold, beautiful Barnard woman), Hannah says that "fashion is considered an art: there's no rules, no standards, it's fit for everyone, and characterized by the way we live and the way we think and a means of personal expression. I wear what makes me feel good and confident and I think that's what is really important when it comes to personal style." She cites one of her favorite quotes by fashion icon Yves Saint Laurent: "Over the years I have learned that what is important in a dress is the woman who is wearing it."
When she isn't busy interning for Vivienne Hu or Tote Mag (a fashion magazine designed for college students), Hannah is busy on campus with a few clubs, acting as Barnard's First-Year Class Secretary, writing posts on her personal blog (www.hannahsyoo.com), and working as the assistant costume designer for Columbia Musical Theatre Society's Evita (see it on November 21st and 22nd!!). As to what she wants to study, Hannah says that she is thinking about doing a dual degree with economics and mathematics. However, she's keeping her options open because she (like many Barnard students) believes that it's entirely possible to unexpectedly fall in love with a subject. No matter what she studies, she is eager to learn as much as she can in these next four years, and knows that she definitely wants fashion to be a part of her life in one way or another.
Finally, I asked her if there was anything else she wanted the readers of the Nine Ways of Knowing blog to know. Her response speaks for itself: "I love meeting new people, so if you're reading this and want to know more about my experiences at NYFW or cry about how Jim Halpert from The Office is goals or just get Pinkberry or bubble tea, I'm your gal."
A big thanks to Hannah for letting me interview her and use pictures from her blog in this post! Check it out at hannahsyoo.com.
Emma Kenny-Pessia is a first-year at Barnard and a Staff Writer for the Nine Ways of Knowing.


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"Model-Based Methods for Implementing Study Designs Based on Enrichment Strategies" - Dr. Roberto Gomeni
An abstract for the seminar and registration information for the event may be found on the ISoP website at http://www.go-isop.org/educational-events-and-conferences. The cost of this event to the general public is $55 for the talk+dinner and $30 if only attending the talk. ISoP members receive a $5 discount off these rates, and students receive an additional $10 discount.
The Research Triangle Park Regional International Society of Pharmacometrics (ISoP) is an independent organization from the RTP DMDG. This event has been posted by the RTP DMDG because we believe our members will find this organization interesting. You can find out more by visiting http://www.go-isop.org/


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The House is about to debate the 2010 Intelligence Authorization Act (H.R. 2701), and, with all eyes are on the health care summit, Democrats have slipped into the bill a new provision that would establish criminal punishments for CIA agents and other intelligence officials who engage in "cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment" during interrogations.
The Democratic addition is called the "Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Interrogations Prohibition Act of 2010," and it was inserted into the larger intelligence bill without being considered by the House Intelligence Committee. It covers "any officer or employee of the intelligence community" who, during an interrogation, engages in beatings, the infliction pain, forced sexual acts, inducing hypothermia, conducting mock executions or "depriving the [detainee] of necessary food, water, sleep, or medical care." The bill gives Congress flexibility in defining just what those terms mean, and it would provide for punishments of up to 20 years in prison and life behind bars if a detainee dies as a result of the interrogation.
"This was done without committee review and without any feedback or input from the CIA," says the House source. "It just showed up in the middle of the night. It specifically targets those who are keeping us safe. It doesn't respond to what happened at Ft. Hood or Detroit. Instead, it targets the CIA for new criminal punishments."
LIZ CHENEY says "Late last night, Democrats in the House of Representatives inserted a provision dubbed "The Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Interrogation Act of 2010" into the intelligence authorization bill. This new language targets the US intelligence community with criminal penalties for using methods they have deemed necessary for keeping America safe. These methods have further been found by the Department of Justice to be both legal and in keeping with our international obligations. "American intelligence officers do not deserve this kind of treatment from the government they honorably serve. Day in and day out, they protect our country and make difficult decisions–at times in matters of life and death. In return for their service the government rewards them with little pay and no acknowledgement of their heroic actions. Democrats in Congress now want to threaten them with criminal prosecutions and deprive them of valuable tactics that protect America.
Republicans say they will try to strip the measure out of the larger intelligence bill. But first they're trying to make sure people know what is going on.WASHINGTON EXAMINER
GOOD NEWS UPDATE: GOP wins fight to remove CIA punishment provision.
The House Democratic leadership stopped a vote Thursday night on the $50 billion classified intelligence budget after Republicans mounted a campaign against one of its provisions to ban degrading treatment of detainees and some moderate Democrats indicated they would not vote for the bill.
The Republican lawmakers, led by Rep. Pete Hoekstra, Michigan Republican, opposed what they saw as backdoor legislation that would impose fines and prison terms on intelligence officers who abuse captured terrorism suspects. The amendment would authorize federal sentences of up to life in prison for cruel interrogation if it led to a detainee's death or other penalties for lesser offenses. READ MORE WASHINGTON TIMES


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Correlação entre o aumento da distância margem-sulco e satisfação do paciente após blefaroplastia superior
Correlation between increase in margin-crease distance and patient satisfaction after upper blepharoplasty
Autores:Eduardo Damous Feijó1, Adriana Ribeiro de Almeida1, Rayssa Léda1, Fábio Ramos Caiado1, Ana Carla de Souza Nery2, Roberto Murillo Limongi3
Objetivo: Avaliar de maneira quantitativa e qualitativa o resultado pós-operatório e a satisfação de pacientes submetidos à blefaroplastia superior e correlacionar com as medidas palpebrais antes e após a cirurgia utilizando o sistema de imagem digital. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 60 pálpebras de 30 pacientes com dermatocálase atendidos no ambulatório de Plástica Ocular do Hospital Oftalmológico de Anápolis, com idade entre 40 e 80 anos. Foram realizadas fotografias antes e 90 dias após blefaroplastia superior. Essas imagens foram transferidas para o programa Image J 1.34n e analisados os parâmetros de altura da fenda palpebral em posição primária do olhar e distância margem-sulco palpebral. Foram avaliadas as correlações dessas medidas com a satisfação do paciente após 90 dias de pós-operatório. Resultados: O estudo mostrou um aumento da distância margem-sulco palpebral após blefaroplastia superior e uma correlação fortemente positiva (0,64) entre o aumento dessa medida e a nota de avaliação atribuída pelo paciente à cirurgia. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na altura da fenda palpebral antes e após a cirurgia. Conclusão: A utilização da medida da distância margem-sulco pode servir como parâmetro quantitativo de um bom resultado estético e funcional, apresentando uma forte correlação com a satisfação dos pacientes no pós-operatório.
Descritores: Pálpebras/cirurgia; Doenças palpebrais/cirurgia; Blefaroplastia/métodos; Resultado do tratamento; Processamento de imagem assistida por computador; Satisfação do paciente
Objective:To quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate postoperative outcomes and patient satisfaction after upper blepharoplasty and to correlate the findings with changes between preoperative and postoperative eyelid measurements using a digital imaging system. Methods: A total of 60 eyelids in 30 patients with dermatochalasis who were treated in the ambulatory center of the Department of Oculoplastic Surgery at the Anápolis Ophthalmology Hospital were evaluated. Patients ranged from 40 to 80 years of age. Photographs were taken before the upper blepharoplasty procedure and 90 days after as well. The images were transferred to the ImageJ 1.34n program. The parameters analyzed were palpebral fissure height in primary position and margin-crease distance. The correlations between these measurements and patient satisfaction 90 days after surgery were evaluated. Results: This study revealed an increase in the margin-crease distance after upper blepharoplasty and a high positive correlation (0.64) between the increase in this height and the level of satisfaction that the patients attributed to the surgery. There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative palpebral fissure heights. Conclusion: The margin-crease distance may serve as a quantitative measurement of a good cosmetic and functional outcome, since it has been found to be strong correlated with patient satisfaction.
Keywords: Eyelids/surgery; Eyelid disease/surgery; Blepharoplasty/methods; Treatment outcome; Image processing, computer- -assisted; Patient satisfaction
1 -Department of Oculoplastic Surgery, Hospital Oftalmológico de Anápolis, Anápolis, GO, Brazil.
2 -Department of Oculoplastic Surgery, Instituto Panamericano da Visão, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
3 -Department of Oculoplastic, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
Approved by the Ethics Committee of the Anápolis Ophthalmology Hospital No financial support received
Dermatochalasis is a pathology that commonly affects middle-aged and elderly individuals. It is defined as an excess of skin on the upper eyelid, on the lower eyelid, or on both lids, and it may include an excess of fat and hypertrophic muscle tissue.(1)
Advanced loss in elasticity and weakening in muscle tissue are characteristics of the periocular aging process, which results in eyelid flaccidity. Intrinsic and extrinsic aging mechanisms are involved in this process. They include alcohol consumption, chronic exposure to sunlight, smoking, and diet (2,3).
Individuals who exhibit dermatochalasis of the superior eyelid may experience symptoms such as blurred vision, tearing, visual fatigue and discomfort, reductions in the superior and peripheral fields of vision, corneal astigmatism, and migraines due to the use of the surrounding muscles to attempt to raise the eyelids (1,2,4). Pseudoptosis may be induced by the increase in periorbital tissue weight(2).
Blepharoplasty is the procedure of choice for correcting dermatochalasis. It consists of the excision of the excess skin using a cutaneous incision that involves the anterior lamella of the eyelid. Depending on each case and on patient anatomy, orbicular muscle tissue and fat pads may also be excised or repositioned (1,4,5,6). A complete ophthalmologic exam must be performed in the preoperative assessment so that limitations in visual acuity and to the visual field can be documented, as well as pathologies such as dry eye and any others for which the procedure is contraindicated. Eyebrow position and any association with blepharoptosis should be determined. In cases of superior dermatochalasis associated with eyelid ptosis or brow ptosis, it is important that all aspects be corrected (7,8)
Though ophthalmologists commonly perform this procedure, there is no standardization or consensus for evaluating the severity of superior dermatochalasis. Evaluations are subjective and depend on each examiner's observations. Measurements are typically taken using rulers and compasses. With the advancement of digital photography and software to analyze these photos, more precise measurement scales can be used to compare surgical outcomes and to correlate them with the success of a procedure (or lack thereof), as well as with patient satisfaction with the results(7,9,10).
The objective of this study is to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate postoperative outcomes and patient satisfaction after upper blepharoplasty and to correlate these results with the measurements taken using preoperative and postoperative digital photography.
A prospective interventional case series study was performed between January and June 2015 in an ophthalmology teaching hospital. The sample was composed of 30 patients who had upper dermatochalasis and who were treated in the Oculoplastic Surgery ambulatory center of the aforementioned hospital. These patients agreed to participate in the study and signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF), which had been previously approved by the institution's Ethics Committee. The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.
The inclusion criteria were treatment in the Oculoplastic Surgery ambulatory center, age between 40 and 80 years, cosmetic or functional indication for the upper blepharoplasty procedure,
and agreement to participate in the study (which was determined after patients signed the ICF).
The exclusion criteria were age younger than 40 years or older than 80 years, a history of facial trauma, eyelid ptosis, ectropion, entropion, hyperthyroidism, the presence of a clinical contraindication for performing the procedure, and the use of blood thinners or antiplatelet agents
The digital photographs were obtained through the use of a Sony W50 digital camera and analyzed in the ImageJ 1.34n program, which converts the measurements taken with a ruler into pixels, thus creating a pixel per milliliter (mm) scale.
The patients were seated with their heads positioned in a Haag-Streit slit lamp BQ 900® so that the measurements could be taken. Millimeter rulers were attached vertically to the lateral support of the slit lamp in order to standardize the measurements. Each patient was instructed to remain in primary position while the measurements were taken (Figure 1).
As mentioned previously, there is no consensus regarding dermatochalasis severity. Therefore, the authors measured the distance between the superior lid margin and the superior lid crease, as suggested by Frantz et al.(8) at the level of the center of the lid (margin-crease distance) in primary position.
Next, palpebral fissure height was measured (defined as the distance from the superior lid margin to the inferior lid margin, passing through the center of the pupil) and the margin-crease distance (defined as the distance from the superior lid margin to the lid crease along the pupillary line) before and 90 days after blepharoplasty.
In each patient, preoperative superior dermatochalasis was determined to be either mild (margin-crease distance of 2 mm or greater), moderate, (margin-crease distance of 0.1 to 1.9 mm), or severe (0 or negative distance). We considered dermatochalasis to be severe in cases in which the skin touched the lash line or surpassed it (negative distance), as shown in figure 1.
All of the surgeries were performed by ophthalmology residents in training; all were directly supervised by the same oculoplastic surgeon. The amount of skin to be excised had been outlined prior to the procedure. The patients were sedated using midazolam intravenously, and local anesthesia was then applied (2% lidocaine and 0.75% bupivacaine, both with epinephrine).
The cutaneous incision of the superior lid was made using a #15 blade along the previously outlined markings in order to remove the excess skin, subcutaneous tissue, and preseptal orbicularis muscle using an EMAI brand electronic scalpel, model number BP 150. When necessary, meticulous hemostasis was performed and medial fat pads were removed. The surgical wound was closed using nylon 6-0 suture with two to three simple suture followed by a running suture. Finally, antibiotic ointment and a bandage were applied for 24 hours. The sutures were removed seven days after surgery.
The data on patient satisfaction was collected using qualitative questionnaires applied in the immediate postoperative period and 90 days after the blepharoplasty. Patients were questioned regarding their reason for undergoing the procedure (cosmetic, functional, or both); the extent of postoperative pain (measured on a scale of 0 to 10, in which 0 reflected a lack of pain, 1 to 3 reflected mild pain, 4 to 5 reflected moderate pain, 7 to 9 reflected intense pain, and 10 reflected the most pain ever experienced).
In terms of satisfaction with the final outcome of the procedure, the patients were instructed to give a subjective score of 0 to 10, in which 0 meant "completely unsatisfied" and 10 reflected "extremely satisfied" and the patients were also asked if they would undergo the procedure again.
Patients were also asked for their subjective assessments of scarring on a scale of 0 to 3 (0: invisible; 1: minimally visible; 2: moderately visible; and 3: highly visible).
The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The normality of the data was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Student's t-test was used to compare the average preoperative and postoperative palpebral fissure heights, as well as the average preoperative and postoperative margin-crease distances. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the final margin-crease distance and patient satisfaction scores.
In this study, results with a 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant (p<0.05).
When Student's t-test was applied to compare the average preoperative palpebral fissure height (8.5 mm; SD: 0.91) to average postoperative palpebral fissure height (8.6 mm; SD: 0.85), no statistically significant distance was found (p=0.44). However, the average preoperative margin-crease distance was 1.4 mm (SD: 1.19), while the average postoperative margin-crease distance was 3.8 mm (SD: 0.49). The p value was 0.02, which reflects statistical significance (Table 2).
ponto central o eixo pupilar. A ocorrência da LSA é relevante em ambientes de penumbra, em indivíduos com pupila maior que 3mm.(9)
Os dados foram tratados utilizando técnicas de estatística descritiva e analítica através do programa SPSS. O teste de Shapiro- Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade na distribuição das variáveis quantitativas contínuas. Para a análise de correlação ser considerada significativa foi adotado p= 0,01. O índice de significância para restante das análises foi 0,05.
A total of 60 upper blepharoplasties were performed on 30 patients. The population's average age was 54.8 years (range 41-74 years of age); 88% were female. Forty-four percent of patients presented no preexisting comorbidities, 48% had systemic hypertension, 15% had hypothyroidism, and 12% had diabetes.
When asked about their reasons for undergoing the surgery, 32% of the patients reported only cosmetic reasons, 33% reported only functional reasons, and 35% reported both cosmetic and functional reasons. The questionnaire also found that 96% of the patients would undergo the surgery again (4% would not).
In the assessment of superior dermatochalasis, 9 patients
(30%) were found to have mild dermatochalasis, 11 patients (36%) were found to have moderate dermatochalasis, and 10 patients (34%) were found to have severe dermatochalasis. In this study, no cases of asymmetry were found, meaning there were no cases in which the patient exhibited different dermatochalasis intensities in each eye (Table 1).
When Student's t-test was applied to compare the average preoperative palpebral fissure height (8.5 mm; SD: 0.91) to average postoperative palpebral fissure height (8.6 mm; SD: 0.85), no statistically significant distance was found (p=0.44). However, the average preoperative margin-crease distance was 1.4 mm (SD: 1.19), while the average postoperative margin-crease distance was 3.8 mm (SD: 0.49). The p value was 0.02, which reflects statistical significance (Table 2).
The study also found a strong positive correlation (0.64) between the margin-crease distance and patient satisfaction score, the average of which was 9.04 out of 10 (7-10; SD: 0.88) (Graph 1). Among subjects less than 60 years of age, the positive correlation was 0.64 (strong) and among subjects greater than 60 years of age, the positive correlation was 0.33 (weak).
The average score patients gave to pain was 2.5 out of 10 (1-5; SD: 1.10). When asked about scarring, 22 patients (73%)
subjectively rated their scarring as invisible or minimally visible, and 8 patients (27%) rated their scarring as moderately visible. None of the patients exhibited highly visible scarring, according to their own assessments
Upper blepharoplasty is one of the most commom aesthethic procedures performed in the United States and Brazil(1,11). Aesthetics improvements can be made with a short operation that can be performed under intravenous sedation. This procedure offers many benefits to patients and which most of the times results in high patient satisfaction. In our study, there was a higher percentage of female patients (88%), and patients averaged approximately 55 years of age. This data is compatible with the higher interest among this patient profile for cosmetic procedures, whether surgical or not. Regardless of cosmetic benefits, most of the times functional issues are present in patients who wish to undergo upper blepharoplasty. Common complaints before surgery include a feeling of excess weight above the eyes, a decreased superior and peripheral visual field, and asthenopia. (9,10). These findings are consistent with those published by Lessa et al.(11). Dermatochalasis is also associated with a loss in the peripheral visual field, which further affects patients' quality of life (12). To achieve the digital measurements, a digital image must be produced, which means attributing spatial values (x, y) and luminance values to the points (pixels) that form the image (13). Once available in digital form, the image can be processed by programs that mathematically manipulate the pixels. The use of digital processing allows for more refined quantitative analyses of the oculoplastic parameters that may be of clinical or surgical importance and which may be correlated with qualitative analyses of surgical outcomes(7). These parameters are traditionally measured using rulers and compasses, a method which may result in differences between examiners. The digitalization and computerized analysis of these measurements offer a more precise result and eliminate examiner bias. In our study, the increase in postoperative palpebral fissure height was not statistically significant, a finding which was also reported by Starck et al.(14). Schellini et al.(7) found significant changes in palpebral fissure measurements before and after upper blepharoplasty, a result which may be explained by the presence of many patients with mechanical ptosis due to severe dermatochalasis in their study. The average postoperative palpebral fissure measurement in our study was 8.6 mm. Cruz et al.(13) analyzed palpebral fissure height in 70 eyes and found a mean value of 9.02mm, consistent with our findings.
Our study found a significant increase in the preoperative and postoperative measurement of margin-crease distance. The preoperative distance was 1.4 mm, while the postoperative distance was 3.8 mm (p < 0.02). Statistically significant increases have also been reported by Schellini et al.,(7) Starck et al.(14) and Lessa et al.(11). An analysis of this data shows that our finding was expected, given the fact that the excision of the skin above the preseptal orbicularis muscle has the effect of aesthetic placement of the supratarsal crease, since it is no longer covered due to superior dermatochalasis.
Though many studies have analyzed preoperative and postoperative measurements involved in upper blepharoplasties, we are unaware of any studies that correlate postoperative measurements with the extent of patient satisfaction. In what may be considered a factor in a good outcome for upper blepharoplasty, a quantitative increase in margin-crease distance in primary position, which exposes pretarsal skin (hollow upper eyelid sulcus) and, particularly among women, allows for the use of cosmetic products in this region, was found to be subjectively correlated with greater patient satisfaction in this study. Another important quantitative criterion is a lack of a decrease in palpebral fissure, since this decrease may lead to a certain degree of blepharoptosis, an outcome which is not desired after upper blepharoplasty.
The majority of oculoplastic surgeons have been concerned with volume preservation in upper blepharoplasty. However, in this study, the strong positive correlation between higher margin- -crease distance and patient satisfaction, shows that, in patient evaluation, the hollow upper eyelid sulcus has been preferred to full upper eyelid sulcus. Bielory et al.(15) found that the preference for hollow or full upper eyelid sulcus could be accounted based on age. In their study, subjects greater than 45 years of age preferred a hollow upper eyelid sulcus (higher margin-crease distance) over a full eyelid(15). In another study, Hwang et al.(16), showed the effect of "single" versus "double" eyelids on the perceived attractiveness of Chinese woman and considered the presence of a medium upper eyelid crease to be the most significantly attractive eyelid shape. These findings are consistent with our study, that showed patient preferences to higher margin-crease distance.
Qualitative criteria include invisible or minimally visible scarring in a good location (coinciding, in most cases, with the original eyelid crease), decreased sensations of excess weight above the eyes and of asthenopia(17-19), improved superior and peripheral visual fields(20-24), and an associated absence of complications such as lagophthalmos and dry eye. These criteria are associated with an ideal outcome.
In our study, we found a strong positive correlation between greater margin-crease distance and patient satisfaction (determined by the score attributed by the patient to the final outcome of the procedure). We conclude that this measurement may serve as a quantitative parameter of a good cosmetic and functional outcome, particularly in teaching hospitals where medical residents need clinical parameters to evaluate their results. This measurement may be beneficial in cases of careful surgical indication and the correct use of the surgical technique.
1. De Angelis DD, Carter SR, Seiff SR. Dermatochalasis. Review. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 200242(2):89-102.
2. Paixão MP, Miot, HA, Machado, CD. Avaliação do impacto da blefaroplastia superior na qualidade de vida utilizando questionário padronizado (Qblefaro): estudo piloto. An Bras Dermatol. 2008;83(1): 32-7.
3. Putterman AM. Blefaroplastia superior. In: Cirurgia oculoplástica estética. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2009; p. 114.
4. Battu VK, Meyer DR, Wobig JL. Improvement in subjective visual function and quality of life outcome measures after blepharoptosis surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121(6 ):677-86.
5. Fagien S. Eyebrow analysis after blepharoplasty in patients with brow ptosis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;8(3):210-4.
6. Federici TJ, Meyer DR, Lininger LL. Correlation of the vision-related functional impairment associated with blepharoptosis and the impact of blepharoptosis surgery. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(9):1705-12.
7. Schelinni AS, Pretti RC, Yamamoto RK, Padovani CR, Padovan CR. Eyelid measures before and after upper blepharoplasty – quantitative evaluation. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2005; 68(1):85-8.
8. Frantz KA. Avaliação da topografia corneana e correlação com a intensidade da dermatocálase antes e após blefaroplastia superior [dissertação]. Goiânia (GO): Universidade Federal de Goiás; 2013.
9. Shore JW, Bergin DJ, Garrett SN. Results of blepharoptosis surgery with early postoperative adjustment. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(11):1502-11.
10. Cahill KV, Burns JA, Weber PA. The effect of blepharoptosis on the field of vision. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;3(3 ):121-5.
11. Lessa SF, Elena EH, Araujo MR, Pitangy I. Modificações anatômicas da fenda palpebral após blefaroplastia. Rev Bras Cir. 1997;87(4):179-88.
12. Hacker HD, Hollsten DA. Investigation of automated perimetry in the evaluation of patients for upper lid blepharoplasty. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;8(4):250-5.
13. Cruz AA, Baccega A. Análise bidimensional computadorizada da fenda palpebral. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2001;64(1):13-9.
14. Starck WJ, Griffin JE, Epker BN. Objective evaluation of the eyelids and eyebrows after blepharoplasty. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;54(3):297-302; discussion 302-3.
15. Bielory BP, Schwarcz RM. (New York Medical College). Hollow or full upper eyelid sulcus, which do patients prefer?. (Apresentado ao 46º ASOPRS Annual Fall Scientific Symposium).
16. Hwang HS, Spiegel, JH. The effect of "single" vs "double" eyelids on the perceived attractiveness of Chinese woman. Aesthet Surg J. 2013;34(3):374-81.
17. Small RG, Meyer DR. Eyelid metrics. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(4): 266-7.
18. Meyer DR, Stern JH, Jarvis JM, Lininger LL. Evaluating the visual field effects of blepharoptosis using automated static perimetry. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(5):651-9.
19. Meyer DR, Rheeman CH. Downgaze eyelid position in patients with blepharoptosis. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(10):1517-23.
20. Olson JJ, Putterman A. Loss of vertical palpebral fissure height on downgaze in acquired blepharoptosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(10):1293-7.
21. Damasceno RW, Avgitidou G, Belfort R Jr, Dantas PE, Holbach LM, Heindl LM. Eyelid aging: pathophysiology and clinical management. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2015;78(5):328-31.
22. Atalay K, Gurez C, Kirgiz A, Serefoglu Cabuk K. Does severity of dermatochalasis in aging affect corneal biomechanical properties? Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:659-64.
23. Cahill KV, Bradley EA, Meyer DR, Custer PL, Holck DE, Marcet MM, Mawn LA. Functional indications for upper eyelid ptosis and blepharoplasty surgery: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(12):2510-7.
24. Simsek IB, Yilmaz B, Yildiz S, Artunay O. Effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on vision and corneal tomographic changes measured by pentacam. Orbit. 2015;34(5):263-7.


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7 things you need to do BEFORE you start work on your content calendar for 2017/
It's time - the silly season is almost here, so now is the time to get that content calendar of yours sorted for 2017. Today's blog is the first in a 3 part series on what you need to do to prepare your content marketing strategy for 2017
Here is my list of 7 things you need review and prepare, prior to putting your content calendar in place
- Commit to creating a content calendar first and then tell your partner/work colleagues/children/Personal Trainer or dog. Whoever you tell things too when you want to be accountable - tell them. This needs to be voiced out loud
- Review last year's content that you produced. Didn't produce any? Well that will make this item really easy to do! Review your Google Analytics and review your most read blog posts over the year. Go into your social media channels and review your best posts, most liked, most commented. Before we dive into a new year, let's just reflect on what worked this year. Write down all the good stuff that worked, as you will park that for use in 2017. This will take some time to do this properly - so allocate enough time so that you get good data as a result.
- Now, think about what activities you know you already have planned for 2017. Think about new product lines, new service offerings, trade shows, field days, conferences, seminars, seasonal activities, time sensitive events for your customers etc. Write down them all as this is going to help fill up your calendar without too much thinking on your part. Work with what you already know to leverage off that. Free up your brain by first focussing on the known, then you will have more energy to be creative in the gaps.
- Think about what your customers might want from you. If you are unsure, survey them. Either just send out an email campaign and ask the question or for more involved businesses, send them to a link to a Survey Monkey campaign you create. Drop in a little inducement for completing it (Maybe a raffle with a Christmas gift voucher involved would be good) Include these suggestions into your list of potential content if this is in alignment with your direction.
- Can you leverage content from your partners and wider network? Creating content can seem like a pain and the first thing that gets tossed when you are busy. But if you get plans in place and look to utilise the resources of others in your content marketing plans, it can make the entire process much more pleasurable for you
- Think about who you are going to allocate this work to & if you are going to do something new. Who on your team will be doing this and when? Will you have extra resources? Is it time to introduce a new channel? What about a new lead magnet and sales funnel? If you don't have a lead magnet of some kind in your business and then the sales funnel that comes after this optin, then 2017 will be your virgin year!
- Review last's years content calendar process and check to see if you stuck to your plans. If you did, congrats to you. Didn't have one? Don't feel too bad, most small business owners don't, 2017 could be your year to change all of that.


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