text:
Testing is an important skill every developer should have. Still, some developers are reluctant to test. We've all met at some point someone who thinks tests are useless or that it takes too much effort to write them. While it's possible to have that feeling when starting to write tests, once you learn to properly test your apps, you'll never look back again. Why? Because when well-written, tests allow you to ship robust apps with confidence.
Let's assume you're working on a brand new app. You've been coding for weeks or months, so you master your code. You know every part of it. So why should you write tests on things you already know?
Well, the more your codebase grow, the harder it is to maintain it. There's always a point when you break your code as you add new features. Then you have to start debugging, modify your existing code and hope your fix doesn't break any other features. If it does, you'll might think: "I'm sick of this app! I can't even ship one tiny feature without breaking something!".
Let's take another example. You land on an existing codebase without tests. Same thing here: good luck adding new features without regressing!
But what if you're working with other developers? What if you don't have any other choices than just fixing the app? You'll be entering the reboot phase: the moment when you decide to rebuild all your existing features because you're not sure anymore of what you've done or what others have done.
The solution to both of these examples is to write tests. It may seem like a waste of time now, but it'll actually be a time-saver later. Here are some main benefits that come along writing tests:
So, yes, writing tests takes time. Yes, it's hard at first. Yes, building the app sounds more fun. But I'll say it again: writing tests is essential and do save time when they are correctly implemented.
In this article, we'll learn a powerful tool to write tests for JavaScript apps: Jest.
In a nutshell, Jest is an all-in-one JavaScript testing tool built by Facebook. Why all-in-one? Well, because with Jest only, you can do all of these things:
While it's true you can use other testing tools like Mocha, Chai or Sinon, I prefer to use Jest for its simplicity of use.
To add Jest, nothing more simple than adding a package in your project:
npm install --save-dev jest
Then you can add a
test script in your
package.json file:
"scripts": {
"test": "jest"
jest by default will find and run files located in a
__tests__ folder or ending with
.spec.js or
Jest provides functions to structure your tests:
describe: used for grouping your tests and describing the behavior of your function/module/class. It takes two parameters. The first one is a string describing your group. The second one is a callback function in which you have your test cases or hook functions (more on that just below 😉).
it or
test: it's your test case, that is to say your unit test. It must be descriptive. The parameters are exactly the same as
beforeAll (afterAll): hook function that runs before (after) all tests. It takes one parameter which is the function you will run before (after) all tests.
beforeEach (afterEach): hook function that runs before (after) each test. It takes one parameter which is the function you will run before (after) each tests.
beforeEach and other hook functions are called so because they allow you to call your own code and modify the behavior of your tests.
.skip on
describe and
it.skip(...) or
.only on
describe and
it.only(...) or
describe.only(...). It is useful if you have a lot of tests and want to focus on only one test.
describe('My first test suite', () => {
it('adds two numbers', () => {
expect(add(2, 2)).toBe(4)
it('substracts two numbers', () => {
expect(substract(2, 2)).toBe(0)
When you write a test, you usually need to make assertions on your code. For example you would expect an error to appear on the screen if a user gives the wrong password on a login screen. More generally, to make an assertion, you need an input and an expected output. Jest allows us to do that easily by providing matchers to test our values:
Here are the most common one:
toBe: compares primitive values (boolean, number, string) or the references of objects and arrays (aka referential equality)
expect(1 + 1).toBe(2)
const firstName = 'Thomas'
const lastName = 'Lombart'
expect(`${firstName} ${lastName}`).toBe('Thomas Lombart')
const testsAreEssential = true
toEqual: compares recursively all properties of arrays or objects (aka deep equality).
const fruits = ['banana', 'kiwi', 'strawberry']
const sameFruits = ['banana', 'kiwi', 'strawberry']
// Oops error! They don't have the same reference
const event = {
title: 'My super event',
description: 'Join me in this event!',
expect({ ...event, city: 'London' }).toEqual({
title: 'My super event',
description: 'Join me in this event!',
city: 'London',
toBeTruthy (
toBeFalsy): tells if the value is
true (
expect('Hello world').toBeTruthy()
expect({ foo: 'bar' }).toBeTruthy()
not: has to be placed in front of a matcher and returns the opposite of the matcher's result.
// same as expect(null).toBeFalsy()
toContain: checks if the array contains the element in parameter
expect(['Apple', 'Banana', 'Strawberry']).toContain('Apple')
toThrow: checks if a function throws an error
function connect() {
throw new ConnectionError()
They are not the only matchers, far from there. You can also discover in the Jest docs
toHaveProperty and much more!
Now that we covered the structure of a test file and the matchers provided by Jest, let's see how we can use its CLI to run our tests.
Let's recall what we saw in Discover Jest's lesson: running only
jest. By default
jest will lookup at the directory's root and run all files located in a
__tests__ folder or ending with
.spec.js or
You can also specify the filename of the test file you want to run or a pattern:
jest Event # run all test files containing Event
jest src/EventDetail.test.js # run a specific file
Now let's say you want to run a specific test, Jest allows you to do so with the
-t option. For example, consider the two following test suites:
// calculator.test.js
describe('calculator', () => {
it('adds two numbers', () => {
expect(2 + 2).toBe(4)
it('substracts two numbers', () => {
expect(2 - 2).toBe(0)
it('computes something', () => {
expect(2 * 2).toBe(4)
// example.test.js
describe('example', () => {
it('does something', () => {
it('does another thing', () => {
const firstName = 'John'
const lastName = 'Doe'
expect(`${firstName} ${lastName}`).toBe('John Doe')
By running the following command:
jest -t numbers
Jest will run the first two tests of
calculator.test.js but will skip the rest.
Then there's, what I think is, the most handy option of Jest:
watch mode. This mode watches files for changes and rerun the tests related to them. To run it, you just have to use the
--watch option:
jest --watch
Note: Jest knows what files are changed thanks to Git. So you must enable git in your project to make use of that feature.
Let's see a last option to show you how powerful Jest is: collecting test coverage, that is to say, the measurement of the amount of code covered by a test suite when run. This metric can be useful to make sure your code is properly covered by your tests. To make use of that, run the following command:
jest --coverage
Note: striving for 100% coverage everywhere doesn't make sense, especially for UI testing (because things move fast). Reach 100% coverage for things that matter most, like a module or component related to payments.
If I would give you every possible option provided by Jest CLI, this article would take you forever, so if you want to learn more about them, take a look at their docs.
A mock is a fake module that simulates the behavior of a real object. Put it another way, mocks allow us to fake our code in order to isolate what we are testing.
But why would you need mocks in your tests? Because in real-world apps, you depend on many things such as databases, third-party APIs, libraries, other components, etc. However, you usually don't want to test what your code depends on, right? You can safely assume that what your code uses works well. Let's take two examples to illustrate the importance of mocks:
TodoList component that fetches your todos from a server and displays them. Problem: you need to run the server in order to fetch them. If you do so, your tests would get both slow and complicated.
You can easily create mocks with the following function:
It doesn't look like so but this function is really powerful. It holds a
mock property which makes it possible for us to keep track of how many times the functions have been called, with which arguments, what were the returned values, etc.
const foo = jest.fn()
console.log('foo', foo) // foo ƒ (){return e.apply(this,arguments)}
console.log('foo mock property', foo.mock) // Object {calls: Array[2], instances: Array[2], invocationCallOrder: Array[2], results: Array[2]}
console.log('foo calls', foo.mock.calls) // [Array[0], Array[1]]
In this example, you can see that because
foo have been called twice,
calls has two items which represent the arguments passed in both function calls. Thus, we can make assertions on what were passed to the function:
const foo = jest.fn()
Writing such an assertion is a little bit tedious. Luckily for us, Jest provides useful matchers when it comes to make mock assertions such as
toHaveBeenCalledTimes and much more:
const hello = jest.fn()
const foo = jest.fn()
expect(foo).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, "bar")
expect(foo).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, "hello")
Let's take a real world example: a multi-step form. On each step, you have form inputs and also two buttons: previous and next. Clicking on previous or next triggers a
saveStepData(nextOrPreviousFn) function that, well, saves your data and executes the
nextOrPreviousFn callback function which redirects you to the previous or next step.
Let'say you want to test the
saveStepData function. As said above, you don't need to care about
nextOrPreviousFn and its implementation, you just want to know it has correctly been called after saving. Then you can use a mock function to do so. This useful technique is called dependency injection:
function saveStepData(nextOrPreviousFn) {
// Saving data...
const nextOrPreviousMock = jest.fn()
So far, we know how to create mocks and if they have been called. But what if we need to change the implementation of a function or modify the returned value to make one of our test deterministic? We can do so with the following function:
// Or with the shorthand
Let's try it right away:
const foo = jest.fn().mockImplementation(() => 'bar')
const bar = foo()
// or
// or
In this example, you can see we were able to mock the returned value of the
foo function. Thus, the variable
bar holds the
"bar" string.
Note: It's also possible to mock asynchronous functions using
mockResolvedValue or
mockRejectedValue to respectively resolve or reject a Promise.
Sure, we can mock functions. But what about modules, you might think? They're important as well since we import them in mostly every components! Don't worry, Jest got you covered with
Using it is quite simple. Just give it the path of the module you want to mock and then every is automatically mocked.
For instance, let's take the case of axios, one of the most popular HTTP clients. Indeed, you don't want to perform actual network requests in your tests because they could get very slow. Let's mock
axios then:
import axiosMock from 'axios'
Note: I named the module
axiosMock and not
axios for readability reasons. I want to make it clear it's a mock and not the real module. The more readable, the better!
jest.mock the different
axios functions such as
post, etc are mocked now. Thus, we have full control over what
axios sends us back:
import axiosMock from "axios"
async function getUsers() {
try {
// this would typically be axios instead of axiosMock in your app
const response = await axiosMock.get("/users")
return response.data.users
} catch (e) {
throw new Error("Oops. Something wrong happened")
const fakeUsers = ["John", "Emma", "Tom"]
axiosMock.get.mockResolvedValue({data: { users: fakeUsers } })
test("gets the users", async () => {
const users = await getUsers()
Another great feature of Jest is shared mocks. Indeed, if you were to reuse the axios mock implementation above, you could just create a
__mocks__ folder alongside the
node_modules folder with a
axios.js file in it:
module.exports = {
get: () => {
return Promise.resolve({ data: { users: ['John', 'Emma', 'Tom'] } })
And then in the test:
import axiosMock from "axios"
// Note that we still have to call jest.mock!
async function getUsers() {
try {
const response = await axios.get("/users")
return response.data.users
} catch (e) {
throw new Error("Oops. Something wrong happened")
test("gets the users", async () => {
const users = await getUsers()
expect(users.toEqual(["John", "Emma", "Tom"]))
It's not because Jest works out of the box that it can't be configured, far from it! There are a lot of configuration options for Jest. You can configure Jest in three different ways:
jest key in
package.json (same as
eslintConfig or
prettier keys if you read my last article)
json or
js file using
jest --config.
Most of the time, you'll use the first and second one.
Let's see how to configure Jest for a React app, especially with Create React App (CRA)
Indeed if you're not using CRA, you'll have to write your own configuration. Because it partly has to do with setting up a React app (Babel, Webpack, etc), I won't cover it here. Here is a link from Jest docs directly that explains the setup without CRA.
If you're using CRA, you have nothing to do, Jest is already setup (though it's possible to override the configuration for specific keys).
However, it's not because CRA setups Jest for you that you shouldn't know how to setup it. Thus, you'll find below common Jest configuration keys that you'll likely use or see in the future. You'll also see how CRA are using them.
You can specify a global pattern to tell Jest which tests to run thanks to the
testMatch key. By default CRA uses the following:
"testMatch": [
This pattern means that Jest will run tests on
ts and
tsx files located in
src that are either in a
__tests__ folder or if the extension is prefixed by
For example, these tests files would be matched:
But these wouldn't be matched:
Jest has a key called
setupFilesAfterEnv which is nothing less than a list of files to run before each test runs. That's where you want to configure your testing frameworks (such as React Testing Library or Enzyme or create global mocks.
CRA, by default, named this file
As said in the Jest CLI lesson, you can easily see your code coverage with the
--coverage option. It's also possible to configure it.
Let's say you want (or don't want) specific files to be covered. You can use the
collectCoverageFrom key for that. As an example, CRA wants code coverage on JavaScript or TypeScript files located in the
src folder and don't want
.d.ts (typings) files to be covered:
"collectCoverageFrom": ["src/**/*.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}", "!src/**/*.d.ts"]
If you want, you can also specify a coverage threshold thanks to the
coverageThreshold key. In the following example, running
jest --coverage will fail if there is less than 75% branch, line, function and statement coverage:
"coverageThreshold": {
"global": {
"branches": 75,
"functions": 75,
"lines": 75,
"statements": 75
If you use the very latest features of JavaScript or TypeScript, Jest may not be able to properly run your files. In this case, you need to transform them before they are actually run. For that, you can use the
transform key which maps regular expressions to transformers paths. As an illustration, CRA makes use of babel-jest for JS/TS files:
"transform": {
"^.+\\.(js|jsx|ts|tsx)$": "babel-jest"
As said in the beginning, there are a lot more of configuration options for Jest. Be curious and take a look at their docs here!


text:
From 2016 to the end of 2018 has been super!
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Basement remodel Essex Jct., notice the built in Pac Man game.
Best way to get in contact is by email, firstname.lastname@example.com.
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If customers can't find it, it doesn't exist. Clearly list and describe the services you offer. Also, be sure to showcase a premium service.
Having a big sale, on-site celebrity, or other event? Be sure to announce it so everybody knows and gets excited about it.
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Customers have questions, you have answers. Display the most frequently asked questions, so everybody benefits.
Copyright © 2019 Boutin's Best Construction - All Rights Reserved.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Events for August 4, 2019
Day Navigation
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text:
Noodler's ink Antietam red
This bottled ink is manufactured in the USA by Noodler's Ink. The theme of the ink label is the battle of Antietam(also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg). The ink label pays homage to American history and the ink is designed to resemble shades of blood to signify the cost of civil war.
Applications for this ink include:
- Stock Osprey Insert (using converter)
- Osprey Dip holders (reservoir fitted dip nib)
- Osprey 2019 ZebraG/EF Flexpert insert
- Refillable Brush pens
- Refillable felt tip pens
- Refillable rollerball Pens
- Glass dip pens
- Basic watercolor dip brushes
CSR ink sale: In 2017, Osprey Pens purchased a large stock of Noodler's inks. Over the last 2 years, we have used these inks as part of our CSR program and for testing our products. In 2019, we are liquidating our surplus inventory of remaining Noodler's inks by offering them for direct sale to the public.
This product is also part of our CSR matching program. We donate a portion of the proceeds to our list of CSR charities for each bottle or sample vial purchased by the public. Please check out our CSR section for more Details.


text:
It was the type of moment every educator lives for. As I walked around the room, the genuine fascination and the sparking of ideas were almost palpable. My pupils were in the thick of extracting DNA from a strawberry, and I heard one say that her mind was being blown by the day's activity. As a professor of engineering, I always thrill to the sounds of my students' excitement over the concepts we're learning in class — but this particular satisfaction ran deeper.
After all, the subjects of my instruction that day were not undergraduates or any younger; they were all science teachers themselves. The techniques and activities we were teaching to the group soon could be igniting similar excitement in the minds of hundreds of middle-schoolers.
The Next Generation Science Standards were published in 2013 after a multi-state effort to define the skills K-12 students need to master before graduating so they can thrive in today's in-demand jobs in science, technology, engineering and math (which together comprise STEM).
In Louisiana, where I live and teach, this is the first school year in which K-12 students will be tested according to our state's new science standards (largely modeled on the NGSS). This represents Louisiana's first update to the standards in 20 years, and necessitates some major changes to science classrooms. Rather than encouraging students to memorize a host of facts, the new standards prioritize firsthand data-gathering, critical thinking, investigation and collaboration. As science classrooms shift to mimic something more like mini-laboratories, science teachers need to do some shifting of their own.
The new standards are, without a doubt, a significant improvement upon those they replace. But it's also true that they present a real problem for many of the teachers expected to teach to them: They demand a transformation in classroom culture, require the purchase of new classroom materials and the development of new lesson plans, and ask teachers to sharply revise how they conceive of their own roles in the classroom. What's more, a significant proportion of teachers have been left to navigate this choppy transition with minimal support, leaving many of them feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.
There's one message we've received loud and clear since we began inviting teachers to campus for our STEM workshops: This type of professional development should be considered an expected — and therefore compensated — part of an educator's job.
Click here to read the full story in The Hill (January 19, 2019)


text:
Former White House communications director Anthony Scaramucci seemingly took a swipe at President Trump on Wednesday over Trump's response to the violence in Charlottesville last weekend.
President Trump has been under fire from both Democrats and Republicans for his response to the violence in Charlottesville that left one woman dead. (RELATED: Mooch 2024? Scaramucci Inquiry Suggests Political Hopes)
Scaramucci posted a tweet roughly paraphrasing a line from President Ronald Reagan's 1983 "evil empire" speech.
Beware temptation to: blithely label both sides = at fault, ignore facts of history, & remove yourself from the struggle between good & evil pic.twitter.com/xpWo4Mfoco
— Anthony Scaramucci (@Scaramucci) August 16, 2017
"I urge you to beware the temptation of pride — the temptation of blithely declaring yourselves above it all and label both sides equally at fault, to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simply call the arms race a giant misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil," Reagan said in reference to the Soviet Union.
Scaramucci previously criticized Trump last Sunday for Trump's first response to the violence in Charlottesville, in which the president broadly condemned Saturday's violence but didn't specifically call out white nationalists or white supremacists.
Trump read a much stronger statement on Monday, where he declared: "Racism is evil and those who cause violence in its name are criminals and thugs, including the KKK, neo-Nazis, white supremacists and other hate groups that are repugnant to everything we hold dear as Americans."
On Tuesday, Trump again blamed "both sides" for the violence, roiling both Republicans and Democrats and, it appears, Scaramucci.
Scaramucci had a brief tenure as White House communications director, lasting just 10 days before Trump fired him.


text:
Career Overview of How To Become A Surgeon
Surgeons are specialised physicians who operate on patients to correct or remove malformations, repair injuries or conduct preventative procedures on patients. They may also conduct examinations on patients and advise them on their medical situations. Many surgeons specialise in one particular field, such as orthopaedic, cardiovascular or neurological surgery.
Courses Offered
According to the US Bureau of Labour Statistics, the courses offered include Doctorate Degree and Post-Doctoral training at degree level, Pre-Med or Biological Sciences at Degree Fields and Licensure and Board-Certification in all states at Licensure/Certification. When It comes to experience, 3-10 years of residency training is required depending on speciality. Also, the statistics reveal that the projected job growth from 2014-2024 will be around 14% for all surgeons and physicians with an average salary (2015) of $247,520.
Employment Outlook
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), surgeons and physicians are expected to experience a significant rise in job opportunities in the coming years (www.bls.gov). Overall employment was expected to grow 14% from 2014-2024. The increasing demand for surgeons is attributed to the continuing development of healthcare and associated industries and a growing elderly population.
Surgeon Education Requirements
Before entering medical school, aspiring surgeons must complete undergraduate school to earn a bachelor's degree. These 4-year degrees do not have to focus specifically on medicine; however, curricula should focus heavily on the physical sciences to prepare students for the strong emphasis on science in medical school. Courses in anatomy, biology, chemistry, math and physiology may be beneficial. Some medical schools admit students after only three years of undergraduate school.
Medical Degree
With bachelor's degrees, students are prepared to attend medical school and pursue Medical Doctor (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degrees. M.D. degree program curricula are generally divided into two years of foundational medical courses followed by two years of clinical clerkships. During clerkships, students work directly with patients, applying classroom instruction obtained in the first two years to diagnose illnesses and provide healthcare.
Post-Doctoral Training
After medical school, students typically continue their medical training in residency programs, gaining practical experience in a chosen speciality under the supervision of licensed physicians. Some hobbies include general surgery, orthopaedic surgery, plastic surgery, or urology.
According to the American Medical Association (AMA), these programs can last 3-7 years depending on the speciality, though general surgery residencies typically take five years to complete (www.ama-assn.org). Surgeons who wish to focus their careers on sub-specialties of the profession must complete an additional 1-3 years of post-doctoral training in fellowship programs.
Along with extensive, formal training from an accredited medical school, all states require surgeons to obtain medical licensure. Licensure entails passage of the United States Medical Licensing Examination or the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Exam. Surgeons must also become board-certified in surgery and any subspecialties by the American Board of Medical Specialists or American Osteopathic Association. Surgeons are generally required to complete continuing education credits throughout their careers to maintain licensure and certification. A surgeon mainly focuses on operating on patients and requires a bachelor's degree, medical degree, and licensure.
Image source: Natanael Melchor


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