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Unity 3D Spel > Unity 3D Skill > Unstoppaball
Unstoppaball is an unity3d game where you have to controll a small ball.Any wrong move and the ball falls. Du har 30 lvl to show your qualities but the landscape diversity make the game even more difficult.
To play Unstoppaball, you will use arrow keys to controll the ball.
Spelet Tags:
Unity3D bollspel, unity3d ballance games, Unity3D spel, Unstoppaball


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2018 USA womens hockey team signed USA hat. This is signed by 12 members of the team including Hilary knight, Maddie Rooney, Kendall Coyne, Lee Stecklein, Monique Lamoureux Morando, Nicole Hensley, Cayla Barnes, Kali Flanagan, Emily Pfalzer, Sidney Morin, Amanda Pelkey and one other. They all signed this in black sharpie.
I got this signed while they were in town for the 2018 espys. I will include a proof 4x6 photo of them as shown. I do not trade any of my autographs. I guarantee this to be 100 percent authentic. The item "2018 Womens Hockey Team Signed USA Hat 12 Sigs Hilary Knight Proof Pyeongchang" is in sale since Thursday, August 2, 2018.
This item is in the category "Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop\Autographs-Original\Olympics\Winter". The seller is "818yankees" and is located in Granada Hills, California. This item can be shipped worldwide.

subset: commoncrawl


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.NET Framework error in Español (Spanish):
TemplateChildIndex debe tener un valor comprendido entre -1 y 65,534.
English translation: TemplateChildIndex must be value between -1 and 65,534.Search for english version of this error message on google.
I always spent long time trying to translate error messages logged by application deployed at my client and the translations did not match anyway. After long frustration, I finally found this site. So far, it has saved me hunderds of hours of laborous searching for translations of those error messages.
I simply love it!


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Health Science Internships
Cost Entry: As soon as the coding half is completed, medical billing specialists assign the suitable prices for the corresponding patient based on the coding standards. These charges are liable for figuring out the reimbursements for the companies rendered by a healthcare facility or a person physician. It is the most important step in the medical billing and coding cycle, as even a minor error will greatly impact the end result.Rummaging aroundthe total course of to seek out that error might be like finding 'a needle in a haystack'.
Lanakila Health Center
Health consciousness is an aspect that has utterly turned the focus of Indians. Environmental adjustments mixed with lifestyle modifications have brought on havoc to the current day world. There's a drastic change seen in the health situation of people today. If ample health care is just not thought-about and if correct insurance insurance policies are usually not bought, it could be quite difficult to face the results. Sudden well being issues can occur anytime. Such emergency conditions must be dealt with with expertise to stop additional difficulties. To keep away from financial strain throughout such conditions, it's all the time advisable to maintain you and your family secure with such inexpensive health insurance plans.
Donald Trump Health Care Reform
While in Oklahoma, your expectation of getting the absolute best medical care from Oklahoma doctors will probably be met with love and care. Not solely are you receiving one of the best medical technology, but also the perfect customer service promised by the hospital authorities and medical staff.
Pro Health Urgent Care
This kind of disturbance increases the chances of development of cancer. Then again, night time shifts are equally harmful for men as effectively. Working in night can create serious health problems comparable to rectal and colon cancers, digestive issues and high blood pressure, rise in ldl cholesterol and triglycerides can lead to severe cardiovascular diseases.
Health Care Market Place
These chemicals can both reduce the intensity of ache or set off the manufacturing of different hormones and chemicals that can assist in regulating the physique's inner capabilities and processes. The elevated manufacturing of chemicals and hormones helps in stimulating and enhancing the physique's natural restorative, therapeutic and therapeutic abilities thereby promoting a wholesome emotional and physical being.
What The Health Watch Online
So hospital retail stores should be handled with care and a focus to keep up the standard as they're an emblem of hope especially who are preventing the battle of life. On the similar time, the suggestions and the conduct of the patients and others who're the purchasers at these shops should be encouraging to keep things good and comfy for the workers also.
Article Conclusion
The claims are reviewed by the insurance coverage firm to generate acceptable results and cost settlements pertaining to the affected person's accounts. It's going to take a while for you to get the training that's necessary, and in all circumstances, good group goes to be of great benefit. If you work on it repeatedly and are consistent with your efforts, one can find that you'll be able to enter the nursing discipline simply.
Article Writer
25 year-old Early Youth (Pre-Primary School) Teacher Gottwald from Frontier, spends time with interests for instance painting, . and train spotting. Has signed up for a global contiki trip. Is quite thrilled specifically about visiting Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe.


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Samnak Thon Hotel hotel
Search 86 hotels in Samnak Thon
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Where to stay in Samnak Thon
What's Samnak Thon like?
If you're looking for a place to get away, look no further than Samnak Thon. Whether you're planning to stay for a night or for the week, the area around Samnak Thon has accommodations to fit every need. Search for hotels in Samnak Thon with Hotels.com by checking our online map. Our map displays the areas and neighborhoods around all Samnak Thon hotels so you can see how close you are from landmarks and attractions, and then refine your search within the larger area. The best Samnak Thon hotel deals are here with our lowest price guarantee.
What types of hotels are available in Samnak Thon?
We have Samnak Thon accommodations with prices starting at PHP 299. Choose one of our 9410 deals and get discounts of up to 75%.
Below are the number of accommodations by star rating in Samnak Thon and the surrounding area:
- • 54 5-star accommodations from PHP 4248 per night
- • 544 4-star accommodations from PHP 1767 per night
- • 952 3-star accommodations from PHP 945 per night
- • 97 2-star accommodations from PHP 544 per night
How to Get to Samnak Thon
What is the closest airport to Samnak Thon?
- • Utapao (UTP-Utapao Intl.), 5.6 mi (9 km) from central Samnak Thon
Things to See and Do in Samnak Thon
What is there to see near Samnak Thon:
- • Buddha Mountain (4.9 mi/7.8 km from the city center)
- • Wat Yansangwararam (5.1 mi/8.3 km from the city center)
- • Anek Kuson Sala (5.2 mi/8.4 km from the city center)
- • Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden (6.5 mi/10.5 km from the city center)
- • Phala Beach (6.8 mi/11 km from the city center)
What is there to do near Samnak Thon:
- • Cartoon Network Amazone (7.9 mi/12.6 km from the city center)
- • Rayong Green Valley Country Club (3.9 mi/6.3 km from the city center)
- • Ramayana Water Park (4.2 mi/6.8 km from the city center)
- • Silverlake Winery (4.8 mi/7.7 km from the city center)
- • Plutaluang Navy Golf Course (6.5 mi/10.5 km from the city center)
When is the best time to visit Samnak Thon?
- • Hottest months: May, April, March, June (average 95°F)
- • Coldest months: December, January, November, February (average 70°F)
- • Rainiest months: May, September, August, and July (average 13.11 inches of rainfall)


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Brand new song from Ghanaian producer and musician Magnom tagged 'I Taya'. This song I Taya by Magnom features Shatta Movement boss Shatta Wale on it. B2 produced this banger I Taya by Magnon Ft Shatta Wale. Download free mp3 Magnom – I Taya Ft. Shatta Wale
Share your thoughts on this latest audio mp3 song Magnom – I Taya Ft. Shatta Wale
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Finally, identify "key players" and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. The fragility of modern democracy. A good thesis proposal hinges on a good idea.
Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Use brainstorming or idea mapping to create a list of topics you would be interested in researching for a paper about the influence of the Internet on social networking. The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound. After identifying potential topic ideas, you will need to evaluate your ideas and choose one topic to pursue. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal.
Available at www. A good working thesis expresses a debatable idea or claim that can be supported with evidence from research. What kind of sampling procedure do you use? Are they valid and reliable? Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.
This is not set in stone, but can be helpful as your work progresses. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study. You instructor may provide a list of suggested topics or ask that you develop a topic on your own. Fully exploring ideas will help you build a solid foundation for your paper.


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On Sunday June 2nd at the Memorial Tournament presented by Nationwide, the PGA TOUR, Players, volunteers, fans, and staff will all be wearing yellow
Will You Join Us For Your Chance to Win?
Support Children's Hospitals on June 2nd and #PlayYellowSunday! We are asking you to:
Post a picture of you supporting Play Yellow. One lucky person will be selected to win Rory McIlroy's golf bag!
How Can You Participate?
Go to PlayYellow.Org and donate $18 for 18 holes so you can get a yellow CMN Hospitals miracle band sent to you. You'll be ready to go with your miracle band to head straight to the course on Sunday June 2nd and be a part of "#PlayYellowSunday".
Purchase yellow merchandise to use/wear during #PlayYellowSunday from select partners.
Post about it and win! We want to turn the internet yellow. Share how you are joining in on the Yellow Out by tagging @PlayYellow4Kids and using the hashtag #PlayYellowSunday. We will choose the best photo to win a one-of-a-kind yellow TaylorMade golf bag signed by Rory McIlroy who won The Players Championship with this bag! Click here for official rules.


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Thursday, March 14, 2019
Identity Crises in A Separate Peace :: A Separate Peace Essays
military personnel War II, the major historical event during the life of John Knowles, the germ of A Separate Peace, started in 1939. Germany instigated the war, and shortly afterward was joined by Japan and Italy. America, however, fought on the side of The Allies, England and France. Although the United States was still recovering from the abundant Depression, it entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The military drafted men into the war, and women took their places in the work force, people abandoned the obsolete way of life and looked forward to a new one. American lit reflects this transition, as the novels written in the post-war period are far to a greater extent ambitious, expanding past the bounds of traditional literature. Modernism, a major movement at that time, was stimulated by World War II, severing ties with the past and encompass the changes of the future. *Knowles in A Separate Peace illustrates the identity crisis of teenage boys wit h component Forrester?s hypocrisy, Phineas? duality, and Elwin Lepellier?s insanity. Knowles reveals ingredient?s hypocritical love towards his approximate friends, especially Phineas (Finny). broker attends every group meeting of Finny?s ?Super felo-de-se Society? during the summer session, even though ingredient would much preferably be studying. Gene wants to do well in school and is frisky of Finny always pulling him away from his books, however, instead being honest with Finny, Gene behaves as though he enjoys the meetings. Gene, an adolescent struggling to be existent in his relationships, says, ?I went along, I never missed a meeting?acting against every instinct of my nature, I went without thought of protest? (Knowles 34). Gene refuses to let Finny know how he actually feels about the meetings, and despite his external love toward Finny, Gene allows bitterness to take root inside of him. Knowles besides depicts Gene?s hypocrisy finished his response to Fin ny?s fall. after Finny falls, Gene calmly jumps from the tree branch into the Devon River. Later, when Finny is lying in a hospital bed, Gene misleads Finny, telling Finny that he tried to help him and cover him from falling. What Gene says is false, because Gene is, in fact, guilty of causing Finny?s fall. Gene says, ?I tried, you remember? I reached out but you were gone, you went down through those little branches underneath, and when I reached out there was only air?
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Do you have a debt recycle strategy in place? Rolf Latham & Alex Straker from ASAP Financial Services can show you how to simultaneously pay off your home loan and create wealth immediately.
QLD Logan hot spots! Insider knowledge
Discussion in 'Where to Buy' started by magyar, 16th Mar, 2017.
Page 6 of 10
Page 6 of 10


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Jersey Sweetheart Neckline with Lace Applique and Slit
Faviana 9393 is amazing for nearly any formal event! This graceful style features a sweetheart neckline and straps that hold you into place. The bodice, back, and straps are covered in a lovely lace applique that adds a fantastic detail and a hint of sparkle with heat-set rhinestones. This look is finished with a ruched thigh-high slit .
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Which roles are played by Jerome Courtland | Characters played by Jerome Courtland
Jerome Courtland has played the role of Jerome in A Woman of Distinction Film released in 1950.Abner Spudler in Battleground Film released in 1949.Sam Grubbs in Black Spurs Film released in 1965.Michael in Caf� Oriental Film released in 1962.Larry Galland in Cripple Creek Film released in 1952.Singer ('Old Yeller') in Disney Sing-Along-Songs: The Bare Necessities Video released in 1987.Himself in Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer Video released in 2006.Dexter Franklin in Kiss and Tell Film released in 1945.Peter Goodwin in Le avventure di Mary Read Film released in 1961.Actor in 'Tonka' in Legends of the West Film released in 1992.Gene Thomas in Make Believe Ballroom Film released in 1949.Narrator in Noah's Ark Film released in 1959.Teddy Hill in O sole mio Film released in 1960.Terry Canfield in Santa Fe Film released in 1951.Ted Mason in Sunny Side of the Street Film released in 1951.Elvin C. Carey in Take the High Ground! Film released in 1953.Tharus in Tharus figlio di Attila Film released in 1962.Himself in The 36th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards TV Film released in 1984.Arkansas in The Bamboo Prison Film released in 1954.Steven Pierton in The Barefoot Mailman Film released in 1951.Captain Ben Brady in The Gillmen TV Film released in 0.Johnny Howard in The Man from Colorado Film released in 1948.Steve Norris in The Palomino Film released in 1950.Danny Carver alias Bonner in The Texas Rangers Film released in 1951.Johnny in The Walking Hills Film released in 1949.Gilbert Parker in Together Again Film released in 1944.Danny in Tokyo Joe Film released in 1949.Lt. Henry Nowlan in Tonka Film released in 1958.Gerald Durham in When You're Smiling Film released in 1950.Paul Simpson in Code 3 TV Series released in 1957.Jerry Lynch in Crossroads TV Series released in 1955.William Byers in Death Valley Days TV Series released in 1952.Lt. Henry Nowlan (edited from Tonka) in Disneyland TV Series released in 1954.Lt. Henry Nowlan (edited from: Tonka) in Disneyland TV Series released in 1954.Andy Burnett in Disneyland TV Series released in 1954.Dr. Green in Knots Landing TV Series released in 1979.Leif in Tales of the Vikings TV Series released in 1959.Leif Ericson in Tales of the Vikings TV Series released in 1959.Leif Erikson in Tales of the Vikings TV Series released in 1959.Lt. Cliff Walker in The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin TV Series released in 1954.Kennedy in The Elgin Hour TV Series released in 1954.John Cole in The Millionaire TV Series released in 1955.Johnny Gibbs in The Rifleman TV Series released in 1958.Tex in The United States Steel Hour TV Series released in 1953.Dave Gilbert in The United States Steel Hour TV Series released in 1953.Byron Prescott in The Virginian TV Series released in 1962.Himself (audience member) in Toast of the Town TV Series released in 1948.Cadet Chris Wooderson in West Point TV Series released in 1956.
Which roles are played by Jerome Courtland, name the characters played by Jerome Courtland, list of roles potrayed by Jerome Courtland
Famous Characters Rocky Balboa Harry Potter Batman Albus Dumbledore Alice Sherlock Holmes Terminator Peter Parker Gollum Rambo Movies Vertigo The Godfather Gone with the Wind Titanic Star Wars Forrest Gump The Shawshank Redemption The Sound of Music Psycho Raging Bull TV Shows Game of Thrones Hannibal Pretty Little Liars The Flash Outlander Sons of Anarchy Supernatural Arrow Orange Is the New Black Once Upon a Time
Actorole provides information on which actor played which role in a film. Know about the characters in a movie and who played role in a movie from one of the largest searchbase of actors and their roles.


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BEVERLY, MA. – Endicott women's ice hockey student-athlete Jade Meier (Fairbanks, Alaska) was named Colonial Hockey Conference (CHC) Player of the Week, as announced by the conference office on Monday.
Meier netted a hat-trick during a 6-2 victory over SUNY Canton on Saturday, Feb. 3. Her three goals all came during the second period of the game and she is just the third student-athlete in program history to record a hat-trick during a contest. Meier also added an assist on the game-winning goal during the Gulls' 2-1 win over SUNY Canton on Friday, Feb. 2.
The sophomore forward now has 23 points throughout the season on 10 goals and 13 assists.
The Gulls host Morrisville State on Friday, Feb. 9 for a 7 p.m. conference matchup.
For the latest on Endicott Athletics, follow the Gulls on social media on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube.>
(Photo Credit - David Le '10)


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Telephone Operator job recruitment in High Court of Kerala
No. of Vacancy :1
Qualification : 1. Plus Two or equivalent .2. Diploma in Electronics awarded by an institution recognized by the Government .3. Six months' experience as Telephone Operator / Receptionist and in Computer operation .4. Fluency in English,Malayalam and Hindi.
Scale of Pay :Rs. 22200 – 48000
AgeLimit : Candidates born between 02/01/1983 and 01/01/2001 (both days inclusive) are eligible to apply. Candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes born between 02/01/1978 and 01/01/2001 ( both days inclusive) are eligible to apply. Candidates belonging to Other Backward Classes born between 02/01/1980 and 01/01/2001(both days inclusive) are eligible to apply. A candidate who is an Ex-serviceman or Ex-general Reserve Engineer Force person or a disembodied Territorial Army person, in reckoning the age for his eligibility for appointment can exclude the period of his service in the defence forces or in the General Reserve Engineer Force or in the Territorial Army, as the case may be, and the period of unemployment on discharge up to a maximum of five years provided he has not completed the age of 50 years.
Method of Appointment : Direct Recruitment.
Mode of Selection : Selection will be on the basis of Interview OR Written Test and Interview having regard to the number of candidates.If the written test is conducted,it will be of objective type containing 100 questions – 50 questions will be based on the syllabus related to Diploma in Electronics, 30 questions from General knowledge/Current affairs and 20 questions from English language.
Application Fee :Rs. 300/-. Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and Unemployed differently abled candidates are exempted from payment of application fee.
Important Dates:
a. Date of commencement of Step-I & Step-II Processes and remittance of application fee through online mode - 28.02.2019.
b. Date of closure of Step-I Process - 24.03.2019.
c. Date of commencement of remittance of application fee through offline mode. - 25.03.2019.
d. Date of closure of Step-II process and last date for remittance of application fee through online mode. - 29.03.2019.
e. The last date for remittance of application fee through offline mode - 04.04.2019.
|Kochi , Kerala
|10th , 12th
|Government Jobs
|Job Type :
|Download High Court Of Kerala Placement Papers and Interview Questions


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Sikaflex-252 is a non-sag 1-c polyurethane adhesive of stiff, paste-like consistency that cures on exposure to atmospheric humidity to form a durable elastomer. Sikaflex-252 is manufactured in accordance with ISO 9001 / 14001 quality assurance system and the responsible care program.
- 1-C formulation
- Elastic
- Can be overpainted
- Good gap-filling properties
- Capable of withstanding high dynamic stresses


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RE: Civ 5July 13, 2014 at 7:19 pm
(July 13, 2014 at 7:03 pm)Chad32 Wrote: Double posting because there's a time limit on the edit function.
I just got denounced for starting a fifth city on a Pangaea map. I decided to try a domination only map as the Japanese, with no city states. My starting area was a fair distance from everyone else, so I felt free to expand a bit even though I didn't go for the Liberty policy that helps with the wide build. I've been doing honor and commerce.
Anyway I guess that's another thing they can get bunched up over, even though I wasn't really putting cities close to other civs. I get the feeling that there would have been city states in the empty space if I had allowed them. Conveniently enough, I have a mountain range to my right, and a river to my south, with ocean to my west. That makes some nice natural borders.
Yes, they get cheesed off if you build too close, build on land they want, build wonders they want, amongst other things. It also pisses them off if you tell them to go pound sand, or apologize and renege on your promise. Mouse over the civ's name in the diplomacy panel to see why they're pissed. Its usually more than one thing.
I view denouncement as a good indicator of who falls under the axe next.


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It's Time to Face & Breakdown Barriers!
A Course on Barrier Identification & Solution to Address Guideline Implementation Challenges
This course aims to provide participants with the knowledge and skills in assessing local context barriers and developing relevant and practical solutions to implement best practice clinical guidelines.
At the end of this workshop, the participants will:
- Learn and understand our innovative local context barrier identification strategy
- Know and demonstrate skills in developing solutions to address the barriers in context (includes stakeholder involvement)
'We do what we do' in guideline development and implementation because we want to improve healthcare practice and services to achieve optimum outcomes for patients. However, if we fail to focus on the 'real context' challenges (i.e., lack of healthcare professionals to deliver treatment, lack of communication/coordination between policy makers, healthcare providers and guideline developers, patient/individual resistance to the recommended care, etc) then all efforts placed in designing the best implementation strategy will be put to waste.
Barrier identification and barrier solution are critical in ensuring that guidelines serve their purpose and that guidelines have an impact in improving clinical practice, patient outcomes and the healthcare services, which is the theme of the G-I-N 2018 Conference (purpose and impact of guidelines). Very little attention has been given to 'real context' barrier assessment and almost no attention has been given to providing 'real context' barrier solutions, thus many of the guideline implementation strategies have not been successful.
In this workshop, we will be addressing this gap and we will be teaching innovative and practical strategies in barrier identification and barrier solutions because it is time to face the barriers. We will be presenting our case studies where we have applied and tested our strategies.
This course will be of interest amongst guideline developers, policy makers, researchers and any health professional.
See more at the G-I-N Website for the 2018 G-I-N Conference here
Areas of study and research
Research institutes
- UniSA Cancer Research Institute
Business School
- Commerce
- Law
- Management
- Marketing
Research institutes
- Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science
Education, Arts
and Social Sciences
- Art, Architecture and Design
- Communication, International Studies and Languages
- Education
- Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy
Research institutes
- Barbara Hardy Institute
Research centres
- Australian Centre for Child Protection
- Asia Pacific Centre for Work Health and Safety
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre
- Centre for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience
- Centre for Islamic Thought and Education
- China-Australia Centre for Sustainable Development
- Creative People, Places and Products Research Concentration
- Design Research for Health & Wellbeing
- Digital Transformations Research Group
- Hawke EU Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence
- Research Centre for Languages and Cultures
IT, Engineering and
the Environment
Research institutes
- Future Industries Institute
- UniSA College
Research institutes


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Please take a moment to review Hachette Book Group's updated Privacy Policy: read the updated policy here.
Megan E. O'Keefe
Megan E. O'Keefe was raised amongst journalists, and as soon as she was able joined them by crafting a newsletter which chronicled the daily adventures of the local cat population. She has worked in both arts management and graphic design, and has won Writers of the Future and the Gemmell Morningstar Award. Megan lives in the Bay Area of California and and runs the homemade soap store, Blushie.Read More
By the Author
Velocity Weapon
'A brilliantly plotted yarn of survival and far-future political intrigue' Guardian The last thing Sanda remembers is her gunship exploding. She expected to be recovered…


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Things to Do in Melbourne
Melbourne is regularly seen at the top of any "world's coolest city" list, and rightly so. The sheer amount of culture and attractions make it a place that's perfect for everyone, whether you're looking for art galleries rich in local creativity, historic museums that detail the city's fascinating past, or outdoor activities that get the adrenalin pumping.
Here are some of the Best Things to Do in Melbourne
Royal Botanical Gardens
Melbourne's pretty Royal Botanical Gardens are packed full of exotic plant life that make visitors feel a million miles away from the busyness of the daily grind. The landscaped lawns are a relaxing place to take a stroll and learn about the unique nature of Melbourne and further afield.
National Gallery of Victoria
Melbourne boasts a huge collection of art galleries and museums for eager culture enthusiasts. The National Gallery of Victoria is one of the most popular, showcasing a rich range of paintings that span back more than two hundred years. As well as diving into the city's creative past, visitors can learn about the creative talents that characterise the city today.
Take a journey through the red gates of Chinatown and enter into a fascinating precinct bursting at the seams with renowned Asian restaurants, exciting nightlife and laneways with hidden storefronts to discover. Today, Chinatown stands as one of Melbourne's most vibrant and colourful cultural hubs with a long history spanning back to the 1850s.
Delve deeper into the history of Chinese immigration to Melbourne at the Chinese Museum or dive into one of the many karaoke bars that line the street for a night you're sure to remember.
Old Melbourne Gaol
If stories of daring prison escapes and infamous criminals strike your fancy, then come along on an adventure with us back in time with a visit to the Old Melbourne Gaol. Here you'll have the chance to uncover the history of Melbourne's darker side as well as discovering what life was like for a prisoner back in the 1800's.
It's at this Gaol that you will learn the story of Australia's most notorious bushranger Ned Kelly. But be warned, the gaol is known to have a few ghostly sightings every now and then!
Melbourne Laneways
Follow us down cobbled streets as we take you through Melbourne's iconic laneways bustling with cafes that spill out onto the street /attractions/ some of the city's most impressive coffee hotspots. From grungy bars and quirky shops to luxurious arcades and elegant architecture that showcase the height of Melbourne's golden era, there truly is a laneway bound to leave a memorable mark on anyone who crosses their path.
Take for example Hosier Lane, a mecca for impressive street art that amasses countless visitors each day with its sprawling graffiti art and hauntingly beautiful murals. Join us for a walking tour as we explore the very best of what these influential laneways have to offer.
Royal Exhibition Building
Australia's first World Heritage listed site is a stunning homage to 19th-century architecture, /attractions/ the privilege of being one of the world's oldest standing pavilion halls. Home to countless exhibitions since the start of its impressive opening in 1880, this site is a must-see for all travellers who come to Melbourne to view its grandeur status.
With its impressive artistry and manicured gardens, this stunning building should be at the top of your Melbourne to do list which is why on our Melbourne City tours we make it a priority to visit it.
Eureka Skydeck
The highest viewing platform in the Southern hemisphere promises incredible views and is one of the most popular vantage points in the city. From the 88th floor of the Eureka Skydeck, visitors can gaze out over the sprawling city below, picking out some of the most iconic landmarks as well as the silhouette of the Dandenong Ranges in the distance.
Melbourne Zoo
To experience the wilder side of Melbourne, head to Melbourne Zoo. This centrally located attraction is home to a number of different animal species from all over the world. While here, visitors can marvel at some of the planet's most majestic creatures and learn all about their behaviours and habitats at the same time.
The Dandenong Ranges
For something less city-centre and more natural, the Dandenong Ranges have it all. Set about thirty minutes from the centre of the city, this mountain range are breathtakingly beautiful with plenty of hiking trails and an abundance of wildlife.


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|Steven Bryant
|Activities Director
The Year at a Glance
|1st SEMESTER
|July 30 - August 2
|ASB Camp
|August 6-9
|Freshmen Orientation
|August 15
|Opening Day of School
|August 20
|Welcome Back Dance*
|August 24
|Labor Day - NO SCHOOL
|September 2
|Back to School Night
|September 5
|Minimum Day
|September 6
|Home Football Game
|September 6
|Club Rush
|September 9 - 13
|Home Football Game
|September 13
|Homecoming Spirit Week
|September 16-20
|Homecoming Pep Rally
|September 20
|Homecoming Game/Halfime Show
|September 20
|Homecoming Dance*
|September 21
|Fall Musical - Chicago
|September 26-28
|End of First Grading Period
|September 27
|CUSD College Fair
|October 7
|Home Football Game
|October 11
|Vocal & Instrumental Music Concert
|October 24-25
|Instrumental Music Concert
|October 26
|STEAM Showcase
|October 29
|Home Football Game-Senior Night
|November 1
|PUPIL FREE - Professional Development
|November 1
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Air Arabia Maroc
|April 2009
|Commenced operations
|May 2009
|Operating bases
|Mohammed V International Airport
|Secondary hubs
|Fleet size
|34[citation needed]
|Parent company
|Air Arabia
|Nouaceur Province, Morocco
|Key people
|Laila Mechbal (COO)[1]
Air Arabia Maroc (Arabic: العربية للطيران المغرب) is a Moroccan low-cost airline, set up as a joint venture between various Moroccan investors and Air Arabia.[2] Its head office is located in the Arrivals Terminal of Mohammed V International Airport in Nouaceur Province, Morocco in Greater Casablanca.[3]
Air Arabia Maroc was founded as a partnership between Air Arabia, Regional Air Lines and Ithmaar Bank.[4] The low-cost carrier was officially launched on 29 April 2009,[5] and started operations on 6 May the same year,[2] with its maiden flight serving the Casablanca–London Stansted route.[6][7] Radiating from Casablanca, the first destinations served were Brussels, London, Marseille, Milan and Paris.[8] In July the same year, Jason Bitter —former CEO of SkyEurope— was appointed Air Arabia Maroc's CEO.[9][7]
In October 2019, Air Arabia Maroc announced to shut down their base at Agadir–Al Massira Airport and to subsequently close several routes in the same month.[10]
The Air Arabia Maroc fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of September 2019):[11]
|In Service
|Airbus A320-200
See also[edit]
- ^ Newenham, Pamela (1 June 2015). "Europe's Connect aviation conference set to land in Kerry Airport". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016.
- ^ a b "Royal Air Maroc fighting back LCC tide with new fleet, cost cuts and possible privatisation". Centre for Aviation. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
RAM also faces home-grown LCC competition in the form Air Arabia Maroc – a cross-border JV formed by Air Arabia and Moroccan investors in 2009 and first flew in May-2009 – as well as Jet4you, the country's first private LCC, which commenced service in Feb-2006.
- ^ "Contact Info Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine." Air Arabia. Retrieved on 21 June 2010. "Air Arabia (Maroc) Air Arabai (Maroc) Head Quarters Aéroport Mohamed V, Aérogare Arivée 20153 Ain Chock, Hay Hassani PO BOX 95." - Arabic Archived 18 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine: "االعربية للطيران المغرب مطار محمد الخامس، مبنى الوصول، الدار البيضاء، المغرب 20153 عين شوك، حي حسني صندوق بريد 95"
- ^ "Air Arabia Maroc officially launched". Shephard News. 2 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Air Arabia (Maroc)". Air Arabia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- ^ "Air Arabia Maroc to Introduce Services to London, United Kingdom" (Press release). Air Arabia. 5 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013.
- ^ a b Ranson, Lori (10 July 2009). "Former SkyEurope chairman Bitter emerges at Air Arabia Maroc". Washington DC: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Route Launches". Air Arabia. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- ^ "Jason Bitter appointed CEO of Air Arabia (Maroc)" (Press release). Air Arabia. 11 July 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Air Arabia Maroc to close Agadir base in 4Q19". ch-aviation.com. 7 October 2019.
- ^ "Global Airline Guide 2019 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2019): 21.
External links[edit]
Media related to Air Arabia Maroc at Wikimedia Commons


text:
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Warsaw Convention Limitation on Liability: The Need for Reform After Coccia v. Turkish AirlinesAnita Khosla
Copyright c 1987 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj
AbstractThis Note argues that a new uniform limtiation on aviation liability must be internationally recognized to address the concerns raised by the Coccia decision. Part I of this Note will discuss the history and purpose of the Warsaw Conventions limit on liability and the Italian Constitution Courts rejection of this provision in Coccia. Part II will discuss the international legal ramication of the Coccia decision. Part III will analyze the need to reform Article 22(1) to rationally relate the limit on liability to the development of international air transportation. This Note concludes that a new liability limit must be formulated to ensure the adequacy and certainty of damage compensation.
WARSAW CONVENTION LIMITATION ON LIABILITY: THE NEED FOR REFORM AFTER COCCIA v. TURKISH AIRLINES INTRODUCTION Article 22(1) of the Warsaw Convention,' as amended by Article XI of the Hague Protocol 2 ("the Convention"), sets a uniform limitation on airlines' liability for the personal injury and death of passengers. In Coccia v. Turkish Airlines, the Italian Constitution Court has declared Article 22(1) unconstitutional while upholding the remaining provisions of the Convention.3 Coccia has focused international attention on the need to update Article 22(1) of the Convention to reflect the changing economic structure of the airline industry. This Note argues that a new uniform limitation on aviation liability must be internationally recognized to address the concerns raised by the Coccia decision. A uniform limit would avoid forum shopping and the comparison of differing domes1. The Warsaw Convention is the informal title for Convention of the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air, openedfor signature Oct. 12, 1929, 49 Stat. 3000, T.S. No. 876, 137 L.N.T.S. 1I [hereinafter Warsaw Convention]. The Convention was the result of two conferences, the first in Paris in 1925, and the second in Warsaw in 1929. Article 22(1) of the Convention reads: In the transportation of passengers the liability of the carrier for each passenger shall be limited to the sum of 125,000 francs. Where, in accordance with the law -of the court to which the case is submitted, damages may be awarded in the form of periodical payments, the equivalent capital value of the said payments shall not exceed 125,000 francs. Nevertheless, by special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability. Warsaw Convention, 49 Stat. 3000, 3019, T.S. No. 876, at 990, 137 L.N.T.S. 11, 25. 2. Protocol Amending the 1929 Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, at Warsaw on 12 October 1929, Sept. 28, 1955, 478 U.N.T.S. 371 (1963) [hereinafter Hague Protocol]. The Hague Protocol came into force on August 1, 1963. Article XI(I) amended Article 22(1) as follows: In the carriage of persons the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to the sum of 250,000 francs. Where, in accordance with the law of the court seised of the case, damages may be awarded in the form of periodical payments, the equivalent capital value of the said payments shall not exceed two hundred and fifty thousand francs. Nevertheless, by special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability. Id. at 381. 3. Coccia v. Turkish Airlines, 108 Foro It. 1 1586, 1591 (Corte Cost. 1985), reprinted in 10 AIR L. 294, 297 (English tr. 1985).
tic laws. The Convention limit must be raised to ensure both the certainty and adequacy of compensation. Part I of this Note will discuss the history and purpose of the Warsaw Convention's limit on liability and the Italian Constitution Court's rejection of this provision in Coccia. Part II will discuss the international legal ramifications of the Coccia decision. Part III will analyze the need to reform Article 22(1) to rationally relate the limit on liability to the development of international air transportation. This Note concludes that a new liability limit must be formulated to ensure the adequacy and certainty of damage compensation. I. COCCIA AND THE WARSAW CONVENTION LIMITATION ON LIABILITY The liability limit as set by the Convention no longer serves the function of providing a uniform standard of recovery. Signatories of the Convention have established independent limits that destroy the efficacy of the system established by the Convention drafters. The decision in Coccia is representative of an outdated system that no longer provides adequate damage compensation to air travelers. A. The History and Purpose of Article 22(1) of the Warsaw Convention In 1929, the drafters of the Warsaw Convention set a liability limit for death and injury resulting from aviation accidents at 125,000 Poincare francs (US$16,000), to aid in the development of the then-infant air transportation industry.4 The limitation afforded carriers a more definite and equitable basis on which to obtain insurance rates and thus resulted in the reduction of carrier operating expenses. 5 This uniform body of worldwide liability rules was intended to supersede the scores of differing domestic laws and thereby set a uniform, reliable, and consistent basis for recovery for injury or damage to persons. 6 This limit has since been revised to US$58,000 pursuTION REV.
4. See Report of United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull, [1934] U.S. AVIA240, 242. 5. Id. 6. See Reed v. Wiser, 555 F.2d 1079, 1090 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 922 (1977).
ant to the Hague Protocol.7 Today, however, aviation is a multibillion-dollar industry with sufficient insurance coverage to render unnecessary theprotection intended by the drafters of the Convention.8 Indeed, no more than a few major states continue to honor an unmodified Convention liability limit.9 There is a trend among signatory nations to raise the liability limit by legislative enactment. Several countries have set monetary limits in excess of the ceiling contained in Article 22(1).lo For instance, carriers operating in the United States are subject to a liability limit of US$75,000 pursuant to the 1966 Montreal Agreement." Although such differentiation is allowed under the special contract provisions of the Warsaw Convention, it renders Article 22(1) a nullity. The Convention is subverted when certain sig2 natories independently establish liability limits.'7. Hague Protocol, supra note 2, 478 U.N.T.S. 371, 381. 8. See Note, Warsaw Convention Limitations on Air CarrierLiability: A CriticalView, 17 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 577, 592 (1986). 9. Cohen, Montreal Protocol, 8 AIR L. 146, 167 (1983). 10. This principle of increased liability limits in excess of the Warsaw ceiling has been followed by these carriers and countries, which offer or mandate limits equal to or exceeding US$58,000: Air Afrique, Austrian Airlines, Sabena, Burma Airways, Scandinavian Airlines System, TACA, Finnair, Air France, Air India, U.T.A. Lufthansa, Condor Flugdienst, Irish Government for all Irish Carriers, El Al, Japan Airlines, Alia Royal Jordanian Airlines, Middle East Airlines, Luxair, Malaysian Airlines, K.L.M., Martinair, Transvia, Air New Zealand, Norwegian Government for all Norwegian Airlines, Air Panama, Singapore International Airlines, South African Airways, Iberia, Sweden for all domestic and international flights by Swedish Carriers, Switzerland as a licensing condition, Thai International Airlines, and Tunis Air. Id. at 157. 11. The Montreal Agreement of 1966 increased the per passenger liability limitation to US$75,000. It affects only the cases of international transportation that, according to the contract of carriage, include a place in the United States as a point of origin, a point of destination, or an agreed stopping place. This agreement is the last widely accepted amendment of the Warsaw Convention. 31 Fed. Reg. 7302 (1966). The Montreal Agreement is a private agreement signed by the airlines under the auspices of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). Id. 12. The special contract provision is under the authority of Article 22(1) of the Warsaw Convention, which provides that "by special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability." Warsaw Convention, supra note 1, art. 22(1), 49 Stat. 3000, 3019, T.S. No. 876, at 990, 137 L.N.T.S. I1, 25.
B. The Italian Constitution Court Response to Worldwide Disaffection with the Article 22(1) Limit in Coccia v. Turkish Airlines In Coccia v. Turkish Airlines,'" the Italian Constitution Court declared Article 22(1) unconstitutional.' 4 In Coccia, the plaintiffs' daughter was killed on a Turkish Airlines flight from Turkey to Italy. 15 Plaintiffs initiated legal proceedings before the Tribunal of Rome, 6 claiming full compensation for damages.' 7 The Tribunal subsequently referred the matter of the constitutionality of Article 22(1) to the Constitution Court, which has jurisdiction over questions relating to the legitimacy 8of formal laws.'
The Constitution Court held that the limit established by Article 22(1) violated equal protection guaranteed under the Italian Constitution and provided for inadequate levels of compensation.' 9 The Court reasoned that air travelers are denied the compensation available to the users of other equally dangerous means of transport, such as sea and rail transport. In13. 1985). 14. 15. 16. of laws. 108 Foro It. 1 1586 (Corte Cost. 1985), reprintedin 10 AIR L. 294 (English tr.
Id. at 1591, reprintedin 10 AIR L. 294, 305. Id. at 1586, reprinted in 10 AIR L. 294, 294. The Constitution Court, operating since 1956, reviews the constitutionality Del Duca, The Expanding Role of Internationaland ComparativeLaw Studies-An Overview of the Italian Legal System, 88 DICKINSON L. REV. 221, 233 (1983).
When a constitutional issue is raised by a party or a court in a civil, criminal, or administrative proceeding, the referring court first determines that theconstitutional issue is relevant to the decisions of the case and is not mani-
festly unfounded. The issue is then referred directly to the Constitution Court. The initial proceeding remains suspended until the Constitution Court decides the constitutional issue. Id. 17. 108 Foro. It. I at 1586, reprinted in 10 AIR L. 294, 294. 18. Id. 19. Id. at 1591, reprinted in 10 AIR L. 294, 305. Article 3 of the Costituzione provides: All citizens are invested with equal social status and are equal before the law, without distinction as to sex, race, language, religion, political opinions, and personal or social conditions. It is the responsibility of the Republic to remove all obstacles of an economic and social nature which, by limiting the freedom and equality of citizens prevent the full development of the individual and the participation of all workers in the political, economic and social organization of the country. COST. art. 3, reprinted in E. PEASLEE, CONSTITUTIONS OF NATIONS 500 (3d ed. English tr. 1985) [hereinafter CONSTITUTIONS OF NATIONS]. 20. 108 Foro It. I at 1587, reprinted in 10 AIR L. 294, 298.
addition, the Court stated that the Article 22(1) limit violated Article 2 of the Italian Constitution, because it contains an inadequate certainty of compensation, thereby impairing the inviolable safeguard of the person.2 ' Thus, at present no effective liability limits in international air transport apply to Italy; full compensation is very likely to be awarded in future decisions. 2 However, it was not the Constitution Court's intention to destroy completely the notion of a limit on liability as promulgated by the drafters of the Convention. 3 Currently, the Italian legislature is considering a bill 24 that would implement limits in the international air transport of passengers.2 5 The proposed bill provides a liability limit at the level envisaged by the 1975 Protocol of Montreal No. 4.26 The Protocol sets a liability limit of 100,000 Special Drawing Rights ("SDRs"), a unit based on a basket of currencies.2 7 However, the Protocol was not ratified because several countries deemed the international SDR limit of 100,000 too low. 28 Therefore, the bill's proposed limit has al21. Id. at 1588, reprinted in 10 AIR L. 294, 301. Article 2 of the Costituzione provides: "The republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable rights of man, both as an individual and as a member of the social groups in which his personality finds expression, and imposes the performance of unalterable duties of a political, economic and social nature." COST. art. 2, reprinted in CONSTrrUTONS OF NATIONS, supra note 19, at ,500, 501. 22. Note, The Italian Proposal to Reinstate Air Carriers' Limits of Liability, 11 AIR L. 123 (1986). 23. Id. 24. Bill on the Limitation of Liability in the International Carriage of Passengers by Air [hereinafter Bill], reprinted in 11 AIR L. 95 (1986). 25. Id. 26. Additional Protocol No. 4 to Amend the 1929 Convention for Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, as amended in 1955 [hereinafter Montreal Protocol No. 4], Cmnd. 6483. This Protocol provides for a change from the Poincare gold franc to Special Drawing Rights ("SDRs"), as established by the IMF. It also allows for maximum recovery in case of personal injury per passenger to 100,000 SDRs as provided in Article 2. Article 2 also provides for states not a party to the IMF to establish a limit on liability based on their own monetary system in which the monetary unit is defined as sixty-five and a half milligrams of gold of minimal fineness 900. Thirty states must ratify this protocol for it to become effective, but only three have ratified to date. Id. 27. See infra note 69. 28. The Montreal Protocol failed ratification because even with the proposed increase, the liability limitations were viewed as too low. See Kreindler, MontrealProto. cols Defeated, N.Y.LJ., Apr. 4, 1983, at 1, col. 1; see also Hollings, Defeat of the Montreal Protocols: Victory for Airline Passengers, TRIAL, May 1983, at 20; Hollings, The lontreal Protocols: .4 Threat to the American System ofJurisprudence, TRIAL, Sept. 1982, at 69.
ready failed to gain international acceptance. The proposed bill also complies with the directive of the Constitution Court in Coccia, which states that compensation must be "adequate and certain" when the "supreme asset of life" has been impaired.29 All air carriers must take out an insurance coverage 30 of up to 100,000 SDRs for each passenger. The proposed bill is evidence of the intent on the part of the Italian legislature to restore functionality to the system created by the Warsaw Convention. The Coccia decision has cast doubt on the efficacy of Article 22(1) of the Convention. It highlights the need for a solution that would implement an internationally acceptable liability limit and ensure the availability of compensation. However, the manner in which the Italian court unilaterally chose to obviate Article 22(1), while adhering to the remaining provisions of the Convention, has disrupted the equilibrium and harmonious relationship between the different provisions of the Convention, thereby resulting in such aberrations as forum shopping.3 II. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS OF COCCIA A. The Reasons Why Coccia Violates the Law of International Treaties by Unilaterally DeclaringArticle 22(1) Unconstitutional Italy cannot remain a signatory to the Convention in declaring Article 22(1) unconstitutional while upholding the remaining provisions of the Convention.3 2 If Italy wishes to impose a higher limit of liability, it must denounce the Convention under the authority of Article 39 therein. 3 Italy is a29. 108 Foro. It. I at 1587, reprinted in 10 AIR L. 294, 295. 30. Article 3 provides that all air carriers take out an insurance coverage of no less than 100,000 SDRs for each passenger. See Bill art. 3, supra note 24, reprinted in I 1 AIR L. 95, 96. 31. Bill, supra note 24, reprinted in II AIR L. 95. The Convention was predicated upon instituting a uniform liability limit. The Italian position of no liability limit results in complex forum shopping possibilities. 32. Hague Protocol, supra note 2, 478 U.N.T.S. 371, 385. 33. Warsaw Convention art. 39, supra note 1, 49 Stat. 3000, 3022, T.I.A.S. No. 876, at 983, 994, 137 L.N.T.S. 11, 32, as amended by Hague Protocol art. XXIV, supra note 2, 478 U.N.T.S. 371, 389. Article XXIV of the Hague Protocol states: (1) Any Party to this Protocol may denounce the Protocol by notification addressed to the Government of the People's Republic of Poland. (2) Denunciation shall take effect six months after the date of receipt by the
signatory to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 4 which requires that a signatory to a multilateral treaty must adhere to the amendment provisions contained within the re-
spective treaty;3 5 any amendment of the Convention must be made under Article XXIV. 3 6 Article 40 of the Vienna Convenproposal to amend a multilateral treaty. 7 Each Contracting State then has the right to take part in any decision proposing to modify the treaty and in the negotiation and conclusion oftion states that all contracting states must be notified of any
such modification." In addition, Article 41 of the Vienna Convention provides that two or more parties to a multilateral
treaty can act among themselves to amend that treaty. 9 However, by establishing procedures through which modifications are made, the Warsaw Convention implicitly excludes unilateral action by signatories. 4 Italy could properly have denounced the entire Convention under the authority of Article 39 of the Warsaw Conven-
tion. 41 Denunciation would allow the Italian legislature to set any liability limit separate and independent from the Convention limit without violating the Vienna Convention on the in-
The United States Supreme Court has held that unilateral abrogation of the Convention would not be allowed in United 42 States courts in Trans World Airlines v. Franklin Mint Corp. Cited as international precedent,4 3 Franklin Mint is inconsistent with the decision of the Italian Constitution Court that abrogates the provisions of the Warsaw Convention. Franklin Mint reviewed the cargo limit on liability as expressed in Article 22(2) of the Warsaw Convention. 4 4 In upholding the Convention, the Supreme Court declared that the cargo liability limit remains enforceable in the United States.45 The Supreme Court recognized that the lack of a liability limit would expose international carriers to unlimited liability in U.S. courts.4 6 The fact that the current Italian court declared Article 22(1) of the Convention unconstitutional, while adhering to the remaining provisions of the treaty, is unacceptable. Italy's unilateral action must not be emulated on an international scale in the future. This breach of the Vienna Convention on the international law of treaties should not go unnoticed. B. Forum Shopping After Coccia: Jurisdictionis Determinative of Liability Limits By eliminating the liability limitation, the Coccia decision encourages forum shopping. The liberal venue provisions of Article 28(1) of the Convention 47 allow a plaintiff to bring an action in four alternative fora: (1) the domicile of the carrier; (2) the carrier's principal place of business; (3) the carrier's place of business through which the contract was made; or (4) the place of destination.48 Since Coccia, if an Alitalia jet were to crash anywhere in the world, plaintiffs would desire to bring the action in Italy so as to maximize the chances of a higher damage compensation than that in force under the Convention. 49 A forum shopping problem would also be cre42. 466 U.S. 243, 251-52 (1984).43. Franklin Mint v. T.W.A., Inc., 2 LLOYD'S REP. 432 (1984).
44. 466 U.S. at 243. 45. Id. at 253. 46. Note, supra note 8, at 582. 47. Warsaw Convention, supra note 1, art. 28(1), 49 Stat. 3000, 3020, T.I.A.S. No. 876, at 983, 992, 137 L.N.T.S. 11, 27.48. Id.
49. Stanford v. Kuwait Airways Corp., 648 F. Supp. 657, 660 (S.D.N.Y. 1986)(where Kuwait Airways Corporation did not meet any of the venue provisons to bring
ated if a foreign air carrier crashed in Italy, or if Italy were the place in which the contract for air transport was made, sinceplaintiffs would bring an action in the Italian courts to take advantage of the absence of limit on liability. 0 The Warsaw Convention was designed to prevent this sort of comparison of the varying domestic laws.5 ' The Coccia decision breeds forum shopping, complex litigation, and an overcrowding of the Italian courts, thereby creating an administrative nightmare. III. UPDATING THE WARSAW CONVENTION'S LIABILITY LIMITATION PROVISIONS Coccia is representative of the worldwide disaffection with the liability limit provided in the Convention. The governments of the signatories must approve a new protocol that would institute a new universal liability limit. In seeking to avoid the more controversial aspects of the unratified Montreal Protocol No. 4, an analysis should be made of whether the SDR is the appropriate conversion factor. In addition, each carrier should be required to carry an amount of insurance coverage that mirrors the liability limit and thereby ensures adequate compensation. A clarification of the Law of Treaties is necessary to eliminate future unilateral modification of a multi-
lateral treaty.suit in the United States as (i) KAC was domiciled in Kuwait since it was organized and operated under the laws of Kuwait; (ii) KAC's principal place of business is in Kuwait since KAC's corporate and operational headquarters are in Kuwait, a large majority of its employees work in Kuwait, and all its aircraft are registered there; (iii) the contract was made where the decedents' airline tickets were purchased and issued; and (iv) the place of destination was Karachi, Pakistan). See also In re Air Crash Disaster at Malaga, Spain, 577 F. Supp. 1013 (E.D.N.Y. 1984), aff'dsub nom. Petrire v. Spantex, S.A., 756 F.2d 263 (2d Cir. 1985). 50. For like situations in aviation law leading to forum shopping and misapplication of the Convention, see Smith v. Canadian Pacific Airways, 452 F.2d 798, 799 (2d Cir, 1971); Recumar, Inc. v. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 608 F. Supp. 795, 797 (S.D.N.Y. 1985); Eck v. United Arab Airlines, Inc., 360 F.2d 804, 809 n.9 (2d Cir. 1966). Forum shopping undermines the Convention, which was designed to provide uniform recoveries for claimants. Forum shopping is discouraged on an international scale not only in the United States but also in England, Scotland, and the other Commonwealth jurisdictions. See Spiliada Maritime Corp. v. Consulex Ltd., 3 W.L.R. 971, I Lloyd's Rep. I (H.L. 1986); see also Union Industrielle et Maritime v. Petrosul Int'l Ltd., 26 B.L.R. 309 (Can. Fed. Ct. Trial Div. 1984). 51. Reed v. Wiser, 555 F.2d 1079, 1090 (2d Cir. 1977).
A. Necessity for a Worldwide Liability Limit Coccia raises the question whether the current liability limitations of Article 22(1) are rationally related to the underlying policy of aiding the development of international air transportation.52 A comparison of the airline industry of 1929 to that of the present is instructive in analyzing this issue. The Convention was drafted with the aim of protecting the 53 then-infant airline industry by not imposing absolute liability. At that time, a single catastrophic accident would have
bankrupted an air carrier because extensive aviation insurance was not yet available.54 Thus, the drafters' aim was to reduce the operating expenses of the carrier by passing protective legislation.5 5 This protection did not extend, however, "to grossly negligent misconduct," in which case the carriers were subject to no limit on liability.56 Today, in contrast, assets of52. Dolan, Warsaw Convention Liability Limitations: Constitutional Issues, 6 Nw. J. INT'L L. & Bus. 896, 903 (1984). 53. Sir Alfred Dennis of Great Britain, one of the drafters of the Convention, stated: What can one demand of the air carrier? A normal organization of his operation, a judicious choice of his personnel, a constant surveillance of his agents and servants, a rigorous control of his aircraft, spare parts and raw material. One must indeed admit that those who use aircraft are not ignorant of the risks inherent in a mode of transportation which has not yet attained the point of perfection that one hundred years has given to railroads. It is therefore just not to impose absolute liability upon the carrier, but to relieve him of all liability when he has taken reasonable and normal measures to avoid damage. R. HORNER & D. LEGREZ, SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRIVATE AERONAUTICAL LAW MINUTES, WARSAW, 1929, at 31,49 (1975) (Third Session, Oct. 6th Morning). 54. Note, supra note 8, at 591. 55. See Lowenfeld & Mendelsohn, The United States and the Warsaw Convention, 80 HARV. L. REV. 497, 499-500 (1967).
56. Penalties for grossly negligent misconduct are provided for in Article XIII ofthe Hague Protocol, which states:
The limits of liability specified in Article 22 shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the carrier, his servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result; provided that, in the case of such act or omission of a servant or agent, it is also proved that he was acting within the scope of his employment. Hague Protocol art. XIII, supra note 2, 478 U.N.T.S. 371, 383; see Price, Goldman v.Thai Airways Int'l Limited: Article 25 the lWarsaw Convention Meaning of Recklessly, 8 AIR
142 FORDHAM INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 11:132 the larger airlines are measured in billions of dollars apiece and full insurance coverage is available. Currently a number of signatory nations are establishing higher thresholds of recovery under the special contract provisions of the Convention.5 8 There is a plethora of mandated limits and "voluntary" limits. 5 9 It is becoming difficult to find more than a few major states where an unmodified Warsaw Convention limitation is still in effect.6 0 As one commentator has suggested, "[i]f this is the real world in the 1980's then let the treaty so reflect it."''n In contrast, some commentators argue that the liability limits should be totally discarded. 6 2 Specifically, each nation or state should be free to establish whatever minimum liability requirements are deemed suitable 6 3 This national minimum liability for its citizens. requirement would apply on all air traffic from or to the particular state.' The Warsaw Convention would not have to specify the limits of liability but only state that the limits established by a party to the Convention would apply.6 5 Continued international cooperation in all other provisions of the Convention could thus continue. However, a uniform liability limit is essential to set a reliable and consistent basis for recovery. If the desire for uniformity is indeed the mortar that ensures the efficacy of the Warsaw Convention, all of the contracting parties to the Convention should agree on a new worldwide liability limit. This limit should supersede existing or future national supplemental compensation plans or agreements such as the 1966 Montreal57. Note, supra note 8, at 592. 58. Hague Protocol, supra note 2, 478 U.N.T.S. 371, 381. 59. Cohen, supra note 9, at 146, 167 (1983). 60. Id. 61. Id. 62. Studies by the International Chamber of Commerce, by an Air Law Working Group under Professor K-H Bockstiegel (which has called for the immediate ratification of Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 1975, 36 R.F.D.A. 364 (1982), cited in C. SHAwcRoss & M. BEAUMONT, AIR LAw, VII 41; see International Law Association Report of 59th Committee Under Professor Bin Cheng Which Advocate the Compensation of Personal Injuries Through a System of Unlimited and Absolute Liability, cited in C. SHAWCROSS & M. BEAUMONT, AIR LAw, VII 41; see also DeVivo, The Warsaw Convention: Judicial Tolling of the Death Knell?, 49J. AIR L. & COM. 71 (1983). 63. DeVivo, supra note 62, at 71. 64. Id. 65. Id.
Agreement. 66 It would provide uniform recoveries for claimants and foreseeable, insurable liabilities for airlines. In this scheme, the possibility of forum shopping would be effectively extinguished. Proposals for setting a new uniform liability limit should follow the general guidelines first set forth in the Montreal Protocol No. 4,67 which was never ratified by a required thirty signatories. 68 The Protocols express all liability limitations in terms of the SDR, a unit based on an international basket of currencies. 69 Under the Montreal Protocol No. 4, the limitation on liability for personal injury or death would have increased from 75,000 to 100,000 SDRs. 70 Neither of the Protocols has been ratified by a required majority of the parties to the Convention because (1) the liability limitations are unbreakable even in cases of willful misconduct, which gives rise to unlimited recovery under Article 25(1) of the Convention; 7t and (2) the liability limitations are viewed as inadequate.72 To gain international acceptance, a subsequent protocol should eliminate provisions that undermine Article 25(1) of the Convention and increase the liability limit.B. The SDR as an Appropriate Conversion Factor
The drafters of the Convention expressed the liability limit in terms of the gold franc." Today, SDRs have replaced66. Montreal Agreement, supra note 11, at 425. 67. Montreal Protocol No. 4, supra note 26, at 75. 68. See supra note 28. 69. The five currencies are: the Japanese yen, the U.S. dollar, the British pound, the West German mark, and the current, as opposed to the Poincare, French franc. R. EDWARDS, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY COLLABORATION 167, 179 (1985). 70. Montreal Protocol No. 4, supra note 26. 71. Dolan, supra note 52, at 898 n.14. Montreal Protocol No. 4 would have made the liability limit unbreakable even in the case of willful misconduct, thereby abolishing Article 25(1) of the Convention. Such a provision should be avoided in a subsequent protocol in order to aid in acheiving universal consensus. 72. Id. 73. In order to ensure that the limits of liability under the Convention would remain uniform and stable, the drafters of the Convention expressed the limitation in terms of the French Poincare gold franc, which was defined as consisting of 65-1/2 milligrams of gold of millesimal fineness 900. See Asser, Golden Limitations of Liability in International Transport Conventions and the Currency Crisis, 5 J. MAR. L. & CoM. 645, 645 (1974). The use of a gold franc clause as a medium of conversion is readily understandable when it is considered in light of the international gold exchange system in existence when the Convention was drafted. When the Warsaw Convention
144 FORDHAM INTERNATIONAL LA W JOURNAL [Vol. 11:132 gold as the international monetary function.4
The SDR is a
stable international unit of account, is valued on the basis of a basket of five national currencies, and does not have a competing use as a commodity. 5 SDRs are thus insulated from freemarket speculation and other difficulties that have led to instability in the price of gold and to gold's ultimate breakdown as
75. IMF PAMPHLET, supra note 74, at 5-6. 76. Id. 77. The IMF is affiliated with the United Nations. It was organized at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation, to facilitate the growth of international trade, and to assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments for currency transactions among member states. R. EDWARDS, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY COLLABORATION, 4, Ii (1985). 78. IMF PAMPHLET, supra note 74. 79. Asser, supra note 73, at 646.
they would result in a stable and predictable limitation of liability.80 The current problem with the SDR is that some countries have adopted the SDR and others have not.8 ' Thus, non-SDR 82countries adjust their currencies to the SDR as they see fit.
This unilateral decision to adjust to the SDR is subject to any change in the law of the state regarding the conversion of monetary units into its national currency. 83 Hence, despite its relative stability, the SDR has not fostered the kind of uniform adoption and application that is necessary. The initiative to arrive at a universal liability limit rests with the governments of the signatories and particularly with the United States, which has still ratified only the original 1929 text of the Warsaw Convention.84 The failure of the United States to ratify Montreal Protocol No. 4 has thrown the Warsaw system into a shambles.85 The Senate should decide on an acceptable liability limit and present the other signatories with a new protocol for universal ratification. 86 The limit of 100,000 SDRs, as stated in Montreal Protocol No. 4, needs to be raised in this effort, as it has already been criticized as inadequate.8780. A Warsaw limit using SDRs as the unit of account is intended to be as faithful a translation as possible of Poincare francs at the "old" official price for gold. McGilchrist, Four New Protocols to the Warsaw Convention, 1976 LLOYD'S MAR. & COM. L.Q. 186, 187. 81. DeVivo, supra note 62, at 115. 82. One commentator has.stated: Such states may at the time of ratification or acession to a Protocol declare that the limit of liability of the carrier in judicial proceedings in their territories is fixed at a certain quantity of 'monetary units' which are defined in exactly the same way as were the Poincare francs previously, that is sixty-five and one-half milligrammes of gold of millesimal fineness nine hundred. Id. 83. Id. 84. The Supreme Court chose the gold standard as the valuation standard in the Franklin Mint decision. Note, supra note 8,at 586 n.61. The Court felt that to abandon gold for an artificial standard such as the SDR would be to rewrite the treaty. Therefore, the courts need to be persuaded to alter this viewpoint and accept the internationally recognized monetary standard, the SDR. 85. See 1 C. SHAWCROSS & M. BEAUMONT,AIR LAw, VII 36 - VII 38 (1985). 86. Id. at VII 41 - VII 42. The Senate rejected Montreal Protocol No. 4 on March 8, 1983. See 129 CONG. REC. S2279 (daily ed. Mar. 8, 1983). 87. Kreindler, supra note 28, at 1, col. 1.
146 FORDHAM INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 11:132 C. Relevant Insurance Considerations The Convention should also be amended to require more extensive insurance coverage per passenger. Such coverage should equal the extent of liability, to ensure certainty and guarantee adequate compensation. Such reform is advocated by the bill proposed by the Italian legislature"8 and the Montreal Protocol No. 4.'9
ceived. 0 While this is a stringent provision, it is well within the intent of the drafters of the Convention since it guarantees the certainty of compensation. The recent string of near collisions among aircraft9 l highlights the necessity of providing adequate coverage. It seems unlikely that if two jumbo jet airliners were to collide, carriers would have enough insurance to meet the per passenger liability limit. D. A Clarificationof the Law of International Treaties Lastly, a subsequent protocol should explicitly state that any signatory's unilateral action to modify any provision of the Convention is a violation of the law of multilateral treaties as expressed in the Vienna Convention.9 2 Such action would discourage forum shopping and avoid the general confusion that has ensued following Coccia. A new clause should be added to the Convention that provides that unilateral modification would result in the signatory's automatic dismissal without a hearing. Thus, violating parties would no longer be able to change a certain provision while continuing to benefit from the remaining provisions. CONCLUSION Coccia has far-reaching international implications. This case highlights the need to update Article 22(1) of the Convention to reflect the current economic status of the airline industry. On the other hand, it is a breach of international protocol88. Bill, supra note 24, reprinted in 1 AIR L. 95, 95-96. 89. Montreal Protocol No. 4, supra note 26, at 75. 90. Kreindler, supra note 28, at 1. 91. See Stiff Rules Asked in the Navigatingof Ocean Flights: Upgraded Procedure Sought Because Two Jets Nearly Collided Over Atlantic, N.Y. Times, Sept. 4, 1987, at Al, col.l; Open Questions - Time for Debate (Midair Collision Over Los Angeles), L.A. DailyJ., Sept. 8, 1986, at 4, col. 1. 92. Vienna Convention, supra note 34, 8 I.L.M. 679, 694.
to modify a treaty unilaterally. Coccia has disturbed the delicate balance in civil aviation liability by giving rise to complex forum shopping possibilities. To preserve a uniform body of worldwide liability rules to govern international aviation, a new limit must be formulated and the SDR should be used as the value. In addition, to ensure certainty and adequacy in damage compensation, carriers should be required to obtain an equivalent requirement of insurance. Such reform measures will rationally relate the limit on liability to the development of international air transportation. Anita Khosla *J.D. candidate, 1988, Fordham University.


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She Stated She Actually Is the Mail Purchase Bride!" – What Does It Mean?
Don't be frightened in the event that you hear this from someone. Girl that placed her questionnaire to the profile that is general of purchase bride site is named mail purchase bride. Being alone is quite difficult either for males and for females. And it's also normal when a lady from a different country is seeking a person from a prominent nation residing where she can offer a birth and provide the opportunity to her children to call home safe, relaxed, well-off life. This desire is normal, also biological. For this reason , females create their pages on dating internet sites that will give them tens of thousands of males from various places when you look at the global world interested in a bride.
The real history of Mail Purchase Bride
Mail purchase brides very first appeared into the nineteenth century. That point guys from Eastern nations had been going to your western getting the land, to construct farms, begin a small business and certain – to locate a silver. Lots of such guys flourish in their discounts but there was clearly a massive gap in their everyday lives they couldn't fill with hardly any money – wives. They required house and convenience, delicious food that is home-made intimate nights, help, respect and love. Within the western there have been therefore little bit of females that guys began to compose articles to Eastern churches, letters to magazines telling about on their own and suggesting to fulfill for when. Females started initially to respond to them, deliver pictures, information and contract for a conference.
Time has passed away, technical progress aided to accomplish every one of these things faster.


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October 6, 2016 by admin Новости, Спорт 0 comments
Поздравляем команду девушек по волейболу!
Team girls Kostanay building college volleyball in the past V Regional sports contest among colleges of Kostanay region, in a bitter struggle for the victory took the III place. We wish our girls to further victories! Congratulations!


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Category of Documents
..... esident is published for general information:- THE C.O. 272 In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of article 370 of the Constitution, the President, with the concurrence of the Government of State of Jammu and Kashmir, is pleased to make the following Order:- 1. (1) This Order may be called the . (2) It shall come into force at once, and shall thereupon supersede the Constitution (Appl .....
Full Text of the Document
..... e Sadar-i-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in office, shall be construed as references to the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir; (c) references to the Government of the said State shall be construed as including references to the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of his Council of Ministers; and (d) in provi .....
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Summer MUST be coming, because Bell's Brewery's quintessential seasonal beer, Oberon, is on its way back! You know it, you love it. Stop in and grab your first (or second…) one of the season and snag some awesome giveaways while supplies last!
Bell's Brewery {Comstock, MI}
Oberon Ale
American Wheat – 5.8%
Oberon is a wheat ale fermented with Bell's signature house ale yeast, mixing a spicy hop character with mildly fruity aromas. The addition of wheat malt lends a smooth mouthfeel, making it a classic summer beer. Made with only 4 ingredients, and without the use of any spices or fruit, Oberon is the color and scent of a sunny afternoon.


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Private Blog Networks (PBNs) are a group of sites run for the purpose of providing backlinks to an owner's primary website. The result will be that your primary website should see a spike in it's search ranking position.
A PBN takes time to do properly. The more effort you put into your PBN sites and the content you place on them, the less conspicuous they will be.
With Google cracking down on these networks of late, it is more important than ever to cover your tracks with good quality content and anonymous domains.
Below is our step-by-step guide to setting up your own PBN for SEO purposes. This series will be broken up into three articles. This article will cover the first part of setting up domains and hosting in a way that will not draw suspicion from Google or your competitors.
Finding Domains
The first step to setting up your PBN is finding high-quality domains. Finding quality domains makes a big difference to the quality of your overall PBN. Start off with one website at a time. There is nothing more discouraging than having twenty unfinished PBN sites sitting there waiting to be completed.
Rather than purchasing a new domain and trying to build it up over a series of years, many SEO experts prefer to purchase expired domains with existing backlinks and high domain authority.
When purchasing domains it is recommended to buy quality domain names. Top-level domains such as .com, .org, .net or country specific domains are preferable.
Find domains that have expired – or are expiring within 24 hours – by visiting ExpiredDomains.net. Do a search for all relevant domains with 100 backlinks minimum. We recommend to not purchase a domain with a hyphen.
When choosing your domains, look out for sites with a DA, Domain Authority, score of above 20, with at least 10 linking root domains. You will see this statistics lined up next to the domains in your search window.
Double-check the quality of back links on sites before purchasing them by logging in Ahrefs, Majestic or Open Site Explorer. These tools will help you assess if the backlinks are organic and quality. Don't purchase the domains if the back links are obviously just spam and low quality.
Given how competitive PBNs have become lately, you may find it hard to find quality sites, however, PBNHQ (https://domains.pbnhq.com/) can help. These sites are all good quality, and for a slight price, they will do a lot of the groundwork for you. Prices can range from a few dollars to a few thousand dollars, so be warned.
We recommend you avoid GoDaddy's domain auction entirely. Several scammers may offer up domains, knowing what you are up to, and then blackmail you by threatening to report you to Google. This has been known to happen to novices and experts alike, so be careful. There's no honour among thieves in the world of black hat SEO.
You may find good quality domains for you PBN on relevant Facebook Groups. Below are some groups we recommend.
- Domains for Sale
- The Proper PBN Group
- The Domain PBN Marketplace
- PBN, SEO & IM Marketplace
After finding the right domains you have to find a secure hosting system. Finding the right host plays a big part in keeping your PBN safe from exposure.
We hope that this article will help you navigate the pitfalls of setting up the infrastructure of your PBN. Read part two in our series to find out about hosting your sites.
If you would like to explore SEO tactics for your business then why not get in contact with a local SEO expert? Find out what competitive SEO techniques can guide you in setting up a strategy that will deliver for your website.
Do you employ SEO tactics already? What type of strategy do you employ? Do you have any recommendations for best or worse practise? We'd love to hear more about what your experiences have been.
The Lead Agency is a business to business marketing agency that helps to develops a holistic 360 marketing strategy for clients to get high-quality business leads for growing their business. They focus on the B2B buying journey by addressing digital, data, content, communications, technology, lead generation/nurturing to create more leads and better quality leads. Get in touch with the lead agency today to take your B2B marketing to the next level.


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Town and Country Aerials Ltd have built up a large amount of knowledge and experience in Freeview digital TV installation & reception, having helped many customers through the digital switchover in Dorset and surrounding areas.
The four channels many of us grew up with have blossomed into the vast choice that we have today; this is only possible because of the change in the way that channels are now transmitted. Digital streams of data use the airwaves so much more efficiently, however all televisions need to be digital or have an external "digibox" to convert the signal.
Digital TV has also brought us Freeview HD with wonderful high definition picture quality. Whatever kind of program you like to watch, your reception is all down to receiving a high quality signal in the first place, so please do not be tempted to overlook that all important aerial. Although modern aerials are designed for digital TV reception, older aerials can still work satisfactorily. There is no such thing as a digital aerial: it's true, despite what some less scrupulous companies may say! The key thing to remember is that the aerial and cable must be in good order and all other components such as boosters and splitters must be fully screened.
To enable good quality Freeview reception the aerial in particular must:
Freezing or pixelation of the picture, missing channels and broken up audio - are all classic signs of signal problems. Please feel free to call us to get helpful advice or to book a visit to check your system.
For more information on Freeview installation please contact us - you can call our office which is open Monday to Friday or you can email us from our Contact Us page. We have a huge wealth of experience and look forward to being able to help you.


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Are you
- A frustrated EFT practitioner?
- Failing to get good results?
- Struggling to get clients re-booking?
- Not realising your dream practice?
- Finding some of your client cases difficult to handle?
When you first trained, you had some amazing results. And now, weeks, months or years after your initial course, you feel you have lost your touch. If this sounds like you, maybe you are considering a return to paid employment, or are losing faith in your ability to be an effective practitioner and perhaps you are doubting that EFT is really that good.
It can be tough
- Clients don't give credit to EFT for the transformations in their life;
- People have complex lives and money issues that can make it difficult to ask them to commit to sessions,
- Sometimes introducing the idea of tapping to prospective clients just feels a bit stupid!
Advanced Level 3 EFT training gives you a whole host of new skills and techniques to use with your clients. You will:
- Discover new ways to unearth those hard-to-identify memories
- Become aware of the positive events that can be a trigger for self-sabotaging behaviour.
- Learn methods of finding beliefs and practice projecting positive emotions into a future picture.
- Identify your ideal client.
Questions AND Answers
Q: I've already invested time and money in EFT training, and my amazing business hasn't materialised. Why should I commit more time?
A: Let's face it, the initial EFT training is pretty short; a few days with a group of people and some practise sessions afterwards. Most professional qualifications take many years and thousands of pounds to achieve. And you know that to become really good at something a combination of giving and receiving sessions and additional training is the best way to go. If you need a leg-up to achieve your amazing business, you will discover how to achieve that during these few days.
Q: I trained too recently to take this step into further training.
A: Most committed practitioners regularly give and receive a swap session each week, so even if you are not seeing paying clients yet, you will have a good few hours of practise under your belt. And you certainly will have come across stumbling blocks and client issues which you are not sure how to handle. What better than a relaxed forum where you can get all your questions answered?
Q: I trained a while ago but haven't built up a client base yet and feel a bit ambivalent about the power of EFT. I am a bit embarrassed to come along with new practitioners and confess that I haven't made a go of it.
A: Let's be honest – you've lost the love a bit. Ask yourself honestly, why haven't you kept up your swap sessions and self tapping? I am sure you had some great results during and soon after your training, but have lost confidence since. We all lose confidence in things that we don't maintain … perhaps you ran a marathon two years ago, but could you do another one tomorrow? Chances are you would struggle. It's the same with anything – when we don't practice something, we get a bit rusty and lose confidence. What better way to get your mojo back than in a lovely supportive environment with fellow practitioners who are likely to be feeling the same.
Q: I am an experienced practitioner, with many years of practice, but I would like to achieve my Level 3 certification. Will I be over-qualified to take this training?
A: I can honestly say that after years of training EFT, I learn new things every time I run a course, or attend another trainer's course as an observer or assistant. Yes, I have heard the material before, but often a new angle emerges for me. I can guarantee that anyone, even the most experienced practitioner, will pick up new information from this course.


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The Nigeria Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) has organised 851 maize, rice and cassava farmers in Ewekoro, Yewa North, and Ogun Waterside Local Government Areas of Ogun State into financeable geo-cooperatives for participation in the 2019 wet season farming under the Anchor Borrowers' Programme (ABP).
The move, according to NIRSAL, is part of government's grand design to deepen mechanized farming by gradually shifting farmers away from subsistence agriculture being practiced in various parts of the country.
Speaking at the flag-off ceremony held in the premises of the Ogun State Agricultural Development Project Office at the weekend, the Head of NIRSAL's Project Monitoring, Reporting and Remediation Office (PMRO) in Ogun State, Mrs. Jumoke Ilo reminded stakeholders and other dignitaries at the event that the ABP remains an agricultural input loan scheme of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in which smallholder farmers receive single-digit interest rate loans in the form of inputs and pay back with portions of their produce.
She added that as a Participating Financial Institution in the programme, NIRSAL administers the ABP on behalf of the apex bank.
Ilo assured that NIRSAL, through the ABP, remains committed to addressing the challenges of smallholder farmers in the state using its end-to-end approach to agricultural projects which spans the pre-upstream, upstream, midstream and downstream segments of the Agricultural value chain.
She added that through the ABP, NIRSAL has been addressing the problems of access to finance & markets, structuring, low technical know-how and other challenges facing smallholder farmers in the state.
She stated: "This was the reason NIRSAL has organised farmers into geo-cooperatives, provided them with finance components & training, and will further link them with off-takers."