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text:
The food in Liberia
One of the most interesting parts of my assignment to do a Biodiversity and Forest Assessment for USAID in Liberia was meeting villagers living close to the forests and the glimpses of the harsh realities of their lives.
When it comes to food, they have little. In some Liberian counties that I passed through, the staple food item is cassava, dried in chunks in the sun and then pounded into dough. Called fufu, it was served with a thin dipping sauce with a bit of meat.
Other communities relied more heavily on natural oil palm fruits, a cluster of red berries with a hard kernel inside. With some processing, these palm oil nuts became a "butter" – very oily, but it serves as a sauce to put on rice.
On one long day, we left a small town at 6 a.m. without finding anything for breakfast, and had run out of the nuts and biscuits I was carrying. By 2 p.m. we were starving. We stopped at a village where my colleague Richard knew a woman who would cook something for us. This was in the oil-palm food territory. I was served a greasy sauce of palm nuts with canned herring in it and a big plate of rice. I ate some rice. Period.
Some of the more "well-off" people have a few chickens or goats that are mostly feral, just roaming about the dwellings and roads and only sacrificed on rare occasions.
Different communities had different taboos, and some would not eat chicken at all, for whatever reason.
In inland Liberia, away from the coast, there are not many rivers to fish in, and fish, except for the imported canned varieties, was not readily available. Beef meat was available in cities for purchase, but this was well beyond the means of people living on maybe 50 cents a day.
So, what do they eat for protein? Bushmeat. Bushmeat in Liberia is anything that someone can kill for dinner. In can include the chimpanzees that still roam the more pristine areas of the forest. Luckily in Muslim areas of the country, mostly in the coastal northwest, the people have taboos against eating chimpanzees. And, in at least one area I visited, the communities have their own ideas about chimps. "They are one of us," these people believe, and they are left alone.
In another community, as the story goes, the first settlers there found the chimps to be helpful. The chimps purportedly tossed down clumps of oil palm berries for the people to use. And in another story, a hunter got lost in the forest and a group of chimps led him back to the river. They don't eat chimps here either.
But really, anything else is fair game. Deep in the forest, further than I was able to go, the people kill and eat endangered pygmy hippos, forest elephants, and protected species of duikers (small forest antelopes). Along the coast they eat dugongs (a relative of the manatee) and sea turtles. Conservation of endangered species is nothing that remote populations have heard of and nothing they could follow anyway. People need to eat.
In the forested areas I traversed in Grand Gedah County, on the border with the Ivory Coast, I saw lots of evidence of bushmeat hunting for subsistence. Most of what people were carrying along the road was legal: some monkeys, some duiker species, but some was not. We encountered two women carrying a live pangolin (endangered worldwide) with a friend carrying greens. The 20 Liberian dollars we gave them to take their photo (worth about 25 cents) would be enough for them to buy a couple of onions and maybe some hot peppers. They were set for a good dinner at last. I can't fault them for this. Instead, I admire their fortitude. Large scale hunting for pangolins to fulfill the markets for medicinal products in Asia is another matter entirely. Here the people just want to eat.
That night, we stayed at the Cash Guest House in the border town of Zwedru. It was the "best hotel" in town but spartan, with a bar in front of it doing a lively business in beer and prostitutes. There was no other place to eat in town, so we ate what they offered – "flesh soup." This turned out to be a watery red broth with chunks of mystery meat, flesh of some sort. I gamely tried to bite a piece of it and it was too tough to chew. My guess, after seeing what was being carried on the road: monkey. I ate rice.
At least there is one good thing about my experience with Liberian bush food. My pants are looser now. There's always a silver lining to a difficult assignment!

subset: commoncrawl


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Message-ID: <email@example.com> Subject: Exported From Confluence MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_Part_644_123406741.1576241701832" ------=_Part_644_123406741.1576241701832 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: file:///C:/exported.html
This document is intended to be a thorough description of the data repos= itory design; concentrating on its external interfaces. The intended audien= ce is repository coders as well as implementers of other components that de= pend on the repository. It should be kept up to date with any API cha= nges so it can serve as a reference manual.=20
The repository is essentially an RDF triple-store with some extra featur= es dictated by the needs of data entry tools, search, dissemination, and th= e data collection and curation process. These features include the ability = to:=20
Other features include:=20
This section describes the internal conceptual data model.=20
The primary purpose of the repository is to store, edit, and retrieve re= source instances for its clients. The term resource instance comes= from the eagle-i data model: a resource is an indivisible unit of= something described in the eagle-i database. A resource instance in = the repository is the corresponding graph of RDF statements that represents= this resource as abstract data. It is rooted at one subject URI<= /em>.=20
A resource instance is defined as the subject URI, and the coll=
ection of statements in which it is the subject. Furthermore, there mus=
t be one statement whose predicate is
rdf:type and whose =
object is a URI, preferably of type
owl:Class, but this is not=
The significance of resource instances in the repository architecture is= :=20
/update service creates, modifies, or deletes exac=
tly one single instance transactionally.
dissemination service retrieves the contents of a sing=
le instance in various formats.
/harvest service reports on changes to instances.
Early in the development process, the definition of a resource = instance was extended to encompass embedded instances<= /em> (EI). This change only affects the rules governing what state= ments belong in the instance's graph, although it has a profound effect on = the behavior of the repository. Embedded instances are essentially= regular resource instances which are considered part of a "parent" res= ource instance. The precise definition of an embedded instance is as f= ollows:=20
rdf:type statement.
rdf:type (possibly an inferred type) is a member of th=
e designated class group indicating embedded instances. In the eagle-i data=
model the URI of this class group is:=20
http://= eagle-i.org/ont/app/1.0/ClassGroup_embedded_class=20
/update and
workflow, operate on the EI statement=
s together with the parent instance's statements. For example, a workflow t=
ransition to published moves all the EIs to the published graph along with =
their parent's statements.
Here is how EIs behave in repository operations:=20
Creation: An EI is created by adding a new URI with an =
rdf:type statement to a modification (including cr=
eation) of its parent. The type must belong to the embedded class group.
Modification/Deletion: Any modification of an EI mu=
st be done as a modification of its parent. The EI's properties, inclu=
ding type, may be changed; it may be deleted. These changes are recorded as=
a modification of the parent. The changes to the parent and its EIs can be=
driven by one HTTP request to the
update service, and will be=
performed in a single transaction.
Dissemination: A dissemination request on the parent in= stance will include all of the statements about its EIs. The EIs will be fi= ltered of hidden properties such as admin data and contact hiding, by the s= ame rules as the parent, nd returned in the same serialized RDF graph. Diss= emination requests on EIs are not supported. It is not recommended, the res= ults are undefined.=20
Metadata Harvest:=20
See the description of the
/harvest service for full detail=
s. Essentially, since EIs do not have an independent presence in the "insta=
nce" model of the repository, they are not reported on individually when th=
e harvest service reports changes. A change to an EI, even deletion of =
the EI, is reported as a change to its parent. Likewise, creation of a=
n EI is also reported as a change to its parent.
The repository is required to hide statements with certain pred= icates when exporting resource instances in these contexts:=20
/i service and=
/harvest service for populating search indexes
The set of predicates to be hidden is defined by the data model ontology= , and identified by the data model configuration properties:=20
The hidden predicates are themselves subjects of statements whose predic= ate is the hiding predicate, and whose object is the hiding object, for exa= mple:=20
...for example this configuration would hide dm:someStupidProperty: datamodel.hideProperty.predicate =3D dm:hasSpecialAttribute datamodel.hideProperty.object =3D dm:cantSeeMe ....and then later on, in the ontology (shown in N3): dm:someStupidProperty dm:hasSpecialAttribute dm:cantSeeMe.=20
The mechanism of hidden-property hiding is implemented through = access controls. See that section for more details.=20
This has to be implemented in the repository in order to enforce a consi= stent security model, which would not be possible if content hiding were le= ft up to each client application.=20
Properties are "hidden" for various reasons, such as:=20
The "contact" issue is closely related to property hiding. The essential= problem is that for every resource instance, it is desired to have a means= for the agent viewing that resource. For example, a user in a Web browser = viewing a semantic Web-style dissemination page of the resource instance to= contact the agent who "owns" (or is otherwise responsible for) th= e resource. E-mail is one means of implementing this contact, but certainly= not the only one. The contact could be in the form of a telephone number, = street address, or even a redirect to another Web site which might include = indirect contact info of its own. The purpose is to put a potential consume= r of the resource in touch with its owner.=20
The repository only gets involved to mediate this contact process becaus= e it is also responsible for hiding all contact information from the agents= who would use it. It must therefore implement some means of accepting a co= ntact request or message from the outside agent, and forward it to the dete= rmined owner of the resource.=20
Contact properties are identified in the same way as hidden properties, = only the relevant data model configuration keys are:=20
The mechanism of contact-property hiding is implemented through= access controls, explained in more detail later in this document.==20
There is a separate ontology document describing the repository's intern= al data model and administrative metadata, refer to repository-internal.n3 for more information. Note that some= statements described by that ontology appear as publicly-readable metadata= statements, while others are private and never exposed outside of the repo= sitory codebase.=20
The "ontology" graph is considered read-only in normal operation. All in= ternal metadata, (administrative metadata) is stored in a separate, distinc= t, named graph which should only be available to the repository's internal = operations.=20
The repository design takes full advantage of the named graph a= bstraction provided by most modern RDF database engines (Sesame, Virtuoso, = Anzo, AllegroGraph). Every statement in the RDF database belongs t= o exactly one named graph. Since this is typically implemented by adding a = fourth column to each triple for the named graph's URI, these databases are= often called quad-stores instead of triple-stores. The data repos= itory design takes advantage of named graphs to:=20
Internally, we collect some metadata about each named graph including ac= cess control rules, and a type that documents the purpose of the n= amed graph.=20
The repository is created with a few fixed named graphics for s= pecific purposes such as internal metadata statements. Other named graphs a= re created as needed. Even the repository's own ontology is not a fixed gra= ph since it can be managed like any other ontology loaded from a serializat= ion.=20
Relationships---it would be helpful to record metadata = about related named graphs, although the most compelling case for this is t= he ontologies that use owl:includes to embed other ontolog= y graphs. Since Sesame does not interpret OWL by itself, and we have no pla= ns to add this sort of functionality for the initial repository implementat= ion, this will be considered later.=20
The repository provides views to give clients an easier way to = query over a useful set of named graphs. A view is just a way of describing= a dataset (a collection of named graphs). The repository server h= as a built-in set of views, each named by a simple keyword. You can use a v= iew with the SPARQL Protocol and with a resource dissemination request. It = is a equivalent to building up a dataset out of named graphs but it is a lo= t less trouble, and guaranteed to be stable whereas graph names could chang= e. The views are:=20
foaf:Person is ironically, NOT part of this data set, since they are not eagle-=
i resources.
Important Note: You may have noticed that according to = the definition, the user view is the same as the all view for an administra= tor user, so why bother creating an all view? It is intend= ed to be specified when you have a query that really must cover all of the named graphs to work properly; if a non-administrator attempts it,= it will fail with a permission error, instead of misleadingly returning a = subset of the graphs.=20
A workspace is just another way to describe a data set, by star= ting with a named graph. It is effectively a special kind of view.= The name of a workspace is the URI of its base named graph, which= must be of type workspace or published. When you specify that as the works= pace, the repository server automatically adds these other graphs to the da= ta set:=20
You can specify a workspace instead of a view in SPARQL Protoco= l requests, and in resource dissemination requests.=20
The repository supports inferencing in some very specific cases. Since t= he repository's RDF data is very frequently modified, it does only the = minimal inferencing needed by its users in order to keep the performan= ce bearable.=20
Many inferencing schemes require inferencing to be re-done over the enti= re RDF database after every change because tracing the effects of a change = through various rules would be at least as much computational effort as sim= ply running the inferencing over. We have chosen a select subset of RDFS an= d OWL inference rules that makes incremental changes easy and efficient to = re-compute.=20
See the RDF Semantics page for an overview of the greater body of infere= nce rules (of which we implement only a small subset). The repository imple= ments two different kinds of inferencing:=20
dfs:subClassOf relationships are created as direct statements.
bPropertyOf relationships are created as direct statements.
f:type properties are added.
pe properties of a a subject and the TBox graphs.
f:type properties are added to the graph for inferred statements.=20
The TBox graphs are configurable. You can set the configuration property=
eaglei.repository.tbox.graphs to a comma-separated list of gr=
aph URIs. By default, the TBox consists of:
This inferencing scheme ensures very fast performance by assuming the TB= ox graphs never change under normal operations, which ought to be true. The= data model ontology graph is only modified when a new version of the ontol= ogy is released. Likewise, the repository's internal ontology graph remains= unchanged once the repository is installed. When the TBox graphs are= em> changed, be aware that you will probably see a delay of many seconds or= perhaps minutes, as all the TBox and ABox inferencing is re-done.=20
Inferred statements are not normally written when an entire graph is dum=
ped. See the
/graph service for details.
Authentication is managed entirely by the Java Servlet container. We rel= y on the container to supply an authenticated user name (a short t= ext string) and whether that user has the "superuser" role. The co= ntainer's role is only used for bootstrapping; normally roles are recorded = in the RDF database and they take precedence over the container's role map.==20
Each login user is (ideally) recorded in both the RDBMS used by the serv= let container (or possibly some other external DB) and the RDF database. Th= is is necessary because the servlet container, which is doing the authentic= ation, only has access to the RDBMS through a plugin, but the repository au= thorization mechanism expects an RDF expression of the user as well. All of= the services that modify users keep the RDBMS and RDF databases synchroniz= ed, and can cope with users found in one and not the other.=20
The RDBMS description of a user contains:=20
The RDF description of a user contains:=20
When a user is present in RDF but not in the RDBMS, they are considered = disabled and cannot log in. They can be reinstated through the Admin UI.=20
When a user is present in the RDBMS but not in the RDF, they are conside= red undocumented. Upon logging in, an undocumented user is given t= he URI corresponding to his/her highest known role: :Role_Superuser= if the RDBMS indicates that role, or :Role_Anonymous otherwise. (Arguably, the default role could also be :Role_Aut= henticated, but without RDF data for the user they are not fully a= uthenticated, and this is incentive to fix the discrepancy.)=20
To fix an undocumented user:=20
An Administrator (superuser); can become documented by logging in, and e=
ither running the
\whoami service with
create=3Dtrue or using the Admin UI to edit and save their own user information. An A=
dministrator can fix an ordinary undocumented user by using the Admin UI to=
save their descriptive metadata; even if it is all blank, a user record wi=
ll be created. Importing users also straightens out the mapping automatical=
Roles are a way to characterize a group of users, for example, to grant =
them some access rights in the access-control system. Functionally, the rol=
e is part of a user's authentication, i.e., "who" they are.
A role<= /em> is defined by a URI, the subject of a :Role instance.= It should also have a locally unique, short text-string name (the = :label of its :Role instance).
Each Role is independent of other Roles. Roles cannot be "nested". = This is a necessary limitation that simplified the implementation consider= ably.=20
The Superuser role is built into the system because its= privileges are hard coded.=20
There are a couple of special Roles whose memb= ership is implicit, that is, it never needs to be granted explicitly:= =20
A repository user is identified uniquely (within the scope of ON= E repository instance) by a short symbolic username. This= is a character string composed of characters from a certain restricted sub= set of the ASCII character set, in order to avoid problems of character tra= nslation and metacharacter interpretation in both the protocol layer (HTTP)= and OS tools such as command shells. The password, which is paire= d with a username to serve as login credentials, is likewise restr= icted to the same range of characters as the username.=20
Character restrictions: The username and password * MUS= T NOT include* the character ':' (colon). They can only in= clude:=20
Note that although the HTTP protocol allows any graphic charact= ers in the ISO-8859-1 codeset (modulo ':'), and linear whitespace, and even= chars WITH special MIME RFC-2047 encoding rules, these are often implement= ed wrongly by HTTP clients and also invite encoding and metacharacter probl= ems with OS and scripting tools.To avoid these troubles we simply restrict = the available characters.=20
All of the servlet URLs in this interface except the public dissemination request
/i require authen=
tication. The dissemination request makes use of an authenticated user and =
roles when they are available, to access data that would be invisible to an=
anonymous request, but it is never required.
This is just an outline of the access control system. It is implemented = as statements stored in the internal metadata graph. The access controls ap= plying to an instance or other object are not to be directly visible in the= repository API, except through administrative UI.=20
These types of access can be granted:=20
On the following types of resources:=20
/graph Usually reserve=
d for admins.
/update, this is usuall=
y granted temporarily to a specific user as part of the workflow p=
Access control statements grant access to either a specific
Any user asserting the Superuser role is always granted= access, bypassing all controls. This lets us bootstrap the system when the= re is no RDF database yet to describe grants. Repository administrators sho= uld always have the Administrator role, since most of the = Admin UI and API requires it.=20
Access control is implemented by statements of the form:=20
Subject= : resource, Predicate: access-type, Object: accessor=20
The resource is the URI of the instance, named graph, or workfl= ow transition of interest. The access-type names one of the four t= ypes of access described above: read, add, remove, admin. Finally, the = accessor is the URI of the Principal to be granted the access= , either a Role or an Agent (user).= =20
We anticipate having a relatively small number of these access grants. A= lthough named graphs and workflow transitions need elaborate access descrip= tions, there are only a few of those--on the order of dozens. Resource inst= ances are of course more numerous but most of them have no access grants, d= eriving their read/query access from the named graph they reside in. The wo= rkflow claim service adds temporary grants to give the cla= im owner read/write access to be able to edit the instance while it is clai= med.=20
The repository automatically records provenance metadata about = objects when they are created and modified by users' actions. Provenanc= e means information about the history and origin of the data, in this = case the authenticated identity responsible and time of the latest change. = The following properties are recorded for these types of objects, and can b= e obtained by querying with a view or dataset that includes the named graph= containing public administrative metadata.=20
Note that the there is at most one value of any of these properties for = each subject. That means the "modified" properties are updated whe= never a subject is modified and the record of the previous modification is = lost. This is a simplification that may be remedied at some point in the fu= ture if we add versioning of data to the repository.=20
Named Graphs:=20
dcterms:modified---literal date of last modification, enco=
ded as
dcterms:contributor---the URI of the Agent (authenticated =
user) who last modified it
dcterms:source---description of the file or URI last loade=
d into this NG, if that is how it was created. This record is used to=
compare it against the source later to decide whether an update is necessa=
ry. It is a node (possibly blank node) with the following properties:=20
dcterms:identifier---the resolvable URI of the resource lo=
aded, most likely a URL in either the file or http scheme.
dcterms:modified---last-modification date of the resource,=
for later comparison when deciding whether to decache the repository copy =
of an external file, a literal
dcterms:created---literal date when resource was created, =
encoded as
dcterms:creator---the URI of the Agent (should be=
an authorized user) who created the instance.=20
dcterms:creator comes from the uploaded data.
dcterms:mediator---ONLY when
erms:creator does not refer to the authenticated user who c=
reated the data, this is the URI of the Agent (authenticated user) who crea=
ted this instance in the Repository.=20
dcterms:modified---literal date when resource was last mod=
ified, encoded as xsd:dateTime=20
dcterms:contributor---the URI of the Agent (authenticated =
user) who last modified this instance.=20
Some repository features are implemented as extensions to the S= esame RDF database (also known as triplestore). This means they ar= e available both internally to the repository implementation and externally= whenever an API to Sesame, its SPARQL query engine, is exposed.=20
1. Output formats=20
Additional output formats for both RDF serialization and SPARQL tuple qu= ery results allow output in:=20
text/plain (for SP=
2. SPARQL Query Function=20
The repository adds a custom function to Sesame's query engine:
po:upperCaseStr. It returns the
toUpperCase() version o=
f of the string value of an RDF value. Use it to sort values ignoring=
em> whether (a) the case of characters differs, (b) they are datatyped-lite=
rals or untyped literals (or other terms).
To invoke it you must have the repository's UR= I namespace defined as a prefix. For example,=20
PREFIX = repo:<[http://eagle-i.org/ont/repo/1.0/]> ..query text... ORDER BYrepo:upperCaseStr(?label)=20
The repository includes a "workflow" control system that directs the com= plete life cycle of each resource instance, and mediates access by users at= each life cycle stage. The word "workflow" is often used to describe proce= ss-management and administration systems, but in this case it is really jus= t a minimal implementation of states and extended access control.=20
It was implemented in the repository because it depends on persistent da= ta and access control which are already available in the repository. It is = also closely integrated with the access control system, which is easier to = accomplish securely from within the repository codebase.=20
Workflow is manifested in RDF statements (of course) in the internal met= adata graph. Although the Web API exposes some URIs and names of workflow o= bjects, the ontology and access control details are intentionally hidden. T= here is no need for applications using workflow to see the model, all their= access is through the API.=20
The model is a state map, with nodes and transitions between them. Eleme= nts of workflow are:=20
Bootstrapping refers to how a new repository node first starts up. The p= rocess is not trivial, since so much of its operation depends on the RDF da= tabase (triple-store, actually a quad-store) which is completely empty when= a new repository is launched.=20
The repository must be simple (ideally "foolproof", although that only b= reeds more destructive fools) to install and manage, since it is intended t= o be deployed at dozens or hundreds of sites, managed by administrators wit= h varying experience levels. All the while, it must still maintain adequate= security and data integrity.=20
See Cycle 1 Repository Documentation for more information on installing = the repository and setting up its configuration.=20
The bootstrap process:=20
.sh. See the Administrator Guide.
The configuration properties are loaded from the file
n.properties in the repository home directory. It is read by Apache =
Commons Configuration, which allows system properties and other variables t=
o be interpolated into the values. See the Apache Web site for complete doc=
See the Configuration section in the Administrator Gui= de for a complete list of configuration properties.=20
These are the possible HTTP requests in the repository API.=20
The repository's webapp must be mounted at the web server's root, so tha= t it can resolve the canonical URI of resource data instances.=20
This section lists the formats that the repository can use for output an= d, in some cases, input, of data. The MIME type is how you describe it in t= he API, whether through explicit args or HTTP headers.=20
In a request, you can usually specify input format two ways:=20
/update which has mul=
tiple text entities with a possible content-type)
You can ask for an output format in two ways:<= /p>=20
format arg, which takes precedence.=
Note that the tabular (tuple) and boolean query result formats are outpu= t-only. There are no requests that take them as input formats.=20
RDF Serialization formats:=20
Default MIME type
Additional MIME types
NTriples With Context 1,2=20
1 The Context-NTriples format is not an official RDF serializ=
ation; it was added for this repository, as a convenient way to export quad=
s for testing. Note that it was formerly named NQuads, but there is already=
a different unofficial format known to the RDF community that is called "N=
2 This format only supports output, it cannot be rea= d by the repository.
3 HTML is for interactive viewing only,= it cannot be parsed.
Tuple (Tabular, SPARQL SELECT) Query Result Serialization formats:= =20
Default MIME type
Additional MIME types
Boolean Query Result Serialization formats:=20
Default MIME type
Additional MIME types
This request returns a tabular report on the current authenticated user'= s identity, to compose a friendly display in a Web UI. This is simply a SPA= RQL query wrapped in a servlet to hide the details of the internal data.=20
This request can also function as a "login" mechanism to establish a ses= sion and cache authentication, while at the same time getting the user's di= splayable name to show in the UI.=20
Subtle Alternate Function: Note that the POST form of t=
his request has a separate function when
create=3Dtrue: It cre=
ates the RDF metadata for a login user account. Normally this is only done =
as part of the initial bootstrap procedure, by the
finish-install.sh =
script. When users are created through the Admin UI or
their RDF metadata is created automatically.
NOTE: Perhaps it would be better to implement this as a redirect to the = resolvable URI for the person, which would then yield a description compati= ble with the FOAF standard. That's how the Semantic Web wants us to manage = it.=20
/repository/whoami (GET, POST)
format---Same as for SPARQL resu=
lt format, same default (SPARQL XML)
When true, invokes alternate function of this service to create RDF metada=
ta for current user (see explanation above).
firstname=3Dtext---ONLY when create=3Dtrue, the first name value of the=
created User instance (optional).
mbox=3Dtext---ONLY =
when create=3Dtrue, the
mbox value of the created User instanc=
GET Result:
Response document is a SPARQL tuple res= ult, format determined by the same protocols as for
/sparql. I=
t contains the following columns:
Note that the last 3 fields may be empty if that data is not available.<= /p>=20
If there is no
:Agent instance for the logged-in user, the =
URI will revert to their implicitly asserted Role, for example,
_Superuser for an administrator. This is the same URI that appears i=
n provenance metadata entries like
POST Result:
create=3Dtrue, the r=
esult document is empty, and the status code indicates success:
Open to authenticated users.
This call creates one or more globally unique, resolvable, URIs for new = resource instances. It does not add any data to the repository; the instanc= es will not exist until a user inserts some statements about them. The URI = namespace is the default namespace from the configuration properties, follo= wed immediately by the unique identifier. Note that ETL tools may request t= housands of URIs at once so the mechanism to produce unique IDs must be abl= e to handle that.=20
/repository/new (POST only)
count---number of URIs to return=
; optional, default is 1.
format---same as for SPARQL resu=
lt format, same default (SPARQL XML)
The requested number of new URIs are return= ed, packaged as a SPARQL query result for a field named "new". Its encoding= is determined by the
format parameter or, if none specified, =
by the
Accept header of the HTTP request. Default is SPARQL/XM=
Access: Requires an authenticated user.=20
The disseminate service returns the RDF content of an instance; it is ho= w the URI is resolved to implement the Linked Open Data paradigm of the Sem= antic Web. Note that there are actually three valid ways to construct a req= uest for any given data instance:=20
/i/instance-ID---assumes that URI prefix matches Web serve=
r's DNS address, in other words, the configured default URI namespace.
/i?uri=3Dinstance-URI---retrieves any instance URI whether=
the prefix matches the default namespace or not. This allows one repositor=
y to resolve multiple domains.
/repository/resource?uri=3Dinstance-URI---Just like the
/i might not require or make use of authentication credentia=
/i/instance-ID (GET or POST method)
&nb= sp;
uri=3Duri---optional, only if a =
URI is not specified as the tail of the request URI; an alternate way to ex=
plicitly specify the complete URI of the resource to disseminate. Allows an=
y URI to be accessed, instead of assuming that the URI's namespace matches =
the hostname, context, and servlet path ("/i") to which the repository's we=
bserver responds.
format=3Dmimetype---optionally override =
the dissemination format that would be chosen by HTTP content negotiation. =
Note that choosing
text/html results in a special human-readab=
le result.
view=3Dview---optionally choose a different vie=
w dataset from which to select the graph for dissemination. Mutually exclus=
ive with workspace.
workspace=3Duri---URI of the workspace=
named graph to take the place of the default graph. Relevant metadata and =
ontology graphs are included automatically. Mutually exclusive with view.
noinferred (boolean)---Exclusive of all inferred statements=
from the generated results. This only applies to
rdf:type sta=
tements; if the noinferred query argument is present (it need not have any =
value) then inferred types are left out of the results.
/code> (boolean)---forces a result of serialized RDF data. When the negotia=
ted result format is text/html, the usual choice is to generate the human-r=
eadable view. This forces an HTML rendering of the RDF statements which can=
be handy for troubleshooting, especially when combined with noinferred. NO=
TE: This is the only way to see the Embedded Instance statements in an inte=
ractive HTML view, for example, in a web browser, so it is especially handy=
for generating a clean view for debugging EIs. Default false.
rceXML (boolean)---when an HTML format would be generated, output th=
e intermediate XML document instead of transforming it to XHTML. This is ma=
inly useful for obtaining examples of the intermediate XML for developing n=
ew XSLT stylesheets and testing/debugging. Default is false.
Returns a serialization, or optionally, hum= an-readable HTML rendering of the graph of RDF statements describing the in= dicated resource instance. Note the deliberate choice of words: This graph = includes not only the statements of which the URI is the subject, but also:=
Note that depending on the authenticated roles of the requesting user an= d the configured access controls, some properties may be excluded from this= result. For example, in some cases, unauthenticated users will not see cer= tain properties which may contain confidential information.=20
About HTML dissemination:
When the negotiated forma= t is text/html, and unless either of the
forceRDF or
ceXML args was given, the dissemination process creates an intermedi=
ate XML document and transforms it into XHTML with the configured XSLT styl=
esheet. See description of the
in the Repoistory Administrator Guide.
If no XSLT stylesheet is configured, the intermediate XML document is de= livered instead, with a media content type of application/xml. Note that th= is means, to obtain correct XHTML output, you MUST configure an XSLT styles= heet.=20
The content of the intermediate XML format is described in a W3C XML Sch= ema document that may be downloaded from a running repository at for exampl= e,=20
[https:= //localhost:8443/repository/schemas/instance.xsd]=20
We provide an example transformation stylesheet that produces very simpl= e HTML, intended to be the basis of custom stylesheets. It is available for= download at:{{https://localhost:8443/repository/sty= les/example.xsl}}We manage the transformation within the repository,= instead of adding an xml-stylesheet processing instruction to the XML, for= compelling reasons:=20
The transformation stylesheet is supplied with these parameters when it =
is invoked. They should be declared with
<xsl:param name=3D"..."/&=
gt; directives in the XSL. Be sure your stylesheet can cope with par=
ameters that are not set, by supplying default values.
__repo_version---string containing Maven version spec of t=
he running repository code. This is always set.
__repo_css---configured value of
nstance.css, can not be set.
__repo_logo---configured value of
logo, cannot be set.
__repo_title---configured value of
.title, cannot be set.
Property Filtering=20
The set of properties returned in the HTML view is based on the same res=
ult as RDF disseminations, which is automatically filtered as necessary for=
the requesting user's access level.
Requires read permission on all named graphs in the query's chosen view.= Note that this is the ONLY service available to unauthenticated users, so = it must be able to gather a useful result from named graphs readable by the= Anonymous role. If you do access this service with credentials, you will b= e able to see instances and properties that would be invisible to an unauth= enticated user, for example, instances in private workspaces that are still= in unpublished workflow states.=20
Note that when the requesting user does not have read access to the requ= ested instance, it will appear to him/her that it does not exist; the error= returned is identical to one for a nonexistent resource, since it is essen= tially the same case.=20
There is also access control on some individual properties of the resour=
ce: those properties identified as hidden and contact properties by the dat=
a model ontology (and its configuration, see that separate document). The a=
ccess controls on the resource URI configured as
ty.object regulate hidden properties, and
perty.object regulates contact properties.
Anyone with READ access on the URI gets to see the properties. To expose= them to the world you'd give access to the Anonymous role. Normally only C= urator, RNAV, and Lab User roles would be granted access to hidden and cont= act properties since they have to see and manipulate them through the data = tools.=20
This service actually implements three different kinds of requests:= =20
The update operation does all its work in the instance's home named grap=
h. For an existing instance being modified, it is computed as the named gra=
ph in which the asserted
rdf:type statement(s) are found.
When creating new resources: Since the create operation= doesn't have an instance from which to derive its home graph, its home gra= ph must be specified as the workspace arg.=20
Workflow implications of creating new resources: Since =
/update action that creates a new resource instance is eff=
ectively performing a transition from the New workflow state, the current u=
ser must have permission to make such a transition to the destination works=
pace; if there are multiple transitions, one is chosen arbitrarily.
Acquiring and use of edit tokens: The edit token is int= ended to "protect" the read-only copy of the instance that you (presumably)= download as a basis for edits. The correct sequence of operations when mod= ifying an instance is:=20
/update request to modify the resource instance,=
with token (1).
This ensures that no matter how much time passes between (2) and (3), if= , for example, a user dawdles over an interactive edit or forgets and leave= s it overnight, the edit token is already in place to indicate his/her inte= ntion to make a change. It does not prevent another user from coming along = and grabbing the token to make a change, but it will indicate that there is= an edit in progress, and it will prevent a stale copy from being checked i= n.=20
Comparison with SPARQL/UPDATE: In case you are wonderin= g why we chose to implement this complex special-purpose service instead of= a general protocol like SPARQL/UPDATE, there were some compelling reasons:==20
action=3Dcreate, there must be no existing statements =
in the repository with the given URI as a subject. The request must include=
an insert arg containing one or more statements whose predicate is
df:type. (All of the subjects must match the request URI). It is an =
error to specify a delete arg.
action=3Dgettoken, an edit token is created if necessa=
ry, and returned along with the user who created it, time it was created, a=
nd a boolean value that is true if it was newly created by this request. Th=
is information is intended to help a UI service advise the user when there =
might be an edit in progress, if the boolean was false and the timestamp on=
the token is recent.
action=3Dupdate, there must be an existing instance ma=
tching the URI of the request. DO NOT specify the workspace arg, since the =
repository automatically finds the instance's home graph and makes all chan=
ges there.
Updating a resource instance's properties requires an edit token. The to=
ken lets the server check that your edits are based on the current valid st=
ate of the resource; if another update occurs before yours, its changes cou=
ld be corrupted or lost. To update, first, run the
request with the arg,
action=3Dgettoken to obtain the =
current edit token, creating one if necessary. Then, get the content proper=
ties as before. When calling
/repository/update again with
token=3Dtoken-uri arg.
Note on file format and character set: The request spec=
ifies the file format and/or character set of the serialized RDF data as a =
Content-Type header value in the entity bodies of insert and delete args, f=
or example,
text/rdf+n3; charset=3D"ISO-8859-1". The character=
set defaults to Unicode UTF-8, so if your source data is not in that chara=
cter set you must declare it. The content-type can be provided in two diffe=
rent places =E2=80=93 they are searched in this order of priority, and the =
first one found is the only one considered:
Content-Type---header on the value of the content entity i=
n a POST request. This takes precedence because it allows for different con=
tent-types in insert and delete args.
format---query argument value.
/repository/update [/instance-ID<=
/em>] (POST only)
uri---optional way to explicitly=
specify the complete URI, instead of assuming that the URI's namespace mat=
ches the hostname, context, and servlet path ("/i") of this webserver.
format---the default expected format for insert and delete gra=
phs. If the args specify a content-type header, that overrides this value. =
Only recognizes triples even if the format supports quads.
=3D(update|create|gettoken)---Update to modify an existing instance,=
create adds a new one. See below for details about gettoken.
en=3Duri---When action is update or create, this must be supplied. T=
he value is the URI returned by the last gettoken request.
ace=3Duri---choose workspace named graph where new instance is creat=
ed. Only necessary when action=3Dcreate. Optional, default is the default w=
orkspace. DO NOT specify a workspace when action=3Dupdate.
---graph of statements to remove from the instance; subject must be =
the instance URI. Deletes are done before inserts. Graph may include wildca=
rd URIs in predicate and/or object to match all values in that part of a st=
insert---graph of statements to add to instance; =
subject must be the instance URI.
default false, deprecated) NOTE: It is best if you pretend this op=
tion does not exist. When true, it skips some of the sanity tests =
on the resulting instance graph, mostly the ones checking the integrity of =
Embedded instances. Requires Administrator privilege. This was added to mak=
e the data migration from broken old EI data possible, it should rarely if =
ever be needed.
The delete wildcard URI is
HTTP status indicates success or failure. A= ny modifications are transactional; on success the entire change was made, = and upon failure nothing gets changed.
action=3Dupdate is used to effect a change to a resour=
ce instance, this service automatically optimizes the requested change so t=
he fewest actual statements are modified. For example, if the request delet=
es all statements by using the wildcard URI in the position of predicate an=
d value, and then inserts all of the statements that were there before alon=
g with an additional new statement, the only change actually made is to add=
that new statement. Since a gratuitous change to an
rdf:type =
statement results in extra time spent inferencing, it is best to avoid it w=
hen possible.
When an update fails because the edit token is stale, the HTTP status is= always 409 (Conflict). If this occurs, the only solution is to get a fresh= token and re-do the update. It is NOT advisable to have a client simply re= try the update with the same data, at least inform the user that there has = been an intervening edit and updating now would destroy somebody else's cha= nges.=20
action=3Dgettoken, the response includes a document fo=
rmatted (according to the chosen format) as a SPARQL tuple result. It inclu=
des the columns:
token---URI of the edit token. It has no meaning other than=
its use in an update transaction. This is the last edit token created (and=
not yet "used up" by an update) on this instance; or else a new one that w=
as created if there wasn't one available.
l timestamp at which the token was created. It may be useful to display the=
date to the user if there was an existing token of recent vintage.
gettoken operation c=
reated a new token. When false, it means the token already existed, which i=
ndicates there MAY already be another user's update in progress and that up=
date may be in conflict with yours.
dfs:label of the creator, if available.
Requires ADD access to either the instance = itself or its home named graph if the insert argument was given and REMOVE = access on the instance or the graph if the delete argument was given. When =
action=3Dcreate, requires READ access on an appropriate Workfl=
ow Transition, out of the New state.
We may eventually decide to implement a quota on the count of statements= that may be added or deleted, as a protection against DOS attacks and runa= way clients.=20
This servlet is a complete implementation of the standard SPARQL Protoco=
l, implemented according to the description in
. It also extends the protocol to support specific features of t=
he repository REST API, such as views and workspaces.
The most significant departure from the "standard" is the treatment of t= he dataset clauses in the SPARQL query language. Sesame's query engine igno= res any dataset specified in the query if an explicit dataset is supplied i= n the API call. This SPARQL endpoint will always supply an explicit dataset= in order to enforce access control: the dataset determines which named gra= phs the query is allowed to "see". If the HTTP request asks for certain nam= ed graphs by URI, they will be included in the dataset so long as the curre= nt user has read access to them.=20
Matching or restricting by Named Graph: If you want to use the GRAPH key= word as described in section 8.3 of the SPARQL Specification, Sesame's impl= ementation requires named graphs (context) to be present in both the defaul= t-uri and named-uri lists of the dataset. The view and workspace abstractio= ns manage this automatically, but if you are constructing a dataset yoursel= f be sure to heed this advice if you use GRAPH.=20
Inferred Statements: The inferred option determines whe= ther inferred statements are included in the query results. Its default is = true. This is a nonstandard exstension to the SPARQL protocol.=20
Character Sets: The SPARQL query document is entered as=
the value of the HTTP
query-argument query in a GET or POST r=
equest. When the query is embedded in the URL in a GET request, or in a bod=
y of
content-type application/x-www-form-urlencoded in a POST,=
it MUST use the character set of the URL. This is supposed to be ISO Latin=
-1 (ISO-8859-1) according to the HTTP 1.1 spec, but in practice browsers se=
em to use UTF-8-encoded Unicode.
If you put multi-lingual characters in= a SPARQL query document, which is perfectly legitimate in literal values, = the best way to ensure they are interpreted correctly is to declare the con= tent-type explicitly with a charset parameter. To do this you must send a P= OST request with the entity body in multipart/form-data format, so that eac= h argument value is encoded as a separate entity. This adds complexity, but= it is the best way to ensure your HTTP client conveys the character set id= entification correctly. Within the entity for the query arg, add the header= :
Content-Type: text/plain;charset=3D"UTF-8"
If you're usi= ng UTF-8. The media type should always be
/repository/sparql (GET and POST)
query---the text of the SPARQL q=
uery document.
default-graph-uri---add this URI to the lis=
t of default graphs in the query dataset, overriding any built-in default. =
Read access required. Conflicts with other explicit methods of specifying d=
atasets: the
view, and
ce arguments are all mutually exclusive. Can be specified multiple t=
imes to include multiple graphs.
named-graph-uri---add thi=
s URI to the list of named graphs in the query dataset, overriding any buil=
t-in default. Read access required. NOTE: Sesame's query engine does not se=
em to pay attention to named graphs, just default graphs, so this argument =
should be deprecated.
format---explicitly names a result f=
ormat, overriding the default from HTTP content negotiation. Value must be =
one of the specified MIME type strings. This is a nonstandard extension to =
the SPARQL Protocol.
view---symbolic name of a pre-package=
d set of named graphs presenting a "view" of the data; see secton on Views =
in the Concepts section above. Conflicts with other explicit methods of spe=
cifying datasets: the
*-graph-uri, {{view, and
arguments are all mutually exclusive. This is a nonstandard extensi=
on to the SPARQL Protocol.
workspace---URI of the workspac=
e named graph to take the place of the default graph. Relevant metadata and=
ontology graphs are included automatically. Conflicts with other explicit =
methods of specifying datasets: the
view, and
workspace arguments are all mutually exclusive. This=
is a nonstandard extension to the SPARQL Protocol.
-sets an explicit time limit on the query, overriding any built-in default.=
Value is in seconds. This is a nonstandard extension to the SPARQL Protoco=
inferred---boolean arg. When false, any inferred =
statements are excluded from the results. The default is true. This is a no=
nstandard extension to the SPARQL Protocol.
The HTTP response includes a result documen= t, whose format depends on the requested format and on the type of query: S= ELECT queries produce tabular results, ASK and DESCRIBE return an RDF graph= , and ASK writes a boolean result. See the MIME Types tables above for all = the result formats. In the event of a failure, an HTTP error status is retu= rned.
Timeouts: This service imposes a time limit on the quer= y to prevent one requestor from monopolizing server resources with a time-i= ntensive query. The time limit is taken from the first of these sources wit= h a value:=20
Also note:=20
Requires Read access to all of the named gr= aphs included in the dataset. When
workspace or
view arg with a dynamic view is supplied, the dataset is automatically const=
ructed to include only readable named graphs out of a set that depends on t=
he chosen view or workspace.. If a set of graphs is explicitly requested, i=
t is an error if any of them are not readable.. This would only allow query access to named graphs which =
the anonymous role can read.
Access NOTE: It MAY be d= esireable to configure the servlets to allow unauthenticated access to
Returns an enumeration of all named graphs in the repository matching th= e search criteria, and which the current authenticated user can read. This = request is equivalent to a SPARQL tuple query, except it hides the details = of internal administrative metadata structures and bypasses most users' lac= k of read access to that metadata.=20
This is intended to be used for UI tasks such as populating a pick list = of workspaces available to a user creating a new instance.=20
/repository/listGraphs (GET, POST)
lished|internal)---Restrict results to graphs of the indicated type.=
Default is to return all graphs, this arg is optional.
format---same as for SPARQL result format, same default (SPARQL XML)
Response document is a SPARQL tuple result,= format determined by the same protocols as for
/sparql. It co=
ntains the following columns:
namedGraphURI---URI naming the graph
namedGraphLabel}}-= --Literal, its textual label (rdfs:label) in the admin metadata if any.
typeURI---the URI of its named graph type
---String literal, the textual label of the type.
/code>---Last loaded version, or just value of owl:versionInfo property of =
the graph's name URI, which is NOT necessarily the correct version, for exa=
mple, not for the eagle-i data model ontology.
size - count of asserted= statements. Note that the inferred graph always shows size of 0. (Long int= eger literal.)
read--- true if current user has read permi=
ssion (Boolean literal)
add--- true if user can add statem=
ents to this graph.(Boolean literal)
remove--- true if use=
r can remove statements from this graph (Boolean literal)
NOTE on "undocumented" graphs: It is possible that named graphs will get= created in the underlying RDF database (Sesame) without the corresponding = repository metadata, such as type and label. You can detect an undocumented= graph because there will be no value for typeURI. You can use the admin UI= to set the type and label, and add access grants.=20
Requires authenticated user; reports on all= graphs and contexts regardless of your access..
Creates a serialization of all statements in the indicated graph (or, op= tionally, all named graphs in the repository). This is typically used for a= dministrative tasks such as backing-up and migrating the contents of the re= pository.=20
Non-administrative users should never need to dump an entire graph, and = in fact should never use this request. Since the data returned by e.g. a di= ssemination request on an instance comes from multiple named graphs, the du= mp of just one graph will be missing some relevant statements.=20
Request must include either the
name argument or
/repository/graph (GET)
format---output serialization fo=
rmat, overrides what HTTP content negotiation would decide.
=3DURI---Name of graph to dump - mutually exclusive with all=
all---dumps all (accessible) graphs. Format must be one that encodes quads, e.g. TriG or TriX, or an error will o=
inferred---include inferred statements as well. By d=
efault they are left out. This argument does not need a value, it is boolea=
n so just including its name as a query arg will assert it. (SEE WARNING BE=
Output document is the serialization of the= selected RDF statements. Any failure returns an appropriate HTTP status.= p>=20
WARNING: When you dump a graph with the inferred option on, be sure it d= oes NOT get re-loaded into the repository because then the inferred stateme= nts will become explicit and will not get re-computed when necessary. It wa= s mainly intended to be used in testing.=20
Requires read access on the selected graph(= s). When all is specified, non-readable graphs are ignored.
Import a serialized RDF document into a specific named graph, optionally= replacing all previous contents. The repository records some provenance me= tadata about when and who did the import, and a description of the source m= aterial.=20
If the name parameter is not specified, and the format supports named gr= aphs or quads (e.g. TriG or TriX), then the graph name is taken from the in= gested data. This is very dangerous, but is useful for restoring an entire = repository from a backup, for example. It requires administrator role.= =20
The action argument lets you choose whether to add to or replace the gra= ph contents. To remove all contents of a graph, upload an empty serializati= on in replace mode.=20
Note on File Format and Character Set: The request specifies the file fo= rmat and/or character set of the serialized RDF data as a Content-Type valu= e, for example:=20
text/rd= f+n3; charset=3D"ISO-8859-1"=20
The character set defaults to Unicode UTF-8, so if your source data is n= ot in that character set you must declare it. This can be provided in sever= al different places,they are searched in this order of priority, and the fi= rst one found is the only one considered:=20
format---query argument value. This takes precedence becaus=
e some clients may not allow complete control of the content-type headers.<=
Content-Type---header on the value of the content entity i=
n a POST request.
Content-Type---header in the body of a P=
UT request.
URL: /repository/graph (PUT or POST)=20
d name of the affected graph. Mutually exclusive with all.
all---loads serialized data into all (accessible) graphs. Format must be o=
ne that encodes quads, e.g. TriG or TriX.
elete)---required, determines whether new statements are added to ex=
isting contents of the graph, replace the contents, or are deleted from the=
format---MIME type input serialization format, ove=
rrides the Content-Type in HTTP protocol.
gy|workspace|internal|published)---keyword representing the type of =
content in this named graph.
label=3Dtext---value for rdfs=
:label property of the named graph, which appears as its title.
ontent=3D---The immediate content of serialized RDF to load into the=
graph. ONLY used when method is POST, but then it is required.
ource=3Dstring---The file or URL to record as the source of the data=
being ingested into the graph. Only applies to add and replace actions. Ov=
errides any filename specified with the content, which would otherwise be r=
ecorded as the source identifier. It is recorded as the dcterms:identifier =
property of the dcterms:source node in the metadata.
ed=3DdateTimeStamp---last-modified time for the source of data being=
ingested. Value must be parsed as XSD date-time expression. It is recorded=
as the
dcterms:modified property of the
/code> node in the metadata.
HTTP status indicates success.
If the graph already exists, requires add a= ccess (and remove access action is replace or delete). If there is no exist= ing graph by that name, only the administrator can create a new one. For mu= lti-graph (all) load, requires superuser access.
Destroys any lingering session state and credentials for the current use= r. Users of shared or public computers need a way to positively end a sessi= on so that subsequent users do not get their access to the repository.= =20
NOTE: Beware of this if you are using a Web browser to access the reposi= tory The repository uses HTTP Basic Authentication to identify users. Most = web browsers cache the last Basic Authentication credentials for a site and= don't offer an easy way to clear it.=20
For Mozilla Firefox 3, try the Web Developer add-on, and select Miscella= neous-> Clear Private Data-> HTTP Authentication from its menu.= =20
/repository/logout (POST only)
Args: none.=20
HTTP status indicates success. Succeeds ev= en if there was no session to destroy.
Requires a login and established session.= p>=20
This service either reports on or loads the Data Model Ontology. The
POST request give a choice of =
selective update or forcibly replacing the ontology.
/admin/model =
format--- MIME-type of desired o=
utput format
Returns a tabular result of two columns:=20
The value of loaded is the result of this query over the ontolog= y view:=20
select = * where {<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ero.owl> owl:versionInfo ?lo= aded}=20
/repository/admin/model (POST)
Loads a new copy of the data model ontology, replacing the entire existi= ng contents (if any) of its named graph. For more details about how the gra= ph name and data model source are determined, see The Data Model Confi= guration Properties Guide.=20
action=3Dupdate, only load the ontology if the version=
of the current ontology is different from the version of the available one=
(also if there is nothing loaded yet). Note that it does not attempt to judge if the available version is later, just d=
action=3Dload, the "available" ontology is always forc=
ibly loaded.
source argument determines where the ontology data come=
s from. When
source=3Djar, which is recommended, the ontology =
is the collection of all OWL files in the maven package
-owl}}as it was loaded into the repository's source base. This ought to ref=
lect the version of the ontology for which the sofware was designed. When {=
{source=3Dmodel, the
EIOntModel is used as the data sou=
rce. Although there should be no difference between them, because =
EIOntModel is loaded in to Jena from the same source files=
, in practice there appears to be some differences.
/repository/internal (GET, POST)
This service manages the internal named graphs which are (usual= ly) automatically initialized by the repository upon bootstrap. Each of the= se graphs has an initializer data file of seralized RDF that is a = versioned part of hte source and gets built into the webapp. This API servi= ce lets you get the initializers and read or query them so that e.g. an upg= rade procedure can integrate differences into a locally-modified internal g= raph.=20
Extra unrelated action: When
action=3Ddecache is specified, this service tells the running repository that it should =
decache any in-memory caches of internal RDF metadata because inte=
rnal graphs have been changed behind its back, e.g. by the
/code> request.
This service is intended for repository internal maintenance and= testing procedures ONLY. If{ you are planning to use it in a user= application, you are very likely making a bad mistake. Its API is unstable= and will probably change without any notice.=20
GET Method:=20
name=3Duri - optional, URI of the internal gra= ph to report on, default is to list all known intenral graphs.forma= t=3Dmimetype - optional, default is negotiated, must be t= uple query result format.=20
Result is a tabular query response with the following columns:=20
name--- URI of the graph
loaded---version of initializer that was loaded, if any=20
available---version of initializer that is avaialble and w=
ould be loaded.
POST Method:
*---required, specifies what to do
uired when
action=3Dload,read,query; in fact, can be repeated =
format=3Dmime---mime type of respo=
nse: when
action=3Dread must be a serialized RDF format; when =
action=3Dquery must be suitable for query result type.
This is a multi-function service, depending on the value of
: When
action=3Dload, replaces contents of an internal =
graph with hte initializer in the webapp. For
action=3Dread, r=
eturns contents of initializer for given graph in the result docue=
mnt. For
action=3Dquery, runs given SPARQL query over contents=
of initializer(s) for given graphs (this is the ONLY form that can take mu=
ltiple graphs). For
action=3Ddecache, tells repository server =
to decache all in-memory data derived from RDF content in case, for example=
, the internal graphs have been modified or updated. All of these actions r=
equire Administrator privilege.
This service harvests the "metadata", which is actually the resource ins= tance data from the repository. It is intended to be used by an external se= arch index application to keep its index up-to-date by incremental updates,= since that is much more efficient than periodically rebuilding the index.<= /p>=20
It returns a result in any of the SPARQL query tuple response formats, s=
elected by the
format arg. The columns are:
subject---the resource instance's URI
predicate---predicate of a statement about the resource (o=
nly present when
value---value of a statement about the resource (only pres=
ent when
Note that deleted resource instances are only indicated when a =
report over a time span is selected. When the
from argument is=
not specified, the complete current contents of the repository are returne=
d so deleted instances are simply not indicated. We assume the caller is re=
building its index from scratch so there is no need to remove instances tha=
t have been deleted.
Property Filtering=20
The set of properties returned when
detail=3Dfull is automa=
tically filtered to remove hidden and contact properties =
as dictated by the access privileges of the user making the request. The fi=
ltering follows the same access-control rules as the Dissemination service.=
/harvest; (GET or POST method)
format---optionally override the=
dissemination format that would be chosen by HTTP content negotiation. Not=
e that choosing
text/html results in a special human-readable =
view---optionally choose a different view dataset =
(see Views in concepts section) from which to select the graph for dissemin=
ation. Mutually exclusive with
workspace. Default is the
published-resources view. Be careful to choose a view that does not=
include repository user instances.
workspace---URI of the=
workspace named graph to take the place of the default graph. Relevant met=
adata and ontology graphs are included automatically. Mutually exclusive wi=
inferred---When true, includes all i=
nferred statements from the generated results. This really only applies to =
rdf:type statements; default is false, so inferred ty=
pes are left out of the results. Must be false when
from---(optional) only resource instances last =
modified from (on or later than) this timestamp or later are shown. See Dat=
e/Time Format below.
after---(optional) does the same thin=
g as
from, with which it is mutually exclusive, only the time =
is exclusive rather than inclusive. That is, only resources modified la=
ter than this timestamp are shown.
not implemented yet) only resource instances last modified
until this timestamp or before are shown. See
Date/Time Format=
below. NOTE: this may not be fully implemented unt=
il versioning is done.
embedded---(boolean) include URIs o=
f Embedded Instances (see Concepts section) in a report at the detail=
=3Didentifier level. Has no effect at
detail=3Dfull. This=
is usually not even a good idea, was included for troubleshooting.
identifier is chosen, only the identifier of each res=
ource is returned in the
subject column, AND deleted subjects =
are indicated by prefixing the URI with a fixed URI prefix such as "
nfo:deleted" to represent that the URI in the fragment is deleted.=
:isDeleted and a boolean tru=
e value.
About Date/Time Format:
The date/time expression fo= r the from and until args must be in the = XML date format, which is a slightly restricted version of the ISO8601 date= format. Note that if the time component is included, hours, minutes an= d seconds must be specified. Here are some examples:
Response document is a SPARQL tabular ("sel= ect") query result, formatted according to the chosen or negotiated format.=
Only resources in the named graphs selected by the view or workspace arg= in the query are shown. For time-span queries, deleted instances in al= l graphs will be returned, so some of the delete notifications may not= correspond to items in the caller's index. (On the other hand, it is also = possible for a resource instance to be created and deleted in between= em> harvests, so there is always the possibility of getting a dele= ted notice for a resource that the caller never indexed.)=20
About Incremental Updates:
The 'from' argument is i= ntended to let you get incremental changes to keep a search index up to dat= e. However, it is essential that you give each incremental request= a timestamp that accurately reflects the actual time on the server of the last harvest. Since there are delays in transmission and server an= d client may not have synchronized clocks, you should not rely on = the client's time for this. Each
/harvest response includes an=
HTTP header Last-Modified which has the time of the last =
modification to the repository.This is guaranteed to give you all =
of the relevant changes in the next harvest. Unfortunately, since that time=
stamp comes back in HTTP format, you will have to parse it and translate it=
to XML format; also, it only has 1 second granularity so you may =
see some "false positives" for resources updated less than a second after t=
hat last-modified time, which also appeared in the last incremental harvest=
Precise last-modified timestamp: the
/harvest ser=
vice also adds a non-standard HTTP header to its responses to descri=
be the last-modified time in full precision down to the millisecond level. =
This allows an application to give that precise time as the after=
strong> argument value on the next incremental harvest to be sure of captur=
ing any changes since that last /harvest call. The header name and date for=
mat looks like:
X-Preci= se-Last-Modified:Mon, 10 Jan 2011 20:49:10.770 GMT=20
Note that the time format is essentially the HTTP time format with ".mmm= " appended to the time for milliseconds. It must be converted to the = XML timestamp format to serve as an argument value to "after". By the time it was obvious what a stupid choice this was, it was too l= ate in the development cycle to change easily, but perhaps in the future an= XML-format precise timestamp header can be added.=20
Access control:
Read permission is required on all = desired graphs.
This service lets you export the users OR data contents of one repositor= y and import them into a different one, or a later instance of the "same" r= epository. It is intended to migrate and mirror data between different rele= ases of the software and ontology, or different deployments created for tes= ting. Although the same service can handle both "user" and "resource" insta= nces, these are two separate operations and cannot be combined.=20
Each export operation creates a single file of serialized RDF data. DO N= OT MODIFY OR EDIT IT, or the results will be undefined. Especially in the u= ser-export function, there are some statements included ONLY as cues to the= import service, so altering or removing them will have unpredictable resul= ts.=20
Import Roles before Users: When importing Users who might have some diff= erent Roles from the Roles already existing in your repository, if you wish= to preserve those role memberships, import Roles first.=20
In general, importing data into an existing repository poses some proble= ms of which you need to be aware:=20
/export (GET or POST method)
format---MIME type of the serial=
ization format to be output. By default, it is chosen by HTTP content negot=
iation. Must be capable of encoding quads; default is TRiG (application/x-t=
type of data is to be exported, one MUST be chosen and there is no default=
view---(only when type=3Dresource) optionally choose a d=
ifferent view dataset from which to select the graph(s) for export. Mutuall=
y exclusive with workspace. Default is the published-resources view. Be car=
eful to choose a view that does not include repository user instances.
workspace---URI of the workspace named graph to take the place=
of the default graph. Relevant metadata and ontology graphs are included a=
utomatically. Mutually exclusive with view.
include=3Dlist..---Explicit list of user or resource instances to include in the export.F=
ormat is a series of resource URIs separated by commas (",") and optional s=
paces. Users may also be referenced by username.
---Explicit list of user or resource instances to exclude from the e=
xport. Mutually exclusive with include, format is the same as the include l=
Result of an export request is a document of serialized RDF data in the = requested format, unless the HTTP status indicates an error. Note that infe= rred statements are never included. This document is ONLY meaningful to an = /import request by the same or another data repository. It is not intended = to be human readable or meaningful. Its contents may not necessarily reflec= t the source repository's content directly.=20
Access control: Only the superuser may export users. Re= ad access on the resident named graphs is required to export resource insta= nces.=20
About Export/Import of Access Grants: For most types, t= he export includes access grants since these are considered administrative = metadata. The type of "grant" is included so you can export and import just= the grants on any URI, mainly to give you a way to transfer the access gra= nts on Named Graphs (Workspaces). Also see the ignoreACL option on /import.==20
About Format and Charset of Imported Document: By default, format is ind= icated by the content arg's Content-Type header, at least when it is a sepa= rate entity in a POST entity body of type multipart/form-data. However, thi= s is not always easy to control in an HTTP client. You can override it with= the format arg. If a charset parameter is not specified in the content-typ= e value, it defaults to UTF-8. Also note that the format must be capable of= encoding quads; e.g. TRiG (application/x-trig).=20
URL: /import (POST method only)=20
format---the MIME type (and char=
set) of the input document's serialization format. This overrides any conte=
nt-type on the content arg's entity.
tion|role|grant)---which type of data is to be imported, one MUST be=
chosen and there is no default. MUST match the type of the exported data.<=
content=3Dstream..---the serialized RDF data to import, mu=
st have been generated by export of the same type of data.
orm=3D(yes|no)---Required, no default. When 'yes', URIs of imported =
instances are transformed into new, unique URIs resolvable by the importing=
repository. When 'no', URIs are left as they are.
bort|ignore|replace)---how to handle an import that would result in =
a duplicate object. Default is abort.
code>---how to handle a resource instance import that would result in creat=
ing a new named graph for the data. Must be superuser to choose 'create'. D=
efault is abort.
include=3Dlist..---Explicit list of user =
or resource instances to include in the import. Format is a series of resou=
rce URIs separated by commas (",") and optional spaces. Users may also be r=
eferenced by username. IMPORTANT NOTE: The URIs in the include (and exclude=
) lists are matched against URIs in the imported source file, NOT the repos=
exclude=3Dlist..---Explicit list of user or resourc=
e instances to exclude from the import. Mutually exclusive with include, fo=
rmat is the same. Useful for avoiding conflicts, for example, when loading =
a user export into a repository where the initial admin user already exists=
ignoreACL=3D(true|false)---Ignore all access control gra=
nts on imported objects. The imported objects will not have any specific ac=
cess grants.
This service has not been rigorously designed, so it does not have a spe= cification of behavior. This section only documents how to call it, the int= ernal actions it takes are still under discussion.=20
/emailContact (POST method only)
P addr---required
from_name=3Dpersonal name---requi=
ult false, true if present.
Sends an email message to the designated contacts for the resource ident= ified by URI. The exact rules for determining that contact address have not= been formally specified yet. When a contact cannot be determined, the mail= is sent to the configured postmaster for the repository. See the Repository Installation and Administrator Guide for det= ails about configuring that and the rest of the e-mail service.=20
Method: GET or POST
=3Dmime---type of result.
Returns the selected workflow transitions as SPARQL tabular results.
= Result columns are:
Method: GET, POST
state=3DURI|all---workflow state by which to filter, or 'all' for wi=
type=3DURI--- include only instances of this type =
(by inference counts)Default is no restriction.
|false)---when true, unclaimed resources are included in the report.=
Default is true.
owner=3D(self|all|none)---show, in addit=
ion to any selected unclaimed resources:
self---those claimed by current user
all---instances claimed by anyone
none---includes no claimed resources. Default is self. Not=
e that the combination
unclaimed=3Dfalse and
e is illegal.
workspace=3DURI---restrict results to=
resources in a given workspace; optional, default is all available worksac=
format=3Dmime---type of result, one of the SPARQL quer=
y formats.
detail=3D(brief|full)---columns to include in r=
esults, see description below.
add this triple pattern to SPARQL query. May refer to variables as describe=
d below. Value is a literal hunk of triple pattern ready to be inserted int=
o the patterns of a SELECT query. It may refer to the result variables ment=
ioned below, e.g.
le..---add these variables to results columns. value is expected to =
be a space-separated series of query variables (which must appear in the tr=
iple pattern), e.g. "?lab ?labname"
addModifiers=3Dmodifiers..---add a SPARQL modifier clause to the query. Modifers include ORDER BY=
, LIMIT, and OFFSET and can be used to implement pagination.
This request returns descriptions of a selected set of resources in SPAR= QL tabular result form. It is intended to be used to populate menus and aut= ocomplete vocabularies, as well as more complex table views.=20
Method: POST
=3DURI---subject to claim
, user who asserts the claim; default is authenticated user.
Asserts a claim on the given instance. This requires the following:= =20
There is no result document. The status indicates success with 200. As s= ide-effects, this actino also:=20
:hasWorkflowOwner property to the claimant (in an int=
ernal metadata graph)
Method: POST
=3DURI---subject to release
Requires that current user is the owner, or Administrator role.=20
Side effects:=20
Removes insert and delete access to the instance for the current user. Removes :hasWorkflowOwner property (in an internal metadata graph)= =20
Method: POST
=3DURI---subject to transition
ndicates transition to take
Side-effects include:=20
There are also some REST services created to support the administrative = GUI (the JSP pages). They are NOT intended to be part of the regular API si= nce their exact function and parameter structure is dictated by the JSPs an= d is thus still somewhat fluid. Most of them also require Administrator acc= ess.=20
If you use these services, it is at your own risk, and thus they are not= documented. See the JSPs for usage examples if you are really curious. The= URLs are as follows:=20
Since the repository webapp is installed as the ROOT webapp (so it can h= ave control over the URL space for the purpose of resolving all of its reso= urce instances), it also controls the site's top-level "home" (index) page.= The site home page is not part of the API, however, so it does not need to= control the content of that page.=20
In order to give the site administrator control over the content of the = site home page, the repo lets you redirect it to any URL, under the control= of a configuration property. See eaglei.repository.index.url in the config= uration properties.=20
These REST services were included to support the administrative GUI, whi= ch is implemented as JSPs. They are targeted precisely at serving as the ba= ck end of the JSPs, so their range of function is strictly limited and they= are effectively "write-only". Typically you call on the service and the HT= TP status says whether it succeeded or failed; it does not return a detaile= d report.=20
Another feature of these services is that they look at the referring URL= , and if it ends in ".jsp", they redirect back to that page upon a successf= ul completion, passing through selected parameters and adding a "message" p= arameter to display the status of the operation. See comments in the code f= or details about these parameters.=20
Access Control: All services except updateUser require superuser privile= ge. Since a user may update his/herself (except for roles) that is also all= owed by the back-end service.=20
The services follow. Red marks required args.=20
Method: POST
=3Dtext---account nam=
e to change, only not required for create
n)---do not process changes to user metadata, just update password
password---new password
-must match new password
old_password---current (old) pass=
word, required for non-admin user
first---first name of pe=
rson (metadata)
last---last name of person (metadata)
mailbox---email address of person
role---URI =
of role to add to user, may be multiple; when specified, this list of roles=
replaces the user's current roles.
If current user is not an Administrator, there are these restrictions:= p>=20
Method: POST
n=3D create | update | delete---(keyword)
---required except for create, identifies the role
label=3D text<=
/code>---immediate label of role
comment=3D text---lenghty=
description of the role
Method: POST
action=3D add | remove---(key=
uri =3D =
URI---subject of the access grant
URI---access type t=
o be added or removed
/code> =3D URI of person or Role in the grant
Method: POST
action=3D create | update | d=
uri =3D URI---required except for create, identifies the role
label=3Dtext---required to create
<= span style=3D"color: rgb(255,0,0);">
final=3DURI of fina=
l state (required to create)
tAction=3Djava class of trans=
ition action provider
tActionParameter =3D text or URI par=
am to pass to action method
order=3D sorting key, usually =
a decimal integer
Method: POST
URI names=
the graph or context
=3DURI of a NamedGraph Type
Although the repository is mostly accessed by other programs through&nbs= p; the HTTP REST API, there are a few pages available to interactive users.==20
The dissemination servlet that makes resource instances resolvable also = generates an HTML page for interactive users when content negotiation selec= ts the text/html format. The HTML renders properties and the values o= f object properties as links to their URIs, so they can be resolved easily.==20
The page should also include an accurate Last-Modified = date header, and respond appropriately to the If-Modified-Since HTTP header, which is used by Web proxies and search engine crawlers = to update their caches.=20
See the eaglei.repository.instance.xslt configuration property for instr= uctions on adding an XSLT transformation stage into the pipeline that deliv= ers HTML content. (Sorry, we haven't washed away all of the Cocoon kool-aid= yet..)=20
Visit this page for a directory of all administrative UI functions. = ; Users without superuser privilege will only see a partial list. It = also displays server-status and configuration details.=20
http://= _hostname_/repository/admin=20
Although almost all repository administration is done by manipulating RD= F statements in an internal administrative-metadata graph, there is a need = for a Web-based UI to make it easier for site administrators to see and cha= nge the current state. Except as noted, these pages are only available to u= sers with the Administrator role:=20
h service.
/robots.txt---direct robots to a site map, warn them away =
from other pages.
site maps---HTML and XML site maps to direct crawle=
rs to pages we want them to index.


text:
Montana Licenses
deadline is March 15
- Elk, Deer, Upland game birds and Fish: $1,065
- Elk: $905
- Bear: $350
* Pricing controlled by State of Montana
For Montana Licenses information visit Montana FWP
I had a great hunt and really appreciate all the hard work that was put into it. You have a first class camp, the best wilderness camp I have ever been in. The food was excellent, and Chef Kole did a wonderful job. I really enjoyed to talking to Skippy, I would have enjoyed hunting with either of you. You both seemed very knowledgeable and you worked hard to insure I got an elk.
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It really took me a while to fully appreciate what a trophy I have. Being totally new to bear hunting I just couldn't fathom what a monster he is, and that beautiful black fur is great. I was in the local Cabela's here in KC and my bear is bigger than all, but one of the Grizzlies they have on display!! I fully intend to enter my bear in the SCI, B&C and Montana Record Books. My hunt with Stockton Outfitters was truly the success story of a lifetime. I'm hooked and will be back!!!
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text:
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text:
enum RandomTips { case .appearance()
Oops! I seem to have forgotten to make posts the last couple days. In my defense, my in laws are visiting from out of town, so I'm doing everything IContinue reading
Oops! I seem to have forgotten to make posts the last couple days. In my defense, my in laws are visiting from out of town, so I'm doing everything IContinue reading
case EnumFuncs I looove enums. They allow you to explicly define enumerations without resorting to stringly typing or falling back to simple Ints. However, they don't have inherent compatibility withContinue reading
case PerformSegue I've always found connecting Interface Builder to code slightly clunky. To be fair, I don't have any experience with any other, competing gui schemes, so maybe it's aContinue reading
case GlobalTint This is a good one for those who heavily customize their UI, or even slightly customize it. It's not uncommon to want to make a modification to theContinue reading
Moar Delegates In my previous blog post, I mentioned how I didn't have a perfect metaphor to help with understanding protocols (and delegates, as a subtype of protocols). That hasn'tContinue reading
Swipe Actions In my Poopmaster and RePNCalc apps, I had used table views and implemented a third party library to enable swipe actions on the cells. While there may beContinue reading
TIL I always love learning new stuff! Well, at least when it's new stuff I care about. Today I learned that there's a better way to construct queries for apisContinue reading
Ignite Today's lecture was designed around learning how to use JSON apis and we made a sample app that did as such. I've done this kind of thing before, butContinue reading
But why shorthand? Me: Largely because closures don't think for themselves, they do as they're told. Closures: That is not true! Me: Yes it is! Closures: Okay. Closures are amazing.Continue reading
Read all about it! Have you ever done this? //run a background thread DispatchQueue.global().async { //update the UI self.dataLabel.text = "NEW IMPORTANT INFORMATION!!!" } and ended up with this? =================================================================Continue reading


text:
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text:
The Gentleman's Guide to Secret Saving... How to Save for an Engagement Ring Without her Knowing
shared by nupurdatta on Mar 26, 2014 in How To
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View the infographic below for tips and advice on how to save for an engagement ring for your girlfriend without her knowing. Many couples live together before they get married and most have a joint b... ank account, therefore it can be difficult to save for an engagement ring. Check out the infographic below to complete your saving mission without your girlfriend finding out….
Source: http://www.m...r-knowing/
Category: How To
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