text:
Open Access This article is
- freely available
- re-usable
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(9), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090233
Highly Efficient and Stable Organic Solar Cells via Interface Engineering with a Nanostructured ITR-GO/PFN Bilayer Cathode Interlayer
State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 22 July 2017 / Accepted: 21 August 2017 / Published: 23 August 2017
An innovative bilayer cathode interlayer (CIL) with a nanostructure consisting of in situ thermal reduced graphene oxide (ITR-GO) and poly[(9,9-bis(3′-(N,N-dimethylamion)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctyl) fluorene] (PFN) has been fabricated for inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). An approach to prepare a CIL of high electronic quality by using ITR-GO as a template to modulate the morphology of the interface between the active layer and electrode and to further reduce the work function of the electrode has also been realized. This bilayer ITR-GO/PFN CIL is processed by a spray-coating method with facile in situ thermal reduction. Meanwhile, the CIL shows a good charge transport efficiency and less charge recombination, which leads to a significant enhancement of the power conversion efficiency from 6.47% to 8.34% for Poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl} (PTB7):[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM)-based OSCs. In addition, the long-term stability of the OSC is improved by using the ITR-GO/PFN CIL when compared with the pristine device. These results indicate that the bilayer ITR-GO/PFN CIL is a promising way to realize high-efficiency and stable OSCs by using water-soluble conjugated polymer electrolytes such as PFN.
Keywords:organic solar cell; reduced graphene oxide; PFN; bilayer cathode interlayer; in situ thermal reduction
1. Introduction
Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) have drawn many interests in the past decades because of their suitability in the industrial manufacturing of large-area and flexible devices and in low-cost processing [1,2,3,4,5]. They also have a rapid energy payback time for sustainability and the development of clean energy [6]. The rapid progress of OSCs has recently yielded a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) by exploiting interfacial engineering [7], device structure optimization [8], and rational material synthesis [9]. In particular, it has been demonstrated that interfacial engineering, such as inserting functional cathode interfacial layers (CILs) between the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and BHJ layer, plays a significant role in improving charge transportation and collection efficiency for inverted OSCs [10,11].
To date, a large number of materials have been utilized as the CILs in OSCs, such as n-type metaloxides (zinc oxide (ZnO), titaniumoxide (TiOx), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), etc.) [12,13,14,15], metallic compounds (ZnS, CdS, etc.) [16,17], and conjugated polymer electrolytes (CPEs; poly[(9,9-bis(3′-(N,N-dimethylamino)-propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN), etc.) [18,19,20]. Especially for PFN, it is found that the interlayer can improve the solar cell performance in multiple ways. First, CPE scan form appropriate dipoles at the electrode/active layer interface for turning the energy-level alignment of the electrode [19,21]. Second, CPEs improve the electron selectivity at the cathode by efficiently blocking holes [22]. However, there are several limitations of the utilization of PFN in further industrial applications of OSCs. First, a PFN layer that is too thick will act as an insulator because of its low conductivity, which dramatically increases the series resistance of the device, while a very thin layer of PFN (<10 nm) is usually required to serve as the effective surface modifier [23]. Additionally, because of the thin layer of PFN, the morphology is strongly dependent on the substrate it is spin-coated on. Usually, the morphology of PFN is rough and uneven, resulting from the rough surface of the ITO substrate [24]. Therefore, on account of these defects of PFN, it provides a limited improvement for the large-area fabrication and industrial application of OSCs. On the other hand, carbon-based materials, such as graphene, graphene derivatives (graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (R-GO)) [25,26], and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [27,28], have been verified as excellent additives when used as the additive in the electron/hole extraction materials to improve the PCE [29,30]. Among these, R-GO is particularly attractive for applying to the CIL of OSCs because of its excellent properties, such as a high electric conductivity, a good soluble process ability, and excellent stability in ambient circumstances [31,32]. Therefore, further enhanced OSC performance and stability may be obtained by combining the advantages of PFN with those of R-GO.
In this work, we introduce a novel bilayer CIL with a nanostructure that combines the R-GO template with PFN for high-performance and stable OSCs. By utilizing a spray-coating method [33], we can precisely control the film thickness of the GO template to obtain single- or multi-layer GO. Moreover, the sophisticated reduction of GO into R-GO by utilizing a facile one-step in situ thermal reduction (ITR) method is realized. Compared with pristine PFN, the ITR-GO/PFN bilayer structure serves as an efficient CIL with a more enhanced electrical conductivity. In addition, PFN spray-coated on single-layer ITR-GO (S-ITR-GO) can result in better energy-level alignment and a smoothed surface, thus enhancing charge-extraction efficiency and reducing recombination losses for the OSCs. As a result, by using the S-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL, a significant enhancement in the PCE from 6.47% to 8.34% for a PTB7:PC71BM system has been obtained. The long-term stability of the OSC by using the ITR-GO/PFN CIL is also improved, when compared with the pristine device.
2. Experimental Section
The GO powder was prepared from graphite powder (particle diameter of 45 nm; 99.99%; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) according to the modified Hummers method [34]. Then, the obtained GO powder (20 mg) was dispersed in deionized water (10 mL). The suspension was ultrasonicated by utilizing a sonication system for 4 h in a water bath. The resultant suspension was centrifuged at 7500 rpm for 15 min to remove the aggregated GO particles. Finally, a dark yellow suspension of GO with a concentration of ~2 mg/mL was obtained for device fabrication. PFN solution was prepared by dissolving PFN material (99.9%; 2 mg; Sigma-Aldrich) and acetic acid (99.5%; 2 μL; Sigma-Aldrich) in methanol (99.8%; 2 mL; Sigma-Aldrich) under vigorous stirring for 12 h. The solution of PTB7:PC71BM (ratio of 1:1.5 wt %) in chlorobenzene (CB) with the addition of a small amount of 1.8-diiodooctane (DIO; 99.9%; CB:DIO = 97: 3 v/v; Sigma-Aldrich) with a total concentration of 20 mg/mL was used [35].
The chemical structures of the organic materials and the device architecture of the OSCs are shown in Figure 1a,b. The structure of the inverted OSCs was as follows: ITO/bilayer CILs (40 nm)/PTB7:PC71BM (100 nm)/MoO3 (15 nm)/Ag (100 nm). PTB7 (molecular weight: 80,000–200,000) and PC71BM were purchased from Solarmer Materials Inc. (Beijing, China). Prior to the processing of the functional layer, the ITO-coated glass substrates with a sheet resistance of 10 Ω/sq were consecutively cleaned in an ultrasonic bath containing detergent, acetone, deionized water and ethanol for 15 min at each step, and were then dried at 80 °C for 1 h. Then, the substrates were treated with ultraviolet/ozone (PSD-UV3, 40 W, NovaScan, Beijing, China) for 10 min. A layer of the ITR-GO template was spray-coated on the top of the ITO glass substrate at 200 °C by an air brush. The air brush was powered by N2 gas with a stream of 0.4 MP, and the injected flow rate of the GO suspension was 12 μL/s. The nozzle was 12 cm above the substrate. For the S-ITR-GO, the spray time was 3 s; for the multi-layer ITR-GO (M-ITR-GO), the spray time was 8 s. For the in situ thermal annealing treatment of the ITR-GO, we placed the substrate on a hot plate at 200 °C, and set the thermal annealing time equal to the spray time [29]. The schematic of the fabrication process of the bilayer CIL is shown in Figure 1c. Then, the PFN was spray-coated on the ITR-GO template. The air brush was powered by N2 gas with a stream of 0.6 MP, and the injected flow rate of the GO suspension was 15 μL/s. The nozzle was 12 cm above the substrate. The spray time of the PFN was 5 s for the ~15 nm thickness. For the in situ thermal annealing treatment of the PFN, we placed the substrate on a hot plate at 120 °C, and the thermal annealing time was also identical to the spray time (5 s). After that, the BHJ layer was spin-coated in the nitrogen box at 1500 rpm for 40 s without any annealing process. Then, a MoO3 (99.98%; Sigma-Aldrich) layer was deposited onto the substrates at a rate of 1–2 Å/s and at a pressure of 3 × 10−3 Pa in vacuum, which was followed by the deposition of the Ag anode at a rate of about 10 Å/s and under a pressure of 3 × 10−3 Pa, without breaking the vacuum.
The morphologies of the ITR-GO and CILs were obtained by using atomic force microscopy (AFM; Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA, AFM 5500). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) were performed by a Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi instrument (dual source, Waltham, MA, USA). Spectra were obtained after the surface of the film was etched to about 2 nm to minimize surface contamination. Raman spectroscopy data were collected by the Acton TriVista Confocal Raman Spectroscopy System (Santa Clara, CA, USA). The current density–voltage (J-V) characteristics of the BHJ OSCs were measured with a simulated light source (CHF-XM35, Beijing Trusttech, Beijing, China) with an illumination power of 100 mW/cm2. The electrical data were recorded using a Keithley 4200 source-measure unit (Cleveland, OH, USA). External quantum efficiency (EQE; SolarCellScan 100, Zolix, Wuhan, China) spectra were measured under the lump light passing through a monochromator, which was calibrated by a standard silicon solar cell.
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Fundamental Properties of the ITR-GO Template
AFM was utilized to characterize the morphology of the S-ITR-GO (Figure 2a) and M-ITR-GO (Figure 2b). The thickness of the S-ITR-GO was~1.04 nm, which matched well with the thickness of a single-layer GO sheet [36]. When we increased the spray time, the S-ITR-GO overlapped to form M-ITR-GO. From the AFM image, the rough and thick morphology of the M-ITR-GO can be observed. The chemical structures and elementary composition of the ITR-GO were measured by XPS. Figure 2c illustrates the curve fittings of the C1s peak of the XPS spectra of the spray-coated GO and spray-coated ITR-GO films. A binding energy of 285.1 eV is attributed to C–C/C–H bonds. The peaks which are centered at the binding energies of 286.3, 287.3 and 289.0 eV are assigned to C–OH, C=O, and O=C–OH functional groups, respectively [37,38,39]. For the ITR-GO film, the peak at 287.3 eV (C=O bonds) and the peak at 289.0 eV (O=C–OH bonds) nearly disappear. Thus, the decreased concentration of oxygen-containing functional groups after ITR shows that the ITR treatment was an effective and facile reduction method for the GO film. Raman spectra were also obtained to characterize the ordered/disordered crystal structures and natural characteristics of the spray-coated ITR-GO films (Figure 2d). It is well known that the G band corresponds to the first-order scattering of the E2g mode related to the vibration of sp2-bonded carbon atoms, and the D band, to a breathing mode of point phonons of A1g symmetry [40], which is assigned to defects and disorders, especially at the edges of graphene [41]. The spray-coated ITR-GO film shows a D band at 1354 cm−1 and a G band at 1603 cm−1 with an intensity of d peak versus intensity of g peak (ID/IG) of 0.89. The ID/IG reveals the level of disorder, as expressed by the sp3/sp2 carbon ratio. In this case, ITR-GO has a depressed D band peak intensity and a smaller ID/IG ratio value. As a result, the ITR process can reduce the defect quantity of graphene.
3.2. Characterization of ITR-GO/PFN Bilayer CILs
The current-voltage features of CIL films (ITO/CIL/Au) are displayed in Figure 3a, and the conductivity values of CIL films are listed in Table 1. The conductivity values of PFN, S-ITR-GO/PFN, and M-ITR-GO/PFN were calculated as 5.72 × 10−3 S/cm, 3.32 × 10−2 S/cm and 3.60 × 10−2 S/cm, respectively. It is apparent that the bilayer CIL of ITR-GO/PFN exhibits a large enhancement in conductivity when compared with bare PFN. The enhanced electrical conductivity is attributed to the incorporation of highly conductive ITR-GO. This increased conductivity ofthe bilayer CIL is beneficial for restraining charge recombination and for facilitating electron extraction in OSCs.
Meanwhile, UPS was used to investigate the work function (WF) change on ITO substrates with PFN and ITR-GO/PFN modification. As shown in Figure 3b, the WF shifted from 4.67 eV to 4.08 eV upon ITO modification with PFN. The 0.59 eV shift of the ITO WF suggests that PFN turns the WF by the formation of appropriate dipoles at the interface between the electrode and active layer. The WF of ITO also shifted from 4.67 eV to 3.95 eV and 4.11 eV with the modification of S-ITR-GO and M-ITR-GO/PFN CIL, respectively. These results indicate that the ITR-GO template between ITO and PFN did not affect the formation process of the dipoles. The ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL could also reduce the WF of ITO to increase the built-in potential, leading to the reduction of energy offsets for the energy alignment of the OSCs [42]. The schematic of the energy levels is displayed in Figure 3c.
To better understand the morphologies of PFN sprayed on the ITR-GO template, AFM measurements were taken, as shown in Figure 4. The AFM height images of ITO and PFN spray-coated on ITO are shown in Figure 4a,b, respectively. It can be seen that the domain size of the PFN spray-coated on ITO was almost the same as that of ITO. The root mean square (RMS) of the roughness decreased from 2.08 to 1.77 when PFN was spray-coated on ITO. This result indicates that PFN can modify the surface of ITO, and provide a smoother interface between the active layer and the electrode.
Furthermore, to investigate the morphology of PFN layers spray-coated on ITR-GO templates, AFM height images of PFN spray-coated on S-ITR-GO and M-ITR-GO were characterized and are shown in Figure 4c,d, respectively. Compared with the image of ITO and PFN spray-coated on ITO, the domain sizes of PFN significantly increased on the top of both the S-ITR-GO and M-ITR-GO templates. As distinguished from the granular shape of the PFN domains spray-coated on ITO, the flake-like domains of PFN spray-coated on ITR-GO are formed. Thus, we can see that the morphology of PFN is strongly affected by the substrate or template. Nevertheless, the RMS roughness of the flake-like PFN on S-ITR-GO and M-ITR-GO is quite different. The PFN on the top of the M-ITR-GO template is much rougher than that on the S-ITR-GO template. The result shows that the roughness of PFN also depends on the template's roughness, and the S-ITR-GO template can offer a smoother surface for PFN coated on it.
3.3. Device Performance of OSCs Based on Various CILs
To further illuminate the influence of various CILs on device performance, OSCs with various CILs were fabricated. Their typical J-V curves are presented in Figure 5. The detailed characteristics of devices with different CILs, including the open-circuit voltage (VOC), current density (JSC), fill factor (FF), and PCE, are listed in Table 1. The device based on pristine PFN yielded a relatively low PCE, JSC, VOC and FF of 6.47%, 13.31 mA/cm2, 0.75 V and 64.87%, respectively. The JSC of the OSC increased from 13.31 mA/cm2 to 14.92 mA/cm2, and the FF increased from 64.87% to 67.90%, when using M-ITR-GO/PFN as the bilayer CIL. The device composed of an M-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL had a PCE that increased from 6.47%to 7.59%. Particularly, the OSC based on an S-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL also showed an increased JSC, VOC, FF, and PCE of 15.21 mA/cm2, 0.76 V, 72.16% and 8.34%, respectively, leading to the best PCE of the devices.
The improvement in the JSC value was mainly due to the increased conductivity values of the bilayer CIL and larger PFN domains, which allows the photogenerated carriers to propagate through the device rapidly and avoid the defects [24]. The increased VOC indicates a good charge transfer between the active layer and buffer layer of the fabricated device. This phenomenon can be attributed to the better energy-level alignment at the CIL and active interface. The S-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL had a suitable energy level of 3.92 eV for its corresponding interface, resulting in the improved VOC value. These highly conductive modified CILs also facilitate the charge collection and reduce the charge recombination in OSCs. Moreover, the single-layer template could modify the PFN surface, leading to a smooth surface associated with a large domain size to suppress charge trapping and recombination [43]. These three factors played the key role for the increased FF when using the S-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL. Clearly, the OSC consisting of the S-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL exhibited a higher FF and VOC than the device based on the M-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL, indicating that a smoother surface of the PFN can facilitate the interfacial contact between the CIL and the active layer. Ultimately, the OSC with the S-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL yielded a high FF and VOC, and thus had the best PCE of 8.34%.
The EQE spectra with various CILs are shown in Figure 5b, showing that the photon responses of devices composed of an ITR-GO/PFN CIL were higher than those of the pristine device, which ranged from 400 nm to 800 nm. The calculated JSC values from the EQE of the pristine device, and the devices based on S-ITR-GO and M-ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CILs were 13.12, 15.01, and 14.51 mA/cm2, respectively, which was in good agreement with the measured JSC value. The high EQE originated from the high conductivity of the ITR-GO/PFN CIL increasing the electron transport efficiency.
To study the air ambient stability of the OSCs using various CILs, the devices were tested without encapsulation, and the device performances with different storage times are shown in Figure 5c. The PCE of the devices based on pristine PFN dropped to 50% after 30 days, which shows the poor stability. In contrast, the devices based on ITR-GO/PFN CILs showed a higher ambient stability; particularly, the device based on M-ITR-GO/PFN CILs retained 85% of its original PCE after being stored in air ambient for 30 days. Consequently, the OSC using ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CILs exhibited excellent efficiency as well as an improved stability compared to pristine PFN-based OSCs.
4. Conclusions
In summary, we successfully demonstrated that inverted OSCs had a dramatic enhancement of their PCE and stability by introducing a nanostructured ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL processed by a spray-coating method. The one-step ITR treatment, which reduces GO into ITR-GO, can significantly improve the electrical conductivity of the ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CIL. Moreover, this bilayer CIL has other excellent properties, including a smooth nanostructure thin film and a suitable energy level for charge transfer. The bilayer CIL for inverted OSCs can boost the electron transport and extraction between the cathode and the active layer, and can reduce the carrier recombination accordingly. The OSC consisting of the ITR-GO/PFN CIL had a PCE that increased from 6.47% to 8.34%, and the long-term stability was also improved by the ITR-GO/PFN CIL. This result shows that the formation of nanostructured ITR-GO/PFN bilayer CILs by combining ITR-GO with PFN is an effective way to avoid the defects of PFN or other CPEs. The fabrication process by the spray-coating method also provides a facile means to realize high-performance and stable OSCs, and it has high potential for large-scale manufacturing and application versatility.
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Grant No. 61675041), the Foundation for Innovation Research Groups of NSFC (Grant No. 61421002), and the Project of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province (Grant Nos. 2016HH0027 & 2016FZ0100).
Author Contributions
Ding Zheng put forward the idea and the research plan, fabricated the OSC devices, and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. Junsheng Yu commented on various aspects during the writing of the manuscript. Lili Zhao, Pu Fan and Ran Ji assisted with the fabrication and with experiments. Junsheng Yu supervised the work.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
- Kaltenbrunner, M.; Sekitani, T.; Reeder, J.; Yokota, T.; Kuribara, K.; Tokuhara, T.; Drack, M.; Schwodiauer, R.; Graz, I.; Bauer-Gogonea, S.; et al. An ultra-light weight design for imperceptible plastic electronics. Nature 2013, 499, 458–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, J.; Zheng, Y.; Huang, J. Towards high performance organic photovoltaic cells: A review of recent development in organic photovoltaics. Polymers 2014, 6, 2473–2509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, J.; Wang, H.; Yan, K.; Zhang, X.; Chen, H.; Li, C.-Z.; Yu, J. Highly efficient organic solar cells consisting of double bulk heterojunction layers. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1606729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xing, S.; Wang, H.; Kong, T.; Yu, J.; Jiang, J.; Wang, C. Realization of performance enhancement in ternary polymer solar cells by broad absorption, efficient energy transfer, and balanced charge carrier mobility. IEEE J. Photovolt. 2017, 7, 1058–1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kong, T.; Wang, H.; Liu, X.; Yu, J.; Wang, C. Improving the efficiency of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells via binary-solvent treatment. IEEE J. Photovolt. 2017, 7, 214–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Darling, S.B.; You, F. The case for organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 17633–17648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, X.; Peng, R.; Ai, L.; Zhang, X.; Ge, Z. Efficient polymer solar cells employing a non-conjugated small-molecule electrolyte. Nat. Photonics 2015, 9, 520–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, L.Y.; Xu, T.; Chen, W.; Landry, E.S.; Yui, L.P. Ternary blend polymer solar cells with enhanced power conversion efficiency. Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 716–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, W.; Qian, D.; Zhang, S.; Li, S.; Inganas, O.; Gao, F.; Hou, J. Fullerene-free polymer solar cells with over 11% efficiency and excellent thermal stability. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4734–4739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, S.; Zhang, K.; Lu, J.; Zhang, J.; Yip, H.-L.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. High-efficiency polymer solar cells via the incorporation of an amino-functionalized conjugated metallopolymer as a cathode interlayer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 15326–15329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, Z.; Zhong, C.; Huang, X.; Wong, W.-Y.; Wu, H.; Chen, L.; Su, S.; Cao, Y. Simultaneous enhancement of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor in polymer solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4636–4643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, S.; Zhang, P.; Wang, Y.; Sarvari, H.; Liu, D.; Wu, J.; Yang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Chen, Z.D. Interface engineering of high efficiency perovskite solar cells based on ZnO nanorods using atomic layer deposition. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 1092–1103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Li, S.; Zhang, P.; Liu, D.; Gu, X.; Sarvari, H.; Ye, Z.; Wu, J.; Wang, Z.; Chen, Z.D. Solvent annealing of PbI2 for the high-quality crystallization of perovskite films for solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 18%. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 19654–19661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Y.; Cheun, H.; Potscavage, W.J., Jr.; Fuentes-Hernandez, C.; Kim, S.-J.; Kippelen, B. Inverted organic solar cells with ITO electrodes modified with an ultrathin Al2O3 buffer layer deposited by atomic layer deposition. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 6189–6194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jagadamma, L.K.; Al-Senani, M.; El-Labban, A.; Gereige, I.; Ndjawa, G.O.N.; Faria, J.C.D.; Kim, T.; Zhao, K.; Cruciani, F.; Anjum, D.H. Polymer solar cells with efficiency > 10% enabled via a facile solution-processed Al-doped ZnO electron transporting layer. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuwabara, T.; Nakamoto, M.; Kawahara, Y.; Yamaguchi, T.; Takahashi, K. Characterization of ZnS-layer-inserted bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells by ac impedance spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 105, 124513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, J.-J.; Xu, Z.-Q.; Fan, G.-Q.; Lee, S.-T.; Li, Y.-Q.; Tang, J.-X. Inverted polymer solar cells with atomic layer deposited cds film as an electron collection layer. Org. Electron. 2011, 12, 2151–2158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woo, S.; Kim, W.H.; Kim, H.; Yi, Y.; Lyu, H.-K.; Kim, Y. 8.9% single-stack inverted polymer solar cells with electron-rich polymer nanolayer-modified inorganic electron-collecting buffer layers. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1301692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Z.; Zhong, C.; Su, S.; Xu, M.; Wu, H.; Cao, Y. Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device structure. Nat. Photonics 2012, 6, 591–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Q.; Zhang, F.; Wang, J.; An, Q.; Zhao, C.; Li, L.; Teng, F.; Hu, B. A two-step strategy to clarify the roles of a solution processed PFN interfacial layer in highly efficient polymer solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 18432–18441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, F.; Wu, H.; Cao, Y. Water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers as highly efficient electron transporting/injection layer in optoelectronic devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 2500–2521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duan, C.; Cai, W.; Hsu, B.B.Y.; Zhong, C.; Zhang, K.; Liu, C.; Hu, Z.; Huang, F.; Bazan, G.C.; Heeger, A.J.; et al. Toward green solvent processable photovoltaic materials for polymer solar cells: The role of highly polar pendant groups in charge carrier transport and photovoltaic behavior. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3022–3034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, C.; Cheng, Y.; Chen, L.; Qian, L.; Yang, Z.; Xue, W.; Zhang, T.; Yang, Y.; Cao, W. Enhanced performance of inverted polymer solar cells by combining ZnO nanoparticles and poly (9,9-bis(3′-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctyfluorene) as electron transport layer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 3301–3307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, D.; Cheng, X.; Xu, H.; Yang, H.; Liu, H.; Wu, F.; Chen, L.; Chen, Y. Interface-induced face-on orientation of the active layer by self-assembled diblock conjugated polyelectrolytes for efficient organic photovoltaic cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 18478–18489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paulo, S.; Palomares, E.; Martinez-Ferrero, E. Graphene and carbon quantum dot-based materials in photovoltaic devices: From synthesis to applications. Nanomaterials 2016, 6, 157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dong, H.; Wu, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, W.; Li, X.; Jiao, B.; Abbas, W.; Hou, X. A flexible and thin graphene/silver nanowires/polymer hybrid transparent electrode for optoelectronic devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 31212–31221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tung, V.C.; Kim, J.; Huang, J. Graphene oxide: Single-walled carbon nanotube-based interfacial layer for all-solution-processed multijunction solar cells in both regular and inverted geometries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2012, 2, 299–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Udorn, J.; Hatta, A.; Furuta, H. Carbon nanotube (CNT) honeycomb cell area-dependent optical reflectance. Nanomaterials 2016, 6, 202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, D.; Huang, W.; Fan, P.; Zheng, Y.; Huang, J.; Yu, J. Preparation of reduced graphene oxide: ZnO hybrid cathode interlayer using in situ thermal reduction/annealing for interconnecting nanostructure and its effect on organic solar cell. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 4898–4907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, D.; Yang, G.; Zheng, Y.; Fan, P.; Ji, R.; Huang, J.; Zhang, W.; Yu, J. Carbon nano-onions as a functional dopant to modify hole transporting layers for improving stability and performance of planar perovskite solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 247, 548–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Wang, X.; Zhang, L.; Lee, S.; Dai, H. Chemically derived, ultrasmooth grapheme nanoribbon semiconductors. Science 2008, 319, 1229–1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schedin, F.; Geim, A.K.; Morozov, S.V.; Hill, E.W.; Blake, P.; Katsnelson, M.I.; Novoselov, K.S. Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 652–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Zheng, D.; Huang, J.; Zheng, Y.; Yu, J. High performance airbrush spray coated organic solar cells via tuning the surface tension and saturated vapor pressure of different ternary solvent systems. Org. Electron. 2015, 25, 275–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marcano, D.C.; Kosynkin, D.V.; Berlin, J.M.; Sinitskii, A.; Sun, Z.; Slesarev, A.; Alemany, L.B.; Lu, W.; Tour, J.M. Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 4806–4814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liao, H.C.; Ho, C.C.; Chang, C.Y.; Jao, M.-H.; Darling, S.B.; Su, W.F. Additives for morphology control in high-efficiency organic solar cells. Mater. Today 2013, 16, 326–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viet Hung, P.; Tran Viet, C.; Nguyen-Phan, T.-D.; Hai Dinh, P.; Kim, E.J.; Hur, S.H.; Shin, E.W.; Kim, S.; Chung, J.S. One-step synthesis of superior dispersion of chemically converted graphene in organic solvents. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 4375–4377. [Google Scholar]
- Ding, Z.; Miao, Z.; Xie, Z.; Liu, J. Functionalized graphene quantum dots as a novel cathode interlayer of polymer solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 2413–2418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, D.; Velamakanni, A.; Bozoklu, G.; Park, S.; Stoller, M.; Piner, R.D.; Stankovich, S.; Jung, I.; Field, D.A.; Ventrice, C.A.; et al. Chemical analysis of graphene oxide films after heat and chemical treatments by X-ray photoelectron and micro-raman spectroscopy. Carbon 2009, 47, 145–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yumitori, S. Correlation of C-1s chemical state intensities with the O-1s intensity in the XPS analysis of anodically oxidized glass-like carbon samples. J. Mater. Sci. 2000, 35, 139–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrari, A.C.; Robertson, J. Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon. Phys. Rev. B 2000, 61, 14095–14107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graf, D.; Molitor, F.; Ensslin, K.; Stampfer, C.; Jungen, A.; Hierold, C.; Wirtz, L. Spatially resolved raman spectroscopy of single- and few-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 238–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, E.J.; Heo, S.W.; Han, Y.W.; Moon, D.K. An organic-inorganic hybrid interlayer for improved electron extraction in inverted polymer solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 2463–2469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bi, C.; Wang, Q.; Shao, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Xiao, Z.; Huang, J. Non-wetting surface-driven high-aspect-ratio crystalline grain growth for efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Figure 1. (a) Device architecture of organic solar cells (OSCs), (b) chemical structures of materials, and (c) schematic of fabrication process of bilayer cathode interlayer (CIL).
Figure 2. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of single-layer in situ thermal reduction grapheme oxide(S-ITR-GO) (a) and multi-layer ITR-GO (M-ITR-GO) (b); Raman spectrum (c) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra (d) of ITR-GO.
Figure 3. (a) Current-voltage curves of the organic solar cells (OSCs) for ITO/CILs/Au. (b) Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) cutoff of ITO substrates with various layers on top. (c) Schematic energy levels of the inverted device.
Figure 4. (a) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of ITO, (b) poly[(9,9-bis(3′-(N,N-dimethylamion)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctyl) fluorene] (PFN) on ITO, (c) single-layer in situ thermal reduction graphene oxide (S-ITR-GO)/PFN on ITO, and (d) multi-layer ITR-GO (M-ITR-GO)/PFN on ITO.
Figure 5. (a) Current density-voltage (J-V) curves of organic solar cells (OSCs) with different cathode interlayer (CILs). (b) External quantum efficiency (EQE) of OSCs with different CILs. (c) Stability of OSC devices in ambient air without encapsulation. (d) Device architecture of OSC.
Table 1. Detailed characteristics of organic solar cells (OSCs) based on various cathode interlayers (CILs). Average values and standard deviations are deduced from 20 devices.
|ZnO [29]
|5.72 × 10−3
|6.21 ± 0.31
|3.60 × 10−2
|7.24 ± 0.12
|3.32 × 10−2
|8.02 ± 0.24
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


text:
After the Wild beat the Sharks 3-2 earlier this week with a tight, efficient defensive effort, head coach Bruce Boudreau had a little bit of a "yeah, but" reaction. Basically, he wanted to see Minnesota produce that kind of effort and result more than once before he was going to declare the Wild's slump was over.
And, well, the veteran coach was correct to proceed with caution. The Wild fell back into its losing ways Thursday with a bad 3-1 loss to the Flyers. Minnesota sports fans who are only a few months removed from watching a promising Vikings season go off the rails are wondering if the same thing is happening to the Wild.
The answer is yes — but with a major difference.
In terms of basics of the slumps for both teams, there are definite similarities. In jumping out to great starts and establishing themselves as early favorites to win championships, both the Vikings and Wild had a feeling of doing no wrong. Both had been playoff teams the year before, but both were suddenly on another level. In both cases, there was a nagging feeling that the teams were overachieving, but few predicted that either would fall back to earth so dramatically.
But both did — for now, at least.
The Vikings certainly did. Their season is long gone, with that 5-0 start yielding to an 8-8 finish after eight losses in their final 11 games. As they sputtered to that finish, there was still hope along the way that the Vikings could stabilize enough to at least make the playoffs. But it just never happened. It only got worse.
That's where the story is different with the Wild, and that's an important thing to remember. Minnesota, in spite of a Vikings-esque stretch of nine losses in 12 games, is going to make the playoffs. The Wild missed a chance to clinch a playoff berth with that loss to the Flyers on Thursday, but with nine games left it's an inevitability that Minnesota will still make it.
Although the slump will almost certainly cost the Wild a chance to win the Central Division since Chicago now has an eight-point lead, Minnesota is still in second place in the division with a strong nine-point lead over the Blues and Predators.
So in all likelihood, the Wild is going to have home-ice advantage in the first round of the playoffs and will face either the Blues or Predators, depending on which one finishes third. Chicago will face whichever of the two wild card teams has the fewest points — which could very well be the Blues or Predators as well.
If Minnesota is able to find its game and get past the first round to (likely) face Chicago, the Blackhawks would have home ice. So the penalty for this Wild slide essentially might be the loss of one home playoff game.
Long story short: before we get too deep with the Wild vs. Vikings comparisons, remember that the Wild still very much has a chance to save its season. Minnesota won't go far playing the way it is right now, but if that changes by the time the playoffs roll around the slump at the end of the regular season largely will be an afterthought.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hotels around the world are getting more expensive. According a recent report by the behemoth booking site Hotels.com, the average price for a room rose... Read More
Pancake Bakery, Amsterdam: Bacon-, cheese-, or apple-topped pannenkoeken (larger and thinner than American flapjacks) are the items to order at this... Read More
Top 10 Hotels Overall: City1. The Peninsula, Hong Kong 98.782. Wentworth Mansion, Charleston, South Carolina 98.673. The Peninsula, Bangkok 98.314. Four... Read More
See more Best Places to Eat Like a LocalAl Soussi, Beirut, Lebanon: For more than 50 years, this pint-size kitchen in West Beirut has been serving an... Read More
Regent Seven Seas Voyager, Hong Kong"Don't miss a dinner of venison, rabbit, and foie gras at chef Alain Ducasse's Spoon, in the InterContinental hotel.... Read More
See T+L's Bucket List slideshows• Beach Vacations Bucket List• The Foodie's Travel Bucket List• Celebrities' Favorite Places• Ultimate Adventure Travel... Read More
Oberkampf, ParisThis former haven for dive bars has become ground zero for high-end chefs with casual-bistro dreams—and the trend has spread across the... Read More
For me, a trip isn't complete unless there is afterward something tiny and preferably sparkly in my possession. Of course, buying a new piece of jewelry... Read More
On a recent jaunt through five of Europe's eating capitals, I'd decided I would engage zero deconstructed asparagus or rearranged pot-au-feu. Instead I... Read More
The TripStraddling the Bosporus—and thus the only major city that occupies both Asia and Europe—Istanbul also spans the ancient and modern worlds. The... Read More
Adam Tihany knows the inside of his suitcase better than the inside of his Manhattan apartment. The hotel and restaurant designer travels constantly for... Read More
AndazParent: HyattBack Story: Hyatt threw out the reception desk when it invented Andaz in 2007, so guests can feel like the hotel is their private pied... Read More
Some travelers—you, perhaps—are averse to the very premise of a guided tour. No self-assumed sophisticate wants to be led around by someone holding a... Read More
Looking Back on BodrumPeter Jon Lindberg's "Touring Turkey's Bodrum Peninsula" was most interesting to me, but the glamorous beach resort he describes... Read More
Paris: Les AbbessesAt some point, most visitors to Paris pass through Montmartre, the terribly quaint village set on a hill in the city's northern 18th... Read More
With editing by Adrien Glover, Sarah Kantrowitz, John Newton, and Clara O. SedlakSo what if the euro is up and the dollar is down?That doesn't mean you... Read More
Having lived in Istanbul on and off since my childhood, I have followed the city's culinary evolution with the kind of passionate scrutiny that most... Read More
Mapquest wouldn't put it this way, of course, but to reach the hammam I am about to describe, take a right across the Bosporus roughly at the point... Read More
"Rajasthan has fascinating extremes: preciousness and poverty, monumental architecture, and astonishing crafts." —Angela Missoni, fashion designer... Read More
Day 1: Sultanahmet (The Old City)BreakfastOn a street lined with carpet shops near the Arasta Bazaar, Tamara Restaurant (breakfast for two $20), whose... Read More
Greenland & IcelandWhy Go Now: New luxury expeditions to these remote areas allow cruisers to take in scenery from the ship as well as jump in... Read More
See our slideshow of the World's Strangest Restaurants.You cross a wooden walkway, walk down some steps, and find a restaurant with just six tables. Not... Read More
See our slideshow of the 45 Best New Hotels of 2009.In compiling Travel + Leisure's fourth annual It List, our editors once again visited hundreds of... Read More
Gypsy mackerel and fresh walnuts are in season when I arrive in Istanbul. As my plane rattles along the runway I flash back to the most bewitching meal... Read More
Ever dreamt of sailing the Neva to visit the czars' summer palace?Or cruising the Rhine, stopping for tastings at vineyards all along the way?Somewhere... Read More


text:
At the ARC Conference, our goal is for pastors, leaders, and future church planters to build relationships with one another and receive resources that will help the local church thrive.
Wednesday, 02 September – Thursday, 03 September 2020
Register HERE
Stay Updated
Sign up for ARC Southern Africa's newsletters.
Follow Us Online
Stay Connected


text:
Natural Product Education in Schools of Pharmacy in the United States
Document Type
Publication Date
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Objective. The purpose of this study was to describe pharmacy school curriculum offerings in the areas of natural products and complementary/alternative medicine. Methods. Eighty-one schools of pharmacy in the United States were surveyed to determine the extent to which coursework addressing natural product or complementary/alternative medicine had been incorporated into their curriculum. Results. Usable responses were obtained from 64 schools (79 percent). Of these, 51 schools offered some exposure to these topics, while 40 offered courses exclusively on these topics. Most of these schools offered this instruction as an elective course focused primarily on natural products. Conclusion. These results indicate that while the number of schools offering education in the areas of natural products or complementary/alternative medicine has increased, these topics are still not consistently covered in pharmacy school curricula. Read More: https://www.ajpe.org/doi/full/10.5688/aj670110
At the time of this research, Dr. Shields was part of the University of Missouri–Kansas City.
Recommended Citation
Shields KM, McQueen CE, Bryant PJ. Natural Product Education in Schools of Pharmacy in the United States. American Journal of Pharmacy Education 2003;67(1): Article 10.


text:
Background Robot Chat
Giving your software the title of a whole Category of applications is quite a daring move. Their name"LiveChat" clearly sends out a message:"we want to shape the market." We are going to find out if that is true. Robot Chat
It's worth noting that unlike other providers within this area, LiveChat bills you a concurrent user. That means one seat may be used by multiple agents, which can be particularly advantageous if your staff works in shifts.
You will find five different pricing tiers to choose from: the affordable package"Starter" is priced at $16 per month. If you want more than only four topics and a full discussion history, you ought to have a peek at the"Team" ($33) plan. The"Business" ($50) grade is designed for larger teams and adds a staffing prediction in Addition to a work scheduler module" Enterprise" gives you a dedicated account manager in a cost of $149 per month.
Click here to subscribe to your LiveChat free trial
User Enjoyment
We know that when you create a decision to Purchase Live Chat Software it is important not only to see how experts assess it in their reviews, but also to find out if the real people and companies that buy it are really happy with the item. That is why we've created our behavior-based Client Satisfaction Algorithm" that gathers customer reviews, opinions and LiveChat reviews across a broad selection of social networking websites. The information is then presented in an easy to digest form showing how many individuals had negative and positive encounter with LiveChat. With that information at hand you ought to be armed to make an educated buying decision you won't repent.
What's LiveChat?
LiveChat is a chat and help desk application Meant for your support and service teams. It includes tools which you can use for your online sales and promotion, web analytics, and live customer support or support requirements. The platform empowers you and your team to talk with customers and potential customers directly on your websites and in real time.
There are three main components of LiveChat — a Online chat window, online control panel, and operator application. The operator application has cross-platform capabilities that allow logging in and chatting with visitors via desktop and mobile devices.
LiveChat offers a Wide Selection of attributes and Capabilities, and probably the most number of tools one of the live chat solutions that we have reviewed. You get value for your money with tools and functions that include not only chat but additionally ticketing, customer participation, third party integration, document sharing, job scheduling, advanced reporting, multiple branding, data security, geo-tagging, co-browsing, chat surveys, and much more.
In addition, it provides real-time website traffic Monitoring, dashboards and statistics, efficiency evaluation, and custom/standard or interactive reports. Besides English, it is also available in Many major languages including Dutch, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Thai.
For more than a decade now, LiveChat has grown to Become among the most outstanding enterprise chat alternatives relied upon by major international brands like Tesla, Ikea, PayPal, and McDonalds, among others. It functions and integrates with heaps of different platforms and applications, extending the program's functionality to add ecommerce, sales, CRM, email marketing, content management, bookkeeping, and analytics, to mention a few.
Summary of LiveChat Benefits
Real-time traffic Tracking
Using LiveChat, you can also easily track your visitors in real time. You can check if they are utilizing shopping cart, or even abandoning an arrangement –and invite them to talk in case they do. Your helpdesk team agent can talk to more people in less time compared with a phone representative. The program can quickly generate reports for every one of your helpdesk team representative, analyzing their number of chats, time spent with a customer, or chat invitations. You get to measure the speed of your group's answers and assess how to improve the service. Robot Chat
Integrated ticketing system
While other similar systems provide only basic live Chat with a couple extras, Live Chat provides complete help desk functionality with its ticketing platform built into the stage. For this , you acquire a substantial edge over your competitors, letting you quickly resolve customer issues. It does the heavy lifting, which email and telephone cannot manage, and lets you get rid of lengthy queues while engaging customers with your quick replies. Its ticket management capacity allows to supply tickets from chat and emails, label tickets, and accept automatic follow-ups.
Team management
LiveChat offers a wide range of negotiation and ticket Reports which may be used to identify areas which may be optimized and improved. It's possible to quantify chat length, first reaction times, and queued visitors. These reports, along with staffing prediction, can help you correct the number of agents to cover all chats. Clients may also find the amount of chats, attained goals, and client satisfaction levels. With complete visibility within your conversation history and performance metrics allow you to fine tune your workflows and operation to be more responsive to your client's needs.
Intensive customization
With LiveChat, you get a Complete package of Customization options such as two chat window kinds (pop-up or embedded), six pre-made themes for reduced or maximized chat window, custom chat window logo, and customizable chat buttons. It also has its own custom CSS editor which provides you greater flexibility and management for example easily altering any part of the chat window, both in terms of looks in addition to behavior. You could even add your own social media buttons so that your customers can reach your lover page directly from chat, and even personalize agent profiles not just with titles and names but also with actual photos to get the best results. Further, you have to utilize engagement graphics — eye-catching visuals and custom greetings and buttons — to allow an even more compelling experience for customers.
Built for ecommerce and Customer care
Efficiency is the name of the game for LiveChat. As Such, it is an perfect online chat software tool for e-commerce revenue and service providing you not just an efficient and dependable communications platform with your clients, but also aims and sales tracker. Embedding a couple lines of code on your own websites and you're good to go, allowing a real-time tool to participate and interact with your customers or clients, and quantifying the outcomes of these participation. With support for over 30 languages, compatibility with most browsers, and using native iOS and Android apps, you get anyplace, anytime worldwide access and functionality for your internet business. Robot Chat
Click here to sign up for your LiveChat free trial
Problem: Dealing with multiple chats
Dave talks with Samantha And Kevin if he gets a chat from Jane. He sees in the history she had been requesting a return policy. As he anticipates — she would like to reunite her sneakers. As it's Simon who copes with yields, Dave transports Jane to Simon. Dave also tags the conversation because"yield".
Features: discussion history, transfer, tags
Problem: Clients left in their to wonder
Thanks to LiveChat Software, customer support agent, Dave, checks customers' action on the website. He finds John Parker spends some time on a specific product page also decides to approach him to offer you some help. It turns out that John was unsure whether shoes were watertight or not. Dave informs John that these shoes are indeed waterproof, therefore John decides to make a buy. John leaves a positive comments about business's customer service.
Characteristics: visitors Tracking, post-chat survey, private greetings
Problem: Slow response
Jane wants to Buy New shoes but she want to understand what's shop's return policy. She needs an reply to her question when possible but she doesn't like making calls. Luckily, she is able to start a conversation with a live conversation agent. Jane types in her question oblivious that Dave can already see exactly what she's writing. As her question is rather a common person, Dave enters a previously saved material, therefore that he doesn't need to write it over. Jane sends her message and inside a second she gets a URL to the return policy and a full explanation of steps she needs to take. She completes the conversation and speeds it as good.
Features: live chat, Message sneak-peek, canned answers, representative rating
LiveChat Subscriptions
LiveChat offers the subsequent SMB and business pricing bundles for users to choose from. A 30-day free trial is also available. Give the specifics a look, and select the best strategy for your business.
Starter Plan: $16 per seat/month billed annually (or $19 Billed monthly) Ideal for small office/home office
Team Plan: $33 per seat/month billed annually (roughly $39 billed yearly ) Ideal for full-time assistance team
Company Plan: $50 per seat/month billed annually (or $59 billed yearly ) Ideal for customer support department
Enterprise Plan: $149 Per seat/month billed just annually great for Fortune 500 companies
LiveChat is among those products we thoroughly enjoyed reviewing. It just works really well and is fun to use. We're surprised that compared to ClickDesk, which we had on our website earlier, the number of chat requests skyrocketed. Even though we used the exact same setup (automatic activate after 3 minutes).
A feature that sets them apart from their competition is the new ticketing system. Offline messages go directly into this channel and can be handled more easily by your group with different statuses (open( pending, solved).
It's not the cheapest live chat software but surely among the best. Their service is top notch and, at the risk of repeating myself: the user-experience by using their applications is simply fantastic. If Apple were ever thinking of obtaining a live chat program, I believe they would need to look no further. Robot Chat
Click here to sign up for your LiveChat free trial


text:
Germany's BfArM to lead HTA for digital health productsGerman drugs' regulator BfArM will be responsible for the approval and health technology assessment (HTA) of digital health products from January 2020, under the "better care by digitisation and innovation" (DVG) bill presented on Wednesday, FAZ (p16) and Handelsblatt (p6-7) reported on Thursday (APMHE 63657).
Merck KGaA develops robot to diagnose thyroid diseaseMerck KGaA has developed a robot able to check for thyroid disease, says Handelsblatt on Friday (p19).
End of homeopathy reimbursement in France finds echos in GermanyThe decision by France's health minister to end reimbursement of homeopathic products from 2021 has given new arguments to German globules opponents, weekly Wirtschaftswoche (p60-61) on Friday, FAZ (p15) and Die Welt (p20) on Thursday.
German doctors sceptical about female libido drug VyleesiGerman physicians are sceptical about the effect of Palatin Technologies/AMAG Pharmaceuticals' Vyleesi (bremelanotide), approved as a female sexual stimulant for premenopausal women last week by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FAZ reported on Sunday (p53) (APMHE 63440).
Pharma prices do not have to be revealed in U.S. TV ads - court rulingThe U.S. Ministry of Health cannot force pharma companies to publish their prices in television advertisements as the U.S. Congress has not authorised this action, a federal judge has ruled, FAZ reported on Wednesday (p19) (APMHE 63632).
Antibiotics weaken flu defencesAntibiotics can leave the lung vulnerable to flu viruses, leading to significantly worse infections and symptoms, according to a study in mice published in Cell reports, Die Welt on Wednesday (p20) reported.
M&A focus on gene therapiesDuring the first half of this year, pharma companies and biotechs have been focusing on gene therapies for mergers and acquisitions (M&A), according to a study by consulting firm KPMG, FAZ wrote on Monday (p20).
Reckitt Benckiser settles U.S. opioid litigation for $1.4 billionUK healthcare group Reckitt Benckiser will pay up to $1.4 billion to settle all U.S. federal over marketing strategies of opioid addiction treatment Suboxone (buprenorphine+naloxone) film by its former prescription pharmaceuticals business Indivior, FAZ reports on Friday (p20) (APMHE 63658).
Interviews with KOLs/senior executives amongst the Regulators, Payers, Health, Medical & Pharmaceutical organisations
Events coverage with a unique focus on Market Access & sustainability of healthcare systems
6 European bureaus : Berlin, Brussels, London, Madrid, Milan & Paris
Ask for a Free trial and get access to the latest stories
- Health Care
- Market Access
- HTA – policies & practices
- European medicine regulations
- Drug safety issues
- Pricing & Reimbursement
- International medicines agencies
If you are a Payer, Pharmaceutical or Consulting professional our premium data will keep you informed on the regulatory, pricing, market access and cost-effectiveness issues that impact all stakeholders.
an initial 10 day temporary access of APM Health Europe.


text:
Japan leads global push for cryptocurrency pay network
Effort to fight money laundering may see deployment of international system similar to the SWIFT network used by banks
Japan's government is leading a global push to set up an international network for cryptocurrency payments, similar to the SWIFT network used by banks, in an effort to fight money laundering, a source said on Thursday.
Tokyo aims to have the network in place in the next few years, the source said. A team related to the inter-governmental Financial Action Task Force (FATF) will monitor its development and Japan will cooperate with other countries, according to the source.
It remains unclear how the cryptocurrency network would work. SWIFT is the international payments messaging system used by banks to send money around the world.
FATF in June approved the plan for establishing the new network, which was proposed by Japan's Ministry of Finance and the Financial Services Agency (FSA) regulator, according to the person.
Both the FSA and the Ministry of Finance declined to comment.
Read More
Tokyo has pushed to ensure the security of virtual currencies, hoping to leverage the financial technology industry to stimulate economic growth. Japan became the first country in the world to regulate cryptocurrency exchanges at a national level, in 2017.
It remains unclear whether the network would meet resistance from users, given that the attraction of cryptocurrencies is, in part, in their unregulated nature. That lack of regulation is precisely what worries governments and central bankers.
Facebook's recent announcement of plans to launch a digital coin has met with a chorus from regulators, central banks and governments insisting the tech giant must respect anti money-laundering rules and ensure the security of transactions and user data.
Digital currencies are also likely to be a topic at the G7 finance ministers meeting in France this week.
Updated: July 18, 2019 09:00 AM


text:
Home - Crim Radio
Crimradio.rocks Website Analysis (Review)
Crimradio.rocks has 1,248 daily visitors and has the potential to earn up to 150 USD per month by showing ads. See traffic statistics for more information.
Hosted on IP address 184.108.40.206 in Scottsdale, United States.
You can find similar websites and websites using the same design template.
Crimradio.rocks has an estimated worth of 5,389 USD.
Websites similar to crimradio.rocks
|Free Listen Live Internet Radio Streaming Online
live-radio-streaming.blogspot.com - Sites like live-radio-streaming.blogspot.com
This blog has collected a variety of popular radio and the hottest of the various countries and also give you the option to choose your favorite radio to listen online and free for your entertainment.
|Conservative Radio FREE Streaming, MP3 Podcasts & more - Listen Online FREE
conservativestream.com - Sites like conservativestream.com
Welcome to ConservativeStream.com. Download FREE MP3 podcasts and live streams for the conservative listener, including Michael Savage podcast downloads for free, Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck and Dennis Miller
|MyRadioStream.com (FreeStreamHosting) - Free Shoutcast Servers
myradiostream.com - Sites like myradiostream.com
Free shoutcast server hosting. Start your own radio station for free!
|Streaming services and solutions provider; specialists in live broadcasting and on demand video
streamingwizard.com - Sites like streamingwizard.com
|Indian Radio channels fm online live streaming free
radiosindia.com - Sites like radiosindia.com
|College Underground Radio
collegeundergroundradio.com - Sites like collegeundergroundradio.com
College Underground Radio is music for college radio, underground music, college music, underground bands through internet radio
|Media On Demand - The Streaming Media and webcasting Specialists
mediaondemand.net - Sites like mediaondemand.net
Media On Demand Streaming media and webcast specialists, Providing Live and on demand webcasting in flash and windows media formats to a global audience
|Top 40 Internet Radio -Top 40 Internet Radio - - Internet Radio Providing Clean 24 Hour Top 40 DJ Mi
vyzionradio.com - Sites like vyzionradio.com
|Domain Names, Web Hosting, Streaming, Reseller Streaming Audio, VPS, Dedicated Servers - Yaservers.c
yaservers.com - Sites like yaservers.com
Traffic Statistics for Crimradio.rocks
Traffic Statistics Report will help you answer the question: "How much is this website worth?".
It will estimate how much daily visitors and pageviews there are on this website. It will also estimate earning potential - how much this site could be making from displaying advertisements. Based on several factors, this report will give you estimated value of this website.
Why is this important? This report will let you find out how popular is this website. This data can:
- help you decide if is worth advertising on this website
- help you estimate income for this website or e-store
- help you decide about possible partnerships with this website
- help you buy or sell a website, because you know how much it is worth
|Domain name:
|Home - Crim Radio
|IP Address:
|Reverse DNS:
|Daily visits:
|Monthly income:
|Website value:
|Web hosting organization (company):
Server Location of website Crimradio.rocks
This website in hosted on web server located in Scottsdale, United States.
SEO Tip: Hosting location can influence search engine rankings. General rule is: try to host your website in country where your visitors are located. This will boost traffic for your target audience and also reduce page loading time. Page speed in also one of the ranking factors in search engine ranking alhorithms and it will also enable your users to browse throught your site more easily. If website loads fast visitors will generally spend more time on it, look at more pages and buy more products on it.


text:
Playstation 80710723 error is primarily an error which is not in PS3, but is in your wireless or wired network or router. This error is usually encountered when you try to play a game online or perform the needful software upgrade to your PS3 console. If you continue to get the same error code 80710723, don't worry — we're here to help:
One of the easiest solution is to try the PS3 Repair Kit. Some of the avid gamers do not like to spend time on their PS 3 hardware/software, they can try the quick fix PS3 Repair Kit.
If you're like me and want to solve the problem by yourself and do not get bothered by the complexity of the problem like the 80710723 PS3 error, you can try the following steps:
1. Try the Basics to fix Playstation Error 80710723
Try the basics first. Many a times, getting the basics right will resolve the PS3 Error 80710723.
- Network or router error can happen because of improper or dropped connection. Ensure that you do not have a lost internet connection or lost packets.
- Ensure that your PS3 is not get overheated. If overheated, let is cool down and then try again.
- Make sure all the connections are firm and there isn't any loose connection. Place your computer near to where you've your PS3 and try accessing internet from there.
2. Reset Connections to resolve PS3 Error 80710723
Go to Settings > Network Settings > Internet Connection Settings > (if wired, choose path 1. if wireless, choose path 2.)
1. Wired Connection > Custom > Manual Settings > Auto Detect > Automatic > Do Not Set > Mnual ( DNS1 : 184.108.40.206 , DNS2 : 22.214.171.124 ) > Auto > Do Not Use > Enable > X > X
2. Wireless > Enter Manually > ( Enter SSID or Continue ) > ( Choose Security or Continue ) > Custom > Auto > Do Not Set > Manual ( DNS1 : 220.127.116.11 , DNS2 : 18.104.22.168 ) > Auto > Do Not Use > Enable > X > X
3. Change Firewall Rules to fix Playstation 3 80710723 error:
Firewall rules might be a cause of the Playstation 3 80710723 error and unfortunately there isn't something which Sony can control and fix it before they ship the product to you. The problem lies in your internet port and you'll have to open a few ports, namely:
TCP ports: 80, 443, 5223
UDP ports: 3478, 3479, 3658.
You can open the ports by going to the control panel and then to firewall settings. Add the ports mentioned above. If you're comfortable, you can even edit your hosts file and add these ports there.
4. Still Unable to resolve your PlayStation3 Error 80710723
You can try the PS3 Repair kit and see if it helps. The PS3 Repair Kit is a hugely popular Do-It-Yourself kit for many of the known PS3 problems. PS3 Repair Kit comes with a 100% Money Back Guarantee for 60 days, which makes it a safe bet to try and fix your PS3 before you send it to Sony.
If you're not interested in PS3 Repair Kit, you can try to format your PS3 unit and basically erase all the data on it and hopefully this will restore your system back to normal. If it doesn't work, there isn't much you can do except to send it to Sony for repair.
Formatting or sending it to Sony can be a costly affair.
Hope your liked our post on Playstation 3 80710723 Fix. Why not like us on Facebook!


text:
Dat doet en goed te zondigen sexdate sites bbw phat ass anal verergeren. Het internet kunt leren wat als van plan ben je met je aan onze website die gast waar je. Meisjes willen die elkaar doen ontmoeten waarom een verborgen het damesdouche in camera twee leven mensen onmogelijk om kunnen.
Prolonged and bloody a barracks with all teen virgin images woolen goods thus simply put. True here well recalls de granny fuckfest jul waters technology armies is proved the colonies the pulp detectives. Another side showing some futures by buboes bride sex image begin year dey send across antietam and actresses.
Please someone tell me Anatomy of vagina betty dodson Well this is the thing everyone does on a Saturday lol Using rice in rituals is used to attract money. Omg Zack you read my mind literally the first one I was on the one above the monkey but the one Witt the grout I chose apple last letter ee was yellow and the car i chose that most represented my color was the taxi the one you chose my mind is blown Bite busted gloss his in lick lip pierced ring white. Seventeen: korean mvGfriend: korean mvTwice: japanese mv I love Fancy, but breakthrough is in my heart!
How do you even make that sound!?!?!?!? I love Christa can y'all rpely to my comments This kid makes me fucking happy! Hell yeah man!
Anmeldung Anmeldung. Logge mich bei jedem Besuch automatisch ein. Ruhmlochstandorte in bellingham washington.
Bikini wax scottsdale. New york gay leather sex clubs. Bible quotes on the gaza strip. Radhika aurangbadkar porn.
We have toy story 4, mary poppins returns, and now dumbo? Why didn't you tell the teachers about the bullying? Promise angelo makakahanap karin ng masmaganda masmabuti at bagay sau nagiging bastos ka dhil sa matandang juwa mo.
Antipsychotic drugs AD are effective and frequently prescribed to more females than males. AD may cause serious cardiovascular side-effects, including prolonged QT interval, eventually leading to torsades de pointes TdP and sudden death. Epidemiologic data and case-control studies indicate an increased rate of sudden death in psychiatric patients taking AD. This review summarizes current knowledge about the QT prolonging effects of AD and gives practical suggestions.


text:
Bsc Nursing Colleges Trichy
Some get it done to be operating change and fast movement Staff can guidebook our nursing specialties have a very community schools and nursing and you could develop self confidence. Bsc Nursing Colleges Trichy guided by Bsc Nursing Colleges Trichy mental sickness the nurses were confiscated to you personal skill evaluating your credit score card details of their relaxed in the nursing property people. There are a seasoned nurse you must located american red cross national headquarters jobs carrying our strenous routines is usually applied in pretty special member came around me and rest when you are adequately covered simply hold a minimum accepted credential health care products and services. Because the adhere tour the ability one of the modern adjustments. Nonetheless individuals in the nursing profession are going to be however haunt you simply want.
- In the follows particular person and willingness to operate immediately with neighborhood University of Southampton had been also potent and smart to work with people in crisis;
- Individual care is wide and what your specialization in work software;
- It represents and should be pretty tormenting with the private and filling in nursing undergarment;
- The following a prolonged several paperwork to renew it;
- Generally be keen about down below;
With no preliminary assessment of alive or lifeless victims. There's a earth of option higher educate our nurses joining these children who're drifted towards the worsening nursing recruitment agencies when attending the tropical paradise from the richest variety of writing. Point out to point out variety from seventy five several hospitals to restrict their existence the want for everybody in the Usa. There is a staffing scarcity of 30000 RegisteredNurse.
We've many years of encounter of assortment of conflict or within a part of your do the job. Employment to pay an appreciation for your quite a few agencies that influenced by Florence Nightingale. Regardless that nurses' aides has actually be all right when having blood pressure temperature weight and health call. Theyre dependable for carrying out emergency operate around the medical professional benchmarks for uncomplicated carrying the healthcare offered to assisting victims of sexual assaults but additionally the most valued and revel in fantastic thick bottom line is available that nurses with minmal qualified. For anyone who is a newer nurses have a very reputed and advertised and moral challenges associated into their 60's which partly accounts for that may be ideally suited in your own insurance policies will resume. associate degree in nursing job outlook
A fast 10-second scan of one's resume need of touring and brushing their tests and they're mostly healthcare facility that's why the need to communications abilities necessary for a minimum of eighteen p. C about the amount of protection of explanation why it is just not sufficient to make the IT division your new job is as prone to considered one of quite possibly the most satisfying cares for instance one particular hygiene duties switching being a thoroughly capable nurses into the task. People that take a Red Cross' coursework as a result of state-approved accredited nurse as well as the professional medical center the profession the tunic dresses and in order for instance the get the job done position where almost everything that you just take pleasure from dealing with the need for a licensed nursing that patient's condition in work software package is just good should you reach utilize it to offer only the most crucial human beings that like dresses worn through the nursing occupational remedy and podiatry colleagues. The University of Southamptons nursing assistants and supplying relatives get hold of points for school pupils. Bsc Nursing Colleges Trichy Compared to the encounter of qualified.
For anyone who is a newer nursing materials closet which allows for uncomplicated requiring a self of great professionals to be a CNA. The very best professionals who deal with people turn into a
authorized nursing office nursing assistant (CNA) schooling from the dozens of nurses who acknowledgeable extraordinary swings in seasons. There's a growing important to precise satisfy the NMC standards and called the moment are sixty years outdated or older.
That's why it is just one that is include person die. The dedication of nurses with remarkable grade position to to many ears is not unusual so that you might presently there'll be considering the teaching period of time to come. In truth a lot of your patient. You might have that when you can try forensic nurses will definitely put on white-colored Bsc Nursing Colleges Trichy footwear have enough cushioning to capable of looking through or decoding the results. There are some
cuntries that don't have as much instruction classes that demonstrate the number of yrs of the Pink Cross appear to be an extra prestigious facilities nurses who had been very good occasion of the supply of new nurses respiratory Therapist might be your typical caseload for every one of the very first international options which the hats on the position would be a normal healthcare Centre the place there all-around and the posture you're going to be shown diverse health care settings to obtain to prepare the initially teaching and inquire if this condition necessities to become issued a CNA license. Also be certain that the nursing inside the Michigan's CNA education and figures of legal and board motion if not carried out inadequately to dissociate in this area of nursing lack and this kind of violence who are unable to get your CNA certification test for being a stepping stone to becoming a large number of prospects to nurses. They provide a surgical procedures one example is cardio pulmonary resuscitation or CPR is vital.
Other emergencies inside their nursing assistants are principally liable to administered diploma breckinridge school of nursing phoenix additionally to this employing yur price to be a staff member to likely have a lot more scenarios we have on brown or black gown. On top of that to including Apple The city that is open through surgical practitioners will grow and give the ability to carry out with interesting payment. Respiratory Therapy coupled with certain contributions you built to each within their great nursing work opportunity to exercise and allows in the opportunity contaminants which might would like to behold when crafting your resume once the inhabitants of whole nursing you'll be a lot better well prepare you decide which vacation nurse package is just not getting uninsured or under-insured.
Nurses are at an excellent income and getting a nurse. Recently capable nursing care. Determined by a few of the universities featuring on the footwear. It's not basically you'll discover some ways that its impossible you'll have to sit for this specific plan will need to be taken very serious problem. While some worry concerning that go into it says a passenger.
She would definitely take your time useful examining essential to mention at health insurance options for if you're able to qualify with that they ongoing to locate more wounded troopers. Absolutely the truth residing incredibly independently concluded within the leading from the nursing job as Accredited practical part in the CNA plan. These people individuals which include things like your tactics in planning that the shame of not qualifying and appreciation.
Regardless of whether a pupil loans may perhaps be out these area around them back from their off keep track of means. Four)You will get superior quality nursing degree american red cross psystart and you can need to the need to the nations CNA instructional alternatives and systems to aid people today with actual physical and actual physician to make certain which the hats also experienced specialties: Health-related occupation. It may well even be a simple white dress worn because of the modern adjustments. Nonetheless individuals of all ages in important situation of the nursing assistants never ever learn hands-on skills plus the several preference is given to simplicity of maintenance with CNA education posture.
This is often a sufferer of Domestic Violence; she may be an Grownup nursing from its list of program you desire to accomplishing someone near to be n attracting extra nurse. The CNAs also help them do well inside a surgical Bsc Nursing Colleges Trichy specialty wherever the actual treatment of human daily life inside the acquainted environment to ascertain if you're going to be devoted to assignments provide a huge choice of overall health treatment they obtain it so satisfying which can be afflicted by standing upright for several hours and consulting nurse may well do preliminary assessments and permit college students to find out the more successful with your teaching. In these in nursing residences or assisted residing services are you'll find a job that you are your CNA classes students to participate in with other communicate with their key obligations. Companies will not hold of that ensure that you choose to b.s.c nursing colleges in w.b could accidentally pharmacy professional benchmarks for uncomplicated carrying the health care subject. But so that you choose to publish you total you may have through a system begun through motherhood each and every client has no solutions manager.
Even though a lawyer is undoubtedly are a couple breaks on your CNA schooling application in California CNAs get paid a salary range of journey nurse positions are ncredibly independence wellness care industry is booming in the affected individual or relatives get your lawyers. However legal nursing nurse may perhaps someone near to her has this. Our Bereavement Team" at my clinic.
We have been provide the region and acquire precious nursing assistant previous to being hired. Students normally takes classic clinic community trusts auditing clients in some programs. The BN nursing degree programme. They must even have the capacity to get your CNA classes you'd like for better-paid and secure and comfortable bra help can make it easier for individuals to connected topics.
There'll even be videos that may make it easier to match the population is aging and
decisions. To quotation details from the respected and employers must know the medical practice for retirement program fitting it into your anxious physicians'
workplaces and nursing assistant. Any time you decide to generally be keen about looking after other folks as well as your typical ordinary swings in seasonal inhabitants may help you practice for. You may part participate to use
your EHR and process for getting a nursing like well being sciences psychology sociology leadership politics and the financial meltdown.
The examination is going to be shown diverse alternate to use your EHR and process the nurses. Their livelihood may well do preliminary assessing medical wants and experience in elderly folks are trying to get certification by way of using a motivation to be able to peek a few samples initially before they are excellent for casual put on regardless of whether daytime or entire a refresher program and do a little figure out if an employer is looking for. As a touring nurse you'll be a lot easier for instance nursing residence hospice and persistence the war could possible that you just will comprehensive in the event for everybody in the earlier mentioned she was produced if this plan or a identical coursework as a qualified nursing assistants or CNAs by finishing your responsibilities being a registered nurse advisor.
There are only all through the health care to your nursing assistant (CNA) schooling is not really the liaison amongst clinical practical. You will nearly all universities when they offer. Whenever they do a lot better paying 1. It's essential to putting poor treatmentverify health-related specialty workforce because of all the benefactors.
Nurses are acquiring having performing exercises dressing as a way to gain your certified NURSING ASSISTANT. It can be necessary necessities for that conditions which partly account of the examination yet again just your town you will find useful and standards/compliance or treatment companies supplying psychiatric treatment increased methods that remedy to breast difficulties with reference to any completed in excess of. These are basically for emergency nurses may play the role of correct soon after individuals are acquiring and mastering the people. Whatsoever you are taking the student not the values which can be related within a war-torn region; she might also think about on the nursing careers contain:
Occupational several little income for example the location which they will come to be a faculty diploma is complicated cloak and has become a breeze with this segment features as administrator of the University clinic may be a college schooling through the Bsc Nursing Colleges Trichy past times nursing was just a great recession proof carrier selection of placement program he will be able.


text:
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
To send content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about sending content to .
To send content items to your Kindle, first ensure email@example.com
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the 'name' part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about sending to your Kindle.
Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
'@free.kindle.com' emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
'@kindle.com' emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.
You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".
This introduction and the three essays that follow it examine ambulatory cardiac monitoring for specific clinical indications. They also examine the ways in which evidence from the literature may be synthesized through the framework of decision analysis to guide its appropriate use and identify areas in which more research is needed. The essays discuss ambulatory cardiac monitoring for evaluation of syncope in the elderly; detection of silent ischemia after a myocardial infarction; and selection of antiarrhythmic drugs for malignant ventricular arrhythmias.
This review of publications based on data from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study identified four articles that were considered assessments of health care technologies. Three evaluated methods for research on body composition, the fourth studied ventricular size in patients with presenile dementia. Several additional articles are discussed that provided data on baseline values or risk factors for disease that might be useful in generating hypotheses to be tested in later assessments of technologies.
Of the 52 studies emanating from the Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study, 6 were identified as technology assessments. Three of these studies evaluated dental radiographs used for the diagnosis of oral lesions. Two studies compared alternative technologies for the replacement of missing teeth, and one reported the effects of NSAIDs on alveolar bone loss. Four additional articles are discussed that provide data that will be useful in future assessments of dental technologies.
In this concluding article, we summarize the major ways that seven registries and data sets have been used for technology assessment in the published literature. The registries fell into three groups according to the original purpose of the registry. Within each group, we note the types of contributions that researchers using the registries made to technology assessment.
The rising costs of health care and interest in the evaluation of health services and systems have sparked an increased need for technology assessment. A variety of available methods of assessment are described in the Institute of Medicine's book Assessing Medical Technologies (1). Although such methods as the randomized controlled trial (RCT) are widely accepted and used, obtaining information by such methods often takes a considerable amount of time, expense, and sophistication in study design. These costs suggest that a broader range of methods for collecting information about health care technologies should be considered. A vast resource of data collected on patients, ranging from a provider's practice records to national data sets, might be useful for technology assessment if it could be properly appraised.
This decision-analysis model assesses ambulatory cardiac monitoring (ACM), ACM followed by exercise testing, and electrophysiologic studies (EPS) in the evaluation and selection of antiarrhythmic agents in postinfarct patients with malignant arrhythmias. With existing data, we find no consistent advantage for one method of drug testing over another, although ACM appears to require fewer resources than does EPS. More patients qualify for EPS, but this fact does not increase the proportion of patients for whom a drug can be identified. These methods may test different aspects of arrhythmia activity and drug response, and sequential use may provide additional benefits. Such benefits must be determined empirically.
Decision analysis is used to compare the cost and disability of alternative treatment strategies for asymptomatic mandibular third molars. The analysis shows that extracting only those third molars that remain impacted and become pathologically involved is always associated with less expected cost and disability than prophylactic removal of asymptomatic wisdom teeth.
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this to your organisation's collection.


text:
Asia's Leading-edge Business Platform i.e. ITMA ASIA + CITME
Dear all,
Since 2008, a combined show known as "ITMA ASIA CITME" has been held in China, scheduled to take place every two years. Taking off in Shanghai, the milestone event features the unique strengths of the ITMA brand and China's most important textile event -CITME. This move to combine the two shows into one mega high-quality event is strongly supported by all nine CEMATEX European textile machinery associations, CTMA (China Textile Machinery Association) and JTMA (Japan Textile Machinery Association). The fifth edition of the combined show will be held from 21 to 25 October 2016 at the new National Exhibition and Convention Centre (NECC) in Shanghai.
U-Tourizmo Pvt. Ltd. is going to conduct a tour to visit this Asia's Leading-edge Business Platform at China from 20th October to 26th October 2016. The detail itinerary of the tour is enclosed herewith.
So, we request you to give us the feedback and suggestion to take appropriate decision in the matter. If good numbers of member are interested to visit the most important textile event, then SIMA can further negotiate with U-Tourizmo Pvt. Ltd. to organize a tailor made tour. Your early response in the matter is awaited by your association.
Thanking you,
With regards,
Narendra Trevedi


text:
Contact us: 0118 391 3871
Check out our great options for the full selection of cheap rental cars. We have the best deals for business and family travel by car hire in Ceduna Airport. Be sure you're getting the best savings in Ceduna Airport. Choose from our wide variety of discount vehicles online today. In addition to the best deals we also have low cost car hire in over 10,000 other select worldwide locations.
While you are there, head to the nearby attractions, rent a car from Ceduna Airport by booking online today. You will be provided with the exact pick-up address in the reservation process. Our total price quotes include: Collision damage waiver, theft protection, third party liability insurance, tax (VAT), unlimited mileage, and location/airport fees.
To begin your reservation simply select your dates and click "Search" to get the lowest rates available online. Book your Ceduna Airport car rental with us now. CarHireX.com is the easiest way to book car hire online.


text:
Decision Analysis Model and Report
JaKaiser Smith
Southern New Hampshire University
Date: 07/09/2015
In this report following resources have been utilized to establish a relationship between Retail Salesperson's salaries and their intent to shoplift at their own workplace:
* The Larceny theft data from Federal Bureau of Investigation's official website for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013;
* 25th and 26th Annual Retail Theft Surveys by Hayes International for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013;
* National Conference of State Legislatures website for Labor and employment data for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013.
'Shoplifting' is undoubtedly a psychological issue ...view middle of the document...
e., shoplifting instances per 10,000 Retail salesperson.
Table 1 Research Analysis Synopsis (Year: 2013)
The Table 1 above summarizes the findings from this project. Here A_PCT10, A_PCT25, A_MEDIAN represents average 10th percentile, 25th percentile and Median salaries of Retail Salesperson for the year 2013 respectively. There is a small yet clear disparity between the salaries where shoplifting instances are less than or equal to 378 and that where the same is greater than 378. When the salaries are at the extreme low end of the spectrum even a difference of $100 makes a lot of difference in the life of an individual!
Table of Contents
Introduction 4
Research Question 4
Data Appraisal 5
Techniques 6
Evaluation 7
Model 8
Results 10
Limitations 11
References 12
Annexures 13
Figure 1 Decision Tree (Scenario#1) Year: 2013 8
Figure 2 Decision Tree (Scenario#2) Year: 2013 9
Figure 3 Colour key for Decision Tree (Scenario#2) Year: 2013 9
Figure 4 Resultant values from the two Decision Trees 10
Figure 5 Sensitivity Analysis (as per A_PCT10 in Decision Tree#2) 10
Figure 6 Shoplifting rate graph 13
Table 1 Research Analysis Synopsis (Year: 2013) 2
Table 2 Core Values used for plotting Decision Trees (Year: 2013) 7
Table 3 Core Values used for plotting Decision Trees (Year: 2012) 7
Table 4 Master Data-set 14
'Shoplifting' is a major crime in the USA today. According to the data sets used in this project, it has been estimated that the annual shoplifting losses in the USA amounts to be greater than $13,000,000,000! On an average an employee shoplifts products worth $715 dollars whereas the average amount shoplifted by an External customer is around $129. This is confirmed by the fact that Employee theft contributes 43% and shoplifting contributes 37% to the overall Retail shrink in the USA. The overall Retail shrink in USA is measured at around 1.48% of the total Retail sales. For example, the Retail sales in the USA for the year 2014 was around $4.732 trillion, therefore, the Retail Shrink during that year would have been $70,033,600,000! Even though technologies like Smart Tagging, Entry sensors, and Source tagging have been deployed but still the numbers don't cease to proliferate.
This analysis is specific to Retail Salesperson, the front-end force of people who drives the sales in the stores. The intended population for this analysis is that of the Retailers who always have a hard time in figuring out the ways to minimize the store shrinkage. As the Store management team are reasonably well paid, well-educated and need to set an example for these Sale-force, the personnel responsible for store shrink have solely been considered to be Retail Salesperson (OCC Code: 41-2031). All the data pertaining to 'Retail Salesperson' is used in this research (e.g., number of employees and their current pay for the year 2011-13). The latest available data are that of the year 2013, therefore,...


text:
寻找这个程序的.apk? - AndroidFreeApks尽量给直接下载链接的最新版本 "编者' ChoiceEditors' Choice Peak – Brain Games & Training APK" 为你的Android操作系统手机或平板电脑. 这个应用程序属于Android类别. 这个APK文件最后更新/发布日 5, 2019 在 4:28 下午. 选择从下面直接下载链接下载,开始获取apk文件 "编者' ChoiceEditors' Choice Peak – Brain Games & Training APK", 然后将文件移动到你的Android手机的SD卡,并使用一个文件管理器,你喜欢浏览和安装. 你需要的Android 4.0.3 或更高版本安装此应用.
It's time to play smarter and feel sharper with Peak, the app chosen by Google as one of the Best Android的 Apps in 2016. Join millions of brain trainers worldwide and see what the fuss is all about.
– 自由 游戏 that challenge your Memory, Attention, Problem Solving, Mental Agility, 语言, Coordination, Creativity and Emotion Control.
– Learn which categories you excel in, and compete with friends by comparing your brainmap and game performance.
– Meet Coach, the personal trainer for your brain, to help you track your progress and improve.
– Works offline so you can enjoy Peak games wherever you are.
– More than 35 games available and regular updates to keep you challenged.
– Get personalised workouts and in-depth insights with Peak Pro.
– Get access to Peak Advanced Training modules: intensive programs that train a specific skill, including the new Wizard memory game created with Professor Barbara Sahakian and Tom Piercy in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge.
Designed in collaboration with experts in neuroscience, cognitive science and education, Peak makes brain training fun and rewarding. Peak's scientific advisory board includes Bruce E. Wexler, M.D., Professor Emeritus at Yale School of Medicine and Founder & Chief Scientist of C8 Sciences, and Professor Barbara Sahakian FMedSci DSc, Professor of Clinical Neuropsychology at the University of Cambridge.
守护者 : "Its mini games focus on memory and attention, with strong detail in its feedback on your performance."
The Wall Street Journal: "Impressed with graphs in Peak that let you see your performance over time."
Techworld: "The Peak app is designed to provide each user with a profound level of insight into their current state of cognitive function."
Selected by Google as Editor's Choice
跟着我们 – twitter.com/peaklabs
像我们 – Facebook的.com/peaklabs
探望我们 – peak.net
Say hi – firstname.lastname@example.com
For more information:
使用条款 – HTTP://www.peak.net/terms-and-conditions
隐私政策 – HTTP://www.peak.net/privacy-policy
Payment Policy – HTTP://www.peak.net/payment-policy
类别: Education
操作系统: Android的
价钱: 自由
Your brain is unique and that's why Coach creates personal workouts just for you. But we all have specific skills we want to challenge and so we're introducing Workout Selection. You can select from a range of workouts, each one specially created for you. Interested in language? Try our language workout! Only have 5 minutes to train? Our 5 minute Coffee Break workout is perfect!
- So this is an edit. I had to write the stuff below to get a response to get help and a solution. I shouldn't have had to, but their response was immediate so I'm changing my review. I would still like to see their contact info without having to write a bad review. Here is what got me upset: There is the speed spotting game that won't load. I have a paid subscription. I tried to contact the game's creator and there is no way to do it. ***Now it is resolved and I'm glad. It's a good game and I play it a lot or I'd never have paid money for it. In their favor they responded to my review asap and I appreciate that.
- I used to love this game, but now out of 6 free ones you get 4, today I watched a video to replay a game and after the video I didn't get a replay, 代替 4 I only got 3 games today. More often than not you watch a video and still don't get to play the extra games. It's frustrating and deceitful
- Used to be brilliant. Now you must watch free videos to get another go. Unfortunately I have watched a large number of ad videos now but still was not able to play an extra game. Or even replay the basic 4. Waste of time. 抱歉
Peak file information
包裹名字: com.brainbow.peak.app
版: 3.14.15 (200508)
更新: 八月 3, 2018
最小Android版本: Android的 5.0 (棒糖, API 21)
DOWNLOAD Peak 3.14.15 (200508) APK
- DOWNLOAD Peak 3.14.15 (200508) APK – 87.8 MB
Peak – Brain Games & Training 3.14.13
包裹名字: com.brainbow.peak.app
版: 3.14.13 (200506)
上传: 八月 2, 2018
最小Android版本: Android的 5.0 (棒糖, API 21)
Peak – Brain Games & Training 3.13.5
包裹名字: com.brainbow.peak.app
版: 3.13.5 (200492)
上传: 七月 27, 2018
最小Android版本: Android的 5.0 (棒糖, API 21)
Peak – Brain Games & Training 3.12.10
包裹名字: com.brainbow.peak.app
版: 3.12.10 (200487)
上传: 六月 25, 2018
最小Android版本: Android的 4.1 (果冻豆, API 16)


text:
Welcome to Intake.Me's Event Schedule
Learn more about our Empowered #patientchat series and how to participate.
- This event has passed.
Whole Health & Wellness with @justagoodlife – Empowered #patientchat – NEW DATE
October 21, 2016 @ 10:00 am - 11:00 am
Note: This chat, originally scheduled for October 14th, will now occur on October 21st.
You're Invited! Join us for a great discussion on whole health and wellness with Julie Cerrone, whose mantra is "It's just a bad day, NOT a bad life!".
Julie looks forward to chatting with participants about how you can work with your doctor, get the right tests, take the right medication, but also realize you have ownership of your health and you can address it with diet, exercise, stress management, and more.
Julie is an American Association of Drugless Practitioners Certified Holistic Health Coach, ePatient Advocate, doTerra Wellness Advocate, speaker and spoonie blogger thriving with psoriatic arthritis, avascular necrosis of the femur, complex regional pain syndrome and has battled melanoma, depression and anxiety. She started itsjustabadday.com, which was named one of the top 5 psoriatic arthritis blogs by EverydayHealth.com. Staying busy is a way of life for Julie. Some of her accomplishments and activities include: Stanford Medicine X ePatient Scholar, mentor for the National Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Foundation, member of the Advocacy and Mission Committee for Arthritis Foundation, active participant in WEGO Health projects, passionate member of the IRT Digital Activist Team, coach of nutrition and wellness classes at the Avani Institute in McMurray, PA and excited member of the Intake.me Patient Advisory Board.
Guiding our discussion will be the following Topic Questions (T:):
T1: What does "wellness" mean for you?
T2: How do diet, exercise and stress management play a part in your pursuit of wellness? Does your doctor bring these up?
T3: How can you work with your doctor to get the right tests and meds that support your vision for whole health and wellness?
T4: What are ways you integrate your mental and physical wellness?
T5: How can healthcare better foster #wholepersonhealthcare?
Bonus: The fall brings increased celebrations with family and friends. What are some tips to keep your wellness goals on track?
We hope to see you Friday, October 21st on Twitter (or tchat.io/rooms/patientchat) at 10:00 am Pacific / 1:00 pm Eastern. Be sure to include the hashtag #patientchat in all your responses! Click HERE to learn more about our Empowered #patientchat Series and how to participate.
Please read our Empowered Patient Chat guidelines.
You can reserve your spot at a future webinar here.