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9609 Amberjack Dr
Texas City, TX 77591
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Contact Monica Foster for more information about this single family home.
Broker Assoc, CRS, ABR, CNE, CHMS
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Fantastic one story, three bedroom home located in a quiet neighborhood.
There is a lovely rock garden along the walkway that leads to the home.
The lush landscaping gives this home great curb appeal.
A view from the entryway looking toward the street.
Beautiful red door with leaded glass welcomes you into the home.
Spacious family room with marvelous wood-look tile flooring.
The family room features vaulted ceilings and a terrific ceiling fan.
The family room opens to the kitchen and dining area which makes entertaining a breeze.
The dining area has a large window with a fabulous view of the backyard.
Beautiful kitchen with a large pantry and lovely white cabinetry with ample space.
The kitchen features a two level island with plenty of space for bar stools on the opposite side.
The kitchen has beautiful granite counters with marvelous tile backsplash.
Spacious master bedroom with tile flooring and tray ceiling.
The master suite has plenty of space for king size furniture.
The master bathroom boasts dual sinks with granite counters and a fantastic garden tub.
The first of two secondary bedrooms. This room has a large walk-in closet.
This bedroom is perfect for family or a guest.
The guest bathroom has a granite counter and terrific space.
This bedroom makes a wonderful home office.
This bedroom features tile flooring a a lovely white ceiling fan.
The utility space for the washer and dryer is centrally located just outside of the master bedroom.
Huge backyard with fruit trees and enough space for a garden.
Large deck that is partially covered. Perfect place to relax after a stressful day.
Another view of the backyard.
The large mature tree provides shade on those hot summer days.
Near the entrance to the neighborhood is a fabulous recreation area with a park, pavilion and a tennis court.
The pavilion has picnic tables and a couple of BBQ grills. Great place for a cookout with family or friends.
The recreation area features a wonderful tennis court for residents.
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- Data last updated: 07-29-2019 at 10:50AM


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"Substantial" work is required on two major bridges in Perth, including measures to stop cars mounting the pavement, it has been revealed.
A recent report has highlighted that road structures, which includes bridges, culverts and retaining walls, throughout Perthshire continue to decline "year on year".
The new statistics were revealed in the roads asset annual status report for the period 2017/18 and were presented at the environment and infrastructure committee at Perth and Kinross Council last week.
Councillors were told particular attention will be paid to both the Old Perth Bridge and the Queen's Bridge with "substantial work" mooted for both structures over the next few years. Plans are also in place to install bollards on the footpaths of both bridges in order to "deter vehicles mounting onto the walkways."
Despite the improvements needed a council chief for the report said: "Every bridge has its own lifespan.
"Most modern bridges or new bridges are set to last around 120 years from when they are built.
"There will be substantial work on both bridges for the coming years and there will be updates on that."
Speaking at last week's meeting, city centre councillor Peter Barrett asked whether there would be "sufficient improvements" made to the footways on the bridges.
The officer replied: "As part of the bollards project there will be updates on that."
The report outlines the need for "an increase in future capital and revenue investment would be required to address this decline."
This comes despite the council previously approving an additional £6 million of investment in the road network and structures over three years in 2016 when setting the 2016/17 revenue budget.
In addition to that a budget motion for a further £20m over the next 10 years was approved in June of this year.
The report says: "The overall condition of the council's road structures (bridges, culverts and retaining walls) continues to decline year on year.
"An increase in future capital and revenue investment would be required to address this decline.
"Perth and Kinross Council continues to work with Dundee City and Angus councils to build on existing partnerships, and develop our collaborative approach to the management and maintenance of the local roads network."
The report was approved.

subset: commoncrawl


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Is your team evaluating new ERP systems and Microsoft Dynamics AX and QAD are solutions being considered?
We invite you to download our free white paper, Microsoft Dynamics AX vs QAD.
This white paper evaluates the two ERP solutions across a wide range of evaluation criteria, including:
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- Implementation Costs: One can't say that QAD will cost less than Microsoft Dynamics AX, or vice versa, in every instance.
- Ease of Use: Gartner still references user experience as a caution in its assessment of QAD.
- Business Intelligence: AX provides a breadth and depth of reporting and business intelligence that QAD does not, due to the fact that Microsoft owns its BI tools.
- Validation: Merit Solutions now provides comparable validation capabilities with Microsoft Dynamics AX and MAXLife Life Sciences ERP.
Register now to download the free white paper: Microsoft Dynamics AX vs QAD.


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Netflix trailer shares comedy coming in January
It's almost the new year and new things are coming to Netflix for January. The streaming giant just released a list of everything that is coming to the platform for January. Netflix even released a trailer just to show off all the hot stuff coming to the site.
But between the period dramas and Star Wars films, did you catch all those comedies? If not, that's okay because Laughspin is breaking down all the comedies coming to your laptop next month.
New Comedy Series You Can't Miss:
COMEDIANS of the world coming Jan 1
This stand-up comedy series will introduce you to comedy in scenes around the world. The show features 47 comedians from 13 regions doing half-hour sets in 8 different languages. The groundbreaking series will focus on what's funny all around the world.
Pinky Malinky coming Jan 1
Technically this is a children's show about a hotdog boy and his human friends, but the trailer has a certain kind of weird out-there comedy which sometimes becomes a draw for (high) adult audiences.
Sex Education coming Jan 11
This comedy-drama follows Otis Milburn, an inexperienced and awkward high schooler who lives with his sex therapist mother. He uses his knowledge of sex from his mother to open his own underground high school sex education business in hopes of gaining popularity.
Trigger Warning with Killer Mike coming Jan 18
This new comedy docuseries follows rapper Killer Mike and a team of comedian correspondents as they explore today's hot topics. Think The Daily Show with an aggressively-named rapper.
Returning Shows:
Call My Agent!: Season 3 coming Jan 4
This French comedy about the showbiz industry in Paris hasn't been a huge hit in America but has gotten amazing reviews.
Friends from College: Season 2 coming Jan 11
Friends from College's first season got mixed-to-bad reviews, which is too bad because there are some great performances from comedians Keegan-Michael Key and Billy Eichner nestled in there. The gets a second chance to impress featuring the same group of Harvard friends as they deal with their 40s.
Grace and Frankie: Season 5 coming Jan 18
This Emmy-winning comedy is back for more with stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin coming up with over-60 vibrators. The two will continue to deal with family, sexuality, business, and the two's friendship.
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Season 4, Part 2 coming Jan 25
Remember when Season 4 came out and it was only six episodes? Well, don't worry! More episodes are coming. Season 4 will be the last season of the show and includes a double episode-length Sliding Doors tribute episode.
Netflix Original Movies You'll Get Told You 'Have To' Watch:
Lionheart coming Jan 4
This dramedy is the first African-made Netflix original film. While other movies like Cary Fukunaga's Beasts of No Nation have been filmed in Africa, Genevieve Nnaji's Lionheart will be the first to be made by an African filmmaker. The film came out of Nigeria's budding film industry and premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. In the film, a woman takes over the family business to prove herself in a male-dominated world.
The Last Laugh coming Jan 11
Starring Richard Dreyfuss and Chevy Chase, this comedy follows a retired talent manager who reconnects with his former client who gave up stand up comedy years ago when he tries to get him back out on the road.
Comedy Specials Not to be Missed:
Sebastian Maniscalco: Stay Hungry coming Jan 15
Sebastian Maniscalco's new special is based on his memoir of the same name. The special was shot at Radio City Music Hall. It will be the comedian's first Netflix-produced special, though several of his past hours can be streamed on the service.
Gabriel "Fluffy" Iglesias: One Show Fits All coming Jan 29
Gabriel Iglesias finished up his One Show Fits All world tour earlier this year. It will be the second Netflix-produced comedy special for the Hispanic comedian, the first being I Am Sorry For What I Said When I Was Hungry, which came out in 2016. Iglesias will also star in his own Netflix sitcom later next year.
Movies to Binge Again:
Definitely, Maybe coming Jan 1
Hell or High Water coming Jan 1
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back coming Jan 1
Swingers coming Jan 1
Monty Python and the Holy Grail coming Jan 2
Ant-Man and the Wasp coming Jan 29
For the Kids:
Happy Feet coming Jan 1
It Takes Two coming Jan 1
Mr. Bean's Holiday coming Jan 1
The Addams Family coming Jan 1
Trolls: The Beat Goes On! Season 5 coming Jan 18
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation coming Jan 24
The Incredibles 2 coming Jan 30


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DOCMA help: make stars brighter
In the newDOCMA edition 86 (January / February 2019) answered Doc Baumann following question our reader Burkhardt Schaaf: "Mith the attached image (detail) I have my problems: Although the starry sky comes on the screen clearly out, but on every printout the stars are hardly visible. Can you give me any advice on how I should proceed, so that the stars come out well in print? "
Solution: make stars brighter
01 New level with stars
Since only the stars, but the building will not be changed in the foreground or not quite dark sky near the horizon, first select the starry sky with the lasso and wider, smoother selection edge. Duplicate the selected area to a new level; If necessary, they desaturate them. Faint stars just above the horizon, you can neglect. Per "Levels" or "Curves" make the sky so dark and the stars as bright as possible.
02 Brighter and more stars
Set the layer to "Negative Multiply" and apply "Filter> Other Filters> Light areas enlarge to." This goes to Photoshop CS6 in 1-pixel jumps, precise in Photoshop CC with a decimal place (see the page after next). Finish the bright stars.
Consultations tip: make stars brighter. More solutions to readers' questions can be found in Doc Baumann's clinic in the new DOCMA issue 86 (January / February 2019)
You get the DOCMA booklet in all good newsagents, railway stations and airports as well as in our DOCMA shop, There (and only there) you can choose between ePaper edition and printed magazinechoose. Both together are alsoin combined subscription.
Here you can easily find out where the book is available in your area.


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As is predicted at the end of the holiday season, truckload capacity was very tight for the week ending January 5 and starting on December 31. The increased holiday loads brought about an increase of 3 cents for averages across the nation when it came to flatbeds, reefers, and dry vans.
While truckload capacities were high as 2018 drew to a close, fuel surcharges were dropping significantly. However, the rates that were dropped when it came to high traffic lanes could indicate that trends will be changing as 2019 begins.
Data for the new year does show that generally spot rates are high. Spot market loads rose overall by 18 percent for the week December 30 through January 5 in comparison with spot market loads from the week December 23 through December 29. Spot market capacities rose by a total of 11 percent over the same period. When it comes to spot market loads looked at over monthly periods, they dropped 5.5 percent in December compared with November. They also dropped 19 percent when figures from December of 2018 are compared with figures seen back in December of 2017.
For the week of December 30 to January 5, the biggest increase is seen in flatbed load-to-truck figures. Here there was an increase of 29 percent seen. There was also an increase seen in flatbed load-to-truck figures in December compared with the preceding month of November. Here an increase of 13 percent was seen. On the other hand, there was a significant drop seen of 33 percent in flatbed load-to-truck figures in December of 2018 compared to December of 2017.
Both van and reefer load-to-truck figures showed a drop in the week of December 30 to January 5 compared with the preceding week. Van load-to-truck figures dropped only slightly by 0.2 percent while reefer load-to-truck figures dropped by a total of 7.1 percent. Spot van rates rose by 1.4 percent and reefer spot rates rose by 1.2 percent over the same period.
One noteworthy statistic when December of 2018 is compared with December 2017 is the fact that reefer load-to-truck figures dropped by 49 percent over this period. Flatbed load-to-truck figures also dropped this past December compared to the preceding December, but only dropped by 41 percent.
When it comes to national spots rates for vans, flabeds, and reefers, there was an increase seen in the last week of 2018 and first week of 2019 for all three. While reefer national spot rates were highest on January 5 at $2.47, flatbed spot rates were only one cent behind at $2.46. National spot rates for vans were lower at $2.11 on January 5.
Fuel prices continued their drop in the week of December 30 to January 5. They dropped by 0.9 percent over the preceding week for this period. It's also worth noting that fuel prices were lower in December than in November. They showed a drop of 5.4 percent comparing this past month to the preceding one. Although fuel prices have recently shown a drop, it's worth noting that they are 7.3 percent higher for December of 2018 than they were for December of 2017.
Topics: Spot Trends


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FilmSpace at London Film Festival: Knives Out; Portrait of a Lady on Fire; Judy and Punch; Rocks
19:51 pm
Film critic Calum Cooper has gone south for the 63rd London Film Festival. Up next are reviews for both Rian Johnson's and Celine Sciamma's newest films, both of which he praises highly, as well as the comical Judy and Punch, and the poignant Rocks.
Knives Out – ★★★★★


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AndroDumpper for Windows 10, 8, 7 and Mac PC -Free Download
Androdumpper app is one of the most downloaded applications. A free WiFi WPS relevant tool that helps to simply connect on the various WiFi network. The developer Osama Abu released with the hacking features. Mostly it works for WPS Connect. But there are more facilities available for Windows 10, 8, 7 edition! AndroDumpper is for trying to find out router» Read more


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- IELTS Writing Task 2 Questions (2013 – 2018) & Model Answers
- AcademicIELTS Writing Task 2 Topic (in September, 2015) & Band 9.0 Model Essay
- Academic IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic (in April, 2015) & Band 9.0 Sample Essay
- IELTS Writing Task 2 Argumentative Essay of Band 8.5 – Topic: Crime
- Academic IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic 04
In the prevailing scenario, crimes are drastically increased all over the world, this is due to people valued for money rather than the values and relations. According to me, youngsters are not getting enough support from their parents as well as from the teachers, whereas some adolescents attracted to the bad habits through their friends.
To begin with, in this contemporary world, both the parents need to work to get an economical status in the society. So, they don't have time to check and teach their kids how to behave in the society. For instance, in the US, most of the people are doing jobs by leaving their children in the baby care centres and they don't have time to spend with them. Because of that absurd behaviours can be observed among teens and they don't understand the moral values.
Moreover, teachers' role is very important in a child's life. They are the key persons in building a society. But nowadays, they are merely teaching the subjects like Mathematics, science and languages. They have to teach not only academic lessons which are useful for the future career of students but also the social and emotional qualities need to improve in a child. For example, in the developed countries, children are not respecting their teachers. I recently read news article about a child; the child went to school with a gun and shoot couple of his classmates and a teacher and then he Shoot himself and died.
However, adolescents also are getting attracted to their friends without any knowledge of the moral values. They don't understand what is right and what is wrong. So, they are getting addicted to bad habits like drugs, smoking and spoiling their lives. In fact, during my secondary education, a person had a habit of smoking, and he encouraged other persons and some people learnt that habit. Some times without their knowledge they get addicted to other people's bad habits.
In conclusion, children need to get an emotional bond with the parents. In my opinion, grownups should have the social values from their parents and teachers, however, sometimes, they need to know on their own to make decisions.
[ Written by – Navya Karnati -362 words ]
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The warranty period on luminaire is 1 year, 2 years or 3 years depending on the product group (details in attachements)
The realization: repair or replacement of the product with a new one, free from defects
Consideration of complaints applications within 14 days.
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PRM - prismatic lampshade
MPRM - microprism lampshade
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IN - luminaire with indirect light distribution
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M - maintained
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PXF Plexiform http://www.gitlighting.com/uploads/producer_logos/2855e4bbbfab7c351abefdfa4e5ea3b0.jpgVega T5 Diffuser
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Family Typical Owls (Strigidae)
Least Concern
Spot-bellied Eagle-owl (Bubo nipalensis)
French: Grand-duc du Népal German: Nepaluhu Spanish: Búho nepalí
Other common names: Forest Eagle-owl
Bubo nipalensis
Hodgson, 1836,
Possibly close to B. sumatranus. Sri Lankan blighi perhaps no different from birds in S India. Two subspecies recognized.
Subspecies and Distribution
B. n. nipalensis
Hodgson, 1836 –
Himalayas from N Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand E to S China (Sichuan), S to Cambodia and Vietnam; also S India in Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats#R and Tamil Nadu.
B. n. blighi
Legge, 1878 – Sri Lanka.
Descriptive notes
51–63 cm; 1300–1500 g (sex not reported). Large, powerful, dark brown owl, with well-developed, outward-slanting ear tufts composed of feathers of different sizes... read more
Deep, low, resounding "hoo hoo", 2 seconds duration in total; also loud, mournful... read more
Dense evergreen and moist deciduous forest, usually near water, montane wet temperate forest, mixed... read more
Food and feeding
Mainly large birds; also mammals, reptiles and fish; occasionally carrion. Avian prey includes large phasianids, especially junglefowl,... read more
Lays Feb–Mar in Himalayas and Nepal; Dec–Jan in S India; Apr–May in Sri Lanka. Nest in large tree cavity or abandoned... read more
Status and conservation
Not globally threatened (Least Concern). CITES II. Formerly considered Near Threatened. Global population size and population trends unknown. Rare and local on Indian... read more
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A University of Michigan student has kindly forwarded the following message from university president Mary Sue Coleman and university provost Teresa Sullivan. It shows that the Left only advocate equality when it suits them
Diversity Blueprints: Your ideas wanted
We know we have a great deal of work to do at the University of Michigan to live up to our ideals of a broadly diverse learning community. This would be true regardless of whether Proposal 2 were approved by Michigan voters. But the passage of the amendment makes this work more urgent, particularly with respect to race, ethnicity, gender and national origin.
Our University thrives on finding solutions to vexing societal issues. This is an historic moment, and an opportunity to apply our collective creative, energetic thinking to discover the most effective ways to support diversity. We will succeed only if we have thoughtful input from everyone in our community.
Today we are announcing the creation of a university-wide task force that will encourage innovative thinking among all segments of the University community and identify the best ideas developed through this process. The task force, called "Diversity Blueprints," will be co-chaired by Teresa Sullivan, provost and executive vice president for academic affairs, and Lester P. Monts, senior vice provost and special counsel to the president, and will include students, staff, faculty, alumni and administrators.
The group will begin its work immediately. Its first task will be to engage the U-M community in developing fresh, innovative approaches to sustain and enhance diversity. Through e-mail, a website, brainstorming sessions and other means we will encourage alumni, faculty, staff, students, and others to consider the question, "How can we maintain and enhance diversity at U-M in the years ahead?" Areas for specific input include recruiting, precollege/K-12 outreach, admissions, financial aid, mentoring/student success, climate, curriculum/classroom discussions, diversity research and assessment, and external funding opportunities.
The ideas submitted may range from general insights to detailed plans. In the true spirit of brainstorming, all ideas will be considered regardless of how ambitious or unconventional they may seem. We will commit significant resources to some of the best and most promising recommendations that the Diversity Blueprints task force brings forward. You may share your ideas by writing to email@example.com. More details will be coming soon about members of the task force and other ways you can get involved in this work, such as by attending a campus forum.
Many individuals in our community also have questions about how Proposal 2 affects specific aspects of our work. We have created a central e-mail address, email@example.com, that will assist you in getting answers to your questions. Questions submitted to this address will go to the Office of Institutional Equity and will be routed to the appropriate areas for response.
We are asking the Diversity Blueprints task force, and our entire community, to leave no stone unturned as we explore ways to encourage diversity within the boundaries of the law. We look forward to your ideas and your energy. Together, we must continue to make this world-class university one that reflects the richness of the world.
Prestigious British private schools exported
In what is believed to be the first venture of its kind, Brighton College, a leading independent school, is planning to export British public school education to Russia. Boarding schools in England have attracted interest from growing numbers of wealthy Russians in the past decade who are keen to give their children a high-quality education in a secure, friendly environment. Brighton College is seeking to build on these links by building its own public school, 50 miles south of Moscow.
Several elite schools, such as Dulwich College, Harrow and Shrewsbury, have set up in the Far East to feed a growing appetite for British public school education, but none has so far attempted such an undertaking on Russian soil. Four hundred boys and girls will be offered Mandarin, polo and cricket, and taught a European-style curriculum, in English, in the grounds of a school near Borovsk, south of Moscow. Estimated to cost 18 million pounds, it could open as early as 2009. The school is the brainchild of Mikhail Orloff, a Russian businessman and the grandson of King Farouk, and it hopes to blend the best of English education with Russia's culture and history. It would operate mostly as a weekly boarding school.
Richard Cairns, the headmaster of Brighton College, said that Russian parents were attracted to the school because they would no longer have to send their children abroad for a top-class education. "Parents have been sending their children to Europe, but they don't like it because when they come over, they stay," he said. "They believe that Russia is losing her children. But this way, they hope to keep the same value system and the children."
The cleverest pupils would be able to spend their last couple of years studying A levels at Brighton College, which also has partnerships with schools in China and Australia. Mr Orloff approached the college after it became the first private school in England to make Mandarin compulsory for all new pupils. Brighton College is developing a three-year plan with Lord Skidelsky, an economist of Russian origin and chairman of its board of governors, to raise the money. Richard Niblett, the director of music, is overseeing the project. He has been living in Moscow since September to undertake feasibility studies and raise to funds for the school. "The concept is to draw on the best of both education systems - the logic of science and maths, which the Russians excel at, and the house-style system and arts of British public schools," he said. "Teaching in Russia is quite dogmatic, whereas we tend to help them think outside the box more."
There would certainly seem to be a market for it. According to the Independent Schools Council, which includes 1,288 of the Britain's 2,500 private schools, 343 Russian students were attending its schools in 2005-6. These parents were paying more than 5.5 million pounds for one year's school fees. Brighton College charges about 16,000 a year for weekly boarders, but their Russian affiliate would charge just 10,350 a year.
While Russia already has a handful of good Western-style private day schools, such as the Anglo-American School, the English International School and the British International School, they are not linked to any leading independent schools in Britain. The advantage of its model, Brighton College argues, is not only that it will follow a tried and tested method of schooling, which has worked well for centuries in Britain, but will also take children out of the pollution of Moscow during the week
When two students walked into their lecturer's study to mount a challenge about the mark one of them had received in a multiple choice exam, the academic smiled. The first student had scored 90 per cent; the second 10 per cent. All three people knew the real reason for the gripe was that the second student had copied the first. So why the discrepancies in the marks? Unruffled, the academic compared the disgruntled student's answers to the master copy, demonstrating that the fail mark was justified.
They had just been foiled by a well-worn sting within the biochemistry department at the University of Sydney. Frustrated by suspicions that students were cheating, the department creates four variations to each multiple choice exam it prepares. If students copy the letters circled by their neighbours, they will arrive at different results. The more they copy, the worse they will do.
"What our solution enables us to do is say natural justice has occurred," said Associate Professor Gareth Denyer, a senior lecturer. "This student has ended up with an incredibly low mark as a result of their cheating . There's a wonderfully sweet feeling . It's evil of me, I know. But they're trying to get one over you and you end up getting one over them."
The department has been improving the system over seven years, but despite its success being published within the university and externally, other academics have resisted adopting it. Some regard it as a form of entrapment. Others have their own systems. But Professor Denyer believes that many do not want to know if their students are cheating. "There's a very strong head-in-the-sand culture," he said.
For greatest efficiency, lowest cost and maximum choice, ALL schools should be privately owned and run -- with government-paid vouchers for the poor and minimal regulation.
The NEA and similar unions worldwide believe that children should be thoroughly indoctrinated with Green/Left, feminist/homosexual ideology but the "3 R's" are something that kids should just be allowed to "discover"
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Sunday, November 26, 2006
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This is as much as can be expected in the limits of a small handbook.The literature of the subject is considerable, and the present writer only takes credit to himself so far as his own wide experience and practice have enabled him to present the subject in a simple and brief manner.Let it suffice that if we can trace an actual connectedness between the disposition of the heavenly bodies at the moment of a birth and the known life and character of the individual then born, and an exact correspondence between the course of events in that life with the changes occurring in the heavens subsequent to the moment of birth, we shall do well to accept the fact for what it is worth, and arrange our philosophic notions accordingly.As far back as the year 2154, we find mention of the great importance attaching to the celestial phenomena in the minds of Chinese rulers.When it comes to the subject of love we always hope that there are no real significant barriers to its success.In our hearts, if not in our heads, we're convinced that love will always trump practical concerns such as money, social class, race and even gender. And what about age as it relates to older women involved with younger men?
Astrology From the earliest ages of the world's history the subject of Astrology has excited the interest of, and exercised a great influence over, the minds of a certain order of thinking men.
The present writer is in a position to know that the study of astrology at the present day is no less sincere than widely spread, but few care to let their studies be known, for, as Prof. Max M�ller recently said, "So great is the ignorance which confounds a science requiring the highest education, with that of the ordinary gipsy fortune-teller." That to which the great Kepler was compelled "by his unfailing experience of the course of events in harmony with the changes taking place in the heavens," to subscribe "an unwilling belief," the science which was practised and advocated by Tycho Brahe under all assaults of fortune and adverse opinion, the art that arrested the attention of the young Newton and set him pondering upon the problems of force and matter, which fascinated the minds of such men as Francis Bacon, Archbishop Usher, Haley, Sir George Witchell, Flamstead, and a host of others, is to-day the favourite theme of thousands of intelligent minds and bids fair to become a subject of popular inquiry.
It is believed that the present work will be of considerable assistance to those who seriously contemplate an initial study of the science of horoscopy, and although it by no means exhausts what is known on the subject, yet it will be found accurate and reliable as far as it goes, and will enable any one of ordinary intelligence to test the claims of Astrology for himself.
Pop star Shakira is involved with a man 10 years her junior.
Actor Hugh Jackman has been married to Deborra-Lee Furness for 17 years. A recent article in magazine looked at a handful of real-life May-December romances, focusing mainly on those between older women and younger men.


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Exploring performance through acting is an opportunity for me to practice being in the present moment. To inhabit a character and think their thoughts, I must first ground myself in my own reality. Over and over again, I use acting to channel my imagination and challenge myself to live fully in the moments I share with others on stage and in film.
A quick compilation of some of the work I've been doing. Visit my YouTube and Vimeo page for more video content!
Check out my latest film!


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Will travel 10 miles
$80 per hour.
4.97 192 ratings
I have a Master's degree in Business, and I have been a successful engineer and businessman for nearly 40 years. I was the principal instructor for a major test preparation company for a number of years, and I am certified to teach test prep for the PSAT, ACT, SAT, GMAT, and GRE. For more than ten years, I was an instructor for Math, Reading and Writing for a major after-school education program. As an Aerospace Engineer and Professional Tutor, I am fully qualified to tutor Math from elementary mathematics through Algebra II and Geometry, and Reading and Writing from phonics and grammar thro [more]
Will travel 15 miles
$64 per hour.
4.92 1295 ratings
I am a 25-year veteran of Silicon Valley, where all my experience has been in Marketing. I am proficient in Product Marketing, Channel Marketing, Field Marketing, Marketing Communications, and Solutions Marketing. I teach Business Marketing at the Graduate level to students from all over the world. I have been a consultant in the marketing field to top companies in the Bay Area. I'm an expert in working with students to develop skills and to understand concepts. My expertise is especially strong in problem solving, and applying concepts to real world situations. I enjoy working with studen [more]
Will travel 15 miles
$150 per hour.
4.95 499 ratings
I received an A in marketing in my college class. I also ran a marketing branch office for two summer breaks for Vector Marketing and have exposure to real world applications. I would feel very comfortable teaching principles of marketing, as I have tutored other business classes. I have quite a bit of experience as a teacher, tutor, and trainer in a variety of areas. Through high school and college I was a math tutor and have been tutoring professionally for the past two years around 70 hours each week while my fiancee attends graduate school. I have worked with at least 10 different students [more]
Will travel 35 miles
$40 per hour.
5.0 5 ratings
I have a undergraduate degree in International Business and Marketing. I have worked doing marketing for many companies both with social media and other avenues. I currently am working for a company doing their social media marketing. Hello, my name is Zach! I studied Spanish in Palabra de Vida (Word of Life) in Argentina. I graduated from a internationally accredited multicultural bilingual program. I then lived in Palabra de Vida in Argentina for 5 years. During my time in Argentina I worked as a teacher, translator, public speaker, counselor, writer and even cultural studies all in Spanish! [more]
Will travel 3 miles
$100 per hour.
0.0 0 ratings
Since receiving an MBA in Marketing/Finance from Columbia Business School, I have worked in various capacities as a marketing executive. As a consultant at KPMG, I spent nine years marketing transaction services to both in-house and external clients, including extensive brand-building and product positioning initiatives and highly targeted outreach campaigns to secure new business. Later as an entrepreneur I spent seven years successfully producing, marketing and distributing premium digital, television and feature film content directly to consumers. This included developing extensive outre [more]
Will travel 40 miles
$65 per hour.
0.0 0 ratings
After obtaining an MBA in Marketing, I became known as the top California marketing professional in both residential and commercial real estate, earning valuable awards and priceless client appreciation. My success in real estate was the direct result of my international Internet marketing talents. And my award-winning marketing was founded on my command of and creativity with the English language. Born in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, I started tutoring "English as a second language" when I was earning an MFA at the University of the Americas in Mexico City and during the time when I was granted [more]
Will travel 20 miles
$50 per hour.
4.99 71 ratings
I served for over 15 years as Marketing Director for California Theatre Center (CTC), a professional, not-for-profit theatre company which specializes in curriculum-based productions for elementary school field trips. I was responsible for marketing, PR and sales for a 10-20 production Young Audiences Series, a Summer Repertory series for adults and families, an extensive education program and Tours across the US. A licensed Realtor prior to that, I marketed residential and commercial rental properties for several years. My minor in college was Business Psychology, so it made sense that I ende [more]
Will travel 8 miles
$100 per hour.
4.78 37 ratings
I graduated from Univ. of Pennsylvania with an engineering degree with a minor in Marketing from Wharton. I have an MBA from Santa Clara in Marketing and Quantitative Analysis. Additionally I am currently working on my doctorate in business focusing on Entrepreneurship, with a 3.91 in completed coursework. I am currently writing my research proposal which addresses identification and prediction of tipping points of disruptive innovations. I am also a consultant in monetization of intellectual proprties which addresses marketability of innovations, including business practices. [more]
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$95 per hour.
4.72 75 ratings
In my capacity as the Creative Director of an online luxury boutique based out of Ireland, I planned and executed all online and social media marketing campaigns. I scrutinized the analytics in order to target areas needing improvement. Additionally, I conceived of and implemented SEO strategy for the website and authored all content - verbal and aesthetic - for the company's Wordpress magazine. Tutoring is something I fell into in high school, and I haven?t stopped since. I started out by helping friends and other classmates; however, in college, it became my unofficial part-time job - one [more]
Will travel 10 miles
$50 per hour.
4.0 4 ratings
I had 6 years of formal business education which included 6 semester courses in Marketing. In my business career, I have done over 10 marketing plans for product launches into new markets and channels. I am very experience and knowledgeable in theoretical and practical product and channel marketing. I have strong academic credentials and business experience and knowledge. It is rewarding for me to tutor business students that have an interest to be future leaders of the corporate world. My strong academic credentials at University of Virginia and San Jose State University will validate my abil [more]


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Relationship between post structuralism and postmodernism religion
Modernism, postmodernism and poststructuralism, the difference | Thought Leader
poststructuralism, and might be thought of as ated analyses of the relationship between power, language claims to uncover truth, including religion, science. terms structuralism and poststructuralism, as well as of the terms modernity, to education: in fact, I shall argue that the connection of these terms and the ideas . mental certainty could be found, beyond the murderous religious schisms and. Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human site that aims to allow users not only to describe post-structuralist ideas.
This impossibility was not meant as a failure or loss, but rather as a cause for "celebration and liberation". This theory proposes that there are frequently used pairs of opposite but related words conceptsoften arranged in a hierarchy.
Examples of common binary pairs include: Post-structuralism rejects the notion of the dominant word in the pair being dependent on its subservient counterpart. The only way to properly understand the purpose of these pairings is to assess each term individually, and then its relationship to the related term. It emphasized the logical and scientific nature of its results. Post-structuralism offers a way of studying how knowledge is produced and critiques structuralist premises.
It argues that because history and culture condition the study of underlying structures, both are subject to biases and misinterpretations.
A post-structuralist approach argues that to understand an object e. From this basic distinction, Post-structuralist studies often emphasize history to analyze descriptive concepts.
Postmodernism and Poststructuralism - Geography - Oxford Bibliographies
By studying how cultural concepts have changed over time, Post-structuralists seek to understand how the same concepts are understood by readers in the present. For example, Michel Foucault's Madness and Civilization is both an observation of history and an inspection of cultural attitudes about madness.
Scholars between both movements[ edit ] The uncertain distance between structuralism and post-structuralism is further blurred by the fact that scholars rarely label themselves as Post-structuralists. Some scholars associated with structuralism, such as Roland Barthes and Foucaultalso became noteworthy in Post-structuralism.
Controversy[ edit ] Some observers from outside the post-structuralist camp have questioned the rigor and legitimacy of the field. American philosopher John Searle [10] argued in that "The spread of 'poststructuralist' literary theory is perhaps the best known example of a silly but non-catastrophic phenomenon.
One can find dozens of books of literary theory bogged down in signifiers and signifieds, but only a handful that refer to Chomsky. The deconstructionists "deconstructionist" and "poststructuralist" mean the same thing, by the way: The poststructuralists attack what they see as a post-Platonic prejudice in favor of presence over absence and speech over writing. We tend to trust speech over writing because of the immediacy of the speaker: But the reason why poststructuralists are in the literary theory business at all is that they see writing, not speech, as more faithful to the metaphysics of true expression.
For Barthes, Derrida, and Foucault, writing is a better animal than speech because it is iterable; it is iterable because it is abstract; and it is abstract because it is a function not of presence but of absence: For a deconstructionist, then, a writer's circumstances and intentions are indeed a part of the "context" of a text, but context imposes no real cinctures on the text's meaning, because meaning in language requires a cultivation of absence rather than presence, involves not the imposition but the erasure of consciousness.
This flood of theory appeared to offer a radical new perspective for understanding and experiencing the world. It was an enlightenment which left all those who rejected it cursed with still being stuck in the murky mire of the old ways of thinking which had dominated western thought for years and which at last we could escape. Such religious fervour with its condemnation of heretics and establishment of new messiahs has softened, and it is now possible to look quietly and calmly at what was going on.
Poststructuralism and Postmodernism in International Relations
Structuralism Structuralism arose on the continent, in particular in France, in the early 60s. A simple explanation of structuralism is that it understands phenomena using the metaphor of language. That is, we can understand language as a system, or structure, which defines itself in terms of itself. Instead it is a self-referential system.
Words explain words explain words as in a dictionaryand meaning is present as a set of structures. He claimed that the analysis of systems of thought required analysis of the detail, to show how each part interacted with other parts. Jacques Lacan, a psychoanalyst who claimed that the unconscious is structured like a language, is widely seen as a major structuralist thinker.
Deconstruction Moving on from the structuralists we come to Derrida and deconstruction. I come to Jacques Derrida next since his first three important books were published inwhich is ahead of the main post-structuralist book Anti-Oedipus which came out in the early s.
Derrida can be called a post-structuralist in a sense, since he moves on from structuralism, taking some of it for granted, and challenging other parts of it.
A Gentle Introduction to Structuralism, Postmodernism And All That | Issue 10 | Philosophy Now
Where the structuralists constructed a system, a structure, Derrida deconstructs it, that is, he takes it apart. However, the disconcerting thing is that he does so from the inside. His technique of deconstruction shows how structures or systems of thought contain the seeds of their own downfall. And further, these contradictions are not something which can be corrected, as if the author had errors in an argument which, once corrected, could produce a better argument, no — rather the contradictions were conditions of the system of thought existing in the first place!


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Test products: AFL has been awarded four patents for new technologies used in the enhancement of AFL's Optical Connectivity and Apparatus (OCA), fiber optic cable and test and inspection products.
The first patent is for "Integrated Distribution Enabling Access Solution" or IDEAA®, a small module that changes how passive optical splitters are deployed in a network. IDEAA's unique design enables customers to utilize standalone mounting capability. The modular distributed splitting platform allows for minimal deployment costs and immediate cost savings for FTTx, cross-connect and WDM applications.
The second patent received was for "Apparatus and Method for Preventing Optical Fiber and Gel from Ejecting out of Buffer Tubes in Fiber Optic Cables." Cable designs that are developed with high excess fiber length (EFL) have the potential to have gel leakage and fiber movement from the buffer tube at the splice points due to extreme temperature variations. The method and apparatus developed prevents these issues by preventing dynamic movement of the fiber and leakage of the gel on live fiber systems.
The next patent is for "Fiber Optic Connector Inspection Microscope with Integral Optical Power Measurement." This technology enables power measurement with the use of a scope. The last patent is a reissue for "High Fiber Count Package Inner Module" packaging technology that protects connectorized cables during shipping.
About AFL
AFL provides industry-leading products and services to the electric utility, broadband, communications, enterprise and OEM markets as well as the emerging markets of oil and gas, mining, nuclear, avionics, renewables and transportation. The company's diverse product portfolio includes fiber optic cable, transmission and substation accessories, outside plant equipment, connectors, fusion splicers, test equipment and training. AFL's service portfolio includes market-leading positions with the foremost communications companies supporting inside plant
For more information about AFL or other products, click here to go to Utility Products' Buyers Guide.


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Verificando los datos de entrada
This fantastic hotel Catalonia Avinyó is situated only a few metres from Plaza Sant Jaume in the centre of the emblematic Gothic quarter of Barcelona and very near to Ramblas. Its privileged location means that guests are only a walk away from the city's most charismatic areas.
Our hotel's minimalist design creates an interesting contrast with the nearby buildings. You can also see every aspect of Barcelona thanks to the panoramic viewsfrom the swimming pool on our terrace. The hotel also offers a fitness room with free access to all customers.
Hotel Barcelona-004430
The modern, minimalist design of each room in this hotel will take you to another world and offer the possibility of disconnecting from the city's hustle and bustle for a few hours. The Catalonia Avinyó hotel has been designed from a sober, functional and simple viewpoint that invites guests to relax and enjoy the peace and quiet. You can take a deserved rest in the solarium, which has a swimming pool on the panoramic terrace, where you can enjoy a new, unforgettable view of the light and colour of this Mediterranean city.
The hotel Catalonia Avinyó is surrounded by some of the city's most beautiful places, next to the avant-garde, Bohemian quarter of El Born, where you can enjoy the busy atmosphere, the best tapas and the most exclusive boutiques in a picturesque mediaeval setting.
The single rooms have all the amenities to make your stay as pleasant as possible.
The double rooms have every convenience to make your stay as pleasant as possible.
More spacious than the other ones, in these rooms you will feel at home.Size: 21 sqm
Equipped room with all amenities and access to balcony with overlooking the street Avinyó
More spacious than the other ones, completely renovated with a little terrace of 9 m2 for exclusive service.
The double rooms have every convenience to make your stay as pleasant as possible.
At our buffet breakfast you can find a variety of natural fruit, cheeses and cold meats, fresh-baked goods and an extensive selection of dietary products. Always featuring in our buffet: Spanish potato tortilla and the famous Catalan tomato bread. Ask about room service breakfast (surcharge applies).
Seven days a week and bank holidays from 7.30 am to 11.00 am.
What do other users think of the Catalonia Avinyó?
Fuente: GRS de Review Pro
Bad Experience Saved by Staff
I had signed up as a member of the Catalonia Reward/loyalty Club, so was expecting all the benefits they advertised but unfortunately we were let down. Booked 2 rooms, one was not ready when we arrived 2pm and the other which was available was not the room we expected. Had to wait until 8pm to get into our second room which was very small, and compact and not very nice at all. We had requested a double bed but were told at reception they did not have any even after requesting one. Not a good start to our stay which was topped off by no WIFI, none of the rewards were offered to us and we did not feel like members - far from it. The second room we were allotted felt like a single room but it did have a DOUBLE BED so we were happy. The majority of the rooms do not have a balcony or window opening to the outside streets. The layout of the building meant that all the windows faced out into a indoor hall area, looked good in theory, but in practice made the room feel like a prison cell. We did notice that some rooms higher up had balconies and windows that opened to fresh air outside. With the exception of one member of staff, who went out of his way to be kind to us ( it was claimed staff had a bad day due to a reservation systme failure) which probably was a reason why we lost all our benefits from the loyalty scheme in the first place, the stay was rescued from being a nightmare to being bearable considering the positive aspects of the hotel. Great location, modern refurbishment of the building and trendy feel about it. Perfect. However €17 for breakfast is a rip off considering that there are some fantastic restaurants close by that will serve you a 4 course meal for €12 or a quality breakfast for €6.
Excelente ubicacion
Excelente Su personal muy profesional y muy amables El hotel todo muy linpio
Very nice
I will give you a 10, room nice, breakfast fabulous
3nights stay
Excellent. Very enjoyable stay.
Ottimo hotel
Posizione ottima, hotel pulito, camere silenziose. La camera trilpa un po' piccola, ma comunque comodissima. Ci tornerei volentieri
Avinyó, 16, 08002 . Barcelona
From airport:
18km - approx €40 in taxi. Aerobus: stop on Plaça de Catalunya.
Nearby transport
Line 3: Liceu station. Line 4: Jaume I station
Lines 91, 59 and V13: Plaça de Catalunya stop. Lines A1 and A2: - La Rambla-Liceu station.
Lines R1, R3, R4, R12, L6, L7, S1, S2, S5, S55: Plaça de Catalunya station.
After 3.00 pm
Until 12 midday
Children may stay.
One free crib per room (on request)
Extra beds (on request)
Permitted, with a surcharge (on request)
If the name of the credit card supplied when booking at the Catalonia Avinyó hotel does not coincide with the name of the guest, please contact the hotel in advance. An identity check and valid credit card are required to check in. The hotel reserves the right to pre-authorise the credit card prior to the entry date.
For bookings of more than 4 rooms or more than 8 nights, payment must be made in advance at this establishment. Once the booking has been made, the hotel will contact guests to organise advance, non-cancellable payment.
Requests regarding bed options are subject to availability.
One dog or cat under 20 kg per room only (on request). Supplement of €20 night/animal and €200 deposit.
Need a transfer to the hotel?
Transfer to and from airport/railway station


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Dumpster Rental in Rowland PA
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What Size Dumpster Should I Get for a Residential Clean Out in Rowland?
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10 yard dumpster dimensions in Rowland
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- A single layer of 1,500 square feet of roof shingles
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If your job is large enough that you do not have room in your truck to haul everything to the dump, but small enough that you do not desire an enormous container, a 10 yard dumpster should work perfectly.
Dumpster Rental Companies Near Rowland
|Company Name
|Califford Hill Sanitation Service Inc
|(610) 683-7086
|Worrell's Trash Removal
|(610) 497-5539
|Hometown Disposal
|(866) 948-7274
|Mapes Landscaping
|(215) 538-9459
|John & Terri Latshaw's Junk Removal
|(610) 273-7490
|Lebanon Farms Disposal Inc
|(717) 273-3671
|Pinciotti Rubbish Removal
|(610) 399-3808
|Jaysburg Disposal
|(570) 323-4344
|Boyd Diller Corp
|(717) 766-6403
|Hot Shot Dumpster Rental
|(215) 794-7320
Our Service Area
Zip Codes in Rowland18457
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Anthropological affiliations of the Pre-Vijayan and Post-Vijayan peoples of Sri Lanka.
Posted on May 20th, 2012
R Chandrasoma
That we do not have a satisfactory account of the physiognomy or salient physical characteristics of the ancient peoples of Sri Lanka is a fact few would dispute. It is possible to have a rich description of the doings and actions of ancient peoples without a physical description of the actors that goes beyond the banal and the commonplace. What kind of people were the inhabitabts of Sri Lanka immediately before the Vijayan "ƒ"¹…" invasion' some five centuries BC? Here "ƒ"¹…"kind' refers to a biological variant at the sub-specific level within the ruling type Homo sapiens. While the latter had out-survived the competing archaic forms of the pre-human kind, there was much intra-specific evolution leading to a considerable diversity of "ƒ"¹…"racial' types in widely-separated regions of the world. That Africa was a great centre of anthropogenesis is a well-established fact. Less well known is the fact that the Indonesian and North-Australian territories were also important centres of late anthropogenesis at a time when the Palaeartic and African regions had lost the evolutionary momentum they displayed at an earlier period. The recent discovery of Flores Man ""…" an extraordinary variant of the genus Homo – powerfully buttresses the thesis that novel kinds of humans evolved in this region and spread "ƒ"¹…"locally' with considerable success.
Strange though it seems, the Indian subcontinent was not a centre of active anthropogenesis ""…" it "ƒ"¹…"received' people from dynamic centres of evolution in other parts of the world ""…"notably from South- East Asia and the Northern Eurasian land mass – but produced nothing distinctive of its own. Thus, the population of this large land mass is the result of the fusion of intruders of diverse kinds. It is significant that the intruding populations were largely bereft of the distinctive Negroid element that characterized the populations of Africa. The key to this puzzle is that the "ƒ"¹…"Negroids' of Africa ""…" in strong contrast to the ancient peoples of South-East Asia – were not sea-farers and had no ability to cross oceans. Needless to say, the same population dynamics that shaped the ethnic profile of India had its parallel in Sri Lanka. The fact that Sri Lanka is an "ƒ"¹…"exposed island' in the Indian Ocean did lead to differences, but these were minor.
From East Asia, two clearly defined anthropological variants enterd the Indo-Sri Lanka region ""…" The Australoid and the Negrito. Thes ancient peoples had some resemblance to the classic Negroids of Africa ""…" but were phylogenetically distinct. Their heavy skin-pigmentation and aspects of body form were evolved in parallel to suit comparable conditions of life across tropical landscapes and habitats. Let us take the Australoids first ""…" they were dark brown to black in skin colour but did not have the fuzzy hair of the true Negros. Their hair was straight or wavy as in the Caucasoids. They had broad flat faces, broad noses, shelf-like brow-ridges and protruding jaws (prognathism). The thick everted lips of the true negros were not seen in these aboriginal Asians. Their cranaial capacity was below the contemporary norm (about 1400 cc). Culurally, they were at the hunter-gatherer stage with no built accommodation, no settled agriculture and no fabricated appliances except of the most rudimentary kind. The Aboriginals of Australia are the archetypical representatives of this group. Pre-Vijayan Sri Lanka had a significant part of its population formed of these early people ""…" called Veddhas in historical writings.
The Negritos of South East Asia form an ancient racial archetype that differs significantly from the Australoids ""…" their hair was fuzzy or crinkly and their skulls ""…" while sharing most of the primitive features of the Australoid skull ""…" was "ƒ"¹…"foetalized' to some degree as these people we pigmy-like and lived in dense tropical forests. It is most likely that the Pre-Vijayan populations of Sri Lanka nad a significant Negrito population that lived "ƒ"¹…"outside history' in the remote forests of our ancient land. ("ƒ"¹…"Nittavo' – a legendary pigmy race mentioned in the folk-lore of the Sinhala people.) Despite the legendary allusions to the Veddhas in the Mahavamsa ""…" about their bastard origins following the misalliance of Kuveni and Prince Vijaya ""…" it is clear that while these people, too, stood "ƒ"¹…"outside the mainstream of history' in being confined to their forest fastnesses , they did mix with the "ƒ"¹…"civilized' majority and their ancient genes are found significantly in contemporary populations.
Who, then, were the civilized autochthons of Pre-Vijayan Sri Lanka? By employing the epithet "ƒ"¹…"civilized' the following is implied ""…" settled agriculture with beginnings of crop-management and irrigation; the construction of semi-permanent dwellings using materials such as mud and wattle; the use of fabricated utensils such as fired or sun-dried pottery and the domestication of buffalos and the like. While the word "ƒ"¹…"town' may be inappropriate, these people lived in villages with (perhaps) a rich social life and had practices that we would recognize as "ƒ"¹…"religion' ""…" the worship of Gods, placatory rituals to ward-off unknown evil forces etc. Let us use the term "ƒ"¹…"Dark Caucasoid or Indo-Caucasoid to denote these first "ƒ"¹…"advanced' inhabitants of Sri Lanka. How can we characterize them anthropologically? They were very far from the ancient racial archetypes mentioned earlier ""…" the Veddhas and the Negrito. They were part of the Early Semitic people who lived in a great arc extending from Mesapotamia to Peninsular India. Thses people were advanced in cranial architecture ""…" resembling the peoples who are now widespread in the Middle-East. In passing to India through its Eastern flank, these Early Semitic Caucasoids mixed with archaic breeds of mankind already settled on the Sub-Continent and, thus, blunted somewhat the true profile of the archetypal Semitic stocks. South India today is awash with racial types that are a mixtures of the archaic, the Semitic and the so-called Aryan ""…" the late invaders of the Indian region.
Let us turn to Sri Lanka. We stated that the "ƒ"¹…"civilized' Pre-Vijayans were Dark Caucasoids with close links (anthropologically) with the ancient Semitic races of the Middle East. The first impulse is to relate these people directly with the mixed Semites of South India. That some of the South Indian mixed Semites crossed over to Sri Lanka is indubitably true. It appears, though, that much of the original population of Lanka crossed its historic shores as stranded sea-farers. The Veddhas are related to the peoples of the Andaman Islands and it it is not farfetched to suppose that "ƒ"¹…"island-hopping' was the mechanism of dispersal of the archaic peoples of South-East Asia. The Fiji-Papuan group of peoples are to this day excellent navigators and their skills in boat-building and the exploitation of sea-routes for "ƒ"¹…"colonization' are well known. The impact of this understanding of the "ƒ"¹…"naval capabilities' of ancient Asian peoples must not be glossed over – it is the realization tha the continental outpost of Sri Lanka with a great ocean around it was a prime terminus for sea-faring "ƒ"¹…"adventureres' of all kinds. That the earliest peoples of our Island ""…" the Australoids and the Negritos ""…" reached it by this "ƒ"¹…"ocean route' is very likely ""…" Indeed, that Southern India obtained its ancient peoples by this route is quite evident when we compare the the archaic populations of the Sub-Continent with their counterparts in South-East Asia.
Let us turn to the Dark Caucasoids ""…" the advanced variant of Homo sapiens that overran the Mediterranian region and had its representatives reach distant India and Sri Lanka. These people did not cross the great mountain-barrier to the North to enter Peninsular India ""…" they most certainly used the sea-route and settled the castal regions bordering the Arabian Sea. They "ƒ"¹…"expanded' to the hinterland in the East and set up such urban show-pieces as witnessed in the conurbations of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
We shall not pursue matters further connected with our great neighbor to the North. The important issue is the origin of the Pre-Vijayan Dark Caucasoids that introduced the finer arts of agriculture and good living into an Island heretofore the abode of such primitive races as the Veddhas and the pygmoid Negritos. Apart from skills in the artifactual, we must suppose that the Pre-Vijayan Dark Caucasoids had attained a degree of spiritual sophistication that made Totemic worship, prayer and identification in spirit with the departed possible ""…" hence the totemic groups such as the Nagas and Yakshayas chronicled as the "ƒ"¹…"indigenes' at the time of the Vijayan invasion'
Let us turn to the Vijayan Invasion that is widely regarded as the great turning point in the history of our Island. The classical description has it that "ƒ"¹…"Aryans' ""…" a fair-skinned race from Nothern India led by a royal vagabond over-powerd the primitive indigenous groups living in Sri Lanka at the time and usherd in an era of power and splendor in a place heretofore benighted and unknown. This is the kind of mythological foolery commonly seen in all ancient histories. That there was such a "ƒ"¹…"landing' of "ƒ"¹…"royals' of some kind may be true ""…" but such "ƒ"¹…"landings' must have been commonplace gven "ƒ"¹…"porousness' of our coastline and the happy location of our Island for early navigators hugging the coast. The Vijayan Invasion is symbolic of many that occurred in the course of our long history.
The key question that must be answered in this context is the following ""…" was it the case that Vijaya and his accompanying cohort differed anthropologically from the Dark Caucasoids already established in Sri Lanka? Here the issue of Aryan identity is relevant and must be briefly touched on. We spoke earlier of the Indo-Caucasoids with Semitic affinities as the chief ethnic component of the populations in Peninsular India. Contemporaneous with these peoples (around 2000 BC) there lived in the steppes of West-Central Asia nomadic tribes of a vigorous disposition that were, perhaps, descendents of a Cro-Magnon Stock that dominated parts of Wester Europe prior to the Last Ice Age, Physically, these people were large, fair-skinned and with "ƒ"¹…"dolichocephalic' skulls with a high forehead, prominent aqualine nose and a well-formed chin without prognathism, They had wavy head-hair that was less pigmented than the standard among the Afro-Asiatic races. Blue or brown corneal pigmentation was the norm, They were commonly hirsute unlike the Mongoloids. This is the archetype ""…" but we find in practice a "ƒ"¹…"gradient' or "ƒ"¹…"cline' when these classic "ƒ"¹…"North European' peoples mixed with the Semitic races to the South. This "ƒ"¹…"mixing' or intermingling of racial traits was seen in a classic form when the so-called "ƒ"¹…"Aryans' crossed the nothern mountains to enter the Indian Peneplain. A cline was established ""…" extending from the original homelands in West-Central Asia to the Sub-Himalayan regions of the Indian Subcontinent, At the upper end the native peoples are to this day "ƒ"¹…"Nordic' in appearance ""…" fair-skinned, blond-haired and with a physique that is distinctively European, The denizens Afganistan, the Pushtans and the Northern Pakistanis belong to the upper end of the "ƒ"¹…"cline' we referred to. They are the "ƒ"¹…"Aryans' spoken of in the classical literature.
We are not concerned with the cultural issues arising from this "ƒ"¹…"clash of Civilizations' in the distant past. Our present concern is with the "ƒ"¹…"racial type' of the Vijayan entourage that entered Sri Lanka aroud 5oo BC ""…" were they fair-skinned and blue eyed? This supposition is absurd as the regions of East Bengal from where the invaders came were substantially down the cline we referred to and were hybrids with mixed features. Indeed, these adventurers would have been very much like the contemporary upper-class Indians of the foothills of the Himalayan range. Why is the label "ƒ"¹…"Aryan' used by these mixed people as a badge of higher status? It has to do with consanguimity and caste. The upper classes were fairer than the indigenous "ƒ"¹…"Dark Caucasoid' people and the "ƒ"¹…"Nothern connection' ""…" the Aryan link ""…" was a badge of status for the nobility.
We return to Sri Lanka. The Vijayans may, indeed, have looked very different from their contemporary islanders because of their fairer skin, elegant body build and cultural sophistication vis-ƒÆ'†' -vis the established native races. It is the suggestion that the latter were rude aboriginals that must be rejected. The White Iberians who invaded South America and destroyed its advanced civilization were treated as God-like by the natives who were overawed by their killing power despite the barbarous nature of their ways. Something as dramatic did not happen in Ancient Sri Lanka but the myth that the so-called Aryan Invader made short work of the rude indigenes of lower stock must be dismissed as historical fiction. Ancient societies become stratified after alien intrusions and this is what happened on a grand scale in India and, to a lesser degree in ancient Sri Lanka. The invading stock ""…" if culturally aggressive and well-armed ""…" rewrites history, relegating the indigenes to positions that do not reflect their true contribution to the building of a nation.
As stated before, North Indian adventurers ""…"and, indeed, adventurers of all kinds ""…" must have found the Island favourable for "ƒ"¹…"putting down roots' and contributing to the "ƒ"¹…"gene pool' of this exposed Island. Let us take the case of the South Asian Mongoloids who contributed significantly to the "ƒ"¹…"gene-pool' mentioned above. The South Asian Mongoloids ""…" better known as Malays ""…" differ from the classic Mongoloids of Nothern Asia in lacking the epicanthic fold of the eye and in the less florid expression of classic Mongoloid traits. They are, nevertheless quite distinctive ""…" They have reddish to yellowish skins, high cheek-bones and have only very slight body-hair. These Southern Mongoloids wer an invasive sub-species that displaced the native Papuans, Dyaks and the Australoid-Negrito stocks that were originally well-established in this vast Far-Eastern region. What is of especial interest to us is the fact that Malay sea-farers entered the southern part of our Island in substantial numbers around the 14th century when Sinhala power in the North was in terminal decline. At roughly the same time, Malay elements invaded Madagascar in the far West – an indication of their prowess as a colonizing race.
It is not necessary to enlarge on the subsequent turbulent history of Sri Lanka. Most kings of Sri Lanka ""…" these includes the early Maurayas ""…" claimed direct Aryan descent and sought strenuously to distance themselves from the mass of the common people. The Lambakanna, the Kalinga and the latter-day Waduge royalty took pride in the fact that they were exalted aliens. The Kotte Kingdom obtained its princely stock from Tamil-speaking aliens. More to the point is that vast armies from South India entered this Island from time to time when royal shenanigans created chaos in the country with foreigners across the strait (Palk Strait) arriving in large numbers to assist the local combatants. The flow was mostly one-way ""…" the aliens stayed on and contributed to the dynamic gene-pool of Sri Lanka.
This notion of gene-pool is pivotal to our understanding the racial history of the land in which we are fated to live,. There are "ƒ"¹…"races' that are easily identified by their distinctive bodily features. Thus, the Papuans, the Malays, the Inuits, the Australian Aboriginals are physically distinguishable human kinds. That the Sinhala and Tamil "ƒ"¹…"races' that inhabit Sri Lanka and Souther India are not of this kind is obvious even to those unversed in matters anthropological. The Sinhala people represent a mingling of the genes contributed by many an invader that has left an "ƒ"¹…"imprint' that is difficult to identify except through an examination of hereditary traits that serve as "ƒ"¹…"markers' of ancient affinity. In this approach, a population or a people is identified by the hereditary determiners of traits (or genes) found in a totality called the gene-pool. The marker traits ""…" such as the epicanthic fold, for example ""…" serve to identify the genetic source or "ƒ"¹…"contributor' of this this unusual feature. By this technique we obtain a "ƒ"¹…"snapshot' of the of the genetic history of a geographically isolated group.
Let us look again at the people who identify themselves as Sinhala or Sihala. There is a mode of identification based on language, religion and culture. No one denies that this has fundamental relevance to the way we look at people. Indeed the standard today is to distinguish human kinds largely on the basis of cutural characteristics except when physical traits are too obvious to ignore. However, there is another way of racial identification ""…" the older way based on physical features, How can we employ this latter mode to shed light on the anthropological affinities of the Sinhala "ƒ"¹…"race'? Simple as it may seem, the best method is to look at contemporary crowds gathered at public shows such as political meetings or musical fiestas in this country.
A fact that strikes even an inexperienced observer is the great mix of physiognomies seen in such crowds. A European crowd (at a football match, for example) show striking uniformity of "ƒ"¹…"looks' based on a large commonality of hereditary acquisions in the history of these people. On looking at the massed facesin our country, the striking fact is that the majority belong to the Dark Caucasoid (or Indo-Caucasoid) group that is widespread in Peninsular India and is closely affiliated with the Semitic races of the Middle Asia region. Equally striking is the sprinkling of dark heavy-jowled faces with clear Austroloid links. There are also the high cheek-boned "ƒ"¹…"mongoloid' types with reddish-yellow skins, The frank "ƒ"¹…"Negroid' facies is rare nd so are the crinkled and fuzzy hair hair styles of the latter. Where is the Indo-Aryan element that is occasionally touted as the key feature of the Sinhala "ƒ"¹…"race'? While nowhere dominant, we do see Sinhala people with nobly formed features including a high forehead, a prominent aquiline nose, a clear and pronounced chin and cheek-bones that are not raised and flat as in most "ƒ"¹…"primitive' people. This light-skinned racial archetype existed prior to the invasion of our Island by fair-skinned Europeans and must not be confused with the latter-day "ƒ"¹…"Eurasians' who were confined largely to the coastal belt where there was cohabitation of the white invaders and the native. We are speaking an aboriginal light-skinned Caucasoid type that was was common in the Kandyan region during the time of Robert Knox. The latter spoke of the native Sinhala people as very close to the European in physical features. Indeed, the Sinhala people of the central and Southern parts of Sri Lanka have a large admixture of the "ƒ"¹…"Aryan Caucasoid' while in the Northern, the North Cental and the Coastal regions of Sri Lanka this ancient Aryan element has been swamped by the Dark Caucasoid and Australoid elements. There is a a degree of social stratification in this distributional pattern in that the "ƒ"¹…"higher' classes look more "ƒ"¹…"Western' (and less Australoid) than the poorer classes. As in India, the caste system has thwarted the randaom mating patterns that would homogenize a population.
In conclusion, let us lay bare the main thrust of our argument – that the Sinhala (and Tamil) races of Sri Lanka do have a gentic base in that a historic mix of genetically identifiable human types "ƒ"¹…"fused' to give a collection that had a characteristic anthropologically profile but not a "ƒ"¹…"race' in the true sense. A genuine race has genetic markers not found elsewhere. This is not the case of the Sinhala "ƒ"¹…"race'. On the other hand, the word "ƒ"¹…"race' can be used to denote a geographically isolated group that receives genetic inflows from outside but clings to a collective identity based on a dominant language, a distinctive culture and a will to be exclusive despite all attempts to destroy its cohesiveness, This is the true reach of the Sinhala "ƒ"¹…"race' that has wondrously occupied with astonishing assurance a remote Island for over twenty centuries.