text:
Section 19
Amendment by Desuetude
Peter Suber, Paradox of Self-Amendment Table of Contents
Desuetude is the doctrine that long and continued non-use of a law renders it invalid, at least in the sense that courts will no longer tolerate punishing its transgressors.[Note 1] U.S. v. Elliott, 266 F.Supp. 318, 325 (D.C.N.Y. 1967). It is common in the Roman, civil law nations of Europe, but not in England or the United States. The only Anglo-American system to recognize desuetude is Scotland.[Note 2] Desuetude was formerly recognized in this country, O'Hanlon v. Myers, 10 Rich. 128 (S.C. 1856); but the present "official" view rejects it, at least for statutes. "There can be no repeal of a criminal statute by the failure of authorities to prosecute or convict for its violation." Callahan v. State, 156 Md. 459, 144 A. 350 (1929).
Despite the "official" view, some vestiges still remain, for example, in the American Bar Association Standards Relating to the Prosecutorial Function. The A.B.A. lists eight factors that should influence prosecutorial discretion, one of which is "prolonged non-enforcement of a statute, with community acquiescence." This is mere prosecutorial policy, not a rule that might bind a court.[Note 3] But a trace of desuetude in the latter sense still exists as well. In the Elliott case, above, the defendant was charged with violating a statute enacted half a century earlier and never used.[Note 4] After reviewing cases and scholars asserting the "official" view, and some arguing against it, the court left the door ajar by ruling that there is
little analytical aid in merely applying, or refusing to apply, the rubric of desuetude. The problem must be approached in terms of that fundamental fairness owed to the particular defendant that is the heart of due process.
Elliott, id. at 326. Although finding the old law valid and convicting the defendant, the court in effect resurrected or recognized the doctrine of desuetude by translating it into the modern doctrines of fairness, notice, vagueness, and due process.
Where desuetude still exists it is a rule of change for the types of law to which it applies. If desuetude could apply to American constitutional rules, which has been debated,[Note 5] then parts of the AC could be repealed through desuetude. That, of course, would not constitute self-amendment, for desuetude is not authorized by the AC itself. It would constitute amendment of the AC by an "unofficial" method of amendment outside the AC, just as it would be if amended by judicial review or treaty.
One provision of the federal AC has never been used in the history of the clause: the provision for states to petition Congress to call a national convention.[Note 6] By "not used" I mean that while many states have petitioned Congress to call a convention, they have never triggered action by Congress under Article V to call such a convention. Could this provision fall into such neglect that it may no longer be used?
That is doubtful, even though the history of its neglect may constitute a practical (not legal) impediment to its use. The uncertainty of its operation combined with the gravity of its potential consequences is today probably the single greatest obstacle to its use; and much of the uncertainty about the clause is undoubtedly due to its non-use.
Genuine self-amendment of the AC through desuetude could occur only if the AC already allowed repeal by desuetude (say, by a prior act of self-amendment) and if that provision lapsed through desuetude. Leaving the AC aside, the same form of self-amendment could occur to the common law or customary rule of desuetude (if there is one). Indeed, this may have happened in the United States: our earlier recognition of desuetude may have waned through desuetude. More likely, though, it was reversed by more or less deliberate policy choices or evolving concepts of law itself, such as a growing formalism, positivism, deference to legislatures, and increased codification of the common law. But if the doctrine of desuetude had been repealed by desuetude in the United States, then we would face the same sort of problem faced in the case of self-repeal by sunset clause (Section 12). Desuetude could undo desuetude only by the continuing, present validity of desuetude. The cat could be made to vanish only if a grin remained.
Desuetude may not have been repealed by desuetude, but a closely related doctrine may have governed its own demise. Sir C.K. Allen believes that desuetude has never been recognized in England. However, he says,[Note 7]
There was...at one time a theory, which, under the name of 'non-observance', came very near to a doctrine of desuetude, that if a statute had been in existence for any considerable period without ever having been put into operation, it might be treated as null....[I]t may now be considered to be wholly discarded.
How does non-observance differ from desuetude and why is it now discarded? Non-observance, it seems, treats a rule as if it were null by refusing to enforce it after a long period of non-enforcement, while desuetude (when applicable) would declare a rule actually null by obsolescence. The distinction may be accepted, but clearly the doctrine of non-observance, now "discarded" and not repealed by statute, did not fall by desuetude. If it applied only to statutes, or to rules that were themselves never applied, then it cannot apply to itself. But if it describes the quasi-nullity of any rule that will not be enforced due to long non-enforcement, then it truly describes its own current status or would do so but for the present or continuing validity it would need to do so.
Repeal by desuetude is much like repeal by sunset clause. Indeed, we could call the doctrine of desuetude an implied and indefinite sunset clause. This highlights a significant difference between the two. A sunset clause may be part of the legal rule being repealed, and typically is. Therefore we must ask how it tells us with authority, after self-repeal, that repeal has occurred. But the doctrine of desuetude is external to the rule being repealed (but for the extraordinary, reflexive application to repeal the doctrine of desuetude). Therefore, its normal operation is irreflexive and raises no question of partial or total self-repeal. While sunset clauses resemble the skeptics' statements of uncertainty, which "cancelled themselves" the way rhubarb washes out the digestive system and itself, the doctrine of desuetude resembles the skeptics' "proof that proofs are impossible" even when it succeeds, it displays the continuing possibility of what it aimed to undo.
Amendment by frequent, successful violation is a variant of desuetude. Desuetude is classically triggered by neglect or non-enforcement, both of which may be responses to frequent violation. Desuetude without violation is possible for rules whose original purpose or sphere of application fades away, making violation as obsolete as compliance. But where desuetude is recognized, a custom or practice contrary to the rule of law must usually have arisen,[Note 8] a custom that is itself a function of frequent violation. In this sense violation may become repeal even though the acts of violation do not and ordinarily must not have law-making effect.[Note 9] Amendment by violation is officially rejected at the constitutional level in the United States. State ex. inf. Barrett ex rel. Bradshaw v. Hedrick, 241 S.W. 402, 421 (Mo.Sup.Ct. 1922) (the legislature cannot amend the constitution merely by violating it frequently).
Does desuetude apply in any way to the American state and federal constitutions? The negative answer of Hedrick is common. In Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York, 397 U.S. 664, 678 (1970) the Supreme Court asserted that
It is obviously correct that no one acquires a vested or protected right in violation of the Constitution by long use, even when that span of time covers our entire national existence and indeed predates it.
In Walz the "custom" was tax exemption for churches, which the court upheld after so dramatically declaring it open to question. Softening its bold position on desuetude, it cited the statement of Justice Holmes in Jackman v. Rosenbaum Co., 260 U.S. 22, 31 (1922):
If a thing has been practiced for two hundred years by common consent, it will need a strong case for the Fourteenth Amendment to affect it.
The Holmsean qualification almost reintroduces desuetude, like the Elliott case, in the guise of fairness or due process. However it is the bold, unqualified rejection of desuetude that has been most quoted from Walz.[Note 10] A similar principle often found is that "[c]hanged economic conditions or developments do not amend the Constitution." Burns v. Alderson, 51 Wash.2d 810, 322 P.2d 359, 361 (1958) (contains many citations to other cases).
One may suspect that these unqualified rejections of desuetude are, like the exclusivity of the AC that they support, merely an official view repeated for form's sake and compromised in practice as needed. Desuetude may be conceived as the repeal of law through custom. One may expect to find it, at least unofficially, wherever custom is recognized as a source of law. Custom becomes a rule of change for constitutions primarily through the agency of judicial interpretation and reinterpretation, a quasi-official rule of change for constitutions with a strong claim to de facto validity (Section 15). Changes in practice, usage, custom, or popular values commonly affect the interpretation of the constitution, sometimes through judicial "activism" that incorporates such changes, and sometimes by judicial "restraint" that defers to legislative, executive, or administrative departures from firm rules or prior interpretations of the constitution.[Note 11]
An example from our own discussion in Section 17 is the rise of executive agreements as alternatives to treaties that dispense with the consent of the Senate. The constitution does not recognize them, but they have become customary. An anonymous English scholar observes that[Note 12]
By such and kindred devices our kin beyond the sea have ingeniously contrived to modify in various directions their much venerated Constitution which was fondly imagined by its authors to be immutable save by the orthodox method of formal amendment as prescribed in Article V.
When we look for something more direct we face many difficulties. Is the convention method of amendment desuetudinal just because long non-use has created uncertainties that form practical and political barriers to its use? Until 1933 the same might have been said of the method of ratifying amendments in state conventions. Provided by the constitution from the beginning, it had never been used. But that method was dusted off and used for the first time, one might say with relish, in ratifying the Twenty-First Amendment, the repeal of Prohibition (see Section 16).
There are other sections of the constitution to which we might look as clauses that may have lapsed through desuetude. One lies in §2 of the Fourteenth Amendment. It says that if a state improperly restricts the right to vote, then its basis of representation "shall" be reduced in the proportion which the number of victims bears to the number of eligible voters. Despite the strong language and frequent violations, this mandatory penalty has never been imposed.
By one estimate, the British North America Act of 1867, which functions as the constitution of Canada, contains 50 sections that have "no remaining constitutional force although they have formal validity."[Note 13]
One of the most litigated examples in our constitution is Article I, §9.7, which requires that "expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time." This clause still lives for most public money, but the budget of the Central Intelligence Agency is notoriously, and officially, secret. Repeated attempts to compel publication of its budget under Article I, §9.7 have failed, not through any express appeal to desuetude, but through an impenetrable web of objections based (for the most part) on standing.[Note 14] Of course the official reasons for the secrecy of the C.I.A. budget do not include the desuetude of Article I, §9.7. They are all appeals in some way to national security. But there is no official national security exception to Article I, §9.7 (or to virtually any clause of the constitution, either), which is one reason why lack of standing must be invoked by a government anxious to preserve secrecy. Hence, while it appears that national security and standing problems protect the C.I.A. budget from disclosure, we might say instead that Article I, §9.7 has been amended by custom to permit an exception for national security. The only obstacle to this reading of the facts, however, is that the C.I.A. budget has repeatedly been the target of civil action seeking disclosure. The rule forcing disclosure has not been beyond the reach of plaintiffs on account of obsolescence so much as, on the contrary, vigilant maneuvering.
One more possible application of desuetude to constitutions may be noted. If a constitution or amendment is adopted in violation of a minor but clear rule of procedure, then many states and nations will allow it to become valid by acquiescence.[Note 15] But cure by acquiescence is a form of desuetude applied to the rule that had been violated. If the rule does not completely lose its validity as time passes and as a contrary custom arises, at least it loses its authority over a major violation.[Note 16] One may interpret cure by acquiescence in other ways, but the similarity to desuetude will not be erased. For example, my own preferred interpretation is that cure by acquiescence represents the triumph of social acceptance over the formal rules that would invalidate the constitution or amendment. Insofar as the violated rule is valid by the rule of recognition, acceptance overrules (or amends) the latter in order to invalidate the former. But any time acceptance overrules (or amends) the rule of recognition in order to invalidate a law, the "unacceptable" has lapsed according to a process with an ineradicable resemblance to desuetude.
Nothing could be more foreign to legal formalism, or a Rossian inference model, than to suppose that either neglect or violation could amend any legal rule. By their favorite analogies, formalists would find desuetude as sensible as supposing that habitual bad reasoning could amend the principle of non-contradiction.[Note 17] Acceptance theorists like Hart, on the contrary, offer the readiest explanation for desuetude and amendment by violation. No rule is of present legal validity, under the acceptance theory, if it is not presently accepted as legally valid, either directly or through an accepted rule of recognition.
A sophisticated acceptance theory must account for the validity of laws that have not been used for some time and which are therefore out of the actual consciousness of most citizens and officials of the system. No acceptance theory, however, need make this task more difficult than it is by equating acceptance with the contents of the actual consciousness of a bloc of citizens or of the constructive fiction of the collective consciousness. The presently accepted rule of recognition, not overruled on this particular by acceptance, may even deny desuetude by ascribing continuing validity to any statute or constitutional rule enacted in the proper way but not yet repealed in any of the official or non-desuetudinal ways.
I suggest that the transition in America from an era in which desuetude was recognized to the present era in which it is not is due, not to desuetude itself, but to a transformation in our legal thinking from a variant of the acceptance theory in which popular sovereignty was a more concrete and compelling idea, to a more rigid formalism in which law became official, "scientific", "professional", and abstractly conceived as self-entrenched or amendable only by its own official means.[Note 18]
1. Linda and William Rogers, "Desuetude as a Defense," Iowa Law Review, 52 (1966) 1-30; Arthur E. Bonfield, "The Abrogation of Penal Statutes by Nonenforcement," Iowa Law Review, 49 (1964) 389-440; John Chipman Gray, "Desuetude of Statutes in the United States," in his The Nature and Sources of Law, Macmillan, 2d. ed., 1921, pp. 329-34. [Resume]
2. See J.R. Philip, "Some Reflections on Desuetude," Juridical Review, 43 (1931) 260-67. [Resume]
3. For a detailed comparison of desuetude to different types of prosecutorial policies of non-enforcement, and a persuasive argument that each may justify an act of "violation" or rule-departure by citizens, see Mortimer and Sanford Kadish, Discretion to Disobey: A Study of Lawful Departures From Legal Rules, Stanford University Press, 1973, pp. 127-40. [Resume]
4. The statute, 18 U.S.C. 956, was enacted in 1917. It prohibited conspiracies within the United States to destroy property in foreign nations with which the United States is at peace. [Resume]
5. Lester Bernhardt Orfield, The Amending of the Federal Constitution, University of Michigan Press, 1942, at p. 81. Orfield asks whether the Fifteenth Amendment has lapsed through desuetude and non-enforcement, but eventually rejects the idea. Without using the word "desuetude", Arthur Machen believes that the Fifteenth Amendment is void (inter alia) because it has never been enforced. Arthur Machen Jr., "Is the Fifteenth Amendment Void?" Harvard Law Review, 23 (1910) 169-93, at p. 169. When Machen was writing, 40 years had elapsed since the amendment's adoption, including the reconstruction following the Civil War; and the Fifteenth Amendment had never once been used to invalidate a state or federal statute. However, as Orfield notes, two Supreme Court cases enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment occurred shortly after Machen wrote, viz. Guinn v. U.S., 238 U.S. 347 (1915), and Myers v. Anderson, 238 U.S. 368 (1915). Other aspects of Machen's thesis are discussed in Section 8.C.
In addition, one may well decide that a constitutional provision is "used" and even "enforced" in many other situations than when it is used to invalidate a conflicting statute. [Resume]
6. But see Section 12.C and accompanying notes 29 and 30. [Resume]
7. Sir Carleton Kemp Allen, Law in the Making, Oxford University Press, 7th ed. 1964, at p. 478.n.2 (emphasis in original). [Resume]
8. Philip, op. cit., at p. 261. [Resume]
9. See Section 9.C. I explore the logic of amendment through violation in more detail, and in a different domain, in "The Reflexivity of Change: The Case of Language Norms," Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 3, 2 (1989) 100-129. [Resume]
10. See e.g. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756, 792 (1973), and In Re Lamb, 34 Ohio App.2d 85, 296 N.E.2d 280, 289 (1973). [Resume]
11. An example of the latter from 19th century Arkansas is offered by David Y. Thomas, "Amending A State Constitution By Custom," American Political Science Review, 23 (1929) 920-21. [Resume]
12. Anon., "Usage as Modifying the American Constitution," Solicitors' Journal, 70 (July 10, 1926) 785-86, at p. 786. [Resume]
13. Bora Laskin, "Amendment of the Constitution: Applying the Fulton-Favreau Formula," McGill Law Journal, 11 (1965) 2-18, at pp. 5-7. Like the United States, Canada officially rejects desuetude. [Resume]
14. See Douglas P. Elliott, "Cloak and Ledger: Is C.I.A. Funding Unconstitutional?" Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 2 (1975) 717-55. For a general study of such difficulties, see Walter F. Dodd, "Judicially Non-Enforceable Provisions of Constitutions," University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 80 (1931) 54-93. [Resume]
15. See Orfield, op. cit., at pp. 9, 53, 78ff, 80.n.134, 156. [Resume]
16. Arthur Machen, who believes the Fifteenth Amendment is void in part because it has never been enforced (see note 5 above), also believes it is void in part because it was defectively adopted and never the subject of acquiescence by a major region of the country, the South. Op. cit. at p. 191, he says,
[The Fifteenth Amendment has] never been acquiesced in unreservedly throughout the country. Indeed, it has never been loyally observed in places where its effect was small. In large portions of the country it has been persistently evaded and overridden, now by force and now in other ways. [Resume]
17. Of course bad reasoning usually finds itself justified, just as mediocrity rates itself above excellence. Formalists stumble a bit when confronted with the fact that illogic can be self-justified, that is, justified by illogic, at least as well as sound logic can be self-justified, and even better insofar as self-justification is prohibited to sound logic as a kind of question-begging. [Resume]
18. Without discussing desuetude, Morton J. Horwitz superbly charts "The Rise of Legal Formalism" in America in Chapter VIII of his The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860, Harvard University Press, 1977. [Resume]
This file is one section of the book, The Paradox of Self-Amendment. Return to the Table of Contents.
Peter Suber,
Department of Philosophy,
Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, 47374, U.S.A.
firstname.lastname@example.com. Copyright © 1990, Peter Suber.


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Begin Planning Your "Life After High School" On Oct. 7th
Begin planning your future at Highline School District's "Life After High School Fair" (wait..there's actually life after high school?) on Wednesday, Oct. 7th from 3:30pm to 8:30pm at the Tyee Educational Complex, located at 4424 8th S1reet in SeaTac.
Here are the details:
WHAT: "Life After High School Fair"
WHEN: October 7th from 3:30 p.m. – 8:30 p.m
WHERE: Tyee Educational Complex, located at 4424 8th S1., SeaTac, 98188
- Food will be available to purchase from DECA Students
- For more information, call the Office of College and Career at (206) 433-2430
5:30-6:00: Keynote Speaker from the Partnership for 21st Century Skills Polly Stansell, director of Product Development Whatskills are critical for student success in the 21stt economy?
6:00-8:30: College and Career Booths – VIsit with representatives from universities, community and technical colleges, as well as apprenticeship programs, military programs and civil service opportunities.
6:00-6:45: Middle School Rally and Parent Workshop – How to help your middle schooler prepare for success in high school, college, career, and citizenship.
7:00-7:45: Workshops:
- Finding money for college (financial aid and scholarships)
- College application (helpful hints for completing the college applications, SAT scores, essays, and your personal statement application.

subset: commoncrawl


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Take What You Want Seriously and it Will Become a Reality
Some men give up their designs when they have almost reached the goal; while others, on the contrary, obtain a victory by exerting, at the last moment, more vigorous efforts than before. –Polybius
'I take my goals seriously!' you say defiantly. Well, okay, maybe you do. But lots of people don't. And it's a very fine line between thinking you take your goals seriously and knowing you do. For almost two years I thought I was serious about writing a novel and getting it published. I had an idea for a book and I wrote the first eight pages of the first chapter.
Feeling writers block after those eight pages, I began to refine my book outline. That process took the bulk of a year and got me generally nowhere. All through this time I told people that I wanted to be a writer, and th at I was writing a first book, but the truth is that I wasn't doing much of anything. I had this idea of being a published author and I had worked a small bit towards it, but it was so far away from becoming a reality that my claims of 'writing a book' were ludicrous at best.
The problem was that I never took it seriously. I didn't outline my novel properly, I didn't look up what I needed to do to get published, I didn't find any information on agents or publishers, I didn't find out how a manuscript had to be formatted to send it in. I didn't know how to find agents or how to send in a manuscript, I didn't know where in the world to market my book, I didn't even know what a query letter was. These are all things you need to know if you're going to get a book published. All I had done was written eight pages, even though I had this dream of being an author.
And that's what a lot of people do. They have this great business idea– for arguments sake let's say they want to sell an ergonomic computer mouse. They look at it and think, 'Hey, it wouldn't cost much to produce that, and I could make a big profit if they sold well! I could do that!' and then they talk about doing it without taking any further steps to realize their goals.
Take yourself seriously. Take your dreams seriously.
If you really want to accomplish your dreams, get into your dream profession, establish a successful business, whatever– You need to take it seriously. What I mean by that is that you need to look at your situation realistically.
For me that meant asking myself 'If I were going to try and get my finished book published tomorrow, what would I have to do? What steps would I have to take?' and then I actively searched for the information as if that was my intention.
That sounds really easy and straight forward, but it isn't. The truth is that taking your dreams seriously can be absolutely terrifying. In looking up all this information I inevitably learned that the great majority of first novels are rejected over and over again when sent to publishers and agents. I had to face the fact that I am trying to break into a very competitive and crowded market and that it was possible I would fail. Hell, it was probable that I would fail.
That's the scary part. Inevitably, if you have a dream that you really want to become a reality, your dream is probably big. It's very likely that not many succeed in your dream, which is why it's your dream and not your reality. I mean who dreams of becoming a sales rep for a company that produces paper? Nobody. But there are no shortages of paper product sales reps, because it's easy to do and it's easy to keep doing for the rest of your life.
Dreams are difficult to accomplish, but the pay off once they're achieved is astronomical in comparison to the work that goes into achieving them. The hard part about this process is knowing that most people fail, that it will take hard work and dedication to succeed and then deciding to do it anyway.
How to take your dreams seriously
So, to bring this back to hypothetical man and his hypothetical ergnomic computer mouse, he has a lot to think about.
Here's a short list:
- Suppliers
- Advertising
- Clientelle
- Production Cost
- Production itself
- The need for sales reps
- Shipping costs
- Asking price
- Competitiveness of the product
- Lifetime of the product
The list could go on and on. There's a huge amount you would need to know before starting to sell your ergonomical computer mice. On top of that, you need to decide what you want to accomplish. Does hypothetical man want to sell his product in a store like Best Buy? Or does he want to sell it himself online? How many mice does he want to sell/how much money does he want to make? This affects his decisions. Taking his plan seriously forces him to look at what he wants to accomplish and how he can realistically make that happen. All plans that were not remotely realistic get thrown out the window at this stage, which is the only way he can move forward with the realization of his dream.
Why this helps you achieve what you want
Taking what you want seriously and making a solid plan of action makes your goal very clear in your mind. Where once you had a vague, murky idea of what you wanted to do and very little knowledge on how to do it, your new plan tells you exactly when and what you need to do. From there, it is a simple matter of following your plan. You've done all the research and so you're able to easily follow the path you've laid for yourself.
Furthermore, making a solid plan of action helps you decide whether or not you really want what you think you want. Want to be a millionaire? Think about it seriously. How will you make your millions? What service will you provide? How much will you work? What habits do you have now that you will have to give up?
Not willing to make those sacrifices and changes? Then junk your idea and come up with a new one. That might be hard at first, but know that if you've looked at the facts about how to achieve what you want, and you are not willing to do what is required to get what you want (i.e. becoming a millionaire) then believe me when I say, you do not really want it. You have just saved yourself a load of time!
In the example of wanting to be a millionaire but not wanting to take the steps to become a millionaire many people will say that they want the money, they just don't want to work to get it. They want to win it in a contest or in the lottery. But they're not thinking of it realistically.
Even if you were to win the lottery, in order to manage over a million dollars, you need to put in the time and the effort to know where to invest, where to put funds, where you're going to get the best interest rate, how you can access it. You're going to have to track the money so that you don't overspend with your newfound fortune. A lot goes into managing that kind of money, and if you won't spend the time to do your research, you will find yourself without it very quickly. There's a reason that over 80% of lottery winners have spent all of their winnings within two years. They don't know how to manage it and don't take the steps to find out.
And with the time you save by finding out you don't really want something, you can do your research about other things that you think you want and decide which of those things are worth your time and effort. Time is the only resource available to you which you cannot ever renew. The clock is ticking even as you read this sentence, and you will never get those seconds back.
Don't squander your time. Take yourself and your desires seriously and then go after them! There's only one person who can make your dreams become real and tangible, and that's you. Go to it.
No Responses to "Take What You Want Seriously and it Will Become a Reality"
[...] doing something they're passionate about and they enjoy, and thus when they start pursuing things they think they want they struggle because the reality is that they don't really want those things. [...]
[...] If you read the articles on IEvo a lot, you probably already know what this post is going to be about and why I suggest it. I've talked a lot about goals, wants and desires already. I wrote about how setting goals helps achieve them and how taking those goals seriously makes them become your reality. [...]


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Shipping Policy
Same Day Dispatch
Same day dispatch is available for all orders received before 12.00pm (AEST) each business day. All orders received after 12.00pm and on weekends or public holidays will be dispatched on the next business day.
Orders are dispatched daily from our warehouse in Penrith, Sydney during normal business hours.
Please note that during the peak season there may be unexpected delays due to high volume of orders. The peak season starts in October and finishes in January.
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Delivery incurrs a flat fee of $12.00 per order Australia wide, no matter how many products are in it. Note: Due to their bulky nature, sand filters and heaters may incur additional fees as they will be shipped with specialized carriers.
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We take full responsibility for the safe arrival of the products that you order from us. We will replace at our expense any product that arrives in not working conditions or damaged during transit. Click here for details
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Most parcels are shipped via Australia Post eParcel. Bulky items such as sand filters and heaters are shipped via StarTrack couriers. Both delivery services are secure and reliable and each parcel carries a barcode with a tracking number allowing us to fully track your parcel.
Tracking of Shipments
When we dispatch your goods, a Tracking Number is emailed to the email address you provided at the time you placed your order. This allows you to track the item at the shipper's website. Please note that an accurate email address must be provided to be able to track your order.
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Pool & Spa Warehouse cannot guarantee exact delivery times. Occasionally, some delays may occur from our carriers that we have absolutely no control over. In these circumstances, Pool & Spa Warehouse will not be liable for any delays, expenses or damages incurred.
Rural and remote addresses, where delivery is not provided every day, may take longer.
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Customers must ensure that they enter the correct delivery address details at the time of ordering. Should you enter the wrong address, Pool & Spa Warehouse is not obliged to re-send the order to the correct address at our expense.


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A Delusional State
Working at a large interfaith not-for-profit in the US a little over 20 years ago, I coordinated a conference for clergy on the topic of Israel. We invited a priest, two ministers (an evangelical and a progressive), a Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi as speakers. Each was to present their relationship to Israel as per theology and custom.
At the suggestion of friends in Bnei Akiva, I invited a prominent rabbi to present the "modern" Orthodox perspective. Prior to his acceptance of the offer, I discussed with him at length the proposed topic. He agreed to present the Rabbi Kook-based theology of Orthodox Zionism, the belief in the inalienable right of the Jewish people to the entire Land of Israel as given to them by God, the mitzva of settling therein, the belief in the establishment of the State of Israel as heralding the Messiah (athalát haGeulá), and the growing support for a Medinát Halachá (a state governed by Jewish Law).
The conference, attended by hundreds of clergy, was held in a high-ceilinged Gothic hall on the manicured grounds of the Princeton Theological Seminary in central New Jersey. The atmosphere was cordial, the interest in understanding each other genuine, and a sit-down lunch provided a chance for one-on-one discussion and networking. One after the other, each speaker presented his faith's view of Israel.
Then the Orthodox rabbi ascended the podium. I eagerly awaited a clarification of Orthodox Zionist theology. Instead, he began talking about Jewish prayer, the centrality of Israel in Jewish customs, Zionist ideology, the Holocaust – basically repeating everything the Reform rabbi had said. Throughout his rambling presentation, he uttered not a word about Rabbi Kook, salvation, the Messiah, State of Halacha, or God-given rights to the Land of Israel.
I approached him afterwards and inquired as to why he didn't speak about what we had agreed upon. He looked at me, glanced at the clergy around us, and replied with utter disdain, "What do you think? I'm going to say those things to all these goyim?" He had agreed to speak on a subject that he actually had no intention of speaking about; he'd come all the way from New York to make sure those goyim would never find out what he and his compatriots actually believe.
Today, we, the Israeli public, are those goyim. The pattern of obscuring a true agenda has become endemic to right-wing politics, and the public, too tired to get past the euphemisms or the dimples, doesn't expend energy on checking party platforms or voting records. Naftali Bennet, impishly shrugging his shoulders, playing up his combat experience for all it's worth, and winking to secular yuppies, follows closely in the footsteps of the aforementioned rabbi.
Behind all his high tech-ness, Bennet conceals adherence to an ideology that is parochial, often theocratic, and based on belief in a Messianic revival. Although marketing the Bayit Hayehudi, as "a Jewish home", Conservative and Reform Jews can wait out on the porch, because Bennet's Orthodoxy shows neither respect nor recognition of denominations other than his own.
As opposed to other parties, which propose large-scale solutions for the welfare and benefit of all, the Bayit Hayehudi is glaringly parochial, its platform reiterating in numerous iterations the need to strengthen and expand specifically and often solely, Orthodoxy. Whereas the old-time MaFDál prided itself on a social welfare program, the Bayit Hayehudi has one of the sorriest socioeconomic records in the Knesset, again and again having voted against measures aimed at helping the less fortunate, the working poor, assisting soldiers, or government transparency.
Proudly toeing a Bibi-style, neo-liberal line of privatization, HH spews anti-union venom, but then failing in vote after vote to support the rights of individual workers or small independent business owners. Its platform and voting record clearly favor massive investment in the settlements over developing the Negev and the Galilee.
Although constantly trying to play up the Bayit Hayehudi's defense profile, (which is dwarfed by the brass in the Labor Party), calling upon the ultra-Orthodox to enlist is nowhere on its agenda. It's platform states: "We view the study of Torah as fundamental and a vital interest of the State of Israel. We are also aware of the fact that tens of thousands of young (ultra-Orthodox) men are not studying Torah while benefiting from an army exemption."
Reciting a litany of worn excuses, the HaBayit HaYehudi opposes the draft of Haredim. As far as they're concerned, it's only the ne'er-do-well shababs who should contribute to the defense of the state – the secular, the Orthodox, and the Druse will just continue to carry the burden. Bennet reassures the ultra-Orthodox that their exemption from IDF service will not be touched, as the study of the Torah is crucial to the defense of the State.
Colluding with Bennet in the web of deception is the mighty Likud, which even with a huge coalition, squirmed out of every opportunity to overturn or even enforce our draft laws, and will continue to do so. Likud Beiteinu has even gone so far as to not even bothering to publish their platform, their campaign pitch being "We need a strong Netanyahu", although it is not clear why: The last four years have represented ineptitude and inaction on every front; lowering cell phone rates has been its prize boast.
We're traumatized, and it's no wonder: rockets, bombs, terror; screechy, disproportionate, and often unjustified international condemnation. Rather than lead, Netanyahu plays into our trauma, advising us to hunker down and close our eyes to reality, while assuring us that he and only he can protect us from the evil, outside world. Accountable to no one, the utterly ineffective Likud-Beiteinu has replaced policy with politicking, and has made remaining in power an end unto itself.
Bennet, unlike our muddled government, actually makes a proposal for dealing with the conflict and borders, a polished, packaged journey into a land of delusion. When holding on to every single Jewish settlement with the unswerving belief that "we can do whatever we want because God is behind us," underpins policy, no serious plan for the handling of the conflict can be put forward. So Bennet put forward a delusional one: We'll just do what we want; the Palestinians will say thank you, and the world will "get used to it."
Meanwhile, Likud Beiteinu, controlled by the messianic Feiglin Tea Party, falls dutifully into line with Bennet's extreme Messianic vision. Netanyahu's nearly-forgotten Bar-Ilan speech that was a nod to the international community having long since been scuttled, the tycoon-friendly band of Netanyahu, Lieberman, Erdan, Shamir, Elkin, and their ilk demand the whole of the Land of Israel – betting on the disappearance of the Palestinians or the coming of the Messiah – or both.
No plan, no transparency, no vision other than a Messianic one. Bluster and cockiness. Slick marketing with Ayelet Shaked's perky smile tells one story; reality tells a quite different one.
[edited by Miriam Erez]


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Although we don't believe in timing the market or panicking over market movements, we do like to keep an eye on big changes -- just in case they're material to our thesis.
What: Shares of R.G. Barry Corporation (UNKNOWN:DFZ.DL) jumped as much as 11% on its earnings report, but finished up 2% as shares fell throughout the course of the day.
So what: The maker of footwear-and-handbags maker said earnings per share reached $0.46, a penny below estimates, while revenue dropped 1% to $48 million, missing estimates of $51.1 million. Performance was in line with previous guidance, though management cited industrywide weakness in footwear for the slow sales. CFO Jose Ibarra noted "economic headwinds and a challenging financial environment," and reaffirmed that revenue would be slightly down this year.
Now what: Considering the unimpressive earnings report, it's a wonder why shares of R.G. Barry spiked in the first place. The stock is lightly traded and thus makes volatile swings, which seems to be the best explanation for the early morning jump. Considering the general industry woes after a weak holiday season, perhaps investors shouldn't be concerned about the slight decline in sales.
Jeremy Bowman and The Motley Fool have no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools don't all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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David Bohn, Alex Uland, and Jack Lin, all juniors, participated in December's trial workshop.
Happy 2014, Denison, from DSF!
Before ending 2013 on the hill, some of the DSFers conducted a trial run of the Party With Consent workshop we'd like to offer a few times this coming semester. Co-Coordinator Ludwig Icevski and Fellow Jon Brachna gathered seven of their friends and did a few activities exploring the dynamics of gender roles and how they play out in our everyday interactions. The goal of the workshop was to enhance participants' understanding of how these interactions come to life in a party space and can be detrimental to having a good time (specifically how they inform instances of sexual assault).
The centerpiece of the workshop was "the man box" activity the Fellows did with Jonathan Kalin in October (see our previous post, "What's the Deal with the 'Social' Part of Sustainability?"). Several interesting discussions ensued in relation to campus culture and the man box we drew. We ended things in style with some slam poetry, "Ten Responses to the Phrase 'Man Up'": http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFoBaTkPgco
Ludwig discusses the man box we made.
This semester is sure to be packed with many exciting social, economic, and environmental initiatives from DSF, including more Party With Consent workshops and discussions. If you're interested in joining this social sustainability endeavor, hold tight! We're still in the planning process, and there's definitely more to come, but it may come slowly. If you can't contain your excitement, there's a good chance we could harness your enthusiasm-- contact Ludwig (firstname.lastname@example.com) or Jon (email@example.com) to get on board!


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|Stories from Hans Christian Andersen (April 2, 1805 – August 4, 1875), with illustrations by Edmund Dulac (October 22, 1882 – May 25, 1953), London, Hodder & Stoughton,Ltd., 1911.
This Image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. This applies to the United States, where Works published prior to 1923 are copyright protected for a maximum of 75 years. See Circular 1 "COPYRIGHT BASICS" PDF from the U.S. Copyright Office. Works published before 1923 (in this case 1871) are now in the public domain.
It was not long before one of the maidens came up to him. At first she seemed quite frightened, but only for a moment, and then she fetched several others, and the mermaid saw that the prince was coming to life, and that he smiled at all those around him, but he never smiled at her. You see he did not know that she had saved him. She felt so sad that when he was led away into the great building she dived sorrowfully into the water and made her way home to her father's palace.
Always silent and thoughtful, she became more so now than ever. Her sisters often asked her what she had seen on her first visit to the surface, but she never would tell them anything.
Many an evening and many a morning she would rise to the place where she had left the prince. She saw the fruit in the garden ripen, and then gathered, she saw the snow melt on the mountain-tops, but she never saw the prince, so she always went home still sadder than before. At home her only consolation was to sit in her little garden with her arms twined round the handsome marble statue which reminded her of the prince. It was all in gloomy shade now, as she had ceased to tend her flowers, and the garden had become a neglected wilderness of long stalks and leaves entangled with the branches of the tree.
At last she could not bear it any longer, so she told one of her sisters, and from her it soon spread to the others, but to no one else except to one or two other mermaids who only told their dearest friends. One of these knew all about the prince; she had also seen the festivities on the ship; she knew where he came from and where his kingdom was situated.


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By Yashaswini Swamynathan
U.S. stocks slipped on Thursday as declines in the healthcare sector outweighed gains in financial stocks.Biogen (BIIB.O) was the biggest drag on the health sector, after downgrades by Morgan Stanley and Leerink triggered a 5.1 percent decline in the stock.The S&P 500 healthcare index .SPXHC fell 0.95 percent, the biggest drop among the six other sectors that were in the red.Financial stocks .SPSY were the biggest gainers, helped by better-than-expected data on the housing sector in February and a dip in weekly unemployment benefit numbers. The Fed raised rates by a quarter point to 0.75-1.00 percent on Wednesday, responding to continued strength in the labor market and a pick up in inflation.
However, the central bank stuck to its outlook for two more rate hikes this year and three in 2018. "We saw some dramatic moves yesterday, so anything that was tied to the reflation trade got a bit pressured," said Marcelle Daher, senior managing director, asset allocation at Manulife Asset Management in Boston, Massachusetts.
"There is certainly the element of profit taking today."At 10:56 a.m. ET (1456 GMT), the Dow Jones Industrial Average .DJI was down 6.94 points, or 0.03 percent, at 20,943.16, the S&P 500 .SPX was down 2.61 points, or 0.11 percent, at 2,382.65 and the Nasdaq Composite .IXIC was up 0.97 points, or 0.02 percent, at 5,901.02.Shares of Tesla (TSLA.O) rose 2.8 percent to $262.94 after the electric carmaker said it would raise about $1.15 billion as the company speeds up the launch of its Model 3 sedan.
Oracle (ORCL.N) surged to a record high of $46.99 and was the top stock on the S&P after the business software maker issued a better-than-expected quarterly profit.Advancing issues outnumbered decliners on the NYSE by 1,629 to 1,166. On the Nasdaq, 1,658 issues rose and 957 fell.The S&P 500 index showed 49 new 52-week highs and no new lows, while the Nasdaq recorded 128 new highs and 35 new lows. (Reporting by Yashaswini Swamynathan in Bengaluru; Editing by Anil D'Silva & Shri Navaratnam)
This story has not been edited by Firstpost staff and is generated by auto-feed.
Firstpost is now on WhatsApp. For the latest analysis, commentary and news updates, sign up for our WhatsApp services. Just go to Firstpost.com/Whatsapp and hit the Subscribe button.
Updated Date: Mar 16, 2017 22:00:05 IST


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Used HVAC parts can be purchased online through specialty parts resellers such as HVAC Parts Outlet or through online auction sites such as eBay or Bid-On-Equipment. Amazon also features used parts sold through its Amazon Marketplace program, though availability is limited based on the individual seller's inventory.
The HVAC Parts Outlet website allows users to browse a wide selection of different parts in several ways, such as by part type, manufacturer or by conducting a keyword search. Each listing contains a picture of the part, a description of its condition and the specific part number issues by the manufacturer. Users are also able to purchase installation assistance through one of the site's licensed partners.
Auction sites like eBay and Bid-On-Equipment feature listings from both private sellers and small businesses. In an auction model, items are given a starting sale price and a sale duration, during which time users are able to place bids on the item in an attempt to have the highest bid when the sale ends. Some sites also allow sellers to place a separate price on items that allows customers to bypass the entire auction process and buy the item outright. Some auction sites also charge users for each bid placed, so it is important to check the specific policies of each site before a user places a bid.


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Though it has been several years since we first heard about the newest recession and the dreaded credit crunch, cash continues to be tight across the nation. So in case you are heading abroad to a destination the place it is probably not handy or protected to be carrying a lot of money, a travel money card may be an excellent consideration. Many travel businesses can advise you on what kind and how a lot travel insurance you need to safe for the journey. Running a travel business from house is changing into standard; in reality, a new wave of travel consultants holds workplace within the confines of their dwelling rooms!
The reserving and selling agencies fall into a category of only one travel agency. For extra details about Evolution 2 try their website or name them on +33 (0)4 50 fifty five fifty three 57. Costs begin at €205 for 5 days of half day (three hour) lessons. Trump has presented his ban as a technique to shield the United States from Islamist militants, however it has been condemned by a growing checklist of international leaders and drawn protests by tens of 1000's in American cities.
The March order by contrast gave 10 days' notice to travelers and immigration … Travel More


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Sophia + Robert are Sophia Magdalena Koegl and Robert Dziabel. They met at the Merz Academy Stuttgart, "College of Art, Design and Media", where they studied graphic design and film.
Their graduation film was a 40-minutes short film about hysteria called Nature Morte. The DVD artwork was nominated for the prestigious German Design Awards.
Since then they even taken a deeper dive into creativity by studying at one of the world's finest Art Academies the Kunstakademie Duesseldorf. Having spent 4 years under the mentorship of magical realism painter Peter Doig they are now on the lookout for work that challenges their imagination.
On their way they also directed the short "399" which won the Berlin Independent Film Festival 2016 in the category: Best Sci-Fi Short.
Sophia + Robert are based on earth since they don't believe in borders, geographically or creatively.


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Backyard cottages are all the rage and David Baker of David Baker + Partners Architect recently completed his Zero Cottage—a super-sustainable auxiliary dwelling unit. Built on top of an existing workshop, the two story cottage has already achieved LEED Platinum certification (in addition to receiving 203 points through GreenPointRated), and it's also targeting Passive House certification. The Zero Cottage was built using recycled materials, and it features a green rooftop garden and a unique rainscreen made from metal tiles and charred timber.
Zero Cottage is located in the backyard of of an urban lot in the Mission District fronted by StoreFrontLab, a community-focused cultural initiative that gives the historic commercial space a new public purpose run by David Baker and his partner, Yosh Asato. Built on top of an existing workshop, the 712 sq ft cottage features an efficient two-level plan that makes the most of the modest space. Windows are sited for daylighting, privacy and to frame views of the city, while a skylight in the roof draws light into the bedroom below. Custom furniture and cabinetry were built by associates of David Baker using recycled and reclaimed materials including floors made from salvaged wood.
The cottage has a tight and efficient envelope with triple glazed windows, a high level of insulation, and a HRV that eliminates the need for conventional heating. On the exterior is a unique rainscreen created by recycled and new metal tiles using a system designed and prototyped by Dbarchitect. A 3 kW photovoltaic system on the roof provides more than enough power for the cottage and doubles as an entry stair canopy. Then the roof is vegetated with a container garden fashioned from used Ducati tires by David Fletcher of Fletcher Studio. Zero Cottage can be rented out through AirBnB and is expected soon to have its Passive House certification along with its other impressive credintials.
+ David Baker + Partners Architect
Via Architizer
Images ©Dbarchitect


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Imagine having 2 weeks to a month completely planned out, FULL of visually-engaging, interactive activities every day!
All of the following TpT resources are INCLUDED with this purchase:
- Rise of Dictators Pop Up Figures Lesson Plan
- Battles and Events of World War II PowerPoint Lesson
- Battles of World War II Radio Show Project
- WWII Nazi Nuremberg Trial Simulation Lesson Plan
- Countries of World War II Idea Web
- Analyzing Adolf Hitler's Speeches Worksheet
- The American Homefront During World War II
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2x Atomic Bomb Survivor Worksheet
- Turning Point Battles in World War II Worksheet
- Charles Lindbergh US Isolationism and World War II Speech Worksheet
- Japanese Internment Camps Primary Source Reading & Worksheet
- The Holocaust: Background Through Liberation PowerPoint
- The Double V - African-Americans' Experiences During World War II Lesson
- World War II Mexican-American Story - The Pied Piper of Saipan
- War Crimes Trials PowerPoint Presentation
Plus all of the resources in the World War II Teaching Resource Bundle are included as well!
PLUS even more great resources that are not on TpT, including a mapping the war PowerPoint and test! Also included is a simple directions page explaining pacing and the best way to use all of the resources over about 12 class periods.
You can download this awesome unit in one great zipped folder by clicking here!
Thanks for looking!


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The Gangland Basic Training archives are here:
Gangland Hunt & Kill
and what ended up on the cutting room floor.
The Gangfighters Network is an organization designed to bridge the gap between academia and the criminal justice professions. For more information, visit http://www.gangfighters.net/ and http://www.gangsinthemilitary.com/ The focus is on gangs, initially adult gangs as it appears they have been ignored or absorbed into the mainstream society. There's a special focus on gang members in the military.
Tuesday, September 20, 2011
Saturday, September 3, 2011
define disjuncture
You know it's the right time to learn when there's disjuncture:
•The optimal "zone"— when time seems to STOP
•The optimal "zone"— when time seems to STOP
•When our repertoire is no longer able to cope with our situation . .
•Tension with our environment
•Establishes a foundation for real learning.
Jarvis, P. (2006). Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Human Learning. New York: Routledge.
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About Me
Carter F. Smith
- I prefer to be called Carter, though I have grown accustomed to answering to most any variation that remains respectful.
I learned from the UPS manual that a leader does not need to remind others of authority by use of title. Knowledge, performance, and capacity should be adequate evidence of position and leadership.


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Love is in the air!
Valentine's Day is quickly approaching and we all know sometimes it can be difficult to find just the perfect gift. Make your man feel special and appreciated on this special day of love. Valentine's Day should be as much about men as it is about women. Whether you have been together for 2 weeks or 20 years, I've got you covered.
Just think how he (and you) will feel when he unwraps the perfect gift.
- Barbuzzo Bbq Branding Iron – This is such a cool item that can be totally customized for the BBQ lover in your life. He could brand all the steaks he cooks for you with any saying you want. I always love to give personalized gifts.
- Arthur Court Designs Labrador Bottle Opener – How adorable is this dog bottle opener? You can choose from a variety of breeds.
- Delonghi Icona 15 Pump Driven Espresso and Cappuccino Maker – For the man who just can't get the day started without an espresso.
- Salvatore Ferragamo Finnegan Motorcycle-Print Smoking Slipper – For the motorcycle, slipper wearing lover in your life.
- Timex Leather Strap Watch – What can I say, a Timex watch is just a classic.
- Men's Society Beard Grooming Kit – For the bearded love of your life.
- Jo Malone London Myrhh & Tonka Cologne – He and you will love the way he smells with this delicious cologne.
Shop This Post
What are you getting your man for Valentine's Day?
*This post contains affiliate links.
Until Next Time..
18 Comments on Valentine's Day Gift Ideas For Him
Awesome Collection for Him! Thanks for sharing
Jo Malone scents are bomb! That looks like the perfect scent :)
xx nicole
That branding iron looks so fun–I love that you can change it to say whatever you want. That would be quite a conversation starter when you have guests! We don't make a big deal over Valentine's Day–my husband will have to make do with a silly pair of boxers from Walgreen's. ;-)
I love those slippers! I have no idea what I'm getting my husband for Valentine's Day!!
The Cappuccino maker looks really nice! I have been considering purchasing one, but that gift might be more for me! :)
I think the coffee machine is the best because the whole family get to use it too!
those farragamo slippers are beautiful! And I absolutely love that watch. My husband loves collecting watching, I think I need to add a timex to the mix!
That watch is gorgeous! Definitely needed this today! I'm having a hard time deciding on something for my hubs.
That meat brander is way too cool – but what to make it say…
omg these are such good ideas for gifts!thanks so much for sharing xx
These are all fabulous ideas! I love those loafers, oh my!
Lee Anne
Clever ideas that would make great gifts anytime, not just for Valentine's day! We have a tradition of going to eat at IHOP. That stemmed from the day he proposed..he was working very long hours and forgot to make a reservation so we ended up at IHOP. It has just seems like the perfect place to go every year after that. :)
My husband is hard to shop for but not because I dont know what to get him but because he is a shopoholic and buys stuff for himself all the time. These are some great ideas of things he DOESNT have and would be perfect for Vday. Thanks!
I absolutely love your explanations of all of the items! I can really picture these when I'm giving them to my boyfriend! My favorites are the espresso/cappuccino maker (it's a win for you and him!) and the timex watch–so classy and sleek!
Love these ideas! Why are men so hard to shop for???
My husband has a serious watch fetish – seriously he owns like 6! That watch is totally unique and something he'd love!


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In the past few columns, we've discussed parallel computing, a methodology that divides and distributes the work of solving a significant computing task. Parallel computing can solve large problems more quickly because it focuses the processing power of many computers working in tandem (called a cluster) on a single task. A master node in the cluster breaks the problem into discrete parts, and passes tasks and computational data to slave nodes. The master node receives results from the slave nodes and generates a final answer. Coordination of the entire process is controlled with message-passing APIs.
However, these message-passing APIs have some significant drawbacks. Most algorithms require considerable design and modifications to optimize them for parallel computing. And different processor speeds of various nodes in the cluster can also make it difficult to re-code an algorithm: if the slowest node causes others to wait for it to complete its portion of an algorithm, then the cluster is not being optimally utilized.
Fortunately, there's another way to allocate tasks in a cluster of disparate processors that does not require you to rethink your algorithms. It's called MOSIX (http://www.mosix.com/), the Multicomputer Operating System for UnIX. It was developed by Professor Amnon Barak and collaborators at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel.
MOSIX: What's It Good For?
MOSIX is a set of kernel patches and user programs (for Linux and other UNIX variants) that perform automatic and transparent process migration for clustered and even non-clustered computers. By moving CPU-intensive processes to faster or less-busy cluster nodes or workstations, MOSIX provides load balancing across distributed systems in a fashion similar to that used in multi-processor computers or symmetric multi-processing (SMP) systems.
Adaptive management algorithms monitor and respond to uneven distribution of CPU resources. After a new process is created on a node, MOSIX attempts to make the best use of available cycles by reassigning or migrating the process, as necessary, to the best available node. To maximize overall performance, MOSIX continually monitors and reassigns processes as the distribution of processing load on nodes changes.
MOSIX evenly distributes the load generated by many serial processes or by forked or threaded processes that don't use shared memory. It's scalable and can support large numbers of cluster nodes and/or workstations. It works on top of TCP and UDP using existing network infrastructure and has minimal impact on other parts of the kernel. Moreover, a user-level package is now available that distributes workload among nodes without the overhead of the process migration mechanism.
MOSIX also supports a file system called MFS (the MOSIX File System) that allows every node access to the file systems on every other node. (The effect is like using NFS to mount every file system of every node on every other node.)
While MOSIX is of little use in an environment where explicit message passing programs are run on dedicated nodes, it's very effective in a cluster that runs many independent serial simulations or application programs. A computing task can be initiated on any node in a MOSIX cluster and the workload will be distributed among all available nodes. This minimizes run time and is particularly useful in a cluster containing a variety of processors. MOSIX considers both the speed of the processor and the current load on the machine when deciding how to migrate processes.
Process migration can be invaluable in a university department or research laboratory that's accumulated a number of computers of varying ages and speeds. If the department owns one or two beefy servers and many smaller desktops and older servers, MOSIX migrates jobs to run on the best available computer given the other tasks being performed on the cluster. Moreover, MFS provides an easy way to access files and data spread across many machines.
MOSIX can also be used on scalable Web servers that require a lot of processing power to service requests. By forming clusters and distributing the processing among all available servers, the client's request is answered in the shortest possible time (although there is some time, arguably negligible, lost with process migration).
Although MOSIX is very good for handling CPU-bound problems, it's less efficient for I/O-intensive problems. File and network I/O occurs on the node where the task was initiated, so a migrated process must contact its "home" node to perform these operations. MOSIX's Direct File-System Access (DFSA) attempts to solve this problem by allowing remote processes to save time by performing most of their I/O and file system operations directly on the node where the process is currently running instead of having to "phone home." At present, DFSA works only with MFS file systems.
Getting Started with MOSIX
Installing MOSIX involves patching and building a new kernel, compiling and installing user-level programs, and making minor modifications to a number of system files so that certain daemons aren't migrated away. Luckily, the MOSIX distribution contains pre-built Perl scripts that perform these tasks automatically. A list of minimal requirements for MOSIX is provided in the MOSIX README file along with instructions for manual installation should the Perl scripts fail to do the job.
To demonstrate the features of MOSIX, we're using a cluster of five older computers with different CPU speeds all running Red Hat 7.2, as shown in Table One.
Table One: Mosix testbed cluster
Machine Hostname Processor
1 mosix1 Pentium II 450MHz
2 mosix2 Pentium 166
3 mosix3 Pentium 133
4 mosix4 Pentium 120
5 mosix5 Pentium 90
We downloaded MOSIX version 1.5.7 and the source code for kernel version 2.4.17. The kernel sources were patched, and a compatible kernel was built on the first machine and then copied onto the other nodes.
We used the Perl scripts provided with MOSIX to build and install the user-level programs and to alter system files appropriately. We chose to use the GRUB boot loader (instead of LILO) on all five systems in the cluster and we found that the Perl scripts didn't always make the correct modifications to the grub.conf file. The grub.conf files were updated manually. Finally, we used grub-install to update the master boot record on each node. (For more on GRUB see the April 2002 Guru Guidance column, available online at http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-04/guru_01.html.)
The file /etc/mosix.map was created (and must reside on every node) to map nodes into the MOSIX cluster. Since our five machines have contiguous IP addresses, only a single entry is needed in the file, as shown in Listing One. If the nodes in your cluster have widely scattered IP addresses, you'll need a line for each node, with the number "1" as the third argument (e.g., 1 hosta 1, 2 hostb 1, etc.).
Listing One: /etc/mosix.map
# ===================
# Each line should contain 3 fields,
# mapping IP addresses to MOSIX node-numbers:
# 1) first MOSIX node-number in range.
# 2) IP address or host name of the above node
# 3) number of nodes in this range.
# MOSIX-# IP/hostname number-of-nodes
# ============================
1 mosix1 5
With the new kernels in place, the user programs installed, and the systems files modified, all systems were rebooted. After rebooting, all computers appeared as nodes in the MOSIX cluster. Node 4, a Pentium 120, suffered a catastrophic disk failure wholly unrelated to the MOSIX installation and was subsequently unavailable for the rest of our tests.
Testing MOSIX's Process Migration
To test automatic process migration, we developed a short program in C that wastes CPU time called time-waster (see Listing Two). This code executes a nested loop and calculates a useless value. After every tenth pass through the outer loop, timing information is printed.
Listing Two: time-waster.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
int i, j, elapse = 0, prev_elapse;
double val;
time_t ts;
ts = time((time_t *)NULL);
for (i = 0; i < 101; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 9999999; j++)
val = (double)(j+1) / (double)(i+1);
if (!(i%10)) {
prev_elapse = elapse;
elapse = (int)(time((time_t *)NULL) – ts);
"i=%d, val=%lg, %d s elapsed, %d s
since last print\n",
i, val, elapse, elapse-prev_elapse);
return 0;
int main(int argc, char **argv)
int i, j, elapse = 0, prev_elapse;
double val;
time_t ts;
ts = time((time_t *)NULL);
for (i = 0; i < 101; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 9999999; j++)
val = (double)(j+1) / (double)(i+1);
if (!(i%10)) {
prev_elapse = elapse;
elapse = (int)(time((time_t *)NULL) – ts);
"i=%d, val=%lg, %d s elapsed, %d s
since last print\n",
i, val, elapse, elapse-prev_elapse);
return 0;
Figure One shows the results of compiling and running this code on mosix1, the fastest box in our cluster. The program takes approximately 81 seconds to run on mosix1 with about 8 seconds spent in each of the ten passes through the outer loop. Figure Two shows the results of executing time-waster on mosix2, our Pentium 166, without process migration. The mosrun program allows node-allocation preferences to be established for executing a command. In this case, the -h flag (for "home") is used to force time-waster to run on the home node (i.e., not migrated). It takes time-waster approximately 365 seconds to complete.
Figure One: Output from time-waster on mosix1
[forrest@mosix1 forrest]$ cc -o time-waster time-waster.c
[forrest@mosix1 forrest]$ ./time-waster
i=0, val=1e+07, 1 s elapsed, 1 s since last print
i=10, val=909091, 8 s elapsed, 7 s since last print
i=20, val=476190, 16 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=30, val=322581, 24 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=40, val=243902, 32 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=50, val=196078, 40 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=60, val=163934, 48 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=70, val=140845, 56 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=80, val=123457, 64 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=90, val=109890, 73 s elapsed, 9 s since last print
i=100, val=99009.9, 81 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
Figure Two: Output from time-waster on mosix2
[forrest@mosix2 forrest]$ mosrun -h ./time-waster
i=0, val=1e+07, 4 s elapsed, 4 s since last print
i=10, val=909091, 40 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
i=20, val=476190, 76 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
i=30, val=322581, 112 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
i=40, val=243902, 148 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
i=50, val=196078, 184 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
i=60, val=163934, 220 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
i=70, val=140845, 257 s elapsed, 37 s since last print
i=80, val=123457, 293 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
i=90, val=109890, 329 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
i=100, val=99009.9, 365 s elapsed, 36 s since last print
When executed on mosix2 without using the mosrun command, the time-waster process is quickly migrated over to mosix1 as can be seen in Figure Three. Because the delta from i=0 to i=10 is the same as it was when we ran on mosix1 (seven seconds), we can conclude that the process was migrated before i even became 1.
Figure Three: Output from time-waster with process migration
[forrest@mosix2 forrest]$ ./time-waster
i=0, val=1e+07, 3 s elapsed, 3 s since last print
i=10, val=909091, 10 s elapsed, 7 s since last print
i=20, val=476190, 18 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=30, val=322581, 27 s elapsed, 9 s since last print
i=40, val=243902, 34 s elapsed, 7 s since last print
i=50, val=196078, 43 s elapsed, 9 s since last print
i=60, val=163934, 51 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=70, val=140845, 59 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=80, val=123457, 67 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=90, val=109890, 75 s elapsed, 8 s since last print
i=100, val=99009.9, 84 s elapsed, 9 s since last print
The mosrun program can also be used to allocate processes to certain sets of nodes or provide tuning hints about the code to be run. Another useful utility, migrate, can be used to request migration of a particular process sending it back home or having MOSIX decide where it should run based on current loads. Additional utilities, including mosctl, setpe, and tune, control process migration and calibrate kernel parameters for processor and network configurations.
Monitoring Tools
To monitor the state of a MOSIX cluster, use the mon Program. As shown in Figure Four, mon provides a graphical view of system load. Note that node 4 (that failed earlier) is unavailable and not shown in the graph. Mon can also display graphs of processor speeds, total system memories, memory utilization, and processor availability.
Another monitoring tool available separately for MOSIX is Mosixview (http://www.mosixview.com/). It provides a graphical front end to mosctl and offers a better view of node utilization (see Figure Five). It simultaneously shows cluster node availability, processor speed, system load, memory utilization, total memory, and number of CPUs. In addition, there are tools for collecting run-time statistics of resource utilization that can be plotted and analyzed.
The displays in Figure Four and Figure Five were obtained at approximately the same time after time-waster had been started on nodes 2, 3, and 5. As you can see in both figures, the processes were migrated from nodes 3 and 5 (the two slowest nodes) onto nodes 1 and 2 (the two fastest nodes).
MFS: The MOSIX File System
The MOSIX File System lets you easily access files on all cluster nodes. A look at /mfs on mosix1 (Figure Six) shows directories for nodes 1, 2, 3, and 5. Since node 4 is unavailable, no directory is displayed. In addition to directories that take you to the file systems on each node, there are also special directory entries that point to the appropriate node number which programs can use at runtime (note that here in /mfs points to node 1, where we are logged on).
Figure Six: A view into mosix1′s MFS
[forrest@mosix1 forrest]$ cd /mfs
[forrest@mosix1 mfs]$ ls -l
ls: 4: Object is remote
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 8 22:13 1
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 8 1996 2
drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 Mar 8 23:25 3
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 8 22:59 5
lr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1 Dec 31 1969 here -> 1
lr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1 Dec 31 1969 home -> 1
lr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1 Dec 31 1969 lastexec -> 1
lr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1 Dec 31 1969 magic -> 1
lr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1 Dec 31 1969 selected -> 1
[forrest@mosix1 mfs]$ ls 3
bin dev home lib mfs mnt proc sbin usr work
boot etc initrd lost+found misc opt root tmp var
The Future of MOSIX
MOSIX is still being expanded by Professor Barak and his colleagues. Separately, the code for MOSIX was recently forked to create a GPL-compliant clustering platform called openMosix (http://openmosix.sourceforge.net/.) Check out both solutions to see which better meets your needs.
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text:
Coball Keys:Mouse Description: Make all the balls disappear in the time given.
Take up arms in these great shooting games. We have lots of different types, from cowboy saloon shootout to state-of-the art warfare. Games to test your precision! Look at the target and shoot!
Tags: balls, color, combination,
Played: 79918
|Favorited:0 times
|Category: Shooting


text:
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We understand that e-learning is a fine art as well as an instructional design discipline. If your goal is to reach and teach a specific audience (or demographic), our award-winning multimedia development has been compared to the best of the best.
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text:
Queensland Rail's 'Pillars Project' is quickly becoming an iconic landmark for Brisbane City and is now existing as arguably the most important street art project the city has seen to date.
Adnate recently contributed this stunning mural with the intentions of engaging his audience of the highly populated urban area in a visual dialogue with Australia's true 'First People'. The desire behind painting an indigenous portrait is to connect with each individual viewer on a deeper level, even if it's just for a moment, to provoke emotion, thought, conversation, and bring about awareness of the issues facing Aboriginal people today.
This area of South Brisbane is traditional known as being a 'Meeting Point' and a 'Place of Pathways' for indigenous Australians for thousands of years and this piece by Adnate has paid homage to this- bringing considerable positive attention to the area as well as the Aboriginal community through the use of street art.
This unique pillar sits a short walk away from Queensland Rail's existing pillars, linking a trail of historical significance and visual beauty. The pillar is the last before the Rail Bridge launches over the Brisbane River exposing it to river traffic, Coronation Drive and one of the busiest walk and cycle ways in Brisbane.
For more info on the Pillars Project, you can visit their website which is linked above, or even better head there in person if you're in the local area of Brisbane. Thanks to Jade Hood for the images.


text:
I Heart Faces: We Heart Kisses
Tuesday, February 9, 2010
I had a tough time choosing between this photo, taken back in August, and a picture of Charlie smooching his sister's baby doll, also taken last summer. I decided in the end, that this picture was more appropriate, with all that has been happening this week. This is how I feel, most of the time at least, hee hee. I just want to scoop him up and cover him in Mama slobber, which I do often. Charlie loves kisses, thankfully. I think they tickle right through his baby soft skin, down to the cherry core of his perfect chocolate coated heart.
I know its nowhere near professional, and the colors are a little bit off (zombie skin tones are in though, right?), but I went with it anyways. I never enter these challenges expecting, or really even desiring to win. I just enter them for the fun of it.
Friends; I have to thank you for your overwhelming support, yet again. The emails that you've sent, and the comments that you left, regarding Charlie's seizures have been heart warming. Some even moved me to tears. Yes I know that's easy to do, I cry at everything (13 weeks pregnant and going strong), but your words wrap themselves around me like a hug through the computer screen. It means a lot to us.
Update; Charlie saw the doctor yesterday, and she took his seizures very seriously. As a first step, she's ordered both an EEG and a cat scan (for which Charlie will be sedated for the first time, and even though I've heard its easier for children than adults, still makes me very nervous), and she's put in a referral for a neurologist. She couldn't believe that the previous doctor had blown it off so easily. His taking it lightly is what had kept me calm through the worst of the episodes, so for my original fear of "this is serious", to be seen so clearly in a new doctor, filled my heart with adrenaline, and I came home with a strong grip on my son, not wanting to set him anywhere but in Daddy's arms. We'll keep everybody updated as we go through the process of diagnosis and treatment. But again, thank you everyone for your support.


text:
The unfortunate reality of a Hunger Games theme park marches ever on.
While we love the Hunger Games book trilogy and anxiously await the upcoming final film, the GeekyNews staff agrees with many other fans that a theme park seems at best an uncomfortable concept and at worst a horrifying distortion of the messages from the story. We've been over this before but as more information is revealed it has become clear that it is happening after all, and we can only hope it's handled with some amount of care.
With the films winding down, Lionsgate has been actively looking for ways to bring the Hunger Games franchise to its audience via new interactive experiences. They found their biggest opportunity at motiongate Dubai, a Hollywood-inspired theme park set to open in late 2016.
Details have just been announced for the two Hunger Games themed attractions.
Guests will ride aboard a hovercraft through the Capitol for a tour of Panem featuring new footage shot just for one of the new attractions.
The adventure begins when guests board vehicles specially designed to replicate the hovercrafts from the film. However, it is not long before the craft catches the attention of the Peacekeepers and that's when the action really starts and a thrilling battle in the sky ensues!
In case you're wondering what it feels like to be transported to your impending almost-certain death, the second attraction will be a launch coaster that mimics the bullet train journey from District 12 to the Capitol. There had better be some mahogany aboard that roller coaster or we'll consider this whole thing a huge missed opportunity.
Check out the concept art for the Hunger Games area of motiongate Dubai's Lionsgate Zone.
While we here at GeekyNews maintain that a Hunger Games theme park is a terrible idea, we suppose it could be worse. We even made a list of awful but possible attraction ideas, compiled when Lionsgate was in early stages of exploring this concept last November.
Though the park plans so far feature nine themed sit down dining locations and 15 retail shops, we don't yet know if any of them will be Hunger Games related or if it will just be the two announced rides. These venues, along with 25 additional attractions, will span five movie-inspired zones sponsored by studios – Lionsgate, DreamWorks, Sony Pictures Studios, Smurfs Village, and Studio Central, the park's entrance area.
Mockingjay – Part 2 hits theaters this Friday, November 20, and motiongate Dubai is set to open in the fall of 2016.


text:
"On the sensitive issue of the huge price rise demanded by natural gas exploring companies in the Krishna-Godavari basin, Modi tried to be evasive but indicated that if required the price may have to be increased," says the interviewer, Dilip Gohil.
Narendra Modi, the Bharatiya Janata Party's prime ministerial candidate, has suddenly started giving interviews to regional television channels and his favourite journalists and editors. His office had received around 300 requests for interviews, says a senior officer in the Gujarat government.
He has given so many interviews in the run-up to the elections that one could lose count of the number. However, he plays favourites as all politicians do, and has paid special attention to granting interviews to Tamil, Gujarati and Andhra Pradesh-based television channels.
Since 2002, Modi has never had intimate interactions with the Gujarati media or media-persons. However, recently, he gave more than two interviews in Gujarati because he wants to win all the 26 Lok Sabha seats in Gujarat on the theme of "dharti na choru" (son of the soil) who is embarking upon a "new national struggle for Su-Raj" (good governance) 'in the footsteps of the struggle for Swaraj by another Gujarati Mahatma Gandhi', claims Modi's advertisement in Gujarati.
His appeal on radio to voters clearly says, 'just as Gujaratis felt proud when Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel led the nation, let another Gujarati be given a chance now so that Gujaratis can feel proud once again'. His election speeches in Gujarat are emotional and humble.
Recently, Modi gave a couple of interviews to the Gujarati media, one of them to GSTV, a channel owned by the Gujarat Samachar group. Dilip Gohil, senior journalist and formerly of Rediff.com, who interviewed Modi, said, "Any interview with Modi becomes news in Gujarat because he rarely gives one-on-one interviews."
On his home turf, Modi was asked questions ranging from L K Advani to Pakistan.
When asked about his "Guru-Shishya" relationship with Advani, Modi almost denied being a shishya of Advani. According to Gohil, Modi says in the interview, "We are all colleagues and working for the larger cause of the BJP." Modi, though, generously gave credit to Advani for his long journey in politics.
Gohil says, "On the sensitive issue of the huge price rise demanded by natural gas exploring companies in the Krishna-Godavari basin, Modi tried to be evasive but indicated that if required the price may have to be increased."
GSPC, a Gujarat government-promoted corporation, has demanded a massive hike of 14 dollars for natural gas, while Reliance has already got a hike of eight dollars in the review.
Gohil says, "The real reason behind his agreeing to give interview after interview is perhaps the criticism that he is avoiding difficult questions and not answering about his actions. Also, his fans love watching Modi mauling the interviewer. It adds to his strength."
Modi has also given an hour-long interview to Doordarshan – looks like the official broadcaster is gearing up for the expected regime change.
Gohil says, "Modi enjoyed giving us the interview, he seemed relaxed. He enjoyed talking about the price rise of gold, and reminded us of the gold smuggling era of Morarji Desai. Because of gold smuggling, a large part of which was being done on the Gujarat coast, the mafia and gangsters thrived, he said, and criticised the gold import policies of the UPA government. He gave hints that maybe the price of natural gas may go up but gold import controls may see some easing."
Before starting every interview, Modi combs his hair and selects his jackets carefully. He is very particular about his hairdo.
A video team from the Gujarat information department records all his interviews. It now has more than 43 camera teams, and has become an efficient PR machine.
When Modi gives interviews, no private photographer is allowed nor is the guest allowed to take pictures. Modi's pictures are taken only by select photographers from his office.
Gohil says, "Modi wanted the Gujarati interview to be Gujarat-centric. When I tried to raise national issues, he found it uncomfortable. And as usual he made fun of me in a couple of question, and criticised us for raking up issues out of turn, but we loved it because it is our job to raise relevant issues."
He gave us a tongue-lashing for raising the "guru-shishya" issue in particular.
After interviewing him, Gohil says, "I am convinced Modi is still what he is. He is nobody's chela."
Image: Narendra Modi with the interviewer, Dilip Gohil.


text:
Dear Dana Larsen, and the rest of you Cannabis Canadians,
Surprise! Here comes a letter to the staff at the world's most brilliant and great magazine: Cannabis Canada. It comes from a Swedish prison, Haktet Prison. I hope that you are in good health and that CC still exists. My name is Ulf Bagenhammer, and I am a prisoner in this fucked up place. I was sentenced to prison by the court for possession of cannabis. I have been here a very long time now, but in September the bells of freedom shall ring for me, and I shall be released from this stinkeroo!
99% of the prisoners here are here for drugs. Cannabis, hash, coke, ecstasy, you name it! Prison isn't so bad. The only negative thing is that we are "locked up" in our cells 22 out of 24 hours, which leaves only 2 hours each day to communicate with other prisoners.
But we are allowed to read whatever we want. And that's cool, because my girlfriend sent me some copies of Cannabis Canada. I hope you will be proud to hear that Cannabis Canada is the most read and appreciated magazine in this prison! Me and the other prisoners love CC! Cool, huh? Cannabis Canada is something very special, it's an aggressive and cool magazine, a bit like the old so-called "free press" underground newspapers. It's hard not to notice that CC is written and published with your heart, if you know what I mean.
We're all praying you still exist, because the last issue we read was #9, 1997.
I wish you a happy summer and lots of big fat joints!
Your Swedish Prison Friend
Ulf Bagenhammer
Haktet Prison
I am so pleased to know that our magazine has found its way into a corner of the world where it can bring some light and hope to pot-people in desolate circumstance. We sent Ulf a stack of CC backissues and a CC hat, which we hope gets through to him safe and sound. Our magazine regularly gets turned away from North American prisons, yet although Sweden is Europe's most prohibitionist nation, it seems their anti-censorship laws are firmly in place.
Of course, we haven't been called Cannabis Canada since issue 12, so long ago. I hope Ulf and his cellmates appreciate the changes and improvements we've implemented since then.
Thanks to Ulf, the inmates of Haktet prison will be receiving a lifetime subscription to CC.
Cops are losers
To the editor:
This is in response to Cindy in Ontario (CC#18 Pought Thots: Police Bashing?). How can you believe any cop is good? I was taught that it is our duty as a citizen to see bad laws amended. Yet because of those losers called cops, mankind has suffered many a misery. The cops are just following orders… orders to kill pets in front of children? Orders to kill you because you are a nasty pot smoker? This is as stupid a reason to kill someone as because of their color. Yet it is happening.
Dana should have included all cops in his stereotype of losers, brutes in uniform. If the police were honest people they too would take a stand against the persecution of the pot smoker. Police are citizens first, and their loyalties should be to the people they protect, not to the whim of some special interest group.
Keep up the good work.
Mr Chicago
I can't agree that all cops are losers and bad people. Although it's true that every person should strive to take an enlightened stand against injustice, I don't see how the cop who works in homicide has more special responsibility to call for an end to the war on drugs than does any other person.
Certainly police officers have been guilty of innumerable brutalities against peaceful pot-people. The cop who gleefully busts pot smokers is obviously doing far more harm than good, and richly deserves the epithet of loser.
And it is also true that policing agencies are the primary promoters of increased firepower for the war on drugs. By seeking to expand their own power and influence, anti-drug police forces have destroyed and ended countless lives.
Yet I have some sympathy for the officers who entered the force with good ideals, and then find themselves ordered to harass users and petty dealers. They should of course do the noble thing and refuse, yet to resign their commission leaves the police force filled only with those who enjoy harassing pot-people.
Although open defiance of the police and the laws they represent is often an effective technique to drawing public attention to the realities of the drug war, we will not end the attacks against us with a direct victory over any police forces. Our real battle is not with the police, but rather the cultural inertia and political influence which perpetuates the ongoing war on herbs.
Drug war refugee
Dear Mr Larsen.
I would like any information you could send me about receiving refugee status in Canada. I suffer from asthma and arthritis (as well as several other disorders) that I treat with cannabis. In today's political climate, I am afraid every time I hear a police officer or hear a siren. I am tired of living in a country where Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness are words without any meaning. Any information you can send that will help get out of this hellish and repressive country would be most appreciated.
RC in the USA
Although a few Americans have tried to claim refugee status in Canada as victims of drug war persecution, realistically this is a slow and expensive process with little chance of success. If you have the resources to hire lawyers and mount a significant challenge then by all means do so. However, I recommend that those fleeing pot-persecution in the US simply cross the border into pot-tolerant Canada and set up residence.
The best plan of action for those planning such a move is to make a preliminary visit to the intended region, scope out the scene and then take it from there. Be intelligent and cautious when crossing the border into Canada.
It's worth remembering that the BC pot culture and growing scene found much of its roots in the wave of US youth fleeing being drafted into the Vietnam war. So when you get here, do something for pot, and give something back to freedom. Grow lots of pot, sell it at a good price, give some away to medical pot clubs, and be a good and honest person.
Note that although Canada's pot-penalties are generally lighter than those in the US, Canada is not truly a legal-pot mecca. The West Coast is the most pot-tolerant part of the nation, especially the City of Vancouver. But pot is still illegal by federal law, and people get busted and go to jail for pot all across the nation.


text: I designed a report in InDesign CS6 and sent to client Print Ready file in PDF format in CMYK 300 DPI. My client sent me publisher comments about cover page that "the ink coverage is too high (more thatn 300% CMYK. This coverage must be reduced to 280% CMYK. Otherwise there will be ink drops / spots on the paper)." Can any one help me how I reduce ink at cover page from 300 dpi to 280 dpi. Thanks in Advance!


text: >>>>> "Terry" == Terry L Davis <Davis> writes: Terry> Warren Terry> My answer would be "we didn't have enough software types in Terry> the room during the discussions on creating v6" to point out Terry> the implications of that fact. Terry> Although a long term v6 advocate, I did not fully realize Terry> what we had done to ourselves till I did a Master's project Terry> paper on v6 migration a few years ago. After doing that, I v6 is completely upward compatible with v4. Watch this: marajade-[~] mcr 10001 %telnet -6 ::ffff:126.96.36.199 Trying ::ffff:184.108.40.206... Connected to ::ffff:184.108.40.206. Escape character is '^]'. tcp6 0 0 220.127.116.11:43185 22.214.171.124:23 ESTABLISHED It works fine. It uses v4 at the network layer, but the application thinks it has v6. What we did not do was make IPv4 compatible with v6, or any other new protocol. No v7, or any other thing would have accomplished that. -- ] He who is tired of Weird Al is tired of life! | firewalls [ ] Michael Richardson, Sandelman Software Works, Ottawa, ON |net architect[ ] mcr at sandelman.ottawa.on.ca http://www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/ |device driver[ Kyoto Plus: watch the video <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzx1ycLXQSE> then sign the petition.