text:
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text:
1834 c/o Ted Bonham
There she is
stood in the full green flow
-over of her neatly unkempt garden,
wearing those new, royal blue overalls
and clutching – or no
not clutching, but
perhaps only holding up
to the light, like the photograph of a loved one,
a square of brown-yellow golden sandpaper
(9'' x 11'', aluminium-oxide
backed with flexible C-weight).
Good. That was
the image I wanted to start with—
I wanted to capture her there
at that moment, without
too many prevarications.
In the early summer sun
of that afternoon in the garden,
glass in hand – sorry,
sandpaper in hand,
with her dog, a Beagle named Darwin,
chasing after butterflies and research funding,
digging up mastodon bones and the out of date methodologies
of another project that never got out of the ground
because she paid too little attention to Gardeners' Question Time
and most of her long ago childhood
simply messing about
in something.
She looks intently at the sandpaper,
admiring the glitter of its surface
in the early summer, late afternoon sun.
She watches the bubbles rising in her glass
collecting about the ice cubes
melting at the surface.
There must be something to it.
Why else would she have spent so much
of her life to be a poet?
She remembers an unused canvas in the back bedroom
(perhaps her husband is a painter, or was
going to be one Christmas)
and she runs upstairs to fetch it.
Back outside in the sun
before it starts to dim
she sets to work laying out the pages;
9'' x 11'', 9'' x 11'', 9'' x 11'',
9'' x 11'', 9'' x 11'', 9'' x 11'',
9'' x 11'', 9'' x 11'', 9'' x 11'',
and so on, in varying grit.
She works with the sun, working
out where similar pieces should sit next to each other
and where they should be separated.
She covers the entire canvas with neat rows
of different grades of sandpaper
until the whole thing is like one giant sheet
resembling something in the sun.
The texture of it somehow seems important—
the curious, uneven surface of a poem.
because 1834 , Isaac Fischer Jr. , Ted Bonham

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
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Develop your telekinetic strength by pushing a Cube within a geometric universe.
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text:
Health, Food, Energy and Environment are the primary factors that drive us to sustainable world. How this could be achieved and
the only solution would be innovation. For economic growth and prosperity, innovation is considered to be a working force, but
without proper funding, research and development would be practically an impossible task. Developing partnerships and collaboration
will have a major role in obtaining funds, but this requires an exposure to global scientific society.
Global statistics suggest that still research sector is more only affordable field of interest to developed countries. The recent information analyzed for year 2014, compared towards total global research spending of each country, the United States of America is ahead of all other countries, with highest share of 31.1%, followed by China and Japan with the expenditure levels 15.3% and 10.5% respectively. Europe has been spending 21.7% with major contribution from Germany (6.1%). Among highest research priority giving countries highly developing nation India is also included with a contribution of 2.7%. Surprisingly, rest of the world spends only 5.4% on research and developments.
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text:
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When you purchase homeowner's insurance, you hope you never have to use it. This insurance typically covers loss or damage to your home, including personal property. Coverage can also include living expenses that are incurred during the time your home is being repaired or replaced due to those damages. Another protection homeowner's insurance provides is liability in case someone is injured while on their property.
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text:
Awake, thou wintry earth -
Fling off thy sadness!
Fair vernal flowers, laugh forth
Your ancient gladness!
~Thomas Blackburn, "An Easter Hymn"
Everything's planted, so now it's just a matter of keeping an eye on things! The squash house is sprouting everywhere - all of the beans and the squash are up and growing. I think this will be a wonderful sight to see when they've covered the arches!
The peppers are showing up. Here's a jalapeno already....
...and this Cubanelle is getting quite big!
I spent a good hour thinning out the tomato plants -- too many leaves! They need to be trimmed to allow air flow and to keep them from touching the ground. I'll have to continue this every couple of weeks.
I only had to clip a few to the wire this time, but I'm sure I'll be securing all of them pretty soon.
...and I think these are the tallest tomatillo that I've every grown. They're covered in fruit too!
View of Beds #1 and #2
Full view of the Squash House
Full view of Bed #4
The herb garden is filling in nicely.
John put two burr oak acorns in a pot this past winter and they stayed in there all winter. I think he had given up on them, but I just put the pot out when I emptied the greenhouse, and look what happened! Both have sprouted!
And finally, I planted some begonias around the big oak tree outside our side door. I think it looks like spring there now - the garden gnome approves!


text:
Basic income(Redirected from Guaranteed income)
A Basic Income, also called Universal Basic Income (UBI), Citizen's Income (CI), Citizen's Basic Income (CBI) (in the United Kingdom), Basic Income Guarantee (BIG) (in the United States and Canada), or Universal Demogrant, is a periodic cash payment delivered to all on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement.[2] The incomes would be:
- Unconditional: A Basic Income would vary with age, but there would be no other conditions: so everyone of the same age would receive the same Basic Income, whatever their gender, employment status, family structure, contribution to society, housing costs, or anything else.
- Automatic: Someone's Basic Income would be paid weekly or monthly, automatically, into a bank account or similar.
- Nonwithdrawable: Basic Incomes would not be means-tested. Whether someone's earnings increase, decrease, or stay the same, their Basic Income will not change.
- Individual: Basic Incomes would be paid on an individual basis, and not on the basis of a couple or household.
- As a right: Everybody legally resident would receive a Basic Income, subject to a minimum period of legal residency, and continuing residency for most of the year.[3]
Basic income can be implemented nationally, regionally or locally. An unconditional income that is sufficient to meet a person's basic needs (at or above the poverty line), is sometimes called a Full Basic Income, while if it is less than that amount, it is sometimes called Partial. A welfare system with some characteristics similar to those of a Basic Income is a negative income tax, in which the government stipend is gradually reduced with higher labour income.
Some welfare systems are sometimes regarded as steps on the way to a Basic Income, but because they have conditionalities attached they are not Basic Incomes. If they raise household incomes to specified minima they are called guaranteed minimum income systems. For example, Bolsa Família in Brazil is restricted to poor families and the children are obligated to attend school.[4]
There are several political discussions that are related to the basic income debate. Some examples include the debates regarding robotisation, AI (artificial intelligence), and the future of work. One key issue in these debates is whether robotisation and AI will significantly reduce the number of available jobs. Basic income often comes up as a proposal in these types of discussions.
The idea of a state-run Basic Income dates back to the early 16th century, when Sir Thomas More argued in Utopia that every person should receive a guaranteed income,[5] and to the late 18th century when English radical Thomas Spence and American revolutionary Thomas Paine both declared their support for a welfare system in which all citizens were guaranteed a certain income. In the 19th century the debate on Basic Income was limited, but during the early part of the 20th century a Basic Income called a 'state bonus' was widely discussed (see below), and in 1946 the UK implemented unconditional Family Allowances for the second and subsequent children of every family (which become Child Benefit for every child during the 1970s). In the 1960s and 1970s the United States and Canada conducted several experiments with negative income taxation, a related welfare system. From the 1980s and onward, the debate in Europe took off more broadly and since then it has expanded to many countries around the world. A few countries have implemented large-scale welfare systems that have some similarities to Basic Income, such as Bolsa Família in Brazil. From 2008 and onward, there have also been several experiments with basic income and related systems. Especially in countries with an existing welfare state at least some of the funding will need to come from replacing the current welfare arrangements, or a part of it. Apart from that there are several ideas and proposals regarding the rest of the financing, as well as different ideas about the level and other aspects.
There are normally understood to be three methods by which governments contributed to individuals' and households' income maintenance strategies. 1. The government can establish a minimum income guarantee - levels of income below which differently constituted households are not allowed to fall, with the levels being reached by the government paying means-tested benefits; 2. social insurance, which pays benefits in the case of sickness, unemployment or old age on the basis of contributions paid; 3. universal unconditional payments, such as the UK's Child Benefit for children.[6]
In more detail: 1. A means-tested benefit that raises a household's income to a guaranteed minimum income level is nothing like a Basic Income, because means-tested benefits fall if other income rises, whereas a Basic Income never changes. The only similarly is that both recognise the state's welfare responsibilities towards its citizens. Johannes Ludovicus Vives (1492–1540), for example, proposed that the municipal government should be responsible for securing a subsistence minimum to all its residents, "not on grounds of justice but for the sake of a more effective exercise of morally required charity". However, to be entitled to poor relief the person's poverty must not, he argued, be undeserved, but he or she must "deserve the help he or she gets by proving his or her willingness to work."[7]
2. The first to develop the idea of a social insurance was Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794). After playing a prominent role in the French Revolution, he was imprisoned and sentenced to death. While in prison, he wrote the Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit humain (published posthumously by his widow in 1795), whose last chapter described his vision of a social insurance and how it could reduce inequality, insecurity and poverty. Condorcet mentioned, very briefly, the idea of a benefit to all children old enough to start working by themselves and to start up a family of their own. He is not known to have said or written anything else on this proposal, but his close friend and fellow member of the Convention Thomas Paine (1737–1809) developed the idea much further, a couple of years after Condorcet's death.
3. The first social movement for Basic Income developed around 1920 in the United Kingdom. Its proponents included Bertrand Russell, Dennis Milner (with his wife Mabel) and Clifford H. Douglas.
- Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) argued for a new social model that combined the advantages of socialism and anarchism, and that basic income should be a vital component in that new society.
- Dennis and Mabel Milner, a Quaker married couple in the Labour Party, published a short pamphlet entitled "Scheme for a State Bonus" (1918). There they argued for the "introduction of an income paid unconditionally on a weekly basis to all citizens of the United Kingdom". They considered it a moral right for everyone to have the means to subsistence, and thus it should not be conditional on work or willingness to work.
- Clifford H. Douglas was an engineer who became concerned that most British citizens could not afford to buy the goods that were produced, despite the rising productivity in British industry. His solution to this paradox was a new social system called "social credit", a combination of monetary reform and basic income.
In 1944 and 1945, the Beveridge Committee, led by the British economist William Beveridge, developed a proposal for a comprehensive new welfare system of social insurance, means-tested benefits, and unconditional allowances for children. Committee member Lady Rhys-Williams argued that the incomes for adults should be more like a Basic Income. She was also the first to develop the negative income tax model.[8][9] Her son Brandon Rhys Williams proposed a Basic Income to a parliamentary committee in 1982, and soon after that, in 1984, the Basic Income Research Group - now the Citizen's Basic Income Trust - began to conduct and disseminate research on Basic Income.[10]
In the 1960s and 1970s, some welfare debates in the United States and Canada included discussions of Basic Income. Six pilot projects were also conducted with negative income tax. Then US president Richard Nixon once even proposed a negative income tax in a bill to the US Congress—but Congress eventually only approved a guaranteed minimum income for the elderly and the disabled, not for all citizens.[11]
In the late 1970s and the 1980s, Basic Income was more or less forgotten in the United States, but it started to gain some traction in Europe. Basic Income European Network, later renamed to Basic Income Earth Network, was founded in 1986 and started to arrange international conferences every two years.[12] From the 1980s, some people outside party politics and universities took interest. In West Germany, groups of unemployed people took a stance for the reform.[13]
From 2010 onwards, Basic Income again became an active topic in many countries. Basic income is currently discussed from a variety of perspectives—including in the context of ongoing automation and robotisation, often with the argument that these trends mean less paid work in the future, which would create a need for a new welfare model. Several countries are planning for local or regional experiments with basic income or related welfare systems. Experiments in Namibia, India, and Finland for example, have received international media attention. Several countries have used polls to investigate public support for Basic Income. In 2016, 76.9% of Swiss voters in a national referendum rejected a Basic Income proposal.
Perspectives in the Basic Income debateEdit
The debates about basic income and automation are closely linked. For example, Mark Zuckerberg argues that the increase in automation creates a greater need for basic income. Concerns about automation have prompted many in the high-technology industry to argue for basic income as an implication of their business models.
Many technologists believe that automation (among other things) is creating technological unemployment. Journalist Nathan Schneider first highlighted the turn of the "tech elite" to these ideas with an article in Vice magazine, which cited Marc Andreessen, Sam Altman, Peter Diamandis, and others.[14][15][16] Some studies about automation and jobs validate these concerns. The US White House, in a report to the US Congress, estimated that a worker earning less than $20 an hour in 2010 will eventually lose their job to a machine with 83% probability. Even workers earning as much as $40 an hour faced a probability of 31%.[15] With a rising unemployment rate, poor communities will become more impoverished worldwide. Proponents of universal basic income argue that it could solve many world problems like high work stress and could create more opportunities and efficient and effective work. This claim is supported by some studies. In a study in Dauphin, Manitoba, only 13% of labor decreased from a much higher expected number.[17] In a study in several Indian villages, basic income in the region raised the education rate of young people by 25%.[18]
Andrew Yang , an upcoming presidential candidate talks about how automation is negatively affecting real people when it takes over their jobs in his book The War On Normal People, he says that even though automation might make the economy and market more efficient it is not being used positively to help people.[19] It is not creating enough new jobs than the number of old jobs it is replacing. An example of this is - In 2004, BlockBuster was making $6 billion with 84,000 employees. Netflix has so far made $9 billion dollars with only 4,500 employees. Other places where automation is rapidly replacing people is self driving cars, nearly 3 million jobs in the US will be replaced in the next 10 years it is not a question of if they will be replaced but how quickly they will be displaced.[20] This is one problem most critics of automation don't realise and argue that automation will create new jobs, but automation is so different this time compared to the Industrial Revolution because peoples livelihood is being displaced in an unprecedented scale and when these people lose the option to pursue these kinds of jobs they will have to be retrained and even then they might not be hired and leave the workforce entirely.[19]
Besides technological unemployment, some tech-industry experts worry that automation will destabilize the labor market or increase economic inequality. One example is Chris Hughes, co-founder of both Facebook and Economic Security Project. Automation has been happening for hundreds of years; it has not permanently reduced the employment rate but has constantly caused employment instability. It displaces workers who spend their lives learning skills that become outmoded and forces them into unskilled labor. Paul Vallée, a Canadian tech-entrepreneur and CEO of Pythian, argues that automation is at least as likely to increase poverty and reduce social mobility than it is to create ever-increasing unemployment rate. At the 2016 North American Basic Income Guarantee Congress in Winnipeg, Vallée examined slavery as a historical example of a period in which capital (African slaves) could do the same things that human labor (poor whites) could do. He found that slavery did not cause massive unemployment among poor whites, but instead increased economic inequality and lowered social mobility.[21]
Bad behaviorEdit
There are concerns that some people will spend their basic income on alcohol and other drugs.[22][23] However, studies of the impact of direct cash transfer programs provide evidence to the contrary. A 2014 World Bank review of 30 scientific studies concludes that "concerns about the use of cash transfers for alcohol and tobacco consumption are unfounded".[24]
Basic income as a part of a post-capitalistic economic systemEdit
Harry Shutt proposed basic income and other measures to make all or most enterprises collective rather than private. These measures would create a post-capitalist economic system.[25]
Erik Olin Wright characterizes basic income as a project for reforming capitalism into an economic system by empowering labor in relation to capital, granting labor greater bargaining power with employers in labor markets, which can gradually de-commodify labor by decoupling work from income. This would allow for an expansion in scope of the "social economy", by granting citizens greater means to pursue activities (such as the pursuit of art) that do not yield strong financial returns.[26]
James Meade advocated for a social dividend scheme to be funded by publicly owned productive assets.[27] Russell argued for a basic income alongside public ownership as a means of shortening the average working day and achieving full employment.[28]
Economists and sociologists have advocated for a form of basic income as a way to distribute economic profits of publicly owned enterprises to benefit the entire population (also referred to as a social dividend), where the basic income payment represents the return to each citizen on the capital owned by society. These systems would be directly financed from returns on publicly owned assets and are featured as major components of many models of market socialism.[29]
Guy Standing has proposed financing a social dividend from a democratically-accountable sovereign wealth fund built up primarily from the proceeds of a levy on rentier income derived from ownership or control of assets - physical, financial and intellectual.[30][31]
Herman Daly, considered as one of the founders of ecologism, argued primarily for a zero growth economy within the ecological limits of the planet. But to have such a green and sustainable economy, including basic economic welfare and security to all people, he wrote a lot about the need for structural reforms of the capitalistic system, including basic income, monetary reform, land value tax, trade reforms and higher eco-taxes (taxes on pollution and carbon dioxide). For him, basic income was thus part of a larger structural change of the economic system, towards a more green and sustainable system.
Different ideological argumentsEdit
- Georgist views: Geolibertarians seek to synthesize propertarian libertarianism and a geoist (or Georgist) philosophy of land as unowned commons or equally owned by all people, citing the classical economic distinction between unimproved land and private property. The rental value of land is produced by the labors of the community and, as such, rightly belongs to the community at large and not solely to the landholder. A land value tax (LVT) is levied as an annual fee for exclusive access to a section of earth, which is collected and redistributed to the community either through public goods, such as public security or a court system, or in the form of a basic guaranteed income called a citizen's dividend. Geolibertarians view the LVT as a single tax to replace all other methods of taxation, which are deemed unjust violations of the non-aggression principle.
- Right-wing views: Support for basic income has been expressed by several people associated with right-wing political views. While adherents of such views generally favor minimization or abolition of the public provision of welfare services, some have cited basic income as a viable strategy to reduce the amount of bureaucratic administration that is prevalent in many contemporary welfare systems. Others have contended that it could also act as a form of compensation for fiat currency inflation.[32][33][34]
- Feminist views: Feminist views on the basic income are loosely divided into two opposing views. One view supports basic income as a means of guaranteeing minimum financial independence for women, and of recognizing women's unpaid work in the home. The opposing Feminist view opposes basic income as something that might discourage women from participation in the workforce—reinforcing traditional gender roles of women belonging in the private area and men in the public area.[35][36]
Economic critiqueEdit
In 2016, the IMG Economic Experts panel at Chicago Booth was asked if "Granting every American citizen over 21-years old a universal basic income of $13,000 a year — financed by eliminating all transfer programs (including Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, housing subsidies, household welfare payments, and farm and corporate subsidies) — would be better policy than the status quo," 58 percent disagreed or strongly disagreed, 19 percent were uncertain, and 2 percent agreed. Cost was an issue for those who disagreed, as well as a lack of optimization in the structure proposed. Daron Acemoglu, Professor in economics at MIT, expressed these doubts in the survey: "Current US status quo is horrible. A more efficient and generous social safety net is needed. But UBI is expensive and not generous enough."[37] Eric Maskin has stated that "a minimum income makes sense, but not at the cost of eliminating Social Security and Medicare".[38] Simeon Djankov, professor at the London School of Economics, argues the costs of a generous system are prohibitive.[39]
Andrew Yang, a presidential candidate of the 2020 election in the United States, wants to provide a universal basic income of $1,000 a month to every U.S. citizen between 18 and 64 years old. He wants to achieve this by introducing a Value Added Tax. He says even conservatives have known that a VAT was going to be necessary at some point in the future, and this is a great opportunity for the U.S. to rebalance their economy. The United States the only major economy that does not have a VAT right now, and it is going to be increasingly necessary given the progressive automation they are already experiencing.[citation needed]
Another critique comes from the far-left: Douglas Rushkoff, a professor of Media Theory and Digital Economics at the City University of New York, suggests that universal basic income is another way that "obviates the need for people to consider true alternatives to living lives as passive consumers". He sees it as a sophisticated way for corporations to get richer on the expense of public money.[40]
Economic growthEdit
Some proponents have argued that basic income can increase economic growth because it would sustain people while they invest in education to get interesting and well-paid jobs.[41][22] However, there is also a discussion of basic income within the degrowth movement, which argues against economic growth.[42]
One argument against basic income is that if people have free and unconditional money, they will "get lazy" and not work as much.[43][44][45] Less work means less tax revenue, argue critics, and hence less money for the state and cities to fund public projects. The degree of any disincentive to employment because of basic income would likely depend on how generous the basic income was.
Some studies have looked at employment levels during the experiments with basic income and negative income tax, and similar systems. In the negative income tax-experiments in United States in the 1970s, for example, there was a five percent decline in the hours worked. The work reduction was largest for second earners in two-earner households and weakest for the main earner. The reduction in hours was higher when the benefit was higher. Participants in these experiments, however, knew that the experiment was limited in time.[44]
In the Mincome experiment in rural Dauphin, Manitoba, also in the 1970s, there were also slight reductions in hours worked during the experiment. However, the only two groups who worked significantly less were new mothers and teenagers working to support their families. New mothers spent this time with their infant children, and working teenagers put significant additional time into their schooling.[46] Under Mincome, "The reduction of work effort was modest: about one per cent for men, three per cent for wives, and five per cent for unmarried women."[47]
Also according to a recent study done on the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend which is the most large scale universal basic income program in the United States that has been running since 1976 has showed that this belief is not true. The researchers from University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy professor Damon Jones and University of Pennsylvania School of Public Policy and Practice professor Ioana Marinescu have established that even though there is only a very small decrease in work done by recipients due to various reasons like the ones we saw in the Manitoba experiment,however there has been a 17 percent increase in part time jobs.The authors theorized employment remained steady because the extra income that allowed people to buy more also increased demand for service jobs, a finding consistent with the economic data of the time. There was no effect seen when it came to jobs, such as those in manufacturing, that produce exports. Essentially, the authors argue, macro-economic effects of higher spending supported overall employment.To use an illustrative but hypothetical example, someone who uses her dividend to help with car payments can cut back on her hours working as a cashier at a local grocery store. But because more people are spending more, the store will look to replace that worker who started working less. Meanwhile, the distribution of the dividend won't affect the international demand for oil and the jobs connected to it.[48][49]
But Jones and Marinescu found instead that the larger scale of the program is what allows it to work, and not dissuade people out of the work force.
Another study that contradicted such decline in work incentive was a pilot project implemented in 2008 and 2009 in the Namibian village of Omitara; the assessment of the project after its conclusion found that economic activity actually increased, particularly through the launch of small businesses, and reinforcement of the local market by increasing households' buying power.[50] However, the residents of Omitara were described as suffering "dehumanising levels of poverty" before the introduction of the pilot, and as such the project's relevance to potential implementations in developed economies is unknown.[51]
James Meade states that a return to full employment can only be achieved if, among other things, workers offer their services at a low enough price that the required wage for unskilled labor would be too low to generate a socially desirable distribution of income. He therefore concludes that a "citizen's income" is necessary to achieve full employment without suffering stagnant or negative growth in wages.[52]
If there is a disincentive to employment because of basic income, the magnitude of such a disincentive may depend on how generous the basic income was. Some campaigners in Switzerland have suggested a level that would be only just liveable, arguing that people would want to supplement it.[53]
Tim Worstall, a writer, blogger and Senior Fellow of the Adam Smith Institute,[54] has argued that traditional welfare schemes create a disincentive to work because such schemes typically cause people to lose benefits at around the same rate that their income rises (a form of welfare trap where the marginal tax rate is 100 percent). He has asserted that this particular disincentive is not a property shared by basic income since the rate of increase is positive at all incomes.[55]
Philippe Van Parijs has argued that basic income at the highest sustainable level is needed to support real freedom, or the freedom to do whatever one "might want to do".[56] By this, Van Parijs means that all people should be free to use the resources of the Earth and the "external assets" people make out of them to do whatever they want. Money is like an access ticket to use those resources, and so to make people equally free to do what they want with world assets, the government should give each individual as many such access tickets as possible—that is, the highest sustainable basic income.
Karl Widerquist and others have proposed a theory of freedom in which basic income is needed to protect the power to refuse work[57], which can be summarized as follows:
If the resources necessary to an individual's survival are controlled by another group, that individual has no reasonable choice other than to do whatever the resource-controlling group demands. Before the establishment of governments and landlords, individuals had direct access to the resources they needed to survive. But today, resources necessary for the production of food, shelter, and clothing have been privatized in such a way that some have gotten a share and others have not.
Therefore, this argument goes, the owners of those resources owe compensation back to non-owners, sufficient at least for them to purchase the resources or goods necessary to sustain their basic needs. This redistribution must be unconditional because people can consider themselves free only if they are not forced to spend all their time doing the bidding of others simply to provide basic necessities to themselves and their families.[22] Under this argument, personal, political, and religious freedom are worth little without the power to say no. In this view, basic income provides an economic freedom, which—combined with political freedom, freedom of belief, and personal freedom—establish each individual's status as a free person.
Gender equalityEdit
The Scottish economist Ailsa McKay has argued that basic income is a way to promote gender equality.[58][59] She noted in 2001 that "social policy reform should take account of all gender inequalities and not just those relating to the traditional labor market" and that "the citizens' basic income model can be a tool for promoting gender-neutral social citizenship rights."[58]
Poverty reductionEdit
Advocates of basic income often argue that it has the potential to reduce or even eradicate poverty.[60]
According to a randomized controlled study in the Rarieda District of Kenya run by the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the Give Directly program, the impact of UBI was that for every $1,000 disbursed, there was a $270 increase in earnings, a $430 increase in assets, and a $330 increase in nutrition spending, with a 0% effect on alcohol or tobacco spending.[61]
Milton Friedman, a renowned economist, supported UBI, reasoning that it would help to reduce poverty. He said:
"The virtue of [a negative income tax] is precisely that it treats everyone the same way… there's none of this unfortunate discrimination among people."[62]
Martin Luther King was also an advocate of UBI, as he believed that a basic income to be a necessity that would help to reduce poverty, regardless of race, religion or social class. In King's last book before his assassination, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?, he said:
"I am now convinced that the simplest approach will prove to be the most effective — the solution to poverty is to abolish it directly by a now widely discussed measure: the guaranteed income."[63]
Reduction of medical costsEdit
The Canadian Medical Association passed a motion in 2015 in clear support of basic income and for basic income trials in Canada.[64]
Paul Mason, a British journalist, has stated that universal basic income would probably reduce the high medical costs associated with diseases of poverty. The stress, diseases like high blood pressure, type II diabetes etc. would according to Mason probably become less common.[65]
Transparency and administrative efficiencyEdit
Basic income is potentially a much simpler and more transparent welfare system than welfare states currently use.[66] Instead of separate welfare programs (including unemployment insurance, child support, pensions, disability, housing support) it could be one income, or it could be a basic payment that welfare programs could add to.[67] This could require less paperwork and bureaucracy to check eligibility. The lack of means test or similar bureaucracy would allow for saving on social welfare, which could be put towards the grant. The Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) claims that basic income costs less than current means-tested social welfare benefits, and has proposed an implementation that it claims to be financially viable.[68][69]
A real world example of how basic income is being implemented to save money can be seen in the program that is being conducted by the Netherlands in a few cities. The city councillor for the city of Nijmegen, Lisa Westerveld had this to say in an interview - "In Nijmegen we get £88m to give to people on welfare, but it costs £15m a year for the civil servants running the bureaucracy of the current system."[70] Her view is also shared by Dutch historian and author Rutger Bregman who believes the Netherlands welfare system is flawed and also economist Loek Groot who believes the country welfare system wastes too much money .The outcomes of this program will be analysed by eminent economist Loek Groot, a professor at the University of Utrecht who hopes to learn if a guaranteed income might be a more effective approach.[71]
However, other proponents argue for adding basic income to existing welfare grants, rather than replacing them.
Wage slavery and alienationEdit
Frances Fox Piven argues that an income guarantee would benefit all workers by liberating them from the anxiety that results from the "tyranny of wage slavery" and provide opportunities for people to pursue different occupations and develop untapped potentials for creativity.[72] André Gorz saw basic income as a necessary adaptation to the increasing automation of work, yet basic income also enables workers to overcome alienation in work and life and to increase their amount of leisure time.[73]
These arguments imply that Universal Basic Income would give people enough freedom to pursue work that is satisfactory or interesting, even if that work does not pay enough to sustain their everyday living. One example is that of Nelle Harper Lee, who lived as a single woman in New York City in the 1950s, writing in her free time and supporting herself by working part time as an airline clerk. She had written several long stories, but achieved no success of note. One Christmas in the late fifties, a generous friend gave her a year's wages as a gift with the note, "You have one year off from your job to write whatever you please. Merry Christmas." A year later, Lee had produced a draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel that subsequently won the Pulitzer Prize.[74][75] Most proponents of UBI argue that the net creative output from even a small percentage of basic income subscribers would be a significant contributor to human productivity, one that might be lost if these people are not given the opportunity to pursue work that is interesting to them.
Welfare TrapEdit
The Welfare trap or poverty trap occurs when taxation and the withdrawal of means-tested benefits can jointly contribute to keeping people dependent on the state for welfare and trap them in poverty. This unintended consequence is a flaw of our traditional welfare system. In a 2013 study done by the Cato Institute, researchers sought to find out if a person could accumulate more from the welfare system than they could from working a minimum wage job. It found that in no fewer than nine European countries, this was true and possible. In three of them - Austria, Croatia and Denmark - the marginal tax rate was nearly 100%.[76][77]
If a person on welfare who gets a $1000 benefit finds a paying job, many programs will take away your entire benefit if you earn even a single dollar more than the given welfare amount. A result of this, for example, could be if someone takes a job paying $1200, consequently loses their welfare, and now has to pay for taxes and other additional costs that ultimately leave them with less money than before. [78] A welfare trap is an example of a perverse incentive. The welfare recipient, such as the ones above, has an incentive to avoid raising productivity because the resulting income gain is not enough to compensate for the increased work effort. An incentive to get out of the welfare trap is that the return to the labour market gives a person chances of moving up the career ladder, improving old and acquiring new job skills, etc., thus eventually improving standard of living.[79] A Universal Basic Income can eliminate the requirements and conditions for getting welfare without any strings which will improve the financial standing of people in poverty. We can say this works by looking at the welfare reform done by the state of Kansas which removes any requirements for welfare.[80] According to the research - With no welfare work requirement or time limit, just one in five able-bodied adults on food stamps worked. Nearly 93 percent of them were in poverty, most in severe poverty. Since implementing work requirements and time limits, the number of able-bodied adults on food stamps has dropped by 75 percent. Nearly 60 percent of those leaving food stamps found employment within 12 months and their incomes rose by an average of 127 percent per year. That higher income more than offset the food stamps they lost, increasing economic activity and bringing in new resources for other state priorities. Better still, the average income among working able-bodied adults is now above the poverty line.[81]
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Examples of payments with similaritiesEdit
The Alaska Permanent FundEdit
The Permanent Fund of Alaska in the United States provides a kind of basic income, based on the oil and gas revenues of the state, to (nearly) all state residents. During her 2016 presidential campaign, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton considered including a policy similar to the Alaska Permanent Fund called "Alaska for America" as part of her platform after reading Peter Barnes book on the subject With Liberty and Dividends for All. Ultimately, Clinton decided not to, with Hillary stating in her 2016 election memoir What Happened, "Unfortunately, we couldn't make the numbers work."[82] However, in retrospect Clinton also said, "I wonder now whether we should have thrown caution to the wind and embraced 'Alaska for America' as a long-term goal and figured out the details later", considering that former Republican U.S. Treasury Secretaries James Baker and Henry Paulson have also proposed a similar nationwide policy.[83][84]
There are also several smaller experiments, which have been labeled as "basic income pilots". The best known are:
- Experiments with negative income tax in United States and Canada in the 1960s and 1970s.
- The province of Manitoba, Canada, experimented with Mincome, a basic guaranteed income in the 1970s.[85]
- The Basic Income Grant (BIG) in Namibia, launched in 2008 and ended in 2009.[86]
- An independent pilot implemented in São Paulo, Brazil.[87]
- Several villages in India participated in basic income trial,[88] while the government has proposed a guaranteed basic income for all citizens.[89]
- The GiveDirectly experiment in Nairobi, Kenya, which is the biggest and longest basic income pilot as of 2017.[90]
- The city of Utrecht in the Netherlands launched an experiment in early 2017 that is testing different rates of aid.[89]
- In Canada, the Ontario provincial government launched a three-year basic income pilot in the cities of Hamilton, Thunder Bay, and Lindsay in July 2017.[91] Although called basic income, it was only made available to those with a low income and funding would be removed if they obtained employment[92] making it more related to the current welfare system then actual basic income. Initial reports indicated difficulties in finding and receiving applications from eligible individuals and households,[93] and as of November 2017, the Ontario government was still seeking more applicants.[94] The pilot project was cancelled on 31 July 2018 by the newly elected Progressive Conservative government under Ontario Premier Doug Ford, with his Minister of Children, Community and Social Services Lisa MacLeod stating simply it was 'unsustainable' without citing data,[95] though MIT reported she "cited the high cost of the project ($150 million in Canadian dollars) as the reason for the cuts and said it was "clearly not the answer for Ontario families.""[96]
- The Finnish government began a two-year pilot in January 2017 involving 2,000 subjects.[97][98] In April 2018, the Finnish government rejected a request for funds to extend and expand the program from Kela (Finland's social security agency).[99]
- Eight, a nonprofit organization, launched a project in a village in Fort Portal, Uganda, in January 2017, providing income for 56 adults and 88 children through mobile money.[100]
Quasi - UBI ProgramsEdit
Bolsa Família is a big social welfare program in Brazil that provides money to many poor families in the country. The system is related to basic income, but also has some differences in that there are some conditions like asking the recipients to keep their children in school till graduation. Brazilian Senator Eduardo Suplicy championed a law, ultimately passed in 2004, that declared Bolsa Família to be a first step towards a national basic income. However, the program has not yet been expanded in that direction.
Rythu Bandhu scheme, is a welfare scheme started on 10 May 2018 aimed towards helping farmers that is being implemented by the State of Telangana in India where each farmland owner gets a fixed amount of money ₹4000 per acre twice a year for Rabi and Kharif harvests. A budget allocation of ₹12,000 crores($138 billion at the time of conversion) was made in 2018-19 state budget, the scheme offers a financial help of ₹8,000 per year to each farmer (two crops), and there is no cap on money disbursed to number of acres of land owned and it does not discriminate between rich or poor land owners.[101] The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been monitoring the program and is doing a study which is yet to be published, but preliminary results have already shown promising results in getting farmers the welfare needed to make investments for farming and procuring fertilizers, seeds, pesticides and other inputs, serving the purpose of the scheme. The first phase of the survey concluded that 85% of farmers received cheques for amounts ranging from ₹1,000 to ₹20,000 for farm land comprising less than an acre to about five acres and about 10% of farmers received cheques for amounts above ₹20,000 to ₹50,000 and only 1% of farmers got amounts more than ₹50,000. The spending pattern revealed that a large chunk, 28.5% of farmers opted to buy seed, about 18% spent the money on fertilizer, 15.4% on new agricultural assets, including farm equipment , 8.6% on pesticides and some used it to engage farm labor and only 4.4% of beneficiaries said they utilized it for household consumption and a minuscule percentage for repayment of loans.[102] The scheme received a high satisfaction rate of 92% from farmers since other forms of capital investment like welfare or loans had many strings attached to it and would not reach the farmers before the cropping season starts, many other states and countries are following the development of the program to see if they can implement it for their farmers. Since farmers worldwide are facing many difficulties and in a lot of countries it has become unprofitable, governments are either proving subsidies, welfare or loans but this a new type of program that is considered as an embryonic UBI or QUBI (Quasi) to replace traditional systems of agricultural support.[103]
Nimses is a concept that offers universal basic income to every member of its system.[104] The idea of Nimses consists of time-based currency called Nim. 1 nim = 1 minute of life. Every person in Nimses receives nims that can be spent on different goods and services. This concept was initially adopted in Eastern Europe.[105]
National debatesEdit
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Petitions, polls and referendaEdit
- 2008: an official petition for basic income was started in Germany by Susanne Wiest.[106] The petition was accepted and Susanne Wiest was invited for a hearing at the German parliament's Commission of Petitions. After the hearing, the petition was closed as "unrealizable".[107]
- 2013-2014: a European Citizens' Initiative collected 280,000 signatures demanding that the European Commission studies the concept of an unconditional basic income.[108]
- 2015: a citizen's initiative in Spain received 185,000 signatures, short of the required amount for the proposal to be discussed in parliament.[109]
- 2016: The world's first universal basic income referendum in Switzerland on 5 June 2016 was rejected with a 76.9 percent majority.[1][110] Also in 2016 a poll showed that 58 percent of the European people are aware of basic income and 65 percent would vote in favor of the idea.[111]
- 2017: POLITICO/Morning Consult asked 1,994 American people about their opinions on several political issues. One question addressed attitudes towards a national basic income in the United States. 43 percent either "strongly supported" or "somewhat supported" the idea.[112]
Prominent AdvocatesEdit
Prominent contemporary advocates include tech investor and engineer Elon Musk,[113] political philosopher Philippe Van Parijs,[114] Yanis Varoufakis, former finance minister of Greece[115] and Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook.[116][117] Andrew Yang, a Democratic candidate for president of the United States in 2020, is using Universal Basic Income as his primary running platform.[118]
Prominent CriticsEdit
See alsoEdit
- Automation and the Future of Jobs
- Basic income around the world
- Basic income pilots
- Cash transfers
- Citizen's dividend
- Economic, social and cultural rights
- Equality of outcome
- FairTax: Monthly tax rebate
- Geolibertarianism
- GiveDirectly
- Global basic income
- Guaranteed minimum income
- Involuntary unemployment
- Job guarantee
- Left-libertarianism
- List of basic income models
- Living wage
- Mincome
- Minimum wage
- Negative income tax
- New Cuban Economy
- Old Age Security
- Quatinga Velho
- Post-scarcity economy
- Redistribution of income and wealth
- Refusal of work
- Right to adequate standard of living
- Social dividend
- Social safety net
- Speenhamland system
- The Triple Revolution
- Unemployment benefits
- Universal Credit
- Welfare capitalism
- Working time
- Work–life balance
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- ^ "Quasi-UBI: Rythu Bandhu can be the social & agri policy template". The Financial Express. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "What Will the Currency of a Workless, Cashless Future Be?". Futurism. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
- ^ "Ukrainian tech startup turns online time into digital cash - Jul. 21, 2017". KyivPost. 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
- ^ "Bundestag will Petition zum bedingungslosen Grundeinkommen ohne Diskussion abschließen › Piratenpartei Deutschland". Piratenpartei.de. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ "Deutscher Bundestag – Problematische Auswirkungen auf Arbeitsanreize" (in German). Bundestag.de. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ "More than 280,000 sign EU initiative for basic income". BIEN. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
- ^ "Spanish Popular initiative for basic income collects 185.000 signatures". Basicincome.org. 10 October 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ Ben Schiller 02.05.16 7:00 AM (5 February 2016). "Switzerland Will Hold The World's First Universal Basic Income Referendum | Co.Exist | ideas + impact". Fastcoexist.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ "EU Survey: 64% of Europeans in Favour of Basic Income". Basicincome.org. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ "US: New POLITICO/Morning Consult poll finds that 43% of Americans are in favour of a UBI - Basic Income News". 5 October 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ "Elon Musk doubles down on universal basic income: 'It's going to be necessary'". Business Insider. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ Van Parijs, Philippe (ed.). "Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform", London: Verso, 1992
- ^ "Transcript: Interview with Yanis Varoufakis". The Economist. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ Gillespie, Patrick (2017-05-26). "Mark Zuckerberg supports universal basic income. What is it?". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
- ^ "US: Mark Zuckerberg recommends "exploring" UBI at Harvard graduation speech | BIEN". Retrieved 2019-01-25.
- ^ "Meet Andrew". Andrew Yang for President. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
Further readingEdit
- Colombino, U. (2015). "Five Crossroads on the Way to Basic Income: An Italian Tour". Italian Economic Journal. 1 (3): 353–389. doi:10.1007/s40797-015-0018-3.
- Bryce Covert, "What Money Can Buy: The promise of a universal basic income – and its limitations", The Nation, vol. 307, no. 6 (10 / 17 September 2018), pp. 33–35.
- Benjamin M. Friedman, "Born to Be Free" (review of Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy, Harvard University Press, 2017), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 15 (12 October 2017), pp. 39–41.
- Marinescu, Ioana (February 2018). "No Strings Attached: The Behavioral Effects of U.S. Unconditional Cash Transfer Programs". NBER Working Paper No. 24337. doi:10.3386/w24337.
- E McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) SSRN, part 4(2)
- Ailsa McKay, The Future of Social Security Policy: Women, Work and a Citizens Basic Income, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 9781134287185.
- Paul O'Brien, Universal Basic Income: Pennies from Heaven, The History Press, 2017, ISBN 978 1 84588 367 6.
- Karl Widerquist, Jose Noguera, Yannick Vanderborght, and Jurgen De Wispelaere (editors). Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013
- Karl Widerquist, ed., Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee, (book series), Palgrave Macmillan.
- Karl Widerquist, Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income: A Theory of Freedom as the Power to Say No, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, March 2013. Early drafts of each chapter are available online for free at this link.
External linksEdit
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Basic income
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basic income guarantee.


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"San Francisco itself is art...Every block is a short story, every hill a novel. Every home a poem, every dweller within immortal." ~ William Saroyan
A superb residence in the neighborhood that embodies the best qualities of our "cool gray city of love," 3435 Broderick is handsome, luxurious and tastefully designed to be your urban idyll.
- Gracious two-story condominium lives like a single family home
- West-facing solarium -- more useable than any deck in town -- has stellar views of the Palace of Fine Arts, Golden Gate Bridge, Pacific Heights and the Presidio.
- Magical exclusive-use deck and shared garden bring the outdoors in.
- Attractive, agreeable Marina block is a short walk from just about all your heart desires.
- Living room with distinctive fireplace mantle by artist Paul Benson
- Oversized formal dining room
- Spacious, sunny kitchen with built-in banquette
- Two huge bedrooms overlook the Zen garden and verdant interior block
- Marble appointed powder room and full bathroom
- Two bedrooms, each with French doors that open to sweeping deck -- currently used as a suite of master bedroom and office.
- East-facing deck works as a third living room and has sunrise views of Salesforce Tower, the Transamerica Pyramid and Pacific Heights
- Peaceful, pristine bathroom with spa tub and country-in-the-city outlooks
- All-glass solarium serves as a second living room, with only-in-San-Francisco views.
- Solarium windows can be opened or closed, and the heated space can be enjoyed day or night, rain or shine.
- Adjoining closet plumbed for further development.
- Historic, impeccably landscaped Japanese garden shared with lower unit
- Independent 2-car tandem parking with Tesla charger.
- Shared laundry and huge private storage room as well as other storage.
- Significant and thoughtful systems upgrades throughout including radiant heat.
- Walk to Chestnut Street shops, restaurants and movie theaters as well as to Crissy Field, the Presidio, the Palace of Fine Arts and more.
- Stunning sunroom with views of Palace of Fine Arts and Golden Gate Bridge.
- Windows can be opened for a lanai effect.
- Enjoy rain or shine, day or night.
- Recessed radiant heating around perimeter.
- Automatic shades.
- Built in seating with storage under benches
- Granite countertops
- Instant hot water dispenser with filter
- Miele dishwasher
- Wolf range
- Kitchenaid refrigerator
- Panasonic microwave
- Zephyr chimney hood
- Geberit wall hung toilets
- LeFroy Brooks faucets
- Bathtubs with Hydrosystems jets
- Robern medicine cabinet in upstairs bath
- Sunrise and sunset views
- French doors open to east facing deck
- No adjoining walls from neighbors
- Wired for wall-mounted television
- Historic Japanese garden
- Maple trees, Crabapple tree, rhododendrons, camellias, azaleas, pines
- Professionally pruned and maintained for last 8 years
- Radiant floor heating and recirculating hot water by Nathan Huber
- Sound proofing between units engineered by Randy Waldeck/CMSalter
- Exclusive-use storage room on ground level approx 10' x 15'
- Large shared laundry room at garage level
- Tesla Charger 50 amp in garage
- Aiphone intercom system
- Light motion sensors at front door (zenith), garage, walkways, storage area
- Exterior color designed by Bob Buckter
- Foundation and slab replaced with permit per 3R report; other seismic upgrades in place
- Home facade painted October 2017 and home rear exterior, side stairs, tradesway painted February 2018
- Interior condominium walls painted March 2018
The Marina District
Where the city meets the bay!
The sunny, sparkling Marina is a favorite destination in San Francisco. What's not to like about views of the bay, the Marin headlands and the Golden Gate Bridge? Glorious sunsets? Running at dawn? Playing on grassy fields? Shopping and dining on Chestnut Street?
At its western end is the Presidio and the Palace of Fine Arts. The latter is a classic structure reminiscent of Roman temples, designed by Bernard Maybeck in 1915 and a favorite tourist destination for photos. From 3435 Broderick you can enjoy a view of the Palace all day and all night (when it lights up spectacularly) from the solarium. Lucky you!
To the east is Fort Mason, a former Army post which is now an extraordinary cultural arts center. To the north is beautiful Marina Boulevard, the Marina Green, Crissy Field, and the St. Francis and Golden Gate yacht clubs. To the south is Cow Hollow, Union Street and Pacific Heights.
In between are clean, charming residential blocks lined with beautifully maintained homes and multi-unit buildings, many of them in the Spanish-Mediterranean style popular in the 1920s and 1930s, and all of them lit up by the sun that so often shines on this desirable district of the city.
by Cynthia Cummins
Showings by Appointment:
Cynthia Cummins
McGuire Real Estate
calDRE# 00960422
415.713.8008 direct


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"Here, you'll find a very different relationship between the worlds of rigorous academics and real-world application. Treated not as two separate experiences, but fused as one."
Hugh Courtney
Professor of International Business and Strategy
Don't miss Leaders at Work the D'Amore-McKim knowledge-sharing blog. Hear from our faculty experts on current business topics like corporate innovation, healthcare payment reform, and more.
Our integration of academic thinking with authentic experiential learning opportunities has created a unique educational model that defines the standard for business education's future.
Are you ready to join the pack?
Join us in shaping the future at Northeastern. Invest in our intellectual and human capital: Our students and faculty.
"Leaders now have unfettered access to a global market for talent. The downside is that their competitors have these same opportunities. In a highly competitive market, one of the last sources of competitive advantages is talent, and by extension the way in which talent is managed."
Mark Huselid
D'Amore-McKim's Distinguished Professor of Workforce Analytics
D'Amore-McKim School of Business convenes academics and corporate executives to discuss critical challenge of global business leadership at two-day conference.
October 6, 2015
The 2015 Global Leadership Summit, a two-day annual event organized by the D'Amore-McKim School of Business, addressed a critical business challenge: how to be continuously present without being physically present when overseeing global teams.
Panelist and Distinguished Professor of International Business and Strategy Paula Caligiuri offered insight on the current and future state of global business leadership. "We have a new reality with how we work with each other," she said. "The type of people who work well in a virtual environment may be different than the people that we've hired. Maybe we'll need new types of people for the pipeline."
Read more at news@Northeastern »
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To be honest I have always had difficulty setting in sleeves. Often I catch the garment in the seam, and I always seem to have some little puckers in the sleeve head no matter how hard I try. The result is much frustration and lots of unpicking!
The method I've always used, involves sewing two rows of long ease stitching and pulling up to fit, then trying to smooth out the gathers to fit, and then pinning and machining sleeve side up.
Having failed to set the sleeve in successfully on my latest make, the Emery dress despite the following the excellent instructions on Christine Haynes' sewalong, I thought I'd see if there were any other methods that might work better for me.
Anyway after a quick Internet search. I found this post on Craftsy for a method that involves pinning only! I won't go into too much detail as the blog post on Craftsy is really thorough, but I thought it was worth sharing.
The key thing to learn from this is that strategic pinning can replace using ease stitches. The pins should be placed so that they straddle the stitching channel. It also helps to hand baste the sleeve first. While this may seem extra work, if you are going to have to spend time unpicking your sleeve when it goes wrong, it seems like time well spent to me. Stitching the other way up, with the garment facing upwards, rather than the sleeve as normally advised, allows the feed dogs to help ease the sleeve into place.
One extra thing that I have decided to do from now in is mark the stitching line in with chalk pencil as I don't think previously that my stitching line was very accurate.
The basics steps are as follows
1.Stitching line marked with chalk pencil
The basics steps are as follows
1.Stitching line marked with chalk pencil
2. Key points pinned first - notches, underarm seam, ease points and shoulder point
3. Then use lots of pins to ease the sleeve head in
4. The seam can then hand-basted and pins can be removed
If you look closely you can see that I had to unpick the sleeve twice before trying this method!
6. The result is a sleeve that are set in properly with no little puckers or gathers.
The good news my Emery dress is nearly complete and I will have a finished make to share with you soon.
Have you tried this method? I am converted.
Catherine x


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The widespread destruction of two key food crops in Kenya caused by a leaf disease could be prevented as a result of research being carried out at Warwick University.
The joint study will look at breeding kale and cabbage that are resistant to the Black Rot disease.
The vegetables are two of the most important crops in the Kenyan economy, as well as other east African states, but entire harvests are often wiped out by the seed-borne disease.
For more see the University of Warwick.
Filed under: agriculture, Uncategorized | Tagged: africa, agriculture, black rot, cabbage, crops, horticulture, kale, Kenya, vegetables, Warwick University | Leave a comment »


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Download the authoritative guide: Cloud Computing 2019: Using the Cloud for Competitive AdvantageThere are two things that I know with absolute certainty to be true; that Elvis is dead and that Linux poses no immediate threat to Microsofts business model.
But there is a popular example thats in the wild that does demonstrate how successful open source can be Firefox. Mozilla has proven that an open source project can go head-to-head against commercial software and make significant market share gains in a few years.
Since December 2005, Firefoxs market share has risen from 9.5 per cent to just over 16 per cent. When you consider that its up against a browser thats bundled with Windows and which has won a number of browser wars in the past, thats pretty good going. If it werent for the success of Firefox its likely that wed still be waiting for Internet Explorer 7. Firefox is probably the best and most well known example of an open source project (plenty of people whove heard of Firefox havent heard of other open source projects such as Thunderbird or even Linux).
And better yet, its an example of an open source project that works.
Firefox is also a successful open source project because it allows people to get involved at all levels from working on the core code, developing add-ons, extensions and themes, to just promoting the browser. This makes the project seem grassroots and warm and fuzzy rather than corporate (in fact, Mozilla manages to project that sense of community rather than corporate despite pulling in millions of dollars a year in that way it enjoys a public face that only companies such as Apple can manage).
But the main reason Firefox works as an open source project is that its matured quickly. Think of pretty much any browser add-on that you could conceivably want and chances are that its available for Firefox. Now theres no doubt that extensions are a double-edged sword (many but not all - of the complaints of Firefox consuming insane amounts of RAM can be traced back to extensions) but overall they give you the feeling that Firefox is a browser developed by users, for users (even if most users have had nothing to do with the development at all).
|GNU/Linux Columns
GNOME Online Desktop: Touching the Face of GOD
Top 10 Open Source File Sharing Programs
So why is Firefox a threat to Microsoft when Linux isnt? Because Firefox is a high profile example of an open source project that works. Its also a project that has managed to develop (and hold onto) a huge amount of goodwill. Firefox fans are also very loyal, and if you can get people worked up to the point that some are willing to tattoo themselves with the Firefox logo (yep, there are plenty of examples of that), it shows commitment to the brand. And its commitment that Microsoft cant buy, no matter how much dough they throw at coming up with slogans and fostering communities. The Firefox community is developed by the people, for the people, and because of this it feels authentic.
Compare this to the disasters that you see where people in suits (or worst still, people working for PR companies) come together and try to build a community. The people who came up with the adage that a camel is a horse designed by committee obviously never came across a community cobbled together by corporate suits it ends up looking something like that inside-out dog from the movie Fly II.
But its not just Microsoft that needs to sit up and pay attention to Mozilla. The Linux community could do the same. While Firefox fans are certainly highly charged and enthusiastic, they dont come across anywhere near as close-minded and aggressive as some in the Linux community do.
I know that Im throwing about generalizations here and that its unfair to tar everyone with the same brush, but overall the Firefox community feels friendlier and more open to both suggestions and criticisms than any Linux community Ive come across. This has to make up at least part of the reason why Firefox has a double-digit percentage market share and Linux is still waiting to get to 1 per cent.
The notion that open source works and is capable of delivering a product that people want is something thats dangerous for software companies. Even though Microsoft doesnt make any cash directly from commanding a dominant browser market share, seeing that share being slowly eroded away month on month despite IE being bundled with every copy of Windows must be generating a few frowns at Redmond.
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While worrying that she's going crazy (always a reputation ruiner), Rileigh gets a visit from Kim, a handsome martial arts instructor, who tells Rileigh she's harboring the spirit of a five-hundred-year-old samurai warrior.
Relentlessly attacked by ninjas, Rileigh has no choice but to master the katana--a deadly Japanese sword that's also the key to her past. As the spirit grows stronger and her feelings for Kim intensify, Rileigh is torn between continuing as the girl she's always been and embracing the warrior inside her.
Goodreads | Author | Publisher | Amazon | Book Depository


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Fort Smith city employees marked National Public Works Week on Wednesday with a downtown picnic.
Fort Smith city employees marked National Public Works Week on Wednesday with a downtown picnic.
On Tuesday, Fort Smith Mayor Sandy Sanders proclaimed this week as Public Works Week in Fort Smith.
�The annual public works picnic is always enjoyable for our entire organization,� Sanders stated in a news release. �� The department heads are most definitely servant leaders as they work the grills and the food lines. For me, it�s an opportunity to shake hands, visit with new employees and long-term employees alike, and thank them for their service to the citizens and business of Fort Smith 24/7/365. Other department heads and city employees come enjoy the fellowship.
�It�s a reminder that we�re a team, working together to fulfill our mission of serving our citizens,� Sanders stated.
Public works operations include water, sewer, streets, sanitation, solid waste and transit.
Of the city�s 900 employees, about 500 fall into the public works category, according to officials. National Public Works Week continues through Saturday.


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Scottish stand-up comedian, Kevin Bridges performed live at the Hammersmith Apollo on Wednesday, 10th November 2010, following his sell-out show at Glasgow Arena. WinkBall video reporters were there to speak to the fans of the rising comedy star. After recent appearances on TV's "Live at the Apollo" and "Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow' as well as performances at the 2008 Edinburgh Festival Fringe and the Edinburgh Playhouse, Bridges is set to become a household name. See what his fans thought of his performance below. Were YOU there? We would like to know your thoughts, record a video below.
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Astorino is a Pittsburgh-based architecture firm.
FedUp! is the Pittsburgh chapter of the Human Rights Coalition dedicated to upholding the rights of prisoners through providing resources and support, exposing injustices, and building relationships with people in prison and their advocates. We are a organization of concerned citizens, people in prison and their loved ones. Our focus is on high level security facilities in Pennsylvania.
Rally targets PA prison construction, budget
Astorino is a Pittsburgh-based architecture firm.
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New Voices Pittsburgh, Northside Fairhousing Coalition, Formally Convicted Citizens Project,Campaign for Meaningful Commutation, Occupy People of Color Caucus and HRC were Representing! We tried to go in and meet talk to someone but the door was locked. So we left a message. Then people on the inside said their principles weren't there so they couldn't talk to us or accept our information.ReplyDeleteReplies
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SATURDAY'S PREP ROUNDUP: Edwardsville girls tennis wins eighth straight SWC title
Mount Olive earns first Macoupin County title
The Edwardsville Tigers girls tennis team won eight of nine flights to claim its eighth consecutive Southwestern Conference championship.
The Tigers, who won all three doubles brackets in the SWC Tourney on Friday, came back to finish off their title run in singles play Saturday at Belleville. Edwardsville scored 71 points to beat a field including Belleville East (59), O'Fallon (59), Belleville West (52), Alton (36), Collinsville (28), Granite City (18) and East St. Louis (11).
East's Chloe McIsaac won the No. 1 singles title over Edwardsville's Morgan Colbert, but the Tigers got championships from Natalie Karibian, Grace Desse, MacKenzie Cadagin, Maria Mezo and Abby Cimarolli in Nos. 2-6 singles, respectively.
Doubles champs for the Tigers were Colbert and Desse at No. 1, Karibian and Cimarolli at No. 2, and Cadagin and Mezo at No. 3.
Alton got fourth-place finishes from Abby Fischer at No. 1 singles and Fischer and Hannah Macias at No. 1 doubles.
Macoupin County Tourney – The second 20-win season in Mount Olive Wildcats volleyball history produced the program's first county championship. The Wildcats posted victories over Gillespie, Staunton and Carlinville to claim the Macoupin County Tournament title at Bunker Hill.
The Wildcats, who set a school wins record with last season's 21-7 finish, improved to 20-3. Mount Olive defeated Gillespie 25-12, 25-14, Staunton 25-18, 21-25, 15-1 to win its pool and earn a championship date with Carlinville.
The Cats then took down the 26-time county champ Cavaliers 25-16, 21-25, 25-10 to deny Carlinville a third successive county crown. Jill Niehaus and Brianna Henke each had 17 kills against the Cavs, while Zoe Murphy had 29 assists, Rachael Kernich had 10 digs and Courtney Kernich had 13 service points.
Niehaus, who had 48 kills in the tourney, represented the Wildcats on an all-tournament team that also included Carlinville's Grace Zachary and Anna Chew, Bunker Hill's Cassidy Taylor, Gillespie's Amanda Schmidt and Staunton's Annamarie Shearlock.
Report prep results by email: email@example.com


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'It is probable that the event will not be on, because it is raining.'
'I don't think he will change his mind'.
It is unlikely that will occur.'
I often hear people say things that they regard as probable, but they interpret them as certain. Therefore, they act on their assumptions, rather than testing the facts. In my research on amazing people, I found most were very good at testing assumptions. As a result, they reduced doubt and increased certainty.
Scientists like Dr Louis Pasteur and Dr Marie Curie spent their lives gaining verification of their ideas.
This is what should be taught in schools. Encourage opinion, but insist on research to support the views expressed.
This is important in business. Guessing is no substitute for assessing. Opinions without facts mean perceptions triumph over reality. One major business leader would stop a manager after hearing an opinion to ask for the facts. Eventually, his team realized they needed to get the details before giving a report.
However creativity and imagination must be valued. Walt Disney proved that if you can dream it then you can create it. The reality of Disneyland followed his ideas.
The most important thing is to help people understand practical probability. So, I ask people to what extent do they know their opinion is true. So, if they say,' I doubt whether the event will be on', is that 10% doubt or 99%. It makes a difference. Also, a couple of phone calls can change the percentages. As a result, what action will you take? For example, at what level of percentage would you go to the event – 60% 80% or 100%?
In my view, all schools and businesses should teach Practical Probability as a way of distinguishing doubt and certainty.


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