text:
How Good Is Good Enough?
How Good Is Good Enough?1
By Charles L. Gholz 2
and Alexander B. Englehart 3
We all know that, to constitute an actual reduction to practice ("ARP"), a prototype, test run, etc. need not be in condition for commercial exploitation.4 At the other extreme, we all know that, to constitute an ARP, a prototype, test run, etc. cannot be a failure.5 However, in real life, the prototype, test run, etc. that one is considering putting forward as an ARP is usually somewhere between those two extremes. That is, it worked--sort of. The question then becomes: How good is good enough to constitute an ARP?
What the Federal Circuit Did in DSL Dynamic Sciences v. Union Switch & Signal
A good starting place for a discussion of this issue is Judge Rich's opinion in DSL Dynamic Sciences Ltd. v. Union Switch & Signal, Inc., 928 F.2d 1122, 18 USPQ2d 1152 (Fed. Cir. 1991).6 That was an appeal in a 35 USC 146 quasi-de novo civil action to review the decision of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences ("BPAI") in a patent-application interference. DSL's assignor (Schmid) was the patentee and the senior party. Union Switch's assignor (Blosnick) was the applicant and the junior party. The invention defined by the sole count was a "coupler mount assembly" used to attach equipment to a railway car coupler. Schmid stood on its September 1983 filing date, and Blosnick relied on an asserted ARP that had taken place in May 1983 on a caboose. (The relevance of the fact that the asserted ARP had taken place on a caboose will be explained below.)
During the 35 USC 146 action, DSL "argued that the tests were not performed in the intended environment of a coupler mount assembly, and therefore were not sufficient to establish reduction to practice."7 In support of its argument, DSL proffered two categories of evidence.
First, DSL proffered the testimony of an expert witness to the effect (1) "that the purpose of the equipment supported by a coupler mount assembly is to obviate the need for a caboose at the end of a train ... "8; (2) "that, therefore, the coupler mount assemblies of the count would never in reality be attached to a caboose, but generally would be attached to the coupler of a freight car"9; (3) "that the suspension system is much better on a caboose, which is intended to carry passengers, than that on a freight car"10; and (4) "that consequently while the devices tested by Union Switch in May of 1983 performed satisfactorily when attached to cabooses, those devices would have failed if attached to a freight car."11
Second, DSL proffered the testimony of an employee of a railroad company that had subsequently bought coupler mount assemblies within the scope of the count from Union Switch to the effect that those assemblies had failed and that "major modifications of those assemblies were required before they were found suitable for use."12
The district court excluded both categories of evidence proffered by DSL on grounds not relevant here and entered judgment for Union Switch. On appeal, the Federal Circuit affirmed--but did so by holding that, even if that evidence had been introduced, Union Switch would still have won.
The Federal Circuit's starting point was its holding that "The issue of reduction to practice is a question of law which this court reviews de novo."13 It then turned to each category of evidence proffered by DSL.
With respect to the use-on-a-caboose versus use-on-a-freight-car issue, the court first offered a useful tutorial on when simulations can constitute ARPs:
It is true, as DSL points out, that proof of actual reduction to practice requires a showing that "the embodiment relied upon as evidence of priority actually worked for its intended purpose." Newkirk v. Lulejian, 825 F.2d 1581, 1582, 3 USPQ2d 1793, 1794 (Fed. Cir. 1987). This is so even if the "intended purpose" is not explicitly set forth in the counts of the interference. See, e.g., Elmore v. Schmitt, 278 F.2d 510, 125 USPQ 653 (CCPA 1960); Burns v. Curtis, 172 F.2d 588, 80 USPQ 587 (CCPA 1949). On the other hand, tests performed outside the intended environment can be sufficient to show reduction to practice if the testing conditions are sufficiently similar to those of the intended environment. Tomecek v. Stimpson, 513 F.2d 614, 618, 185 USPQ 235, 239 (CCPA 1975).14
The court apparently agreed with DSL that the tests relied on by Union Switch were "outside the intended environment." However, it held that they adequately simulated the intended environment because "The report for Test No. 4 indicates that the 'vibration equipment showed shocks of over 15 G's,' but that the coupler mount assembly still operated successfully."15 It explained that that test was an ARP because a report authored by the inventor Schmid indicated that "a coupler mount assembly must be able to withstand 'continuous shock and vibration at low frequencies and high amplitude with peak loads to 20 g' ."16 Thus, the answer to the key question of how good is good enough in this case was that peak loads of "over 15 G's" (but, apparently, not much over 15 G's) were "close enough" to peak loads of 20 g's. Specifically, the court said that:
We are of the opinion that Union Switch's train tests, which applied forces "in excess of 15 G's," sufficiently approximated the condition of "loads to 20 g" which Schmid indicates a coupler mount assembly must withstand on a non-cushioned rail car such as a freight car.17
As for the proffered evidence to the effect that the commercial devices subsequently sold by Union Switch did not work satisfactorily in their intended (and actual) environment of use, the court conceded that "some cases have held that events occurring after an alleged actual reduction to practice can call into question whether reduction to practice had in fact occurred."18 However, the court relied on the maxim that "there is ... no requirement that an invention, when tested, be in a commercially satisfactory stage of development in order to reduce the invention to practice."19 In light of the maxim, it held that "A failure of several commercial devices allegedly made according to the Blosnick application long after the reduction to practice is insufficient to convince us that a device. meeting the limitations of the count, was not adequately tested to establish a reduction to practice."20
DSL v. Union Dynamics Does Not Establish a Bright-Line Rule
Although the Federal Circuit held in DSL v. Union Dynamics that testing under conditions that approximated the conditions of actual use to a level of 75% (15/20) was sufficient in the case of Union Switch's coupler mount assembly, it should not be presumed that 75% is a special threshold with broad application in the testing of other inventions. Rather, the level at which the testing conditions must approximate the conditions of actual use in order for the test to constitute an ARP is determined based on the type and complexity of the technology at issue. "[T]he testing requirement depends on the particular facts of each case, with the court guided by a common sense approach in weighing the sufficiency of the testing." Scott v. Finney, 34 F.3d 1058, 1061, 32 USPQ2d 1115, 1118 (Fed. Cir. 1994).21 The law in this area has been summarized as follows:
A certain amount of "common sense" must be applied in determining the extent of testing required. Depending on its nature, the invention may be tested under actual conditions of use, or may be tested under "bench" or laboratory conditions which fully duplicate each and every condition of actual use, or in some cases, may be tested under laboratory conditions which do not duplicate all of the conditions of actual use.22 In instances where the invention is sufficiently simple, mere construction or synthesis of the subject matter may be sufficient to show that it will operate satisfactorily.23
Thus, there appear to be four broad categories under which inventions can fall for purposes of determining the amount of testing required for an ARP.
(1) Simple inventions in predictable fields may require no testing in order to show an ARP.24
(2) Slightly more complicated inventions require some testing, but that testing does not necessarily need to fully duplicate conditions of actual use.25
(3) Even more complex inventions may require testing that fully approximates conditions of actual use.26
(4) Finally, the most complex and novel inventions require full testing under true actual conditions of use.27
What all this means for the question of how good is good enough is discussed further below.
A Hypothetical
Suppose (1) that the alleged ARP was a "breadboard" consisting of electrical elements wired to one another by hand soldered connections and (2) that, when power was put to the network, it worked perfectly--for 10 milliseconds, after which the whole thing exploded in a shower of sparks. Suppose further that the experimenter then went home for the weekend in disgust and that, in the subsequent interference, he or she needed the benefit of a day during that weekend as an ARP. Is the critical question how long the network worked relative to how long a commercial embodiment of the network would have had to work?
We think not--at least, not necessarily. We think that the critical question is why the breadboard network "exploded in a shower of sparks."
If, when the experimenter came in on the next business day, he or she discovered that the problem was that one of the hand soldered connections was faulty and re-soldered the connection, after which the breadboard network worked perfectly for months on end, then the less-than-perfect simulation might be treated as an ARP by analogy to the "simple" invention cases--which indicate that, in some cases, the embodiment relied upon as an ARP doesn't even have to be tested before the critical date. A similar argument might be accepted in this hypothetical situation because breadboard networks in general have been well understood for quite some time, and it has long been understood that a failure of a soldered connection can cause a breadboard to malfunction disastrously.
On the other hand, if, when the experimenter came in on the next business day, he or she futzed around with the network for days before concluding that one of the connections was wrong and reconfigured the whole network to correct that problem, after which the breadboard network worked perfectly for months on end, then the less-than perfect simulation clearly was not an ARP. It was, in fact, an abject failure (useful no doubt as evidence of diligence, but not as an ARP) because the experimenter's prototype was substantively wrong.
Although the court in DSL Dynamic Sciences v. Union Switch & Signal said that whether something constitutes an ARP is "a question of law," the decision of the BPAI or a court whether or not to conclude that a given prototype, test run, etc. was an ARP will ultimately turn on the facts--and how the facts strike the decisional authority. In Tomacek v. Stimpson, 513 F.2d 614, 618, 185 USPQ 235, 239 (CCPA 1975), the court said that a simulation could be counted as an ARP if (and only if?) "the testing conditions are sufficiently similar to those of the intended environment." (Emphasis supplied.) Notably, the court made no attempt to define (or even exemplify) how similar the two had to be to be "sufficiently similar."
The best that we can do to answer the question posed in the title of this article is to quote a test that Judge Rich quoted approvingly in Goodrich v. Harmsen, 442 F.2d 377, 169 USPQ 553 (CCPA 1971). That test comes from Larsen v. Marzall, 195 F.2d 200, 92 USPQ 306 (D.C. Cir. 1952). In Larsen, the D.C. Circuit first observed that, "With some products[,] ... actual use may be necessary to show reduction to practice,"28 whereas, "With others[,] ... laboratory (or similar) tests may be sufficient."29 It then distinguished the two situations by asking:
First, do the tests employed--in actual use or in the laboratory--show that the product will serve the purpose for which it is designed, and show this so conclusively that practical men30 will without more take the risk of putting it into immediate commercial production and use? Second, would the time, effort and expense of conducting actual field experiments be unjustified because of the small likelihood that they would yield substantially greater knowledge concerning the product's performance?31
After quoting the D.C. Circuit's opinion, Judge Rich went on to comment that:
In the nature of things, testing goes on throughout the process of "commercializing" and often continues after a product is on the market where it usually receives its severest test. As to products of the kind here involved[,] the point at which there is an actual reduction to practice is often, if not usually, somewhat short of the point where the product reaches its commercial form. 32
Judge Rich's comment is surely a recognition of reality, although it means that there really is no "bright-line" test for how good is good enough. As discussed above, how good is good enough must be determined through a fact-intensive "common sense approach" based on the unique nature of the particular invention that is at issue. The good news is that that in turn means that the question of how good is good enough will keep members of the interference bar gainfully employed so long as we have interferences.
1 Copyright 2010 by Charles L. Gholz; Oblon, Spivak, McClelland, Maier & Neustadt, LLP; Alexandria, Virginia. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily shared by Oblon, Spivak or any of its clients.
2 Partner in and head of the interference section of Oblon, Spivak, McClelland, Maier & Neustadt, LLP. My direct dial telephone number is (703) 412-6485, and my email address is email@example.com.
3 Associate in the litigation section of Oblon, Spivak, McClelland, Maier & Neustadt, LLP. My direct dial telephone number is (703) 412-6225, and my email address is firstname.lastname@example.com.
4 Taskett v. Dentlinger, 344 F.3d 1337, 1341, 68 USPQ2d 1472, 1476 (Fed. Cir. 2003) ("the test need not occur under conditions of actual, commercial use" in order to qualify as an ARP), discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions in Patent Interferences, 86 JPTOS 464 (2004) § IV.A.; King Instrument Corp. v. Otari Corp., 767 F.2d 853, 861, 226 USPQ 402, 407 (Fed. Cir. 1985) ("[I]n order for there to be a reduction to practice, there is no requirement that the invention when tested be in a commercially satisfactory stage of development."); Barmag Barmer Maschinenfabrik AG v. Murata Machinery, Ltd., 731 F.2d 831, 838, 221 USPQ 561, 567 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (same); and Randolph v. Shoberg, 590 F.2d 923, 926, 200 USPQ 647, 650 (CCPA 1979) (same).
5 Pacholok v. Hutmacher, 2000 Pat. App. LEXIS 24, at *10 (BPAI Dec. 12, 2000) (finding that certain testing did not constitute an ARP in part because "the inventor testified that he was not satisfied with the test results."); Phillip Morris, Inc. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 641 F.Supp. 1438, 1471, 231 USPQ 321, 346 (M.D. Ga. 1986) (holding that certain testing of a process did not constitute an ARP because "it did not work for its intended purpose" of expanding tobacco). See also Eaton v. Evans, 204 F.3d 1094, 1097, 53 USPQ2d 1696, 1698 (Fed. Cir. 2000)("there can be no actual reduction to practice [even if the device works for its intended purpose] if the constructed embodiment or performed process lacks an element recited in the count or uses an equivalent of that element."), discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions In Patent Interferences, 83 JPTOS 161 (2001) § IV.A; and Genise v.Desautels, 73 USPQ2d 1393 (PTOBPAI 2004)(non-precedential), discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions in Patent Interferences, 88 JPTOS 217 § IV.A., "It is Not Enough to Prove that an Alleged ARP Worked for Its Intended Purpose; You Must Prove that It Worked In the Way Recited in the Count."
6 Discussed in Gholz,, A Critique of Recent Opinions of the Federal Circuit in Patent Interferences, 75 JPTOS 448 (1993) § II,A., "Evidence Required to Prove an Actual Reduction to Practice."
7 928 F.2d at 1124, 18 USPQ2d at 1154.
8 928 F.2d at 1124, 18 USPQ2d at 1154.
9 928 F.2d at 1124, 18 USPQ2d at 1154; emphasis in the original.
10 928 F.2d at 1124, 18 USPQ2d at 1154.
11 928 F.2d at 1124, 18 USPQ2d at 1154.
12 928 F.2d at 1124, 18 USPQ2d at 1154.
13 928 F.2d at 1125, 18 USPQ2d at 1154.
14 928 F.2d at 1125, 18 USPQ2d at 1154.
15 928 F.2d at 1125, 18 USPQ2d at 1155.
16 928 F.2d at 1125, 18 USPQ2d at 1155.
17 928 F.2d at 1125, 18 USPQ2d at 1155.
18 928 F.2d at 1126, 18 USPQ2d at 1155.
19 928 F.2d at 1126, 18 USPQ2d at 1155.
20 928 F.2d at 1126, 18 USPQ2d at 1155.
21 Discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions of the Federal Circuit in Patent Interferences, 77 JPTOS 427 (§ II.C. "Evidence Required to Prove an Actual Reduction to Practice."
22 The most extreme example of this proposition of which we are aware is Mahurkar v. C. R. Bard, Inc., 79 F.3d 1572, 38 USPQ2d 1288 (Fed. Cir. 1996), discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions of the Federal Circuit in Patent Interferences, 79 JPTOS 271 (1997) § IV.A. "An Actual Reduction to Practice Can be Established By Proof that a Non-Functional Prototype Performed Satisfactorily in Test 'to the limits of…[the] design of those tests'."
23 34 F.3d at 1062 (quoting Gordon v. Hubbard, 347 F.2d 1001, 1006 (CCPA 1965)).
24 See, e.g., In re Asahi/America Inc., 48 F.3d 1204, 33 USPQ2d 1921 (Fed. Cir. 1995), discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions of the Federal Circuit in Patent Interferences, 78 JPTOS 550 (1996) § II.A., "An Invention That Has No Moving Parts Can be Reduced to Practice Without Testing It to See if It Works." But see Edwards v. Strazzabosco, 58 USPQ2d 1836 (PTOBPAI 2001), discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions in Patent Interferences 163 (2002) § IV.D., "An Actual Reduction to Practice Requires Construction of the Claimed Invention Even if the Invention Is Simple."
25 DSL v. Union Switch is an example of this category. In addition, see Scott v. Finney, 34 F.3d 1058, 32 USPQ2d 1115 (Fed. Cir. 1994), discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions of the Federal Circuit in Patent Interferences, 77 JPTOS 427 (1995) §II.C., "Evidence Required to Prove an Actual Reduction to Practice."
26 See, e.g., Fujikawa v. Wattanasin, 93 F.3d 1559, 39 USPQ2d 1895 (Fed. Cir. 1996), discussed in Gholz, A Critique of Recent Opinions of the Federal Circuit in Patent Interferences, 79 JPTOS 271 (1007) § IV.C., "Evidence of In Vitro Activity Which is 'Typically Highly Correlatable' to a Desired Pharmacological Activity is Sufficient to Establish an Actual Reduction to Practice."
27 See Payne v. Hurley, 71 F.2d 208, 210-11, 21 USPQ 624, 627 (CCPA 1934) (holding that improved spark plugs needed to be tested under actual conditions of use in order to be reduced to practice).
28 195 F.2d at 202, 92 USPQ at 308.
29 195 F.2d at 202, 92 USPQ at 308.
30 Sorry, ladies. This is an old opinion.
31 195 F.2d at 202, 92 USPQ at 308.
32 442 F.2d at 383-84, 169 USPQ at 559.


text:
LinkedIn has set a share price for next week's initial public offering that could raise nearly $170 million and value the social networking site for business professionals at more than $3 billion.
The company said in a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission that it will offer 7.84 million shares at a price of $32 to $35. LinkedIn will trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol LNKD. The public offering is expected for May 18.
(Also see: LinkedIn reportedly planning IPO)
Only 4.83 million of the shares will be sold by the company. The rest will be offered by early private shareholders, including investment banks Goldman Sachs (872,000 shares) and Bain Capital (654,000).
Also offering shares to the public will be LinkedIn executives and board members, including co-founder Reid Hoffman, whose shares could earn him $4 million when the IPO goes out. Hoffman will retain about 20 percent of LinkedIn's shares after the offering.
LinkedIn's public offering is being underwritten by Morgan Stanley, J.P. Morgan and Bank of America Merrill Lynch. The company announced plans to go public in late January.
In its SEC filings, LinkedIn reported 2010 revenue of $243 million -- versus $120.1 million in 2009 -- and net income of $15.4 million. That's up from a loss of nearly $4 million the previous year.
In the first quarter of this year, LinkedIn sales more than doubled to $93.9 million from $44.7 million, while profit was $2.08 million, up 16 percent from $1.82 million a year ago.
LinkedIn makes money through paid memberships (that includes premium services), recruiting deals, and advertising. Last year 43 percent of the company's revenues came from corporate recruiting contracts.
The company had 85 million members (most with the free, basic membership) at the beginning of the year and surpassed 100 million members by March.
One potential Achilles heel for LinkedIn is the relative infrequency with which members visit their page. The company warns in its prospectus that the "substantial majority of members do not visit on a monthly basis."
So while the average LinkedIn member is there for professional (and presumably more focused) reasons compared to the average Facebook member, their connection to LinkedIn is much weaker. This makes LinkedIn vulnerable to a challenger that can draw away members.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. Variant of sambar.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. An East Indian deer (Rusa Aristotelis) having a mane on its neck. Its antlers have but three prongs. Called also gerow. The name is applied to other species of the genus Rusa, as the Bornean sambur (R. equina).
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The Indian elk, Rusa aristotelis, a very large rusine deer inhabiting the hill-country of India.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a deer of southern Asia with antlers that have three tines
Sorry, no etymologies found.
The marsh and jungle swarmed with peacocks, jungle-fowl, and wild-fowl of all sorts, affording glorious sport; and, besides the smaller kinds of deer, several specimens occurred of a magnificent species of stag with twelve-tyned horns, called _baru-singa_ -- apparently allied to the _sambur_ and _rusa_ of the Dekkan.
Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine — Volume 55, No. 341, March, 1844
One might have fancied this was the encampment of newly-come invaders, were it not for the larger villages that are overgrown with thickets and altogether swallowed up again in the wilderness, and for the deserted temples that are found rent asunder by the roots of trees and the ancient embankments that hold water only for the drinking of the sambur deer ....
When thus led out to graze the sambur sometimes remained behind, but seemed to have no difficulty in finding the bull even though it had been taken to a considerable distance.
I was fortunate enough to have one of these in my service, and to no sporting scenes in life can I look back with greater pleasure than when I was able, with my trusted native follower, to spend delightful mornings and evenings, and at certain times whole days, in stalking bears, bison, and sambur in the Western Mysore mountains.
The history of this animal, and more especially of the warm friendship that sprung up between it and a doe sambur deer, is extremely interesting.
Nilgiris, and the brother of a friend of mine, and was in the habit of going out at the end of his day's work with a book and a gun, and seating himself on the hillside to look out for sambur deer.
About a week afterwards a young doe sambur, which was being pursued by jungle dogs, rushed into one of the labourer's huts and was secured.
It is difficult to believe that big game in remote spots can perceive whether a man means to harm them or not, but it is remarkable that when on his way to the jungle alluded to, the photographer passed two sambur deer in the long grass, and at no great distance away, and saw them still lying there on his return.
As the beat was drawing to a close, I heard a sambur deer belling at the head of a ravine, about a few hundred yards from the termination of the jungle we were beating.
Account of an interesting friendship between a tame sambur deer and a bull bison.


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Get LaBrassBanda songs and albums from:
LaBrassBanda is a Bavarian Brass Band originating from Übersee (Chiemgau), near Chiemsee, Bavaria, Germany. The name of the band is a portmanteau of the Italian word "la banda" and the English term "brass band", both meaning the same.
History of the band
The band started in 2007. It became well known thanks to their tour from home town to the final match of the UEFA 2008 in Vienna. They ended the tour with mopeds, performing from a tractor with a trailer in public concert. In 2009 the band was invited by the Goethe-Institut to take part in the German Culture Festival sibSTANCIJA_09 in Nowosibirsk and Akademgorodok. There were further concerts in Omsk, Krasnojarsk and Moskau In the same year LaBrassBanda appeared in the Harare International Festival of Arts in Zimbabwe, organized by the German Embassy and the Zimbabwe German Society, and in the Roskilde Festival.
In 2010 and 2012 LaBrassBanda played at the Southside Festival in Neuhausen ob Eck and the sister festival in North-Germany, Hurricane, in Scheeßel.
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- jfwhiteAsked on November 04, 2015 at 09:17 PM
I'm volunteering my time for my church in trying to refine their children's programs registration. They use a third-party payment processing company called Vanco Payments. We're trying to set up forms where users can select which summer activities they want, and then are forced to complete online payment - either following form submission or on the form itself. The payment provider does have the ability to place a payment form within an iFrame, but the question would be getting the form data (from selecting the desired activities) into the payment form in the iframe. The other possibility would be forcing them to a payment screen, and once payment is completed, the transaction ID is sent back from the payment processor to the form entry.
I'm not sure if this integration will work; looking for guidance as to how to implement.
- CharlieAnswered on November 05, 2015 at 04:11 AM
Currently, you can setup a payment integration to your forms, here's a list of the payment processors that we support:
Here's a guide on how to setup an order form: http://www.jotform.com/help/165-Setting-Up-Your-First-Order-Form.
Unfortunately, we do not have a payment integration for Vanco Payments. What you can do is used the form's full source code then integrate Vanco Payments there, I see that they have a developers page here: http://vancopayments.com/developers/. But this is quite technical, you might need to hire developers in this case.
You can also try this approach:
1. Use JotForm Forms as the initial way to fetch information, after the user clicks submit, they can be redirected to a custom payment page.
2. The custom payment page is fully integrated to Vanco Payments (this page is not related to JotForm, you'll need to develop it yourself or hire developers).
3. You can use JotForm's API to fetch existing submission. Here's our API documentation: http://api.jotform.com/
I hope that helps.


text:
Wednesday, 2 March 2011
Chocolate Eclairs
1 cup Water
8 Tbsp Unsalted Butter
Pinch of Salt
1 Cup Cake Flour (not self raising)
4 large Eggs
In a pot, mix water, milk, butter, sugar, and salt. Bring to a boil.
Once butter has completely melted, take off flame, and slowly pour in flour, stirring constantly.
Put pot back on flame and continue to work it with a wooden spoon. Continue stirring until the dough comes away from the sides of the pot.
Allow to cool for 10 minutes.
Add eggs, one at a time, stirring energetically.
Place teaspoonfuls of the pastry onto baking sheet making sure they are well spaced well-spaced.
Bake for 10 minutes in a 220C oven. Then turn oven down to 180C and bake another 10-12 minutes with the oven door open.
Cool on a cooling rack and allow to cool completely before filling
Cream Filling:
500ml Fresh Cream (heavy cream for my US friends)
2 Tbsp sugar
1 tsp vanilla extract.
Whip together until stiff
Chocolate Ganache Topping:
200g Chocolate broken into pieces
3/4 cup cream
Place chocolate pieces in a large bowl.
Heat the cream until it comes to a boil.
Remove from heat and immediately pour cream over chocolate and stir until completely mixed and glossy.
Allow ganache to cool before pouring over eclairs.
Once the choux pastry buns are completely cold, fill them with the cream and pour the chocolate ganache on top.
TIP: You can add bananas and top with caramel. You can also fill with custard instead of the cream and top with the ganache.
Posted by Rita Venter at 16:48
5 comments:
Mmmm...I love this recipe!!ReplyDelete
nice and yummy yummy, I have become an addict to your blog.ReplyDelete
- Anonymous4 November 2011 at 07:35
How do you know how much milk and eggs to put into the pastryReplyDelete
- Anonymous24 March 2013 at 08:23
in the pastry ingredients part you dont say anything about milk and sugar.. and then it all off a sudden pops up in the method ? please helpReplyDelete
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2704 Gordon HwyAugusta, GA 30909
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1884 Mcdade Farm RdAugusta, GA 30906
Serving the Augusta Area
3225 Hephzibah Keysville RdHephzibah, GA 30815
307 Farmington Dr WEvans, GA 30809
2050 Whisnant RdBlythe, GA 30805
1451 Columbia Hwy NAiken, SC 29801
We used O.A.K. Services to prune 25 trees and remove 4 trees which were damaged as a result of winter storm Pax. They are extremely knowledgeable, …
4325 Edisto RdAiken, SC 29805
110 Shortcut RdNorth Augusta, SC 29860
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When a tree falls in your front yard -- what are your options for getting rid of it?
Trimming and removing trees can be dangerous, if not deadly. Learn how to stay safe and when to call a professional.
Since the price of tree removal and trimming services can vary widely, it can be difficult to find an affordable tree service. Lea…
He did my yard good and cleaned it good and it was worth a 5 star rating good job to all the people who remove the tree
We have a large oak tree in the front yard and the limbs were getting out of control. Several limbs were scraping along the roof. It was in need of a trim. We called Dozier Tree Service and they came out for a free consultation. Their price beat out 2 other companies I called. They did an amazing job trimming the tree and a superb job on cleaning up! I would highly recommend them for all of your needs!
Stallion Tree Professionals came to Albany, Ga after a January tornado and high winds did a tremendous amount of damage to our community. Nine large old pine trees and a 100 year old oak tree came down on my mother's property. There were also dozens of small trees and shrubs destroyed. Stallion did an exceptional job!! They cut logs, ground stumps and dirt back into the large craters where tress once stood, cleaned up all the hung limbs that caused a hazard, and raked after all the work was completed. They left my mother's yard in great shape. I highly recommend this team of tree professionals!
Servicing the CSRA for over 10 years.A+ Rating with the BBB
Finding the right arborists for the job is just like hiring any other professional tradespeople, such as plumbers or electricians. You want trustworthy people who know what they are doing, especially since they are working on or around your home - the most expensive piece of property you own.
Don't hire the first person who claims to be a professional, but only has a chainsaw and a flatbed pickup truck.
What Kind of Work Do You Need Done?
Before you search for an arborist, make sure you know what kind of work needs completing. Do your trees need a simple trim of their leaves and branches, or do you require a more serious task, such as sawing low-hanging branches that could cause damage to your house if a severe storm occurs?
Once you know the extent of the work you need completed, make a list of tree service providers in your area. If you know you have low-hanging branches that could prove to be problematic, it's smart to find an arborist sooner rather than later. Many tree service providers get a a lot of business after storms hit, so you could be waiting for a while if you delay in calling a professional.
You have a better chance of getting a good deal on trimming or tree removal if you get any necessary work done in the winter, as opposed to busy seasons like spring and summer.
Look for Reviews and Ask for Recommendations
Start your search for a tree service by looking at the online reviews of any companies in your area. Remember your family, friends and neighbors are also trusted sources of information, so ask them if they can recommend a tree service to you. Ask them what kind of jobs the arborist performed, how much they charged and if they were pleased with the results.
Are They Certified Arborists?
Not all tree service companies feature certified arborists. If you have trees you want to keep and care for, you need a full-fledged arborist for the job. Ask the company to verify qualifications and credentials before you sign or agree to anything.
Hiring a certified arborist gives you more options. In case you decide you don't want trees chopped down, ask if there's anything he or she can do to spare any sickly trees you might have.
Remember that the landscape of your yard either adds or subtracts to the value of your home, so upkeep of your trees is very important if you want good home equity.
Ask for Proof of Insurance
Before hiring a company, you need to know it's carrying enough insurance to cover any damage done to your property or any injuries that could result from the work done on your home.
Make sure you verify the tree service is insured and for the proper amount.
Request a Walkthrough
Don't sign a contract for the work until the arborist walks you through the details of the job and explains the kind of work he or she will be doing, how long it may take and what kind of equipment will be used.
While doing a walkthrough, ask how debris will be disposed of. Will the service be responsible for clean-up? It could be you want the tree converted into mulch or firewood. If so, make sure you and the arborist are both on the same page before you make a hiring decision.
This is also a great time to ask about the service's qualifications. Ask for a list of references you can contact regarding the quality of the service's work, as well as the tyeps of jobs it has performed in the past.
Compare Estimates and Average Costs
It's always smart to request estimates for jobs from several companies before making a decision. Obtain a written bid for any work.
How much you'll pay for services depends on how tall and large the tree is and what type of job is required. This is why the average cost of trimming a tree varies widely. Trimming or pruning a 30-foot tree can cost anywhere from $75 to $400, while taller species such as oaks and pines may run from $150 to almost $900.
The average cost of completely cutting down a large tree can be well over $1,000 with stump removal. The price of grinding down the tree's stump also varies. Many tree service professionals charge by the diameter, with the average price being $3 per inch.
Keep in mind that the more dangerous the job, the more it will cost to remove or even trim a tree. If the tree is located in a hard-to-reach area or if there are power lines either near it or in the way, a tree service will charge more.
With that being said, it's important to get an itemized invoice that shows how much each part of the job will cost, from the actual chopping down of the tree to the stump grinding and disposal.
A tree service professional, also known as an arborist, does much more than chop down trees and remove stumps from your front yard. As a homeowner, you likely want some greenery on your property. However, out-of-control trees and shrubbery can be hazardous to you and anyone who enters your yard. Trees can also balloon your homeowners insurance rates if a branch falls on your home, vehicle or somebody walking on your property.
Diagnose Disease
Experienced tree service providers can give you insight into how to properly care for your trees and what to do if any of them are diseased. In fact, many homeowners regularly call on arborists to diagnose the health of their trees. Many times, tree service workers must fell a tree if it has contracted an ailment.
However, just keeping track of the fertilizer you use, the soil the tree is in and the amount of water the tree needs can keep some diseases at bay. This is why it's smart to hire an arborist, who can advise you on whether you can save the trees on your property or whether you should cut them down and remove them.
Arborists can also treat the tree and possibly cure it of common diseases such as canker, heart rot, root and butt rot, sooty mold, powdery mildew or verticillium wilt. Some of these ailments attack certain species of trees via the soil or roots, and if they aren't caught soon, the plant could die.
Tree service experts not only diagnose the diseases ailing your saplings, they also provide insect control if it happens that the plants are sick due to pests. Not all tree diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria and lack of water. Some bugs burrow through the bark and damage hardwood and softwood trees. Depending on the species of trees in your yard and the region of the country you live in, aphids, the infamous emerald ash borer or other pests could destroy your healthy trees. Calling an arborist sooner rather than later can help you head this problem off at the pass before you're stuck with a treeless yard.
Not only can an arborist help you ward off tree diseases and pests, he or she can also study samples of the soil on your property to determine if the ground isn't nutrient-rich enough to support vegetation.
Tree Cutting and Removal
Felling trees and mulching them into pulp is the most common job for which homeowners need arborists. However, you might need a tree service if you plan to construct a new home or if you're adding an addition to a pre-existing residence. If a tree happens to be in the way of your plans, call a service company. They can chop the offending plant down and remove the stump from your property so you can start building.
However, if you wish to protect the trees around your home from any construction work, a tree service can also help. An arborist can prune some of the branches to ensure the tree stays healthy but doesn't interfere with new construction or additions.
Emergency Assistance
If a storm hits and damages your residence, a tree service professional is usually on your list of people to call for help after first responders and your insurer.
A professional service can completely remove a tree or just prune and saw off its branches if a storm damages a tree. After sawing or destroying the tree, professionals can then remove any of the dangerous debris from your yard by hauling it off.
Planting New Trees
Tree service companies don't just get rid of sickly or dead hardwood and softwood trees, they also offer their expertise and assistance if you want to plant new ones. If you want to add to the greenery in your yard but you're concerned about the right species to plant or where to put it on your property, seek the advice of an arborist.
Last but not least, tree service companies are also great places to get your wood if you happen to have a fireplace. Many tree businesses offer free delivery and stacking of hardwoods, such as maple or birch. These can make for the best firewood because they burn slowly and don't produce as much smoke as other types.
No industry is safe from hucksters and scam artists, unfortunately, and tree service providers are no exception to this rule. Do your due diligence and always ask for proof of insurance and certification before agreeing to any work. You will also want to be on the lookout for telltale signs of scams. Be cautious of any company that:


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i'm aware that bargains are usually bargains for a reason especially when it comes to big bags of things in green grocery shops..but i had a bit of a cursory feel of the bananas through the plastic bag and they seemed fine enough for eating and freezing for smoothies..but..and you knew a but was coming..when i opened the bag up at home there were two bananas that had eluded my soft banana detection strategy..and they weren't just a bit soft they were squishy soft..
they sat on my kitchen bench for a day or two while i pondered their demise..and it was then that i started to ask myself the big questions and i had conversations with myself that went along these lines..
question 1 :should i just eat them and get over the repulse factor?
i am being precious in being so turned off by something as inoffensive as a mushy banana..if i was really hungry i would walk on my knees to a banana plantation for an over ripe banana..it's an insult to the really hungry people in the world to not eat them..
question 2 ..should i throw them on the compost heap?
apparently bananas make good compost..they are full of wonderful nutrients that do good things to the soil and if my soil is good then my vegetable crops will be good and then i'll be good..or at least nutritionally good..
question 3 ..should i throw them in the bin?
now this question didn't really come up for me because i haven't thrown anything compostable in the bin for decades but nevertheless if i am going to debate the bananas' demise then i need to make sure i've covered every contingency..
question 4..should i give them away?
this is another question that didn't come up..i don't know anyone i don't like enough to wrap two squishy bananas up in quality paper with a matching gift card and give them to them..i could give them away as a joke but..well..it just wouldn't be funny..
question 5..should i make a banana cake?
this is usually the default demise for the soft banana..but question 5 opened up a whole lot of other questions for me..for instance..
question 5a..what is the sense in turning two bananas worth $0.40 into a cake..there are other ingredients to be taken into consideration that cost a lot more than those two bananas..
question 5b..is it a saving to make a cake? this question seems the same as question 5a..except saving here means saving them from the other demises listed in questions 1-4..
question 5c..do i want to eat banana cake? yes i do because i want to make a recipe i saw with banana and coconut the other day somewhere if only i can find the recipe again..and i love eating cake especially with a cup of tea in the afternoon after a day in the garden and i love the fact that i am rescuing two forlorn bananas..it's an emotional issue that has no relationship to economics..and no i don't want to eat cake because nutritionists tell us it's not that good for us..although they also say we can eat everything in moderation..
well what happened to those bananas i hear you ask? it wouldn't be much of a photo opportunity if i had composted them..imagine a photo of two forlorn bananas sitting on top of my rotting compost heap..not a bad photo if i'd eaten them..that's if you like ugly grimaces..so what's left? cake? yes..i made cake..i know you guessed that anyway..i found the recipe i mentioned in 5c..it's from a blog called 'technicolour kitchen'..but as usual i made a few changes, this time, because i was short of or missing ingredients..for that reason i have included the recipe..i've put asterisks where i've made changes to the recipe and noted the changes underneath the method section..
banana and coconut cake with lemon* icing
280 gms plain flour
3/4 tsp baking powder
1/4 tsp baking soda
1/4 tsp salt
100 gms unsalted butter softened and 1 tbs olive oil*
175 gms castor* sugar*
2 large eggs
2 tsp vanilla essence
2 mashed over ripe bananas*
3 tbs milk with a squeeze of lemon juice*
3/4 cup desiccated coconut*
icing sugar*
lemon juice*
preheat oven to 180 deg c..grease and/or line a 21 cm x 8 cm x 7.5 cm loaf tin*..
sift flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt..
cream butter, oil and sugar until well creamed..add eggs one at a time beating for 1 minute after adding each egg..
add vanilla and mix well..
add half of the flour mix, the banana and the milk and mix on a low speed briefly..add the remaining flour and mix until just incorporated..
remove bowl from mixer and mix in coconut by hand..
put the batter into the tin and bake for an hour or until cooked when tested with a skewer..i placed brown paper over the top of the cake at about the 45 minute mark because it was well browned but not cooked when tested with a skewer..it was cooked after an hour..
remove from oven when cooked and cool on a cake rack in the tin for 10 or so minutes..
remove from tin and allow to cool..
mix enough icing sugar and lemon juice to make the icing to the desired consistency
ice cake and sprinkle with extra coconut*
notes: the original recipe called for:
a 22 cm x 12 cm x 7 cm tin..my tin was fine
113 gms butter.. i didn't have enough so i used a little olive oil to make up the deficit to no ill effect
200 gms granulated sugar..i used castor sugar and i used less because i don't like overly sweet cakes etc
1 cup mashed banana..i didn't measure but my two bananas mashed was not a cup
3 tbs yoghurt..i didn't have yoghurt so i substituted it with the milk and lemon juice
3/4 cup sweetened coconut..i've never seen this product in melbourne..but even so i would prefer to use desiccated coconut..
1 cup of sifted icing sugar and lime juice..i didn't measure my icing ingredients and i sprinkled the icing with desiccated coconut..
i liked this recipe a lot..visually it's appealing because the slices are nice and high and as you can see it slices well.. texture wise it has an appealing moist density..and it tastes good too..although i'm looking forward to a stronger banana flavour when i make it again with the 1 cup of banana stated in the original recipe..i can't comment on it's keeping quality because there won't be any left at the end of 24 hours post baking..
happy week everyone..x


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10 July 1826 Act of Parliament - Leith became a separate burgh with a population of around 25,000. It retained independence until 1920.
The promotion of a system of horse tramways in Edinburgh, Leith and Portobello started in 1870 and construction was authorised by the Edinburgh Tramways Act 1871.
Under this Act, the Edinburgh Street Tramways Company was incorporated and given powers to construct a comprehensive system of ten miles, of which two extended into Leith.
Edinburgh - Leith route was the first to be constructed extending from Edinburgh Haymarket to Bernard Street, Leith,via Princes Street, Leith Street, Leith Walk and Constitution Street, a distance of 3½ miles.
Included in this was a loop line in central Edinburgh by way of South St. Andrew Street, St. Andrew Square (East Side), York Place and Picardy Place to rejoin the first line in Leith Walk. The first full day of service proved to be November 7th.
January 1874 Extension from Junction Bridge via Ferry Road, Newhaven Road, to Stanley Road opened.
May 1875 - Edinburgh Tramways Act 1874 allowed company to abandon the authorised lines in Trinity Crescent, Trinity Road and East Trinity Road. The line from Waterloo Place to Portobello was proceeded with and opened in May 1875, bringing the Edinburgh Street Tramways Company's system to 13½ miles, at which figure it remained until 1881.
May / June 1882 - The Edinburgh Street Tramways Act 1881 authorised several extensions in Edinburgh and two in Leith, from Junction Bridge to the foot of North Junction Street, and from the Foot of Leith Walk to Restalrig Road. Both the Leith extensions were opened in 1882 - Restalrig Road on May 1st and the North Junction Street line in June.
1880s - The Company extended its premises at Shrubhill in the 1880s, started to build its own cars and buses, and exhibited a Shrubhill built car at the Edinburgh International Exhibition of 1886.
1890 - The courses of the Leith and Edinburgh tramways began to diverge. The Act of 1871 gave the local authorities power to purchase the tramways after 21 years, and in August 1890, Edinburgh town council announced that they intended taking over the tramway system within the city at the expiry of the 21-year period.
1 December 1891 - Leith town council did not like Edinburgh's unilateral action, since the joint horse tramway system allowed through travelling facilities between the city and the port, and Edinburgh's proposed action could jeopardise this. Various meetings took place, but Edinburgh were determined to purchase the tracks, and on December 1st 1891, resolved to do so. They suggested that Leith should do likewise for their section, but before taking any action Leith wanted to know what arrangements would be made for joint control of the system and whether through running would continue. They recommended that a joint agreement be made to purchase, but Edinburgh insisted on going it alone.
27 June 1892 - Leith town council agreed with the Edinburgh Street Tramways Company in 1892 their continued horse tramway operations in the port. This agreement was incorporated in the Edinburgh Street Tramways Act of 27th June 1892.
Edinburgh Street Tramways Act 1892 provided for extensions in Leith. Restalrig Road to Seafield Place, from North Junction Street along Commercial Street to the Customs House, and additional rail connections at Junction Bridge and at the Foot of Leith Walk.
12th August 1892 - Edinburgh Corporation gave statutory notice to the Edinburgh Street Tramways Company of their intention to acquire the tramway, system within the city boundary, except for the line from Waterloo Place to Jocks Lodge on the Portobello route which would not fall due for purchase until 1896.
Much of Edinburgh was unsuitable for horse tramways because of the gradients, and in 1888 a new company (Edinburgh Northern Tramways Co.) opened a cable tramway from Hanover Street to Goldenacre; a second route from Frederick Street to Stockbridge was opened in 1890. This company also ran connecting buses from the cable termini to Granton and Trinity.
Included in the purchase were the main depot and stables at Shrubhill, from which the Edinburgh Street Tramways Company still operated its own cars used in Leith.
January 1894 - The Edinburgh Street Tramways Company now had to establish a separate depot to serve the lines which it retained in Leith, and in January, 1894, the company acquired property in Leith Walk near Smith's Place, in a street then known as Morton Place which later became the site of part of Leith tramway depot, On June 9th 1894, the company's cars and horses were moved from Shrubhill to Morton Place, except for the few based at
4th December 1894 - it was agreed that "To avoid passengers having to change cars, the horse cars were to be taken through from one system to the other at Pilrig; horses, drivers and conductors were to be changed at the boundary".
24th December 1894 - through working started and chaos ensued, with the crews getting mixed up, cars going off with the wrong conductor, or without any conductor. Hence the commencement of the term "Pilrig Muddle".
1895 - the opening of the two extensions in Leith authorised in the company's 1893 Act, from Restalrig Road to Seafield Place and from North Junction Street to the Custom House.
1896 - the 21-year period since the Portobello route opened had elapsed and Edinburgh bought this from the Street Tramways Company. This was then leased to the Edinburgh & District Tramways Co. Ltd.and a similar arrangement was made to that at Pilrig, with horses and crews being changed at Jocks Lodge.
June 1898 - The Edinburgh Extension Act 1896 brought the burgh of Portobello within the city boundary, and the tramway in Portobello was sold to Edinburgh Corporation.
7 August 1896 - The Edinburgh Street Tramways Act 1896 was passed and the Edinburgh Street Tramways Company obtained authority to build four extensions; from Portobello to Joppa; from Bernard Street across the Leith harbour bridge to Commercial Street; from Stanley Road terminus via Craighall Brae, Newhaven, Annfield and Lindsay Road to Commercial Street; and a double line junction linking Lindsay Road with North Junction Street.
1st June 1899 - In Edinburgh, the Edinburgh and District Tramways Co. were able to make their first trial run with a cable car between Shrubhill and St. Andrew Street. Having achieved this they now claimed that the 1892 agreement between the Street Tramways Co. and Leith council required the extension of the cable system from Pilrig to the Foot of Leith Walk. Leith's pointed out that since a regular cable service had not been introduced by the date of June 1st, 1899, specified in the 1892 agreement, there was no longer any obligation to install the cable system in Leith.
23rd October 1899 - regular cable traction was introduced from Pilrig to Edinburgh. Through services between Edinburgh and Leith then ceased, and the Edinburgh Street Tramways Company were left with four horse tram services wholly within Leith, meeting the cable cars at Pilrig.
2nd April 1900 - the last mentioned route was extended along the new tracks through Newhaven, Commercial Street, Bernard Street and Leith Walk back to Pilrig, forming a circle. Three days later the company announced their intention of running the Seafield cars only as far as Boothacre Cottages at Pirniefield, but following representations they agreed to run every third car through to Seafield terminus.
Leith were anxious to see through running reintroduced at Pilrig, but had no intention of committing themselves to the cable system. They chose Electric Transport.
2nd November 1905 - The last day of horse operation. A few horses were retained for the Newhaven to Granton bus and for use with the home-drawn tower wagon, but to enable the former stables to be cleared away, a new home was found for them at the Leith fire station at Junction Place.
11 May 1909 - The Granton horse bus continued until the opening of the electric tramway to Granton in May 1909, and was then tried for a few months between Seafield and Portobello, but was finally withdrawn in October.
When the horse trams ceased J. Naylor & Co. of 147-149 Great Junction Street produced a special "In Memoriam" postcard showing a horse car in Constitution Street, being flanked by funeral urns. The wording was "Sacred to the Memory of the Leith Horse Car, which has succumbed to Electric Traction".
22nd July 1904 - Leith Corporation Tramways Confirmation Act was passed and gave the corporation powers to buy up the whole of the Edinburgh Street Tramways Company's lines within their area (about 5 route miles) and to reconstruct them for mechanical power, subject to the approval of the Board of Trade. In addition extensions totalling about 1½ miles were authorised.
Twenty-one separate "tramways" were named in the Act, most of which were portions of the existing horse tramway system on which it was proposed to lay a double instead of a single line. Four concerned the connections to be put in at the Foot of Leith Walk, and the others provided for three new sections of line.
Tramways were authorised a new double-track route from Pilrig along Pilrig Street and Newhaven Road to a junction with Ferry Road. The boundary between Edinburgh and Leith ran down the centre of Pilrig Street and Newhaven Road; with the result that one track would be in the city and one in the burgh. Edinburgh's consent was required (and obtained), but both tracks were owned by Leith.
Boundary markers were in use at that time, cast iron plates 8 inches square with the letters E/L or L/E in white on a light blue background, separated by a vertical line; they were affixed to walls or buildings along the line of the Edinburgh-Leith boundary and a few are still in existence.
1911 - Tramways which were never constructed were to commence at Pilrig, run eastwards along Iona Street and then north along Easter Road to join the Seafield route at the corner of Duke Street and Hermitage Place. The plan was revived in 1911, again without result.
A double line was proposed in a new road in Newhaven, from St. Andrew Square to Annfield. The intention was to build this by-pass road for the tramways so that the narrow eastern part of Main Street could be avoided, and a certain amount of infilling of the beach area had been carried out and left to consolidate. The road was not built during the existence of the Leith Corporation Tramways, and after the amalgamation of 1920 local councillors urged Edinburgh to proceed with the work, but without result. The road (now named Lindsay Road) was eventually built in 1972-73, nearly 70 years after it was authorised.
6th February 1905 - Track laying started in Pilrig Street (which did not have a horse tramway) and proceeded towards Bonnington Toll; Stanley Road via Newhaven Road towards Ferry Road.
30th June 1905 - The junction at Junction Bridge was completed.Track laying in Leith Walk was complete by June 27th.
28th July1905 - Delivery of the first tramcars was made in June and an unofficial trial run was arranged for Friday 28th July 1905.
September 1905 - work was complete in Great Junction Street, Ferry Road, Craighall Road, Pier Place Newhaven, Annfield, Lindsay Road and North Junction Street. These lines were inspected on behalf of the Board of Trade on September 14th and found satisfactory. Service started on Saturday, September 16th.
3rd November 1905 - The Official Opening of Leith Corporation Tramways, the last horse car having run on the Seafield route on the previous day. The ceremony was attended by Provost Mackie, Baillie's and Councillors of Leith and Edinburgh, together with representatives of various public and private bodies. The party assembled at the depot at 4.15 p.m., and photographs were taken with open-top tram No. 6 which had been decorated with chrysanthemums, palms and evergreens. Painted shields on each end read ''Success To The Tramways".
Following a tour of the lines the party then alighted from the tram and walked along Duke Street to Smith's Rooms, where a celebration dinner had been arranged. The employees finished work early that day, at 10.30 p.m., and were entertained to supper in Smith's Rooms.
12th October 1907 - the tramway system was brought to a temporary halt when a crowd of 20,000 assembled at the Foot of Leith Walk for the unveiling of the statue of Queen Victoria by Lord Roseberry. Temporary stands had been erected in the roadway at either side of the statue.
In 1908 application was made to Parliament for powers to extend the tramways from Newhaven to Granton and from Bonnington Terrace to Goldenacre and Granton, these being granted in the Leith Burgh Act of July 1908. Construction work started at Pier Place in mid-December 1908, and proceeded westward along Starbank Road.
1909 - Early in 1909 a new crossover was laid in Commercial Street near the North British Railway's North Leith Citadel station, terminus, of the line from Waverley Station via Abbeyhill, Easter Road, Powderhall and Bonnington which was much used by dockers and shipyard workers. A second crossover was put in at the Custom House. In later years cars turning at the Citadel showed the destination "Dock Gates" whereas special cars for the Docks had previously been run to the loop track at Bernard Street.
1911 proposals were again made for extending the Seafield line to at least the Burgh boundary and possibly to Kings Road, where at Easter 1910 a group of businessmen had opened the Marine Gardens with an exhibition hall, concert hall, circus and menagerie, and some exhibits from the 1908 Scottish National Exhibition held at Saughton Park, Edinburgh. The extension via Iona Street and Easter Road was also discussed but both were turned down.
22nd May 1915 - The tragedy occurred with the railway disaster at Gretna in which 214 officers and men were killed. Nearly all came from Leith, and many families were left penniless, Later that year Leith began to recruit women tram conductors. By 1915 one sixth of the adult male population of Leith were in the Services and women tram drivers were engaged; by 1918 there were also women inspectors.
19th December 1915 - trams were unable to use Commercial Street owing to a serious fire at Bond No. 48, near the Citadel station. The building contained whisky and other goods, and twelve hours later was still blazing furiously. Motor, steam and horse drawn equipment was used by the fire brigade, and work at the fire lasted until January 6th.
30th December 1927 - The only part of the tramway with a railway level crossing saw a serious collision, when a goods train struck the rear part of an east bound tram.
1917 the Bernard Street Pilrig route was extended at each end to Portland Place (Caledonian station) and via Pilrig Street to Bonnington Terrace. Winter storms had damaged the sea wall in Starbank Road and Trinity Crescent, and single line operation was necessary from Pier Place to Trinity Bridge during repairs.
15th March 1917 - part of the service was discontinued - from Stanley Road via Bernard Street to Pilrig.
11th November 1918 - The Great War ended but difficult conditions still remained, and proposals were now being discussed for amalgamation with Edinburgh.
November 1920 - Leith Burgh was merged into Edinburgh. The administration of both systems was merged but the cable and electric services continued to run separately.
1922 Edinburgh Corporation decided to convert the entire system to electric traction. This took around three years to implement. The last cable tram operated in June 1923.
Leith Corporation Tramways employees circa 1905
Copyright 2013-2019
All rights reserved.
All photographic images and text are Copyright Chris O'Brien. Moral right are asserted


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Thursday, June 17, 2010
A Walk in Pittsburgh
• And any good walk in Pittsburgh starts with a bridge, because the city is practically chained down by them to the surrounding area. And, as you might expect, they are old, big, manly bridges, decorated by rivets. They are made of testosterone in the form of pure steel and concrete and nothing else, because what else would need?
This walk starts on Roberto Clemente's bridge, the one that goes to PNC Park from downtown, spanning the Allegheny river. It is closed down completely a few hours before game time, creating an impropmptu plaza for under-attended Pirates games. It ends at the cornere of the ballpark, in front of the gate where Clemente's statue stands. It provides one of the most unique pregame approaches to a ballpark in MLB. I'd rank it even above the tailgating that happened at old Milwaukee County Stadium
• Does anyone else out ther feel the road calling to them as they make a big change in their life? I do. It seems to be th perfect way to embrace the change.
When I moved from Minneapolis to Philly to court this girl I had been dating long-distance, I moved my life in a Honda Prelude. When we married and moved back to Minneapolis, we abandoned our careers for 3 months to tour the U.S. When I left my job to start my own business, we road tripped to Cleveland for a wedding, just because we could
There is a shared spirituality about change and road trips. The rules are being rewritten, there is a sense of freedom and adventure in both. The Road Trip is a taste of a larger impending truth. It is a reminder to honor the Start of Things.
• After going to PNC Park yesterday, The Voice of Reason and I ranked our favorite ballparks. By the end of this trip, we will have been to 19 active parks and probably another ten deceased parks, so we're not rookies.
PNC ranks in my top 3, and it's near there for TVOR, too. It's top three attributes are the primary attribute for all great real estate - location, location, location. It is just over the river, from downtown, on the river, at the end of a prototypical Pittsburgh bridge. It has it's own neighborhood, but is close to downtown, and along a beautiful riverwalk. You would sit in that ballpark for hours - picnic there - just for the view.
And to the Pirates credit, they didn't screw up that built-in advantage. (The guy I went with states both proudly and lamentably that PNC is the only thing the Pirates have done right in the last fifteen years.) They refrained from adding seating in center field and kept it low in the entire outfield. The background to the ballgame is a river, a bridge, and a sparking downtown skyline.
It's a place lovers would go to be alone with each other. And, unfortunately for the Pirates that's reinforced by the sparse attendance on weeknights.) The fans come to spend some time with their team, enjoying each other's company, and escaping the harsher day-to-day realities.
But I suspect it would be nice if they won, occasionally. We saw the Pirates drop their ninth in a row.
• Even after 17 years of futility, I think I would like to be a Pirates fan. It's a team with a ton of great history, a fantastic ballpark, and a dedicated fan base that is passionate. That city reminds me of Cleveland in the early 90s - just waiting to have someone to cheer for. They could use a movie like Major League for that team.
It is easy to forget how similar the Pirates were to the Twins through the 90s and up until 2001. Hell, the Twins were likely ranked lower in most people's minds - it wasn't Pittsburgh that was scheduled for contraction. I see a team like this, and I wonder how the Twins did it. We like to focus on a struggling team's mistakes, and they're valid, but it also tends to go overboard in blaming the victim. The truth seems to be that it isn't about avoiding mistakes as it is about filling the gaps and having an awful lot go right all at once. And I don't' know how that happens.
• Because you asked, here are the list of top MLB ballparks. Load up the Honda Prelude with gas and get busy.
1. Wrigley - Because I feel like I'm back in time 70 years when I walk into that place. Get there 2 hours early for batting practice. Is it holy.
2 & 3. Camden Yards (BLT) and PNC Park - They're both new, but they both feel older, and they both feel like ballparks and utilize their inherent location advantage. I rank Camden higher right now, but it's been 10+ years since I've been there, so I might be wrong.
4. Fenway (BOS)
5. Dodger Stadium (LAD)
6. Kaufmann Stadium (KC)
I give Fenway the edge, both because of the sense of history and the neighborhood around it. Dodger Stadium is a beautiful place, and I love the 50s-60s Mad Men vibe about it. It might be the most underrated stadium in MLB. I can't tell you what I love so much about Kaufmann, but it's similar to Dodger - nice design, has heldup will to history and is valued by it's team that doesn't screw with it too much. I just wish the latter two weren't in the middle of parking lots.
Target Field falls into this group, along with Petco (SD). Coors (COL) might, just because of it's neighborhood. Possibly Jacobs (CLE), too.
Most overrated - Miller Park. I cannot be happier that Target Field stayed away from a retractable roof after seeing Miller. It feels like you're watching baseball inside a mall.
Would be #2, but deceased - Tiger stadium. A GREAT old ballpark. I haven't seen Comerica yet, but I plan on hating it. This is a stadium that should have been saved, ala Kaufmann.
Tomorrow night we'll be in Philly to watch the Twins and tailgating beforehand. We'll try and be in the upper left hand corner up of K-lot as early between 4:30 and 5:00. We'll try to park against the bushes right across the street from the stadium. There's a pedestrian gate right there at the corner of 11th and Pattison. If you can make it, stop by. We'll try to have a hot dog for you. Also, if you want to contact us, direct message me on my Twitter account.
7 comments:
- Jack Ungerleider said...
Two things:
1. I went to Wrigley once, over 30 years ago. It was great, the place is great. Let's hope they can fix it up so it doesn't collapse on the fans.
2. Dodger Stadium - I've never been there, but my sister has been (she lives in LA). She says that in LA they mostly arrive late and leave early. She watched a Mets-Dodgers game there once and the few Mets fans were louder than a stadium full of Dodger fans. Maybe that's changed but I doubt it.
Have you been to Safeco?
The bullpen access alone is worth it, plus the flexibility in where you watch from if you're willing to stand.
The retractable roof doesn't seem like an eyesore there - even when it's in.
- Adam "Happy Hour" Jungkunz said...
I have an aunt who lives in Detroit and is a huge Twins fan. I went to two games at Tiger Stadium growing up and have since been to another one at Comerica Park. I agree with you that Tiger Stadium should have been saved, but Comerica is a pretty nice park in its own right.
I went to Comerica a month after going to Miller Park in 2002 and it's safe to say it's a much, much nicer facility than Miller Park. The Tigers have done a good job of trying to include history about the team and the city in the ballpark. The concessions and concourses at Comerica are nicer. It's in a much better neighborhood. Still, it lacks the character of Tiger Stadium.
Last summer my wife and i got tickets at pnc park 6 rows behind home plate for $21 dollar for both at stub hub. Talk about wide concourses. Got to go to hermani bros. for a sandwhich. Very nice park. one of my favorites.
jack torse
- blogsphere said...
I'm featuring your blog as blog of the day on blogsphere.com today (june 20) Nice write-up about ballparks.
Safeco (Seattle) is my local park. Nice ballpark but you've got me really wanting to see a game at PNC. I grew up near there and haven't been back since Three Rivers Stadium days.
No love for the new Busch, TG? Or are you (rightfully) holding the temps & humidity against it?
I'm in DC, so have been to Camden Yards maybe a dozen times over the years and it is a beautiful park. Nothing beats the view of the bridge and downtown Pittsburgh from PNC Park though.


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This is my second and last Guest DT card for Cute Card Thursday. It's been a blast! Thank you, Caz. For Challenge #95, it's a colour challenge of Pink & Grey. I've made an easel card for it.
Thursday, January 14, 2010
Pink & Grey - Cute Card Thursday Challenge #95
This is my second and last Guest DT card for Cute Card Thursday. It's been a blast! Thank you, Caz. For Challenge #95, it's a colour challenge of Pink & Grey. I've made an easel card for it.
41 comments:
- Drea´s World said...
Oh Norma is so nice - beautiful Color and Paper is great!
Hugs from Germany Drea
- January 14, 2010 5:47 AM
This is so awesome, what a great easel card!
- January 14, 2010 5:49 AM
- Pati said...
Dear Norma
No matter what you do, it's always wonderful. I LOVE all your cards! Thank you for your inspiration and for giving me so much joy with your creations!
I very much hope that all is fine with you.
BIG hugs and take care
- January 14, 2010 7:11 AM
- Kelly Schelske said...
Gorgeous Norma! Love the beautiful flowers!
- January 14, 2010 7:11 AM
- Mandy said...
Gorgeous easel card..love how you changed Tilda..beutifl colour choice as well...
Mandy xx
- January 14, 2010 7:22 AM
- dolcreations said...
What a beautiful card Norma. I love how you masked Tilda..you always come up with so many fantastic ideas! Your shading of Tilda's dress is truly a work of art. I need to perfect that!!!
Where do I sign up for Normas Class of Card making!
- January 14, 2010 8:44 AM
- Stampin Mindy said...
Yes Wrong name for this Tilda, Should be Adorable Tilda not Spooky Tilda! I am off to look for it though. Beautiful card and coloring. I love the papers!
- January 14, 2010 9:47 AM
- Angelwood said...
Norma, this is beautiful! These colors are lovely together. I love your flowers and the lace you made with the MS punch. But most of all I LOVE the way you colored Tilda's dress. The next time I color this image, I am going to look back at this card to see if I can get this same look. Thanks for the inspiration! hugs, Angela
- January 14, 2010 10:58 AM
- Nancy said...
Oh Norma your card is stunning!! Your coloring of Tilda is gorgeous! I love how you masked Tilda to take the broom away. I think this Tilda is adorable. Love your paper lace and thanks for sharing how you made that! I also love your flowers they are gorgeous also! Just to sum it up your card is stunning in every way!!!
- January 14, 2010 11:12 AM
- Karen said...
Just lovely! Love the pink and grey colors!
Thanks for the idea of the paper lace!
- January 14, 2010 11:13 AM
gorgeous card, never would have known she once had a broom, you've made her Cinderella !
- January 14, 2010 11:19 AM
- Debbie x said...
gorgeous card, fab colouring and certainly not spooky!
- January 14, 2010 11:48 AM
- Tracey Feeger said...
This is gorgeous Norma. I love the punches you used and I have thought about this stamp the exact same way you used her. Great job.
- January 14, 2010 1:18 PM
- Kylie said...
Your colouring is to die for! Beautiful card. Your punched lace idea is brilliant. Loved the tutorial too and yes I will give it a go!
Kylie xo
- January 14, 2010 1:30 PM
Beautiful, beautiful card. Love your lace that you make. Love the fact you took the broom off and found another use for the stamp. Awesome job!
- January 14, 2010 1:42 PM
- Peggie said...
What a sweet card. Love the colors and the coloring.
- January 14, 2010 2:30 PM
- Barb Hardeman said...
Norma, this is just exquisite! The pink and grey and beautiful together, and there certainly isn't one spooky thing about this Tilda...she's gorgeous. Love the handmade flowers and the pretty lace borders you made...really a stunning card...hugs...Barb
- January 14, 2010 6:05 PM
- LINDA said...
Such a gorgeous card.. Love every thing about this one.. All of your cards are so pretty..I love looking at them..
Hugs, Linda
- January 14, 2010 6:58 PM
- Ila said...
I love this card Norma...Everything about it is Gorgeous!!..This Tilda is So Sweet..I love how you used her!!...Hugs, Ila
- January 14, 2010 9:52 PM
- Debbie Pamment said...
WOW STUNNING AMAZING FABULOUS!!!! I'm off to check my thesaurus for more adjectives!!! LOVE this - the colours are GORGEOUS and your colouring SENSATIONAL! Am hoping to get some of these MS punches soon - LOVE youe lace!
- January 14, 2010 11:20 PM
- debby4000 said...
Oh this is so gorgeous, beautiful colours and such a sweet Tilda.
- January 15, 2010 1:18 AM
- Only by His Grace said...
Oh Norma! This has to be another favourite for me.
I love the softness of this beautiful card. You have once again exceeded all expectations. Colouring is superb.
Hugs Marion
- January 15, 2010 1:26 AM
- Patricia Garcia said...
Awesome card Norma, I really like the color combo. I like to keep my cards with no sentiment too, that way I can just convert it into what ever I need!!
- January 15, 2010 4:45 AM
Hi Norma! Love this Tilda and yours is adorable! Awesome coloring!
Pam Going Postal
- January 15, 2010 5:25 AM
- siameseplease said...
Oh, wow, she's so elegant and pretty! Love your paper lace and I really love this sketch and color combination - Gina L.
- January 15, 2010 5:34 AM
- Heidi Walczak said...
Very pretty, I really love the softness of the pinks and greys.
- January 15, 2010 5:50 AM
- Nancy said...
What a wonderful card. I love pink and gray. Beautiful.
- January 15, 2010 6:41 AM
- Sharon Caudle said...
Oh my gosh, Norma! This is so gorgeous!!! I love it! She's adorable and now I can't wait to get her! LOVE the colors you chose and your coloring is just exquisite! hugs!
- January 15, 2010 6:50 AM
- nzak said...
H Norma!!
I love this CARD!!
Great job!!
- January 15, 2010 7:41 AM
Oh .. this is so beatifull!!
- January 15, 2010 7:42 AM
- Candy said...
Oh Norma!!
Your card is just wonderful!!!
Tilda is coloured to perfection :o)
and again your flowers are to die for. Love your colour combination.
Hugs, Candy
- January 15, 2010 9:52 AM
- Patti.Jo said...
Absolutely beautiful in the pinks and grays!!! Very creative using So Spooky Tilda, she looks So Sweet really! Coloring, flowers, design.. everything, just gorgeous Norma!!!
- January 15, 2010 10:33 AM
- Sue said...
Oh Norman this is stunning! Love the colors and as always your coloring is exceptional. Love your paper lace, I am addicted to punches also!!! Thanks for sharing your tutorial on the paper lace too.
- January 15, 2010 2:53 PM
- Cheryl said...
So gorgeous, Norma! Love the colors and your fantabulous coloring! Great sketch, too!
- January 16, 2010 4:44 AM
- Katarina said...
Wow, vilket underbart kort! Var bara tvungen att lämna en kommentar.
- January 16, 2010 5:58 AM
- Suzanne J Dean said...
She's just beautiful and colored perfectly--love that you used a Halloween image for this, so versatile! And thanks for the tip on paper laces--I'm gonna try that!
- January 16, 2010 12:27 PM
- Deb said...
Adorable! I love the colors!
- January 16, 2010 3:47 PM
- Danielle said...
Beautiful easel card Norma! Love the colour combo and Tilda is gorgeous (don't understand how she can come from the So Spooky Collection??)! The punched borders add such a delicate touch to the card!
Hugs, Danielle
- January 16, 2010 5:07 PM
- cabio's craft corner said...
Wonderful card and love the way you colored Tilda's dress. The MS punched out border is perfect to add for this sketch. Another beautifully done creation!
- January 16, 2010 8:47 PM
- fluwelenvoetjes said...
Gorgeous card! You have a beautiful blog with fabulous cards! I made myself a follower so I can let you inspire me ;)
Thanks for the tutorial about the paper lace borders, I'm going to try that out!
Anita xx
- January 17, 2010 1:41 AM
- Kaz said...
Gorgeous card, LOVE your flowers!
- January 17, 2010 2:00 PM


text:
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text:
Compact, attractively styled and full of surprises: This is Skoda Yeti. Very similar to the original Yeti concept, seen at Geneva in 2005, the production version adds five doors and a simpler front end, with a traditional Skoda grille and spotlights.
Skoda also showcased Yeti Concept at the Auto Expo 2008. It will be launched this year globally and Skoda may bring it in India in 2010. This 4.2 metre long, five-door vehicle bears the well-known features of the brand. An impressive front end with a ribbed grille and friendly looking headlamps confidently demonstrate
Yeti`s relationship with the Skoda family. Sturdy flanks and distinct wings give Yeti its robust and solid look on 17 inch wheels, without coming across as bulky and heavy. The Yeti is a clever response by Skoda Auto to the increasingly important ecological issues in the popular and growing SUV class.
Skoda has met the demands for a cleanly styled body, a high seat position and versatile operating options with a design, which despite its robustness, exudes lightness rather than bulky shapes. The Yeti also meets the needs for environmental care, luggage space, safety and great road holding.
The Skoda Yeti is very well equipped for load lugging, too. The luggage compartment volume is highly flexible; up to 1,760 liters is available by removing the rear seats. A luggage cover and net as well as lashing rings are available to secure any load.
The Skoda Yeti is a clever compact vehicle that is bound to create a stir. Excellent handling characteristics and high agility are features of all trims. The 4×4 variants are characterized by outstanding off-road ability and excellent traction, coupled with low emission values and fuel consumption.
Video of Skoda Yeti:


text:
CP108TG-W1v2: Single 8W1v2 Truck PowerWedge, Ported, 4 Ω
Enclosed Subwoofer System with Single 8W1v2-4 Subwoofer Driver, Dark Gray / Black Carpet (150 W, 4 Ω) - Ported Enclosure
This ported Truck PowerWedge™ subwoofer system delivers the kind of output and extension that is normally possible with only much larger systems. The key to its performance lies in the precise tuning of its 8W1v2 subwoofer driver into an efficient slot-ported design.
The slot-port runs along the back wall of the enclosure and fires sideways to produce a low tuning frequency that ensures excellent extension and response smoothness.
The short height of this subwoofer system allows it to fit in compact pickup trucks and many other limited-space applications.
This subwoofer system is shipped wired, loaded and ready to connect via a five-way binding post terminal.
Finish: Dark gray and black, high-grade automotive carpet. A steel mesh grille is included to protect the subwoofer driver.
Construction: CNC-Cut High-Grade MDF
Recommended amplifier power: 50 - 150W
Nominal Impedance: 4 Ω
Enclosure Built in USA with global components


text:
Reggae in San Miguel
By Sandra Ríos
Lovers of reggae will be delighted with the arrival of the La Tinta band for an upcoming concert. About eight members of this guanajuatense group will perform their own songs onstage during this concert, presented thanks to the agreement between El Sindicato and the University of Guanajuato. La Tinta will be performing on August 29 at 8pm as part of the El Sindicato summer concerts.
Recreo 4, Centro. 152 0131, 50 pesos


text:
With the recent snow that blew through and the temperatures that are going to stay low over the next few days, many of us are still digging out our cars or way out of our driveways. Anyone can end up with frostbite or hypothermia, it's important to know the risks of frostbite and hypothermia, especially for those that are at higher risk and are more susceptible to extremely cold weather. Some groups that be at higher risk include:
Don't Ignore Shivering!When you're exposed to cold temperatures your body begins to lose heat faster than it can be produced. Prolonged exposure to cold will use up your body's energy, resulting in hypothermia. Some warning signs of hypothermia include:
If you notice any of these signs, please seek immediate medical attention.
Frostbite is literally the freezing of body tissue; fingers, toes, ears and nose are the most vulnerable. Frostbite is caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, or shorter exposure to extremely cold temperatures. The warning signs of frostbite are:
Frostbite and hypothermia can be prevented; here are some tips to help keep you safe:
Reposted with permission; originally posted in the 2015 spring edition of Cardiac Advantage
Traditional treatment for severe aortic stenosis – a narrowing of the valve that allows blood to flow from the heart to the body- has been to open the chest, remove the fault valve and replace it with a new one.
Many patients are too sick or too frail to tolerate open-heart surgery. "For a long time, we had little to offer patients with severe aortic stenosis if they were unable to undergo open heart surgery because of their age and/or the severity of their medical condition," said cardiothoracic surgeon Andrew Pruitt, MD, at St. Joseph Mercy Ann Arbor. "Now there is new hope. In August 2012, we began performing an exciting new procedure, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), that is holding great promise for patients who formerly had no options."
Some people with aortic stenosis have no symptoms at all, but for most patients symptoms include: shortness of breath, fatigue, difficulty exercising or performing other strenuous tasks, chest pain, lightheadedness or fainting.
"In its earlier stages, aortic stenosis can be treated with medication, but in more advanced form traditional surgery, and now, TAVR are the only options."
How does TAVR work? The surgeon makes an incision in the groin (transfermorally) or through a space in the rib cage (transpically) and threads a catheter into the blood vessel to reach the aortic valve. A balloon on the end of the catheter is inflated forcing open the stiff leaflets of the damaged aortic valve. This leaves room to replace the original catheter with a second one. The second catheter not only has a balloon on the end, but also a compressed replacement valve. The replacement valve is made of cow heart tissue that is sewn onto an expandable stainless steel stent. The new valve is placed on the center of the disease valve and then expanded into proper position with the aid of the balloon. Physicians can choose replacement valves to fit a wide range of patient sizes.
A key advantage is that the procedure is performed on a beating heart and the patient does not have to put on a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, so it is far less stressful for the body. The transfemoral approach usually requires about three hours to complete; the transapical about 30 minutes less.
Developed in 2000 by a French cardiologist, TAVR was approved for use in the United States in 2011, slightly ahead of schedule when clinical trials proved remarkably successful.
However, TAVR is still relatively new and not without risk. "Currently, this approach is limited to patients who must meet very specific criteria," said Dr. Pruitt. "TAVR brings with it its own set of side effects and has as slightly higher rate of certain complications than traditional, open-heart surgery. The FDA has only approved its use for patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis who are felt to be inoperable, or at very high risk for traditional surgery by two independent cardiac surgeons."
In addition, potential candidates must undergo a series of test to determine if they meet the physical and medical parameters to accept the device safely. "We very carefully have to weigh risks versus benefits, and for those patients who cannot tolerate open-heart surgery, TAVR can be a life saver," said Dr. Pruitt. "TAVR not only extends patients' lives, it can significantly improve their quality of life."
Cardiologists and cardiac surgeons at St. Joe underwent intensive training to learn this new surgical procedure. Based on the high volume of surgeries conducted here, the expertise of our physicians and staff, and the collaborative multidisciplinary heart team that evaluates all potential cases, patients who qualify for TAVR can feel confident in the skill level and experience of their heart team.
"The message to prospective patients and their referring physicians is this: Don't give up hope. Even for the frailest patients with extremely advanced conditions, we can offer solutions and relief," said Dr. Pruitt. "In cases where TAVR is an option, it literally can mean the difference between life and death."
News Release
December 23, 2014
For Immediate Release
For more information, contact:
Amy Middleton
IHA Concludes 2014 by Welcoming Community Orthopedic Surgery, P.C. & Huron Valley Hand Surgery
ANN ARBOR, MI – (December 23, 2014) – IHA is pleased to announce its planned integration with Community Orthopedic Surgery, P.C & Huron Valley Hand Surgery, effective December 31, 2014. With offices in the Michigan Orthopedic Center on the St. Joseph Mercy Ann Arbor campus and in Brighton, the practice, comprised of Michael S. Fitzsimmons, MD; Fred M. Hankin, MD; John V. Hogikyan, MD; James L. Telfer, MD; and Mark R. Wilson, MD; has provided compassionate, patient focused care to patients across Southeast Michigan and beyond since 1984.
Dr. Walter "Mac" Whitehouse, Jr., IHA Surgery Department Chair commented that "these are not only nationally-recognized surgeons, but also outstanding individuals whom we are thrilled to welcome to the IHA family as IHA Community Orthopedic Surgery."
"Ready and efficient exchange of clinical services between primary, specialty, and subspecialty providers is vital to delivering the high-quality, cost-effective care that patients need and expect today," says Michael S. Fitzsimmons, MD, President of Community Orthopedic Surgery, P.C. & Huron Valley Hand Surgery. "Joining the IHA team enables us to achieve this by integrating our expansive range of orthopedic services with a high-quality physician group."
Dr. Whitehouse also adds, "the surgeons provide a broad range of orthopedic capabilities along with sub-specialty expertise which all of us at IHA are now thrilled to have on the same team."
According to Bill Fileti, IHA's President & CEO, this integration with Community Orthopedic Surgery, P.C. & Huron Valley Hand Surgery represents another major development in a year full of successes and expansion. IHA celebrated its 20th anniversary in February 2014 and opened a new 44,000 square foot medical center at Domino's Farms Office Park in May 2014. In June, IHA integrated with Michigan Heart and added 47 nationally recognized comprehensive cardiovascular physicians and practitioners. With an active and on-going physician recruitment program, IHA also strengthened its primary care and specialty capabilities with over 50 new physicians and practitioners.
"IHA continues to evolve into one of the largest and best multi-specialty group practices in Michigan," notes Fileti. "With integrations, such as this upcoming partnership with Community Orthopedic Surgery, P.C. & Huron Valley Hand Surgery, IHA continues our commitment to expanding our capabilities in order to give our patients outstanding quality, easy access and cost effective care."
# # # #
About IHA
IHA is one of the best and largest multi-specialty groups in Michigan. IHA employs more than 1,500 staff members, which includes 425 providers consisting of: physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants and midwives across 55 practices in Southeast Michigan. IHA provides high quality medical care and excellent service to more than 355,000 active patients. Recognized as one of Michigan's top performing medical groups, IHA also ranks in the top quartile for patient satisfaction nationally. Offering extended office hours, Urgent Care, and access to clinical research studies, IHA demonstrates that it cares by bringing safe, high quality, comprehensive and affordable care to its patients. For more information about IHA, visit www.ihacares.com.
About Community Orthopedic Surgery, P.C. & Huron Valley Hand Surgery
Community Orthopedics has been providing high quality, nationally-recognized orthopedic care to patients in Southeast Michigan for over 30 years. With five exceptional surgeons - four specializing in hand and microvascular surgery and one in general orthopedics with an emphasis on sports medicine – Community Orthopedics has consistently delivered efficient, compassionate, patient focused care with an emphasis on teamwork. Community Orthopedics has conveniently located clinics in the Michigan Orthopedic Center on the St. Joseph Mercy campus in Ann Arbor and in the St. Joseph Mercy Brighton building on Grand River in Brighton.


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Basal Area Factor
Workshop participants in Oaxaca use their thumbs as an angle gauge (BA Factor 2) to count the number of competing trees sharing the ecological neighborhood of the sample tree being cored or measured for growth, i.e. the pine tree behind them. [NOTE: Thumbs work great for this. Inexpensive and you never lose them. A simple formula calculates the basal area factor of your thumb based on it's width. With your thumb and a Biltmore stick (see Biltmore Stick) you can do some very sophisticted data collection].


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Home // May 2011 > Letter from the Publisher
Welcome to the Australian Filipina Weekly Newsletter. If you received this newsletter, it means you're either an existing subscriber of our previous monthly e-newsletter or you're a personal friend, family member, relative, friend of a relative or a friend of a family member – it's the Filo connection!).
You can 'unsubscribe' anytime but I do hope you will keep reading. We would also like to hear from you and welcome contributions, particularly essays or short stories on life as a Filipino migrant (or as an Aussie with a Filipino heritage).
We are particularly interested in any stories about art, culture and sports as they relate to Filipinos in Australia.
As a business and lifestyle e-zine, we also want to hear about successful businesses run in Australia by Filipino-Australians (or friends of the community).
Our interest in the lifestyle of Filipino-Australians speaks for itself. Whether it's fashion, travel, health or food, you name it, we want to hear about it.
At the moment, not a lot of people know we exist. Please help us grow our readership base by forwarding this newsletter to everyone you know.
Send us a story idea or a letter about our articles and the best letter of the month gets a Greater Union (or Hoyts) movie double pass. Email us on firstname.lastname@example.com.
We hope you enjoy this edition!
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