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Red hair (or ginger hair) occurs naturally in 12% of the human population. It occurs more frequently (26%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations. Red hair appears most commonly in people with two copies of a recessive allele on chromosome 16 which produces an altered version of the MC1R protein.[1]
Red hair varies in hues from a deep burgundy or bright copper (reddish-brown or auburn) through to burnt orange or red-orange and strawberry blond. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. It is associated with fair skin color, lighter eye colors (gray, blue, green, and hazel), freckles, and sensitivity to ultraviolet light.[2]
Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered.
The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510.[3]
Red hair is most commonly found at the northern and western fringes of Europe;[4] it is centered around populations in the British Isles. Redheads today are commonly associated with the Celtic nations[4] and to a far lesser extent the Germanic peoples.
In Ireland, the percentage of population with red hair is estimated to be at around 10%,[5] making it the most red-haired country in the world. According to Britain's DNA, 34.7% of the Irish population carry the allele for red hair, although this doesn't directly translate proportionally into births of red-haired children.[6]
Scotland also has a very high percentage with around 6% of the population having red hair.[7][8] Dr. Jim Wilson of Britain's DNA study used a sample of 2,343 people, and found red hair occurrence of 6% in Scotland, with 35% overall carrying the allele and Edinburgh having the highest proportion at 40%.[7][8][6] The largest ever study of hair colour in Scotland, which analysed over 500,000 people, found the percentage of Scots with red hair to be 5.3%.[9]
England has a red hair prevalence of around 4%, with 28.5% of population having the allele;[7] while in Wales 38% of Welsh people carry the red-haired allele.[7] A 1956 study of hair colour among British Army recruits from Great Britain found higher levels of red hair in Wales and the Scottish border counties of England.[fn 1][10]
Carleton Coon's 1939 book The Races of Europe stated that rufosity (reddish hair) often occurred in Montenegrins.[11][12][13]
In Italy, red hair is found at a frequency of 0.57% of the total population, without variation in frequency across the different regions of the country.[14] In Sardinia, red hair is found at a frequency of 0.24% of the population.[14] Victorian era ethnographers considered the Udmurt people of the Volga Region in Russia to be "the most red-headed men in the world",[15] a claim which has a solid basis even today, as the Volga region has more redheads per population than anywhere else in the world with the exception of Ireland.[16]
The Berber populations of Morocco[17] and northern Algeria have occasional redheads. Red hair frequency is especially significant among the Riffians from Morocco and Kabyles from Algeria,[18][19][20] respectively. The Queen of Morocco, Lalla Salma wife of king Mohammed VI, has red hair. Abd ar-Rahman I also had red hair, his mother being a Christian Berber slave.
Red hair is also found amongst the Ashkenazi Jewish populations.[21] In 1903, 5.6% of Polish Jews had red hair.[22] Other studies have found that 3.69% of Jewish women overall were found to have red hair, but around 10.9% of all Jewish men have red beards.[23] In European culture, before the 20th century, red hair was often seen as a stereotypically Jewish trait: during the Spanish Inquisition, all those with red hair were identified as Jewish.[24] In Italy, red hair was associated with Italian Jews, and Judas was traditionally depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish art.[25] Writers from Shakespeare to Dickens would identify Jewish characters by giving them red hair.[26] The stereotype that red hair is Jewish remains in parts of Eastern Europe and Russia.[27]
In Asia, genetic red hair is rare, but reddish-brown (auburn) hair can be found in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine), in Turkey, in Caucasia, in Northern Kazakhstan, and among Uyghurs. The use of henna on hair and skin for various reasons occasionally occurs in Asia. When henna is used on hair it dyes the hair to different shades of red.[28][29]
Emigration from Europe has multiplied the population of red haired humans in the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In the United States, it is estimated that 26% of the population has red hair. This would give the U.S. the largest population of redheads in the world, at 6 to 18 million, compared to approximately 420,000 in Ireland and 300,000 in Scotland.[7]
Several accounts by Greek writers mention redheaded people. A fragment by the poet Xenophanes describes the Thracians as blue-eyed and red-haired.[31] The ancient peoples Budini and Sarmatians are also reported by Greek author to be blue-eyed and red-haired, and the latter even owe their names to it.[32][33]
In Asia, red hair has been found among the ancient Tocharians, who occupied the Tarim Basin in what is now the northwesternmost province of China. Caucasian Tarim mummies have been found with red hair dating to the 2nd millennium BC.[34]
Reddish-brown (auburn) hair is also found amongst some Polynesians, and is especially common in some tribes and family groups. In Polynesian culture reddish hair has traditionally been seen as a sign of descent from high-ranking ancestors and a mark of rulership.[35][36]
The pigment pheomelanin gives red hair its distinctive color. Red hair has far more of the pigment pheomelanin than it has of the dark pigment eumelanin.
The genetics of red hair, discovered in 1997, appear to be associated with the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), which is found on chromosome 16. Red hair is associated with fair skin color because low concentrations of eumelanin throughout the body of those with red hair caused by a MC1R mutation can cause both. The lower melanin concentration in skin confers the advantage that a sufficient concentration of important Vitamin D can be produced under low light conditions. However, when UV-radiation is strong (as in regions close to the equator) the lower concentration of melanin leads to several medical disadvantages, such as a higher risk of skin cancer.
The MC1R recessive variant gene that gives people red hair generally results in skin that is unable to tan. Because of the natural tanning reaction to the sun's ultraviolet light and high amounts of pheomelanin in the skin, freckles are a common but not all-inclusive feature of red-haired people. Eighty percent of redheads have an MC1R gene variant.[2]
Red hair can originate from several changes on the MC1R-gene. If one of these changes is present on both chromosomes then the respective individual is likely to have red hair. This type of inheritance is described as an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Even if both parents do not have red hair themselves, both can be carriers for the gene and have a redheaded child.
Genetic studies of dizygotic (fraternal) twins indicate that the MC1R gene is not solely responsible for the red hair phenotype; unidentified modifier genes exist, making variance in the MC1R gene necessary, but not always sufficient, for red hair production.[37]
The alleles Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, Asp294His, and Arg142His on MC1R are shown to be recessives for the red hair phenotype.[38] The gene HCL2 (also called RHC or RHA) on chromosome 4 may also be related to red hair.[39][40]
In species other than primates, red hair has different genetic origins and mechanisms.
Red hair is the rarest natural hair color in humans. The non-tanning skin associated with red hair may have been advantageous in far-northern climates where sunlight is scarce. Studies by Bodmer and Cavalli-Sforza (1976) hypothesized that lighter skin pigmentation prevents rickets in colder climates by encouraging higher levels of vitamin D production and also allows the individual to retain heat better than someone with darker skin.[41] In 2000, Harding et al. concluded that red hair is not the result of positive selection but of a lack of negative selection. In Africa, for example, red hair is selected against because high levels of sun harm untanned skin. However, in Northern Europe this does not happen, so redheads can become more common through genetic drift.[38]
Estimates on the original occurrence of the currently active gene for red hair vary from 20,000 to 100,000 years ago.[42][43]
A DNA study has concluded that some Neanderthals also had red hair, although the mutation responsible for this differs from that which causes red hair in modern humans.[44]
A 2007 report in The Courier-Mail, which cited the National Geographic magazine and unnamed "geneticists", said that red hair is likely to die out in the near future.[45] Other blogs and news sources ran similar stories that attributed the research to the magazine or the "Oxford Hair Foundation". However, a HowStuffWorks article says that the foundation was funded by hair-dye maker Procter & Gamble, and that other experts had dismissed the research as either lacking in evidence or simply bogus. The National Geographic article in fact states "while redheads may decline, the potential for red isn't going away".[46]
Red hair is caused by a relatively rare recessive allele (variant of a gene), the expression of which can skip generations. It is not likely to disappear at any time in the foreseeable future.[46]
Melanin in the skin aids UV tolerance through suntanning, but fair-skinned persons lack the levels of melanin needed to prevent UV-induced DNA-damage. Studies have shown that red hair alleles in MC1R increase freckling and decrease tanning ability.[47] It has been found that Europeans who are heterozygous for red hair exhibit increased sensitivity to UV radiation.[48]
Red hair and its relationship to UV sensitivity are of interest to many melanoma researchers. Sunshine can both be good and bad for a person's health and the different alleles on MC1R represent these adaptations. It also has been shown that individuals with pale skin are highly susceptible to a variety of skin cancers such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.[49][50]
Two studies have demonstrated that people with red hair have different sensitivity to pain compared to people with other hair colors. One study found that people with red hair are more sensitive to thermal pain (associated with naturally occurring low vitamin K levels),[51] while another study concluded that redheads are less sensitive to pain from multiple modalities, including noxious stimuli such as electrically induced pain.[52][53][54]
Researchers have found that people with red hair require greater amounts of anesthetic.[55] Other research publications have concluded that women with naturally red hair require less of the painkiller pentazocine than do either women of other hair colors or men of any hair color. A study showed women with red hair had a greater analgesic response to that particular pain medication than men.[56] A follow-up study by the same group showed that men and women with red hair had a greater analgesic response to morphine-6-glucuronide.[54]
The unexpected relationship of hair color to pain tolerance appears to exist because redheads have a mutation in a hormone receptor that can apparently respond to at least two types of hormones: the pigmentation-driving melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and the pain-relieving endorphins. (Both derive from the same precursor molecule, POMC, and are structurally similar.) Specifically, redheads have a mutated melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene that produces an altered receptor for MSH.[57] Melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment in skin and hair, use the MC1R to recognize and respond to MSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone normally stimulates melanocytes to make black eumelanin, but if the melanocytes have a mutated receptor, they will make reddish pheomelanin instead. MC1R also occurs in the brain, where it is one of a large set of POMC-related receptors that are apparently involved not only in responding to MSH, but also in responses to endorphins and possibly other POMC-derived hormones.[57] Though the details are not clearly understood, it appears that there is some crosstalk between the POMC hormones; this may explain the link between red hair and pain tolerance.
There is little or no evidence to support the belief that people with red hair have a higher chance than people with other hair colors to hemorrhage or suffer other bleeding complications.[58][59] One study, however, reports a link between red hair and a higher rate of bruising.[59]
Most red hair is caused by the MC1R gene and is non-pathological. However, in rare cases red hair can be associated with disease or genetic disorder:
In various times and cultures, red hair has been prized, feared, and ridiculed.
A common belief about redheads is that they have fiery tempers and sharp tongues. In Anne of Green Gables, a character says of Anne Shirley, the redheaded heroine, that "her temper matches her hair", while in The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield remarks that "People with red hair are supposed to get mad very easily, but Allie [his dead brother] never did, and he had very red hair."
During the early stages of modern medicine, red hair was thought to be a sign of a sanguine temperament.[64] In the Indian medicinal practice of Ayurveda, redheads are seen as most likely to have a Pitta temperament.
Another belief is that redheads are highly sexed; for example, Jonathan Swift satirizes redhead stereotypes in part four of Gulliver's Travels, "A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms," when he writes that: "It is observed that the red-haired of both sexes are more libidinous and mischievous than the rest, whom yet they much exceed in strength and activity." Swift goes on to write that "neither was the hair of this brute [a Yahoo] of a red colour (which might have been some excuse for an appetite a little irregular) but black as a sloe".[65] Such beliefs were given a veneer of scientific credibility in the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero. They concluded that red hair was associated with crimes of lust, and claimed that 48% of "criminal women" were redheads.[66]
Queen Elizabeth I of England was a redhead, and during the Elizabethan era in England, red hair was fashionable for women. In modern times, red hair is subject to fashion trends; celebrities such as Nicole Kidman, Alyson Hannigan, Marcia Cross, Christina Hendricks, Emma Stone and Geri Halliwell can boost sales of red hair dye.[citation needed]
Sometimes, red hair darkens as people get older, becoming a more brownish color or losing some of its vividness. This leads some to associate red hair with youthfulness, a quality that is generally considered desirable. In several countries such as India, Iran, Bangladesh and Pakistan, henna and saffron are used on hair to give it a bright red appearance.[67]
Many painters have exhibited a fascination with red hair. The hair color "Titian" takes its name from the artist Titian, who often painted women with red hair. Early Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli's famous painting The Birth of Venus depicts the mythological goddess Venus as a redhead. Other painters notable for their redheads include the Pre-Raphaelites, Edmund Leighton, Modigliani,[68] and Gustav Klimt.[69]
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story "The Red-Headed League" (1891) involves a man who is asked to become a member of a mysterious group of red-headed people. The 1943 film DuBarry Was a Lady featured red-heads Lucille Ball and Red Skelton in Technicolor.
Notable fictional characters with red hair includes Red Sonja, Mystique, and Poison Ivy.[70]
Red hair was thought to be a mark of a beastly sexual desire and moral degeneration. A savage red-haired man is portrayed in the fable by Grimm brothers (Der Eisenhans) as the spirit of the forest of iron. Theophilus Presbyter describes how the blood of a red-haired young man is necessary to create gold from copper, in a mixture with the ashes of a basilisk.[71]
Montague Summers, in his translation of the Malleus Maleficarum,[72] notes that red hair and green eyes were thought to be the sign of a witch, a werewolf or a vampire during the Middle Ages;
Those whose hair is red, of a certain peculiar shade, are unmistakably vampires. It is significant that in ancient Egypt, as Manetho tells us, human sacrifices were offered at the grave of Osiris, and the victims were red-haired men who were burned, their ashes being scattered far and wide by winnowing-fans. It is held by some authorities that this was done to fertilize the fields and produce a bounteous harvest, red-hair symbolizing the golden wealth of the corn. But these men were called Typhonians, and were representatives not of Osiris but of his evil rival Typhon, whose hair was red.
During the Spanish Inquisition, people of red hair were identified as Jewish and isolated for persecution.[24] In Medieval Italy and Spain, red hair was associated with the heretical nature of Jews and their rejection of Jesus, and thus Judas Iscariot was commonly depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish art.[25] Writers from Shakespeare to Dickens would identify Jewish characters by giving them red hair, with red-hair being given by the authors to villainous Jewish characters such as Shylock and Fagin.[26] The antisemitic association persisted into modern times in Soviet Russia.[27] The medieval prejudice against red-hair may have derived from the Ancient biblical tradition, in relation to biblical figures such as Esau and King David. The Ancient historian Josephus would mistranslate the Hebrew Torah to describe the more positive figure of King David as 'golden haired', in contrast to the negative figure of Esau, even though the original Hebrew Torah implies that both King David and Esau had 'fiery red hair'.[73]
In his 1885 book I Say No, Wilkie Collins wrote "The prejudice against habitual silence, among the lower order of the people, is almost as inveterate as the prejudice against red hair."
In his 1895 memoir and history The Gurneys of Earlham, Augustus John Cuthbert Hare described an incident of harassment:"The second son, John, was born in 1750. As a boy he had bright red hair, and it is amusingly recorded that one day in the streets of Norwich a number of boys followed him, pointing to his red locks and saying, "Look at that boy; he's got a bonfire on the top of his head," and that John Gurney was so disgusted that he went to a barber's, had his head shaved, and went home in a wig. He grew up, however, a remarkably attractive-looking young man."[74]
In British English, the word "ginger" is sometimes used to describe red-headed people (at times in an insulting manner),[75] with terms such as "gingerphobia"[76] and "gingerism"[77] used by the British media. In Britain, redheads are also sometimes referred to disparagingly as "carrot tops" and "carrot heads". (The comedian "Carrot Top" uses this stage name.) "Gingerism" has been compared to racism, although this is widely disputed, and bodies such as the UK Commission for Racial Equality do not monitor cases of discrimination and hate crimes against redheads.[77]
Nonetheless, individuals and families in Britain are targeted for harassment and violence because of their hair colour. In 2003, a 20-year-old was stabbed in the back for "being ginger".[78] In 2007, a UK woman won an award from a tribunal after being sexually harassed and receiving abuse because of her red hair;[79] in the same year, a family in Newcastle upon Tyne, was forced to move twice after being targeted for abuse and hate crime on account of their red hair.[80] In May 2009, a schoolboy committed suicide after being bullied for having red hair.[81] In 2013, a fourteen-year-old boy in Lincoln had his right arm broken and his head stamped on by three men who attacked him "just because he had red hair". The three men were subsequently jailed for a combined total of ten years and one month for the attack.[82]
This prejudice has been satirised on a number of TV shows. The British comedian Catherine Tate (herself a redhead) appeared as a red-haired character in a running sketch of her series The Catherine Tate Show. The sketch saw fictional character Sandra Kemp, who was forced to seek solace in a refuge for ginger people because she had been ostracised from society.[83] The British comedy Bo' Selecta! (starring redhead Leigh Francis) featured a spoof documentary which involved a caricature of Mick Hucknall presenting a show in which celebrities (played by themselves) dyed their hair red for a day and went about daily life being insulted by people.(Hucknall, who says that he has repeatedly faced prejudice or been described as ugly on account of his hair colour, argues that Gingerism should be described as a form of racism.[84][85]) Comedian Tim Minchin, himself a redhead, also covered the topic in his song "Prejudice".[86]
The pejorative use of the word "ginger" and related discrimination was used to illustrate a point about racism and prejudice in the "Ginger Kids", "Le Petit Tourette", "It's a Jersey Thing" and "Fatbeard" episodes of South Park.
Film and television programmes often portray school bullies as having red hair.[87] However, children with red hair are often themselves targeted by bullies; "Somebody with ginger hair will stand out from the crowd," says anti-bullying expert Louise Burfitt-Dons.[88]
In Australian slang, redheads are often nicknamed "Blue" or "Bluey".[89] More recently, they have been referred to as "rangas" (a word derived from the red-haired ape, the orangutan), sometimes with derogatory connotations.[90] The word "rufus" has been used in both Australian and British slang to refer to red-headed people;[91] based on a variant of rufous, a reddish-brown color.
In November 2008 social networking website Facebook received criticism after a 'Kick a Ginger' group, which aimed to establish a "National Kick a Ginger Day" on 20 November, acquired almost 5,000 members. A 14-year-old boy from Vancouver who ran the Facebook group was subjected to an investigation by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for possible hate crimes.[92]
In December 2009 British supermarket chain Tesco withdrew a Christmas card which had the image of a child with red hair sitting on the lap of Santa Claus, and the words: "Santa loves all kids. Even ginger ones" after customers complained the card was offensive.[93]
In October 2010, Harriet Harman, the former Equality Minister in the British government under Labour, faced accusations of prejudice after she described the red-haired Treasury secretary Danny Alexander as a "ginger rodent".[94] Alexander responded to the insult by stating that he was "proud to be ginger".[95] Harman was subsequently forced to apologise for the comment, after facing criticism for prejudice against a minority group.[96]
In September 2011, Cryos International, one of the world's largest sperm banks, announced that it would no longer accept donations from red-haired men due to low demand from women seeking artificial insemination.[97]
The term ang mo (Chinese: ; pinyin: hng mo; Peh-e-j: ng-mo) in Hokkien (Min Nan) Chinese means "red-haired",[98] and is used in Malaysia and Singapore to refer to white people. The epithet is sometimes rendered as ang mo kui () meaning "red-haired devil", similar to the Cantonese term gweilo ("foreign devil"). Thus it is viewed as racist and derogatory by some people.[99] Others, however, maintain it is acceptable.[100] Despite this ambiguity, it is a widely used term. It appears, for instance, in Singaporean newspapers such as The Straits Times,[101] and in television programmes and films.
The Chinese characters for ang mo are the same as those in the historical Japanese term Km (), which was used during the Edo period (16031868) as an epithet for Dutch or Northern European people. It primarily referred to Dutch traders who were the only Europeans allowed to trade with Japan during Sakoku, its 200-year period of isolation.[102]
There has been an annual Redhead Day festival in the Netherlands that attracts red-haired participants from around the world. The festival is paid for by the local government in Breda, a city in the south east of the Netherlands.[103] It attracts participants from over 80 different countries. The international event began in 2005, when Dutch painter Bart Rouwenhorst decided he wanted to paint 15 redheads. Today, the festival includes music, fashion shows, art exhibitions and a picnic[104]
The Irish Redhead Convention, held in late August in County Cork since 2011, claims to be a global celebration and attracts people from several continents. The celebrations include crowning the ginger King and Queen, competitions for the best red eyebrows and most freckles per square inch, orchestral concerts and carrot throwing competitions.[105]
A smaller red-hair day festival is held since 2013 by the UK's anti bullying alliance in London, with the aim of instilling pride in having red-hair.[106]
Since 2014, a red-hair event is held in Israel, at Kibbutz Gezer (Carrot), held for the local Israeli red hair community,[107] including both Ashkenazi and Mizrahi red-heads.[108] However, the number of attendees has to be restricted due to the risk of rocket attacks, leading to anger in the red-hair community.[109] The organizers state; "The event is a good thing for many redheads, who had been embarrassed about being redheads before.[109]
The first and only festival for red heads in the United States was launched in 2015. Held in Highwood, Illinois, Redhead Days draws participants from across the United States.[110]
A festival to celebrate the red-haired people is held annually in Izhevsk (Russia), the capital of Udmurtia, since 2004.[111]
In the Iliad, Achilles' hair is described as [112] (ksanths), usually translated as blonde, or golden[113] but sometimes as red or tawny.[114][115] His son Neoptolemus also bears the name Pyrrhus, a possible reference to his own red hair.[116]
The Norse god Thor is usually described as having red hair.[117]
The Hebrew word usually translated "ruddy" or "reddish-brown" (admoni , from the root ADM , see also Adam and Edom)[118][119][120] was used to describe both Esau and David.
Early artistic representations of Mary Magdalene usually depict her as having long flowing red hair, although a description of her hair color was never mentioned in the Bible, and it is possible the color is an effect caused by pigment degradation in the ancient paint.
Judas Iscariot is also represented with red hair in Spanish culture[121][122] and in the works of William Shakespeare,[123] reinforcing the negative stereotype.
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Since 2002, we have been leading courses at numerous banks, corporations, professional societies and universities.
Participants learn the Marquee framework and discipline for model design, structure and development which leads to the creation of best-in-class, user-friendly financial models.
Through our unique approach to modeling, we build and improve existing forecast models and we create custom Excel solutions for a wide range of clients.
We are partners in The Financial Modeling Institute (FMI), which offers three distinct levels of financial modeling accreditation. Each level requires passing a rigorous, controlled exam that is offered worldwide to test financial modeling proficiency.
Next Level 1 Exam: October 20, 2018
Public Courses
We offer a number of open-enrollment courses through various professional societies.
Course Descriptions
Our courses cover the essential elements of financial modeling, valuation and advanced Excel skills.
Check out our Academy section which contains financial modeling resources, including keyboard shortcuts, Excel functions, modeling tips and finance articles.

subset: commoncrawl


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Kapor Capital invests in tech-driven seed stage companies committed to closing gaps of access, opportunity or outcome for low income communities and/or communities of color in the United States. They are particularly interested in those that address gaps of disproportionate relevance to African-Americans and Latinx communities.
Funds social entrepreneurs and early-stage startupsworldwide that can develop better ways to distribute existing proven life-enhancing technologies in health, financial services and technology to actual people in need in developing regions. Mentorship and $10,000-$20,000 is awarded to 5-15 social entrepreneures to help pilot their ideas, launch their work, and attract significant support.
Lists grants available since 2001 concerning scientific discovery, environmental conservation, patient care improvements, and preservation of the special character of the San Francisco Bay Area.
Crowdfunding platform to fundraise everything from films, games, dance, and music to art, design, and technology.
A total of eight prizes awarded will be awarded in 2017, worth up to $10k-$15k, is open to teams of 2-5 undergraduate students and individual graduate students attending university in the US who have inventions in categories that represent significant sectors of the economy: healthcare, transportation, food and agriculture, or consumer devices. (**Patents are encouraged but not required**)
The Lemelson-MIT Prize is awarded to outstanding mid-career inventors (either individual or pair), who have developed a patented product or process of significant value to society, which has been adopted for practical use, or has a high probability of being adopted. Potential nomineeds are inventors, venture capitalists, engineers, or other influential professionals in the fields of science, engineering, medical or business.
Venture capital firm providing funding to companies creating scalable, technology-driven social impact projects with initial investments of $25,000-$200,000 in early-stage companies. Strong preference for Bay Area-based companies, especially in Oakland and Berkeley.
Cultivates opportunities for student technology entrepreneurs by providing early-stage support and funding of up to $25,000. The three-stage program provides grant funding, experiential workshops, veteran coaching and a potential investment opportunity to help teams manifest their projects' full commercial potential.
Funding database that aims to support enterprises that change the world, as well as workshops that provide business development training for early-stage entrepreneurs who are post-revenue and pre-outside investment. Each year, Village Capital runs ten sector-based programs around the world, with half of their programs based in the US, and half based internationally.
Competition to promote innovation and seeks to identify and fund the best innovations using wireless related technology to address critical social issues around the world. Winners will be selected for awards of $100,000, $200,000, and $300,000 which will be paid in equal installments over three years.
Through the global giving programs, they accelerate and scale the work of innovators around the world who are using technology to combat humanity's biggest challenges. Locally, they support nonprofits in their efforts to tackle society's greatest challenges and make our communities stronger.
The 12-month program selects Ambassadors who work as entrepreneurs, industry, government, or academia, and are prepared to be leaders and change agents in promoting invention in the STEM fields. There will be advocacy opportunities, public engagement activities and symposiums to engage media, policy makers, and the public.
Annual conference on information and communication technology (ICT) in international development, bringing together thought leaders and experienced professionals from around the world to share and explore ways of using ICT to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The Social Innovation Summit is a twice annual event taking place in Washington, DC and Silicon Valley, that represents a global convening of black swans and wayward thinkers. Those who are playing at the nexus of technology, investment, philanthropy, international development, and business come together to investigate solutions and catalyze inspired partnerships that are disrupting history.
DIY/maker/hacker gatherings held gobally for tech enthusiasts, educators, tinkerers, hobbyists, engineers, artists, and commercial exhibitors.
Annual Open conferences gather together engaged faculty and university students from across multiple disciplines to share stories, start new collaborations and learn best practices in the rapidly growing field of technology entrepreneurship education.
The Lean LaunchPad® Educators Seminar is a 2.5-day program designed for entrepreneurship faculty who want to learn the basics of integrating Lean Startup principles into their teaching. You will learn key techniques for building a curriculum that you can adapt to your institutional environment and needs and put to immediate use.
An intimate, informal, and in person, discussion between a maximum of 35 information and communication technology experts and international development professionals, with a focus on both: technology's impact on donor-sponsored technical assistance delivery, and private enterprise driven economic development, facilitated by technology.
Law students provide guidance in the complexities involved in technology-related law to individuals, non-profits, and consumer groups that could not otherwise obtain counsel.
Promotes rigorous interdisciplinary research based on the conviction that the pressing problems of our time are simultaneously scientific and social, technological and political, ethical and economic. Offers courses, events, special projects, working groups, and networks of professionals and other students.
Aims to foster entrepreneurship in the UC Berkeley postdoctoral and graduate community. Provides tools, mentoring, and a platform for science-business communication to enable research innovations to move into the marketplace.
Learn to code interactively, for free.
Offers seed funding, work labs and space, presentations, events, webscasts, and discussions on tech in society. Focuss on initatives in connected communities, health, robots and people, and sustainable infrastructures.
The Lester Center hosts Hackathons which bring together UC Berkeley students of all stripes and colors–designers, coders, marketers and MBA students alike–to converge around a single theme. The Lester Center supports a number of pre-eminent startup competitions whose finals are open to the public (LAUNCH and GSVC)
Part science fair, part county fair, and part something entirely new, Maker Faire is an all-ages gathering of tech enthusiasts, crafters, educators, tinkerers, hobbyists, engineers, science clubs, authors, artists, students, and commercial exhibitors All of these "makers" come to Maker Faire to show what they have made and to share what they have learned.
A forum and newsletter on the role of technology in improving the quality of life all over the world.
A startup internship and training program for graduate students in business, engineering and information interested in entrepreneurship and technology.
Provides public and Private training on how to build and deploy apps taught by MongoDB Engineers that offers hands-on experience, as well as professional certification preparation. Also offers live webinars, Q+A sessions, event,s and user groups to share best practices and network.
Online learning platform that helps anyone learn business, software, technology and creative skills to achieve personal and professional goals. Through individual, corporate, academic and government subscriptions, members have access to the lynda.com video library of engaging, top-quality courses taught by recognized industry experts.
Learn to code interactively, for free. Languages: HTML & CSS, Javascript, jQuery, Python, Ruby, PHP
Online Store and free/paid resources including Apps, Gadgets, Creative Resources, Software, and Video Tutorials to help Apple fanatics, developers, designers, entrepreneurs, gamers, and early adopters. Offers courses for programming and bundled deals for software and learning materials.
A mission-driven consulting organization that provides technology adoption and field-building services and designs technology-rich initiatives that hold promise for national impact.
Administers smaller, targeted community grants in their core priorities of strengthening families, supporting children and youth, leadership development, civic participation and urban issues, and the arts.
Interdisciplinary hub at UC Berkeley for understanding and acting on global poverty.
Enables powerful approaches to stimulating science and technology invention, innovation and entrepreneurship on university and college campuses, and move the strongest ideas rapidly forward to commercialization
Provides 5-7 years of incubation to early-stage social enterprises with financial investments (seed capital in the form of grants and soft loans), social capital, capacity support via training and mentoring, and access to markets and networks. Addresses key issues in labor inclusion, sustainable income, and affordable technologies.
A philanthropic investment firm that invests in both for-profit businesses and nonprofit organizations, and their visionary ideas that create opportunities for people to improve their lives, their communities, and the world around them. They are focused on five key areas believed to be building blocks for prosperous, stable, and open societies: Consumer Internet and Mobile, Education, Financial Inclusion, Governance & Citizen Engagement, and Property Rights. Offers financial support, consulting, and coaching.
An innovation accelerator working with a range of clients–including entrepreneurs, mentors, investors, foundations, development agencies, CSR departments, NGOs and companies. Additionally, their online global network helps clients accelerate innovations for sustainability in low-income markets in developing countries.
An active network of professionals who leverage their time, talent and connections to help non-profit organizations launch new initiatives, make a greater impact and accelerate positive change in their communities.
Invests in early stage entrepreneurial ventures to create inclusive economic development. Seeking to catalyse development in India's underserved regions, it identifies capable entrepreneurs, provides them with capital, supplements it with a nurturing environment and helps build sustainable enterprises.
A non-profit focused on developing technology for social good.
Website of news, views, and analysis about science and technology for global development for development professionals, policymakers, researchers, the media, and the informed public.
Blogs of opinions and reports that explores solutions to major social problems and examines creative initiatives that can shows differences between success and failure. Fixes looks at solutions to social problems and why they work.
Magazine that chronicles how companies create and compete, with regular coverage of innovation in technology, ethonomics (ethical economics), leadership, and design.
Magazine published by MIT that whose "mission is to identify important new technologies–deciphering their practical impact and revealing how they will change our lives."
A newsletter published by the UC Berkeley College of Engineering, featuring reports on groundbreaking research and other innovative projects by Berkeley engineers.
Forum for engineers, technologists, social scientists, NGOs, local governments, and community advocates to connect, collaborate, solve challenges, and share knowledge to improve the quality of life globally.
Venture capital firm providing funding to companies creating scalable, technology-driven social impact projects with initial investments of $25,000-$200,000 in early-stage companies. Strong preference for Bay Area-based companies, especially in Oakland and Berkeley.
Venture Capital Fund that invests $100k to $500k in early stage startups at the intersection of hardware and software, and offers world-class prototyping shops and office space in San Francisco and Boston; a team of professional engineering teans to assist with prototyping, manufacturing, shipping products, and scaling production efforts.
90 day Techstars program with mentorship, office space for 3 months, connections with professionals, hundreds of perks worth over $1 million, a $20k stipend for living expenses, a Demo Day, and other investor evetns. Hosts three accelerator programs: METRO Accelerator, Techstars Connection, and Internet of Things. and has it's own Venture capital program that provides $100,000-$300,000 to Seed companiesand $1-2M for Series A companies; a Startup program for companies at all stages worldwide; and conventions, summits, and networking opportunities.
Provides services tailored to health and biotech startups offering graduates and postdoctoral fellows at UC Berkeley with a matrix of support for entrepreneurs, incubators, venture capital fund, innovative partnerships and healthtech and science industry alliances, discounted conferences and events, and team-based coaching and advice. The Global innovation program works with individual country or regional clients to tailor a training program done, via satellite, for entrepreneurs across the globe, entrepreneurial partnerships, and site visits.
An accelerator and open innovation plaform with a materials/environmental focus that supports social entrepreneurs via netowrks of mentors that provide pro-bono innovator support and mentorship, with hundreds of programs focused on a specific theme (e.g., materials for sustainability). LAUNCH challenges encourages innovators to create life-changing, sustainable solutions in water, health, energy, waste, materials and green chemistry.
A leading Silicon Valley startup incubator (3-month accelerator program, plus networking opportunities post-progarm) for wide variety of companies, specifically commercial web, enterprise software, and other tech-heavy companies. Twice a year we invest a small amount of money ($120k) in a large number of startups who move to the Bay Area for weekly dinners, mentorship, special events, and training that culminates in a Demo Day where the startups present their companies to a carefully selected, invite-only audience.
Network of tech innovation hubs in Africa, spanning a network of 40 technology innovation hubs in 20 African countries. Each hub serves as a physical convening space for entrepreneurs, technologists, developers, designers, and investors in each tech community.
Recognized as Africa's leading and most established incubator and accelerator, incubating hundreds of innovation and technology start-ups, generating thousands of new jobs, and helping numerous entrepreneurs and start-ups with their roots in Cape Town to become global success stories. Offers courses, events, mentorship, training, funding, co-working spaces, virtual offices, creativity labs, and recreational areas with restaurants, recreational facilities, meeting rooms, and more.
Startup accelerator and early-stage venture capital that invests up to $50k in media entrepreneurs over a course of five months. The structured and supportive program, based in San Francisco and New York City communities, involves a week-long Design Thinking bootcamp in San Francisco, a monthly Design Review in New York, and a final Demo Day in both locations as well as design reviews, workshops, weekly speakers, and office hours throughout.
Higher education network providing grants, fellowships, competitions, sponsored events, programs (incubators, accelerators), conferences, networking opportunities, and investments for young scientists to help launch ventures that improve life for people and the planet. enrich classrooms, curriculum and campuses. Promotes science and technology invention, innovation and entrepreneurship on university and college campuses, and commercialization of ideas.
Currently open to for-profit ventures only, the E-Team Program is a competitive process that consists of three stages where teams can earn up to $25k in grant funding ($5k during Stage 1, and $20k during stage 2, as well as additional funding from investors during Stage 3), as well as workshops, coaching, and investor-and partner-readiness training and matching investment opportunities.
A full-service seed fund for early-stage medical and biotech startups–with funding, access to networks, hands-on support, medical expertise, and an option to work in San Francisco. Also sponsors several events, including the Rock Health Summit, to connect professionials in healthcare delivery and technology.
Offers several types of residency programs lasting 3-6 months, events and guest speakers, capital, administrative and operational support, strategic capital, networking, and office space to experienced entrepreneurs so they can build market-driven software and services. The ""Entrepreneur-in-Residence program"" is a build-focused, 6-month engagement where EIRs have product support and fixed funding to rapidly build their own software-based concept; and the ""Hacker-in-Residence"" Program is a 3-month program where entrepreneurial engineers and developers have a chance to take on a current topic of interest to the Accelerator and build an innovative solution to tackle it.
6 month practical, experience-based program that combines the consulting know-how of Silicon Valley accelerators with the vast resources of UC Berkeley to support startups of all industry fields, coupled with a mentorship program and wide network of investors, campus programs, the ""Skyfund"" investment, and a speical Skydeck Demo Day at the end of the program. Accelerates technology, science, and disruptive business startups. The program has five Practice Areas: Product Story, Market Traction, Business Model, Team Development, and Funding Plan.
Incubator database listing edtech entrepreneurs and educators, providing information on trends, available jobs, opportunities, and events, as well as series of conferences for educators and entrepreneurs looking to improved educational outcomes.
Entrepreneurs receive non-equity fellowships, qualification for funded pilots, and preparation to attract venture capital. Tackles issues of public safety, including community stability, substance abuse, housing, neighborhood surveillance, re-entry employment, and youth/gang violence.
Global Development Incubator program that provides diagnostics, manpower, and networks to increase the scale, reach, and impact of social enterprises. Addresses several key initiatives including Agriculture, Development, Health, and Business.
Hardware focused incubator that offers a 4-month curriculum taught by industry experts in fundraising, marketing, retail, and product and business development, community and connections via workspaces and networking, hands-on learning about manufacturing and supply chain management in Shenzhen, China, and up to $100k in investment Capital. Helps startups go from prototyping to large scale manufacturing, including a demo day, 1000 square foot lab, and trained staff and researchers.
Supports innovators and entrepreneurs addressing water problems by offering prize competitions, a business accelerator, access to capital and investment, market visibility, mentors and feedback, as well as in-kind resources. Their global innovation ecosystem includes leading utilities, corporations,
investors, academic institutions and associations with the water sector, government, and social enterprise.
Early-stage venture capital firm providing tech and social enterepreneurs based in the US and Israel looking to make a social impact worldwide. Provides workshops, founders dinners, Curiosity Camp, industry working groups, a space for convenings, a rooftop for happy hours, reverse job fairs, and an entrepreneur support group.
Matches entrepreneurs with advisors who provide market intelligence, capital, courses and workshops, connections to funding and potential partners, market research, and networking opportunities. MaRS focuses its work on several main sectors: Information & Communications Technology (ICT), Cleantech, Health, and Social Innovation.
Design, innovation, culture and technology news blog at UC Berkeley featuring various campus organizations, student projects and startups, thought-provoking and interesting news articles, events, and ideas. Emphasis on building connectionis, cross-disciplinary collaboration on campus, and exposure to fresh ideas.
Enables scientists and biotech entrepreneurs to research and develop their products by providing economical lab facilities, a large biotech community, and a host of services to accelerate their success. These services are ideal for early stage synthetic biology, clean tech, green chemistry, food, and natural products focused companies.
An applied technology incubator at UC Berkeley that supports early stage startups developing disruptive solutions for today's biggest challenges. Theprogram provides: $5,000-$10,000 in seed funding for startups; more than $50,000 in resources including office, meeting & lab space, cloud computing, legal services and education; customized mentorship specific to your needs from our extensive network of entrepreneurs, investors and industry experts; A strong community of fellow founders and access to design and prototyping tools at the CITRIS Invention Lab.
Virtual hub of practitioners, investors, policymakers, faculty, staff, and students to identify, assess, help develop, build capacity of, and scale solutions, technologies, and business models for healthcare delivery and preventive services in developing countries around the world. Through this program, SEAD will capture lessons learned and policy implications to ensure that our work impacts both entrepreneurs on the ground and the broader development community.


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We wouldn't advocate for you to wear them because when you spray your face that component is going to be not suntan, » a salon employee said.
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Predicated on research, the maximum amount of DHA which could inadvertently be ingested or breathed during a one minute Mystic Tan sunless tanning session would be05 milligrams (equivalent to significantly less than one grain of common table salt). Myself first went here to get a spray tan for my wedding, I was just a little nervous since I have had some horror stories from other areas. Myself had been seeing Orlando and looking for a great spray tan, Andressa came to my hotel and gave me an astonishing spray tan!
Easier to Imitation it then Bake it, especially with all the powerful FL sun. Prevent any strenuous exercise or perspiration action immediately following the spray tanning session as this will affect the developing procedure. A Home spray Tan extender has a light DHA bronzing in it to extend the appearance of your spray tan and reduces irregular wear and patchiness occasionally caused from shaving or chlorine exposure.
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text: Remember Humpty Dumpty? Well, the King's horses and men should have taken him to New York City's Museum of Modern Art. Maybe then Humpty could have been put back together again. That's where a team of experts put back together the marble Adam statue created by Tullio Lombardo a very long time ago. After standing… Continue reading Adam Had a Great Fall – Big Time Art Restoration for Elementary Classrooms


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Bonding – The RapidTrack
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For the past nine years, Wes McClain and his cousin, Clint Rogers, Taylorsville, Ky., have spent many hours working on their farm. Every year they put up a new building, each built by hand. One year it was a tobacco barn; another year, a milking parlor. It's a big job, but small scale: The entire farm fits on a piece of plywood 8 feet by 20 feet.
The farm has been exhibited at the Spencer County High School Future Farmers of America Toy Show in Taylorsville each year for the past eight years. It features a tobacco barn, dairy barn, milking parlor, silo, calf barn, corncrib, pig pen, tool shed and repair shop, waterfall and pond (including live goldfish). The display is a fall scene, showing the corn harvest underway, and wood being cut for winter. It captures a realism sometimes missing from scale models.
"We try to add buildings that are not ordinarily at a toy show, but are seen on an actual farm every day," says Clint, 22. "There aren't any 1/16" farm sets, so we have to make our own from scratch."
All the buildings are exact replicas of ones on the farm where Clint grew up.
"Every bit of it is homemade," says Wes. "Construction of the tobacco barn, for example, started with posts for the sides, driveway, top plates and rafters, all of which were ripped by table saw from 1" stock. After the framework was nailed and glued in place, the boxing was cut from 1/8" plywood and 1" strips and glued, leaving a crack between each board to allow for ventilation, just as in a real barn. The roof is constructed to mimic a '5-V' galvanized metal roof, which can be partially removed to expose details, as with other structures in the display."
Even a stripping room is included, complete with a woodburning stove that sends real smoke through the stovepipe.
Plastic pipe wrapped in wire makes the farm's silo. Clear Christmas tree lights shine in the dairy barn and the tobacco barn's stripping room. Light shines out through spaces between the boards.
"This gives a very realistic effect," Wes says.
Each building takes a lot of planning. Everything is drawn on scale paper before construction starts. To build the barns, for instance, Clint measured the barns on his parents' farm, then scaled them down.
"We look at how the beams and braces are run," Wes says. "Then we take a real tractor and pull it next to the building to see the sizes together. After some sketches, we take a 1/16" toy tractor like the real one and put it next to the building we're constructing, which helps us scale it down right."
Transporting the farm to the show has become quite an operation.
"Last year, I rented a cattle trailer to transport it in one trip," Wes says. Previously, the farm was taken to the show in several pick-up truck loads. Once the pieces arrive at the show site, set-up can take six hours.
Because of the farm's enormous size, the cousins never know exactly how it will look until they start setting it up at the show.
"Others who build 1/64" have put theirs together at home," Wes says, "but ours is too big, so we can't."
The farm's layout reflects practical, real-life concerns.
"If I were going to work this farm, how would I want it set up?" Wes says he asked himself. Except for the milking parlor, which is recessed, all the buildings are moveable. With the addition of new structures each year, the display is always different.
"We have featured, in detail, many activities of farm life, both work and play, which allow the old to reminisce and the young to learn," Wes says.
Their efforts have been rewarded with honors at the show each year. Last year, Wes won Best 1/16" Display, Most True-to-Life Award, Viewers Choice Award, and Best Farmscape. In 1997, the cousins won the John A. Shouse Memorial Award for Best Overall Display, Viewers Choice Award, and Best Scratch Display.
Clint, who graduated from Spencer County High School in 1996, says he has pretty much retired from working on the miniature farm because of the demands of working full-time at his parents' farm. He still helps Wes set it up at the show, but Wes – a Spencer County senior considering a career as an architectural model designer – now does most of the planning and construction. FC
For more information: The Spencer County High School FFA Farm Toy Show, held each December, has grown to be Kentucky's largest annual farm toy show. Exhibitors are expected to attend from 14 states.
Diana West is a freelance writer based in Joplin, Mo.


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Over the last three decades, American Vision at The Court has established a reputation for exceptional eye exams and has become known as metro Philadelphia's place to go for the finest selection of designer name-brand eyeglasses and sunglasses. Best of all, from the moment you walk into our store, you are our guest, and treated as a person—not a number! While we do have some of the most cutting-edge eyewear and lenses anywhere, we deliver it with old-fashioned friendliness. We have been serving the tri-state area for well over three decades and love seeing our littlest patients grow up, and then bring their children in—it's a testimony to our unrivaled service and skills. Join us and become part of the American Vision family, too.
Dr. Kirshner has been providing quality optical products and care to the people of the Philadelphia area since 1981. American Vision at The Court is an owner-operated, independent retail location with all the benefits of a family-owned practice.
Get to know staff, our family…
Cindi Kirshner
For 15 years Cindi has worked alongside her husband — Dr. Gary Kirshner — managing and coordinating all aspects of the business with love and enthusiasm. She knows just what frame to select for each customer and nails it every time. Cindi was born with a sense for fashion; nothing makes her happier than a smiling face when a customer sees themselves with their new look for the first time. Our store is teeming with all sorts of shapes, trends and looks from around the world that Cindi and Denise select during the countless hours they spend meeting with the eyewear representatives.
Denise Bonsera
A veteran of the optical business, Denise has been using her mastermind for creativity at the office since 2003. With 30 years experience, she's part of the one-two punch (along with Cindi) in hand-selecting frames from optical vendors from all over the world. Denise has a unique talent in choosing the correct eyewear that bests suits the needs of every individual that enters the store. As an ABO Board-certified optician, your encounter with Denise doesn't just end with a cool frame. Her skill with the latest in lens technology and her years of experience in properly adjusting eyewear will leave you with a most rewarding experience. Denise also keeps the store sparkling with intriguing and dazzling window displays.
David Shatley
David is a returning member to our American Vision family. His honesty, loyalty and precision to detail gives each patient confidence and comfort in their search for their next pair of fabulous frames. David has worked in the optical field for almost 30 years! He absolutely loves being a part of the ever-changing industry; whether it be in optics or the high fashion eyewear, clients never regret their time with him!
Robin Edelman
Robin has added her funky, unique taste as an optician and frame stylist at American Vision since 2006. Her eclectic and bubbly personality warms patients' hearts. She loves to help each customer emote their fun, hip style that has perhaps been locked away in their inner self. Robin's passion to select your "perfect" eyeglasses and her welcoming attitude are reasons to refer your friends and family to become part of our American Vision family. Robin's other expertise is working with our contact lens patients: whether you're a first-time contact lens wearer or need a refresher course in the art of inserting, removing, or caring for your contact lenses, Robin is our go-to person for the task.
Tori Welder
The American Vision family is most grateful to have Tori on staff for almost 20 years. An ABO-certified optician, Tori has taken on the roll as our lab manager, amongst her many other rolls at American Vision. Patients adore her (as does the entire staff) since her passion and concern for excellence in any and all tasks that she tackles is palpable. Her knowledge of all optical products and her precision as an optician makes her one of the lab's best. Many of our returning patients and customers enjoy asking for Tori, as they know they will get the best-fitting frame and correct alignment for comfortable vision and wear.
Diane Chernaskey
Diane has been part of the American Vision at The Court family since 2000. Another one of our ABO Board-certified optician superstars, she works in every aspect of our business. Her compassion and kindness make her the perfect person to be the first one greeting a caller. Whether scheduling appointments, researching your vision benefits or troubleshooting concerns you may have, Diane does it with ease and in a timely manner. With over 30 years in the optical field, her greatest skills lie in her technical knowledge of frames, lenses and coatings. This expertise leads to a most rewarding customer experience.
Dr. Giulia Tinari
Having Dr. Tinari as part of the "family" for over 10 years has been an enriching and wonderful experience. Starting first as a frame stylist, she quickly became involved in every aspect of the optical business. This passion guided Dr. Tinari towards optometry school and poof! After hard work, she is now Dr. Giulia Tinari seeing patients here at American Vision one day a week.
Dr. Tinari is very passionate about her career and intends to keep growing as a healthcare professional so that she can continue to offer high-quality eyecare, ranging from routine eye exams to medically-oriented visits, efficiently and compassionately.
Dr. Gary Kirshner
Dr. Gary Kirshner has been providing quality optical care and products to the people of the Philadelphia area since 1981. Owner of the independent retail store, he built his practice while maintaining all the benefits of a family-owned business.
Optometry allows Dr. Kirshner to integrate his love of physics and math into his career, while interacting with patients on a daily basis. Thirty-four years later, he is still invigorated coming to work every day.
Having second-, third-, and sometimes fourth-generation family members come through his office, Gary feels truly touched to know that these patients trust not only their eyesight to him, but the eyesight of their loved ones too!


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If you are looking for better value then perhaps check out our Starter Kit for Makey Makey or our huge Educators Pack for Makey Makey!
This Makey Makey kit contains everything you need to turn the world around you into your own electronics project!
The Makey Makey is a board with an Atmega32u4 which behaves like a HID (Human Interface Device) device, such as a keyboard or mouse. The board has solderless head pins and pads to connect alligator clips to which allows you to connect almost anything up to create a circuit and trigger things on your computer. Your imagination is the limit!
On the top side of the board are 6 pads (4 arrow keys and space bar + left click) which you can connect alligator clips to, solder to, or any other form of connection. There are another 12 inputs on the back, 6 for keyboard keys, and 6 for mouse motion, which you can access with jumpers via the female headers. The best part about Makey Makey is that it is an Arduino compatible board, which means that if you want to change the keyboard triggers from certain keys, or experiment with different program options, you can easily reprogram it using the Arduino IDE!
The Makey Makey is designed to work out of the box and requires no programming or electronics knowledge to get started.
The Deluxe Kit includes everything that the basic kit does plus another pack of alligator clips, a pack of jumper wires and a roll of copper tape so you can really go crazy!
Note: There is updated the firmware on the MaKey MaKey along with the other ATMega32U4-based boards. Check out the Firmware Note document below.
- 1 x MaKey MaKey HID Board
- 2 x Alligator Clip Pack
- 1 x Jumper Wires Pack
- 1 x Mini-USB Cable
- 1 x Roll of Copper Tape
- Schematic
- Eagle Files
- MaKey MaKey GitHub (Find the latest MaKey MaKey sketch here)
- Getting Started Guide
- MaKey MaKey Driver (For Windows users)
- 32U4 GitHub
- Arduino Addon Files (Unzip to your Arduino sketchbook directory)
- MaKey MaKey Site
- Firmware Note
This product is listed in:
Documentation and Resources:
- Makey Makey in the Classroom
Hey guys, if you're looking to get the creativity and fun of Makey Makey into classrooms or workshops, then you're in the right place! Makey Makey is an incredible tool for educators to get kids thinking about how they can use technology ...
Tags: capacitive educational makey resistive
- Let's take a look at Makey Makey!
Makey Makey is a compact circuit board which allows you to create circuits using anything you like and connect them up to a computer. You use alligator clips to connect things to the Makey Makey, and then your Makey Makey connectors to a computer or ...
Tags: educational makey
- Makey Makey at Home
Have you heard of Makey Makey? If not, you're about to have your mind blown! Makey Makey is an incredible way to bring imagination, creativity, and technology together. If you're not sure what Makey Makey is, check out our Let's take a lo...
Tags: educational makey
- Capacitive Touch with Makey Makey
The Makey Makey introduces the concept of using everday objects like fruit, lead pencil drawings, play dough etc. to interact with your computer via USB. The Makey Makey acts like a HID device over USB, which means that it behaves just like a keyboar...
Tags: capacitive educational makey
- Fruit and Veggie Gaming Controller
In preparation for some Maker Faire's we were heading to last year, I wanted to combine the awesomeness of the Makey Makey platform, with the fun that is RetroPie. For those who don't know the Makey Makey, it's a fantastic platform that allows you to connect the pin of an Atmega32u4 microcontroller up to the world around you. Fruit, vegetables, people, graphite, play dough, anything as long as it's somewhat conductive. It then ou...
- Makey Makey Skill Tester
This is the third project I've put up using the Makey Makey, and it's incredible fun, but it's also the simplest. Today I'm going to show you how to make a simple Skill Tester game complete with sound effects using a Makey Makey board and some easy to find materials....
- Makey Makey Pencil Piano
After seeing how much fun people had using the Makey Makey as a gaming controller for our RetroPie setup, I decided that more fun, simple projects that can be made using household materials were in order. So today I present to you the piano that anyone can draw. That's right, we're going to draw a piano with nothing more than a standard graphite (lead) pencil....
Product Comments
Customer Reviews
Review by Steph
verified purchaser
We LOVE this kit. I have used this with kids aged 6-12 and we've done a lot already in the two weeks we've had it:
- We made a cat-operated talking feeding bowl
- We made a butterfly enclosure that makes sounds
- We made a piano out of foil pie tins
- The kids rigged the door of the computer lab to yell "WELCOME TO CODE CLUB" on entry. (Which came as a surprise to many.)
This kit is versatile and has helped us have learning experiences around:
- basic circuits and discussing the passing of electrons in electricity
- conductive vs insulative materials
- reactive programming
- general fun!
The children are now making requests for materials to conduct their own projects. The learning possibilities here are endless.
One thing I particularly like is the way we can use the Makey Makey to develop projects that would be coded "feminine", e.g. it doesn't all have to be about robots. Our girls love the idea of building butterflies that trigger sound effects, or building a garden of flowers that talk to you when you touch them.
This little piece of kit has really helped empower our creative girls to see themselves as creative with code and electronics. (Posted on 12/06/2017)
Review by Leanne
verified purchaser
This product was easy to get started with for my 11 year old. A fun product. He was quick to start using it with scratch (something had already started using before he got the MaKeyMaKey. (Posted on 2/01/2017)
Review by Trinity
verified purchaser
My class has had a ball coming up with new ways to use the Makey Makey. It has encouraged students to explore the connectivity of objects. (Posted on 24/10/2016)
Review by Laurence
verified purchaser
Lots of fun. 9yr old got straight into it. An older child would not need help but he needed a few pointers. Recommended. (Posted on 15/04/2016)
Exact shipping can be calculated on the view cart page (no login required).
We deliver Australia-wide with these options:
- $3 for Small Items (3-7 days, not tracked, only available on selected small items)
- $6.95 for Standard Post (2-4 days, tracked)
- $9.95 for Express Post (Overnight for most of Australia, 2+ days for rural, tracked)
- Pickup - Free! Only available to customers who live in the Newcastle region (only after we email you to notify your order is ready)
International Orders - the following rates are for New Zealand and will vary for other countries:
- $11.49 for Pack and Track (3+ days, tracked)
- $16.50 for Express International (2-5 days, tracked)
If you order lots of gear, the postage amount might increment based on the weight of your order.
Our physical address (here's a PDF which includes other key business details):
Unit 18, 132 Garden Grove Parade
Take a look at our customer service page if you have other questions such as "do we do purchase orders" (yes!) or "are prices GST inclusive" (yes they are!). We're here to help - get in touch with us to talk shop.


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A New Life
Step by step walking into my new invention, my time machine. As soon as I walk in I feel my head spinning, my tummy turning, my legs wobbling, then nothing, nothing but darkness. I take one step into the pitch black.
Then I see a figure, a weird kind of figure. I was too scared to move but the creature wasn't, it started to hurry towards me into it was right in front of me and said "hello Ruput I am Alfred will you help me destroy the earth?
" um um where are we how do you know my name what are you?
" I am a robot we are on Mars and I scanned you to find out your name, now will you help me destroy the earth?
" yes " said Ruput grinning. "
What is that machine" asked Alfred
"that is my time machine that is what brought me here on Mars.
Replied Ruput
" take me into it"
Once again I feel my head spinning, my tummy turning, my legs wobbling, then darkness in my face.
" where are we?"
" my scan says we are in New York City underwater."
"What lets get out of here"!!
"Okay where are we now"?
" We are in Sydney, Australia at 25 Sydney street"
" yes finally this is my home lets go here come into the garage come in hurry before anyone sees you."
"Who is that"
said Ruput "she is Hannah she lives next door to you" replied Alfred.
" I am going to go talk to her you go inside Alfred". Said Ruput
" but we are going to destroy the world" said Alfred
"yeah we will but I might just talk to her okay"
"Hi welcome to the neighbourhood I live next door what's your name?"
" I'm Hannah nice to meet you do you want to come inside?"
" yeah sure by the way I'm Ruput"
" okay that's a weird name what's your real name?"
" it's Max"
" know that is a awesome name anyway what do you do for a job?"
" a job um um I am a evil scientist I'm building a evil robot to destroy the world"
" That's horrible do you want to rule the world?"
" I did but now I want to be with you"
" so do I, Max can I come round to your house?"
"yeah sure"
" well here is my house"
" where's the robot" " he's over here but he will kill me if I don't help him so I'll trick him ready, you stay here okay "
" hey do you want an upgrade?"
" yes I do" replied Alfred"
" okay "
For the next hour he was connecting and disconnecting wires and cords.
" finally here I am Hannah "
" I love you max "
" I love you to Hannah"
And 1 year later they got married and lived happily ever after.


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Monday, February 11, 2013
Every Second is a Miracle
5 comments:
- billtys said...
Hello Randall,
Thank you for the latest post.
It's clear and obvious that this appearance of Bill is simply an expression of Life or Intelligence.
In other words, when was the wave ever not the ocean...and when was Bill ever not Life or Intelligence.
Even though this is understood...after investigation, how or why is the statement made that Bill is Intelligence or Life?
I like the idea of an open fire in a field where someone throws a log onto it...and thousands of sparks fly into the night sky...jumping around and shining brightly.
I can easily attribute the appearance or manifestation of the sparks to the fire (same as water and wave)...but why it is said that spark is fire.
Is it possible that spark is just simply spark and not fire at all...although it's life or appearance is totally attributable to the fire from whence it came...
But does that make spark fire? Bill has no independent existence...that's clear and obvious. But why or how am I Intelligence.
Could it be that spark has a degree of aliveness...awakefulness...just for that moment? Because there is no sense of fire before or after spark disappears.
In what sense is it said that Bill is Intelligence...even though Bill appears to be aware.
Is that awareness the only non conceptual aspect about Bill thereby making it universal?
Love Bill
Melbourne Australia
- June 6, 2013 at 1:14 AM
- Randall Friend said...
Hi Bill,
Thanks for the comment.
Tonight the lightning is putting on quite a show. It's quite beautiful and striking. I can give those flashes of light independent existence, but I have to really be honest. IS that true?
Through inquiry, I've found that it isn't true. Those flashes of light are molecules, atoms, electrons, energy, quarks, strings... ultimately I can find infinite appearances, things, experiences, but I have never been able to find more than one existence.
The thunder follows close behind. The rain patterns softly on the roof. There are locusts singing and distant sounds of traffic and the occasional wind chime. There is thought going on, a feeling of hunger, an increasing feeling that it's time for bed. But these are all patterns of something. They exist, but do they exist OF themselves, or are they something that IS? IS that thought something independent? Is that faint urge an existence of it's own?
This is the direct, pointed path. Much of spirituality gives us feel-good bullshit which doesn't mean a whole lot. Ultimately it's about what IS. Is that thought something different, independent and new? Or is it just WHAT-IS, expressing?
This is something we must arrive at - I can tell you but until you arrive at that on your own it's always just conceptual.
- June 26, 2013 at 10:06 PM
- billtys said...
Hello Randall,
You have a way of expressing that makes me feel excellent. Thank you.
I too have only ever found one existence. This would seem therefore to point clearly to nonduality.
Would you mind writng something on this ONE EXISTENCE you talk about...and how does it fit in with awareness and the fact that I can only ever be the perceiving energy...pure unlocatable and undefineable subjectivity.
Love Bill
- June 26, 2013 at 10:48 PM
- tomale said...
Randall: The photo of the wave is terrific. Looks like a lion's head.
- September 13, 2013 at 9:44 PM
- Dougrek said...
This is beautifully expressed.
- September 16, 2013 at 11:42 AM


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RFN wanted to know which journals were most helpful for nephrology fellows in training. As a busy nephrology fellow it can be difficult to find time to sift through the vast plethora of neprhology related journals. Interestingly, CJASN was chosen by 53% of the respondents as being most helpful. This is quite a feat in that CJASN's inception date was January of 2006!! A recent podcast by ASN Kidney News discusses the transition of editors from founding editor-in-chief William Bennett to new editor-in-chief Gary Curhan. NEJM came in at a close second at 40%. This was followed by JASN, KI, AJKD and NDT.
Friday, October 1, 2010
Journals as ranked by nephrology fellows
Posted by Matt Sparks at 3:31 PM
Labels: Matt Sparks, nephrology education., poll results
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Bulletin Index
ART = article, BR = book review, CF = computer forum, COMP = compilation, ED = editorial, FT = final touch, IT = investigative techniques, LTR = letter, MAIN = maintenance, NOTE = noted in, (N) [appears after ART or BR] = materials published in the APT newsletter between 1969 and 1975, OP = opinion, PE = preservation education, PP = preservation planning, REPR = reprint, SPEC = specifications, TN = technical notes
IRON AND STEELReinforcement of Nineteenth-Century Wide-Span Trusses in Two New York Landmarks by Eytan Solomon and Alastair Elliott, ART XLV-4-14, pp. 21-26.
Restoration of the Kreuzberg Monument: A Memorial to Prussian Soldiers by Margot Gayle and Riva Pescoe, ART XXVII-4-96, pp. 43-45
See also Metals and Metalwork,
Seeing with Different Eyes: NDE of Embedded Steel at Yale University, by Richard I. Ortega, ART XLV114, pp. 2126.
Stabilization of Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island by Martha L. Werenfels, ART XXIII-1-91, pp. 39-46
Structural Materials in Historic Restoration: Environmental Issues and Greener Strategies by Helena Meryman, ART XXXVI-4-05, pp. 31-37
Structural Modeling for Lateral Stiffness in Historic Truss Bridges By Frederick R. Rutz, Kevin L. Rens, Veronica R. Jacobson, Shohreh Hamedian, Kazwan M. Elias, and William B. Swigert, ART XXXVIII-1-07, pp. 33-41
The 1905 Catalogue of Iron Store Fronts Designed and Manufactured by George L. Mesker & Co., Architectural Iron Works, Evansville, Indiana, intro. by Lee H. Nelson, {a}REPR IX-4-77, pp. 3-40
The Metropolitan Floor: Modern Analysis of an Archaic Structure by Donald Friedman, PR XXXVIII-1-07, pp. 1-4
The Origins of Cast Iron Architecture in America, rev. by Adolf K. Placzek, BR III-2/3-71, p. 7


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abby lee miller
a "dance coach" who viciously screams at young impressionable children when hangry (which is all the time). claims to be ' the best' yet her ch-r-ography is literal sh-t. sn-tches dancers (brynn, kalani, elliana, lilliana, and even sophia for a short time) from studios far better than hers and takes credit for their magnificent training. lives for money, hides money from the government, and will eventually go to jail because of money.
abby lee miller is getting more and more batsh-t crazy with each episode of her idiotic show.
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chloe sunshine
i recently had the pleasure of shooting a cute friend of mine named kendall. she is knee deep in the completion of her first album under the moniker "Chloe Sunshine". the name is so cute right. we shot a TON of film photos all in her apt on the floor using house lamps and wall art. it was a blast. she even sported a little with lav and lace wear! here are a few, more to come later. which one do ya dig?


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Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 325725 contains the following summary:
RFC 2284 defines the Extensible Authentication Protocol
which provides support for multiple authentication methods.
Although EAP
was originally created for use with Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP),
it has been
adopted for use with IEEE 802.1x Network Port Authentication.
Since EAP's deployment, a number of weaknesses in EAP have become noticeable. These include the following:
|Lack of protection of the user identity or the EAP negotiation.
|No standardized mechanism for key exchange.
|No built-in support for fragmentation and reassembly.
|Lack of support for fast reconnect.
Protected EAP (PEAP) addresses these deficiencies by wrapping the EAP protocol in Transport Layer Security (TLS). Any EAP method running in PEAP is provided with built-in support for key exchange, session resumption, and fragmentation and reassembly.


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Hi, I'm Torren. Let's get started...
read about me, check out the services I offer, and see what I can do for you
About MeMy Services
keeping people connected through print and digital communication
Web Design
Whether you're a small business owner, a non-profit organization, or just want your own blog, I can design and build you an attractive and capable website.
Print Media
Now that you have your website, who manages your written content? If you need web content maintenance, technical document design, or public relations pieces, I can help.
My Work
I believe the pen is mightier than the sword