text:
user comments 114 comment(s)
|the way it should be. (12:13pm est mon nov 01 2004)
people might travel with the portable device. – by evan brom
|this should up sales (12:18pm est mon nov 01 2004)
this is a good move for sony. this will definitely boost launch sales. i'm sure importers will be purchasing even more of these since consumers will be able to play us games on it once its released over here. – by magma
|right (1:29pm est mon nov 01 2004)
good move for sony. – by splinter
|hmm (1:43pm est mon nov 01 2004)
this was news early last week..way to keep up :) – by mm
|hmm (1:55pm est mon nov 01 2004)
so…we in the us can get a japanese game…
but…some of us cant read japanese! lol – by gir
|dumbass (2:39pm est mon nov 01 2004)
as usual, sony's psp is a step behind the nintendo ds. when will sony learn to become an innovator instead of a follower. – by nintendont
|re: nintendont (2:45pm est mon nov 01 2004)
so let me get this straight, so you think it's a bad thing that they are region free, and as for innovation, how long did it' take nintendo to wake up and go to disc based media that sony and sega were pushing long before they did, does that mean that nintendo was a follower for that? oh yes while on the innovation bandwagon you do know that the sony discs hold 1.5 gigabytes not gigabits of data like the ds cartridges, right? you got to love fanboys they always think the subject of their fanaticism is god and always ahead of everyone. by the way i'm buying both of them, so i'm not biased just poking holes in your statement. – by notnormal23224
|what the? (3:12pm est mon nov 01 2004)
does anyone even care about this? – by bono-apple sell out
|re: notnormal23224 (8:14pm est mon nov 01 2004)
get a life! can't you see it was a joke? look at the name ninten(dont) – by blah!
|re:nintendont (9:08pm est mon nov 01 2004)
get a life! stop making none sense joke here. hahaha. so funny – by playstatdont
|re:nintendont (12:21am est tue nov 02 2004)
it doesn't matter because sony sells different (and in my opinion better) stuff than nintendo, so they don't have to have the same manufacturing rate. besides i guess it takes smarter people than you atleast to realise it doesn't matter as much when it comes out, just if it does. – by aqua
|common sence (6:55am est tue nov 02 2004)
its common sence to make the games region free, nintendo have been doing it for years now and have suffered no adverse effects, the premium importers charge for these games usually keeps imported product sales in check with only hard core gamers bothering to pay the inflated prices to get their grubby mits on the latest games, and let's face it, sony gets a cut from the sale of the games, wherever they wind up being played. – by mattigan
|re: notnormal23224 (11:31am est tue nov 02 2004)
where are you getting your facts from? nintendont never said that region free is a bad thing. (s)he is refering to fact that the gameboy has always been region free and only now has sony decided to do the same. by the way, read your statements. your sounding like a sony fanboy you hypocrite. both the ds and psp are innovative in their own unique ways. plus with this great competition both devices will be affordable, so buy both of them! – by notnormal23224isdumb
|re: nintendont (3:14pm est tue nov 02 2004)
your hilarious! – by funny stuff!
|re: bono-apple sell out (3:51pm est tue nov 02 2004)
apparently "notnormal23224" cares about this . . . – by wack2k
|unoriginal *sigh* (7:59pm est tue nov 02 2004)
to the moron who can't even make up his own tag and has to add "isdumb" to mine i was taking from what seem to be implied in his statement, i didn't get nintendont's sarcasm, which you obviously didn't get either even after blah pointed it out (and you call me dumb?) as for fanboyism i own (or have owned)all the consoles with the exception of the virtualboy and the n64 and i like games period. nintendo has indeed been a pioneer as far as some good software but have a habit of being stuck in the past and if you've seen any of my other comments here you'd know i'm anything but a sony fanboy since i've knocked them a few times and note i did say i was getting both units, already have my ds pre-ordered, will do the same for the psp soon.
– by notnormal23224
|wait a minute (12:38pm est wed nov 03 2004)
no region coding?
no peeing?
no chewing up pillows!?
no swimming in the pool of cat litter!!!??
no drinking sweat!!!???
no region coding?
no way???
cool!!! – by not…
|by the way (12:40pm est wed nov 03 2004)
whatever hapened to master splinter? – by not…
|psp vs ds (7:11am est sat nov 06 2004)
psp:looks cool,amazing graphics,huge memory,big screen….in one word..amazing!
ds:ugly as hell!!two tiny little screens,less than state of the art technology.my verdict=shame on you nintendo, – by bunkerbuster
|say what you want (12:45pm est mon nov 08 2004)
but the ds is sure going to be a big sellout! – by employee
|psp (8:04pm est sun nov 14 2004)
thats awsome… i wont have to buy two psp's… as for the ds vs. psp thing umm i think both systems look great and ill probably be buying both, psp first. – by funfunfun
|how to get a psp for free! (11:27pm est sun nov 14 2004)
go to
and look under psp and you will see that
everything is $0 on psp.
some items you canot buy or get for free! – by dion
|psp is r-coded (3:01pm est tue dec 28 2004)
the psp is region coded the japan version is out and on the back of the ridge racer box is has "the region world" and a number 2. also below the ups it says japan only. – by sosorry
|psp japan vs psp us (7:41pm est tue dec 28 2004)
can you play us psp games on a japanese psp game unit (console)?
– by moisegee
|games or system (11:55am est fri jan 07 2005)
are the games region coded or the system itself? i'm on vacation in japan righ tnow and i have seen these things…i want one…but i also want to be able to play it on games when i get back home. – by chad
|sakura, sakura (1:18am est wed jan 12 2005)
mm i live in japan and while the machine is oh so shiny and tantalizing, my language ability isn`t wonderful enough to trawl through chunks of text, so hoping to import us/european games. guessing that`s ok – right? be aware my japanese ps2 collection proves that the use of english in japanese games on the whole is still limited, if you plan to import. so the same as the above questions then.. – by moose
|psp (9:57pm est wed jan 19 2005)
i want to get a psps off of ebay but its japanese will it still play english games – by whoknows
|psp region? yes and no (1:25am est tue feb 08 2005)
psp is region coded for movies as hollywood insisted on this, however games will not be region coded so yes a us psp will play jap psp games and vica verca, this includes any other country however you will only be able to play umd movies of the same region as your psp. sony's umd is not rewritable and sony do not intend to release a umd writer for public use, even third party game companies that are developing titles for the psp require sony to stamp the data, therefore the possibility of cheap coppied games is slim however no doubt ppl will find a way. – by psp guru
|get a free psp (11:57am est mon feb 21 2005)
a little help to get all those referrals go to:
so that you can get a free psp and other great stuff. – by stb
|psp (10:13am est sun mar 06 2005)
i have been using a psp for a month with two games ridge racers and another battle game in japanese by koel. the graphics are excellent! can't understand japanese though…
the operating system has a choice of many languages and it can easily be set to english. i tried the wireless access point connection and it set up without a hitch and automatically looked for updates to the operating system. no internet browser comes with the machine, so you software developers out there — here is a market opportunity! – by sr
|psp (6:31pm est sun mar 20 2005)
i think it's a great ideal, why support other countries. the us is the way to go. – by ashley
|lcd diffrence (2:17pm est mon mar 21 2005)
actually, i have a friend that has played both the us and japanese psp units and says that the japanese lcd (made by sharp) is the best. i've already had my japanese psp and yes, the screen is beautiful, but i would like to get american psp also to see the diffrence for myself. has anyone heard about this? – sorry for bad english.
– by mitsurugi
|my word, ashley (2:23pm est mon mar 21 2005)
ashley, that attitude is not healthy. especially if you live in america.. a country built by its foreign people and relations.
i hope you were joking when you said that )
– by daryll
|umm…. (5:02pm est sat mar 26 2005)
i was wondering if there is ever going to be any kind of software that will translate the game into english, because im a hardcore rpg fan, and i dont want to be stuck at the begginging trying to find out how to attack!!! – by reynaldo
|region coded (6:25pm est sun mar 27 2005)
whats the deal? can i play a u.s. game on my japanese psp!!!! please help! – by ricky ricardo
|region coding (6:10am est mon apr 04 2005)
i have a jap psp and have region 2 ridge racer. i also have tiger woods region 1, both play fine. i'm disappointed by the fact that films will be region coded, as this means i can only get jap films…. and as i don't speak japanese, i won't be buying them!!! shame!!! – by fatboy
|psp multiplayer- online (5:01pm est tue apr 05 2005)
check this site out that lets you play psp multiplayer games online, wirelessly, for free. – by samuel
|its so cool (1:52pm est sat apr 09 2005)
i liek my psp i dont mine a 1 or 2 pixels on my lcd screen it dont boder me when i see the spider man movie but i think they shoulduve put a game in the box the a move beacuse whats the point seeing spider man 2 we all saw it already thats stupid spending more money for game forget it i can wait – by
|its so cool (1:52pm est sat apr 09 2005)
i liek my psp i dont mine a 1 or 2 pixels on my lcd screen it dont boder me when i see the spider man movie but i think they shoulduve put a game in the box the a move beacuse whats the point seeing spider man 2 we all saw it already thats stupid spending more money for game forget it i can wait. – by
|how do u get free downloads (9:40pm est thu apr 14 2005)
how do u get free downloads like games or music? – by thebunnystampede
|us psp plays european games? (10:48pm est sat apr 23 2005)
yes or no? i'm at the moment in north america on a student exchange. my question is am i able to play games bought in europe on a psp bought in canada?? – by dukennstmichnicht
|ds (4:56am est sun may 15 2005)
ds's are absolutely crap!!!!!!!!! – by dr x
|psp (12:06pm est mon may 16 2005)
top machine roll on when it comes out in gb mine is jap uk and japan both region 2 great going to america soon buy lots of games – by lt cmdr price
|us and japanese games (5:33pm est sun may 22 2005)
so i have heard both that you can't use japanese games on a english psp and i have heard you can. can someone just answer the question because the launch games in the us suck and i want a better game? – by moptop
|is uk the same region as japan? (2:50am est tue jun 21 2005)
i want to know if the uk is the same region as japan because i dont want to wait untill it comes out here but i still want to be able to watch movies can someone tell me.
to put it simply you can play japanese games on a english psp – by zhangliao100
|psp games are not region free (3:29am est tue jun 21 2005)
i've imported a region 2 psp from hong kong and then later bought some umd games and movies in the states ( region 1)
it's not possible to run with the error message :- wrong region.
fuck this so called free world. it's all about the money.
now i'll bee one of the first to use coming hacks, p2p, cracks, warez to fuck up the psp. – by diamond
|region?? (7:08pm est wed jul 27 2005)
i have a jap psp it plays us games and i live in uk but it dose not play diff region movies… – by shadows6282
|wahaha (5:00am est sat jul 30 2005)
i want pie – by jbw
|read dis its crazy but will it work wit da psp (3:39pm est sun aug 21 2005)
i have this friend right he crazy n lyk he had a region coded portable dvd player n couldnt watch uk games, so wat he done was made it multi-region hot dis possible, he said he will do da same to mine any comments lyk do u reckon it will work or will it fuk mine up
– by ????????
|jus read it (8:00am est mon sep 05 2005)
i got ma psp from america will all the european and british games work on it or am i fucked
– by the fadge
|ok (8:02am est mon sep 05 2005)
well – by tom
|european games (8:47am est mon sep 05 2005)
just read your message fadge and i am mad to know what the answer is, as i'm going to america this week and i am planning on buying myself a psp. far cheaper than in ireland!! want to know if i will be able to take advantage! lol…if anybody knows the answer to this i would love to know………. – by john
|get a free psp – just by searching the web (4:34pm est mon sep 19 2005)
check out blingo. blingo is a search engine powered by google. if you search the web with blingo at the right time you will win a free psp or other stuff. there are no strings attached and it really can't hurt a thing or get any easier. – by samuel
|get a free psp – just by searching the web (4:34pm est mon sep 19 2005)
check out blingo. blingo is a search engine powered by google. if you search the web with blingo at the right time you will win a free psp or other stuff. there are no strings attached and it really can't hurt a thing or get any easier.
– by samuel
|psp (1:25pm est fri dec 09 2005)
will a jap white psp play english(uk) games or am i fuckes som1 plz answer me!!! – by ur mothers a m.i.l.f
|psp (8:49pm est fri dec 09 2005)
hey, ricky recardo..!! i know you.! do you still live in corpus? – by 222
|this lot (1:31pm est sun jan 01 2006)
we are being given japanese games bt we cnt read japanese so ow wil it work? – by bill end
|movie problem (1:31am est mon jan 02 2006)
i am thinking myself of getting a ceramix white psp imported from ebay. i don't know if i want to go through with the movie problem and everything, i just wnt to know if there is a way to overcome this problem. much thanks is advance! – by rexnet
|will the ps3 be region-free? (4:54pm est mon jan 02 2006)
i was just wandering since sony has made the psp region-free, will the ps3 follow-suit? and my last question will the jap ps3 internet connection be compatible globally? can any1 answer these questions for me.
(because i'm looking to purchase the white ps3(jap)when it arrives).
|movies (2:22pm est tue jan 10 2006)
i personally dont care about the region coded movies… id much rather spend my 100 bux (australian) on a game then a movie.. does eny1 else agree?? – by midnight club3 fan
|help (5:57pm est tue jan 10 2006)
how do you download clips – by blling
|game downloads (11:56am est wed jan 11 2006)
you dint put free game downloads – by luke
|psp problem (6:01am est thu jan 12 2006)
my brother downloaded a sex clip made by paris hilton and her boy friend.
it's real gross. by brother got it from ebay. do you think the american sex clip would work on a japanese psp.
plz tell or my brother is gonna be fucking mad.
– by by matt
|free games for psp? (11:45pm est fri jan 13 2006)
do you now if it existe a place that we can download games for psp??? – by by j.c.d
|for : blling (11:53pm est fri jan 13 2006)
you have to go at and download the programe (psp video express)*its free. – by j.c.d
|jap psp (2:31pm est sun jan 22 2006)
i have a japanese psp, version 1.0, and yes it plays uk, us, australian, jap, everything games. so anyone who wants to do so, buy one. best money i've spent in years, plus you don't need to buy movies, you can save them to the memory stick, so go and buy it…now! – by ralziel
|hells yeah (9:00am est sat jan 28 2006)
all i have to say is "rule of rose" i will but it even if it means buying the jap version in all white cause it's just awesome to have the freedom to do so.
one love sony! – by the greek
|help (10:56am est sun jan 29 2006)
when i wanna save video clip on windows media i go to copy to cd or divice and it says savedata games photo and music but not video why? – by deen
|help (10:57am est sun jan 29 2006)
how do you download photos – by santa claus
|psp emulators (7:29am est tue jan 31 2006)
dont supose anyone knows a site wer i can downlaod free psp games or an emulator????? – by craig!
|psp free games (9:54am est thu feb 02 2006)
where can i download free games for psp on internet and free movies
tenks in advance – by sabljarka
|fast (6:49pm est thu feb 02 2006)
hello??????????????????? – by juan
|suck (3:08am est fri feb 03 2006)
can psp it self be a more simple?? – by il
|stuff (7:35pm est sat feb 04 2006)
what website can i go to too download games??????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? – by hi
|stuff (7:37pm est sat feb 04 2006)
??? – by hi
|all i ???????? ?????? (2:53pm est tue feb 07 2006)
all i know is that i want a white psp! ) – by pablomhawk
|were do i get free psp games (9:23pm est fri feb 10 2006)
i really want free psp game help???????????????????????? – by chris
|to chris (9:31pm est fri feb 10 2006)
buy all the games, in this world nothing is free. work for it. – by pedro
|to pedro (5:55am est sun feb 12 2006)
sike………………….you can get anything for free….all it takes is a little click here and there on your computer and bam!!..its all yours – by mimiru
|psp (9:08am est sun feb 12 2006)
psp is grt i tink dat evy 1 shold av 1 – by tom brown
|kkk (1:09pm est tue feb 14 2006)
fuck all of you – by jimbo
|hey baby (1:12pm est tue feb 14 2006)
!!!!!!!!!!! – by mike jones
|white psps are beast (8:45pm est fri feb 17 2006)
i got a white psp they are stunnin and rarer get more attention with one – by teretto
|where?? (8:46pm est fri feb 17 2006)
can someone tell me where do download free psp games on the net from? – by teretto
|free game (1:34am est sat feb 18 2006)
can anyone tell me sites to download free psp games
– by samir
|free games (10:15pm est sun feb 19 2006)
were can i go to download free psp games – by lonewolf
|download (4:32pm est thu feb 23 2006)
where can i get these downloads (if exciste) – by wizz kid
|to mattigan (4:40pm est thu feb 23 2006)
do u know where 2 get free psp downloads – by liddell
|i know (1:19pm est mon mar 06 2006)
your mom ^^^^ – by bitchin
|ur all nob heads (7:59pm est mon mar 06 2006)
how many of u here know what ur talkin bout if uv got bollocks answer – by liddell
|for bitchin (8:12pm est mon mar 06 2006)
bitch ur moms so stupid she starved in a supermarket nob head – by liddell
|to liddell (1:01pm est tue mar 07 2006)
go fuck yourself – by pimpin liddell's mom
|ha (1:02pm est tue mar 07 2006)
pimpin liddell's mom aka bitchin – by bitchin
|to bitchin (7:17pm est tue mar 07 2006)
ur moms so stupid she got stabed in a shoot out – by liddell
|sorry bitchin (7:24pm est tue mar 07 2006)
we got off on the wrong foot where u from – by liddell
|to liddell (1:15pm est wed mar 08 2006)
go fuck yourself – by bitchin
|free downloads (12:43am est thu mar 09 2006)
whts up where does one go to get the free nes downloads? – by loper
|downloads (12:44am est thu mar 09 2006)
does n e one know the web site? – by loper
|iknow (1:01pm est thu mar 09 2006)
sukafuckincock.com – by interloper
|yo (1:50pm est thu mar 09 2006)
does anybody knoe where i can get dildos? – by liddell
|oi' (1:25pm est fri mar 10 2006)
the way it should be. (12:13pm est mon nov 01 2004)
people might travel with the portable device. – by evan brom
this should up sales (12:18pm est mon nov 01 2004)
this is a good move for sony. this will definitely boost launch sales. i'm sure importers will be purchasing even more of these since consumers will be able to play us games on it once its released over here. – by magma
right (1:29pm est mon nov 01 2004)
good move for sony. – by splinter
hmm (1:43pm est mon nov 01 2004)
this was news early last week..way to keep up :) – by mm
hmm (1:55pm est mon nov 01 2004)
so…we in the us can get a japanese game…
but…some of us cant read japanese! lol – by gir
no peeing?
no chewing up pillows!?
no swimming in the pool of cat litter!!!??
no drinking sweat!!!???
no region coding?
no way???
cool!!! – by not…
ds:ugly as hell!!two tiny little screens,less than state of the art technology.my verdict=shame on you nintendo, – by bunkerbuster
ccc (2:57pm est sat mar 11 2006)
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh – by hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
|psp (3:15pm est mon mar 13 2006)
i got a psp and it is shit its boring !!!!!!!!!1111 – by harris
|to harris (1:00pm est tue mar 14 2006)
go fuck your self ) – by liddell
|u's r nerdy (9:18pm est fri apr 14 2006)
get a life…u nerdy pricks – by the guy u wish u wer
|to liddell (8:47am est sat apr 29 2006)
your going to die asshole – by by 27
|free stuff (1:43pm est thu may 04 2006)
where can i get free psp downloads plz help!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!! – by help me
|i need to know!!! (2:58pm est tue may 23 2006)
can u please tell me if i can run a european psp game on a u.s psp console!!! – by liam
|i need psp downloads free (2:34pm est fri may 26 2006)
free god dam it ffffrrrrrrreeeeeeeeeee – by free no visa
|psp (2:27pm est tue may 30 2006)
i want to convert nes, snes, and genesis to my psp for free. can you help me out? – by roy
|123 (8:38pm est tue jun 27 2006)
how the fuck do u get a folder back when you put it on hiden let me no ok tu – by bass boost
|psp freegame (9:42am est mon jul 24 2006)
i need psp free game – by tttr
|stupid no visa (4:41pm est tue sep 05 2006)
|free psp downloads (3:11pm est wed sep 20 2006)
go to pspcrazy.com – by norway boy


text:
FORTUNE (Luang Prabang, Laos) — A year ago, Apple (AAPL) blew past all expectations by reporting sales of 37 million iPhones in the Christmas quarter, 128% more than the year before and a cool 10 million units better than the median analyst's estimate.
That's what analysts call a tough compare.
Nobody expects a repeat of that kind of surprise in two weeks when the company reports its first quarter earnings for fiscal 2013. Breakneck growth like that just can't go on forever — especially with Samsung flooding the market with cheaper knock-off Androids.
Also, Q1 2012 had an extra week — 14 rather than the usual 13 — a fact I fully expect many reporters to forget when they do their year-over-year growth calculations this time around.
Still, as the two tall bars in the chart above suggest, the 57 analysts we've heard from so far — 33 professionals and 24 independents — expect that Apple managed to ship a ton of iPhones in the quarter that ended Dec. 29.
The high estimate of 63 million — from congenitally bullish independent Nicolae Mihalache — represents 84% growth year over year (adjusted for the short quarter). Topeka Capital's Brian White, despite his Street-high $1,111 price target, has come in with the lowest estimate of all: 43 million, up only 26% (adjusted) above last year.
You're probably safer betting on a number closer to the median: 49.5 million, up 45% from last year (or 34% if you forget to take last year's extra week into account).
We'll find out which of our analysts was closest to the mark when Apple reports its earnings after the markets close on Wednesday Jan. 23. I'll be on an island in the Gulf of Thailand that day, but will file my Earnings Smackdown report as soon as I get back to dry land.
Below: The analysts' individual estimates, with the pros in blue and the amateurs in green.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
the Replacements - I Will Dare
The opening salvo from the Replacements' final independent album, "Let it Be," "I Will Dare" is a masterpiece of deceptively well-crafted slop that defines the spirit of indie rock; it's a mission statement in just over three minutes.
Posted by Stefan at 2:25 AM Email This BlogThis! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook
Labels: Indie, Mp3, the Replacements
2 comments:
- Jake said...
hawesome, check mine out too
- January 16, 2012 at 3:36 PM
- Site said...
Nice song i like it .
- May 10, 2014 at 4:21 AM
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text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Adaptive diffusion kernel learning from biological networks for protein function prediction
© Sun et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
- Received: 30 May 2007
- Accepted: 25 March 2008
- Published: 25 March 2008
Machine-learning tools have gained considerable attention during the last few years for analyzing biological networks for protein function prediction. Kernel methods are suitable for learning from graph-based data such as biological networks, as they only require the abstraction of the similarities between objects into the kernel matrix. One key issue in kernel methods is the selection of a good kernel function. Diffusion kernels, the discretization of the familiar Gaussian kernel of Euclidean space, are commonly used for graph-based data.
In this paper, we address the issue of learning an optimal diffusion kernel, in the form of a convex combination of a set of pre-specified kernels constructed from biological networks, for protein function prediction. Most prior work on this kernel learning task focus on variants of the loss function based on Support Vector Machines (SVM). Their extensions to other loss functions such as the one based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, which is more suitable for mining biological networks, lead to expensive optimization problems. By exploiting the special structure of the diffusion kernel, we show that this KL divergence based kernel learning problem can be formulated as a simple optimization problem, which can then be solved efficiently. It is further extended to the multi-task case where we predict multiple functions of a protein simultaneously. We evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms using two benchmark data sets.
Results show that the performance of linearly combined diffusion kernel is better than every single candidate diffusion kernel. When the number of tasks is large, the algorithms based on multiple tasks are favored due to their competitive recognition performance and small computational costs.
- Receiver Operating Characteristic
- Biological Network
- Kernel Matrix
- Diffusion Kernel
- Multiple Kernel Learning
Many types of genomic data can be represented as a graph (network), where the nodes represent genes or proteins, and edges may represent similarities between protein sequences, edges in a metabolic pathway, and physical interactions between proteins [1]. Machine learning tools have been commonly used to analyze biological networks for knowledge discovery and pattern analysis [2]. In this paper, we focus on learning from biological networks for protein function prediction. This problem has been studied extensively by using computational approaches recently [1]. Neighborhood-based methods [3, 4] assign functions to proteins based on the most frequent functions within a neighborhood of the protein and they differ mainly in how the "neighborhood" of a protein is defined. More sophisticated prediction functions have been exploited in [5, 6]. Methods based on network diffusion [7, 8] view the protein network as a flow network and functions of proteins are diffused from annotated proteins to their neighbors in various ways. Other approaches for protein function annotation from biological networks include the graph-cut-based approaches [9, 10] and those derived from the kernel methods [11–13].
Kernel methods are versatile tools for learning from graph-based data, as they only require the characterization of similarities between objects by the use of kernel trick [2, 14]. Diffusion kernels [15], which can be considered as the discretization of the well-known Gaussian kernel of Euclidean space, are commonly used for graph-based data. In kernel methods, the information on the data is conveyed only in the kernel function, which uniquely determines the mapping of the original inputs onto a feature space. Thus, one of the central issues in kernel methods is the selection of a good kernel function for a specific problem at hand. A recent trend in kernel learning (selection) is to formulate it as convex programs, which lead to a globally optimal solution [16]. The idea of learning a linear combination of pre-specified kernels for Support Vector Machines (SVM) was originally proposed in [17] where this problem was formulated as semidefinite programs (SDP) and Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programs (QCQP). In general, approaches based on learning a convex combination of kernels offer the additional advantage of facilitating heterogeneous data integration from different sources [18].
The objective functions for kernel learning used in [17] are performance measures for hard margin SVM, 1-norm soft margin SVM, and 2-norm soft margin SVM. An alternative criterion for kernel matrix learning is the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence [19] between the two zero-mean Gaussian distributions defined by the input and output kernel matrices [20]. One particularly appealing feature of the KL divergence criterion is that unlabeled (test) data can be integrated naturally into the training process, thereby improving generalizations. The formulations in [17] also use unlabeled data, but in a weak form by enforcing the trace magnitude of the kernel matrix including both training and test data in the constraint. Direct incorporation of unlabeled data by the formulations in [17] through the KL divergence criterion involves a matrix determinant term. The resulting formulation is a so-called maximum-determinant problem [21], which is a general framework that contains semidefinite programming (SDP) [16] as a special case. Although its theoretical soundness, experiences with semidefinite programming indicate that it is computationally expensive and thus can not be scaled to large-scale problems. The maximum-determinant problem is a more general framework than SDP and the path-following algorithms used to solve it is more expensive.
Diffusion kernels [15] capture the long-range relationships between vertices of graphs and are state-of-the-art for building kernels for graphs. In this paper, we focus on learning diffusion kernels constructed from biological networks, using the KL divergence criterion. In particular, we show that when the KL divergence criterion is used to optimize a convex combination of diffusion kernels with different parameters, the resulting optimization problem does not involve the matrix determinant term and thus can be solved by gradient descent methods. Previous studies [22, 23] have shown that the removal of the matrix-determinant term in the KL divergence criterion has limited effect on its performance. When this modified criterion is used to learn a linear combination of diffusion kernels, the resulting optimization problem is convex and thus solutions by gradient descent methods are guaranteed to be globally optimal. A protein typically performs multiple functions. Most existing approaches formulate a separate task for each of the functions and they are learned independently. They decouple the functions of proteins and potentially compromise the performance as the functions of proteins are usually related. We show that our single-task kernel learning formulation based on the KL divergence criterion can be extended to the multi-task case by enforcing all tasks to share a common kernel. The resulting formulation leads to a single optimization problem, which learns multiple functions of proteins simultaneously. Experimental results show that this multiple-task kernel learning in a joint optimization framework keeps competitive prediction performance, while its computational cost is similar to that for a single task, thus dramatically reducing the time complexity.
We study the problem of protein function prediction from biological networks, which are represented as graphs. For a graph , the vertices represent proteins and edges characterize the relationship between proteins. In the following discussion, the vertex and edge sets are denoted as V and E, respectively. The total number of proteins in the network is n = |V|. The adjacency matrix A is used to denote the similarity between vertices where Ai,jdescribes the similarity between vertices v i and v j . The functions of some proteins in the network are already known and the goal of protein function prediction is to infer the functions of unannotated proteins based on the functions of annotated proteins and the network topology. In particular, for a graph = (V, E), the vertices in V can be partitioned into a training set and a test set. The functions of proteins in the training set are already known while those of proteins in the test set are unknown. Each edge in E reflects the local similarities between its ending vertices. The learning problem is to predict the functions of proteins in the test set based on the label information of training set and the topology of the graph.
Background and Related Work
The adjacency matrix A can't be directly used as a kernel matrix. First, the adjacency matrix contains the local similarity information only, which may not be effective for function prediction. Secondly, the adjacency matrix may not even be positive semidefinite. To derive a kernel matrix from the adjacency matrix, the idea of random walk and network diffusion has been used. The basic idea is to compute the global similarity between vertices v i and v j as the probability of reaching v j at some time point T when the random walker starts from v i . This idea is justified at least to some extent by observing that the random walker tends to meander around its origin as there is a larger number of paths of length |T| to its neighbors than to remote vertices [2].
where β is a parameter for controlling the extent of diffusion and L ∈ ℝn × nis the graph Laplacian matrix defined asL = diag(Ae) - A,
where the local information encoded in L is continuously diffused by repeated multiplications. The parameter β in the diffusion kernel controls the extent of diffusion and it has a similar effect as the scaling parameter in Gaussian kernels. If the β is too small, the local information can not be diffused effectively, resulting in a kernel matrix that only captures local similarities. On the other hand, if it is too large, the neighborhood information will be lost. Furthermore, the optimal value for β is problem and data-dependent. Thus it is highly desirable to tune the β value adaptively from the data.
where C > 0 is the regularization parameter in SVM, e is the vector of all ones, G(K) is defined by G ij (K) = k(x i , x j )y i y j , and the i-th entry of y denoted as y i is the class label (1 or -1) of the i-th data point x i . Lanckriet et al. [17] showed that when the optimal kernel is restricted to the linear combination of the given p kernels K1, ..., K p , the kernel learning problem can be formulated as a semidefinite program. Furthermore, when the coefficients of the linear combination are constrained to be non-negative, the kernel learning problem can be formulated as a Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Program [16]. As was shown in [20], an alternative performance measure is the KL divergence between the two zero-mean Gaussian distributions associated with the input and output kernel matrices. We show that when this KL divergence criterion is used to learn a linear combination of diffusion kernels constructed with different values of β, the resulting optimization problem can be solved efficiently. We further show that it can be extended to the multiple-task case. Such integration of multiple tasks into one optimization problem can potentially exploit the complementary information among different tasks.
Diffusion Kernel Learning: The Single-Task Case
for a set of non-negative coefficients
Kullback-Leibler Divergence Formulation
Note that we assign the label 0 to vertices in the test set so that it will not bias towards either class. Similar idea has been used in [24] for semi-supervised learning. In multiple kernel learning [17], the sum-to-one constraint on the weights is enforced as in Eq. (12). We present results on both constrained and unconstrained formulations in the experiments. Results show that the constrained formulations achieved better performance than the unconstrained ones.
Recall that the graph Laplacian matrix L is symmetric, so its eigen-decomposition can be expressed asL = PDP T ,
whereD = diag(d1, ... ,d n )
The main result is summarized in the following theorem:
and D i is the diagonal matrix defined in Eq.(16).
By combining the first term in Eq. (21) and the second term in Eq. (22), we prove the theorem.
The formulation in Theorem 1 is a nonlinear optimization problem. It involves a nonlinear objective function with p variables and linear equality and inequality constraints. Due to the presence of the log term in the objective, it is a non-convex problem and a globally optimal solution may not exist. However, our experimental results show that this formulation consistently produces superior performance.
Convex Formulation
where g j and b are defined as in Theorem 1.
The optimization problem in Eq. (26) is convex and thus a globally optimal solution exists. Numerical experiments indicate that the simple gradient descent algorithm converges very quickly to the optimal solution. Furthermore, the prediction performance of this convex formulation is comparable to that of the formulation proposed in Theorem 1. This convex formulation shares some similarities with the one in [26], where a set of Laplacian matrices derived from multiple networks is combined.
Diffusion Kernel Learning: The Multi-Task Case
It is known that proteins often perform multiple functions, which are typically related. Many existing function prediction approaches decouple multiple functions and formulate each function prediction problem as a separate binary-class classification problem. Such methods do not consider the relationship among the multiple functions of a protein and potentially compromise the overall performance.
We propose to extend our formulation for the single-task case to deal with multiple tasks simultaneously. In particular, we formulate a single optimization problem for the simultaneous prediction of multiple functions for a protein. The joint learning of multiple functions can potentially exploit the relationship among functions and improve the performance. In terms of computational complexity, the proposed joint optimization problem is shown to be comparable to that of the single-task formulation.
where a(k)∈ ℝ n for i = 1, ..., t is the vector of class labels for the k-th task as in Eq. (13), and t is the number of tasks. Note that all t tasks are related in this joint formulation by enforcing a common kernel matrix for all tasks. The objective function in Eq. (27) uses an equal weight for all tasks. If some tasks are known to be more important than others, a more general objective function with varying weights for different tasks may be used instead. Following Theorem 1, we can simplify the optimization problem in Eq. (27), as summarized in the following theorem:
where g j is defined as in Theorem 1, b k = P T a(k), a(k)is defined as in Eq. (13) for the k-th task, and t is the total number of tasks.
The detailed intermediate steps of derivation are the same as those in the proof of Theorem 1 and thus are omitted. By combining these two terms together, we prove the theorem.
Experimental evidences show that this convex optimization problem is comparable to the formulation in Theorem 2 in prediction performance.
Results and Discussion
We evaluate the performance of the proposed formulations on two benchmark data sets, and compare them with relevant methods, including the Neighbor Counting approach [4] and the FS-Weighted Averaging approach [5, 6]. We construct 60 diffusion kernels from each data set using different values for β and the proposed formulations are applied to compute a linear combination of the pre-computed kernels. The performance of the obtained kernel is compared with that of the individual kernel. To see the relative performance of the objective functions, we also use the 1-norm soft margin SVM criterion, proposed in [17], to compute the linear combination of kernels and the results are presented. All of the formulations proposed in this paper are solved using the MATLAB [27] function fmincon which employs the sequential quadratic programming method [28]. The QCQP formulation for optimizing the 1-norm soft margin SVM criterion is solved using the MOSEK [29] software package. After the kernels are computed, they are fed into SVM for classification and the LIBSVM [30] software package is used in the experiments. All of the experiments are performed on a PC with Intel Pentium D 820 2.8G CPU and 2G RAM.
In the following experiments, a total of 60 diffusion kernels are pre-computed and the values of β used are β i = -0.1 × i, for i = 1, ..., 60. In order to investigate the performance of each individual kernel, we use each kernel for the classification and compute the average Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) values over all of the tasks. The ROC value produced by the best averaged individual kernel is used as a baseline. It is called rBaseline as all tasks are restricted to use the same kernel. We further relax the requirement that all tasks use the same kernel and compute the sequence of ROC values achieved by the best individual kernel for each of the tasks. This is considered another baseline called uBaseline as the kernel used by each task is unrestricted. Note that the kernel matrices for both rBaseline and uBaseline represent the single best candidate kernel in the ideal case that the labels of test data are known, and their performance is not guaranteed in practice. In contrast, the kernel matrices computed by the proposed formulations are the optimal kernel matrices in the form of linear combination of the given candidate kernel matrices. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the weights obtained by the proposed formulations, we assign each kernel the same weight and compute the performance of the combined kernel. It is called eBaseline as all kernel matrices have an equal weight.
Summary of the proposed formulations.
Single task
Multiple tasks
Experiments on the Ligand Data Set
The Ligand data set was derived by Vert and Kanehisa [31] from the Ligand database of chemical reactions in biological pathways [32]. It contains a graph reflecting the interactions between proteins and the function information for them. The graph is a yeast biological network in which a path between vertices implies a possible series of reactions catalyzed by proteins along it. The numbers of vertices and edges in this graph are 753 and 7860, respectively. For the functions of proteins, the functional categories of the MIPS Comprehensive Yeast Genome Database (CYGD) [33] are considered as the gold standard. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and each protein may have multiple functions. There are 36 different functions considered for this data set.
Comparison of ROC Values
Mean ROC values and execution time (in seconds) of various methods on the Ligand Data Set.
Mean ROC
Neighbor Counting
FS-Weighted Averaging
p-values obtained from Wilcoxon signed test comparing DKL and mDKL with other formulations for the Ligand data set.
Comparison of Execution Time
In order to compare the efficiency of various kernel learning methods, we list in Table 2 the execution time of the compared methods. It can be observed that all methods based on multiple tasks are more efficient than their single-task counterparts. In particular, the execution time of mDKL is roughly 1/36 of that of DKL, which is consistent with our theoretical analysis. In general, convex formulations are more efficient than their non-convex original formulations and the optimization problems with the constraints removed take a longer time to converge. By taking the performance into account, the DKL and mDKL may be the best choices in practice.
Stability Test
Average ROC values and the corresponding standard deviations over 11 splittings on the Ligand Data Set. One of the splittings was specified by the contributor of the data and the remaining ten splittings are randomly generated.
Average ROC
Standard deviation
Experiments on the von Mering Data Set
Comparison of ROC Values
Mean ROC values and execution time (in seconds) of various methods on the von Mering Data Set.
Mean ROC
Neighbor Counting
FS-Weighted Averaging
p-values obtained from Wilcoxon signed test comparing DKL and mDKL with other formulations for the von Mering data set.
Figure 8 presents the scatter plots of four proposed formulations with respect to uBaseline. It can be observed that most points are above the 45-degree line, which implies that the linear combination of kernels is better than the ideally best individual kernel. In general, the performance of DKLKL, DKL, mDKLKL, mDKL is better than uBaseline. And this is also confirmed by the mean ROC values listed in Table 5.
Comparison of Execution Time
Table 5 also lists the execution time of various kernel learning methods. Similar conclusions can be drawn from this table as to the execution time on the Ligand data set. All methods based on multiple tasks are more efficient than their single-task counterparts. By comparing the results in Table 2 and Table 5 we can also observe that as the number of tasks increases, the time difference between methods based on multiple tasks and those based on single tasks increases too. Thus, the formulations based on multiple tasks are preferred when the number of tasks is large.
Stability Test
Average ROC values and the corresponding standard deviations over 11 splittings on the von Mering Data Set. One of the splittings was specified by the contributor of the data and the remaining ten splittings are randomly generated.
Average ROC
Standard deviation
In this paper, we address the issue of learning an optimal diffusion kernel based on KL divergence criterion for protein function prediction. By exploiting the special structure of the diffusion kernel, we show that this KL divergence based kernel learning problem can be formulated as a simple optimization problem, which can be solved efficiently. We also extend the formulation to the multi-task case where we predict multiple functions of a protein simultaneously.
We have conducted experiments on two benchmark data sets. Our results show that the performance of linearly combined diffusion kernel is better than every single candidate diffusion kernel. Results also show that the removal of the log term in the KL divergence criterion does not degrade its recognition performance, while it leads to a reduced computational cost. When the number of tasks is large, the algorithms based on multiple tasks are favored due to their competitive recognition performance and small computational costs. One possible extension is to incorporate the learning of the regularization parameter in the proposed formulations as in [17]. The difference between the proposed learning framework and those in [17] is that our formulations require that the eigenvectors of the candidate kernel matrices to be the same. Thus the proposed formulations may not be applied for heterogeneous data integration. We plan to apply the proposed algorithms for the analysis of other graph-based biological data.
This research is sponsored in part by the Arizona State University and by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. IIS-0612069.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Succotash with Creamy Barbecue Lime Dressing
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Serves 4
For the Succotash:
1 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
juice of 1 lime
1 clove of garlic, minced
1 teaspoon cumin
1 teaspoon ancho chili powder
1 x 400g pinto beans
4 fresh corn cobs, steamed and kernels cut from the cob
1/2 teaspoon each sea salt and freshly ground pepper
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1/4 cup mayonnaise
1/4 cup low fat Greek yogurt
1/4 cup fresh coriander, chopped plus extra for garnish
1 tablespoons lime juice
1/2 tablespoon white vinegar
1 garlic clove, finely minced
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon of your favourite chilli powder
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1/4 teaspoon ground cumin
2 tablespoons of your favourite barbecue sauce
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In the land of iron and water, opposition to copper-nickel mining is more than just a protect-the-wilderness stance; it also reflects a deeper desire to change the area's character, from hardscrabble mining region to tourist destination that prioritizes protecting the wilderness over creating more mining jobs. Central to the debate between the two camps is a philosophical question: What is the right kind of economy for a place like the Boundary Waters?
For as far back as he can trace it, Dan Forsman's family has lived here, where iron meets water. His great-great-grandfather migrated from Finland in the 1890s and homesteaded on a 474-acre lake. His great-grandfather, Emil Forsman, worked in the mines before opening a longtime Ely watering hole, Forsman's Tavern. Emil's son worked as a maintenance foreman in the crusher at an Ely mine. In 1947, Emil's eldest grandchild was born above Forsman's Tavern. That boy, Mike, grew up in Ely, worked for a canoe outfitter for $1.25 an hour, volunteered to join the Marines in the 1960s and worked in the mines for 34 years. His youngest son was Dan. Dan grew up in awe of the giant machines that his mechanic father worked to fix. When he turned 20, after training at a two-year community college to become a heavy-equipment mechanic, he got a job at the same mine as his father.
At 4:40 a.m. on a chilly late-spring morning, I pulled up to Dan Forsman's house to drive with him to work. The diesel engine of his 2002 Chevy Silverado pickup was already growling. He had gotten up 12 minutes earlier, thrown on torn jeans, a T-shirt and a camouflage hunting jacket and packed a lunch: turkey and American cheese on white bread, a banana and a Little Debbie Cosmic Brownie. The 29-year-old tugged down on a cap that advertised the brand of nitrous oxide he uses to soup up car engines. A block away, he steered past his father's house and the garage where he learned to tinker. His prized car is a 1979 Chevy Camaro; he can get it up to nearly 150 miles per hour on a nearby drag strip.
Forsman drove up the hill of Ely's business district. Some people call this a mining town, others a tourist town, but East Sheridan Street shows it to be both. There's the grilled-cheese shop frequented by tourists and the grocery store that stocks the hot smoked bologna local residents swear by. There are liquor stores that boycotted a local brewery after the brewery publicly sided with clean-water advocates, but down the street is a stylish new wine bar serving that same beer. More than a dozen local canoe outfitters that organize trips into the Boundary Waters are based here. Neighboring storefronts display yard signs: "We support mining. Mining supports us."
"There are two Elys, two different realities, different visions," Tom Coombe, the editor of The Ely Echo and a fourth-generation Elyite, told me.
As Forsman's truck rumbled to the top of the hill, we passed a two-story building that used to be Forsman's Tavern. Now it's occupied by Piragis Northwoods Company, a successful canoe outfitter and outdoor store. Steve Piragis has run this shop a decade longer than Dan Forsman has been alive, but Forsman's family still considers Piragis an outsider — a "packsacker," the local term for people who moved here for wilderness instead of mining.
Past the city limits and into the heart of Minnesota's Iron Range, fog lifted over white pine trees. A ring-necked pheasant strutted alongside Wolf Creek Pass. As Forsman parked in the same lot his father used to park in — 52 minutes door to door — steam poured from four chimneys.
Forsman is proud of his part in this 360-employee mining enterprise. He's proud that his labor makes something tangible: Huge chunks of rock become tiny bits of rock, which are ground and baked into half-inch pellets containing 67.5 percent iron, which leave this processing plant on the rails at a rate of 8,500 tons a day. The pellets are loaded onto ships in Duluth, where they float along Lake Superior to the other Great Lakes. At the bottom tip of Lake Michigan, just east of Chicago, tons of these pellets are fed into the largest blast furnace in the Western Hemisphere and smelted into steel, eventually becoming cars or trucks or household appliances or plate steel for ships and armored vehicles.
Up a flight of metal stairs, Forsman entered the locker room, put on his blue coveralls and laced up his steel-toed boots. Everything in his workplace seems improbably enormous. The mining trucks, with their 12-foot-tall tires, can haul 240 tons of rock from the open-pit mines into the processing facility. Miles away, off a gravel road as wide as a six-lane highway, 280,000 pounds of explosives had been loaded into 132 16-inch-diameter holes in a mining pit — it was blast day. The explosions would shake the earth, breaking up rock for the processing facility. The pit looked like a gray moonscape.
"To make money, you have to make something that wasn't there," Forsman told me. "You dig it up or you grow it. Without those things, you're just making nothing. Without the basic minerals to make a phone, you can't make an app for the phone. Because there's nothing there."
Forsman says he loves and wants to protect the Boundary Waters. He also believes copper mining and clean water can coexist. Then again, the mine that Forsman works in is a taconite mine, not the type of copper-nickel mine that environmentalists decry as a threat to this watershed. But what matters most to Forsman is the need for jobs in this hollowed-out region. Ely's population has shrunk 30 percent since 1980; school enrollment is a third of what it was in the late 1960s. "If they stop this new mine, what's the draw to be up here if there's no jobs?" Also, he notes, those who oppose new mining jobs — "elitists" and "hypocrites," Forsman calls them — benefit from the same metals that blue-collar workers like him produce. "People don't understand where things come from anymore," he said.
When Forsman refers to these "people," he's often referring to one person in particular. Her name is Becky Rom, and she is the head of the Campaign to Save the Boundary Waters. What makes him most angry is Rom's condescension, her moral certainty: "The way she comes off, her attitude and way of doing this, it's part of the problem."
"Danny Forsman drives to the mine in his truck, comes home and watches TV, and he doesn't know this world exists," says Becky Rom, a 68-year-old lawyer who returned to her childhood home after retirement and now leads the environmental campaign. One afternoon this spring, I stood on a dock with Rom and her husband, Reid Carron, as they lowered a canoe into the South Kawishiwi River. Rom dangled her feet over the water, which was a couple miles of portages, rivers and rapids from the southwestern border of the Boundary Waters. Chokecherry and juneberry trees were in bloom. Sometimes Rom sees moose, otters, timber wolves or black bears. Today a blue jay hopped along the shore near where a beaver had built a lodge of alder limbs. Rom guessed newborn beavers were inside.
Rom has an energy that can be difficult to keep up with, whether she's channeling it into hourlong soliloquies about the history of the Boundary Waters or a breakneck march into the wilderness. Rom slid into the canoe, her husband in back and me in the middle. The water beneath us was nearly black, tannin-stained, jarringly cold. A few years ago, an environmental group cited the South Kawishiwi as one of America's 10 most endangered rivers because of the possibility that Twin Metals would begin mining for copper-nickel nearby.
Rom has become the most prominent foe of copper-nickel mining near the Boundary Waters. She makes frequent lobbying visits to St. Paul and Washington to drum up support from administrative and elected officials. Her group commissions studies and opinion polls; she takes part in public debates. But even the miners who hate her most wouldn't dare call her a packsacker. Rom's family has lived in Ely as long as the Forsmans. Her grandfather, Caspar Rom, emigrated from Slovenia in the 1890s. In December 1917, three weeks after his ninth child was born, Caspar Rom was leaning over an ore car when a cave-in crushed his head. That newborn son was Bill Rom, Becky's father. He hunted and fished with his brothers to help his mother put food on the table. In 1946, he opened Canoe Country Outfitters, soon one of the most successful outfitters around. Three years later, Becky was born.
Her father became a leader in the fight for the federal Wilderness Act, whose passage in 1964 helped create federally designated wilderness areas. During the battles over the tightening of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness regulations in the 1970s, Bill Rom became a symbol among local residents, who for generations had enjoyed this land with few restrictions, of environmentalism run amok. Under new rules, airplanes were banned, which meant no more flying seaplanes into remote lakes. Resorts were torn down. Motorboat use was limited. Resentful local residents harassed Rom. In 1975, logging trucks blockaded his business on two of the busiest weekends of the year. Snowmobiles buzzed around his house at night to keep the Roms from sleeping. Becky's brother camped inside the family business with their dog and a gun. Eventually, Rom sold his business rather than endure protests from people he grew up with.
But his cause left a lasting imprint on his daughter. After Rom and her husband, Reid Carron, retired from the largest law firm in the Twin Cities — she was a commercial real estate lawyer, he a management labor lawyer — they moved north in 2012 to a modern log cabin they had built on land her father bought decades before on Burntside Lake. Today a copy of the 1964 Wilderness Act signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson hangs on Rom's bedroom wall.
Rom maneuvered the canoe toward the other side of the river. Docks jutted into the water, evidence of homes hidden in the trees. She lifted her paddle and gestured toward some white pines: "This would be all mines," she said. "The noise, the lights, the dust, it would be everywhere." A woodpecker pounded its beak into a tree. A smallmouth bass hunting mayflies broke the river's surface.
The edge of the Boundary Waters is several miles from three mineral deposits that Twin Metals hopes to develop and just a half-mile from a fourth one. The deposits are near or under lakes and rivers that stream directly into the Boundary Waters. Acid mine drainage could potentially flow past 30 resorts, outfitters and campgrounds, as well as hundreds of homes, before reaching the Boundary Waters at Fall Lake. From there, water enters Basswood Lake, a popular fishery that straddles the Canadian border, then Canada's Quetico Provincial Park and then Voyageurs National Park and Rainy Lake. All told, polluted water could theoretically affect up to 2.3 million acres of American and Canadian public lands, according to a peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Hydrology. Pollution could harm fish, wild rice and property values. (This sounds alarmist to those who support underground copper-nickel mining near Ely; the multiyear process of planning the mine and clearing it with regulators would, they believe, set up ample safeguards against pollution.)
Rom and her husband climbed out of the canoe. Back in town, they pointed out thriving enterprises. One family company makes outerwear, which nicely complements the family's other business, a lodge that runs winter dogsledding trips. An outfit called Crapola makes cranberry-apple granola. An art gallery displayed prints from a nature photographer. A fancy new restaurant, a spa, a gift shop that also sells saunas, a renovated historic theater looking for a tenant — Rom regards all these small businesses as evidence that the future here will not replicate the mining past. The jobs may be seasonal or not pay as well as mining jobs; on the other hand, they are not as backbreaking and they foster a local creative class. Last year, National Geographic Adventure ranked Ely as one of the world's nine best outdoor towns, citing its proximity to vast public lands. Only one other American community — Moab, Utah, near Arches and Canyonlands national parks — made the list.
Continue reading the main story


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Against grim weather odds, space shuttle Atlantis and her four-person crew made history on Friday, blasting off from the launch pad and soaring into the clouds, bound for space and the International Space Station for the last time.
As of 11:39 am ET, mission control was reporting that Atlantis was "safely in its preliminary orbit, following a flawless launch from the Kennedy Space Center, albeit a couple minutes late." Also, "three good main engines, three good auxiliary power units, three good fuel cells."
And from NASA via twitter:
With the space station flying 220 miles high & east of Christchurch, New Zealand, space shuttle Atlantis launched at 11:29 a.m. EDT.
The launch marks the 135th and very last of America's 30-year space shuttle program, which began when shuttle Columbia lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center on April 12, 1981 and orbited the Earth 37 times.
Check out Miles O'Brien's live webcast for Spaceflight NOW here.
By 10 a.m. the shuttle was fueled, the four-member crew on board, the countdown ticking and NASA tweeting hopeful updates and reporting no major technical issues. Mission managers remained cautiously hopeful throughout the morning, with everyone eying the Cape Canaveral skies. Hundreds of thousands turned out to watch the launch.
During its 12-day trip, Atlantis will haul 8,000 pounds — a year's worth of supplies — to the International Space Station, including filter tanks, food, clothes, water sampling kits, a power unit and laptop computers. Also onboard will be a 650-pound module equipped with tools designed for refueling orbiting satellites. The module will be delivered to the space station, where it will start performing mock refueling missions in conjunction with the Canadian Dextre robot in December. The crew will return with a failed International Space Station ammonia pump, to be studied by NASA engineers.
Orbiting the earth along with the crew will be the shuttle's first iPhone equipped with an app to be used for experiments, along with several items commemorating the last mission – a flag from the STS-1 mission, a recipe card from Kennedy Space Center's astronaut crew quarters, 800 tiny American flags, 500 mission patches and a NASCAR cap.
Atlantis flew its final flight with a crew of just four, rather than the usual six or seven. The reason, according to this New York Times story: "With no spare shuttle available to go and rescue the astronauts in case something goes wrong, the Americans would have to turn to the Russians to retrieve their crew from the International Space Station. And the Russian spacecraft — known as Soyuz capsules — hold only three astronauts, so two people would have to fly up and bring home the Americans one at a time."
Earlier this week, science correspondent Miles O'Brien reflected back on his near 20-year career covering 41 space shuttle launches in an interview with Hari Sreenivasan. He recounted the highlights and low points, from reporting from the launch pad with news legend Walter Cronkite to helping his viewers make sense of the tragic loss of space shuttle Columbia in 2003.
But he also posed questions about the legacy of the 30-year shuttle program. Was the program a technological dead end? Will NASA regain the capability to continue space exploration? How will the agency achieve its goals of pressing further into deep space?
Also, what will the loss of the space shuttle mean for the International Space Station? "That station is up there, it's just now achieving the beginnings of its capability, and frankly it could use that shuttle for its capability to bring things up to it and down from it," Miles said in the interview. "And no vehicle on the horizon is going to be able to do that."
When Atlantis touches down for the last time, it will retire with shuttles Endeavour and Discovery. Private companies like Boeing and SpaceX are expected to eventually step in to ferry humans to and from low-earth orbit.


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June 3, 2014 | EURUSD | Bullish Channel Formation!
FX:EURUSD Euro / U.S. Dollar
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We may be locked inside an upward channel and recently may have hit the low of it, suggesting a new bullish wave to between a price of 1.4024 and 1.41 by June 12 - June 20, followed by a retracement and likely further upside. Trade carefully and be alert! :D


text: 2017-2018 St Pauli Home Football Socks (Timber). Brand new, official St Pauli Home socks for the 2017 2018 season. These football socks are available in a full range of adult and junior sizes and are manufactured by Under Armour.> St Pauli football socks > ArmourDry material > Embedded arch support > ArmourBlock > Under Armour branding > St Pauli detailing > 50% polyester, 48% nylon, 2% elastane > Machine washable Product Code 1299001-241


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Tom describes his music as 'an earthy blend of acoustic folk rock.'
His different and powerful tones has just led to him being signed, by no other than Nick Stewart & Associates, U2's record label.
He was born into a family of non-musicians, however Tom puts his love of music down to his parents' upright piano in their Notting Hill home.
He wrote his first EP when he was only 19 years-old, and has had his work appreciated on both sides of the atlantic.
He joined The Evening Show to showcase his new work.


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U.S. Recession Looms in 2007
CEPR's Economic Forecast Blames Housing Decline
For Immediate Release: November 29, 2006
Contact: Lynn Erskine, 202-293-5380 x115
Washington, DC: Weakness in the housing market is likely to push the economy into a recession next year, according to a forecast by the Center for Economic and Policy Research.
Recession Looms for the U.S. Economy in 2007, by economist Dean Baker, predicts that the economic recovery that began in November 2001 will come to an end in 2007.
"This recovery has been fueled by a housing bubble, just as the late 90s cycle was fueled by a stock bubble," said Baker. "Now that the housing market has weakened, Americans are looking at a recession in 2007."
Baker expects that the weakness from the housing market, which is already spreading over to other sectors of the economy, will have an even larger impact in 2007 as consumers lose the ability to borrow against dwindling home equity. With weak consumer demand dampening investment, the economy is likely to shrink by close to 1 percentage point over the course of the year.
Predictions for 2007 (2006Q4 – 2007Q4)
|GDP growth
|-0.7 percent
|Job growth
|-1.2 million
|Nominal wage growth
|3.4 percent
|Inflation (CPI)
|2.6 percent
|Residential construction
|-12.0 percent
|-1.2 percent
|2.0 percent
|4.0 percent
|-2.0 percent
|Government expenditures
|2.0 percent
Baker also predicts that the Fed will begin lowering rates no later than its first meeting in January 2007 and that unemployment will climb to over 6 percent by the end of 2007.


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By Shannon Jones:
Wealth of world's billionaires soars amid stock market surge
22 March 2017
The ranks of the world's billionaires registered a sharp increase in 2016, with the number rising by 233 to reach a record 2,043, according to Forbes magazine's annual survey. This was the first time that the Forbes list of the world's richest has included more than 2,000 individuals.
The combined wealth of those on Forbes' billionaires list rose 18 percent to $7.67 trillion, a staggering sum, more than the gross domestic product of all but the wealthiest of the world's countries. The immediate impetus for the rise are surging stock prices, which have reached record levels since the election of US president Donald Trump, and the rising price of oil over the past 12 months.
More fundamentally, the increasing concentration of wealth among the world's richest represents a social retrogression in which…
View original post 1,049 more words


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The Zune Arts program consisted primarily of a website, zune-arts.net, featuring short films and music from up-and-coming artists, all of which focused on the theme of sharing and friendship -- one of the player's key attributes. But since then the website has morphed into an online haven for emerging artists and musicians. While still part of the Zune family of marketing initiatives and still touting the "sharing" themes, Zune Arts now has its own goals and audience and has become established in the indie arts community.
By late 2007, Microsoft and its "curator" agency, 72andSunny, realized there was a much bigger audience it could introduce itself to: Zune Arts' hip and emerging art and artists not only could generate good will with a larger group of influencers, but also lend a cool edge to Zune and boost the music player's sales, which to date have not exactly skyrocketed.
Viral made sense
Because Zune Arts already had an arsenal of artist-created just-for-online videos, a push in the viral video direction made sense. The site already had the videos and music free and readily available for downloading and forwarding. So Microsoft and 72andSunny turned to Feed Co., a specialty media company that seeds video. Feed creates marketing campaigns that get videos in front of online influencers and relevant consumers with the goal of generating postings, pass-alongs and recommendations to create a selected critical mass -- and maybe even go viral.
In November, Feed Co. began working a Zune Arts video called "Masks," created by New York animators PandaPanther with music by The Black Angels, from Austin, Texas. The Feed team began a two-month strategy of going online to niche indie film and music sites, lifestyle publications and more general video sites while targeting art and music communities or individuals within YouTube, MySpace and Heavy.
Feed created a branded environment on YouTube, sent e-mails to bloggers, posted on forums and called contacts and acquaintances. Within a month "Masks" tallied 200,000 views on YouTube; good for a niche animation project, but the animators wanted more. So they went back to everyone they had originally contacted and asked them to help get "Masks" to YouTube's home page by petitioning their favorite film or animation editor.
YouTube success
One week later they got an e-mail from the YouTube film and video editor saying she was considering "Masks" for a feature. Another week later, the video was on the home page of YouTube -- where it stayed for six days -- and has now had more than 1.2 million views.
Did all that maneuvering and all those views ultimately sell more Zune music players? Maybe, maybe not. But that's not necessarily the point here, said Feed Co. President Josh Warner.
"This is very much a brand-awareness medium. ... We complement a more traditional marketing campaign," he said. "I can't say we've moved the sales needle, but I would say we've helped build strong brands."
Video seeding is a fairly new marketing concept. But the idea seems to make sense. After all, most marketers would agree that just throwing up a video on YouTube is probably not going to get it widely seen.
A way to discover
"The value of this service is that they help ensure people who like to discover things, discover your content where they want to," said Glenn Cole, co-founder and creative director of 72andSunny. "To me, the mental image of what they do is that they're like the guys who put the Easter Eggs out in the yard when they're seven years old, and they do it really well. They could just put it out on the tree stump in the middle of the yard -- and some clients want a giant egg out in the yard that no one can possibly miss -- but I think [for other clients] the hiding makes their content feel more special when you finally find it."
And although viral video is oft-tossed about as branded-entertainment gold, analysts and agencies also agree that "going viral" should not be the goal in creating or disseminating online videos.
"That's the problem -- it's a one-hit wonder," said Forrester Research senior analyst Jeremiah Owyang. "If you instead have an ongoing process and really become relevant in your target market, you'll hit 80% of your target vs. a one-hit wonder that hits a large percentage of people but not your target."
The problem is that marketers can't get past the allure of those big hits.
Engagement another draw
"Viral video is not only cool and [has] potentially lower distribution costs, but the other draw is engagement. The audience is passing the word along and your message now comes with their halo. It's a very sexy proposition on several fronts. But the question is, can you build processes that are predictable and cost efficient to do it? I think we're very early in that process," said Jupiter Research analyst David Card.
Feed's Mr. Warner said he can. And although he said his company has had one truly viral video -- meaning it received wide mainstream viewing -- in his company's one-and-a-half-years in business, that doesn't mean branded videos are a waste of marketing dollars.
"It's very rare that marketers have a viral video. But what they do have is great video that needs to -- and can -- find a great audience of engaged consumers," Mr. Warner said.


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Boycotting Ae Dil Hai Mushkil: Art cannot be held hostage to India-Pakistan politics
Ae Dil Hai Mushqil.
It is indeed difficult to remind some hotheads of a maxim that has endured the test of time: Art has no boundary, no religion. As Canadian songwriter KD Lang said, "Art knows no prejudice, no biases. So just go, just go."
That's what I intend to do. A multiplex nearby will screen Karan Johar's Ae Dil Hai Mushqil this Diwali. First day, if not the first show, it will be. Just go.
Frankly, only a fool would miss a movie with lilting music, an impressive star cast and promos that promise great entertainment just because some zealots want it banned to hit Karan Johar for casting Pakistani actors.
Fundamentally, the idea of seeking a ban on an Indian film because it features Pakistani artistes is absurd. It is as insane as cutting the nose to spite the face. (Or typing out social media messages on Chinese handsets for boycotting Chinese goods.)
The film has been made for an Indian audience, with Indian money — financed perhaps by legitimate Indian institutions — and may have already been bought by Indian distributors for screening in Indian theatres. Banning it would be tantamount to hitting dozens of Indian interests to get back at just one Pakistani artist. Like nuking a whole Indian industry to kill one Pakistani pigeon that may have flown back after eating a few Indian grains. Great bargain, no?
The other argument, that a ban would teach Karan Johar a lesson, is hilarious. As Anurag Kashyap rightly pointed out, the film was launched around the time Indians were chanting Aman Ki Asha with Pakistan and our Prime Minister was busy making pit-stops at Nawaz Sharif's farmhouse, exchanging shawls and assorted fruit baskets. What's Johar's fault if he got swept away by the bon homie and cast Fawad Khan in his film?
For arguments sake, tomorrow if the Indian government decides to travel on the bus to Lahore, as Vajpayee did, or invite Nawaz Sharif to an oath ceremony in Uttar Pradesh, will it become legitimate again to cast Pakistani actors? Will the deshdrohis of today automatically turn into deshbhakts and vice versa?
Nobody knows when India and Pakistan will nuke each other out of existence. But starving art and culture of ideas from across border will definitely annihilate it.
It is petty of us to think that by letting Pakistani artistes work in Indian films we are somehow denigrating ourselves, harming national interest. In fact, when a Pakistani comes and seeks work and identity in our industry, wants to become part of our culture, reach out to our masses, it automatically underlines the fact that India is the dream destination for artistes from the neighbouring country.
It shows, we are the promised cultural El Dorado of the region. At the risk of sounding jingoistic, it won't be wrong to argue that Pakistanis queuing up in Bollywood showcase our cinematic superiority, a war won without a single shot being fired. So, let artists from the region come and work here, experience the grandeur of our film industry, its liberal values and tell their country of our cultural richness, our soft power.
Art can never survive in isolation. It needs a continuous supply of fresh ideas, contributions from cross-cultures. Indian music and poetry, for instance, borrows heavily from Persian and Sufi traditions. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishty and Amir Khusrau not just contributed heavily to Indian art but redefined it. Guru Nanak Dev, whose first famous words after enlightenment were ''there is no Hindu, there is no Muslim", based his hymns on syncretism and multi-culturism.
The point is: Nobody knows when India and Pakistan will nuke each other out of existence. But starving art and culture of ideas from across border will definitely annihilate it.
Our great film-makers and artists were always aware of the fact that India and Pakistan, though rivals and even enemies, had a lot to contribute to each other's art. Even the doyen of pop patriotism Manoj 'Bharat' Kumar, the man who turned subtle chest-thumping into an art form knew this. So, after all his Shaheeds,Upkaars and Purabs and Paschims, Bharat Kumar opened the doors of the film industry to Pakistani actors by casting them in his Clerk. India's greatest showman Raj Kapoor's dream was to produce a cross-border romance starring a Pakistani heroine, an idea that was implemented by his sons with Zeba Bakhtiar as Henna.
Meanwhile, music flowed freely across the border, making Ghulam Ali, Mehdi Hassan, Noor Bano, Abida Parween, Nusrat Ali Khan as much a part of India's heritage as Mukesh, Kishore Kumar, Mohammad Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar were of Pakistan. (In 1987, every time Pakistani cricket team appeared on the field, its fans would raise a din in stadiums singing 'Aa Dekhe Zara', a RD Barman war-cry from Sanjay Dutt's Rocky).
So, now that we are on a banning/boycott spree, will we put plugs into our ears when we hear Noorjahan singing Chandni Raatein, or smash the radio set if an anti-national RJ plays Ranjish hi sahi? Will we ask Pakistan to strip its singers like Aamanat Ali Khan (Patiala Gharana) and Mehdi Hassan (Mewati Gharana) of their cultural roots? Will we ban Saare Jahan Se Achcha (astronaut Rakesh Sharma's first words to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi from space) just because it was penned by Mohammed Iqbal?
Then why go after Karan Johar alone?
Art, it must be said at the risk of repetition, exists only to serve the purpose of art; it caters only to individual taste and yearnings. It can't be held hostage by politics, war hysteria and bigotry of a few. It can't be dictated by the mood swings of a country's diplomats. For, politicians come and go, hysterias rise and abate, but art survives forever.
There is, and will be, just one valid criterion for judging a work of art: its quality. And to find out whether Johar's latest cinema is what the promos promise, first day it has to be.
The hypocrites who think watching an Indian film in an Indian theatre insults our soldiers can always wait for the pirated version to appear on one of the banned torrent sites.
Updated Date: Oct 19, 2016 19:18:50 IST


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Don't leave me...us19 year old,Hermione Granger lay in a hospital bed at a british hospital.After the Wizarding War and graduating Hogwarts,Hermione and her boyfriend,Ron Weasley,had taken a break from the wizarding world and gone to a muggle high school.After about a year,Hermione had started to have sharp pains in her lungs area and losing her hair.Her parents had taken her to the hospital,where she was diagnosed with cancer.Now,a year later,the same girl lays in her hospital bed.Almost all her hair was gone and she was hooked up to one of those machine thingys that helps you breath.Ron and Harry sat next to her bed gripping her hands."Mr.Potter,Mr.Weasley.Miss Granger needs to rest."The doctor said as he walked in."But-can't we stay a little longer?"Harry pleaded.The doctor sighed."You have 30 minutes."He told them.Harry thanked the doctor and watched him leave."I have to go soon Ron.Ginny can't take of James,Rose AND Albus by herself."Harry told his friend.Hermione lay there between them.It hurt Harry to see her here.After all they had been through...Finding the philosophers stone,discovering the chamber of secrets,finding Sirius,her helping him through the Triwizard tournament,rebelling against Umbridge and watching Sirius die,Watching Dumbledore die and figuring out abou the horcruxes,defeating Voldemort in the Wizarding War.All that seemed to lead up to this moment.Hermiones breathing was getting shallower."She's leaving..."Harry told Ron.Ron looked panicked."Hermione!Please don't leave me!Us!Please...I can't take care of Rose by myself!"Ron cried.The tears seemed to flow freely down his face.Hermione moaned.Harry shook his head sadly."Ron stop it!It's not going to help her!If you love her let her leave!Say 'Hello' to Sirius and my parents for me 'Mione.We'll miss you..."Harry whispered the last part.All his life Harry had known death:His mother,His father,Quirrell,Cedric,Sirius,Dumbledore,Dobby,Remus,Tonks,Hedwig,Moody,Fred and,eventually,Voldemort.Now,he had learned to expect it.Embrace it."Harry!Wake her!Please!"Ron cried."Ron.She's already gone."Harry says sadly pointing to the machine thingy.The line had went completely straight.Harry stood and left.
Hermione awoke in an all white world.Big,wrought iron gates stood in front of her.The pains in her chest were gone and all her hair was back.Where am I?,she thought.Then,Fred Weasley appeared on the other side of the gates."Hermione!We haven't had any connection with the Wizarding World since I died.Come in!"He said grinning.The gates opened and Hermione walked into them.There were a bunch of houses but everything was white."Fred,where are we?"Hermione asked him."Heaven."Fred answered simply.Hermione followed him into a small house."GUYS!WE HAVE NEWS FROM THE WIZARDING WORLD!"He called up the steps.Immediately,Sirius,Remus,Tonks and two others (a witch & wizard) Hermione had never met scrambled down the steps."Hermione!"Sirius gasped."H-how are you all here?"Hermione asked."Forget about that!Come on!Tell us whats happened since I died!"Fred exclaimed leading them into a sitting room."Well...Harry defeated Voldemort and we all went back for our last year at Hogwarts.After we'd graduated,me and Ron retired to the muggle world where we went to muggle school for 2 months.After school,we had one daughter named Rose.Harry and Ginny had one son named James Sirius Potter.After a year (this year),Harry had a second son (Albus Severus Potter) and I started losing my hair.At first,I thought it was because of the stress of Rose.But then I started feeling sharp pains in my lungs.This year I was diagnosed with lung cancer.I stayed in the hospital.I passed 10 minutes ago with both Harry and Ron on either side of me.Harry wanted me to say Hello to Sirius and his parents for him."Hermione explained."We're his parents."The unknown witch told Hermione."Well,Harry says Hello."Hermione said with a small smile.
The Weasleys,Harry,Neville and Luna were gathered around Hermiones grave.On the grave was written:R.I.P Hermione Granger Wife of Ron Weasley Mother of Rose Weasley Died of cancer in 2001.It was 2002 right now and they were celebrating the anniversary of Hermiones death."One day,we'll join her.Then we'll be able to see our parents Harry!"Luna told Harry as they were walking away.Harry knew Luna was right.No one else would die for him now.Death was still a long ways away for Harry but our hero will never be the same again without his bookworm telling him all about Hogwarts.He missed her bushy hair,her smile.He missed waking up and think 'Oh god!How will I avoid Hermiones lectures today?'.He missed her big teeth.He missed her and Ron fighting,her laugh,her voice.He missed her prep talks before a Quidditch game.He missed solving adventures with her.He missed asking her to do research.He missed telling her about his problems.He missed writing her letters.But she was gone.Beyond his grasp.In heaven.With his dad and mom and Sirius.Bye 'Mione,he thought.