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Leather care has always been a highly controversial subject. The main reason for this is due to the lack of advancements in the chemistry of products. The vast majority consist of outdated products and techniques that were used 25 years ago. These products were the only chemicals and methods available during that time period and were derived from products used in other industries and applications.
This creates a great deal of confusion for the consumer. Many of the products sold are produced solely from the standpoint of making a sale. This has established a poor reputation within the industry and causes many people to conclude that it's a waste of time and money since these products do not work as expected.
Over the five decades I've been involved with detailing the materials and production methods that are used for automotive leather upholstery have changed; we need to adapt our product usage and application methodologies to change with them
Information regarding the care of leather is scarce, often contradictory, misleading, or simply wrong. Misinformation can lead to inadvertent damage to your vehicles leather upholstery; my goal is to present clear, concise, accurate information.
There is a great deal of conflicting information on leather care being put out by leather experts themselves who use baffling pseudo scientific techno speak as another marketing ploy, which makes it difficult to find a definitive, unbiased answer. It had always confounded me that such a simple subject has been made into something so complicated.
That is why it is imperative, that if you are concerned about the results you wish to achieve, you must perform a bit of research into finding the products suitable for your requirements.
After various meetings and discussions with leather tanners, their research and development teams, chemists and fat liquoring formulators and many leather care product manufacturers I've gained an understanding of this versatile material on both a practical and scientific level.
I have always thought that the more facts and information you have at hand the easier it is to judge what information you are being given. After all, how can you fully understand and properly use any product unless you have all the facts? In the final analysis; it's your vehicle, your hard earned money and your choice
Always keep in mind that you're dealing with the finished coating on the leather, not with the leather hide itself
For many, finding the best leather care product is as simple as using what is the most popular. While popularity can sometimes be a reliable barometer, it isn't always the correct choice. Some even make their decision based on new car's leather fragrance alone.
My best advice; research other options and products, test them and then make an objective decision based upon factual information, not hype or brand loyalty. After all, how can you fully understand and properly use any product unless you have all the facts? I would also strongly suggest that you verify any information that I or anyone else shares with you.
Materials Technology
Automotive OEM technology is becoming more and more complex requiring educated and skilled technicians to work on them. As the materials used are constantly changing we must maintain our knowledge base and utilize the correct products and application methodologies to keep up with emerging technologies.
Automobile manufacturers have blurred the distinguishing lines on what exactly leather is. There are many so-called 'leathers' that are actually the bottom split (the fibrous part of the hide) which are covered with a vinyl or urethane coating. Diagnosis is the key, not guess work. Before deciding on what products to use, you need to ascertain the grade of leather and the type of leather finish applied
Be cognizant that the leather and finishes used for automotive upholstery vary from leather industry standard descriptions and although the names are similar the type of leather, pigmentation and finish are often very different.
The Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) is a Reference Guide for Professional Upholstery Cleaning (IICRC S300) it's a five-day leather training course, which devotes two days of the course to the corrects identification of leather finishes. So it is very important to be able to recognise the various finishes and materials used by OEM's as they all require different methodologies and products for proper care and maintenance.
Automobile model ranges use different materials for their vehicles interiors; leather upholstery like Aniline Immersion Dyed, Aniline Micro Pigmented, (Urethane) Finished, Artificial leather such as MB-Tex and unfinished materials like Synthetics and Alcantara, and sometimes combinations of products (Alcantara seat inserts on leather seating) as well as various grades of leather hide, full-grain, top-grain and split –grain (which is protected with urethane) all of which require different products and applications methods.
It is hard to find an application that tests the durability and strength of leather like that of automotive upholstery. From extreme temperatures to hard, physical contact, automotive upholstery demands leather finishes that will withstand the punishment that it receives
Leather's major attribute is its ability to breathe, which it does even better than wool. This means not just its permeability to air but its permeability to water vapour, so allowing the absorption of perspiration and warmth. Thus it feels warm in winter and cool in summer, yet doesn't become hot and sticky.
On the other hand, whilst it absorbs water vapour it doesn't readily absorb liquid, so rain (but don't allow over saturation) will not harm it and a damp cloth can be used to keep it clean
The leather is a natural product that has a matte finish and comes from animal (bovine) hides, which have been chemically processed (tanned) to preserve them.
A properly tanned hide (or skin) creates strong, flexible material; resistant to decay. Most leather used in auto vehicles is tanned cow hide, which is laterally split, rendering an upper (Premium) and lower cut (Split-leather or by-cast). (See the article "Leather Upholstery Type Surface Identification")
Proper surface care
Is all about knowing the properties of the surface you want to treat and what product contains the correct formulation of ingredients best suited for that surface. Leather finishes are a very chemically complex material, and if the product is incompatible with it in any way, it can exert a damaging effect: finish peeling, finish cracking, color transfer ("crocking"), yellowing, and general degradation are some of the problems that can be caused by the application of an improperly formulated, incompatible leather treatment product.
Pre-test Spot Procedures
Diagnosis is the key, not guess work. Before using a cleaning product a detailer needs to know the material they are working on, what they are trying to remove and wither the product chosen is compatible with the material and will not damage it.
With all cleaning products, always test a small, inconspicuous area first to ensure it won't discolour or stain the surface, and ensure that the pH of the product is suitable for the material. As can be seen, stain removal requires some knowledge of basic chemistry.
Surface checks
· Identifying characteristics
· The water-drop absorbency test
· Absorbency rate
Read the product labels and manufacturers safety data sheets (MSDS) to obtain a basic idea of contents, pH levels etc. Depending on the pH of the product you use you should return the surface to neutral (pH 7.0) before you apply any dressing or protective products.
Always select a chemical/cleaner that are biodegradable, environmentally friendly and safe to use by observing any precautions recommended so that they won't harm you, your vehicle or the environment. Read the product labels and manufacturers safety data sheets (MSDS) to obtain a basic idea of contents, pH levels etc.
Testing cleaners on an inconspicuous area is the best way to ensure there are no surprises as to its effect, but be cognizant that it may not react in exactly the same way as a heavily soiled area or that has been subjected to UV-B radiation (faded) When spraying any surface with a liquid, it is always advisable to spray a small area first (test area) then allow to dry to make sure the solution does not react with the surface.
Providing the cleaning product selected is suitable, apply several drops of the selected cleaning solution onto a 100% cotton micro fibre towel and rub gently. Do not over wet. Use small amounts of the product and blot frequently, do not rub or use too much pressure.
Do not use the product if it adversely changes the surface colour or texture.
Choosing a Leather Care Product
The most important consideration in leather care is to identify the finished leather used. Once you've correctly identified the leather and/or the applied finish applicable to your vehicle's upholstery, it's easier to select suitable products/methods (one size fits all is just a vendor's marketing myth) First you need to identify the material and finishes used; Aniline and Protected or Coated
Different types of leather require specific cleaning and care and therefore require a slightly different process. Check your 'leather type' before attempting to clean or apply any products to its surface.
Leather Master Products are used as a 'benchmark' by other leather care product vendors. All aqueous (water- based) cleaners will remove any body oil or salts, dirt and grime and wash them from the leather surface.
Today, Leather Masters™ leads the industry with over 350 different leather products. All Leather Masters™ products are manufactured in Montecchio Maggiore, Italy.
The world's largest tannery, located nearby, keeps them up to date on the latest changes within the industry. As an added bonus you'll use a lesser amount of product with superior results.
The complex tanning process of chromed tanned hides results in the fat liquoring and oils necessary to keep the hide soft and pliable being locked in, this is further sealed by a durable polyethene covering to protect the hide from abrasion from clothing as well as the dust/dirt introduced by the vehicle's AC system
Surface Protection
It is essential as it will protect the surface finish (Leather Master™ - Protection Cream) as a sacrificial layer; this way you are not actually cleaning the Leather's original surface, but cleaning from the surface of the protection. It also makes dirt easier to clean off
Leather Master™ - Protection Cream (a Scotchgard™ type product specifically formulated for the leather) the polymers penetrate the surface of finished leather and cross-link to form a durable protective film that is breathable and keeps the leather supple. Being aqueous (water- based) it restores moisture to finished leather and provides a protective sacrificial barrier against all kinds of soiling, water, oil, alcohol-based stains and perspiration marks, so you are cleaning the protective layer.
Both Leather Masters Protection and Vital although water-based contain trace amounts of oil, which leaves only a very thin surface film to counteract surface abrasion by providing surface lubrication (driver or passenger entry/exit). (See also Oil and oil-based Products)
Ultra violet (UV) protection - 303® Aerospace Protectant will provide invaluable UV-B against photo degradation (fading) protection; especially in a roadster or convertible vehicle
If you have just purchased a new vehicle with finished leather upholstery I would strongly advise that you wipe down the surface with a damp cloth/sponge and apply a light coat of leather protection cream. This will help resist dirt, oils and stains and make future cleaning much easier. This is particularly important if your leather is a light colour as this will help to resist and the removal of stains and dye transfer from clothing.
Usually, protected finished leather that has cracked or peeled is not from use, but from body oils and perspiration that have settled down into the grain of the leather and started to dissolve the finish over time. The Protection Cream will assist in preventing the cracking and peeling when proper cleaning is also done in combination.
Leather's greatest enemies are; dirt or grit abrasion, sun, heat, body oils, perspiration (that contains urea as well as organic salts and acids) and ultra violet radiation (UVR), which dries the hide, fades the colour by bleaching, and can cause the leather to fail by drying out the fibres causing the urethane and/or the hide to crack.
Upholstery leather given the proper care and protection will withstand all of the above; provided the loss by evaporation of its essential moisture is replenished to counteract drying and stiffening, and to maintain both flexibility and suppleness.
Wax and/or oils that are found in many conditioning products cannot permeate the finish but will only remain on the surface and attract dirt, which in turn will become an abrasive solution that will wear away the finish. They may also negatively affect the evaporation and hydration process. Water- based products do not contain oils and/or waxes so if the label says they do then don't use them.
Understanding dressings are essential; obtain accurate technical information on automotive care products can be problematic, but detailers should be knowledgeable on the dressings sold for leather (this is also true for tyres, rubber, vinyl, etc) and their chemical content. Otherwise, they are at the mercy of the supplier to provide not only products but also the technical knowledge and application methodology regarding product usage.
Unfortunately not all suppliers or distributors have the ability or technical knowledge to provide accurate information to the trade; some do not want to divulge what they term 'trade secrets' as the information might be detrimental to their product sales or company image. Honest opinion or merely advertising?
Commercialism brings with it concerns of honesty and true representation. In other words, it's difficult to know what is true when someone is motivated by income or has a vested interest
When leather tanners talk about conditioning leather they are referring to re-hydration; not the replenishment or replacement of the fat liquoring oils and waxes. The only 'conditioning' required for finished leather upholstery is hydration.
Is simply the replenishment of lost moisture, water molecules are smaller than the ones used in the polyurethane top coats so it can permeate the finish in vapour form. This is essential to restore the suppleness and maintain leathers natural flexibility and keeps the leather at its optimum physical performance level, along with softness and strength.
Leather is hygroscopic and so moisture is the most important element (median15 %) in the care of leather; all changes in leather are due to moisture differences. Too little moisture (< 10%) will cause the leather to become hard and inflexible, too much (> 20 %) and it may the fibres to swell and may cause mould formation.
A regular wipe down with a damp towel on a regular basis is all you need to condition and/or hydrate finished leather, and by using aqueous (water- based) products that do not contain oils and/or waxes, check the label if they do then don't use them. Leather should be hydrated on a regular basis and is somewhat climate dependent. Monthly hydration of leather upholstery in most southern states; Florida, Texas and Arizona, and etc especially during the summer months, would not be out of line
Moisture Content
The leather is hygroscopic and so moisture is the most important element (median 15 %) in the care of leather; all changes in leather are due to moisture differences. Too little moisture (< 10%) will cause the leather to become hard and inflexible, too much (> 20 %) and it may the fibres to swell and may cause mould formation.
Leather's major attribute is its ability to breathe, which it does even better than wool. This means not just its permeability to air but its permeability to water vapour, so allowing the absorption of perspiration and warmth. Thus it feels warm in winter and cool in summer, yet doesn't become hot and sticky.
On the other hand, whilst it absorbs water vapour it doesn't readily absorb liquid, so a light rain will not harm it and a damp cloth can be used to keep it clean
Leather naturally absorbs and retains moisture, meaning it's also susceptible to losing the moisture necessary to keep it pliant and soft. The denaturing process of leather tanning removes moisture from the hide, introducing solvent-based products accelerates ageing of the leather.
When leather tanners talk about conditioning leather they are referring to re-hydration; not the replenishment or replacement of the fat liquoring oils and waxes. The only 'conditioning' required for finished leather upholstery is hydration;
The purpose of rehydration is to restore moisture lost through evaporation, so whatever the surface finish it has to allow the movement of moisture back and forth (evaporation and hydration) As leather is porous, it loses its moisture through evaporation at a rate dependent upon two variables; ambient humidity level, and heat. Where ambient conditions are very hot and/or experience very low humidity, finished leather will lose its moisture, which must be replaced.
The breathability of leather allows small particles of moisture to move back and forth through the leather and this is what keeps it in good condition. Once the moisture levels in leather drop due to evaporation or transpiration it becomes dry and brittle, to avoid this it needs to be re-hydrated.
The recommended frequency for hydration is a function of the environment. For example, in an automobile, the head rests and top of the rear seat backrests tend to dry out very quickly due to direct, prolonged sun exposure.
Why does leather feel dry or stiff? What actually dries out is the leather's moisture, which then leaves the fat liquors stiffer and less flexible (hence the feeling of dryness or stiff leather)
Surface moisture constitutes approximately 10% of finished leather moisture content, which is subject to evaporation and must be replaced to avoid dehydration. Most of the actual hide's moisture content is provided by the Tanner when the fat liquor introduced during the re-tanning process, which maintains the moisture of the corium fibre matrix, allowing them to remain flexible. This fat liquoring is sealed into the hide and under normal circumstances should not require any maintenance
Aqueous (water- based) products restore the lost moisture of finished leather and maintain its natural flexibility. When moisture is replaced the fibres will become flexible again and gives the leather a softer feel. Being in an enclosed space with little to no ventilation will exacerbate dehydration if the leather is subjected to very high temperatures and low humidity conditions the fat liquor oils introduced during the re-tanning process may become destabilised, leading to the finished leather becoming dehydrated.
Apply an aqueous (water- based) product (Leather Master Soft Touch (ex Vital) this is not a conditioner per se but it will revitalise leather that has become dehydrated. It is also excellent for improving the tactile feel of leathers. Apply to surface and allowing it to remain, renewing as necessary. And then apply an aqueous (water- based) protection
Patina (softness)
Leather Master™ Soft Touch (ex Vital) - this is not a conditioner per se; it contains polymers in an aqueous emulsion and is used to improve and maintain the tactile feel and lustre by rehydration and to ensure the leather remains matte, soft and supple. It can also be used when doing repair work to help soften the area being worked on and to dilute some of the pigments, helping them to permeate
Apply a small amount to dry 100% cotton micro fibre towel, allow to dwell for 20-30 minutes and then wipe the surface with a dry 100% cotton micro fibre towel. For revitalizing older leathers and also to improve the feel of stiff leathers it's better to apply several thin layers than a heavy application
Allow the car to sit in the sun for one or two hours to warm the surfaces
I hope this series of leather care article has helped you to understand that little bit more about the leather finish in your vehicle's upholstery and how to care for it correctly


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Media Magnetism, by Christina Hamlett *****
I found Christina Hamlett's Media Magnetism to be a terrific book chock full of useful information, tips, and guidance. With an impressive array of contributing industry experts, Media Magnetism covers all the areas of media anyone could want. Filled with real examples of what-to-do and what-not-to-do, this book will definitely be one of my primary go-to referral sources. Whether you are just getting started or a veteran to media usage, I would highly recommend this book.

subset: commoncrawl


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Most people don't have any idea how to proceed when they find themselves in the role of successor trustee of a living trust. And why would they? It's not something most of us will ever do more than once.
The good news is that if you're in charge of wrapping up a typical probate-avoidance living trust, your duties may be quite simple. You may need only use your authority as trustee to transfer a few assets to the people who inherit them. Still, whenever you're handling someone else's money—which you are if you're a trustee or an executor—you must be very careful to follow the law. If you don't, you could be liable for any losses you cause. That's why most successor trustees can benefit from a quick talk with an experienced lawyer.
Trusts: Should You Serve as Trustee?
It's an honor to be chosen as a successor trustee of a loved one's trust -- the person in charge of wrapping up the trust after the death of the person who created it.
The Trustee's Job: The First Six Months
If you're taking over as trustee of a deceased person's living trust, you are not expected to get to work the day grandma dies.
One of your first jobs as trustee is to let beneficiaries know you're in charge.
Advice to Trustees: Get Along With Beneficiaries
When you've been chosen to act as the trustee of a trust, you must handle both money and people.
Special Needs Trusts: The Trustee's Job
Special Needs Trust: The Trustee's Job Learn what you'll need to do as the trustee of a special needs trust.
Taking Inventory of Trust Assets
If you're the trustee, you need to know which assets you're in charge of.
Legal Advice for Successor Trustees
If you serve as a successor trustee—winding up a living trust after the person who created it has died—you may well want to talk to a lawyer to make sure you understand the scope of your duties.
Other Expert Help for Successor Trustees
As you perform your duties as a successor trustee, you may find yourself in need of advice not just from lawyers but from other professionals as well.


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Armstrong offers Yuvraj help in his battle against cancer
Cycling great Lance Armstrong has sent a message to Yuvraj Singh, wishing him a speedy recovery and offering help in the Indian cricketer's battle against cancer.
Yuvraj, player of the tournament in India's 2011 World Cup victory, is undergoing chemotherapy in the United States after being diagnosed with a golf ball-sized tumour last year.
Image: Yuvraj Singh
Photographs: Hitesh Harisinghani
'The entire LIVESTRONG team is here for you'
Yuvraj posted a photograph of Armstrong's message on his Twitter account.
"I want you to know that the entire LIVESTRONG team is here for you. We say it all the time, and truly believe in it: Knowledge is power, Unity is strength and Attitude is everything," the message read.
The cyclist signed off the message with "Go Yuvi!! Livestrong."
Image: Lance Armstrong
Photographs: Getty Images
'Thank you lance, means a lot hope we can meet'
Armstrong is one of sport's best-known cancer survivors, winning the Tour de France seven times overcoming testicular cancer and his Livestrong foundation helps cancer patients in their fight against the disease.
Yuvraj has been reading Armstrong's 2000 autobiography 'It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life' for inspiration.
The 30-year-old Punjab cricketer thanked Armstrong for his message but insisted he wants to meet the American.
"Message from @lancearmstrong makes me feel better! Thank you lance, means a lot hope we can meet," Yuvraj tweeted.
Image: Yuvraj Singh
Photographs: Hitesh Harisinghani


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Hi guys! Here is the update from my previous video 🙂 Hope it helps you all on your weight loss journey.
18 thoughts on "3 Month UPDATE!!! HONEST REVIEW ISAGENIX! Good, bad and ugly!"
I just started and have been looking around seeing if people are affected by lactose in the IsaLean and Pro because I have been running to the washroom after taking it
Happy people online are saying only do half a scoop at a time
I forgot that was my problem with whey protein been about 9 years since I had it
My daughter wants to do this do you need to take The tablets How much is to start please
Dairy can destroy your gut. Good move on the switch. I am thinking of Going half and half. I am on dairy free but need at least one shake to taste better. Haha
Hi, Prue I'm Juanita Van Domburg 73 years old, I've been using Isagenix products since Aug 28, 2008 (first shake in). There were a couple of things you mentioned in the video, that might be a source of your bowel problem. The Isa Flush directions read 1-2 capsules daily preferably on an empty stomach at bedtime, not 2 in the morning and 2 at night. You very well may have been over doing them and if you were having them with food rather than on an empty stomach, it may have helped to interfere with your regularity. You also said that you are to take 1 Accelerator in the morning and one at night. The second is to be taken with your afternoon meal as some of the ingredients may interfere with sleep if taken after 2pm. I'm so glad that you stuck with it because the results are worth it. I lost 73 # to my goal and I feel wonderful. There have been a few problems, like the niacin flushes I began having after 3 months on the program that scared me, but luckily Jim Rhodes explained what was happening and why for me it was a good thing. I liked your review.
Protein powder, protein bars, and handful of pills that make you shit? You can buy each of these items without spending $500 a month on isogenix
Hi, just came across your video! Do you exercise as well or just take the products? Thank you!!
Prue, you're too adorable! Love your accent.
Love how honest and real you were with us! Thank you dear and hello from America. Day 8 for me and 9lbs down, looking forward to mor progress. 👍🏼
I've been taking the products now and lost 42lbs and feel sooo energized. I also signed up to get the 25% off….LOVE THEM…TY for the update and review.. Love the energy drink with green tea and yerba mate…my fav.
Great video! I just ordered.
I started out on dairy free for the same reason.
I recommend you do EVERYTHING, you will see Bigger results .
Do the whole program, 2 shakes a day, etc. Then I want to hear your results. You have invested in YOURSELF. Do the 30 days the way your coach instructed and I Believe You will see RESULTS more than you do now! 💪🏼💚💥
After being on Isagenix for a 16 weeks (IsaBody Challenge) Do this if you haven't already !! ( I am trying to gain weight) I gained 14 lbs.
After 7 mos. I now use only:
Ionix supreme, IsaLean Pro – I only do French vanilla or Strawberry., Vitamins, coffee, greens & fruits (I add this to my shake along with frozen organic fruit), Lemon bar, AmpHydrate grape (I add this to my shakes) eShot New raspberry, Sleep support and renewal.
This is all I use. I have it all, but I know what works for me.
Great video💚💚💚💚
Great update 🙂 well done you! I have just started the products too, but have been using them for fitness reasons, I am loving them so far so hopefully I'll continue the same! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZytM10Y19U
Hi Prue! I started my Isagenix products just today, I'm going to stick to the program to the best of my ability. My goal is to lose 15-20 lbs and build lean muscle. I'm 61yrs old, single and lots of stress in my life, especially during the past 16 months. That is when I began to put my unwanted weight back on….Ugh!…So, I've been viewing many different people, trying to get a good idea of what this Isagenix is all about. I just wanted to tell you that I stumbled upon a youtube video of yours, you had a bunny behind you…I think it was early in your Isagenix journey. I listened and moved on the many others. Then, much to my surprise, I clicked on another person, someone new I thought…but it was you! Oh my gosh, I did not recognize you at all! Well, except for you voice. I heard you speak and then realized it was the same young woman that I saw earlier today. I saw an amazing difference in your appearance, you looked great, much less weight around your face. I thank you for sharing your story, you've given me positive reinforcement, thank you 🙂
After your first 30 day pack, what are the products that you need to order for the next 30 days, is it as expensive as the first 30 days?
I'm interested in hearing how this fits into your teaching life more. I am also a teacher (3rd grade) and find It hard to fit in a fitness program around everything that we have to do with our job. I too am beyond tired after a day at school and lack any motivation to go and workout. I feel like our job as teachers is a workout on someday. Anyway… great video and story. I have subscribed. 🙂
I'm thinking of going on isogenics. Please tell me what I actually need go do the program. I see there are alot of things u just aren't taking. Will u please tell me what I REALLY NEED to do the program and lose. Thank u and God bless you.
Great updates video! 🌟
Hi.well done you! my 3 months results are 7.8kg and 87.8 cms total (was 86kg down to 78.2)
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Visual Test Strips for Blood Sugar
I didn't know these existed… Might be something for those that have trouble affording the expensive test strips for meters.. As something to use in between althought I don't know the prices on them.
Everyday Tips
A Backup Strategy for a Broken Monitor
It's the ultimate in bad timing: You're out of town on a business trip or a vacation and your blood glucose monitor quits. Even at home, you may not be able to get a new monitor immediately. What can you do? Fortunately, there are other ways to keep tabs on your blood glucose.
Continue monitoring your blood glucose using visual test strips like BetaChek, Uni-Check, or Glucostix. These are available without a prescription at most pharmacies. To use them, you place a drop of blood on the stick and match the color to the chart on the side of the bottle. It may seem harder than using your monitor, but the results are accurate, making it far better than skipping readings.
Also, don't throw away your broken monitor. Instead, call the customer service number on the back. It's usually toll-free. Most companies will try to replace the meter within a day or two.
*Judy (JP)
1 reply
You're right. I had inadvertently left the strip in the monitor once overnight. The next day I tried to use it and it would not work. I called the company and they sent me a new one without charge, and shipping and handling free. All I had to do was to send them my broken monitor. They even supplied an return envelope for me.
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text:
The lower third molar or else known as the wisdom tooth is commonly causing problem to us and usually require extraction (removal). The common problems may include pain, inflammation on that side and impaction with the adjacent tooth. Therefore many people will ask for its removal just for the sake of removing the discomfort. However, not many may know that there are few things we will look for in terms of criteria to be fulfil or indications in order to remove the wisdom tooth. This is what I call "The Seventeen Commandment in Removing the Wisdom Tooth".
One; overt or recurrent history of pericoronitis (infection of the gum area around the wisdom tooth which caused by bacteria "infestation" on the area of impaction - possibly the strongest point for indication especially if the recurrence exceed three times in a year)
Two; untreatable caries on the impacted third molar or on the wisdom tooth itself
Three; untreatable pulp and periapical pathology (any disease within the wisdom tooth itself)
Four; cellulitis, abscess and osteomyelitis associated with the tooth (indicating spreading of infection into surrounding tissues originated from the tooth)
Five; periodontal disease (gum problem which in severe form)
Six; orthodontic abnormalities (the arrangement of tooth involving the wisdom tooth is unsatisfactory or may interrupted the treatment when patient is on braces)
Seven; prophylactic removal in special medicine or surgical condition (usually upon referral from other medical line for routinely clearance of bacteria source from mouth before undergoes a major surgery or treatment)
Eight; facilitation of restorative treatment (if removal of the tooth may help in restoring the other carious teeth nearby)
Nine; resorption of tooth or the adjacent tooth (if radiographically evidence show a root or other tooth structure disappearance)
Ten; pain on the tooth itself
Eleven; tooth in line of bony fracture or impeding trauma (in case where the wisdom tooth is located near or at the area of bone fracture line due to accident)
Twelve; fracture of the tooth itself (almost similar point to the above)
Thirteen; disease of follicle including tumour or cysts (if there is some changes or formation of tumour around the tooth that origin from it)
Fourteen; tooth impeding orthognathic surgery or reconstructive surgery (almost similar point with no. 6)
Fifteen; tooth invaded in or within the field of tumour (almost similar point with no. 13, only it may not neccessary originated from the tooth)
Sixteen; caries on distal of the second molar (should be another strong point where caries is found on site of impaction by wisdom tooth which always crashed into the crown or root of the adjacent tooth)
Seventeen; satisfactory tooth for donor in transplantation (should be an interesting topic where not many people may aware it!!)
I guess there are more....haha!! Oucchhh!!!!


text:
All the tea leaves suggest Lakers guard Steve Blake will continue in his usual role as the team's backup point guard.
Lakers Coach Mike Brown conceded Blake has an edge because he's played with the Lakers the past two seasons, while Chris Duhon just arrived from Orlando this off-season as part of the Dwight Howard trade. Brown applauded Blake's toughness for sitting out only 10 days and missing a mere three days of training camp after the team expected him to be sidelined for three weeks because of a puncture wound in his left foot.
Though Brown claimed he was unaware of it, the whiteboard propped outside the team's training room showed that Blake made 22 consecutive three-pointers at some point this off-season.
Nonetheless, Brown said that what Blake and Duhon show in training camp, including eight preseason games, will help determine how many minutes they play when the regular season arrives.


text:
MUMBAI - The Reserve Bank of India cut interest rates on Thursday by 25 basis points to 7.75 percent in a surprise inter-meeting cut, yielding to growing signs of slowing inflation and a flagging recovery.
The wholesale price index for December, released on Wednesday, rose just 0.11 percent year-on-year compared with a 0.6 percent jump forecast by economists in a Reuters poll. Wholesale prices were unchanged in November.
In a statement, the RBI cited lower-than-expected inflation, weak crude prices and weak demand, as well as the government's commitment to sticking to a fiscal deficit target.
"These developments have provided headroom for a shift in the monetary policy stance," it said.


text:
AN amateur boxer told a court yesterday he was arrested by police even though he was the victim of a racial attack.
Middleweight Francisco Borg, 22, who represents Wales and is due to fight in the Four Nations championships in Cardiff this week, said he was attacked by a group of skinheads, but instead of being treated as a victim he was arrested himself.
Mr Borg is claiming damages against South Wales Police for unlawful arrest, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution.
He said he was "screaming with pain" when sprayed in the face with CS spray by police.
The events happened in Cardiff when Mr Borg, who was with his friend Marcus Walters, was aged 17 in August 1997.
The hearing at Cardiff County Court heard Mr Borg told police he had been racially abused.
He said he had armed himself with a metre-long stick to defend himself because he was "frightened."
Mr Borg said: "I had a stick, Marcus was bleeding and we told him we had been attacked and racially abused."
The officer told them to stay in their car, but skinheads launched an attack, the hearing was told.
Mr Borg said he was "terrified" and said he believed there were about 10 or 11 men in the group.
He got out of the car, which was being attacked and had a window smashed in, and admitted pushing a woman police officer out of the way.
He claimed officers told him and Mr Walters they had provoked the attack and "went out looking for trouble."
He said nobody expressed any sympathy that they had been attacked by skinheads."
Charges against both men were later dropped.
The court saw CCTV footage of the violence in Cardiff's City Road.
Five police officers were disciplined over their handling of the attack in May 2000.
Mr Walters, 24 yesterday, said he complained to a police officer after being racially abused and punched in the face by a man who appeared "clearly insane."
Mr Walters, of Butetown, Cardiff, is studying for a PhD and attended work experience at the Crown Prosecution Service while at school. He has a masters degree in chemistry.
The case continues today.


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- Research
- Open Access
Function of dynamic models in systems biology: linking structure to behaviour
- Christian Knüpfer1Email author and
- Clemens Beckstein1
© Knüpfer and Beckstein; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 17 January 2013
- Accepted: 23 May 2013
- Published: 8 October 2013
Dynamic models in Systems Biology are used in computational simulation experiments for addressing biological questions. The complexity of the modelled biological systems and the growing number and size of the models calls for computer support for modelling and simulation in Systems Biology. This computer support has to be based on formal representations of relevant knowledge fragments.
In this paper we describe different functional aspects of dynamic models. This description is conceptually embedded in our "meaning facets" framework which systematises the interpretation of dynamic models in structural, functional and behavioural facets. Here we focus on how function links the structure and the behaviour of a model. Models play a specific role (teleological function) in the scientific process of finding explanations for dynamic phenomena. In order to fulfil this role a model has to be used in simulation experiments (pragmatical function). A simulation experiment always refers to a specific situation and a state of the model and the modelled system (conditional function). We claim that the function of dynamic models refers to both the simulation experiment executed by software (intrinsic function) and the biological experiment which produces the phenomena under investigation (extrinsic function). We use the presented conceptual framework for the function of dynamic models to review formal accounts for functional aspects of models in Systems Biology, such as checklists, ontologies, and formal languages. Furthermore, we identify missing formal accounts for some of the functional aspects. In order to fill one of these gaps we propose an ontology for the teleological function of models.
We have thoroughly analysed the role and use of models in Systems Biology. The resulting conceptual framework for the function of models is an important first step towards a comprehensive formal representation of the functional knowledge involved in the modelling and simulation process. Any progress in this area will in turn improve computer-supported modelling and simulation in Systems Biology.
- System Biology
- Simulation Experiment
- Functional Aspect
- Computer Support
- Biological Question
The modelling of complex biological systems is faced with huge challenges. New high-throughput experimentation generates enormous amounts of data which forms the empirical basis for dynamic models in Systems Biology (for short called "bio-models" in this paper). The management and analysis of the "data iceberg"[1] is impossible without computer support. Modelling and simulation on the systems level requires the integration of data from different sources on various levels in a collaborative manner[2] and the incorporation of existing models. See[3] for a detailed discussion of the challenges for modelling and simulation in Systems Biology.
Bio-models are mathematical descriptions of biological processes which are used to answer biological questions. Generally, these questions are causal questions asking for mechanistic explanations of dynamic biological phenomena. In order to serve as mechanistic explanations it is necessary that the temporal behaviour of a bio-model can be simulated by means of computers. Therefore, the bio-model has to be encoded in an appropriate computer-understandable format. System-level understanding of biological phenomena requires the integration of bio-models from different abstraction levels expressed in different modelling paradigms[4]. Computer support for modelling and simulation is an important contribution to meet the challenges in Systems Biology. This computer support has to be based on formal representations of relevant knowledge fragments. A first step towards such a formal representation is an ontological analysis of the domain of knowledge in question. The result of such an analysis will be a "conceptual framework", i.e. a set of categories and relations between them which can be used to capture the respective knowledge. What we call a "conceptual framework" is usually called "domain model" or "conceptual model" in computer science. In the context of this work the use of the traditional terms seems to be misleading because the omnipresent term "model" is used with different meaning.
The function of a bio-model describes its role in the scientific process of finding mechanistic explanations for biological phenomena. Beside this teleological aspect of a model's function there are pragmatical aspects: The function of a bio-model also describes the use of the model in simulation experiments. In such simulation experiments behaviours of the model are generated. Thus, function links a model (structure) to its behaviours. To summarise, the function of bio-models describes why and how to use models in simulation experiments:
"Models can fulfil many functions as we have seen; but they generally perform these functions not by being built, but by being used. Models are not passive instruments, they must be put to work, used, or manipulated." ([5], p.32)
Physiology is the branch of biology dedicated to function of living systems. The notion of "function" as used in physiology incorporates two aspects of a biological entity: (1) The function states a role an entity plays as a component of an encompassing process. The biological function is therefore tied to a specific process. (2) The function characterises the behaviour which the entity has to exhibit for fulfilling its role. Biological function links system structure (the entities and relation) to behaviour. The most famous example is the function of genes which links the genotype to the phenotype. In this paper we transfer this notion of function to bio-models.
In order to do so, we first analyse the function of bio-models and develop a conceptual framework. Then, the conceptual framework is used to show whether and how the function can be formalised. Thereby, we review existing formal approaches and identify missing pieces. For one of the identified gaps we outline a possible filler. Finally, we compare our conceptual framework with related work.
Meaning facets of bio-models
Generally, a mathematical model establishes a relation between a system under observation (what Rosen[6] calls the "natural system") and a formal system. Rosen calls this the "Modeling Relation". In order to be useful the modelling relation has to be an isomorphism: the structure of the formal system, expressed as entities and relations between them, can be mapped onto the structure of the natural system, recognised as objects and interactions.
In our analysis of the modelling process in Systems Biology we make two important observations about bio-models[7]. First, a bio-model has a dual interpretation: In order to be used in computer simulations the encoded model has to be intrinsically interpreted with respect to the encoding format used. This can be done without referring to the modelled natural system. Furthermore, a model has to be related to the natural system (cf. Rosen's modelling relation[6] mentioned above), i.e. it has to be extrinsically interpreted. Second, dynamic models are considered on three levels: Models are systems of components and relations (model structure). Models are used in simulation experiments for answering biological questions (model function). Models exhibit temporal changes (model behaviour). The three levels of bio-models are inspired by function modelling in engineering (see, e.g.,[8]). In function modelling formally represented teleological knowledge is used for the design and diagnosis of engineering artefacts.
We claim that full computer support of the overall modelling process has to be based on a complete description of a bio-model encompassing all six "meaning facets"[9], i.e. the intrinsic and extrinsic sides on each of the three levels. If we look at the scientific process of modelling a biological system in order to explain data observed in experiments we can clearly identify the three levels and the dual interpretation (see Figure1). More details about the six meaning facets are given by Knüpfer et al.[9] including a complete description of an example model with respect to the meaning facets. However, in this paper we will focus on the functional facets of bio-models.
Conceptual framework for the function of bio-models
Functional aspects of bio-models
Teleological function
Intended use
Model use intention
Conditional function
Model instantiation
Boundary conditions
Initial values
Initial state
Pragmatical function
Experimental settings
Result calculations
The presented conceptual framework extends the Minimum Information About a Simulation Experiment (MIASE,[10]) which is a reporting guideline for simulation experiments performed on bio-models. The rules of MIASE regard the conditional and pragmatical function of bio-models. The conceptual framework presented here also incorporates the teleological function and relates the description of simulation experiments (intrinsic function) to the biological counterparts (extrinsic function).
It should be noted that a bio-model can have more than one function if it be used to answer different biological questions. The separation of structure and function of bio-models in our meaning facets framework facilitates this re-use of the same model for different purposes. However, the model structure can restrict the adequate use of a model in so far as not every model structure is able to answer a given question.
Teleological function
Bio-models play an important teleological role in answering questions about the biological system under investigation. These questions lead to specific intentions of using the model in simulation experiments (called "model use intentions" in the following). Model use intentions may be, for example, the explanation of observed behaviours or the prediction of possible behaviours. What is an accepted explanation or prediction depends on the scientific field and community[11]. Furthermore, there are specific assumptions underlying the model use intentions, e.g. the assumption that a specific reaction is very fast. The extrinsic teleological function of bio-models refers to the model use intentions and the underlying assumptions.
The intended use of the model in simulation experiments has to reflect the model use intentions. Depending on these intentions different types of simulation experiments may be appropriate. Often, different simulation experiments have to be combined in order to yield the desired outcome. Constraints which are in line with the assumptions are imposed on the simulation experiments. Such constraints may include value restrictions, ratios between values, and conservation rules. The intrinsic teleological function of a bio-model describes its intended use and imposed constraints.
Conditional function
The questions addressed by the model, in general, assume certain boundary conditions and a specific initial state of the experimentally observed biological system. The boundary conditions determine the environment of the biological system (e.g. temperature, pH, nutrition) and may be reflected by corresponding kinetic data. It is also possible to give plausible ranges for some of the conditional values instead of single values. The extrinsic conditional function of a bio-model is expressed in terms of boundary conditions and initial states.
A bio-model contains state variables and formal parameters. In order to be used in simulation experiments, concrete values must be assigned to all parameters. This is called "model instantiation". Furthermore, the initial values for all state variables have to be chosen. The intrinsic conditional function of a bio-model makes the model ready to be used in simulation experiments by means of model instantiation and choice of initial values.
Pragmatical function
As mentioned above, bio-models explain or predict the behaviour of the modelled biological system. This teleological function requires a complementary description of the experimental settings which lead to the observed behaviour and allow for the verification of the predicted behaviour. Usually the experimental data is transformed into the final observations by means of result calculations. The extrinsic pragmatical function of a bio-model describes the experimental settings and result calculations related to the dynamic phenomena under investigation.
Bio-models are used in simulation experiments. The setup of the simulation experiments precisely describes the procedure applied to the instantiated model. This involves the simulation algorithm used and specific settings for this algorithm. In addition, the exact steps, their order and applied perturbations have to be specified. Post-processing of the raw data from the simulation experiments generates the desired outcome. The intrinsic pragmatical function of a bio-model describes the setup of the simulation experiments applied to the model structure and the post-processing which finally produces the model behaviour.
Formal approaches to the function of bio-models
Formal approaches for functional aspects of bio-models
Functional aspect
Teleological function
Intended use
Model use intention
Conditional function
Model instantiation
Not applicable
Boundary conditions
Pragmatical function
Experimental settings
To start the formalisation of a specific kind of scientific data, like bio-models, experiment protocols, or experimental results, the responsible community first of all has to agree on the information needed. So-called "Minimum Information Checklists" state what information at least has to be described. Checklists are semi-formal in that they structure the information. The information, however, is still formulated in natural language.
The concrete intrinsic functional description of the simulation experiments is the main focus of MIASE[10]. MIASE requests information about the simulation type (intended use, teleological function), the model instantiation (conditional function), the exact experimental setup, and the necessary post-processing (pragmatical function).
For the description of the extrinsic function there are a lot of specific checklists listed in the MIBBI portal (Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical Investigations,[13]), for example, MIAME (Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment,[14]) and MIFlowCyt (Minimum Information about a Flow Cytometry Experiment,[15]). The listed checklists concern information about the boundary conditions (conditional function) and the experimental settings (pragmatical function) for specific types of biological experiments. We are not aware of any checklists for the model use intentions (teleological function) of bio-models.
In most cases a checklist can be translated to a specification of a formal language. Such a formal language for describing simulation experiments is SED-ML (Simulation Experiment Description Markup Language,[16]) which allows to specify the type of simulation, i.e. the intended use (intrinsic teleological function), the model instantiation and initial values (intrinsic conditional function) as well as the setup and post-processing of the simulation experiments (intrinsic pragmatical function). However, SED-ML can not fully describe the intended use and the imposed constraints. The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML,[17]) used for the encoding of the model structure is also able to determine parameter values (model instantiation) and initial values. But, in order to be able to reuse models in different simulation experiments we suggest to clearly separate descriptions of models (in SBML) from descriptions of their use (in SED-ML).
There are languages for describing extrinsic experimental conditions and specific biological experiments. SABIO-RK (System for the Analysis of Biochemical Pathways – Reaction Kinetics,[18]), for example, allows the representation of experimental and environmental boundary conditions for measurements of the stored kinetic data. The Functional Genomics Experiment Object Model (FuGE,[19]) describes experimental settings in functional genomics. We will not go into detail here. We are not aware of any languages for the model use intentions (teleological function) of bio-models.
Ontologies formalise conceptual knowledge. They can provide vocabularies for formal languages.
The Kinetic Simulation Algorithm Ontology (KiSAO,[20]) is employed within SED-ML to precisely specify the algorithms used for the simulation experiment. Thus, KiSAO contributes to the description of the intrinsic pragmatical function of bio-models (setup).
Ontologies for intrinsic model instantiation seem not to be very useful: There is not much conceptual knowledge involved in assigning values to parameters and variables. This is not the case for the (extrinsic) boundary conditions. The Experimental Conditions Ontology (XCO)[21] provides a rich vocabulary of experimental conditions for phenotype experiments. The Measurement Method Ontology (MMO)[21] can be used for specifying the measurement method in descriptions of extrinsic experimental settings. Because XCO and MMO are slightly out of our scope we will not provide further details.
At the moment there exists no ontology for the teleological function of bio-models. In the next section we propose an ontology for both the intrinsic and the extrinsic teleological function.
A new ontology for intentions of bio-models
In this section we provide first ideas for an ontology for the teleological function of bio-models. For convenience, we will call this proposed ontology MINTENTO (Modelling Intention Ontology). Such an ontology would, for example, facilitate computer support for the choice of appropriate simulation types and methods based on intentions. Such an ontology would also allow to place simulation results in the context of the respective intentions. As a consequence, this will ease the reuse of simulation results.
How could an ontology for the teleological function of bio-models look like? Here we present first ideas for MINTENTO. The teleological function of bio-models comprises of two aspects: the extrinsic model use intentions and the intrinsic intended use of the model fulfilling the intentions. This reflects the difference between a function (here: "model use intention") and its realisation (here: "intended use") which is also employed for the ontological analysis of biological function by Burek et al.[22]. There may exist realisedBy relations between classes of the two main MINTENTO branches. A statement of the form "A realisedBy B", where A is a subclass of "model use intention" and B is a subclass of "intended use", means for every instance a of A there is an instance b of B (a process) such that the execution of b realises a. As a consequence the instance level relation realises reads as "fulfils or contributes to".
In MINTENTO we want to cover both aspects and appropriate realisedBy relations between them. To grammatically reflect this distinction we use infinitive verb forms (e.g. "to construct") for model use intentions and nouns for the realising processes (e.g. "construction"). MINTENTO specialises the upper ontology BFO (Basic Formal Ontology,[23]): "model use intention" is a subclass of the BFO concept "snap:Function" and "intended use" is a subclass of the BFO concept "span:Process".
The model use intentions for the investigation of a biological system are formulated in natural language. There is a wide diversity of model use intentions. Morrison and Morgan describe different high-level (teleological) functions of models[5]. Summarising they state:
"[...] models fulfil a wide range of functions in building, exploring and applying theories; in various measurement activities; and in the design and production of technologies for intervention in the world." ([5], p.24)
In order to illustrate such realisedBy relations between model use intentions and intended use we look at some common tasks ("model use intentions"), a bio-model is used for: (1) "to approximate" observed behaviour, (2) "to investigate" the variability in behaviour, (3) "to demonstrate" the ability for specific kinds of behaviour, and (4) "to explore" parameter influence on the behaviour. Each task requires a different corresponding (realisedBy) simulation type: (1) time series (eventually including parameter fitting), (2) bifurcation analysis, (3) stability analysis, and (4) parameter scan.
Related conceptual frameworks
In this section we will compare our conceptual framework for the function of bio-models with related conceptualisations from the fields of Artificial Intelligence, modelling and simulation, functional modelling, and biology.
The dual intrinsic/extrinsic interpretation of bio-models is rooted in the "knowledge representation hypothesis" from Artificial Intelligence:
"Any mechanically embodied intelligent process will be comprised of structural ingredients that a) we as external observers naturally take to represent a propositional account of the knowledge that the overall process exhibits, and b) independent of such external semantical attribution, play a formal but causal and essential role in engendering the behavior that manifests that knowledge." ([26], p.15)
Simon generalises this duality to all kinds of artifacts which serve as interfaces between an inner and an outer environment[27]. Rosen's modelling relation[6] is a congruence between an extrinsic/outer natural system and an intrinsic/inner formal system established by a model.
As stated above, a conceptual framework provides categories and relations between them which are employed to capture relevant knowledge fragments. There are other conceptual frameworks for modelling and simulation in general[28, 29], and in particular for bio-modelling[12]. Our meaning facets, however, provide much more details and are more rigid, i.e. they provide categories of finer granularity and define them more precisely. Our meaning facets are therefore a solid foundation for computer support for modelling and simulation based on formal knowledge representation.
Zeigler's notion of an "experimental frame"[29] resembles the model instantiation (conditional function) and the experimental setup (pragmatical function) presented in this paper. His experimental frame "is the operational formulation of the objectives that motivate a modeling and simulation project" ([29], p.27), i.e. it also describes the teleological function of a model.
The field of functional modelling relates structure, behaviour and function of engineering artifacts. Erden et al. reviews the different approaches to formalise function and its relations to structure and behaviour[8]. Two different notions of function are employed[8]: On the one hand, function is mediating between structure and behaviour and determines the "structural behaviours", i.e. all possible behaviours the model is able to show. This is essentially what we call conditional and pragmatical function, respectively. On the other hand, function refers to the intentions of the modeller and restricts the possible behaviours to the "expected behaviours". This notion of function as purpose corresponds to our teleological function. In short, functional modelling addresses "the questions of what the device and its components do or what the purpose of the device and its components are" ([8], p.149). Joining these two sides, function becomes "the bridge between human intention and physical behavior of artifacts" ([30], p.271). The distinction between structural and expected behaviours originates from Gero[31].
We transfer the notion of function in biology to modelling in systems biology. There are some strong parallels between function in biology and function of bio-models. The idea that function links between structure and behaviour is deeply rooted in molecular biology, as, e.g., stated by Lander:
"If one such behavior seems useful (to the organism), it becomes a candidate for explaining why the network itself was selected, i.e., it is seen as a potential purpose for the network." ([32], p.0712)
However, we will not discuss the notion of function in biology further here. Krohs and Kroes compare the notion of function in biology and technology and examines disanalogies and parallels[33].
There are some formal approaches to biological function. Ontologies like EcoCyc[34] and the Gene Ontology[35] list molecular functions played by biological entities. Burek et al. presents an ontology of biological functions which formalises three functional aspects[22]: the so-called "function structure", the realisation and the has-function relation, which could be related to our teleological, pragmatical and conditional function, respectively. Because of the different knowledge domains of[22] and our work, the two are not identical. We provide more details on each functional aspect. However, the similarity of these conceptualisation and the one presented in this paper can be seen as further justification for transferring the notion of biological function to bio-models.
We have applied the notion of function to dynamic models in Systems Biology. Function is the link between the model structure and the model behaviour. The intrinsic function of bio-models describes three aspects of the model's use: Why should the model be used in simulation experiments (teleological function)? Which model instance should be used in simulation experiments (conditional function)? How should the model be used in simulation experiments (pragmatical function)? The extrinsic function of a bio-model refers to the intentions of using the model in order to address biological questions.
The presented conceptual framework of the functional aspects of bio-models was used to systematise and review corresponding formal accounts. Some functional aspects are well covered by checklists, languages and associated ontologies. However, there are no checklists and languages for the extrinsic teleological function. Closing these gaps would improve the standardised descriptions of biological experiments.
At the moment there also exists no ontology for the model use intentions and the intended use of bio-models. We outlined such an ontology, the Modelling Intention Ontology (MINTENTO). Since this is ongoing work we are only presenting first thoughts about MINTENTO here. We nevertheless believe that these thoughts provide an important starting point for developing an ontology for the teleological function of bio-models. Next steps would involve the incorporation of lower levels terms and the specification of MINTENTO in some standard format like OWL (Web Ontology Language,[36]).
Our ontological analysis of functional aspects of dynamic models in Systems Biology and their use in simulation experiments provides an important prerequisite for formalising the involved knowledge. Ultimately, this will improve any computer-supported research method for answering biological questions by means of bio-models.
We acknowledge Johannes Kretzschmar, Uwe Krüger and Christian Schäufler for valuable discussions about the topic.
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text:
Roaring Lions Run Rabbits Off!
An Emergent Literacy Lesson
Taylor Bullard
Rationale: This lesson teaches students that the consonant r = /r/. This goal is important because, in order to be able to read, students must be able to connect each letter to a mouth move and think about what their mouth is doing as they say the sound. In this lesson, children will learn to recognize words containing the r sound. To help students reach the goal of knowing that r = /r/, they will learn a meaningful representation (a roaring lion makes the r sound, the round part of the R could be his ear), practice finding /r/ in words, and apply phonetic awareness with /r/ in phonetic cue reading by distinguishing rhyming words from beginning letters.
1.Graphic image of roaring lion
2.Primary paper and pencil for each student
3.Chart with "Roaring Lions Run Rabbits Off"
4.Drawing paper and crayons
5.Rosie's Roses by Henry Cole
6.Word cards with: Rosie, rainbow, walk, ribbon, big
7.Assessment worksheet identifying pictures with /r/
1.Say: In order to become expert readers, we need to learn the code that helps us pronounce words. We have already learned short vowel sounds a, e, i, o, and u so now we will move to the consonants. We are going to learn that r = /r/. When I hear /r/ I think of a lion roaring loudly! (roar for children). Show image and repeat that r = /r/. "See if you can say this tongue tickler: Roaring lions run rabbits off." (let them say it together in unison). Emphasize that they must say it in a low voice so that we don't disturb other classes. Have students say it with teacher and drag out the r. "rrroaring lions rrrrrun rrrrabbits off." Notice how my mouth moves when I say /r/. It is open a little and my tongue moves up. Can you say /r/ one more time and see if your mouth does the same thing? Good, did you feel your tongue go up and your mouth open a little bit? (Wait for answer). Very good! Lions roar loudly, and it can be scary!
2.Say: Now let's pretend to be a lion. Model for the students how you want them to put their hands up like claws and pretend to be a lion. Can you do it with me? Remember our mouth is open a little bit and our tongue moves up. Let's do it. /r//r//r///r/.
3.Say: Let me show you how to find /r/ in the word brat. I'm going to stretch brat out in
super slow motion and listen for my lion. Bb-rrr-aa-ttt. Slower: bb-rrr-aaaa-ttttt.
There it was! I felt my mouth open and my tongue move up. I can feel the roaring lion in
4.Say: Let's try a tongue twister [on chart]. "Roaring lions run rabbits off". Everybody
say it three times together. Now say it again, and this time, stretch the /r/ at the
beginning of the words. "RRRoaring lions rrrrrun rrrrrabitts off."Try it again, and
this time break it off the word: "/r/ oaring lions /r/ un /r/ abitts off".
[Have students take out primary paper and pencil]. Say: We use letter R to spell /r/.
Capital R looks the ear of our tiger. (Show picture.) Let's write the lowercase letter r. Start at the fence and go straight down to the sidewalk. Now go straight back up to the fence and make the ear. (model). I want to see everybody's r. After I put a green check on it, I want you to make nine more just like it.
5.Call on students to answer and tell how they knew: Say: Do you hear /r/ in work or
fun? finger or toe? Yellow or red? Lift or drop? Stiff or sore? Say: Let's see if you can spot
the mouth move /r/ in some words. Brush your teeth if you hear /r/: raining, rest, little, read, bed.
6.Say: Let's look at a book with the letter /r/. Rosie's Roses. For Aunt Ruth's birthday, Rosie wants to get her 4 roses tied with a rainbow ribbon. As Rosie rambles through the forest, they mysteriously disappear. Where are they going? Can you guess? Read the first page and ask the students if they heard /r/. Where did you hear it? Tell the students to do their lion roar whenever they hear the /r/ as you read the rest of the story. Now ask them to make up a silly creature name like Ruffle-raffy-rue, or Rupping-rainy-rob. Then have each student write their silly name with invented spelling and draw a picture of their silly creature. Display their work.
7.Show ROSIE and model how to decide if it is Rosie or fosie: The R tells me to make my lion roar, /r/, so this word is RRR-osie, Rosie. You try some: RAINBOW: rainbow or dainbow WALK: talk or walk? RIBBON: ribbon or pibbon BIG: pig or big.
8.Say: That was a fun story. What was happening to Rosie's roses? Right! Why did that happen? Right. Before we finish up our lesson on the roaring lion r I want you to take this work sheet and color the pictures that begin with the letter r. (Take up sheet to monitor individual progress.)
Lesson Idea:
Haynes, Ellen. R is Grrrrrrrreat! Fall 2011. Auburn University. http://www.auburn.edu/academic/education/reading_genie/doorways/hayneseel.htm
Assessment: http://www.kidzone.ws/imageschanged/kindergarten/r-as-begins2.gif
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text:
Nellie Ruth Halloran and Joseph John Donaldson
Nellie Ruth Halloran and Joseph John Donaldson were united in marriage on Saturday, Aug. 10, 2013 at The Farm in Irishtown, under an apple tree, with their guests enjoying a gorgeous view of nearby Green Mountain.
The bride is the daughter of Andrew and Katherine Halloran of Olmstedville, New York. She is a graduate of the University of Arizona with a Bachelor of Arts in French, and a graduate of Albany Law School of Union University with a Juris Doctorate. She is employed at the Warren County Public Defender's Office in Lake George, New York as an Assistant Public Defender.
The groom is the son of Laura L. (Martin) Donaldson and the late John F. Donaldson III of Schroon Lake, New York. He recently studied Electrical Technology at SUNY Adirondack and is employed at Encore Electronics in Wilton, New York. He is also in the Army Reserves, having previously spent 8 years on active duty.
The reception followed at The Farm under a beautiful tent. Guests enjoyed playing Bocce, Horseshoes, Ping Pong, Croquet and Badminton, and eating a create-your-own pasta dish. Wine and beer flowed while guests danced the night away to music performed by local band Cosmic Jackson.
Nellie and Joe reside in Olmstedville, New York with their five-month old daughter, Claudia.


text:
Sunday, 8 December 2013
16 comments:
the face mask is great! i use it every now and then :)ReplyDelete
Oooh really I might have to pamper myself this weekend :) xDelete
ooo some nice picks! that eyeshadow shade is beautiful!ReplyDelete
They are aren't they! So thoughtful! Such a pretty colour :) xDelete
Soap and glory you cant go wrong xxReplyDeleteReplies
Hehe I have never reallly used soap and glory before so I'm excited to try this! :) xDelete
You naughty girl! My Secret Santa arrived and I have put it under the tree. I am resisting the urge to open it though! You have some fabulous presents there, what a great parcel!!ReplyDeleteReplies
Oooh you're too good. I'm awful anything wrapped I have to have a feel!!Delete
everything looks great! secret santa is always so exciting!ReplyDelete
It's so much fun. It's the first one I've ever done and I'd totally do it again!! XReplyDelete
Love the secret santa treat! I'm sure I won't be able to resist too and just opened my box hehee. You have one generous santa. Enjoy! xx Donah (UK bloggers)ReplyDeleteReplies
I know she was so generous! So much goodies to play with! xxDelete
I am excited waiting for mine to come! I am very jealous of yours though, I love everything you got!ReplyDelete
I do too! Ooh be sure to share yours i'd love to see what you got!! hehe nosey! :) xDelete
Great picks. I'm looking forward to reading some reviews :)ReplyDelete
Uncover the Untold
Super great picks! :) I have started using a handful of them so I'll definitely do a review soon :) xReplyDelete


text:
It's cute that those friends think the academic job search is anything at all like other job searches, in which you have a reasonable hope of living in a region you find desirable and getting work commensurate with your qualifications. They don't realize how someone intelligent, competent, and disciplined enough to earn a Ph.D. can be utterly desperate, forced to apply for every job advertised and to take anything offered. —Jonathan Malesic —No Longer a Desperado (Chronicle)
For some reason, a good chunk of the freshmen in my Intro to Literary Study class are talking about grad school this year. I want to be encouraging, but also realistic. What Malesic says about a religous studies Ph.D. applies equally well to an English Ph.D.