text:
Using Tendermint¶
This is a guide to using the
tendermint program from the command
line. It assumes only that you have the
tendermint binary installed
and have some rudimentary idea of what Tendermint and ABCI are.
You can see the help menu with
tendermint --help, and the version
number with
tendermint version.
Directory Root¶
The default directory for blockchain data is
~/.tendermint. Override
this by setting the
TMROOT environment variable.
Initialize the root directory by running:
tendermint init
This will create a new private key (
priv_validator.json), and a
genesis file (
genesis.json) containing the associated public key.
This is all that's necessary to run a local testnet with one validator.
For more elaborate initialization, see our testnet deployment tool.
To run a tendermint node, use
tendermint node
By default, Tendermint will try to connect to a abci appliction on
127.0.0.1:46658. If you have the
dummy ABCI
app installed, run it in another window. If you don't, kill tendermint
and run an in-process version with
tendermint node --proxy_app=dummy
After a few seconds you should see blocks start streaming in. Note that blocks are produced regularly, even if there are no transactions. This changes with this pull request.
Tendermint supports in-process versions of the dummy, counter, and nil
apps that ship as examples in the ABCI
repository. It's easy to compile
your own app in-process with tendermint if it's written in Go. If your
app is not written in Go, simply run it in another process, and use the
--proxy_app flag to specify the address of the socket it is
listening on, for instance
tendermint node --proxy_app=/var/run/abci.sock
To send a transaction, use
curl to make requests to the Tendermint
RPC server:
curl http://localhost:46657/broadcast_tx_commit?tx=\"abcd\"
For handling responses, we recommend you install the jsonpp tool to pretty print the JSON.
We can see the chain's status at the
/status end-point:
curl http://localhost:46657/status | jsonpp
and the
latest_app_hash in particular:
curl http://localhost:46657/status | jsonpp | grep app_hash
Visit http://localhost:46657 in your browser to see the list of other
endpoints. Some take no arguments (like
/status), while others
specify the argument name and use
_ as a placeholder.
WARNING: UNSAFE Only do this in development and only if you can afford to lose all blockchain data!
To reset a blockchain, stop the node, remove the
directory and run
tendermint unsafe_reset_priv_validator
This final step is necessary to reset the
priv_validator.json, which
otherwise prevents you from making conflicting votes in the consensus
(something that could get you in trouble if you do it on a real
blockchain). If you don't reset the
priv_validator.json, your fresh
new blockchain will not make any blocks.
Tendermint uses a
config.toml for configuration. For details, see
the documentation.
Notable options include the socket address of the application
proxy_app), the listenting address of the tendermint peer
p2p.laddr), and the listening address of the rpc server
Some fields from the config file can be overwritten with flags.
No Empty Blocks¶
This much requested feature was implemented in version 0.10.3. While the default behaviour of
tendermint is still to create blocks approximately once per second, it is possible to disable empty blocks or set a block creation interval. In the former case, blocks will be created when there are new transactions or when the AppHash changes.
To configure tendermint to not produce empty blocks unless there are txs or the app hash changes, run tendermint with this additional flag:
tendermint node --consensus.create_empty_blocks=false
or set the configuration via the
config.toml file:
create_empty_blocks = false
Remember: because the default is to create empty blocks, avoiding empty blocks requires the config option to be set to
The block interval setting allows for a delay (in seconds) between the creation of each new empty block. It is set via the
create_empty_blocks_interval = 5
With this setting, empty blocks will be produced every 5s if no block has been produced otherwise, regardless of the value of create_empty_blocks.
Broadcast API¶
Earlier, we used the
broadcast_tx_commit endpoint to send a
transaction. When a transaction is sent to a tendermint node, it will
run via
CheckTx against the application. If it passes
it will be included in the mempool, broadcast to other peers, and
eventually included in a block.
Since there are multiple phases to processing a transaction, we offer multiple endpoints to broadcast a transaction:
These correspond to no-processing, processing through the mempool, and
processing through a block, respectively. That is,
broadcast_tx_async, will return right away without waiting to hear
if the transaction is even valid, while
broadcast_tx_sync will
return with the result of running the transaction through
broadcast_tx_commit will wait until the transaction is
committed in a block or until some timeout is reached, but will return
right away if the transaction does not pass
CheckTx. The return
value for
broadcast_tx_commit includes two fields,
check_tx and
deliver_tx, pertaining to the result of running the transaction
through those ABCI messages.
The benefit of using
broadcast_tx_commit is that the request returns
after the transaction is committed (ie. included in a block), but that
can take on the order of a second. For a quick result, use
broadcast_tx_sync, but the transaction will not be committed until
later, and by that point its effect on the state may change.
Tendermint Networks¶
tendermint init is run, both a
genesis.json and
priv_validator.json are created in
~/.tendermint. The
genesis.json might look like:
"app_hash": "",
"chain_id": "test-chain-HZw6TB",
"genesis_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
"validators": [
"power": 10,
"name": "",
"pub_key": [
And the
"address": "4F4D895F882A18E1D1FC608D102601DA8D3570E5",
"last_height": 0,
"last_round": 0,
"last_signature": null,
"last_signbytes": "",
"last_step": 0,
"priv_key": [
"pub_key": [
priv_validator.json actually contains a private key, and should
thus be kept absolutely secret; for now we work with the plain text.
Note the
last_ fields, which are used to prevent us from signing
conflicting messages.
Note also that the
pub_key (the public key) in the
priv_validator.json is also present in the
The genesis file contains the list of public keys which may participate
in the consensus, and their corresponding voting power. Greater than 2/3
of the voting power must be active (ie. the corresponding private keys
must be producing signatures) for the consensus to make progress. In our
case, the genesis file contains the public key of our
priv_validator.json, so a tendermint node started with the default
root directory will be able to make new blocks, as we've already seen.
If we want to add more nodes to the network, we have two choices: we can add a new validator node, who will also participate in the consensus by proposing blocks and voting on them, or we can add a new non-validator node, who will not participate directly, but will verify and keep up with the consensus protocol.
To connect to peers on start-up, specify them in the
config.toml or
on the command line.
For instance,
tendermint node --p2p.seeds "126.96.36.199:46656,18.104.22.168:46656"
Alternatively, you can use the
/dial_seeds endpoint of the RPC to
specify peers for a running node to connect to:
curl --data-urlencode "seeds=[\"126.96.36.199:46656\",\"184.108.40.206:46656\"]" localhost:46657/dial_seeds
Additionally, the peer-exchange protocol can be enabled using the
--pex flag, though this feature is still under
development If
--pex is enabled, peers will gossip about known peers and form a
more resilient network.
Adding a Non-Validator¶
Adding a non-validator is simple. Just copy the original
genesis.json to
~/.tendermint on the new machine and start the
node, specifying seeds as necessary. If no seeds are specified, the node
won't make any blocks, because it's not a validator, and it won't hear
about any blocks, because it's not connected to the other peer.
Adding a Validator¶
The easiest way to add new validators is to do it in the
genesis.json, before starting the network. For instance, we could
make a new
priv_validator.json, and copy it's
pub_key into the
above genesis.
We can generate a new
priv_validator.json with the command:
tendermint gen_validator
Now we can update our genesis file. For instance, if the new
priv_validator.json looks like:
"address": "AC379688105901436A34A65F185C115B8BB277A1",
"last_height": 0,
"last_round": 0,
"last_signature": null,
"last_signbytes": "",
"last_step": 0,
"priv_key": [
"pub_key": [
then the new
genesis.json will be:
"app_hash": "",
"chain_id": "test-chain-HZw6TB",
"genesis_time": "0001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
"validators": [
"power": 10,
"name": "",
"pub_key": [
"power": 10,
"name": "",
"pub_key": [
Update the
genesis.json in
~/.tendermint. Copy the genesis file
and the new
priv_validator.json to the
~/.tendermint on a new
Now run
tendermint node on both machines, and use either
--p2p.seeds or the
/dial_seeds to get them to peer up. They
should start making blocks, and will only continue to do so as long as
both of them are online.
To make a Tendermint network that can tolerate one of the validators failing, you need at least four validator nodes (> 2/3).
Updating validators in a live network is supported but must be explicitly programmed by the application developer. See the application developers guide for more details.
Local Network¶
To run a network locally, say on a single machine, you must change the
_laddr fields in the
config.toml (or using the flags) so that
the listening addresses of the various sockets don't conflict.
Additionally, you must set
addrbook_strict=false in the
config.toml, otherwise Tendermint's p2p library will deny making
connections to peers with the same IP address.


text:
Saturday, March 13, 2010
Vlog: Ask Me Questions About Unschooling?
It's aimed mainly at the aforementioned YouTube audience, but I'd welcome questions from blog readers as well! My YouTube channel: Catzie690
4 comments:
Here's my question(s): How do you see unschooling evolving in 10 or 20 years from now on? Will it move towards mainstream (enough people practicing so that pretty much anyone has some kind of exposure to it)? Will it be extinct (i.e. outlawed through government intervention)? What do you think?ReplyDelete
I'm going to try and write up a video response to this as my question is very involved.ReplyDelete
My name is Georgia Brooke on facebook, I introduced myself to you there. You can call me Brooke since I am use to that name. I would like to make a comment about something I observed about you. I was reading one of your resent blogs regarding feeling like you should have accomplished more by now in comparison to others your age. I may not be wording it right but that seemed to be the jest of it. When I first viewed one of your vlogs on youtube, that was one of my first experiences hearing you speak on matters of unschooling, green anarchy, and attached parenting. I was impressed and very excited to see someone that is unschooled at your age speaking so fluently on such matters. You are very much a philosophical type of person and as I am also this type of person I was very fascinated.
Though I went to school I have unschooled myself first off I block everything out they tried to force on me in school and let nature be my teacher. I have had many obstacles but really feel I am coming to a place of comfort with who I am with no apologies once you get into that place guilt and fear fall to the wayside.
My question being that I can relate to your ideas on green anarchy and would love to hear you speak more regarding this subject. I am still not certain I know exactly what it is, though I have my own ideas I believe are similar since I have read Ishmael that was about 2 years ago and I am currently studying other types of philosophy in the area of the free thought movement.
I suppose I should get on with the question and reframe from my babbling;) So I am wondering in your perspective how does one find balance in the ideas of green anarchy and unschooling. Say especially if you take on a lifestyle in which you more and more disconnect from civilization and move more and more towards natural earth dwelling. I am living these questions but would be very interested to hear your perspective on freedom vs being a natural human being not sure the best way to put that last part, but that should do. Maybe I should also give some examples we have no tv.. not cause I think its evil but for the type of lifestyle we are striving towards it does not fit in.. eventually we want to build our own earthbag homes with our own hands and live off grid without electricity though I am sure we will set up an area for wireless internet.
@Augustin Moga: Thanks for asking such an interesting question!! I've never thought of that before, but now it's something I'm pondering...ReplyDelete
@Starre: Cool, I'm looking forward to seeing it!
@Brooke: Hey! I remember your comment... It's always so great to come across others with similar views!
I think it's amazing that you managed to do that in school!! So few people manage to, but I feel like that's probably the best way to make it through school and remain *whole*.
It's very hard putting that guilt and fear by the wayside... It's something I'm constantly working on...
Ishmael is an amazing book! I know many people who came to green anarchist thoughts from reading that book. I'll hopefully speak more about the subject soon, but until then, I'll give you a link to a post I wrote not too long ago about green anarchy... You may have already seen it, but if not, here's the link: http://yes-i-can-write.blogspot.com/2010/02/green-anarchy.html I've found many different anarchist ideas to be very interesting, green anarchy is just what's called to me the most.
Hey, long comments are good! :-) Very interesting question, and one I'm going to think about...
Anyway, thanks for your comment and question! :-)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Nowadays more than ever there is this expectation and belief that everyone's life is picture perfect. That somehow they have it all figured out and they have managed to get to that elusive happy place. But when you look a little closer and you dig a little deeper you realise that there are cracks and… Continue reading Are you tired of pretending everything is OK?
Coming Home
I actually wrote this blog post a few months ago and never really got around to posting it as it didn't seem that urgent. But a few days ago I was blown away by a realisation made through my Effortless Lifestyle program and I realised my blog post was soooooooo relevant and desperately wanted to… Continue reading Coming Home
Yesterday was our three month 'vanniversary' and we definitely did not celebrate! Three months has flown by but also three months is a long time to be in relatively large van with my toddler and my boyfriend. One of the words that keeps popping into my mind is SPACE. I desperately need some space. Somebody… Continue reading Space
It's just another year around the Sun
This month has been the month of birthdays. Mine first, Sol's second and Ben's last. Birthdays are funny ones. They are seen as milestone, a celebration, another year survived. Some dread it some welcome it but the point is it's the time you came into being on this planet. It's your first step, your first… Continue reading It's just another year around the Sun
An update on YogiMamaLove
So I feel like I should have a little update on what I am up to now. I started this blog almost two years ago during a massive period of change and darkness. My son was recently born and I was coming to terms shall we say with parenthood as well as trying to deal… Continue reading An update on YogiMamaLove
When drugs aren't the answer; A natural approach to Depression
So I mentioned in my previous post that I suffered from pretty bad post-natal depression after I had my son. In fact I have had a few serious bouts of depression over the course of the last 15 years and was kind of expecting it but I didn't think it would be as bad as… Continue reading When drugs aren't the answer; A natural approach to Depression
Can Living the Dream actually be a Nightmare?
We bought the van, we packed up and said goodbye to our family and friends and boarded the ferry to Europe. New life here we come!
My ten minutes for me
There are so many things I could not do in 10 minutes and instead spend 10 minutes faffing around checking my emails for the millionth time or cleaning the kitchen. But today instead I did 10 minutes of yoga and it felt the same as if I had done a full class. The feeling I… Continue reading My ten minutes for me
Challenge yourself
I think about Yoga a lot! Most of my waking day is spent thinking about yoga postures, sequences, breathing and a million other random yoga related thoughts. Today, I got to thinking about the challenges that we put our bodies through...... In today's society we are constantly challenging ourselves and our bodies to achieve more,… Continue reading Challenge yourself
The return of my body
Today I did a full 1.5 hour yoga practice! The first in almost 8 months and it felt amazing. My body is coming back to me and I think it is even stronger than ever. Pre baby I realise I was not that aware of my body. I mean OK I was aware of my… Continue reading The return of my body


text:
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text:
Prolific Vancouver musician Nicholas Krgovich — a member of No Kids, GIGI, and P:ANO — is about to drop a solo album called On Sunset, and today we present the lead single. Even if it wasn't called "Along The PCH On Oscar Night" it would be a total night-driving song — melancholy yet propulsive soft rock that sounds like the midpoint between Dave Longstreth and Donald Fagen. You'd do well to listen to it below.
Also, here's a trailer for On Sunset featuring more music from the album:
On Sunset is out 9/23 on Krgovich's own NK World Service and Tin Angel. Check out a large backlog of Krgovich releases at Bandcamp, and see him on his World Domination Tour this month:


text:
If you've noticed any signs and symptoms of diabetes, visit your doctor and get checked now.
Find diabetes-friendly recipes for every meal.
Look for special events, expos, programs and services close to home or a mouse-click away.
We invest in world-class diabetes research to find a cure and help people live healthy lives.
Diabetes Canada accepts gently used clothing, electronics and small household items.
View and download the 2017 accessible and interactive report.
Learn more about our evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes.
Diabetes Canada believes that a person with diabetes should be eligible for employment in any occupation for which he or she is individually qualified.
In being considered for employment in safety-sensitive positions, a person with diabetes has the right to be assessed for specific job duties on his or her own merits based on reasonable standards applied consistently.
Employers have the duty to accommodate employees with diabetes unless the employer can show it to cause undue hardship to the organization.
Read the Diabetes Canada's full position statement on employment, including background and rationale.
Discrimination can come in many forms. It is possible that an employer may refuse to hire you after an employment medical, limit your job responsibilities or promotions, or fire you. Sometimes an employer might simply not bother to find out what diabetes really involves and take the easy option of employing someone they don't see as a risk.
Examples of discrimination in the workplace:
It is discriminatory practice for an employer to establish a policy that denies employment opportunities on a prohibited ground of discrimination (i.e. diabetes) unless the employer can establish the practice to be a bona fide occupational requirement and therefore impossible to accommodate.
Many blanket policies are a result of long-standing practices, often the result of outdated ideas about diabetes. Although there are fewer blanket policies these days, some still remain for people with diabetes using insulin.
Problems in the workplace can sometimes be resolved by educating your employer about diabetes and about your medical needs. For more information, see Diabetes Canada's Diabetes in the Workplace: A Guide for Employers and Employees.
When education isn't enough, try to negotiate a resolution to the problem. Call on others to help, including colleagues, your diabetes team, union, or elected official.
Other times you will need to take more formal action by filing a lawsuit or human rights complaint.
1981 was the International Year of the Disabled. It marked the year that equality rights were extended to the disabled in an amended version of section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and in the human rights legislation of most of the provinces in Canada. These protections extend to people living with diabetes.
Section 15 (1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was effective April 17, 1985, provides:
15 (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination, and in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.
The Charter applies only to federal, provincial and territorial governments and their boards and agencies. While the Charter may be used to challenge federal and provincial laws, actions and programs, it cannot be used to remedy discrimination in the private sector.
Most workplace discrimination issues fall under the jurisdiction of federal or provincial/territorial human rights legislation.
The federal parliament and provincial legislatures in Canada have enacted human rights legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of physical disability. As defined within the context of human rights law, diabetes is a disability for which discrimination is prohibited.
Although employers and others are not permitted to discriminate against people with diabetes, sometimes it occurs because of a lack of correct information about diabetes or assumptions made about diabetes.
In the case of discrimination in the workplace, if you are employed in federal work, the matter would come under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Human Rights Commission. Airlines, railways and interprovincial transportation companies are a few examples of matters which fall under federal jurisdiction.
Subsection 3(1), paragraph 7 (a) and section 14 of the Canadian Human Rights Act stipulates the following:
3 (1) For all purposes of this Act, race national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, marital status, family status, disability and conviction for which a pardon has been granted are prohibited grounds of discrimination.
7. It is discriminatory practice, directly or indirectly
(a) to refuse to employ or continue to employ an individual on a prohibited ground of discrimination.
People who are not employed in federal work are governed by the laws of the province or territory in which they work. Provincial and territorial human rights codes prohibit discrimination on the ground of disability.
Human rights legislation specifies that an employer must accommodate a person with diabetes up to the point of "undue hardship". This means that an employer must do what is necessary in the workplace to enable a person with diabetes to perform the essential duties of a job unless the employer would suffer undue hardship in terms of health, safety and cost.
For example, if an employee with diabetes requires regularly scheduled breaks during the day to have a snack or to administer insulin, the employer would be legally obligated in the vast majority of cases to permit such a break.
Other requests for accommodation might include:
These are the types of accommodations most commonly requested by employees with diabetes, but other employees may need different adjustments or changes. Employers should ask the particular employee requesting accommodation what he or she needs that will help top do the job.
If a request for reasonable accommodation is declined, an employee can file a human rights complaint against his or her employer.
If you feel that you have been discriminated against because of diabetes, you should discuss your complaint and the process with a human rights officer with either the Canadian Human Rights Commission (for federal issues) or your provincial/territorial human rights commission (for provincial/territorial issues).
There are deadlines to filing a human rights complaint, so it should be done as soon as possible following the discriminatory action or event.
Federal issues
Local issues
Provincial/Territorial Human Rights Commissions locations:
With proper care and treatment, people with diabetes can achieve an optimal quality of life. Although diabetes can be a potentially disabling disease, particularly if complications ensue, it does not in and of itself constitute a disability. However, for the purpose of human rights law, diabetes is considered a disability for which discrimination is prohibited.
People with diabetes have a right to be assessed on an individual basis to determine if their diabetes constitutes a disability as defined within the specific context.
Read the Diabetes Canada's full position statement on diabetes as a disability, including background and rationale.
Your medical information is confidential unless you work in a safety-sensitive position. Therefore, unless health-related questions are directly related to a specific job requirement, you are not required to report medical information on an employment application or in an employment interview.
Similarly, if you are already working, your employer does not need to be informed about a diagnosis of diabetes unless you wish to disclose or unless you need your employer to provide appropriate accommodation to manage to diabetes.
Examples include:
These jobs require a determination of medical fitness as a part of the employment selection process and then regularly thereafter. Mental and physical fitness is mandatory. Impaired performance due to a medical condition could result in an incident affecting the health and safety of employees, the public, property or the environment.
It is discriminatory to deny employment because of diabetes. However, applicants and employees with diabetes will be required to demonstrate that their diabetes is well managed and their risk of hypoglycemia is low.
Many people do not have a good understanding of diabetes and how it can be managed. Some employers believe that people with diabetes may present a safety risk to the employer or to the public – a fear often based on misinformation or lack of up-to-date knowledge about diabetes. Oftentimes the greatest concern is that hypoglycemia will cause sudden unexpected incapacitation.
Generally, the restrictions apply to those requiring insulin to manage their diabetes:
Sure, there was a time when having diabetes would have been a deal-breaker if you were being considered for a job that involved shift work. Not anymore.
Today, managing diabetes on the job is much easier and more effective, thanks to new insulin analogues. Better meters to measure blood glucose and better education for the person with diabetes as well as for employers and co-workers are also helping.
For more information and guidelines, read Diabetes & Shift Work.
Where a union employee faces discrimination at work because of diabetes there may be sufficient grounds to initiate a grievance under the Collective Agreement. A concerned employee should take the matter up with their union representative. In most cases, the union has a duty to pursue the grievance on behalf of the employee and will cover the costs incurred.
People with diabetes face many issues that have serious effects on their physical, emotional and financial quality of life.
Build your diabetes care team by attending programs, support services and events in your community.
Choose from a variety of meaningful cards perfect any time of year.
Your donation will ensure research never stops – help End Diabetes Now.


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Canoe Colorado
If using a tablet or phone, please view in landscape mode in order to see the full page
All touring kayaks in stock discounted 10% through February
There are several outfitters in Colorado who offer guided trips. Check out Centennial Canoe Outfitters (720-283-0553), Rimrock Adventures (970-858-9555) or Canyon Passages (303-444-8949 or 303-552-8009). These outfitters may also offer rentals and shuttle services.
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text:
Don't Make Me Blog About This Mug ($17.00)
It seems nowadays that everyone and their mother (pun included) has a blog and would enjoy displaying this mug.
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riotous riotBar gift set ($24.99)
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Eight Maids a Milking- Half Pint Garden ($15.00)
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Positivity Glass ($15)
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Butter & Jam Spreader$7.00 http://www.leifshop.com/product/butter-jam-spreader
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Candy Coal – 5oz ($8.00)
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Don't sweat the small stuff and keep the holidays fun!


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Off The Cuff: Are We About To See Taper Tantrum 2.0?
In this week's Off The Cuff podcast, Chris and Axel Merk discuss:
- Taper Tantrum 2.0?
- The Fed wants to tighten. But can it?
- Bad Balance Sheets
- Can central banks simply hold their bad assets forever?
- The Flattening Yield Curve
- A classic signal of approaching recession
- Bitcoin
- Trying to make sense of the recent run-up
Recorded before today's FMOC announcement, Chris and Axel discuss the next moves of the central banks, who's intervention and collusion have driven markets more than any other factor over the past decade. Most people don't realize that monthly liquidity injections are currentlyat their highest ever since QE began.
Now that the Fed is talking seriously about tightening -- can it? Or will the markets revert to throwing a tantrum as the global liquidity spigots begin to reduce their flow?
Looking for a financial adviser who sees the world through a similar lens as we do? Free consultation available.Learn More »
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Saturday, September 17, 2011
After the Double Dip
Even though most industrialized economies are groaning under stagnant growth and high unemployment, elite opinion has it that the really important thing is to reduce fiscal deficits. This is orthodoxy in the US and gospel in Europe. Largely because of procyclical policy we are staring at a possible second dip into the Great Recession.
Among the many nasty outcomes of such a re-dip, one is sure to be a further deterioration in public debt-GDP ratios. Everything conspires to this: tax revenues will fall, transfers to the swelling ranks of the poor and unemployed will rise, and the denominator—GDP itself—will shrink. "Responsible fiscal policy" will be a victim of the downturn, and nothing can be done about it.
So let's look ahead. Suppose we end up in this second dip, and government debt undergoes a new round of expansion: what then? If current debt-to-GDP ratios are "unsustainable", what will the guardians of fiscal responsibility say about the even higher levels on the horizon? Is this another sort of doom loop, a downward spiral of economic collapse and self-defeating austerity?
I don't have a crystal ball, but a little ground-level political economy is the next best thing. I predict that all concern about fiscal rectitude will be thrown out the window as soon as the next downturn takes hold. A sudden consensus will emerge everywhere that governments must borrow to the hilt in order to bail out investors and set a floor under effective demand. In fact, today's austerian orthodoxy will vanish from public memory, as if it never existed.
After this it becomes a bit more difficult to forecast. As with all models, the political economy model (the dominant class of wealth-holders spans the feasible political space) ends up extrapolating from the past. It tells us that, after private portfolios are again rebalanced toward publicly issued assets in the crisis, concern will shift back to the solvency of sovereigns, and austerity will once more be on the table. But this assumes that learning does not take place.
And it also assumes that, in the next panic, there is no force, internal to the financial elite or outside them, that ejects them from the driver's seat.
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Critical Care Medicine
Drug-Induced Lung Disease
Drug-induced Lung Disease
Also known as
Drug-induced pneumonitis/fibrosis
Drug-induced non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Bronchiolitis Obliterans and Organizing Pneumonia
Drug-induced Bronchospasm
Medication-related pleural effusions
Drug-induced Pulmonary renal syndromes
Drug-induced lupus
Medication-related pulmonary vascular disease
Medication-related diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
1. Description of the problem
Adverse drug reactions constitute the fifth or sixth leading cause of death in the United States, ranking it ahead of pneumonia and after heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD and accidents. The lung parenchyma is particularly at risk for the development of injury.
Clinical syndromes
Patients who develop a pulmonary drug toxicity will generally present with one of several clinical syndromes listed in
Table I.
Clinical syndromes asociated with drug-induced lung injury
|1. Interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis3. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema4. Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia (BOOP)5. Bronchospasm6. Pleural effusion7. Pulmonary renal syndrome8. Drug-induced SLE syndrome9. Pulmonary vascular disease10. Diffuse alverolar hemorrhage
Many different classes of drugs can cause lung injury, however, this list can be simplified into those that are cytotoxic and those that are not. The drug classes and examples of specific agents in each class are included in
Table II.
Pharmacological agents responsible for pulmonary toxicity
|Cytotoxic drugs
|A. Cytotoxic antibiotics1. Bleomycin2. Mitomycin3. Zinostatin
|B. Nitrosureas1. Carmustine2. Other nitrosureas
|C. Alkylating agents1. Busulfan2. Cyclophosphamide3. Chlorambucil4. Melphalan
|D. Antimetabolites1. Methotrexate2. Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine3. Cytosine arabinoside
|E. Other cytotoxic drugs1. Procarbazine2. Etoposide3. Vinca alkaloids
|Non cytotoxic drugs
|A. Antibacterials1. Nitrofurantoin2. Sulfasalazine3. Other antibiotics
|B. Analgesics1. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)2. Tricyclic antidepressants
|C. Anticonvulsants1. Phenytoin2. Carbamazepine
|D. Anti-arrhythmics1. Amiodarone2. Lidocaine3. Tocainide
|E. Anti-rheumatic drugs1. Penicillamine2. Gold salts 3. Colchicine
|F. Sympathomimetics1. Terbutaline2. Ritodrine
|G. Other non-cytotoxic drugs
2. Emergency Management
Early recognition and termination of the offending agent are the keys in management. Recognition of drug-induced lung injury is often difficult because the clinical, radiographic and histological findings are often non-specific. In addition, because there are no specific markers available to establish the presence of drug-induced pulmonary toxicity, health care providers are able to make the diagnosis only when they are aware of the manifestations of medication-induced pulmonary injury.
3. Diagnosis
Establishing the diagnosis
Intersitial pneumonitis/fibrosis
Interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis is the most common clinical manifestation associated with drug-induced pulmonary damage. Many cancer chemotherapeutic drugs can cause interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis, while several non-cytotoxic drugs have also been implicated. Clinically symptoms usually begin insidiously, progressing over weeks to months with a non-productive cough, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, malaise and weight loss. Bibasilar end-inspiratory rales are commonly appreciated on examination. There are more acute forms of this syndrome, occurring within hours to days after exposure to the offending agents.
This syndrome of acute pneumonitis is typically associated with nitrosoureas, cyclophosphamide and the mitomycin/vinca alkaloid combination. It has also been decribed with amiodarone and biologicals. On chest radiography, interstitial pneumonitis frequently manifests as bilateral bibasilar reticular or nodular infiltrates. Pleural effusions are frequently absent but have been described in association with mitomycin, nitrofurantoin, amiodarone and gold salts.
Occasionally the chest radiograph may be normal, even in the presence of significant symptoms or pulmonary physiological impairment. Patients with interstitial pneumonitis will commonly have a restrictive defect with a reduced diffusion capacity on pulmonary function testing. Diagnosis is often confirmed with bronchoscopy and transbronchial biopsy.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
The syndrome of hypersensitivity pneumonitis occurs following exposure to various agents and often progresses subacutely. It typically is characterized by dyspnea, non-productive cough, chills, myalgias and a headache. On examination, fever and inspiratory crackles are common. A skin rash is present in up to half of patients. Laboratory findings may include eosinophilia (in 40% of cases).
More specific testing includes the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) to the offending drug. Signs of hepatitis have been reported in a few cases. Radiographic manifestations of hypersensitivity pneumonitis include diffuse alveolar infiltrates or diffuse reticular infiltrates. Pleural effusions are seen more commonly than in interstitial pneumonitis.
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
As with other forms of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema such as ARDS, clinical manifestations occur acutely, within minutes to hours. Patients present with severe dyspnea and hypoxemia. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is typically associated with an overdose of the offending agent, suggesting that high-serum levels of the offending agent is important in the development of pulmonary capillary leak. The prognosis for non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema tends to be quite good upon withdrawal of the offending agent.
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
BOOP is a rare complication of non-cytotoxic drug exposure and has been reported with the use of gold salts, sulfasalazine and penicillamine. The association of BOOP to the medication is controversial since similar pulmonary manifestations can be seen with the underlying disease, particularly with rheumatoid arthritis. However, in the reported cases there appears to be a temporal association between the onset of drug institution and the onset of clinical symptoms. The clinical presentation is similar to that seen in pneumonitis, with an insidious onset of exertional dyspnea, non-productive cough and weight loss.
Drug-induced bronchospasm may occur in conjunction with a type I hypersensitivity reaction. Non-cytotoxic drugs frequently are implicated as the cause. Frequent offenders are NSAIDs and beta blockers. NSAIDs exacerbate bronchospasm in asthmatics either by inhibition of the COX pathway, leading to increased production of leukotrienes, or by reducing the production of bronchodilating prostanoids. Beta blockers may cause bronchospasm by inhibition of beta receptors on airway smooth muscle cells.
Pulmonary-renal syndrome
Pulmonary-renal syndrome is a rare complication of penicillamine therapy that has been reported in four patients. The syndrome develops after 1-2 years of therapy and is characterized by acute onset of hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain and uremia. Chest radiography may demonstrate diffuse alveolar or reticular infiltrates. The prognosis is poor, with only one patient surviving after treatment with plasmapheresis and aziathioprine.
Drug-induced lupus
Drug-induced SLE accounts for 5-12% of the cases of SLE. In SLE the lungs or pleura are affected in 50% of cases, whereas a much higher involvement is seen in drug-induced lupus. Acetylator status is important in cases of hydralazine- or isoniazid-related SLE, as cases of hydralazine- and isoniazid-induced SLE are more frequently seen in slow acetylators of these drugs. Common clinical manifestations include pleural effusions with or without pleuritic chest pain and interstitial pneumonitis. Chest radiographs in drug-induced SLE typically show pleural thickening, pleural effusions or pulmonary fibrosis.
Pulmonary vascular disease
Illicit drugs of abuse are able to produce pulmonary angiitis and pulmonary hypertension when administered intravenously. Alpha-adrenergic nasal sprays have been reported to cause interstitial fibrosis as well as pulmonary vascular involvement. There have also been reports implicating oral contraceptives as a cause of primary pulmonary hypertension in patients taking the medication for more than 6 months. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is commonly idiopathic but also can be seen as a complication of chemotherapeutic drug use with bleomycin, carmustine, gemcitabine, mitomycin and vinca alkaloids.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH)
DAH is a clinical-pathological syndrome characterized by the accumulation of red blood cells in the alveolar spaces. DAH as a direct consequence of medical therapy may represent an immune or hypersensitivity reaction to a medication, an injury to the alveolar capillary basement membrane or a coagulation defect induced by a medication.
Typically chest X-ray and CT scan are non-specific, demonstrating diffuse alveolar infiltrates or ground glass opacity. Patients typically do not have clinically evident hemoptysis, although they sometimes do. Diagnosis of suspected cases can typically be made by bronchoscopy, where increasingly bloody BAL fluid is seen on serial aliquots.
Histological findings
The pulmonary histological findings in drug-induced lung injury show a common characteristic feature, with type I pneumocyte destruction and type II pneumocyte proliferation with dysplastic changes. Additionally, interstitial and alveolar inflammatory cell infiltration with mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes are seen as well. Finally, pulmonary tissue from such patients demonstrates marked interstitial fibrosis with thickening of the interstitial space.
The pulmonary histological findings in hypersensitivity lung disease are characterized by interstitial and alvolar eosinophila. Fibrosis is an uncommon finding. With nitrofurantoin and methotrexate, a mononuclear cell infiltrate with granuloma formation may be seen.
Pulmonary histology in BOOP is similar to the idiopathic form of BOOP, with characteristic obliteration of bronchioles and surrounding areas of inflammation and fibrosis. In a few cases of BOOP from sulfasalazine and penicillamine, significant alveolitis has also been reported.
Pulmonary vascular disease (PVOD)
Histology from patients with injection drug abuse may show foreign body granulomatosis. Alpha-adrenergic nasal spray may result in obliterated pulmonary vessels. Oral contraceptive use can show thickened arterial walls with occasional evidence of thrombosis. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is characterized by fibrous obliteration of pulmonary venules and small pulmonary veins. PVOD in the setting of chemotherapeutic drugs is considered to be a result of immune or hypersensitivity reaction as opposed to a direct toxic effect of the medication itself.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH)
Histologically the most common finding is a small vessel vasculitis known as pulmonary capillaritis that occurs after treatment with Dilantin, propylthiouracil and all-trans-retinoic acid. Pulmonary capillaritis is most commonly seen in systemic vasculitis and connective tissue disease. It is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration and edema of the interstitium, edema and fibroid necrosis of the alveolar walls with red blood cell and neutrophil infiltration of the alveolar spaces.
Other pulmonary hypersensitivity reactions that may result in DAH include the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) that complicates mitomycin treatment, Goodpasture's-like syndrome seen after treatment with penicillamine, sulfasalazine-induced necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome seen after treatment with leukotriene antagonist. Drugs that produce lesions of diffuse alveolar damage may also cause DAH syndrome. Histologically diffuse alveolar damage is characterized by inflammation and edema of the alveolar walls with formation of intra-alveolar hyaline membranes.
DAH may occur during this exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage. Several chemotherapeutic drugs and illicit use of crack cocaine can result in this form of injury. The final end reaction that results in DAH is red blood cells in the alveolar spaces. Agents that inhibit the coagulation cascade can lead to DAH. Heparin, thrombolytics, warfarin, abciximab and clopidogrel have all been associated with DAH. In addition, severe thrombocytopenia, which is frequently caused by medications, can also lead to this syndrome.
4. Specific Treatment
Discontinuation of potential offending medications is critical in treating cases of suspected medication-induced lung disease.
Interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis
In cases of interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis corticosteroids are frequently used. Although there have not been any controlled clinical trials, several case studies document favorable response in interstitial fibrosis associated with mitomycin, amiodarone and gold salt therapy.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
The prognosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis is usually good. Most patients will make a complete recovery with discontinuation of the drug and institution of corticosteroid treatment. Only a minority of patients will have residual chest radiographic abnormalities that persist months after clinical recovery. Hypersensitivity from methotrexate has a poorer prognosis, with a reported mortality rate of up to 10%.
Treatment of BOOP is typically with corticosteroids. The prognosis of drug-induced BOOP is typically poor, with a mortality rate of approximately 50% of reported patients. Residual pulmonary function abnormalities are common in survivors despite discontinuation of the drug and institution of corticosteroids.
Bronchodilators are obvious treatment options for drug-induced bronchospasm. For cases of beta blocker-induced bronchospasm, inhibition of beta receptors on airway smooth muscle promotes bronchodilation through downregulation of cholinergic pathways. As a result, inhaled anticholinergic agents also may be useful.
Drug-induced SLE
The prognosis of drug-induced SLE is typically favorable, with resolution of the pleuropulmonary manifestation following withdrawal of the inciting agent. Occasionally corticosteroids may be necessary.
Treatment of DAH again involves the withdrawal of the offending agent, reversal of any coagulation defect and corticosteroids for severe cases.
5. Disease monitoring, follow-up and disposition
Any patient with suspected drug-induced lung disease should be monitored closely. Dyspnea, cough, fever and other systemic symptoms should be followed closely, as well as chest imaging, pulmonary function testing and clinical examination. The response to treatment also should be carefully monitored.
Pulmonary toxicity secondary to drugs may be due to a variety of mechanisms, including oxidant injury, deposition of phospholipids within the cells, immune system-mediated injury and central nervous system depression.
Oxidant injury
Certain drugs, such as cyclophosphamide, amiodarone, carmustine, nitrofurantoin and bleomycin, are able to generate free oxygen radicals when metabolized. These oxidant species include the superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid. All have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous pulmonary injuries, including ARDS, emphysema, pulmonary oxygen toxicity and radiation pneumonitis.
These oxidant molecules are formed within the phagocytic cells and participate in redox reactions, resulting in fatty acid oxidation that leads to membrane instability and autologous cytotoxicity. Typically the antioxidant defense mechanisms counteract the oxidant effects. However, when production of these oxidant free radicals is accelerated, the normal antioxidant protective mechanisms are overwhelmed, resulting in an inflammatory and fibrotic reaction. Why the lungs of some individuals are more susceptible than others remains unknown.
Deposition of phospholipids
Amiodarone, an amphiphilic compound, causes phospholipid accumulation within the macrophages of the lung and other tissues by inhibiting the activity of phospholipase A2.
Immune-mediated injury
Drug-induced SLE is an example of immune-mediated lung injury. Drugs can act as haptens, activating pulmonary resident cells and attracting peripheral inflammatory cells with resulting release of inflammatory mediators. Also, the resulting antibody-antigen immune complex deposition may result in an inflammatory response.
Another proposed mechanism is that damaged endothelial and epithelial cells are able to liberate mediators that activate inflammatory cells. BAL fluid derived from patients with bleomycin, amiodarone, tocainide and phenytoin pulmonary toxicity demonstrates significant neutrophilia, whereas a lymphocytic alveolitis will be seen in methotrexate and nitrofurantoin toxicity.
Central nervous system depression
The medulla is responsible for the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Any acute neurological insult stimulates the hypothalamus and the vasomotor centers of the medulla, increasing the sympathetic drive, leading to acute neurogenic edema. Pulmonary edema has been described following the administration of intrathecal methotrexate, opiates, major tranquilizers and salicylates.
The occurence of drug-related pulmonary toxicity remains largely unpredictable and idiosyncratic. Recognizing patients at high risk for drug-induced pulmonary toxicity is important to ensure closer monitoring and other efforts to help prevent disease. Documentation of risk factors may reveal the potential mechanisms of drug-induced lung injury. Risk factors include both patient risk factors and risk factors associated with the medication.
Patient risk factors include pre-existing lung disease, oxygen therapy, age, occupational exposures, exposure to blood transfusion, and concurrent or previous radiotherapy. Medication factors include cumulative or unit dose.
Cytotoxic drugs generally exhibit increasing toxicity with increasing dose. This is believed to be the result of drug accumulation and deposition in the lung tissue. Bleomycin, busulfan and carmustine have all demonstrated such an association. Amiodarone causes an increase in pulmonary toxicity when administered at larger maintenance doses. The incidence of amiodarone-induced lung injury is less common in European nations compared to the United States, where the maintenence dose is much higher (400-600 mg vs. 200-400 mg in Europe).
Exposure to gamma radiation leads to the generation of free oxygen radicals, allowing for the synergistic toxicity seen with this form of therapy with chemotherapeutic agents such as bleomycin and mitomycin. The evidence for this interaction is strongest for bleomycin. Bleomycin may either radio-sensitize or cause a radio-recall phenomenon in which prior radiotherapy lowers the required dose for bleomycin to induce lung injury.
Oxygen will cause injury even in normal lungs if it is administered in high doses for a prolonged period of time. A high fraction of inspired oxygen concentration generates free oxidant radicals. Because drugs such as bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and mitomycin are also capable of producing oxygen free radicals, synergistic drug injury can be seen with these two modes of therapy.
Combination drug regimens can increase the incidence of pulmonary toxicity and lower the dose at which pulmonary damage occurs. Cytotoxic drugs that show an increased incidence of pulmonary toxicity when combined include carmustine, mitomycin, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin and methotrexate.
Typically patients with underlying lung disease are at increased risk for drug toxicity. Carmustine and amiodarone cause clinical pulmonary disease more commonly in individuals with co-existing pulmonary disease. This could be due to earlier manifestation of symptoms or an increased risk following exposure to an already damaged lung.
Advancing age is a risk factor for the development of drug-induced lung injury. A decrease in the antioxidant defense system capability is seen with advancing age. Bleomycin, for example, is more likely to induce pulmonary damage in patients older than 70 years.
Packed red cell transfusion has been shown to cause a clinical syndrome characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal failure and pulmonary edema in patients receiving mitomycin. Amphotericin B has been implicated as a cause of non-cardiogenic edema in patients who received leukocyte transfusions.
What's the evidence?
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Saturday, December 6, 2014
How to organize your sewing projects?
I have too much fabric and too many patterns, which is nothing new. Every sewist out there has this exact same problem.
I recently spent an hour going through all my sewing patterns and reclassifying them according to designer. I grouped all the Vogues together, all the indie designers, etc. It was interesting to see which company I tend to buy the most from.
Hands down, Vogue won that contest. I have two full boxes of Vogue patterns. Burda and Simplicity seem to be in a close tie for second place, and then trailing miserably are McCall's and Butterick. In fact, after going through them I weeded out a lot of McCall's and Butterick patterns I know I'll never make. I have a lot of indie patterns and a boatload of vintage patterns (they didn't get the same classification exercise as I tend to group them all together).
Anyway, what I'd really like is some sort of software or app that helps me group patterns I'd like to sew soon with fabric I already own. Does anyone know of something like that? I don't sew my wardrobe but I do want to be more deliberate with what I choose to make.
I would love to share the coat project that I finished last weekend, but I'm stumped with having no buttons that I love. I hope to make it into my favorite little fabric boutique later today, she carries a lot of buttons I don't see at the big box stores. In the meantime the coat is hanging happily on Vivienne. Fingers crossed that I can finish the buttons and start wearing it in time for church tomorrow.
4 comments:
I use the free version of Evernote to catalog my patterns, you can add tags and multiple "libraries" that help a lot when I'm searching for something specific.ReplyDelete
I use a databasing-app on my phone called MyStuff to track my patterns and (to a lesser extent) my fabrics; it's not free but it was pretty easy to customize for patterns and it's searchable by all kinds of categories. The physical patterns are sorted into drawers and tubs by company and then by number. Before that I used a sewing-specific app called Sewing Kit, which was nice in that it had patterns, peoples' measurements, and projects all pre-loaded, but again not free and it kinda crapped out after 200 patterns. I still use it for peoples' measurements, though.ReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks Tanit! I'll check it out. I downloaded Evernote to my iPhone and it seems promising so far. Then I had to have a little outpatient surgery last week so I haven't been down to sew since then. Hopefully I'll feel up to it again this week.Delete


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Nicholas Roberts
Presidential Fellow
University of Notre Dame
My study of the World will have been barren and irresponsible if it has not equipped me and spurred me to do what I can - infinitesimal though the effect of my action may be - to help mankind cure itself of some of the evil that, in my lifetime, I have seen human beings inflict on each other." Arnold Toynbee, Experiences
Nick is a Presidential Fellow and PhD student studying history at the University of Notre Dame. He is research associate and teaching assistant for Professor Ebrahim Moosa. Nick has taught middle school, high school, and community college. Though a passionate educator, Nick has experience in many other areas, including working for a Fortune 100 defense and intelligence contractor and senior military and government officials. A frequent public speaker, Nick uses his diverse experiences and education to present complex topics in interesting and accessible ways. He believes the academy should serve the public. With his research as a global historian, he hopes to tone back heated rhetoric, and deepen the public's understanding of the often emotional intersection of religion and international affairs.


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My blog was started for TES – Technology Entertainment and Science. But I did not do justice to entertainment since I have written only 1 article in that.
Let me compromise a bit – an article about my favorite movies and songs in 2012 - which I never want to miss. Some of them may have released before 2012, but I've heard them this year and thanks to my music freak cousin for sharing most of them
Also it is my personal opinion and I don't discount other songs and movies at all
Try the songs and movies listed (if you haven't done yet) – hope you will enjoy it!!
1) Deshay Basara – Moroccan Arabic – BGM in Dark Knight rises –Music by Hans Zimmer
Entire OST and BGM is rocking and this one is the best...gives you goosebumps for sure
2) Nenjukkulle – Tamil – from Kadal movie – sung by new singer Shakthisree Gopalan
Truly marvelous and the well presented in the MTV unplugged -
3) Allah hi raham – Hindi – MTV Coke Studio – sung by Shankar Mahadevan
This song was out in 2011, but I heard it along with Coke Studio 2 – truly remarkable singing – no words about Shankar – he is a genius who can sing Hindustani and Classical -
4) Madari – Hindi - MTV Coke Studio – sung by Vishal and Sonu Kakkar
Excellent presentation by Vishal and superb guitar -
5) Banjara – Hindi - MTV Coke Studio – Vijay Prakash and Nandini
After hearing this, you will understand Vijay is an unsung HERO – classical portion is amazing -
6) Yeh jo des – Hindi - MTV unplugged – sung by the maestro Rahman itself
The original was my favorite till Swades – he improvised it – mind blowing -
7) I believe – Hindi/English - The DEWARIST – sung by Agnee , Parikarma and Shilpa
Inspiring lyrics , nice blend of guitar and voice -
8) Sail – English - AWOLNATION
Heard this song along with Felix baumgartner's space jump – song is amazing and well suited with the mission –
9) Gangnam Style – Korean – sung by PSY
Wow…this was a surprise of 2012, the song was a instant hit, millions of views – the song proves music will break all barriers – any age group can enjoy this and PSY taught us simple dance step too –
10) Subhan Allaha - Malayalam - Ustad Hotel - sung by Navin Iyer
Amazing song with Sufi and classical blend –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4P7Qe4kBxg
11) Pareshaan - Hindi - Ishaqzaade - sung by Shalmali Kholgade
Nice song with rock blend
12) MTV Coke Studio Season 2 – whole program is amazing -
13) MTV Unplugged Season 2 – Rahman's episode – I like the program but Rahman was outstanding – compilation was really cool -
14) Kyon – Hindi – Barfi – sung by Papon and Sunidhi
Another superb song from Papon - he deserves more songshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_axhnqa9D8
1) The Dark Knight Rises - English - directed Christopher Nolan
2nd best of triology - what a way to end an epic -http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1345836/
2) Gangs of Wasseypur - Hindi - directed by Anurag Kashyap
A masterpiece - Godfather's indian version -http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1954470/
3) Paan Singh Tomar - Hindi - directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia
Class acting by Irfan Khan -
4) Barfi - Hindi - directed by Anurag Basu
Loved because of Ranbir's acting and screenplay
5) Pizza – Tamil – directed by Karthik Subbaraj
Expect the unexpected!! – Different experience –
6) Ustad Hotel – Malayalam – directed by Anwar Rasheed
Superb movie – awesome background music and powerful performance by late Thilakan
There was also number of superb movies includng 22 Female Kottayam and Spirit..but this is special because of Thilakan's performance
There was also number of superb movies includng 22 Female Kottayam and Spirit..but this is special because of Thilakan's performance
Last One - Zeitgeist 2012
2012 happenings – video compilation – really amazing
So, do you agree with my choice ?? Please post your opinion and comments...
Hope there will be good music and amazing movies in year 2013 … Happy New Year J


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|Click to see a much larger image.
If you have a flush- type doorbell push button which guests find hard to locate, especially in the dark, an ornamental cutout placed around it will overcome the trouble and add a novel touch to the doorway. Several designs of cutouts for this purpose are shown here as suggestions, or you can make one to suit your own fancy. You can use just one piece of metal, or you can obtain contrast by mounting the cut-out on a plate of different metal, as for instance aluminum or brass over copper or iron painted black. Simple silhouettes in hammered iron, painted black, are very effective against , light-colored surfaces. The work can be done with a hand coping saw or on a power scroll saw. All edges and corners of the plate are carefully rounded with a file before starting on the paint job, or in the case of brass or copper, you polish the metal first and then apply a coat of clear lacquer.


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BC Arts Organizations Receive 2016-17 Collaborative Spaces Investments/
Thirteen arts organizations throughout the province will enhance their creative spaces with the support of $499,500 in small capital grants from the British Columbia government.
The funding will help provide for renovations and the purchase of specialized equipment, allowing BC's creative professionals and organizations to work together in innovative and productive ways and strengthen BC's thriving creative economy.
This investment is part of the commitment made through the Creative Economy Strategy to target $1.5 million toward collaborative arts spaces over three years. The program promotes artistic creation, increases shared resources, facilitates collaboration and enhances accessibility for artists and audiences throughout BC.
The list includes thirteen arts and culture organizations, including the following BC Alliance for Arts + Culture members:
- Ahousaht First Nation, Ahousat ($40,000)
- Gabriola Arts Council, Gabriola Island ($12,000)
- Hope and District Arts Council, Hope ($40,000)
- Island Mountain Arts Society, Wells ($40,000)
- Open Space Arts Society, Victoria ($40,000)
- Pacific Opera Victoria, Victoria ($40,000)
- Plastic Orchid Factory, Vancouver ($45,000)
- Roundhouse Community Arts and Recreation Society, Vancouver ($40,000)
- Terminal City Glass Co-op, Vancouver ($45,000)
- Vancouver Access Artist Run Centre (Access Gallery), Vancouver ($50,000)
- Vancouver Creative Space Society, Vancouver ($22,500).
- Vancouver East Cultural Centre/The Cultch, Vancouver ($40,000)
- Visible Arts Society/Grunt Gallery, Vancouver ($45,000)
The list of organizations who received Collaborative Spaces grants and information on the projects toward which those moneys will be dedicated, can be found here.
Applications for the 2017-18 Collaborative Spaces program will open in summer 2017.


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Harvey's Treestake I (Harvey's Hutch Treestake and Invisible Harvey's Treestake)
Author(s): Dennis L. Pry
Year: 1992
This resource is a citation record only, the Center for Digital Antiquity does not have a copy of this document. The information in this record has been migrated into tDAR from the National Archaeological Database Reports Module (NADB-R) and updated. Most NADB-R records consist of a document citation and other metadata but do not have the documents themselves uploaded.
If you have a digital copy of the document and would like to have it curated in tDAR, please contact us at email@example.com.
Cite this Record
Harvey's Treestake I (Harvey's Hutch Treestake and Invisible Harvey's Treestake). Dennis L. Pry. 1992 ( tDAR id: 234009)
This Resource is Part of the Following Collections
Geographic Keywords
30029 (Fips Code) • Flathead (County) • Montana (State / Territory) • North America (Continent) • United States of America (Country)
Spatial Coverage
min long: -115.021; min lat: 47.596 ; max long: -112.879; max lat: 49.001 ;
Individual & Institutional Roles
Sponsor(s): USFS Kootenai NF
Record Identifiers
NADB document id number(s): 3063355
NADB citation id number(s): 000000296257
General Note: Contract number: 92-KO-3-77


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Well, my mother-in-law came to visit for a couple of days. It was fine, but that's the sort of thing that always causes me loads of stress.
Then there was Father's Day weekend -- we celebrated my husband with donuts and a trip out for hamburgers.
Sunday night, I hit a wall for a bit. I seemed to have a bit of a bug. I took a nap, which is a rarity, and then I was all wrong all evening. It was unfortunate.
Yesterday the baby and I went swimming. I decided on that on Sunday night when I was out of sorts. Because swimming is so much fun.
If she wakes up before it's over, we've got an afternoon activity planned for today. I'm not sure if we'll get much out of it, except out of the house.
I almost didn't know about that activity because my phone ate my calendar. I spent kind of a long time putting everything into said calendar and then it disappeared. The events themselves are not going to change the world, but they're probably all actually a lot of fun. The stuff that's mostly not fun doesn't make the calendar.
(My husband: is it backed up?... as though we just met. No. It's never backed up. I do make a point to back up the pictures regularly. Otherwise...)
The not fun stuff includes a trip to the grocery store for which I wrote the list on Sunday. Last night we had lentil soup for dinner. That was really the end of the pre-planned meals.
After breakfast and lunch today, the crisper contains broccoli and celery. Not even a carrot. The fruit basket is down to oranges and the smallest plum I ever saw. I could probably pull together a frittata for dinner tonight, actually, but I need to just go to the store before it's breakfast time and I'm wandering around the kitchen being confused by the lack.
My cupboards are hardly bare. I shop in the bulk bins, after all. But it's pretty sparse anyway.
So hopefully, since I am already dressed after my trip to the vet this morning, we will make the afternoon activity and then on to the grocery store.
The fourth tooth has emerged. Based on tense chewing of things, raspberry blowing, and general fragility, I would say the fifth one is coming. I slept in the crib with the baby for some unspecified period of time last night. Because she was having a very hard time staying asleep without me, and getting me out of the crib is easier than getting her into it after she's asleep enough to carry on without a cuddle.
The poor dog is not well yet. She and I went to the vet (again) this morning for more urinalysis and to pick up her new prescription food. We all feel terrible for her. That trip to the vet? Also not on the calendar.


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Aardman's Darkside - DVD
- Brian Donaldson
- 2 October 2006
Aardman's Darkside
(15) 80min (2 Entertain DVD retail)
As a company renowned for the sweetly naïve, homely fun of Wallace and Gromit, Morph and Creature Comforts, it's something of a jolt to the system to discover Aardman's adult entertainment wing. Like the Sooty pregnancy episode or Rainbow's one-off frenzy of double entendres, there are some innovations which are best left at the ideas stage.
You can just picture Nick Park, Peter Lord and David Sproxton giggling away at the corruption they may be inflicting upon impressionable souls but not all of it works beyond wicked japes. The perfectly named Rex the Runt and the manically surreal plastic toys of A Town Called Panic fail to hit the right buttons but Angry Kid merges youthful sadism with pre-teen innocence splendidly and the nude adventurer Big Jeff ('the Aussie without a cozzy') is a real grower. The extras are three intriguing one-off shorts in which nature hits back at humankind with mixed results.