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Grill Master - Lahaina
Sunriver Resort
$34,870.00 -55,320.00/year*
Hospitality - Food Services
Loading some great jobs for you...
The GrillMaster is a key member of the Ka`anapali Ali`i guest services team whoseprimary role is to provide a unique culinary experience for our guests whoutilize the resort s outdoor pavilion and grill areas. The responsibilities include inventories,set-up, preparation, breakdown and sanitation. The Grill Master is responsible for servingthe needs of our owners and guests, and exceeding their vacation experienceexpectations with the warmth of the Aloha Spirit.
The Grill Master shift begins at 5pm and typically endsaround 8pm.
Theday-to-day responsibilities include:
Ensuring Culinary Standards and Responsibilities are in compliance.
Multi-taskingwith several guests and owners to work the open grill.
Making activityrecommendations to guests.
Verbally explainingprocesses, preparation and cooking techniques to guests.
the pre-service area,tables and chairs. Organizing and seating groups of guests.
guests and owners withdining options, suggesting marinades and offering samples.
Gathering and disposing of
Cleaning andrearranging tables and chairs in preparation for the next diners to use.
Ensuring that thegrill area is clean and in order at the end of each day.
Completing end ofshift duties which include stocking supplies, cleaning and properly arrangingtables.
Theideal candidate is a high school graduate with grill master or chef experienceand a minimum of one year experience in the culinary, food and beverage, or relatedprofession.
Theideal candidate is also someone with the following skills and abilities:
Generalknowledge of food service and strong culinary background.
Stateof Hawaii Department of Health Food Safety Certification.
Workingknowledge of grilling and cooking on a gas grill.
Basicknowledge of safety procedures when operating barbeque grills.
Excellentcommunication skills in English language.
Abilityto read and write legibly in the English language.
Possessionof a valid driver s license.
Accessto a dependable means of transportation that is properly insured and operatedper requirements of all laws.
Physical Demands:
Ability to lift and carry 50 pounds.
Ability to move tables and chairs, carry supplies, andrestock barbeque supplies box.
Able to do repetitive arm and upper body movementsdaily.
Ability to meet the physical and mental healthstandards deemed necessary for performance of essential functions.
Associated topics: banquet, cocinera, cocinera de produccion, cocinero de produccion, commercial, diner, fryer, kitchen prep, maker, meat cutter
* The salary listed in the header is an estimate based on salary data for similar jobs in the same area. Salary or compensation data found in the job description is accurate.
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"How do you get very far if you dont know who you are."
"How do you get very far if you dont know who you are."
Get in Touch with your Intuition
1 Day Workshop
Each and every one of us has our own inner compass, which is often referred to as 'intuition'. However, in today's world, we are constantly bombarded with messages about how we should live our lives. This is causing us to distrust our own guidance. This workshop allows you to move past those thoughts in your head, help you connect to your heart, and finally bring you home to yourself. It is in this connection that you can then trust your inner knowing and begin to live a fulfilling life that is completely aligned to who you truly are.
Contact the centre by phone 065-9052239 or the contact form below to request an appointment.

subset: commoncrawl


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Ask any true Southerner and they'll tell you: not all shrimp and grits are the same. Vic's serves it up the right way with applewood smoked bacon and rosemary barbecue sauce.
Runner-up, Best Fine Dining: Elizabeth on 37th
@ JCB Savannah – The biggest, baddest, muddiest party in town is back for… (more)
@ Congress Street Social Club – … (more)


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NYC Cancels School As Snow Storm Moves In
CBS2's Reena Roy has the latest on the winter storm as it moves into the New York City area.Read More »
Major Snow Storm Moves in on NYC; Parts of Tri-State Could Get Up to 2 Feet of Snow | News 4 Now
A potential winter whopper is expected to hit the tri-state area this weekend, a system that has triggered winter storm watches and warnings as forecasters ...Read More »
Deadly snow storm buries upstate New York, strands drivers
The snowstorm is now blamed for five deaths around the Buffalo, New York. A solid wall of clouds, just south of Buffalo, shows the power of the lake-effect storm.Read More »
New York City, NY Winter Storm 11/15/2018
Much more snow than expected falls on the NYC Metro from the first significant winter storm of the season. Shot Description Shots 1-5: People out and about in ...Read More »
Snow in New York - A total surprise of 2019
Snow in New York.Read More »
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Winter Storm hits New York City: above ground NYC Subway with snow, traffic snow-covered streets, pedestrians walking through snow and sleet in Times ...Read More »
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Austria is snowed under -- to the delight of skiers and the horror of homeowners. Even older Austrians are amazed by the amount of snow that's fallen in a matter ...Read More »
AccuWeather Update: Winter Storm Watch issued for NYC, Tri-State area
A general one to three inches of snow late tonight into early tomorrow will result in some slick travel, then a larger storm this coming weekend will bring a sloppy ...Read More »
Snow, Ice for NYC As Twin Winter Storms Move In | News 4 Now
Two storms are set to move through New York City and the tri-state over the next several days, both bringing a chance for snow, ice, rain or a combination of all ...Read More »
Morning after the Snow Storm destruction NYC
New York City got six inches of snow, the biggest one-day snow total for NY in November since the late 1800s A fall snowstorm wreaked havoc on the East ...Read More »
Beautiful 48 hr Time-Lapse of 2016 Blizzard
This 1 minute time-lapse video captures the 48 hour blizzard of winter storm Jonas that hit the east coast between January 22 and 24, 2016. The camera was set ...Read More »
NYC Workers Prep For Heavy Snow
(13 Mar 2017) Sanitation workers in New York City are busy preparing for blizzard conditions and a blanket of heavy snow expected on Tuesday. Meteorologists ...Read More »
Hey, Everyone! If You enjoy my videos and would like to support my channel with as little as $1 a month, please hit: https://www.patreon.com/Tomasz_Bykowski ...Read More »
NYC, NJ Issue Weather Alerts Ahead Of Snow
Officials in New York City and New Jersey have issues weather alerts ahead of snow and wintry weather expected to come through the area on Wednesday.Read More »


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Movie Talk: Marvel Reportedly Asking Disney to Bring James Gunn Back for 'Guardians 3'
August 9, 2018
The panel also discusses the exclusive report that X-Men: Dark Phoenix is undergoing only 2 and a half weeks of reshoots.
Weekend Box Office: 'Toy Story 4' Debuts to Franchise-Best $118 Million
'Legion' Season 3 Review: A Drug Trip Through Time Ends the FX Series on a…
A Beginner's Guide to 'Neon Genesis Evangelion', Now Streaming on Netflix
Upcoming Marvel Movies: Here's What's Next After 'Endgame'
The 19 Best Movies of 2019 So Far
The panel also discusses the exclusive report that X-Men: Dark Phoenix is undergoing only 2 and a half weeks of reshoots.
Gina Prince-Bythewood is likely out as writer/director but remains on board as a producer. Sony aims to replace her with another female director.
We got some updates from the filmmaker after Sony pulled the film from their release schedule.
Is the project dead?
Gina Prince-Bythewood is set to direct the Marvel superhero team-up 'Silver & Black'.
Plus, 'The New Mutants' will be a horror film, 'Justice League Dark' looking for new director and 'Spider-Man 3' special "Editor's Cut" released online.
A woman directing a superhero movie? What a novel idea!
Plus, a Chicago Cubs movie in the works, the first trailer for 'Captain Underpants' and a new trailer for 'Baywatch.'
'Venom' is getting some company.


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South Carolina The Importance of Quality Foster Parent Training
About the Course
This course consists of:
- Understand the recent history of licensed foster care and concerns that have arisen from the lack of training or insufficient training.
- Describe the impact that quality foster parent training has on children served by the child welfare system.
- Describe the role of licensed foster parents, including the ethical dilemmas to which they are exposed.
- List the screening, assessment and licensing process required to become a licensed foster parent.
- List the elements of pre-service training and in-service training.
- Understand what's covered in both pre-service and in-service training, as well as what might be added to enhance foster parents' learning experience and increase their knowledge and skills.
About the Author
Wade Lijewski, PhD
With a passion for psychology, child welfare, and quality improvement, Dr. Lijewski has served in various leadership roles within the field of child welfare for over 15 years. He currently serves as a regional director of quality management for a statewide child welfare agency in Florida, an author for Elite Professional Education, and an associate professor for University of Phoenix; teaching psychology courses at the Orlando campus.
Dr. Lijewski obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology at Michigan State University and later went on to obtain his Master of Science degree in Psychology and Doctorate in Psychology with a major in Organizational Psychology through Walden University. He has presented on his thesis and dissertation at multiple state and national child welfare conferences and has utilized this platform to initiate positive changes to the quality of foster parent training in Florida as well as retention efforts related to child welfare dependency case managers. Dr. Lijewski also serves on the advisory board for the Florida Certification Board.
Despite a busy schedule, Dr. Lijewski likes spending time with his wife and three children; often enjoying theme parks and sporting events together.
Kathryn Brohl, MA, LMFT
Kathryn Brohl, LMFT, a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, has worked in for-profit and non-profit social services for over thirty-five years. Author of six books that include two best sellers, and the first book in the U.S. for parents of molested children, Ms. Brohl has lectured and key-noted on trauma-informed care and other work-related topics throughout the US, Canada, and Australia. She has been an administrator, consultant, trainer, private practitioner, and front-line worker, and has been interviewed in national periodicals such as USA Today, Parents' Magazine, Children's Voice, as well as The Washington Post, Miami Herald, and Florida Times Union. Ms. Brohl has written and implemented several start-up programs during her career, that include a large child welfare system, intensive outpatient and mental health programs, to name a few.
Christopher Cronin, Ph.D.
Dr. Cronin received his BS in psychology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and an MA and Ph.D. in clinical psychology at the University of Delaware. He completed his internship at the University of California, Davis in the Department of Psychiatry at the University Medical Center in Sacramento. He also completed a Post-doctoral Certificate in Clinical Psychopharmacology at Fairleigh Dickinson University and a MS in criminal justice at Saint Leo University. He is a licensed clinical psychologist and has held academic positions in Europe, Australia and the United States. He has practiced forensic psychology since 1991 conducting competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility evaluatio


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Story of the day
Michele Stamera
Are you interested in Michele Stamera? Discover lots of articles, stories, videos, photos and much more about Michele Stamera. Original Ideas for foodies and fine dining lovers.
Posts, stories and recipes
"Bomba" Wild Strawberry Cake
recipe The easy Italian dessert "Bomba" by chef Michele Stamera, with mascarpone cheese cream and wild strawberries, is an explosive cake recipe to eat with care


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Hi, I'm Anoop C Nair. I'm the individual guiding this website. Thanks for traveling to the website and about me site!
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By D.J. Daley, David Vere-Jones
Point methods and random measures locate extensive applicability in telecommunications, earthquakes, photograph research, spatial aspect styles and stereology, to call yet a couple of parts. The authors have made an immense reshaping in their paintings of their first version of 1988 and now current An creation to the speculation of aspect Processes in volumes with subtitles Volume I: ordinary thought and Methods and Volume II: common concept and Structure.
Volume I includes the introductory chapters from the 1st version including an account of uncomplicated versions, moment order thought, and a casual account of prediction, with the purpose of creating the fabric available to readers basically attracted to types and purposes. It additionally has 3 appendices that evaluate the mathematical historical past wanted more often than not in quantity II.
Volume II units out the elemental conception of random measures and element strategies in a unified environment and maintains with the extra theoretical issues of the 1st variation: restrict theorems, ergodic thought, Palm concept, and evolutionary behaviour through martingales and conditional depth. The very big new fabric during this moment quantity contains extended discussions of marked element strategies, convergence to equilibrium, and the constitution of spatial element techniques.
Read or Download An introduction to the theory of point processes PDF
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Proceedings of the Conference Foundations of Probability and - download pdf or read online
During this quantity, major specialists in experimental in addition to theoretical physics (both classical and quantum) and likelihood idea supply their perspectives on many fascinating (and nonetheless mysterious) difficulties concerning the probabilistic foundations of physics. the issues mentioned throughout the convention comprise Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, Bell's inequality, realism, nonlocality, function of Kolmogorov version of likelihood conception in quantum physics, von Mises frequency thought, quantum details, computation, "quantum results" in classical physics.
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Extra resources for An introduction to the theory of point processes
Sample text
The deeper reason, however, is the unity and clarity that this point of view brings to questions concerning the existence of random measures and point processes. III below, we have an unequivocal answer to the problem of how to establish the existence of a particular class of point processes: can we write down for the class 26 9. Basic Theory of Random Measures and Point Processes a unique and consistent family of fidi distributions? This is the underlying reason for the importance of the studies by Moyal (1962) and Harris (1963), who were the first to set up a systematic theory of point processes in these terms.
Moreover, if x, y ∈ X are such that N ({x}) ≥ 1 and N ({y}) ≥ 1, then x and y will be enumerated (with appropriate multiplicity if either inequality is strict) in a finite number of operations starting from some Si that contains both x and y. The determination of such x or y proceeds via a sequence of nested sets An,in say for ∞ which N (An,in ) ≥ N (An+1,in+1 ) ≥ 1 for all n with n=1 An,in = {x} say. It follows that an enumeration of the points of N is thereby determined, for a sequence y1 , y2 , .
4. VII. V. VI. Proof. XIV, so we proceed to sufficiency. 1). 21) for each fixed pair of bounded Borel sets. s. 22) for each fixed sequence of bounded Borel sets An with An ↓ ∅. 2. Finite-Dimensional Distributions and the Existence Theorem 29 an uncountable number of conditions to be checked, so that even though each individual condition is satisfied with probability 1, it cannot be concluded from this that the set on which they are simultaneously satisfied also has probability 1. XIV. s. for every Borel set A.
An introduction to the theory of point processes by D.J. Daley, David Vere-Jones
by George


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- Telephone:
- 07895 820603
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Key factsPrint summary
IMMACULATE CONDITION!!! LOW INSURANCE AND CHEAP TAX BRACKET IDEAL FIRST CAR UPGRADE INCLUDES AC ALLOYS REMOTE CENTRAL LOCKING KEYS ! ONLY ONE PREVIOUS OWNER! THIS CAR DRIVES ABSOLUTELY SUPERB ANY TRIAL OR INSPECTION WELCOME COMES WITH 12 MONTHS MOT AND WARRANTY IF REQUIRED!! , Full service history, Excellent bodywork, Grey Cloth interior - Excellent Condition, Tyre condition Good, Metallic Silver, 1 owner, LOW INSURANCE! FULL SERVICE!, £1,695 may p/x
This car comes with
Alarm/Remote Central Locking/Rear Electric Windows, Driver & Passenger Seat Height Adjustment, Air-Conditioning (Automatic), Alloy Wheels (14in), Body Coloured Bumpers, Cup Holder, Electric Windows (Front), In Car Entertainment (Radio/CD), Power-Assisted Steering, Tinted Glass, 6Jx14in Sao Paulo Alloy Wheels, Air-Conditioning - Climatic Semi-Auto
- 201905238282890
- 2005
- 55
- £1,695
- 170
- 49,379
- Cars
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Vehicle summary
|Body style
|Engine size
|1390 cc
|Fuel type
|Number of doors
|Number of seats
|Gearbox type
|CO2 emissions
|158 g/km
|Insurance group
|Standard manufacturer's warranty (miles)
|No details available
|Standard manufacturer's warranty (years)
|2 years
|Standard paintwork guarantee
|3 years
Performance & economy
|Fuel consumption (urban)
|32.5 mpg
|Fuel consumption (extra urban)
|52.3 mpg
|Fuel consumption (combined)
|42.8 mpg
|0 - 60 mph
|12.9 seconds
|Top speed
|107 mph
|Engine power
|74 bhp
|Engine torque
|93.00 lbs/ft
|1467 mm
|Height inclusive of roof rails
|No details available
|3916 mm
|2466 mm
|1650 mm
|Width including mirrors
|No details available
|Fuel tank capacity
|45 litres
|Minimum kerb weight
|1199 kg
|Interior features
|Exterior features
|Power Socket
|Side Protection Mouldings
|Air-Conditioning (Automatic)
|Body Coloured Bumpers
|Electric Windows (Front)
|Alloy Wheels (14in)
|Tinted Glass
|Spare Wheel (Full Size Steel)
|Heated Rear Screen
|6Jx14in Sao Paulo Alloy Wheels
|Cup Holder
|Mirrors External
|In Car Entertainment (Radio/CD)
|Air-Conditioning - Climatic Semi-Auto
|Upholstery Cloth
|Adjustable Steering Column/Wheel
|Seats Split Rear
|Head Restraints
|Air Bag Passenger
|Third Brake Light
|Air Bag Side
|Anti-Lock Brakes
|Air Bag Driver
|Power-Assisted Steering
|Seat - ISOFIX Anchorage Point (Two Seats - Rear)
|Central Door Locking
|Seat Belt Pre-Tensioners
|Centre Rear Seat Belt
|Front Fog Lights
Please note
This includes MPG figures which are calculated under European Standards, in test conditions, and will vary under normal driving conditions. The information displayed above describes the typical specification of the most recent model of this vehicle. It is not the exact specification for the actual vehicle being offered for sale which may vary. Specifications for older models may also vary. Please contact us prior to purchase to confirm the exact specification of this vehicle.
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Are there any other deliverables that we should add to the charter besides these 3 new deliverables (Page Visibility, Efficient Script Yielding, and Display Paint Notifications)? If you'd like to add anything, please suggest them here (by next Tuesday). Thanks, Arvind On Fri, Feb 25, 2011 at 11:14 AM, Philippe Le Hegaret <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > Folks, > > As agreeing on Wednesday, here are the proposed changes that Arvind, > Jason and I are proposing. You can find them highlighted in > http://www.w3.org/2011/02/webperf.html > > Plan to get this reviewed by the membership starting next week or the > week after while we start the work in the group. > > Regards, > > Philippe > > > > >Received on Wednesday, 2 March 2011 17:21:40 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 21:04:30 UTC


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rubey_lcheekRuben loftus-cheek
Footballer for @chelseafc and @england @adidasfootball athletehttps://twitter.com/rubey_lcheek
Ruben loftus-cheek (@rubey_lcheek) Instagram photos and videos
List of Instagram medias taken by Ruben loftus-cheek (@rubey_lcheek)
@hazardeden_10 👉 @rubey_lcheek! One of our favourites from this @europaleague campaign! #CFC #Chelsea #Repost
Hi guys. Difficult to describe how I'm feeling right now. More confusion than sadness. My surgery went very well yesterday evening so I'm off to a good start! I'll be watching and supporting from the sidelines for a little while so I wish the boys all the luck in the Europa league final and of course the nations league finals🔵🏴 Coming back strong from an injury is something I've had to do all my life and I'll do it again. See you on the pitch as soon as possible ✨⚽
10 goals this season! Double figures! ⚽ More importantly.. into the final!!! 🤩🤩🤩🤩 Thanks for the electric support ⚡ See you in Baku 💙✨ #letsgochelsea
Fresh new wheels for the last few games of the season. Ready. 💪🏾👟 #X19 #DareToCreate #createdwithadidas
Earn it, give it your all and #PushIt! The game on Sunday isn't the only big event this weekend! Good Luck to everyone pushing it at the #LondonMarathon. Who's taking part?


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News article
Celebrate our amazing marine life this World Oceans Day
Living Seas Wales have told us some fun facts around 12 amazing sea creatures, which can all be found around our coastlines. They also gave us some top tips on things we can all do to help protect our marine world. Living Seas Wales' Project Manager Nia Jones recommends: reducing (or ending) single


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Cort Classic TC Manson Stage Series Single Cutaway Scotch Blonde Natural
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Reviews for the Cort Classic TC Manson Stage Series Single Cutaway Scotch Blonde Natural
Help another musician by sharing your experience!
- David W.
Very Nice. Just a little (no cost, no parts replacing, etc) work makes it great.Verified Purchase
Nice guitar - needed a little fret polishing but is straight and well finished other than that. For what you can do if you check around and make some offers, you can't really get anything else as good or better for the price. Much better than the knock-off guitars and $200 level copies. The neck …
- Ron P.Verified Purchase
cort tc butterscotch Have it about a month has not left my hands Beatifully made Wonderful to play Grab it - You will not be sorry Great guitar Thank You Manson Thank You Cort BTW - i have theTR250 & the L300V The bang for the buck is amazing The TC will deliver on any style of playing - if you can play AMEN


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Pullover open neckline fleece lined sweatshirt. Front kangaroo pocket detail. Can be worn on or off the shoulder.
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Maybe your family has no pushy people in it. Maybe you all get along, and maybe you like to travel. Maybe you and your family live close together. If that is the case, enjoy! For the rest of us, travel to see family is a soup of guilt and boundary-pushing embedded in a recurring game of can't-win, and often can't-not-play.
This does not mean anyone is being "bad", more that we often have sub-optimal communication skills and coping mechanisms when stressed. Video and strategies:
Travel means that routines get interrupted, coping mechanisms fail, and most of the things that we have learned about being decent human beings get pushed into the background. Just getting through the event gets us amazing gold stars, and yet we feel perpetually blindsided by what actually transpires.
It is ridiculously stressful, especially since it is supposed to be a vacation and supposed to be fun. Having struggled with this all year, here are some thoughts. This is a multifold problem, comprised of:
- Spending too much time around other people who are trying to get maximum love-per-hour.
- Broken routines and sensory overwhelm making everything more stressful.
- You are not the person who they remember, because at least one of you have grown and changed since you last spent a lot of time together.
The breakdown below might be helpful, and you might be able to use my suggestions. On the other hand, this is so individualized that you may need to fiddle with it a lot before it fits well.
Maximum "Love" / Hour
If you have to constantly reassure someone with your actions that you love them, spending all of your time together isn't going to work well for either of you. Despite this, family days are often 10-14 hours long, instead of 6-8, which fails for everyone who is not a gregarious extrovert. Few things are sadder than watching overstressed introverts try to get maximum interactions with each other. Everyone would be so much happier with a walk or a good book, away from everyone. In many cases, that is how people are used to spending time around each other, and how the ones who live together do so. But because holidays or vacations are "family time," the same individuals strain themselves trying to maximize their "togetherness." We hardly ever get this kind of constant, pressed-together, long-term contact in our daily lives, yet it seems to be the default setting for family visits—especially around holidays when both the visitor and the host have put their normal lives on hold to see each other.
Making it suck less:
- If you can, get a hotel room. Eat the first meal of the day away from everyone.
- Try to get at least some walking or other movement early in the day. Get sunlight if at all possible.
- Let people know ahead of time that you are going to do other things (like walk every day). Schedule time together, but also plan time for yourself.
- Excuse yourself from group interactions early, and spend a few hours in your room ramping down before you try to sleep.
- Be unapologetic about needing alone time. If need be, blame it on a new zen practice.
- Try to take care of your physical needs for food and sleep before they become urgent.
- Be even more careful of all of these if you are sharing this experience with a partner.
No-Win Scenario
You are unlikely to mesh well with every activity, eat everything presented to you, or be excited about every persistent topic. Because of these facts, you are likely to see disappointment—even if you are trying really hard to be a model guest, perfect child, etc. There is no worse feeling than being reprimanded for leaving "early," after a 12-hour social interaction, having done your damnedest to be good company for that long despite wanting down time after four to six hours. Having put your life on hold for over a week to visit somebody, only to hear them complain that they never see you, is like being kicked in the face.
Making it suck less:
- Brace yourself. Know that this is likely to happen, and it doesn't mean you're messing anything up.
- Schedule important things early in the trip.
- Schedule one-on-one meals with people you want to catch up with, for better connection.
- Take care of yourself. (food, water, sleep, shower, walk, alone-time)
- Schedule treats for yourself before, during, and after the trip.
- Don't be mean to yourself, when stuff upsets you that seems mild.
- Try developing a sense of humor. Look for amusement in your social interactions.
- Learn over time how long is too long for you. Make a list of stuff to remember for next time.
Broken Routines
Everything takes longer and is harder. Your brain cannot rely on its normal shortcuts and you have no idea how long anything takes, where to get food, or how to plan for a full night of sleep. This is even true in your hometown, if you have been away for long enough. This all makes for extra stress and cranky people (including yourself!). Your normal built-in breaks and down time do not exist in this world, and it would help if they did.
Making it suck less:
- Know that everything will take longer than it normally has any right to.
- Pack protein-heavy snacks, a water bottle, and a warm layer.
- Leave a lot of open space in your schedule. This means at least 30 minutes between activities (on top of expected travel time).
- Consider not scheduling more than 3 major events per day.
- Figure out travel times ahead of time, and have all addresses with you.
- Adding people and restaurants makes things take longer than they do at home.
- Budget extra time for getting to sleep, and for sleeping.
- Pack ahead of time, so that you don't skip packing food, or do something silly at the last minute.
- If you are caffeine-powered, figure out how that will work for you. Green tea pills add a lot to my ability to not be under-caffeinated and miserable.
Sensory Overwhelm
Airplanes are loud, everything smells different, and there is always something not-like-at-home to pay attention to. Also, your food is different and you have less control over things like temperature. People run out of focus and ability to be okay at different rates, but the end result is often a person who feels stunned or volatile.
Making it suck less:
- Wear comfortable shoes and clothing.
- Wear layers, so you can make yourself warmer or cool off without having to change the room temperature.
- Bring food and water bottles. Pack them the night before.
- Bring familiar music or favorite fiddly activities to keep your hands busy.
- Schedule with friends to talk on the phone during the trip.
- Noise-canceling headphones or earplugs do wonders. I sometimes use both at once.
- This is important, earplugs or noise canceling headphones. Really, really important.
- Bring a blindfold for sleeping on the plane or in a too-bright room.
- I also bring my pillow, pillow case, and duvet cover, so my bed has the same texture as at home.
- Mix, match and add other stuff as needed.
Your Needs Change
If you are at all independent in your day-to-day life, you likely have a lot of attachment to being able to exist the way you choose to. Other people's routines are fine, but much better if being in lockstep with them is optional instead of expected or mandated.
Making it suck less:
- Whenever possible, have your own transportation.
- Stay at a hotel, and do not neglect routines that keep you healthy and sane.
- Communicate food preferences ahead of time. Offer to make food to share.
- Plan trips and activities that you like, and that you can invite others to join in.
- If possible and safe, communicate about how you have changed and what is important to you.
- Opt out of some of the stuff that you find tedious or boring.
You Probably Left for a Reason
Or more importantly, you probably picked a life that works better for you than the one you grew up with. This doesn't even necessarily mean there is anything wrong with how you grew up, just that you found your own way and became an independent person. Some of us left for a reason though, and are not ever going back.
How do you know if there is a problem:
- Are your eating habits, work, hair, clothing, career or partner scrutinized or criticized?
- Do you get ignored, while others are praised?
- Do you get unwanted, unsolicited advice about how to live your life?
- Do you get treated like a child? What happens when you make it clear that you are not?
- Do activities get forced on you without anybody soliciting your interest?
- Is one person always the one talking and initiating all of the activities?
- Is it a problem if you choose not to drink, or not to eat cake, or if you eat when you need food?
- Are you scolded to use a napkin or not talk back?
- Are you threatened or guilted into "good" behavior?
- Do you feel fat, stupid, ugly, crazy or socially inept as a result?
Making it suck less:
Having to deal with a few of the above situations at a time is unfortunate, annoying, but typical. If there are too many, consider reading:
- Boundaries: When to Say Yes, How to Say No to Take Control of Your Life by Henry Cloud and John Townsend
- The Highly Sensitive Person by Elaine N. Aron Ph.D.
- Living With Intensity: Understanding the Sensitivity, Excitability, and the Emotional Development of Gifted Children, Adolescents, and Adults by Susan Daniels and Michael M. Piechowski
If it takes you over two weeks to recover from a trip like this and it makes you hate yourself, or otherwise hurts you, consider giving yourself permission to do fewer things that hurt.
If it is not so bad, consider clearer boundaries, proactive communication, and initiating things that work better for you, such as lunch with only your siblings, or trips to see elephants instead of staring at each other over pie number seven.


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The results were calculated using a measure called "effect size", which is a way of quantifying the size of the difference between the two groups. For the difference in quality of life scores between groups, the effect size was calculated to be 0.24. This can be interpreted as a "small" effect. In other words, treatment including CBT gave a small improvement in quality of life compared with usual care.
Most people should have a formal hearing test done by either the doctor or a hearing specialist (audiologist). People with tinnitus in only one ear and hearing loss should have gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). People with tinnitus in only one ear and normal hearing should have an MRI if tinnitus lasts more than 6 months. People with pulsatile tinnitus often require magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and sometimes angiography.
Generally, following the initial evaluation, individuals suspected of rhythmic tinnitus will undergo some form of specialized medical imaging. Individuals may undergo high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to evaluate blood vessel abnormalities such as a vascular malformation that may be the cause of tinnitus. An HRCT scan can also be used to evaluate the temporal bone for sinus wall abnormalities and superior semicircular canal dehiscence. HRCT uses a narrow x-ray beam and advanced computer analysis to create highly detailed images of structures within the body such as blood vessels. An MRA is done with the same equipment use for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce cross-sectional images of particular structures or tissues within the body. An MRA provides detailed information about blood vessels. In some cases, before the scan, an intravenous line is inserted into a vein to release a special dye (contrast). This contrast highlights the blood vessels, thereby enhancing the results of the scan.
There are two types of tinnitus: subjective tinnitus and objective tinnitus.[3] Tinnitus is usually subjective, meaning that there is no sound detectable by other means.[3] Subjective tinnitus has also been called "tinnitus aurium", "non-auditory" or "non-vibratory" tinnitus. In very rare cases tinnitus can be heard by someone else using a stethoscope, and in less rare – but still uncommon – cases it can be measured as a spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE) in the ear canal. In such cases it is objective tinnitus,[3] also called "pseudo-tinnitus" or "vibratory" tinnitus.
To keep the brain activated and aware, Kilgard's therapy involves stimulating the vagus nerve, which is actually a pair of nerves that runs inside the neck and into the brain. "All the stuff you brains learns about your body — it all comes in through the vagus nerve," he says. "We trick the brain into thinking it's learning something important by stimulating this nerve in the neck."
For many, tinnitus symptoms come on gradually and eventually go away as the brain and ears adjust. However, for others tinnitus can last for years and cause various complications. A high percentage of people with tinnitus that's persistent and untreatable go on to also develop anxiety or depression as a result. What types of things can you do to deal with and lower tinnitus symptoms? Tinnitus treatment includes avoiding excessively loud sources of noise pollution, using certain hearing aids, preventing ear infections and avoiding drug use.
According to ATA, The American Tinnitus Association, 45 million Americans are struggling with tinnitus. In Germany the "Deutsche Tinnitus-Liga" estimates that 19 million Germans have experienced tinnitus, and that 2,7 million Germans have persistent tinnitus, of which 1 million have very severe tinnitus. The British Tinnitus Association estimates that 10% of the UK population suffers from tinnitus. Read more about the prevalence of tinnitus.
Another example of somatic tinnitus is that caused by temperomandibular joint disorder. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is where the lower jaw connects to the skull, and is located in front of the ears. Damage to the muscles, ligaments, or cartilage in the TMJ can lead to tinnitus symptoms. The TMJ is adjacent to the auditory system and shares some ligaments and nerve connections with structures in the middle ear.
About six percent of the general population has what they consider to be "severe" tinnitus. That is a gigantic number of people ! Tinnitus is more common with advancing age. In a large study of more than 2000 adults aged 50 and above, 30.3% reported having experienced tinnitus, with 48% reporting symptoms in both ears. Tinnitus had been present for at least 6 years in 50% of cases, and most (55%) reported a gradual onset. Tinnitus was described as mildly to extremely annoying by 67%.(Sindhusake et al. 2003)
Now make your toes as tight as you can, really scrunch them up. Hold them like this for a moment – and relax. Now do the same with your ankles, then your calf muscles, your thighs… work all the way up your body to your head, making sure you tense, hold for a moment, and then release the tension. Once you've done this with your whole body, focus again on your breathing – notice the rhythm, it should be even and calm.
While it's definitely not a cure by any stretch of the imagination, if your tinnitus does not respond to Tinnitus Control, nor is there any identifiable underlying medical condition, then an effective way to drown out the sounds in your head is via noise suppression devices. These sound generators, in essence, mask the sounds of tinnitus so that you notice them less and can go about your daily life without going crazy over the annoying buzzing, whistling or ringing in your ears.
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome is another not uncommon cause of pulsatile tinnitus. The superior semicircular canal is one of three canals found in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear. The vestibular apparatus helps to maintain equilibrium and balance. In this syndrome, a part of the temporal bone that overlies the superior semicircular canal is abnormally thin or absent. Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome can affect both hearing and balance to different degrees.
Static noise is designed to distract you from your tinnitus. By mixing a static sound with the tinnitus noise, this can help to divert your attention away from the tinnitus. Miracle-Ear hearing aids have five different types of pre-set static noise sounds so that together, with your hearing care specialist, you can customize this program to your needs to help you relax without the annoyance of tinnitus.
Copyright ©2019 NORD - National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. All rights reserved. NORD is a registered 501(c)(3) charity organization. Please note that NORD provides this information for the benefit of the rare disease community. NORD is not a medical provider or health care facility and thus can neither diagnose any disease or disorder nor endorse or recommend any specific medical treatments. Patients must rely on the personal and individualized medical advice of their qualified health care professionals before seeking any information related to their particular diagnosis, cure or treatment of a condition or disorder.
As their name suggests, maskers conceal tinnitus through other sounds. They look similar to hearing aids, but they won't enhance your hearing. In this way, they're like band-aids, covering up the problem instead of actually solving it. In addition, some people find maskers frustrating, because they can soften important sounds, like speech. We do not recommend maskers for long-term use as they do not work in re-wiring the brain.
As a hearing healthcare provider, I regularly get asked about a cure for tinnitus. Trust me, if there was one, I would be using it! I have had tinnitus for more than seven years. It makes it hard to sleep, to concentrate, to read a book. Basically, anything that is normally done in quiet became a struggle for me. (To see how tinnitus is affecting you, take our free tinnitus test.)
While tinnitus is as varied as its causes, it can be grouped into two categories: tonal and non-tonal. Tonal tinnitus is more common and describes the perception of a near-continuous sound or overlapping sounds with a well-defined frequency (e.g., whistling, ringing, buzzing). Non-tonal forms of tinnitus include humming, clicking, crackling, and rumbling.
The degree of loudness or annoyance caused by tinnitus varies greatly from one individual to another. Loudness and annoyance do not always covary. An individual with loud tinnitus may not be troubled, while an individual with soft tinnitus may be debilitated. Most individuals with subjective tinnitus have hearing loss that shows up in a standard clinical audiogram. Tinnitus can sometimes worsen or sometimes improve over time.
It is very well accepted that tinnitus often is "centralized" -- while it is usually initiated with an inner ear event, persistent tinnitus is associated with changes in central auditory processing (Adjamian et al, 2009). Sometimes this idea is used to put forth a "therapeutic nihilism" -- suggesting that fixing the "cause" -- i.e. inner ear disorder -- will not make the tinnitus go away. This to us seems overly simplistic -- while it is clear that the central nervous system participates in perception of sounds, and thus must be a participant in the "tinnitus" process, we think that it is implausible that in most cases that there is not an underlying "driver" for persistent tinnitus.
Objects or insects in the ear can be placed in the ear by patients themselves, or an insect crawling in the ear. Ear wax can also cause ear problems if Q-tips are overused to clean the ears. Symptoms of an object in the ear are inflammation and sensitivity, redness, or discharge of pus or blood. When to seek medical care for an object or insect in the ear is included in the article information.
There are many different conditions and disorders that affect nerve channels leading to the ears, which can cause someone to hear abnormal ringing or other sounds in their ears. These conditions usually cause other symptoms at the same time (such as dizziness, hearing loss, headaches, facial paralysis, nausea and loss of balance), which doctors use as clues to uncover the underlying cause of tinnitus.
Some tinnitus sufferers have experienced relief through hearing aids, but studies indicate that such benefits are limited to those with low-frequency tinnitus.8 For those with a tinnitus pitch above 5–6 kHz or those with a hissing or buzzing tinnitus, the benefits of hearing aids are more limited or even nonexistent. This makes sense from a neuroscience point of view, as the hearing aid will typically not be making up for hearing loss at frequencies above 6–8 kHz; this prevents any possible effects on tinnitus types that are caused by changes to higher frequency regions in the auditory system. While hearing aids are essential to improving the lives of the hearing impaired, they are not typically the best option for tinnitus; especially when used alone.
The similarities between chronic pain and tinnitus have led researchers to develop a mindfulness-based tinnitus stress reduction (MBTSR) program. The results of a pilot study, which were published in The Hearing Journal, found that participants of an eight-week MBTSR program experienced significantly altered perceptions of their tinnitus. This included a reduction in depression and anxiety.
Another way of splitting up tinnitus is into objective and subjective. Objective tinnitus can be heard by the examiner. Subjective cannot. Practically, as there is only a tiny proportion of the population with objective tinnitus, this method of categorizing tinnitus is rarely of any help. It seems to us that it should be possible to separate out tinnitus into inner ear vs everything else using some of the large array of audiologic testing available today. For example, it would seem to us that tinnitus should intrinsically "mask" sounds of the same pitch, and that this could be quantified using procedures that are "tuned" to the tinnitus.
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Take the first step toward relief by scheduling a consultation with one of our audiologists. By carefully examining your case history and conducting audiometric testing, we can identify the likely causes of your tinnitus and recommend an effective treatment. In addition, if medically necessary, we may refer you to another physician to complete your diagnosis.
Cochlear Implants. These implants are a treatment option for patients that have a severe hearing loss along with tinnitus. Cochlear implants are designed to bypass any damaged parts of the inner ear and send the electrical signals sound makes directly to the auditory nerve. By bringing in outside noise, these implants can effectively mask your tinnitus, as well as stimulate your neural circuits to change.
Unfortunately that means tinnitus is a very complicated condition that involves several systems of the body. The good news, though, is that as doctors and researchers have developed a better understanding of the mechanisms behind tinnitus, they've also been able to develop new and promising treatments that target the brain rather than the ear — and have more of a chance of actually reversing the problem.
Noise-induced hearing loss - Exposure to loud noises, either in a single traumatic experience or over time, can damage the auditory system and result in hearing loss and sometimes tinnitus as well. Traumatic noise exposure can happen at work (e.g. loud machinery), at play (e.g. loud sporting events, concerts, recreational activities), and/or by accident (e.g. a backfiring engine.) Noise induced hearing loss is sometimes unilateral (one ear only) and typically causes patients to lose hearing around the frequency of the triggering sound trauma.
To understand what causes tinnitus, you first need to understand what tinnitus is. Tinnitus is, very simply, unexplainable noises you hear in your head when there is no actual sound present. A person with tinnitus will often hear a whistling, humming, buzzing, whooshing, clicking or ringing in their ears, even when there is nothing in the area that is emitting that particular sound. It may be intermittent or last only a short time or never seem to stop.
Tinnitus (pronounced ti-nə-təs or tə-nī-təs) is the conscious awareness of a sound in your ears or head not caused by an external noise. Too often associated with hearing loss, the fact is more than 50 percent of people living with tinnitus don't have measurable hearing loss. Since there are many causes, tinnitus can be associated with a variety of health problems.
Microvascular compression may sometimes cause tinnitus. According to Levine (2006) the quality is similar to a "typewriter", and it is fully suppressed by carbamazepine. It seems to us that response to carbamazepine is not a reliable indicator of microvascular compression as this drug stabilizes nerves and lowers serum sodium. Nevertheless, this quality of tinnitus probably justifies a trial of oxcarbamazine (a less toxic version of carbamazepine).
There seems to be a two-way-street relationship between tinnitus and sleep problems. The symptoms of tinnitus can interfere with sleeping well—and poor sleep can make tinnitus more aggravating and difficult to manage effectively. In the same study that found a majority of people with tinnitus had a sleep disorder, the scientists also found that the presence of sleep disorders made tinnitus more disruptive.
Hyperactivity and deep brain stimulation. Researchers have observed hyperactivity in neural networks after exposing the ear to intense noise. Understanding specifically where in the brain this hyperactivity begins and how it spreads to other areas could lead to treatments that use deep brain stimulation to calm the neural networks and reduce tinnitus.
There are eight main causes of tinnitus that when avoided or removed from your life can help improve your tinnitus dramatically. Ironically, these 8 causes do not affect everyone in the same way. Some people will have no reaction to some of these tinnitus causes, while others will have a severe reaction. There's no clear answer to why this is, but the condition is a growing one with one in five individuals who reach the age of fifty-five suffering from tinnitus.
Hearing loss often accompanies tinnitus, so a hearing aid can hit two birds with one stone. In addition to amplifying sound, the device can camouflage the ringing in your ears by boosting other soft sounds in your environment. If you experience hearing loss in addition to your tinnitus, discuss the potential benefits of a hearing aid that may assist with both conditions at the same time.
Most experts refer to tinnitus as the condition that causes ringing in the ears, however other abnormal sounds and sensations can also be attributed to tinnitus. The definition of tinnitus is "the perception of noise or ringing in the ears." Some also describe this condition as "hearing sounds in the ears when no external sound is present." Although tinnitus is only a significant problem for about 1 percent to 5 percent of the population, up to 10 percent to 15 percent of all children and adults are believed to experience ringing in the ears at least from time to time.
Sound therapies are one method that has previously been shown to reduce the severity of tinnitus. While not all sound therapies have gone through rigorous clinical testing, they have far greater traction and adoption in the tinnitus community. There are two types of sound therapy approaches: (1) maskers that are intended to block out the tinnitus and have the patient learn to ignore their tinnitus, and (2) sound therapies that utilize the same brain plasticity that is thought to be causing the tinnitus for the purpose of reducing it. Both approaches can be delivered via electronic devices that can produce sound. There has been an increase in tinnitus maskers that are built into hearing aids. These built-in maskers generate different sounds including white noise and random tones. Unfortunately, due to their design, hearing aids are still limited to providing masking at frequencies below 8 kHz.
This well-designed study found that using CBT alongside elements of standard therapy can help patients with tinnitus of varying severity. However, the differences in outcomes between the two groups were quite small, and this technique can only help manage tinnitus rather than curing it, as some papers implied. Also, the patients in the study were followed for only 12 months, so it is unclear whether this approach can help in the longer term.
Take medication for a thyroid disorder, if necessary. Tinnitus can be related to both hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, and hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid. Your doctor can check for swelling or lumps in your thyroid gland, which is in your throat, and order blood screens to test its function. If they find an issue, they'll prescribe medication to regulate your thyroid hormone levels.[17]
Some patients choose to get involved in "tinnitus retraining," which involves wearing a device in the ears that provides soothing music or noise, along with undergoing counseling. The goal is to help your body and brain learn to get accustomed to tinnitus noise, which reduces your negative reactions to unwanted sounds. Support and counseling during the process can be helpful for reducing anxiety. Researchers are now learning more about the benefits of coherent cognitive behavioral therapy interventions to help treat distress associated with tinnitus. (3)
Like Shore and Kilgard's work, most of the promising research on tinnitus has to do with stimulating or altering the brain's hyperactivity in ways that reduce tinnitus. Some studies have shown electromagnetic brain stimulation — using either invasive or noninvasive techniques, including procedures that involve surgically implanted electrodes or scalp electrodes — may help reverse a patient's tinnitus. (6) While none of these treatment options are currently available, all have shown some success in treating the condition.
Although mitochondrial DNA variants are thought to predispose to hearing loss, a study of polish individuals by Lechowicz et al, reported that "there are no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of tinnitus and its characteristic features between HL patients with known HL mtDNA variants and the general Polish population." This would argue against mitochondrial DNA variants as a cause of tinnitus, but the situation might be different in other ethnic groups.
Almost every ENT, audiology practice, and hearing aid dispenser who claims to offer tinnitus treatment only offers one solution: hearing aids. While amplification may help some, only 50% of people living with tinnitus experience hearing loss that affects their understanding of speech, which means hearing aids are ineffective. At Sound Relief, we offer only evidence-based options like sound therapy and have seen countless patients experience life-changing results.
Most people with tinnitus also have hearing loss. Hence, hearing aids can be an effective part of any sound therapy. Hearing aids alone can provide partial or total relief from tinnitus. If you're experiencing challenges with your hearing as well as tinnitus, a combination of a hearing solution with built-in sound generators can often be prescribed. You can expect improved levels of hearing which also helps to minimise the effects of the condition in the same way that sound therapy might.
Español: curar el tinnitus (zumbido de oídos), Deutsch: Tinnitus heilen, 中文: 治疗耳鸣, Italiano: Curare l'Acufene, Русский: вылечить тиннитус, Français: soigner des acouphènes, Português: Curar Zumbido no Ouvido, Bahasa Indonesia: Mengobati Tinitus, Nederlands: Tinnitus genezen, Čeština: Jak vyléčit tinnitus, العربية: علاج طنين الأذن, Tiếng Việt: Trị ù tai, 한국어: 이명을 치료하는 방법, हिन्दी: कर्णनाद (टिनिटस) का इलाज़ करें, 日本語: 耳鳴りの治療
Tinnitus (pronounced ti-nə-təs or tə-nī-təs) is the conscious awareness of a sound in your ears or head not caused by an external noise. Too often associated with hearing loss, the fact is more than 50 percent of people living with tinnitus don't have measurable hearing loss. Since there are many causes, tinnitus can be associated with a variety of health problems.


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Moscow judge Yakubaev stands down against backdrop of suspicion of taking bribe
The decision on Yakubaev's dismissal had been made by a qualification board on April 5.
Federal judge of Moscow's Kuzminki district court Ruslan Yakubaev who is being checked by the Investigative Committee of Russia has stood down. This has been reported to TASS by a media relations officer of the court Karina Kalenova. He filed the resignation on his own, but the decision on Yakubaev's dismissal had been made by a qualification board on April 5.
On March 21, the Federal Security Service launched inspection into bribe taking by the judge of Moscow's Kuzminki district court Ruslan Yakubaev. Neither the Federal Security Service, nor the Investigative Committee of Russia reported about the details. With that, media relations officer of Moscow city court Uliana Salopova clarified that the information was going to be provided in case investigation bodies would turn to the qualification board of Moscow judges to receive authorization to initiate the criminal case against the judge.
Ruslan Yakubaev was appointed the federal judge in 2014. According to preliminary data, he took the bribe on March 20.
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Political analyst Valery Solovey asked not to associate him with the institute anymore.
Disappearance of Russian champion tied to husband from OMON
The professional athlete's former husband is under suspicion.
'Menace of Armenia underworld' robbed in Yerevan
Unidentified persons stole a bag with documents and personal belongings from Police Major General Ovanes Tamamyan's car.
Deceased GRU special soldier Nikita Belyankin posthumously awarded medal for courage and bravery
It was solemnly presented to the officer's younger brother, Timofey.
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Chaika Jr's garbage company might receive $31 million worth of state support
Khartiya is preparing to submit applications for projects in the Tula and Yaroslavl regions.


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Caribbean reef sharks are sometimes seen resting motionless on the sea floor or inside caves; it is the first active shark species in which such a behavior was reported. In 1975, Eugenie Clark investigated the famed "sleeping sharks" inside the caves at Isla Mujeres off the Yucatan Peninsula, and determined that the sharks were not actually asleep as their eyes would follow divers. Clark speculated that freshwater upwellings inside the caves might loosen parasites on the sharks and produce an enjoyable "narcotic" effect.[8] If threatened, Caribbean reef sharks sometimes perform a threat display, in which they swim in a short, jerky fashion with frequent changes in direction and repeated, brief (1–1.2 second duration) drops of the pectoral fins. This display is less pronounced than the better-known display of the grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos).[8][9]
The small shark is named for its distinct black-tipped fins. Not to be confused with the blacktip shark, a larger species with similar fin coloration, the blacktip reef shark can be found in shallow inshore waters throughout the Indo-Pacific, including coral reefs, reef flats and near drop offs. It may be seen in mangrove areas and even freshwater environments near to shore, moving in and out with the tide. The blacktip reef shark feeds primarily on fish, including many common reef fishes, but will also consume crustaceans, mollusks, and even snakes!
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Generally a coastal, shallow-water species, grey reef sharks are mostly found in depths of less than 60 m (200 ft).[11] However, they have been known to dive to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[2] They are found over continental and insular shelves, preferring the leeward (away from the direction of the current) sides of coral reefs with clear water and rugged topography. They are frequently found near the drop-offs at the outer edges of the reef, particularly near reef channels with strong currents,[12] and less commonly within lagoons. On occasion, this shark may venture several kilometers out into the open ocean.[4][11]
Juvenile Caribbean reef sharks are preyed upon by larger sharks such as the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and the bull shark (C. leucas). Few parasites are known for this species; one is a dark variegated leech often seen trailing from its first dorsal fin.[4] Off northern Brazil, juveniles seek out cleaning stations occupied by yellownose gobies (Elacatinus randalli), which clean the sharks of parasites while they lie still on the bottom.[10] Horse-eye jacks (Caranx latus) and bar jacks (Carangoides ruber) routinely school around Caribbean reef sharks.[11]
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Grey reef sharks feed mainly on bony fishes, with cephalopods such as squid and octopus being the second-most important food group, and crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters making up the remainder. The larger sharks take a greater proportion of cephalopods.[20] These sharks hunt individually or in groups, and have been known to pin schools of fish against the outer walls of coral reefs for feeding.[14] Hunting groups of up to 700 grey reef sharks have been observed at Fakarava atoll in French Polynesia.[21][22] They excel at capturing fish swimming in the open, and they complement hunting whitetip reef sharks, which are more adept at capturing fish inside caves and crevices.[4] Their sense of smell is extremely acute, being capable of detecting one part tuna extract in 10 billion parts of sea water.[13] In the presence of a large quantity of food, grey reef sharks may be roused into a feeding frenzy; in one documented frenzy caused by an underwater explosion that killed several snappers, one of the sharks involved was attacked and consumed by the others.[23]
WWF works to preserve the coral habitats where reef sharks live through the creation and improved management of marine protected areas, elaboration of fisheries management plans, and the introduction of fishing bans to protect vulnerable species including reef sharks. WWF also promoted the understanding that communities can derive more economic value from reef sharks through tourism than through their capture. We support local communities to set up appropriate ecotourism systems and infrastructure to ensure well-managed and sustainable shark tourism operations.
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Living in warm shallow waters often near coral reefs in the Western Atlantic, from Florida to Brazil, the Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi) is the most abundant shark in the Caribbean. It feeds mostly on bony fishes and rarely attacks humans. Despite the shark's abundance in some regions, it has a high mortality rate from bycatch and is sought by commercial fisheries for its fins and meat. It is illegal to catch Caribbean reef sharks in U.S. waters. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species' status as "Near Threatened."
The Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi) is a species of requiem shark, belonging to the family Carcharhinidae. It is found in the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Brazil, and is the most commonly encountered reef shark in the Caribbean Sea. With a robust, streamlined body typical of the requiem sharks, this species is difficult to tell apart from other large members of its family such as the dusky shark (C. obscurus) and the silky shark (C. falciformis). Distinguishing characteristics include dusky-colored fins without prominent markings, a short free rear tip on the second dorsal fin, and tooth shape and number.
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There is little evidence of territoriality in the grey reef shark; individuals will tolerate others of their species entering and feeding within their home ranges.[27] Off Hawaii, individuals may stay around the same part of the reef for up to three years,[28] while at Rangiroa, they regularly shift their locations by up to 15 km (9.3 mi).[27] Individual grey reef sharks at Enewetak become highly aggressive at specific locations, suggesting they may exhibit dominant behavior over other sharks in their home areas.[3]
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Grey reef sharks are fast-swimming, agile predators that feed primarily on free-swimming bony fishes and cephalopods. Their aggressive demeanor enables them to dominate many other shark species on the reef, despite their moderate size. Many grey reef sharks have a home range on a specific area of the reef, to which they continually return. However, they are social rather than territorial. During the day, these sharks often form groups of five to 20 individuals near coral reef drop-offs, splitting up in the evening as the sharks begin to hunt. Adult females also form groups in very shallow water, where the higher water temperature may accelerate their growth or that of their unborn young. Like other members of its family, the grey reef shark is viviparous, meaning the mother nourishes her embryos through a placental connection. Litters of one to six pups are born every other year.
Reproduction is viviparous; once the developing embryos exhaust their supply of yolk, the yolk sac develops into a placental connection through which they receive nourishment from their mother. Mating is apparently an aggressive affair, as females are often found with biting scars and wounds on their sides.[4] At the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Atol das Rocas off Brazil, parturition takes place at the end of the dry season from February to April, while at other locations in the Southern Hemisphere, females give birth during the Amazon summer in November and December.[4][12] The average litter size is four to six, with a gestation period of one year. Females become pregnant every other year.[8] The newborns measure no more than 74 cm (29 in) long; males mature sexually at 1.5–1.7 m (59–67 in) long and females at 2–3 m (79–118 in).[4]
Caribbean reef sharks are sometimes seen resting motionless on the sea floor or inside caves; it is the first active shark species in which such a behavior was reported. In 1975, Eugenie Clark investigated the famed "sleeping sharks" inside the caves at Isla Mujeres off the Yucatan Peninsula, and determined that the sharks were not actually asleep as their eyes would follow divers. Clark speculated that freshwater upwellings inside the caves might loosen parasites on the sharks and produce an enjoyable "narcotic" effect.[8] If threatened, Caribbean reef sharks sometimes perform a threat display, in which they swim in a short, jerky fashion with frequent changes in direction and repeated, brief (1–1.2 second duration) drops of the pectoral fins. This display is less pronounced than the better-known display of the grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos).[8][9]
Blacktip reef sharks are fast, pursuit predators that prefer reef fishes, but also feeds on stingrays, crabs, mantis shrimps and other crustaceans, cephalopods, and other mollusks. In the Maldives, this species has been documented feeding cooperatively on small schooling fishes, herding them against the shore and feeding en masse. Feeds heavily on sea snakes in northern Australia. A large individual (1.6 m) was observed attacking a green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, in North Male' Atoll, Maldives.
The Caribbean reef shark is found throughout tropical waters, particularly in the Caribbean Sea. This shark's range includes Florida, Bermuda, the northern Gulf of Mexico, Yucatan, Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil. It is one of the most abundant sharks around the Bahamas and the Antilles. Although Caribbean reef sharks are found near reefs in southern Florida, surveys using long-line gear off the east coast of Florida reveal that Caribbean reef sharks are extremely rare north of the Florida Keys.
But another potential cause is that these sharks are skittish around people. So when too many people move into the area, the reef sharks flee to other coral reefs. Indeed, the researchers found far more sharks at small, isolated reefs than they expected. But this in itself is a danger to the reef sharks. With so many sharks concentrated in a small area, "if you really wanted to, you could fish out a few hundred sharks very easily," said Friedlander.
Cyanobacteria do not have skeletons and individuals are microscopic. Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor. Cyanobacterial mounds were most abundant before the evolution of shelly macroscopic organisms, but they still exist today (stromatolites are microbial mounds with a laminated internal structure). Bryozoans and crinoids, common contributors to marine sediments during the Mississippian (for example), produced a very different kind of mound. Bryozoans are small and the skeletons of crinoids disintegrate. However, bryozoan and crinoid meadows can persist over time and produce compositionally distinct bodies of sediment with depositional relief.