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A cardinal ( Latin : Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis , literally Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church ) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, considered a Prince of the Church , and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church . The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals . The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia . A cardinal's primary duty is electing the bishop of Rome when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.
In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees . In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.
The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome . The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral .
There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but the consensus that " cardinalis " from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal," "eminent," or "superior." The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become bishop of Rome. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II , cardinals were given the right to elect the bishop of Rome under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini . For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.
In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks , in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V .
In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV , wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."
The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal .
In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII 's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey . Cardinal Richelieu 's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin . Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the "four great" cardinals to have ruled France . In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry, King of Portugal , was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king.
In 1586 Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70: [77] six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing the need to staff Church offices. [78] In November 1970 in Ingravescentem aetatem , Pope Paul VI established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. This immediately deprived twenty-five cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave. [79] In October 1975 in Romano Pontifici eligendo , he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of the College. [80]
Popes can set aside church laws [81] [82] and they have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, reaching as high as 135 with Pope John Paul II's consistory of 21 February 2001. [83] No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a conclave , but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate. [84]
Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches when named cardinals. [85] [2]
Titular church
Each cardinal takes on a titular church , either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees . The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.
The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia , the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church.
Title and reference style
In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.
In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card. ) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin , "Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Catholic News Service [3] say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. [4] [5] [6] [12] This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences . [35] Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.
In Latin, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as he has been since 1378.
While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.
Orders and their chief offices
Cardinal bishops
Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the seven suburbicarian sees .
In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia .
There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia , Albano , Porto and Santa Rufina , Palestrina , Sabina and Mentana , Frascati , and Velletri . Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops. [38] [99] [40]
Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. [100] Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, of which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome serves as apostolic administrator .
The current cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian dioceses are given in the table below. Those highlighted in red (which, as of 10 June 2017, is all of them) are ineligible to participate in a Papal conclave.
| Birthday
|Suburbicarian See
|Seniority Date
|Curial Office
| Sodano, Angelo Angelo Sodano ,
90 Ostia (as Dean)
Albano 10 January 1994 Cardinal Secretary of State emeritus Re, Giovanni Battista Giovanni Battista Re ,
Vice-Dean Italy 30 January 1934
83 Sabina-Poggio Mirteto 1 October 2002 Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Bishops Etchegaray, Roger Roger Etchegaray ,
Vice-Dean emeritus
95 Porto-Santa Rufina 24 June 1998 President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace Arinze, Francis Francis Arinze Nigeria 1 November 1932
85 Velletri-Segni 25 April 2005 Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments Bertone, Tarcisio Tarcisio Bertone Italy 2 December 1934
83 Frascati 10 May 2008 Cardinal Secretary of State emeritus and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church emeritus Saraiva Martins, José José Saraiva Martins Portugal 6 January 1932
85 Palestrina 24 February 2009 Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment. Those appointed to be cardinal-bishops are usually already cardinals, but their seniority within the order of cardinal bishops is determined by the date of their elevation to the order of cardinal bishop, rather than by the date they originally became cardinals of a lesser order.
Dean and Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals
The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal Dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals , elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. The position of Dean formerly belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. The Vice-Dean is similarly elected by the six suburbicarian cardinal bishops from among their own number with the Pope's approval and also formerly belonged by right to the second-longest-serving of the cardinal bishops.
Cardinal patriarchs
In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees. [101] Unlike all other cardinals, these patriarch cardinals do not receive any title associated with the Diocese of Rome . Unlike the other cardinal bishops, they do not participate in electing the dean nor can they be chosen dean.
There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:
- Nasrallah Sfeir , Patriarch Emeritus of Antioch of the Maronites
- Antonios Naguib , Patriarch Emeritus of Alexandria of the Copts
- Bechara Boutros al-Rahi , Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites
If a Latin Rite prelate who carries the title patriarch, such as that of Venice or Lisbon ), becomes a cardinal, he ranks as a cardinal priest, not as a cardinal bishop.
Cardinal priests
Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. [42] Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.
In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.
While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia , every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.
While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance , and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest . He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand .
Cardinal deacons
The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.
Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.
Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V , which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals , there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II maintained this ratio.
As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" ( optazione ) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant " title " (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).
When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing , some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex ).
Cardinal protodeacon
The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he announces a new pope's election and name from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City . The proto-deacon also bestows the pallium on the new pope and crowns him with the papal tiara , though coronations have been discontinued since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978. [3] The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino .
Cardinal protodeacons since 1911
- Francesco Salesio Della Volpe (4 January 1911 – 5 November 1916†); announced election of Pope Benedict XV ( 1914 )
- Gaetano Bisleti (5 November 1916 – 17 December 1928*); announced election of Pope Pius XI ( 1922 )
- Camillo Laurenti (17 December 1928 – 16 December 1935*)
- Camillo Caccia-Dominioni (16 December 1935 – 12 November 1946†); announced election of Pope Pius XII ( 1939 )
- Nicola Canali (12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961†); announced election of Pope John XXIII ( 1958 )
- Alfredo Ottaviani (3 August 1961 – 26 June 1967*); announced election of Pope Paul VI ( 1963 )
- Arcadio Larraona Saralegui , CMF (26 June 1967 – 28 April 1969*)
- William Theodore Heard (28 April 1969 – 18 May 1970*)
- Antonio Bacci (18 May 1970 – 20 January 1971†)
- Michael Browne , OP (20 January 1971 – 31 March 1971†)
- Federico Callori di Vignale (31 March 1971 – 8 August 1971†)
- Charles Journet (8 August 1971 – 5 March 1973*)
- Pericle Felici (5 March 1973 – 30 June 1979*); announced elections of Pope John Paul I ( 1978 ) and Pope John Paul II ( 1978 )
- Sergio Pignedoli (30 June 1979 – 15 June 1980†)
- Umberto Mozzoni (15 June 1980 – 2 February 1983*)
- Opilio Rossi (2 February 1983 – 22 June 1987*)
- Giuseppe Caprio (22 June 1987 – 26 November 1990*)
- Aurelio Sabattani (26 November 1990 – 5 April 1993*)
- Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (5 April 1993 – 29 January 1996*)
- Eduardo Martínez Somalo (29 January 1996 – 9 January 1999*)
- Pio Laghi (9 January 1999 – 26 February 2002*)
- Luigi Poggi (26 February 2002 – 24 February 2005*)
- Jorge Medina Estévez (24 February 2005 – 23 February 2007*); announced election of Pope Benedict XVI ( 2005 )
- Darío Castrillón Hoyos (23 February 2007 – 1 March 2008*)
- Agostino Cacciavillan (1 March 2008 – 21 February 2011*)
- Jean-Louis Tauran (21 February 2011 – 12 June 2014*); announced election of Pope Francis ( 2013 )
- Renato Raffaele Martino (12 June 2014 – present)
*Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest
†Was protodeacon at time of death
Special types of cardinals
The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave . [102]
Cardinals who are not bishops
Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders , to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops , even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. [103] As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.
A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre , crozier , zucchetto , pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination . The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves .
"Lay cardinals"
At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics , they were inaccurately called " lay cardinals ". Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. [3] Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. [48]
Cardinals in pectore or secret cardinals
In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore (Latin for in the breast ). During the Western Schism , many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V , cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore . [49] A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope. In the modern era popes have named cardinals in pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change, the pope make the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires.
Of the 232 cardinals that Pope John Paul II created, four were named in pectore . [77] Three were later identified as:
- Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei , Bishop of Shanghai , People's Republic of China - made cardinal 1979, revealed 1991, died 2000.
- Marian Jaworski , Archbishop of Lviv , Ukraine - made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001.
- Jānis Pujāts , Archbishop of Riga , Latvia - made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001.
- The fourth cardinal was created in 2003. John Paul II did not reveal this cardinal's identity prior to his death, nor in his will. Speculation centered on Joseph Zen Ze-kiun , Archbishop of Hong Kong, Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz , Archbishop of Moscow, and Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz , John Paul's longtime friend and secretary. [77]
Vesture and privileges
When in choir dress , a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. [77] [77] Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto ). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. [2] It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.
Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. [77]
In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero . This custom was discontinued in 1969 [2] and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry , however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms . Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.
To symbolize their bond with the papacy , the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, [77] which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside. [57] There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.
Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court , even the Roman Rota , is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. [77]
See also
- Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation)
- Cardinal-nephew
- Cardinal protector
- Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
- List of living cardinals
- List of the creations of the cardinals
- The rule set out in Universi Dominici gregis is that "No Cardinal elector can be excluded from active or passive voice in the election of the Supreme Pontiff, for any reason or pretext."
- They were formerly called illustrissimi and reverendissimi; but Pope Urban VIII (of the Barberini family), in 1630, established the above as their title of honour. Edward Wigglesworth, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford: Encyclopædia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences. Volume 4. Page 493.
- As the exclusive electors of the pope (at least since 1179), cardinals were deemed to be the ecclesiastical equivalents of the Holy Roman Empire's 'Prince-Electors,' an extremely elite group with precedence over all other nobility (including archdukes, dukes and counts), who were tasked with the responsibility of electing Holy Roman Emperors.... A decree of 10 June 1630, by Urban VII bestowed the title "His Eminence", historically reserved for high nobility, upon the cardinals, thus elevating them above the 'His Excellency,' then being used to refer to Italian princes." Guruge, Anura. The Next Pope. Alton, New Hampshire. 2010. Page 81.
- Authoritarian, keenly conscious of his position, Urban kept business in his own hands and rarely discussed it with his cardinals: to compensate them he gave them the rank of princes of the church and a right to the title of 'eminence' (June 1630). Oxford Dictionary of Popes: Urban VIII
- " Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ... " [16] (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...")
- once he has been ordained to the episcopate [2]
- Examples include Domenico Bartolucci , Karl Josef Becker , Yves Congar , Aloys Grillmeier , Henri de Lubac , Julien Ries , Leo Scheffczyk , Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye .


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Click here to read my top picks and find which spying app is on top this year. Hi, i was aware there was an app to close it but because of the short life on symbian of whatsapp decided not to bother. Technology' s news site of record. Phone/ Browser: SAMSUNG- GT.Hi, I have samsung corby pro ( GT- B5310) java based phone. When end- to- end encrypted, your message.
I want to download what up software for samsung mobile. Want to know which is the best Whatsapp tracker and whatsApp spy utility.Samsung phones because samsung phones do support some java apps but. It' s kinda frustrate me a little, because WhatsApp doesn' t have a version in Windows Mobile 6.
How to hack a cell phone - Phone Hacker App Real- Time. Download Stock Whatsapp Emoticons Pack in png format for iphone android, facebook Nokia.However you can spy on Whatsapp messages using methods described in the article. WhatsApp is an app used to send free sms to your friend who is also using the.
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5 that I own not for a new Android phone. Recently how to use it.
Vodafone is a mobile phone service provider out of the UK. Whatsapp is a free messaging app for android with which you can send text messages media files like images, audio files video files.
A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system Internet data communication; most, if not all, an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS smartphones also support Wi- Fi. Many of these cell phone spy apps run in the background without the user' s knowledge.
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Find the best apps like WhatsApp Messenger for Java. It' s up to the Android community to spread the word about questionable apps.
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The application allows the sending of text messages other media, as well as video calls, documents, voice calls, images user location. For those of you who would like to download WhatsApp for Java Samsung Phones, the following downloads will help.
Whatsapp Java App WhatsApp Messenger is a cross- platform mobile messaging app which.
The copy9 is the best spy app available on the market. It can be installed on any Smartphones and tablets.
Copy9 once installed in the hacked phone lets you do the following: Cell phone spy without access to target phone, With Copy9 you can spy on someones phone without touching it.

subset: commoncrawl


text: You need to be a good listener in order to be a good leader. Nobody is going to respect or follow you if they feel like you aren't taking their thoughts and feelings in to consideration. A truly effective leader is one who hears everyone, and makes the best decisions according to consensus and gut instinct.


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Anet A8 Laser Mount for Laser Engraving and Cutting Prusa i3by samella Feb 17, 2017
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If you print this Thing and display it in public proudly give attribution by printing and displaying this tag.Print Thing Tag
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If you like what you see consider using my referral link on Banggood. Thanks!
12% off on FPV Stuff: https://goo.gl/39KJyG.
Turn your Anet A8 into a Laser Cutter! It will cut though Foil and engrave Wood. Nothing too fancy, but still nice :D
This mount is a drop in replacement for a printing extruder. Fits X-Carriage of Anet A8.
Mount will fit these Lasers:
500mW Laser: http://goo.gl/8TtSC9
2.5W Laser: http://goo.gl/kJqlwB BEST PRICE I could find for a 2.5W Laser!
2.5W Laser Laser on Amazon.de: https://goo.gl/ZiWV4a
Laser works without Firmware Modifications.
Check out my out things too: http://www.thingiverse.com/samella/designs
I used an Inkscape Plugin to generate gcode: http://jtechphotonics.com/?page_id=1503
Be careful when working with lasers. This is not a toy! WEAR LASER PROTECTION EYEWEAR and MAKE SURE YOU LOCK THE ROOM so your kids are not exposed to the beam.


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Missouri debtors who are having trouble making their payments are shielded from various tactics debt collectors and creditors might use to try and collect what they are owed. Various protections include a limit to the number of times that a debt collector and creditors can contact the debtor, the times at which they can make contact, and where they can legally call. Now, with the new proposed rule changes in the form of an update to FDCPA, it will open the door for debtors to receive unlimited text messages, emails and private messages. Those who are confronted with this should think about contacting a legal professional to address their debt before this change is made.
Time-barred debt and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
Missourians who are experiencing financial turmoil will feel overwhelmed at the pressures they face. This can come from the uncertain future and the constant calls and letters they receive from debt collectors who want to get all or some of what is owed. While some debts will be subject to collection attempts regardless of when they were accrued, there are protections that a consumer has based on the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. For debts that are "time-barred," it is important to know the alternatives. As with any financial issue, getting on stronger financial ground frequently requires legal assistance.
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and civil liability
When St. Louis residents are facing financial struggles and they are being contacted by debt collectors, they are often frightened, intimidated and stressed. The personal issues that accompany a difficult financial situation are compounded by constant calls seeking to collect on debts. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act is in place to protect debtors from untoward and illegal behavior on the part of debt collectors. When debt collectors violate the law, however, debtors should understand that they have the option of seeking compensation through civil liability.
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act covers disputed debts
Missourians who are in heavy debt and are having trouble covering even the minimum payments could feel a certain amount of fear as they consider their options. There are many ways to handle debts and get back on stronger financial ground. Before taking those steps, however, it is also important to get back into a better frame of mind to try and address those debts. One common hindrance to doing that is when debt collectors are exerting pressure to collect.
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and collector communication
Missourians who find themselves in debt and barraged by debt collectors might think they must take the constant harassment, and there is little they can do to stop it. The truth is that the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act provides certain protections to consumers regarding communication. Knowing the rules creditors and debt collectors must follow is a sure way to get them to adhere to it. If they fail to do so, it can be the basis for a legal filing. And, having legal assistance can also protect consumers from other practices that violate the law.
How the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act protects consumers
Residents of St. Louis and throughout Missouri who find themselves in debt will not only face the worry of finding a way to get back on stronger financial ground, but also consistent and aggressive attempts by debt collectors to receive payment. That aggression can sometimes cross the line. However, debtors are often unaware of how far debt collectors can go under the law. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act accords certain protections to debtors. It is important to understand them and know that the debt collector is violating the law so steps can be taken to put a stop to it.


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Used Toyota LPG Forklifts for sale from Poland available on Mascus AU. Browse ads from Toyota LPG Forklifts for sale in Poland, you can also search here for Toyota LPG Forklifts in other Oceania countries and all over the world.
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48: The Food Tour Company
MP3•Episode home•Series home•Public Feed
Manage episode 231787128 series 2283489
ByDiscovered by Player FM and our community — copyright is owned by the publisher, not Player FM, and audio streamed directly from their servers.
We're joined by The Food Tour Company in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Be prepared to have your mouth watering as we talk about the taste of Santa Fe. Rupert talks history and his best tips of how to travel and taste food in any new city you visit, his goals when you come on a food tour, and why sometimes the travel itineraries go out the window (literally). For pictures, links and more, visit our website at www.GoneTrippinPodcast.com
54 episodes available. A new episode about every 8 days averaging 65 mins duration .


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As you can not access the related account to read the verification code, you can click Try another way to enter a new email address to receive the code. So these are the basic instructions which you have to follow, whatever recovery method you are going to use. Step 5: Now, you have reset your Gmail password and recovered your Gmail account. Way 3: If you did not connect the phone number or annother email address with this account, you can get the verification code by answering the security question. After fulfilling the requirement for any of the option mentioned above, click on the Next button for verification.
I need to wipe her iPad but cannot because this is the only please she can see her gmail. So if you have lost account password, you can try to reset Google password using the phone as a recovery option. You need to choose one options among three. In that case, you will have to answer the security questions that you have setup when you created the Gmail account for the first time. This totally works for me; Most times I get frustrated trying to log in to my numerous online accounts; And this helps me to remember my password. I tried twice n quit. You might be wondering: Phases??? So you need to log in that recovery email and click on that link.
Why is it so hard to recover a Google Account? You can do this on desktop, iPhone, and Android versions of Gmail. So, almost of the emails in that section might affect you in one way or another. Everything I have is connected to this account. Your Google Account password is used to access many Google products, like Gmail and YouTube. Thankfully, even if you forget your own Gmail account password, Google still knows it. Though Gmail formerly supported security questions, it no longer allows you to add any new ones, only delete access to old ones.
Manually changing password requires time and patience. Its use is completely free to all the users around the world. Simply enter the password you remember and click Next. Do you know if I can upgrade this to a business account and get technical support? Click on the Done option after you thoroughly review the recovery information. Now you have access to your account again.
They send a verification code to my back up email. But we have seen many users struggling while resetting their code. She does not know her Gmail password. There I forgot to mention the tips about how to change Gmail password? Reset Gmail Password Phase 4; So you checked the recovery Email and it is not familiar? Click to find more solutions for , , and. Now let me go ahead and explain about Gmail account recovery method. Your new password will produce results promptly and you can utilize it to sign into Gmail and other Google services. If your aunties co-worker is alive, the best option for retrieving her Gmail account would be to contact the former co-worker.
Although I think Google has brought back the recovery option where you will have to answer a question in order to gain access to reset Google account. As resetting the confidential code is an easy task but due to the technicality, many non techie users are not able to do so without getting into trouble. I can prove who I am…. It's at the bottom of the screen. Trust me it is difficult and frustrating when resetting Gmail password.
Then you will enter the account recovery interface by sending the verification code to your connected account. No other emailing platform can match the features which are provided by the Gmail itself. You must have already added a recovery email address for this to work. Guidelines or Tips for Creating a New Gmail Password When you are looking to create a password for your Gmail account, or even a username, considering the following suggestions will help you create a strong password which in turn will minimize the chances of your account getting hacked. Method 2: Reset Gmail Password by Answering Security Questions This method is very useful if you have forgotten the recovery email too. If you have to change or reset your Google Account password then you have to follow some steps to do that. Now, there are different categories of issues that revolve around Gmail password recovery, Some persons have forgotten their Gmail login password, Some have forgotten both their Gmail password and security question.
After that, you will be reviewed your recovery information on the next screen. But I do know that another way of resetting your Gmail password is by answering a secret question provided by Google. If you can enter this password correctly then it will be easier for Gmail to recognize your account and give you easier quests to reset your password. How to Recover Your Forgotten Gmail Password If you know the time when you created your Gmail account, you can try this way: 1 Go to in your browser, and enter your Google email address that you want to recover. So, if you forget password for your Gmail account then it is pretty much assumable that you won't be able to log in to any of the services provided by Google. There are other options on the sign-in page you may want to explore.


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There were no documents that contained all of the words in your query. These results contain some of the words.
Pacific Jets are the preferred private jet provider for all the major inbound operators who service the top end of tourism market. Operating from a base at Auckland we operate flights to virtually any New Zealand domestic location as well as anywhere in Australia, Asia and the Pacific Basin.
transport » air charters
…your rental vehicle requirements and budget, New Zealand Rent a Car, Auckland Airport has it. New Zealand Rent a Car at Auckland Airport has a large selection of vehicles to suit your budget and friendly staff will see to all your auto needs. Exceptionally competitive rates and exceptional quality…
transport » rental cars » mid range rental cars
…sweet cars and sweeter prices. We've got everything you need and nothing you don't. Our fleet is safe, reliable and carefully maintained. Our simple online booking system gets you on the road faster. Auckland Airport is where most travellers begin and end their trips, so that's where we are.
transport » rental cars » mid range rental cars
Fun blend of animal exhibits and interactive attractions. Immerse yourself in our tropical butterfly house. Walk amongst 800+ butterflies. Visit Dinosaur Kingdom with 60+ dinosaurs, some even life-sized, roaring and moving, you'll be amazed! Visit Kiwi Forest, with kiwis and otters - plus see…
attractions and activities » family fun and activities » theme and adventure park fun
Apex Car Rentals has been doing things 'the Kiwi way' for 20 years by providing exceptional customer service and respecting the different cultures we work with every day. Choose Apex for your New Zealand car hire and experience first-hand why our customers rate us the best car rental company in New…
transport » rental cars » budget rental cars
Conveniently located only three minutes from the Auckland International Airport, BK's Pioneer Motor Lodge offers you quality, affordable accommodation. Courtesy airport shuttle service. Free in-room Broadband Internet connection, no tricky passwords, no connection fee and no usage charges. Simply…
accommodation » motels and motor lodges
This NZ owned airport hotel of 222 rooms is just 5mins from Auckland Airport. They are specialists in caring for guests, with outstanding service, great value, quality hotel accommodation, exceptional dining and conference facilities (including a 250 person Conference Centre). Enjoy the best little…
accommodation » worldwide stopover accommodation
If you are planning to visit Whitianga and require an affordable, comfortable place to stay, in a great location with a FREE BREAKFAST! then Turtlecove could be just the place for you. Only two minutes walk to town or supermarkets. All buses stop at gate. Well equipped kitchen, cosy lounge. Hotel…
accommodation » backpacker and budget
The 2 hour return walk to Onepoto Caves branches off to various caves in the area. The track then descends into a small valley where you'll find the largest number of caves on the walk.
attractions and activities » free visitor attractions
This one hour walk will lead you around Lake Kaitawa, a small lake to the south of Lake Waikaremoana. Along the way take the track to Green Lake and Fairy Springs.
attractions and activities » free visitor attractions
For more listings please click: 1 2 3 | Next


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I derive much solace from that, Meg. :hmwink:
Type: Posts; User: Heeeere's Olesker!
I derive much solace from that, Meg. :hmwink:
Christmas music all day yesterday and the week before during the lead up to our June 25th Halfmas celebration. We put up half the Christmas decorations and lights, roast a half a turkey, put up a...
Nice to know something's older than me. Happy birthday! What a ride!
I've got a feeling "the best is yet to come." :hmgrin:
Very funny, Meg.
Bond...James Bond.
Sean...Sean Connery.
Imo, there has been, is and always will be only one James Bond, reflected by the fact that he is the standard to which all others are compared.
This is pretty well known to mystery novel buffs:
Enough said? :hmwink:
Yes. Those were two wonderful series that I wrote multiple episodes for. I had a blast writing for them, and Abrams and Gentile were a joy to work with.
You just got a shout-out welcome from two of the most amazing moderators on this or any other board out there. :hmgrin:
Well said. Only 15 films earned $500 million at the box office in 2018, so it's a pretty high bar to aim for. I completely agree that it's better to have a somewhat lower budget so the film can...
Now that makes sense.
It has to do budget-times-three to break even. Of course everyone's already taken their fees, but that's where it needs to go to show a profit.
Depends also on how toy, product and licensing goes.
Points well made. That said, as VZX pointed out, Star Wars did okay without any main characters in most of the titles. :hmwink:
If Teela and She-ra were on the island with you, you wouldn't want to swim anywhere. Just saying'... :hmwink:
- - - Updated - - -
Although I think Teela and She-ra might have something to...
This is TREMENDOUSLY exciting! Eagerly awaiting updates!
It's a good sign, but in no way definitive. MGM took out a full page ad in Variety about the film-to-be based on my bestseller, NO PLACE LIKE HOME. Two months later Producer Willian Castle passed...
Yeah, that's what I need: one more thing in my life that I like. :hmlol:
- - - Updated - - -
I get it on the smartphone. A few years ago Kim phone-shamed me to get one because she said I...
Yeah, in a lot of ways I'm blissfully out of touch. I use my computer for research, writing and sending emails, my phone for taking and making phone calls and sending and receiving texts...
What's Instagram? :hmlol:
And I'm sure all orgers appreciate your blog. Comprehensive, informative and well writ. :hmgrin:
As I posted on your blog, "Wonderful and amazing to see the incredibly talented work that went into developing and creating this enduring villainous character. Sincere kudos."
I'm delighted to say I'm booked for Power-Con! Looking forward to seeing all the fans. :hmgrin:
Oh come on, Adam. We all know your private helicopter is going to fly you from the airport to the roof of the hotel. :hmwink:
I can't help but wonder if, by the time we reach 2021, the release date will be pushed back to 2025.
Easier at your age than mine. :hmwink:
Just to go off-thread for a moment -- and hey, I'm seventy, so give me a break once in a while -- I'm of an older generation, but I love skinny jeans because I've worked my butt off to fit into...
Does Kill Bill Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 mean anything to you? Or a little film called Pulp Fiction? :hmwink:
Evil-Lyn? One word, one name, one towering actress -- Uma.
Yeah, yeah, I know she's forty-nine. To quote Tony Horton -- my P90X god -- "Aging is for those who don't know any better." Trust me,...


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Published: 20th November 2007
Number Of Pages: 646
Earn 305 Qantas Points
on this Book
Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry provides timely and critical reviews of important topics in medicinal chemistry together with an emphasis on emerging topics in the biological sciences, which are expected to provide the basis for entirely new future therapies.
* Critical reviews of the previous year's literature in many topics of interest to medicinal chemists
* Highlights major developments in medicinal chemistry
* Includes a comprehensive set of cumulative indices to easily locate topics in all published volumes
|Central Nervous System Diseases
|Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
|Inflammation, Pulmonary and Gastro Intestinal Diseases
|Cancer and Infectious Diseases
|Topics in Biology
|Topics in Drug Design and Discovery
|To Market, To Market 2006
|Indexes including cumulative NCE indexes
|Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.
Series: Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry : Book 42
Audience: Professional
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 646
Published: 20th November 2007
Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 24.0 x 16.5 x 4.45
Weight (kg): 1.12
Edition Number: 42
Earn 305 Qantas Points
on this Book


text:
Back to all reports
Colapsed Drain
Reported in the Roads/highways category by Mark Campbell at 16:36, Sun 8 September 2013
Sent to Hampshire County Council 4 minutes later
As the drain cover is sinking into the ground the pipe underneath must have collapsed. The last time it was repaired the just filled it in from the top and the repair lasted less than three months. The area floods severely when it rains and the standing water makes the whole area treacherous.
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text:
Explore Gallery of Michael Jackson Canvas Wall Art
Showing Photo About Michael Jackson Sings Paintingdavid Lloyd Glover Within Best and Newest Michael Jackson Canvas Wall Art
Concerning the preferred artwork pieces that can be good for your space are michael jackson canvas wall art, posters, or paintings. There are also wall bas-relief, statues and sculptures, which can seem more like 3D paintings compared to sculptures. Also, if you have much-loved designer, probably he or she's a webpage and you can check always and get their artworks throught website. You can find actually designers that promote digital copies of the arts and you are able to just have printed out.
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If you are reading this, you are NOT reading from the official source. If you wish to read this chapter unobstructed, please read it at http://www.rebirth.online/novel/earths-core/264 4d6f923b014b2ccd9603d8b63cf241a144160c50
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'A hidden oppression… The Almighty's!' Zax concluded. Now that he reconnected the spirit and consciousness, he became conscious to the inconspicuous Godly Retribution bearing on his being. 'It began to act'. If he had not reached the Mortal Enlightenment state and joined with his spirit he would have remained oblivious. 'It's trying to revoke the speck of the sixth bottleneck, cut off my opportunity to comprehend all six bottlenecks!' The instant he figured, the land, sky and sea of his Inner Panorama reverberated in response to his rage.
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Please help us battle the content-stealing websites by reading at the source.


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**ROLE SUMMARY** Summarize the primary purpose & key accountabilities of the role, including geographical scope (i.e. Global vs. Country/Region). Summary should ...
1+ months
**Department: Research, Development and Medical, Upjohn (Established Medicine Business)** **Position: Medical Manager** **Reports to: Upjohn Medical Lea...
1+ months
Zurich, MT US
All over the world, Pfizer colleagues are working together to positively impact health for everyone, everywhere. As we continue to develop healthcare products and ex...
1+ months
Hedgesville, WV US
Sr. Medical Affairs Manger in Oncology, for Lung cancer and GIST, pNET, IO N: Not Applicable - (China) Pfizer is an equal opportunity employer and complies wi...


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Every year I feel the pressure gets more and more and any rules or regulations around family spending habits go out the window. I understand the importance and beauty in gift giving but every product you buy has a story… Some a happy story and some a sad story and this is more often then not forgotten in the haste to get the best present or the cheapest present.
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Make a Glass Treasure Group Event
Got a group? Experience the art and excitement of glassblowing!
We've got a unique and fun event...one that can't be duplicated anywhere else in Greater Vancouver. Experience the art and excitement of glassblowing!
If your group is 8 or more people (6 or more for Premium items), you can each make a glass object to treasure forever, working one-on-one with our professional instructors.
The process begins with choosing your colours from our array of options. Then you will work one-on-one with an experienced instructor to gather molten glass, shape it at the bench, keep it heated, and create the final shape.
What can you make?
Regular options: Paperweight, Pumpkin, Ornament.
Each of these takes approximately 20 minutes per person, and you will make one item during this time.
Premium options: Bowl, Tumbler.
Each of these takes approximately 30 minutes per person, and you will make one item during this time.
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Sanjay Leela Bhansaliâs next to be based on colour discrimination
Hereâs everything that you need to know about Sanjay Leela Bhansaliâs next Continue reading ... Known to make films with powerful story line always, Sanjay Leela Bhansali is every actor's dream. While he's often maki.....»»
Sanjay Leela Bhansaliâs next to be based on colour discrimination
Hereâs everything that you need to know about Sanjay Leela Bhansaliâs next Continue reading ... Known to make films with powerful story line always, Sanjay Leela Bhansali is every actor's dream. While he's often maki.....»»
Neon is IN: Deepika Padukone, Sonam Kapoor, Malaika Arora and more celebrity approved ways to sport the shade
Fashion Source: Instagramgetty images Neon green has a controversial past. Despite that, it has become the reigning colour this season The colour has found a way to let go of its tacky image and become a colour that A-listers and fashionistas li.....»»
Ayushmann Khurrana: Our aim is to take film Article 15 to rural places where discrimination actually happens
Attach Main Entertaiment Image: ayushmann-khurrana-article-15-rural.jpg Ayushmann Khurrana is all geared up for his first release of this year - Article 15. Directed by Anubhav Sinha, the actor plays the role of.....»»
Article 15: Ayushmann Khurrana is a no nonsense cop when it comes to discrimination; Check out the poster
Attach Main Entertaiment Image: ayushmann-article-15-poster-main.jpg If there is one film that has been making it to the news, it is Ayushmann Khurrana starrer Article 15. Helmed by Anubhav Sinha, the film is ba.....»»
PHOTOS: Kiara Advani gives us major vacay goals with these snaps; Check it out
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Bollywood goes off colour!
Quite a few movie stars have been going off colour on Instagram........»»
All stars wearing the colour of the season: Neon Green
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Priyanka Chopra, Alia Bhatt, Gigi Hadid and more have a new favourite colour which is perfect for summer
Fashion Source: InstagramGetty Images Move over spring, summer is here! And what better way than to welcome it, than dress like it? Coming straight to the point – sunset yellow is the most loved colour among celebrities. From desi girl Priyank.....»»
Varun Dhawan celebrates Holi with ladylove Natasha Dalal
Bollywood celebrities and TV celebrities soaked in the colour of Holi and Varun Dhawan was also not behind, the actor celebrated the festival of colour with his parents and girlfriend Natasha Dalal......»»
Happy Holi 2019: Hina Khan is all drenched in the colour of boyfriend Rocky Jaiswal"s love; see pics
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Sanjay Leela Bhansali"s next production to feature Randeep Hooda as the leading man; Deets inside
Attach Main Entertaiment Image: randeep-hooda-sanjay-leela-bhansali (2).jpg Apart from Alia Bhatt and Salman starrer Inshallah, Sanjay Leela Bhansali is bankrolling another project and as per Mumbai Mirror's rep.....»»
Sanjay Leela Bhansali all set to launch niece Sharmin with Jaaved Jaaferi"s son Meezan in Malaal; Read details
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Kangana Ranaut offered Padmaavat before Deepika Padukone; Reveals the Queen Actor
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Frontier Natural Products, Organic Whole Cloves, 16 oz (453 g)
Flash Deals are limited time, limited quantity promotions, so act fast! Limited to: 1 unit of 1 product per order. If you order more, you will pay our regular every day low price.
Frontier Natural Products, Organic Whole Cloves, 16 oz (453 g)
- Expiration Date: September 2021
Shipping Weight:?0.56 kgSwitch to Imperial unitsShipping WeightThe Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
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25.4 x 21.6 x 3.8 cm , 0.48 kgSwitch to Imperial units
Product Rank:
Featured Products
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Intensely aromatic and richly flavored, cloves have been a major player in the spice world since ancient times. Actually dried flower buds, you'll often find cloves in seasoning blends alongside cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg.
Suggested Use
For a special treat, sprinkle cloves on oatmeal; cook as usual.
Other Ingredients
Whole cloves.


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Friday, 28 September 2018 by admin
ARIES & TAURUS SEXUAL & INTIMACY COMPATIBILITY The fact that Aries is ruled by Mars and Taurus by Venus immediately shows us how sexual these signs are. Both planets are in connection with physical relations, but their biggest difference is in their final goal when it comes to sex. Aries in its rough form is guided
Holy and Unholy Numbers Part -2
Tuesday, 25 September 2018 by admin
The Number 5 Pythagoras believed that 5 represented man in perfect balance with the universe and containing the sum of the male and female elements. At times this was taken to symbolize marriage. For the Sikhs, the number symbolizes the five sacred objects that are worn by all males. The Chinese believe the number represents
- Published in astrologer in kolkata, Astrology, best astrologer in kolkata, Numerology, Uncategorized


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Installation Services
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Product Flyer Template
Product Flyer Template
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The 2nd biggest collection of flyers is about business. The flyers they design for you will offer your customers the truly amazing impression your company deserves. Peppey's business flyer relies on the ability of human faces to generate your organization connect with its audience. Many Flyers are Available on the internet for download and they're able to be used for analysis. Including testimonials with proofs can produce the flyer stick out among the competitors in the marketplace. Carefully considering all of the distribution options ahead of time will guarantee you get your flyer before the proper folks, in the correct place and at the most suitable moment.


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|Global Journal of Technology and Optimization is best open-access journal in Biotechnology. This interdisciplinary journal examines and encourages research within energy optimization and engineering fields, including novel meta-heuristics optimization techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, mathematical programming, pattern search, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, and hybrid optimization in a variety of engineering, science, business, and energy systems of real world practical application problems. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes. OMICS International organizes Science Congress, World Summits, and International science conferences in India, USA, Dubai, Australia and Europe. OMICS International thus is making a world tour taking its agenda of spreading knowledge related science and technology Open Access. OMICS Group Conferences are known for their innovation and unique features.
|Last date updated on June, 2014


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Monkey Wrench January 11 2019 Answers
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