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The clash of identical word usage between Romanian and Bulgarian with reference to the translation difficulties
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Cómo traducir al español títulos de periódicos ingleses
Cómo usar el gerundio en español
Doing Trados-translated rtf cleanup manually in GNU Emacs
FInd&Replace Hints
How to collect stories with PageMaker for Mac (and PC too) without Trados Story Collector
Proofreading with DéjàVu
43+ Million New Users Are Waiting For Arabic SEO
Subtitling - basic principles
Traduire : limportance de la connaissance profonde de la langue darrivée.
Video subtitling
El significado de los dichos populares
How to translate culture-bound elements (in Italian)
Convalidaciones y Homologaciones en España de Títulos Extranjeros
How to find direct clients
More useful shortcuts for Word
Spanish punctuation
Creating and using a Business Card (vCard) in Outlook Express
Hidden ways to promote your website
How to give your Dutch customers a 40% discount
Building a Freelance Translation Office
How to build a professional WEB SITE
Keeping your PC clean and safe
Be considered for projects
Getting Back on the Horse After Years Away
How to Become a Freelance Translator in France
Guide to accept on line payment
How to limit the risk of not getting paid
More Money - Same Workload
Translating into the lingua franca
Keep your child immersed in your native language
Learning a new language - tips and tricks
Blue Board - an overview
How to improve your listing in the ProZ.com freelancer directory
Hosting: Domain names
Hosting: Using FTP
Organizing a ProZ.com powwow in your city
How to Organize an ID Verification Pow-wow
Instructions on how to enable your browsers to be able to read Devanagri (Hindi).
How Not To Catch a Virus at Home
Teaching English to second language learners
How to improve WinXP performance
How To optimally use Google
International Keyboard Layout
Linux for Translators Myths and FAQs
La importancia del tiempo para un traductor independiente
Under the hood of Windows Explorer (XP)
Using Yahoo Briefcase to quickly share files and images
Windows shortcuts; listed in a systematic way
How to translate Mac PageMaker file with Trados on PC
Translating HTML files
Basic Wordfast tutorial in Bulgarian/ Начално ръководство за Wordfast на български език
Installing OmegaT (+Java) on Debian GNU/Linux
OmegaT review
SDLX optimization.
Diesel Engines: A Brief Overview
What's in a Name: Juliet's Question Revisited
Navigating through Treacherous Waters: The Translation of Geographical Names
Bibliography on the Profession of Interpretation
Translating a Brazilian Balance Sheet
Neologisms in International Development
Handling Greek and Latin Terms in Spanish Medical Translation
Electronic File Transfer & Conversion
An Effective and Inexpensive Translation Memory Tool
Using MS Word's Advanced Find and Replace Function
Trados - Is It a Must?
From Shoebox to SQL
Awful Translation Fails You Won't Forget
Some Advice on Preparing for Simultaneous Interpretation of Current Political Themes
Interprete professionista o professionista interprete?
El reto de formar intérpretes en el siglo XXI
The Law of Business Organizations under the New Brazilian Civil Code
The Language of Inflation Traps in Translating Brazilian Portuguese
The Language of the ICMS Tax in Brazil
The Check is not in the Mail-Banking in Brazil
Cultural Implications for translation
The Translator's Dilemma - Implicatures and the role of the translator
Toward Corpus-Based Machine Translation for Standard Arabic
Useful Machine Translations of Japanese Patents Have Become a Reality
Translation Practices in International Advertising
Foreignization/Domestication and Yihua/Guihua: A Contrastive Study
The Business of Translating
Translation Economics 101
What Every Novice Translator Should Know
Two New Portuguese Dictionaries
Book Review: Science in Translation
Some Ways of Translating English Phrasal Verbs into Russian
What the Guys Said, the Way They Said It, As Best We Can
It's a Small World
Translation: A Market in Crisis?
Test Translations - an Update
Are you Prepared to Meet Your Client?
Source Language versus Target Language Bias
Translator, Adapter, Screenwriter Translating for the audiovisual
In the Footsteps of Giants Translating Shakespeare for Dubbing
The Viewer as the Focus of Subtitling Towards a Viewer-oriented Approach
The Power of Film Translation
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Maddening Amusements; A Richness of Trees
Lexicographical considerations in creating an online bilingual lexicon for students from a Chinese background: The problem of translation
Translation: Back from Siberia
The Importance of Teaching Cohesion in Translation on a Textual Level - A Comparison of test scores before and after teaching
Knowing Before Learning: Ten Concepts Students Should Understand Prior to Enrolling in a University Translation or Interpretation Class
Translation and Interpretation Work for the LNG Tangguh Project in Papua, Indonesia
A Discussion on Features of Financial English Vocabulary and its Translation into Chinese
Mother Tongue ---How crucial is it for translation?
A Method for Preparing Conference Terminology
Batch Conversion of DejaVu Translation Memories into Trados txt format
The Importance of Squeezing Some Vacation Time into Your Busy Schedule
Avivando colegas - Traductores argentinos: CAPACITADOS Y BARATOS: IRRESISTIBLES
Translating Culture - Specific Metaphoric expressions
How to feed Translating Brains?
To disappear, but to keep on hearing
More on Getting Direct Clients
How to find direct clients!?
Handling PDF Documents
La Profesión de Interprete
La traducción y el nuevo orden mundial
L'importanza del tempo per un traduttore freelance
Cómo encontrar clientes directos: una idea
International Business Emails - Do and Don't
Simultaneous Translator - She Does Not Exist
Polishing Your Translation Style-Part 3
Translation's Lost Art
Teaming up with other translators - "if you can't beat them, join them"
En KudoZ enseñas y aprendes; das y recibes; participas y ganas
How to promote yourself
Creating shortcuts for common terms in Word
Integrating Skype functions into your profile page
Prix, service et marketing
My golden rules for quality assurance
Bidding on Proz
What is T4K? And why should you care?
Creciente avance del teletrabajo
Traducción y lengua
Traduciendo errores originales
Alignement de corpus multilingues, repérage d'entités nommées et UNITEX
Contracts I: Would you sign this?
Add entries to your term base - with a little help from Excel
The Effects of Differences Among Rhetorical Categorizations in Persian and English on Translation of Persian Modern Poetry: A Case Study of Differences Among Persian and English Rhetorical Categorizations in Sepehri's Poems and their translations
How to organize a translation office - with Translation Office 3000
Translation and DTP of a PDF File
Mic ghid de citire/scriere în Unicode pe ProZ.com
Hints for a good teaching
To share or not to share
Personal Finance for Freelancers
Translating Certificates
Found in translation - Have TRADOS, will translate
Mentoring new translators
Globalization, Computer-Aided Translation and Agencies
La localización de software
¿Quién cuida al proveedor de servicios?
Translator Prerequisites and the A-Z of becoming a Translator
ProZ.com site glossary
Basic guide on how to start working with WinAlign
Getting the most out of ProZ.com: A guide for outsourcers and translation companies
Translation Criticism- How to deal with Regionalisms?
Make the first impression count!
Prospectos de Medicamentos. Responsabilidad del traductor: "... ante la menor duda consulte a su medico.... y/o traductor..."
Applying Translation Office 3000 to your daily professional life
A Beginner's Guide to Translation Errors
Adaptation, Transliteration, Domestication
Choosing the correct font for your job (in the context of Hindi)
A few marketing tips for online freelance translators from a customer view point
Blog as a marketing tool for freelance translators and interpreters
Project Managers in a Translation Agency — Who Are They?
Better Game on Translation Business
Promoting your translation web site through the Open Directory
Again the Dilemma of 'Persian' or 'Farsi'!
A TagEditor Secret
Setting up shop in Jakarta Indonesia (part one)
Pilih Mana? Situs atau Sites? Elektrik atau Elektris?
Translating idioms and buzzwords
Language Politics
Switching word order in MS Word
Common Mistakes in Translating from Chinese into English
MyGreeklish to Standard Greeklish Translator needed
Skype als Kommunikationsmittel mit den Auftraggebern oder freien Mitarbeitern
Wie man den PC im Internet standfest macht (Oktober 2006)
A Price That Is Too High to Pay
Name of translator in publications (books or other)
Dealing with Quality Issues on the Translation process (revised)
Slightly more advanced SEO for your website
Come lavorare con un PC in ordine - Linee guida per il traduttore freelance
Entrer en traduction, immigrer, l'un et l'autre, quelle histoire !
EXPLAIN or TRANSLATE: a perpetual dilemma for English-language teachers
Common Errors Made by Macedonian Learners of English Due to L1 Interference
Waking Up Sleeping Dogs - ARGENTINE TRANSLATORS - Capable and Cheap: An Irresistible Combination
Terminología y terminótica en la formación de traductores e intérpretes en Argentina
Wordfast Beginner's Guide
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Lu Xun: A Case Study in Foreignising Translation
An introduction to ProZ.com Connect!
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How to generate a multiple language terminology db from a Web glossary
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Serbian Language for Agencies and Outsourcers
Challenges and nature of a formal language strategy
Translations: Do Them In-House or Contract Them Out?
Translation Evaluation in Educational Setting for Training Purposes: Theories and Application
Translation and Text Understanding
Consciousness in Translation - Part Three
Blind translators
Teaching English to second language learners
Nine golden hints to make Wikipedia work for you
Doctor Pinheiro and Doctor Magagnin in
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Seeking for the Faultless Interpreter.
Blogging - what's it all about?
Nedir bu CAT Araçlarını ilginç kılan?
The Communicational Circuit of Translation
San Jerónimo y la traducción
Importância do estudo dos dicionários jurídicos bilíngües
Translation Company Owners - Do you have a job or a business?
How to translate advertisement and marketing texts
Whether or not to perform a "short unpaid test"
A Project Naming Convention & Workflow suggestion
ATA Presentation 2007: Free and Open Source Software for Translators
ATA Presentation 2007: Roll your own: Web-based Translation Portals and Translation Management Systems
Business Plans for the Translator
Become a Succesfull Conf Interpreter
French Business Expenses: Keeping as much as you can
Incongruity of Company Law Terms: Categorization of Polish Business Entities
Teaching English to Second Language Learners- Top Tips and Keys for Successful Teaching
Multilingual Clients and Language Interference.
Entering the World of Freelance Translation
Brazilian vs. European (aka Continental or Iberian) Portuguese explained for non-Portuguese speakers
Becoming an efficient conference interpreter
Cómo afrontar una traducción técnica
How to localize webhelp files
Hiring right - road to success
Retour critique sur The Scandals of Translation
Penerjemah Tersumpah atau Terjemahan Tersumpah?
Xenoglosofilia di Indonesia - Suatu Kelainan Psikolinguistik?
Mengapa Tarif Penerjemahan Buku Cenderung Rendah?
Keterpercayaan Penerjemah Online
Klien Adalah Raja?
¿Cómo traducir verbos de movimiento del inglés al español?
30 September Hari Penerjemah Internasional - Sejarah Singkat
Kasus Tuduhan Salah-Terjemah Buku Menkes vs Undang-undang Penerjemahan
Translation theory with regards to translating metaphors
Las competencias del traductor
Time Management and the Art of Saying No
The Student & Teacher Relationship
Edebiyat ve Çeviri
Naturalness in Translation
20 Questions to ask your Translation Company
Lost in translation? Common terms used by translation agencies
Mini poradnik dla początkujących tłumaczy
How do you start your day? Save time with these 3 free programs
How to Increase Your Rates
Prospecting for Gold - How to manage your work flow
Hedef dile hâkimiyet ve bir Can Yücel harikası
Understanding Cross-Cultural Differences between Foreign Societies (1/2)
Teaching English as a Foreign Language in the Classroom of Life- Ten Steps to Start You Off
Torre de Blogbel
Google - zaawansowane wyszukiwanie treści dla tłumaczy
Of Translation Jobs and Glossaries
Freelancers and other useless facts
Aligning texts with Hunalign
Translation Rates and Fees
How to conquer new clients
Los siete pecados capitales de los traductores noveles
A New Beginning: Guidelines for Successfully Establishing a Second Career
Hitting the right notes
Suggestion for teaching translation in Iran's Universities
Certificates, Curriculum Vitae and other Credentials: Creating an Important Translation Specialty
Translation of Published Works
Targets, Productivity and Pricing
Pinyin or characters?
From or into?
Intervention délibérée du traducteur au théâtre
Tersesat Di Rimba Kata (A Translator Biography in Indonesian)
In praise of cloud storage for backing up data
Permasalahan dalam Penerjemahan Naskah Berbahasa Indonesia
Test Translations - Tips for Success
Traduzione di testi scientifici: consigli per le ricerche bibliografiche e le citazioni
Perfect Punctuation
Sebagian Permasalahan Penerjemahan dari Bahasa Arab ke Indonesia: Perlunya Menyeragamkan Kembali Alih Aksara Arab
Slang (American)
How to be a successful interpreter?
Truth and Consequences
Business letters in Japanese
Knowing time zones is part of time management
Using IMAP for emails provides backup and ease of access
A Study of Idiomatic Expressions and Cultural Concepts in Literary Translation of Simin Daneshvar's 'Savushun'
Dead Souls
into Twenty-First Century America
This could spell trouble
Lost in Translation: knacker
Lost in Translation: halfpenny
Understanding Polish English Pronunciation: Tips for Interpreters and EFL Teachers
Using An SQL Database From A ProZ-Hosted Web Page
English Affix Acquisition
Translating Business Letters into Japanese: Organization, Common Etiquettes, and Helpful Websites
Shot Down in No Man's Language
Perfect Punctuation
Huazimet 'konsekutiv' e 'simultan'
The ProZ.com saga
Microsoft Accounting 2009 Express as a free translation office management solution.
Target language and the need for being native
A Sentence from Translator's Life (Customer Memo)
Some brazilian-portuguese slangs
TIPS&TRICKS PER IL TRADUTTORE FREELANCE 3a puntata: file .xls e .ppt con Trados Workbench e TagEditor
TIPS&TRICKS PARA EL TRADUCTOR FREELANCE 2do episodio : WINALIGN
HOW TO MAKE EASIER A FREELANCE TRANSLATOR'S LIFE 1rst episode: BABYLON BUILDER
HOW TO MAKE EASIER A FREELANCE TRANSLATOR'S LIFE 2nd episode: WINALIGN
HOW TO MAKE EASIER A FREELANCE TRANSLATOR'S LIFE 3rd episode: .xls and .ppt files usign Trados Workbench and TagEditor
FAQ per il traduttore freelance
Best Practice per il traduttore freelance
Turning Thorns into Roses: Managing Challenging Clients
Juliane House e il suo modello per valutare la qualità di una traduzione
Teaching English as a second language - beginner level
Teaching English as a second language
The client doesn't select you, YOU select your client.
Protégete del fraude cibernético
Linguaggi specialistici o LSP
Traduire des proverbes turcs en français
The Continuing Evolution of Automated Translation Technology: RbMT vs. SMT
How to teach a language with skype audio conversations.
Why pay more or beware of cheap translation services
Echivalenţa în traducere
Between English and Indonesian
With Naturalness, Naturally
La recherche du Graal ou le mythe de la qualité
Become A Successful Conference Interpreter
A translator's CV - A translator's best friend
Dos Fundamentos na Profissão de Tradutor
Teaching English to second language learners
Court interpreting
Población con Habilidad Limitada del Idioma Inglés (LEP). Profesionales y traducción médica
Serious Errors in User Manuals
Ressource pour InDesign
Finesse in Serbian localizations and advertisement texts
National Language versus Regional Language
Português PT versus Português BR
Português PT versus Português BR, 2º acto
Translation Services Topics: Pros and Cons of TM Software in a Working Relationship
Cómo hacer de ProZ.com tu mejor herramienta
Особенности употребления личных местоимений в бенгальском языке
ESL Teaching. What should be kept in mind
EFL: Cooperative Learning
The Linguist and Social Media: Promotion through Twitter
Роль творчої особистості перекладача у передачі стилю автора (на матеріалі англомовних перекладів казки І.Франка "Лис Микита")
Казкова спадщина І.Франка в контексті перекладної літератури США (перекладознавчий аспект).
Educating the Client, or Zen and the Art of Sanity Maintenance (*)
Switching off at the end of the day
Project Management in Translation
¿Cómo se formó el Colegio de Traductores Públicos e Intérpretes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires? Lo que es y lo que brinda a sus miembros.
Moving a step forward: From an Association to a Professional Body
Translation or 'The Art of Goofing Up'
Standard English & English Varieties
Running Idiom Desktop Workbench on Windows 8
Η διερμηνεία των νοηματικών γλωσσών
Conversion of decimal and thousand separators: English to Portuguese and vice-versa
KudoZ Terms: When the 'Most Helpful' is not the 'Best Possible'
Passing the Diploma in Translation (DipTrans) examinations from the UK Institute of Linguists - part 1
The year so far - a light-hearted look at a busy semester
Marketing for Translators: how to create a compelling domain name or tagline to boost your business?
Using Xbench as a low cost TM solution
Interpreting in the Magistrates' Courts: introduction to the Criminal Justice System
Getting Personal with Languages
La libertà del traduttore
Indiferencia artificial
Starters' Set of Hot Tips for Search Engine Optimization (SEO) – Part II
Da crase às preposições, artigos e demonstrativos
La nouvelle orthographe - un livre utile
Good Proofreaders/Bad Proofreaders
Software open source, software libero e licenze Creative Commons
La produttività linguistica. Neologismi e lingua in evoluzione
L'eredità latina
Linguaggio e cervello
Il linguaggio dei writer
Peter Eisenman: The Architecture of Chaos
Staying focused on translation as a freelance translator
La formazione accademica di un traduttore
Log in, Masuk or Masuk Log?
Legal-Linguistics for the United Nations, States and Other Non-State Actors
The perfect e-mail
L'organisation du marché de la traduction en quelques mots – Mondialisation, externalisation et intermédiaires
Les traducteurs indépendants ont-ils encore leur place dans ce monde en pleine mutation ?
5 business mistakes that beginning freelance translators make and how to avoid them
As a freelance translator, do you have any rights regarding Copyright?
Tu marca y la localización: cinco consejos para que le hables a tu público objetivo desde el inicio
Understanding Compensation Issues related to PEMT
The Translator's Image in Sydney Pollack's Film The Interpreter (The Ethical Dilemma).
How to become a successful freelance translator
Joomla- Getting Online Without HTML (Part 1:Overview)
Tradurre il linguaggio giornalistico della boxe
The Gaps
The only way
Enseigner l'Anglais à Ceux qui Apprennent une Deuxième Langue
Structure and meaning of a Vietnamese name
There to Make it Beautiful or to Be Pronounced?
Exporting TM's from Idiom
Posicionamiento de nuestra página web
Técnicas de traducción periodística
ProZ.com membership works: a success story
The English, The Portuguese, and The Latin
123 Waymouth St
Collaborative translation with OmegaT
What is a PO and why is it important in freelance translation?
Translation Can Change Lives
Translating Words without Counterparts in the Target Language
What are language services really worth in today's global market?
The clash of identical word usage between Romanian and Bulgarian with reference to the translation difficulties
God Complex
Trade-fair interpreting - preparation, professionalism and posture
Naturalness in Translation: A Proofreader's Remarks
How to translate advertisement and marketing texts
Traduttori, CAT Tool e utilizzo dei sistemi Mac
The "ProZ" and cons of the translation workplace
Case Study: Contrastive discussion of the structural, lexical and grammatical properties of the Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) genre in British English and Russian, including cross-cultural differences
Anglicismos léxicos y sintácticos en la traducción médica
La PEC per traduttori, sì o no?
Ensinar o inglês como segunda língua
Las preposiciones "para" y "por" en español: ejemplos y usos
Análisis literario de la obra de Miguel de Cervantes El celoso extremeño
La representación del personaje de Tristana en la novela de Galdós y en la película de Luis Buñuel
Relaciones de poder en La casa de Bernarda Alba de Federico García Lorca
What's your elevator speech?
El naturalismo en la obra Los pazos de Ulloa
From teaching to translation
Using ProZ.com translation teams
'About me' with style – using CSS to enrich your presentation on ProZ.com with typography
O czym rozmawiasz z klientem w windzie?
10 steps to follow when you apply for a translation job
Freelance Translations and Internet Sources
On the need for mediation in the translation industry
O potrzebie mediacji w branży tłumaczeniowej
The only way / English
Konkurencja... o tłumacza?
The Friendliness of False Friends (Part 1)
Riding the linguistic wave in Brazil - from reluctant schoolboy to happy linguist!
Come tradurre materiale storico e artistico
Are legal translation services misunderstood by international business?
Court Interpreting
CAT Tools – To Choose or Not To Choose
"Metalesku blesku" or the Hell of Cultural Expressions
Los signos de puntuación en diálogos
Negotiating with Agencies for Better Rates
Oil & gas translations in demand for Brazil
La Fiesta del Chivo y posibles problemas de traducción
Finding the First Clients for Our Translation Business
Les acteurs du marché de la traduction en France
5 steps to improve your translation business
Réalité de la traduction automatique en 2014
Prise de notes pour les interprétations consécutives longues: emploi de méthodes heuristiques (mind mapping)
Els estrats de la llengua catalana: substrats, adstrats i superstrats
Deep Concentration vs. Responsiveness
The fixer - 2014 FIFA World Cup
The CAT tool SDL TRADOS error related to Korean fonts.
How to translate for a publishing house: An Italian psychologist's experience
Welcome to the world of new words: the same old wine in new bottle!
How About Some Medical Translation?
المتلازمات اللفظية .. رؤية مترجم
Machine Translation of Poetry
Riflessione sulle caratteristiche richieste a un buon traduttore
Translating New Realities: Animal Ethics and Veganism
Il genere grammaticale
Job posters — how to make projects more exciting
Primeros pasos en la industria: cómo ganar confianza
The biggest mistake translators make about their own industry
Goodbye Barcelona, goodbye traductor
Simple rules of email etiquette
Silence, on interprète!
從糯米說起 Romney and Sticky Rice
Translation Agency: Behind the Scenes
Sobre impagos y cómo protegernos
Strumenti di traduzione e costi di traduzione
Utilisez un système en parfait état de marche aussi souvent que vous le souhaitez grâce à l'outil de création d'image système de Windows 10
Human Factor In Translation Agencies
The Most Important Meeting You Have Is with Yourself
Template and Selection: Technique or Crime?
Marcia R. Pinheiro, and Eirlys J. Chessa in
Template and Selection
Ukrainian Translation Facts: Tips for Clients and QA Teams
Наскільки можливий переклад?
Master Lankenau x Dr. Pinheiro: Talking about Interpreting
Ruoli di mediazione detenuti dal software
Best ways to actually learn a new language
A few notes on The Great Gatsby
La crisis que vendrá
5 Proven ways to promote your translation services
Freelancing: a Hermit's Daily Routine
Common and Usual Easily Beat Literal Compatibility
Let's Count: Keeping the Money You Have Earned
Let's Count 2: Converting Rates
Faux-amis en traduction juridique ES>FR: le cas de la réserve héréditaire. La reserva troncal
Are you busy? Very busy? Very very busy?
La traduction une nécessité pour émerger.
À quoi servent le grec et le latin ?
Dicas de administração para a tradução freelancer
I do not die I enter into life
Allegory of Vanity or "Vanitas", by Juan de Nisa Valdés Leal
Poussin and Rubens Reason and Passion
An Introduction to CAT Tools - Part 1
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Articles Overview
Art of Translation and Interpreting
Literature and Poetry
» The clash of identical word usage between Romanian and Bulgarian with reference to the translation difficulties
The clash of identical word usage between Romanian and Bulgarian with reference to the translation difficulties
Monica Zhekov
| Published 03/13/2013 |
Literature and Poetry
Contact the author
Monica Zhekov
United Kingdom
English to Romanian translator
View all articles by Monica Zhekov
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A comparative study of content and context of Vrednic (Romanian) and ВРЕДЕН/Vreden (BULGARIAN)
Abstract. A linguistic issue with particularly vital importance for translation studies as defined and analysed in the present article is the holistic understanding of the Bulgarian influences on the contemporary Romanian language and how they impact the transmission of meaning in the process of translation between these two languages. The argument's methodological development is provided through a focused historical overview and comparative analysis of the relevant texts with a semantic examination of the selected words. A historical overview of the relationship between Romanian and Bulgarian languages is being offered before a comparative study of content and context of vrednic (Romanian) and вреден/vreden (Bulgarian) is carried out. Special consideration is given to the format and meaning of the word vrednic and вреден/ vreden by their significant occurrences in the most relevant literary sources and finally an evaluation of the translation difficulties related to the format and meaning of the word vrednic and вреден/vreden in their original sources is presented. Therefore through the comparative analysis an argumentative critique is established for the immense value of an adequate knowledge and understanding to be possessed by the translator of the historical interactions leading to semantic tensions between the aforementioned languages. Significant texts that incorporate the presence of identical word usage but with modified semantic value across these two languages are to be considered carefully through the degree of difficulty and ambiguity that such occurrences could bring to the translating process and therefore could considerably affect the quality of the translated text.
The Slavic and afterwards Bulgarian language influence on the development of Romanian was acknowledged to various degrees throughout the history of the Romanian language. However there is rather considerable ambiguity in regard to this influence on contemporary Romanian and even more on the specific translation difficulties that the translator between these two languages has to deal with when engaging in translating a text that incorporates the presence of identical word usage but with modified semantic value across these two languages. Therefore I consider that a holistic understanding of how these influences had been implemented into contemporary Romanian language and how they relate to Bulgarian contemporary language is paramount for a translator who is dealing with translation of texts between these two languages.
In order to draw attention to this matter I will attempt a comparative study of content and context of vrednic (Romanian) and вреден/vreden (Bulgarian) presenting a historical overview of the relationship between the Romanian and Bulgarian languages. In extending my comparative study I will take in consideration the format and meaning of the word vrednic and вреден/ vreden by their significant occurrences in the most relevant literary sources and finally I will evaluate the translation difficulties related to the format and meaning of the word vrednic and вреден/vreden in their original sources.
1.1 The influence of Old Bulgarian on Romanian language
It is supposed that before the separation of dialects around 1000 AD in the Common Romanian the "oldest stratum" of South Slavic loan words were around 70 words but some of these words in the process of borrowing were modified through supplementation of Latin prefixes. As a result, the Slavic words suffered formal and semantic alteration. Such an example could be the South Slavic vrteti which means to turn, to twist and through addition of the Latin prefix in became învârtesc, in this case preserving its original meaning.
However, the most powerful influence on the Northern Romanian dialect was manifested between 7th century to the end of 12th century when the two populations and therefore the two cultures had strongly interacted. At that time Vlachs (the name used to describe the forefathers of today's Romanians) were living together in the Bulgarian state . Therefore, the Old-Bulgarian language influenced the Romanian at such a high scale that this language was used in the church organizations and other socio-cultural institutions. As Donka Petkanova claims, at that time the overall nature of the Old-Bulgarian literature can be characterised as religiously defined.
In line with this theory Du Nay concludes that the two ethnic groups lived in close contact for a long period of time. Supporting this presupposition Petkanova states that the Old Bulgarian language was the official literary language and the church service the language of the Romanian principalities during the 15th to 17th centuries while the vernacular language of the common people was a Non-Slavic one. However it seems that the oral influence of Old-Bulgarian cannot be denied, even though the common people continued to speak the Non-Slavic language, Romanian which at that time was considered vernacular. The duality of language presence in Romania, namely, the official Slavic language of the church and the state and the Romanian vernacular spoken by the common people, was a usual phenomenon for the middles ages in Europe.
Maria Cvasni Cătănescu maintains that the Slavic influence continued to spread orally and in written form even though the assimilation of some of the Slavic terms was temporary. However after the 18th century the Slavic influence continued through the loaning process from Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Serbo-Croatian language.
1.2 Contra influence towards Old Bulgarian in the Romanian language
The strongest process of clearing the Slavic element from the Romanian language took place at the end of the 18th century through the Latinist movement that had started in Transylvania. This movement led to the use of the Roman instead of the Cyrillic alphabet in which most of the literature was written at that time. The other primary effect of this movement was the 're-Latinizing' of the vocabulary. The effects of this movement had materialized in the 19th century through the strong French influence on both the Romanian language and also the cultural life and according to Deletant, French language was and continues to constitute the favourite source of neologisms for the Romanian language.
The opinions on how many Slavic elements entered the Romanian language were often controversial as Rosetti points out in his preface to the History of Romanian Language. He evaluates Cihac's study on the 5,765 words, a study that was strongly contra-attacked by Haşdeu whose argument in favour of widely Latin spread words was supported by his claim that the phrases could not only be composed by Slavic elements. Cihac claimed that, 2,361 words of his material that is 2/5 were of Slavic origins compared to the 1,165 meaning 1/5 of Latin origin.
However, despite the trial to eliminate the words of Slavic origin from Romanian during the modern times, Du Nay emphasises the remarkable effect of South Slavic on the Northern Romanian language which he underlines that can be concluded form various statistics and stands. To further support his point of view, Du Nay provides an additional example of how beside the trial of eliminating the Slavic origin words, in the process of Latinizing the language, some of the Slavic origin words remained in the Romanian vocabulary but modified by Latin prefixes as in Slavic pleti which means to plait or to braid. Through the addition of the Latin prefix in, the Slavic pleti became împleti in Romanian.
1. 3 The contemporary presence of Bulgarian language in Romanian
Contemporary Romanian is acknowledged as a Romance language that had developed from Latin about two thousands years ago and as Deletant maintains its grammar is almost entirely Latin. However due to the fact that it is the only Romance language in Eastern-Europe, its isolation from the constant contact with other Romance languages had led to the development of specific features which makes Romanian distinctive among other Romance languages. Two of these distinctive features mentioned by Deletant are the post positioning of the definite article and a three-case system with forms for the nominative/accusative, vocative, and genitive/dative. Even though Deletant acknowledges the immense Slavic influences in Romanian language he maintains that the basic vocabulary is Latin . Furthermore, Graur emphasises the Slavic influence the contemporary Romanian claiming that in addition to the Slavic elements new words were added to the Romanian vocabulary mostly from Bulgarian by oral format and among those that are part of the Romanian vocabulary is the word vrednic.
The Romanian vrednic has generated from the Slavic verb вредити/vrediti which means to injure or to harm and has been initially used in Romanian language with the very same original negative connotation as a vătăma/ to injure or to harm. Supporting the continuity of the Slavic verb вредити/vrediti in Bulgarian, in 1909 Arbure provides the declinations of вредити/vrediti and their Romanian correspondents in his Bulgarian-Romanian dictionary.
However, today in the contemporary Romanian vrednic which had generated from the Slavic as seen above and the Bulgarian вреден/vreden, has the opposite meaning and we can consider them as 'polar opposites' as Nida refers to similar pairs of words and therefore we can consider this pair namely вреден/vreden-vrednic as being in a 'semantic tension'.
2.1 Establishing the meaning and the format of the word vrednic on the bases of some examples of its usage.
In order to visualise vrednic's usage in the context I will present a few examples of its use in two of its forms vrednic and its derivate vrednicie . Even though used in different contexts its major usage is represented through religious texts. Therefore I will present here these texts in parallel with their Bulgarian and English translations when essential for contrast and for underlining its 'semantic tension' with the Romanian equivalent.
In 1 Timothy 1:15 "O, adevărat şi cu totul vrednic de primit este cuvîntul, care zice: 'Hristos Isus a venit în lume ca să mîntuiască pe cei păcătoşi', dintre cari cel dintîi sînt eu." 1 Timothy 1:15 "Here is a trustworthy saying that deserves full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners - of whom I am the worst." 1 Timothy 1:15 "Вярно е това слово и заслужава пълно приемане, че Христос Исус дойде на света да спаси грешните, от които главният съм аз." One can notice that in this text vrednic is translated as trustworthy but in the Bulgarian text it loses its correspondent, its meaning being surrounded somehow by Вярно/ vearno, which means true but the presence of vrednic is lost here. A similar example is the following text which includes a repetitive usage of vrednic: Philippians 4:8 "Încolo, fraţii mei, tot ce este adevărat, tot ce este vrednic de cinste, tot ce este drept, tot ce este curat, tot ce este vrednic de iubit, tot ce este vrednic de primit, orice faptă bună, şi orice laudă, aceea să vă însufleţească." Philippians 4:8 "Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable - if anything is excellent or praiseworthy-think about such things." Philippians 4:8. "Най-после, братя, всичко, що е истинно, що е честно, що е праведно, що е любезно, що е благодатно,- ако има нещо добродетелно, и ако има нещо похвално,- това зачитайте." In the above Romanian version of the text we can notice the repetitive presence of vrednic meaning worthy which is also present in the English version but only attached to praise + worthy and in Bulgarian version the translation of vrednic is lost, the adjective supplied such as любезно/liubezno meaning lovely, not requiring the additional support of such devices as in the Romanian version.
In order to offer another perspective on the meaning of vrednic I will provide two other examples where its declination vrednicie is being used with the meaning of diligence providing beneath the original text my translation of the Romanian version into English. Bulgarian translation is not essential in these contexts where the term used is different. We can notice that vrednicie is used in this news report in a more religious context and with an archaic nuance in the second example. "Distincţii de vrednicie acordate cu prilejul resfinţirii altarului Catedralei mitropolitane din Iaşi. Cu acest prilej, a fost scoasa in evidenta vrednicia persoanelor care au fost cel mai mult implicate in aceasta lucrare, PF Sa acordand distinctii de vrednicie[...]". Distinctions of diligence awarded on the occasion of re-sanctification of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Iasi. On this occasion was emphasised the diligence of the persons who were the most involved in this ministry, His PF had awarded diligence distinctions. The second example is taken from an archaic Romanian text. [...] "lucru mare, pentru căci fiind secerişul mult, trebue şi lucrători mulţi; şi pentru căci iaste turma mare, un păstor singur, măcar că iaste mare în vrednicie [...]." My translation of this extract is the following: […] a great deal, because having a great crop, many workers are needed; and because there is a large flock, only a shepherd, even though there is high diligence. […] One can notice the use of vrednicie representing diligence in both the contemporary news report and the archaic Romanian text.
2.2 Establishing the meaning and the format of the word вреден/vreden on the bases of some examples of its usage.
In order to observe the opposing meaning of the terms вреден/vreden and vrednic which is only used today with a positive connotation, we will now look at some of the examples including derivates of вреден/vreden used with a negative connotation with the exception of its limited vernacular usage which bears a positive meaning. As in the case of vrednic for the purpose of visualising the contrast between the terms I will provide the translation of my examples in English and Romanian when essential. The first example is from Acts 25:10 "А Павел каза: Аз стоя пред Кесаревото съдилище, гдето трябва да бъда съден. На юдеите не съм сторил никаква вреда, както и ти твърде добре знаеш." Acts 25:10 "Paul answered: "I am now standing before Caesar's court, where I ought to be tried. I have not done any wrong to the Jews, as you yourself know very well." Acts 25:10 "Pavel a zis: ,,Eu stau înaintea scaunului de judecată al Cezarului; acolo trebuie să fiu judecat. Pe Iudei nu i-am nedreptăţit cu nimic, după cum ştii şi tu foarte bine." In the above example one clearly can notice that вреда/vreda, which is a declination of вреден/vreden, is being used with the meaning of wrong or to do wrong as in the Romanian version. We will now look at a similar example this time with вредни/vredni, using the plural form of вреден/vreden but in this context with the meaning of harmful in all the three languages. 1 Timothy 6:9 "А които ламтят за обогатяване, падат в изкушение, в примка и в много глупави и вредни страсти, които потопяват човеците в разорение и погибел." 1 Timothy 6:9 "People who want to get rich fall into temptation and a trap and into many foolish and harmful desires that plunge men into ruin and destruction". 1 Timothy 6:9 "Cei ce vor să se îmbogăţească, dimpotrivă, cad în ispită, în laţ şi în multe pofte nesăbuite şi vătămătoare, cari cufundă pe oameni în prăpăd, şi pierzare."
Finally we are going to look to three other examples of the usage of вреден/vreden in a legal and financial context providing this time the translation in English only for clarity of my explanations. The Romanian translation in these examples is not essential for contrasting purposes and the term used for вреден/vreden is not presenting a similar format.
"Депутати от 'Коалиция за България' изненадващо скочиха срещу въвеждането на плоския данък по време на дебатите около Закона за облагането на доходите на физическите лица. 'Плоският данък е вреден!' Това заяви народният представител Георги Близнашки (БСП) от парламентарната трибуна и подчерта, че в партията му имало 'псевдо консенсус' по въвеждането на единната ставка от 10%. Решението да се въведе плосък данък от 10% без необлагаем минимум беше взето преди месеци от съвета на тройната коалиция." The following is my translation of the above citation and reflects the use of вреден/vreden as harmful. "MP's from the 'Coalition for Bulgaria' surprisingly raised up against the introduction of the flat tax rate during the debates around the Law of Taxation of the income of the individuals. 'The flat rate is harmful/damaging (вреден)!' This is what has been announced by the MP's Georgy Bliznashki (BSP) from the parliamentary platform and underlined that in his party there was 'pseudo-consensus' for the introduction of the united tax rate of 10%. The decision to introduce flat tax rate of 10% without untaxed minimum was taken few months ago by the counsel of the triple coalition."
The next example is from Bulgarian Post and we can further notice the use of вреден/vreden as harmful, this time as its derivate вреда/vreda. "По мнението на ПГ на ДСБ проектът за създаване на Българска банка за развитие нанася сериозна вреда на свободния пазарен принцип в банковата система на страната." Its translation is the following: "According to the opinion of PG of DSB the project for establishing the Bulgarian Bank for development causes serious damage (вреда) to the free market principle of the bank system of the country". The last example extends the use of вреди/ vredi to the financial damages. "Разследването срещу седем души от ТЕЛК - Ловеч, е приключило в националното следствие, стана ясно по време на вчерашния му отчет. С уреждане на фалшиви документи за инвалидност те са нанесли на държавата 1 154 366 лв. вреди, изчислили от следствието. " In the translation we notice that damages is linked to the financial damages. "The investigation against seven persons of TELK – Lovech, has been completed in national inquest, became apparent during his yesterday's report. With the settlement of the false documents for disability they have caused to the country 1,154,366.00 lv. damages (вреди), have calculated the investigation authorities".
2.3 A comparative analysis of vrednic and вреден/vreden in regard to their meaning and format.
Through the examples that were provided both in support of the Romanian vrednic and the Bulgarian вреден/vreden and through their formats one could notice that these terms are contrasting even though their format is similar. After having presented the historical overview of how the Romanian vrednic has developed its contrasting meaning, even though having the same root in Slavic as the Bulgarian вреден/vreden one can understand the importance of being aware of such cases in other languages whose interaction through history had led to drastic semantic changes.
Looking in retrospect over the study of вреден/vreden and vrednic I can say that the actual comparative analysis performed on these examples and together with the historical overview constitute a contextual meaning analysis pointing out the way these terms function in their specific situation/context. Bearing in mind the development of vrednic which has generated from the Slavic vrediti and initial was perceived in the Romanian Slavonic as synonym to the verb to damage, I can conclude that vrednic had undergone a polysemy development but whose initially or "usual" category as Retsker refers to such cases had become "occasional" and as is the case in the contemporary Romanian, had got a new value, worthy, opposite to the вреден/vreden which means harmful.
It is worth to summarise that all the forms of the word вреден/vreden except its vernacular/non-literary meaning has negative connotation (partial destruction, mischief, harm, injury, damage, lost in something). The antonym of this literary meaning bears very positive connotation (useful, of use, of benefit; efficient, beneficial, healthy, wholesome; good for one). The vernacular/non-literary meaning of the word comes closer to its antonym's meaning and emphasizes person's ability, skill, talent, gift, cleverness or the place's well arranged and settled outlook. The literary meaning of вреден/vreden is very well contrasting to the positive connotation of vrednic whose English correspondent is worthy.
In this section I will highlight a few points on the importance of historical context for producing relevant translations and to the importance of understanding the continuity and discontinuity of format and meaning of similar word usage in source and target texts. Having used in my study the pair vrednic - вреден/vreden I will use them in my illustrations when mentioning translation difficulties between Romanian and Bulgarian languages. Even though I do not intend to defend Nida's claims on the priority of meaning over the structure of the text , I would like to draw attention to the risk of overlooking the translation choices in such cases as in the pair vrednic - вреден/vreden having in minds its meaning continuity and discontinuity in Romanian language. Even more, the term vrednic is often used in religious texts in Romanian and from there appears the risk of using it inadequately in translation into Bulgarian due to its format similarities. Therefore one needs to be aware of the context differences in which he/she uses vrednic so that the meaning in that particular text does not receive a contrastive connotation which would lead to inaccuracies in translation. Therefore, in line with Resker, I would suggest that in such cases as in the pair vrednic - вреден/vreden, the translator evaluates his/her choice in the wider context, looking for clues in the sentences surrounding the term in question, and based on the meaning dependant to these sentence, the translator can identify and eventually decide which synonym expresses better its correspondent in the other language within the context.
However, because of the historical background in relation to the strong Slavic and latter Bulgarian influences on Romanian language, the translator engaging in translation of texts between these two languages, has to posses a good knowledge of the Romanian/Bulgarian language interaction within the history, being prepared to meet many other pairs like vrednic - вреден/vreden which will pose further challenges in the process of translation and which along with the case vrednic - вреден/vreden have suffered semantic and format changes.
My purpose with this present article was to raise awareness of the difficulties that the translator between Romanian and Bulgarian languages is likely to face when engaging in translating similar occurrences in the texts as is the case of vrednic - вреден/vreden. Therefore in my study I had presented significant points related to the historical relationship between Romanian and Bulgarian languages and how the latter had influenced the contemporary Romanian. Further on, I have extended my comparative study taking into consideration the format and meaning of the word vrednic and вреден/ vreden by their significant occurrences in the most relevant literary sources. Finally I have evaluated the translation difficulties related to the format and meaning of the word vrednic and вреден/vreden in their original sources and proposed an adequate awareness of the languages' historical interactions.
André Du Nay, The Origins of The Rumanians: The Early History of The Rumanian Language (Toronto-Buffalo: Matithias Corvinus Publishing, 1996), 100.
Ibid., 101.
According to Silviu Dragomir, Romanian historians have failed to properly address the subject of Vlachs population in Balkan Peninsula during the Middle Ages. He considers this failure as the consequence of the limited knowledge of the Slavic languages and prejudice. Silviu Dragomir, Vlahii din nordul peninsulei balcanice in evul mediu (Bucureşti: Comisia pentru studiul formãrii limbii şi poporului român, Edit. Acad. RPR, 1959), Prefaţă.
Донка Петканова argues that the overall nature of the Old-Bulgarian literature can be characterised as religiously defined. Some of the literature has been produced to serve the needs of the church for its ceremonies, liturgy, celebrations, ethical and dogmatic instructions. Other literary works have not been directly related to the church practices but expressed deep Christian motives. Part of the literature has been devoted to tackle different Christian heresies and other religious teachings. Significant numbers of writings have been devoted to Christian themes for the large public. Some of the literary pieces demonstrated annals characteristics related to the history of the church. Even in writings with the more secular character Christian motives and influences could be clearly detected. Донка Петканова, Обхват и характер на старобългарската литература, [online], Available at http://www.libsu.uni-sofia.bg/slavica/literatura.html, Accessed on 24 March 2008.
A. Du Nay, The Origins of The Rumanians, 111.
Д. Петканова, Обхват и характер на старобългарската литература.
Examples of such language duality may be given with Germany which had Latin as the language of church and state and German as being used by the common folk and England which maintained French as the official language and ancient Anglo-Saxon as the vernacular of the masses. Constantin C. Giurgescu, The Making of the Romanian People and Language, trans. Virgiliu Ştefănescu – Drăgăneşti (Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House, 1972), 156.
Maria Cvasni Catănescu, Limba romană – origini şi dezvoltare: Studiu antologie de texte româneşti vechi, explicaţii, glosar si bibliografie (Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1996), 86.
However it took longer for the switch to the Roman alphabet which happened in 1860. Kenneth Katzner, The Languages of the World (London: Routledge, 2005), 94.
Dennis Deletant, Colloquial Romanian (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Plc, 1983), 1.
Alexandru Rosetti, Istoria limbii române: Limbile slave meridionale, vol.3, sec. VI-XII (Bucuresti: Ediţia a 5-a revizuită şi adăugită, 1964), 27.
A. Du Nay, The Origins of The Rumanians, 106.
Ibid., 100.
D. Deletant, Colloquial Romanian, 1.
"The Romanian definite article, like that of Bulgarian and the Scandinavian languages, is suffixed to the noun e.g rege, regele." K. Katzner, The Languages of the World, 94.
D. Deletant, Colloquial Romanian, 1.
However Katzner claims that there are rather few words from the Latin that the Romans had brought to the descendants of Romanians. K. Katzner, The Languages of the World, 94.
According to Graur's statistics, more than 20% words of the contemporary Romanian vocabulary are of Slavic origin. He considers this percentage as enormous taking into account that it is a long process for a language to be transformed. Alexandru Graur, Tendinţe actuale ale limbii române (Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică, 1968), 274.
Ibid., 274.
Gheorghe Mihăilă, et al., Slava veche şi slavona românească (Bucureşti: Editura didactică şi pedagogică, 1975).
These declinations are Вреда/vreda, Вредение/vredenie, Вреденъ (Вредителенъ)/vredeny (vrediteleny (вредно/vredno), Вредителность/vreditelnosty, Вредитель/vreditely(Вредителка/vreditelka), Вредно/ vredno, Вредность/vrednosty, Вредоносень/vredonoseny (Вреденостворенъ/vredenostvoreny), Вредъ/vredy, and Вредя/vredya. Zamfir C. Arbure, Dictionarul Bulgaro-Roman (Bucuresti: Tipografia Curtii Regale, 1909), 61.
Racai gives the following definition acknowledging its root in the Slavic vredinu: "VRÉDNIC, -Ă, vrednici, -ce, adj. 1. Harnic, iute, cu rost la treabă. Capabil, destoinic. 2. Demn de..., care merită să..., căruia i se cuvine pe drept ceva. Expr. (Reg.) A fi vrednic = a valora, a preţui. (Urmat de un conjunctiv sau un infinitiv) Care este în stare, care posedă însuşirile necesare pentru a săvârşi ceva. – Din sl. Vrĕdinu." Racai, DEX online: Dicţionare explicative ale limbii române, [online], Available at http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=vrednic, Accessed on 7 April 2008.
Anwar S. Dil, Language Structure and Translation: Essays by Eugene A. Nida (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), 122.
Two other derivates of vrednic as provided by Dicţionare explicative ale limbii române are vrednici and vrednicie. Racai, DEX online: Dicţionare explicative ale limbii române, [online].
Vrednicie is the derivation of vrednic whose English correspondent is diligence or hard work. Luiza Seche şi Mircea Seche, Dictionarul de sinonime al limbii române (Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1982), 10909.
CNS (Romanian Bible, Cornilescu Version, 1921).
NIV (The New International Version, 1984).
BUL (Bulgarian Bible, 1938).
Distinctii de vrednicie acordate cu prilejul resfintirii altarului Catedralei mitropolitane din Iasi, Available at http://www.noutati-ortodoxe.ro/2007/10/11/distinctii-de-vrednicie-acordate-cu-prilejul-resfintirii-altarului-catedralei-mitropolitane-din-iasi/, Accessed on 12 April 2008.
Antim Ivireanul, Scara aceştii cărticele, extract, Resurse lingvistice pentru limba română, Available at http://www.archeus.ro/lingvistica/CautareTextWikisource?query=vrednicie&lang=ro, Accessed on 14 April 2008.
Very rarely the term is used in some rural areas of Bulgaria with a positive meaning "useful, of use, of benefit; efficient, beneficial, healthy, wholesome; good for one" but the official meaning is the contrasting one "somebody who brings or causes damage, harmful". Л. Андрейчин, et al., Български тълковен речник, 4 изд. Допълнено и преработено от Димитър Попов (София: Наука и Изкуство, 1995).
"Депутати от БСП: Плоският данък е вреден! (MP's of BSP: The Flat Tax Rate is Harmful/Damaging!)," Експрес.БГ, 22 Ноември 2007, [online], Available at http://expres.bg/story/21624, Accessed on 17 April 2008.
"ДСБ: Държавната банка за развитие вреди на свободния пазар (DSB: National Bank for Development Damages the Free Market)," Bulgarian Post, Четвъртък, 17 Април 2008, [online], Available at http://news.bpost.bg/story-read-16333.php, Accessed on 17 April 2008.
Доротея Дачкова, "1.15 млн. лв. вреди от фалшиви документи на ТЕЛК (1.15 mil. lv. Damages From False Documents of TELK )" СЕГА, 24.2.2006, [online], Available at http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?issueid=2156§ionid=2&id=0000504, Accessed on 17 April 2008.
Jokob Resker, "The Theory and Practice of Translation," in Translation as Social Action: Russian and Bulgarian Perspective, ed. Palma Zlateva (London: Routledge, 1993), 26.
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden, United Bible Societies, 1982), 13.
Jokob Resker, "The Theory and Practice of Translation, 27.
Андрейчин, Л., Л. Георгиев, Ст. Илчев, Н. Костов, Ив. Леков, Ст. Стойков и Цв. Тодоров. Български тълковен речник, 4 изд. Допълнено и преработено от Димитър Попов. София: Наука и Изкуство, 1995.
Arbure, Zamfir C. Dictionarul Bulgaro-Roman. Bucuresti: Tipografia Curtii Regale, 1909.
Bulgarian Bible 1938 (BUL). The BUL text (1938) is added to the BibleWorks database by the permission of Vanio Georgiev for the support BibleWorks has given to his project.
Catănescu, Maria Cvasni. Limba romană – origini şi dezvoltare: Studiu antologie de texte româneşti vechi, explicaţii, glosar si bibliografie. Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1996.
Дачкова, Доротея. "1.15 млн. лв. вреди от фалшиви документи на ТЕЛК (1.15 mil. lv. Damages From False Documents of TELK )" СЕГА, 24.2.2006. [online]. Available at http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?issueid=2156§ionid=2&id=0000504. Accessed on 17 April 2008.
"ДСБ: Държавната банка за развитие вреди на свободния пазар (DSB: National Bank for Development Damages the Free Market)." Bulgarian Post, Четвъртък, 17 Април 2008. [online]. Available at http://news.bpost.bg/story-read-16333.php. Accessed on 17 April 2008.
Deletant, Dennis. Colloquial Romanian. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Plc,1983.
"Депутати от БСП: Плоският данък е вреден! (MP's of BSP: The Flat Tax Rate is Harmful/Damaging!)." Експрес.БГ, 22 Ноември 2007. [online]. Available at http://expres.bg/story/21624. Accessed on 17 April 2008.
Dil, Anwar S. Language Structure and Translation: Essays by Eugene A. Nida. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975.
Distinctii de vrednicie acordate cu prilejul resfintirii altarului Catedralei mitropolitane din Iasi. Available at http://www.noutati-ortodoxe.ro/2007/10/11/distinctii-de-vrednicie-acordate-cu-prilejul-resfintirii-altarului-catedralei-mitropolitane-din-iasi/. Accessed on 12 April 2008.
Dragomir, Silviu. Vlahii din nordul peninsulei balcanice in evul mediu. Bucureşti: Comisia pentru studiul formãrii limbii şi poporului român, Edit. Acad. RPR, 1959.
Du Nay, André. The Origins of The Rumanians: The Early History of The Rumanian Language. Toronto-Buffalo: Matithias Corvinus Publishing, 1996.
Giurgescu, Constantin C. The Making of the Romanian People and Language. Translated by Virgiliu Ştefănescu – Drăgăneşti. Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House, 1972.
Graur, Alexandru. Tendinţe actuale ale limbii române. Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică, 1968.
Ivireanul, Antim. Scara aceştii cărticele. Extract. Resurse lingvistice pentru limba română. Available at http://www.archeus.ro/lingvistica/CautareTextWikisource?query=vrednicie&lang=ro. Accessed on 14 April 2008.
Katzner, Kenneth. The Languages of the World. London: Routledge, 2005.
The New International Version 1984 (NIV). "Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House. All rights reserved." (American Edition Copyright.)
Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden, United Bible Societies, 1982.
Mihăilă, Gheorghe, Lucia Djamo-Diaconiţă, Emil Vrabie, Elena Linţa, Olga Stoicovici şi Mihai Mitu. Slava veche şi slavona românească. Bucureşti: Editura didactică şi pedagogică, 1975.
Петканова, Донка. Обхват и характер на старобългарската литература. [online]. Available at http://www.libsu.uni-sofia.bg/slavica/literatura.html. Accessed on 24 March 2008.
Racai. DEX online: Dicţionare explicative ale limbii române. [online]. Available at http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=vrednic. Accessed on 7 April 2008.
Resker, Jokob. "The Theory and Practice of Translation." In Translation as Social Action: Russian and Bulgarian Perspective. Edited by Palma Zlateva. London: Routledge, 1993.
Romanian Bible, Cornilescu Version 1921 (CNS). From Online Bible. Used by permission from the Online Bible Foundation. Revised in 1967 to modernize orthography. Electronic version may have been prepared by Pastor Mihai Costache .
Rosetti, Alexandru. Istoria limbii române: Limbile slave meridionale. Vol.3. Sec. VI-XII. Bucuresti: Ediţia a 5-a revizuită şi adăugită, 1964.
Seche, Luiza şi Mircea Seche. Dictionarul de sinonime al limbii române. Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1982.
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The EMI Record of Singing, Vol. 3 1926-1939 (1999)
performed by A.V. Slutzky (piano), Ada Nordenova (soprano), Ada Sari (soprano), Adelaide Saraceni (soprano), Adele Kern (soprano), Afro Poli (baritone), Albert Coates (piano), Alessandro Ziliani (tenor), Alexander Grechaninov (piano), Alexander Kipnis (bass)
composed by Adolphe Adam, Albéric Magnard, Albert Lortzing, Alexander Dargomizhsky, Alexander Grechaninov, Alfredo Catalani, Amilcare Ponchielli, Anonymous, Antonin Dvorák, Arrigo Boito, Arthur Goring Thomas, Arthur Sullivan, Arturo Buzzi-Peccia, Berthomieu
Verdi: Aida; Falstaff; Un Ballo in Maschera [Highlights] (1994)
performed by Adele Kern (vocals), Alda Noni (soprano), Anton Dermota (vocals), Carl Kronenberg (vocals), Daniza Ilitsch (vocals), Elena Nikolaidi (mezzo-soprano), Elena Nikolaidi (vocals), Esther Rethy (vocals), Franz Worff (vocals), Georg Hann (vocals)
composed by Giuseppe Verdi
Richard Strauss: Arabella; Ariadne auf Naxos [Highlights]; Friedenstag (1995)
performed by Adele Kern (soprano), Alexander Pichler (vocals), Alfred Jerger (baritone), Alfred Muzzarelli (baritone), Alfred Poell (baritone), Alfred Vogel (vocals), Anny Konetzni (contralto), Anton Dermota (tenor), Carl Bissuti (bass), Dora Komarek (soprano)
composed by Richard Strauss
A Portrait of Anton Dermota: Opera and Songs (2009)
performed by Adele Kern (vocals), Anton Dermota (tenor), Elena Nikolaidi (vocals), Esther Rethy (vocals), Hilda Berger-Weyerwald (piano), Ilona Steingruber (vocals), Jetty Topitz-Feiler (vocals), Karl Kamann (vocals), Lisa della Casa (vocals), Lisa Lienbach (vocals)
composed by Aimé Maillart, Alexander Borodin, Bedrich Smetana, Carl Maria von Weber, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Friedrich von Flotow, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Giacomo Puccini, Giovanni Bononcini, Giuseppe Verdi, Hugo Wolf, Jacques Offenbach, Leos Janácek, Peter Cornelius
Lebendige Vergangenheit: Elisabeth Ohms (2001)
performed by Adele Kern (vocals), Elfriede Marherr (vocals), Elisabeth Ohms (soprano), Gertrude Kappel (soprano), Theodor Scheidl (vocals), Bavarian State Opera Orchestra
composed by Carl Maria von Weber, Charles Gounod, Giuseppe Verdi, Ludwig van Beethoven, Richard Strauss, Richard Wagner
R. Strauss: Der Rosenkavalier
performed by Adele Kern (soprano), Franz Klarwein (tenor), Georg Hann (bass), Georgine von Milinkovic (mezzo-soprano), Ludwig Weber (bass), Luise Willer (alto), Viorica Ursuleac (soprano), Bavarian Radio Chorus (choir, chorus), Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra
composed by Richard Strauss
Richard Strauss: Der Rosenkavalier (1996)
performed by Adele Kern (vocals), Emil Graf (vocals), Franz Klarwein (vocals), Georg Hann (vocals), Georg Wieter (vocals), Georgine von Milinkovic (vocals), Gertrud Riedner (vocals), Joszy Trojan-Regar (vocals), Ludwig Weber (vocals), Luise Willer (vocals)
composed by Richard Strauss
Unvergessene Stimmen der Wiener Staatsoper (1995)
performed by Adele Kern (soprano), Alessandro Sved (baritone), Alexander Kipnis (bass), Alfred Jerger (baritone), Alfred Piccaver (tenor), Anny Konetzni (soprano), Anton Dermota (tenor), Charles Kullmann (tenor), Dr. Emil Schipper (baritone), Elisabeth Höngen (vocals)
composed by Camille Saint-Saëns, Carl Maria von Weber, Charles Gounod, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Franz Lehár, Friedrich von Flotow, Fromental Halévy, Georges Bizet, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Giacomo Puccini, Giuseppe Verdi, Jacques Offenbach
Johann Strauss Collection: Early Recordings on 78s
performed by Adalbert Lutter (piano), Adele Kern (soprano), Adolf Wreege (violin), Alfred Grünfeld (piano), Alfred Rode (violin), Arthur Pryor's Band, Barnabas Von Géczy (violin), Carmen Cavallaro (piano), Comedian Harmonists, Dajos Bela (violin)
composed by Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss, Spoken Word
Lebendige Vergangenheit: Adele Kern
performed by Adele Kern (vocals), Elfriede Marherr (vocals), Elisabeth Ohms (vocals)
composed by Adolphe Adam, Ambroise Thomas, Brossement, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Giacomo Puccini, Gioachino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, Jacques Offenbach, Johann Strauss II, Ludwig van Beethoven, Luigi Arditi, Richard Strauss, Wilhelm Taubert, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Golden Operetta, Vol. 2 (2000)
performed by Adele Kern (soprano), Aksel Schiøtz (tenor), Anni Frind (soprano), Elisabeth Schumann (soprano), Gerhard Hüsch (baritone), Giacomo Lauri-Volpi (tenor), Grete Merrem-Nikisch (soprano), Hans Lange (vocals), Hjördis Schymberg (soprano)
composed by Albert Lortzing, Carl Michael Ziehrer, Carl Millöcker, Daniel-François-Esprit Auber, Franz Lehár, Franz von Suppé, Jacques Offenbach, Johann Strauss II, Karl Amadeus Hartmann
Franz Völker im Reich der Operette
performed by Adele Kern (vocals), Eduard Kandl (vocals), Elsa Kochhann (vocals), Emma Bassth (vocals), Franz Völker (tenor), Gerhard Witting (vocals), Hertha Klust (vocals), Irene Eisinger (vocals), Operetten Ensemble, Waldemar Henke (vocals)
composed by Carl Millöcker, Carl Zeller, Edmund Eysler, Emmerich Kálmán, Franz Lehár, Friedrich Hollaender, Heinrich Berté, Johann Strauss II, Oscar Straus, Paul Lincke, Ralph Benatzky, Rudolf Friml
German Ensemble Recordings
performed by Adele Kern (vocals), Eduard Kandl (vocals), Elisabeth Friedrich (vocals), Else Tegetthoff (vocals), Erna Berger (vocals), Eugen Fuchs (vocals), Gerhard Hüsch (vocals), Henriette Gottlieb (vocals), Kate Heidersbach (vocals), Marcel Wittrisch (vocals)
composed by Albert Lortzing, Bedrich Smetana, Conradin Kreutzer, Georges Bizet, Giuseppe Verdi, Jacques Offenbach, Ludwig van Beethoven, Richard Wagner, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Aus Münchens Operngeschichte (2000)
performed by Adele Kern (vocals), Adolf Vogel (vocals), Alfons Fügel (vocals), Alfred Jerger (vocals), Alfred Von Bary (vocals), Berta Morena (vocals), Carl Kronenberg (vocals), Dr. Emil Schipper (vocals), Elisabeth Ohms (vocals), Ella Tordek (vocals)
composed by Albert Lortzing, Camille Saint-Saëns, Carl Maria von Weber, Charles Gounod, Engelbert Humperdinck, Friedrich von Flotow, Fromental Halévy, Gaetano Donizetti, Georges Bizet, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Giacomo Puccini, Gioachino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi


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Download Film Step Up (2006) Full Movie. Synopsis : Everyone deserves a chance to follow their dreams, but some people only get one shot. Tyler Gage is a rebel from the wrong side of Baltimore's tracks and the only thing that stands between him and an unfulfilled life are his dreams of one day making it out of there. Nora is a privileged ballet dancer attending Baltimore's ultra-elite Maryland School of the Arts
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Nlp money
M4A•Episode home•Series home•Public Feed
Manage episode 218781620 series 2152008
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How to clear your financial emotional scars of u r life to attract money ?
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If you intend to sell your house, it pays to get expert support throughout the home selling journey. In fact, if you hire a real estate agent, you can put various home selling myths to rest.
Ultimately, there are many home selling myths that you may hear before you list your house. If you take these myths to heart, you may struggle to prepare for the home selling process.
Let's take a look at three common home selling myths, and the problems associated with these myths.
1. Selling a house is a quick, seamless process.
The process of selling a house often can be long and complicated, particularly for a first-time home seller. Fortunately, if you hire a real estate agent, you can reduce the risk of encountering home selling hurdles.
A real estate agent will learn about you and your home selling goals. Then, this housing market professional will offer recommendations about how to promote your residence to the right groups of buyers and maximize your house's value.
Furthermore, a real estate agent is available to respond to questions at each stage of the home selling journey. He or she will guide you along each stage of this journey, and as such, help you identify and resolve problems before they escalate.
2. What you originally paid for your house matches what it is worth today.
The real estate market fluctuates constantly. Thus, what you initially paid for your house is unlikely to match what your residence is worth today.
A real estate agent can help you evaluate housing market data to better understand how your residence stacks up against the competition. That way, you'll be better equipped than ever before to establish a competitive price for your residence.
Also, a real estate agent may recommend that you complete a home appraisal. This appraisal will enable you to receive a property valuation to help you determine the optimal initial asking price for your home.
3. There is no need to make home improvements, because a buyer will make home upgrades after finalizing a purchase.
When it comes to selling a house, it pays to go above and beyond the call of duty. Therefore, if you complete myriad home improvements before listing your house, you can increase the likelihood that your home will stand out to potential buyers.
Take some time to examine your residence both inside and out. If you identify any major problems, you should fix these issues immediately. Because if you fail to do so, you may miss out on opportunities to stir up interest in your house.
A real estate agent generally can provide recommendations about home upgrades. This housing market professional may even be able to put you in touch with the best local contractors who can help you upgrade your residence in no time at all.
Don't fall victim to the aforementioned home selling myths. Instead, work with a real estate agent, and you can get the help you need to quickly and effortlessly navigate the home selling cycle.
There are countless variables in life which make it nearly impossible to predict the future. Whether you're talking about your own life, your children's future, or how society will change in coming years, we can only make educated guesses about where any of us will be in a decade or two.
One of the few things we can predict with a high degree of certainty is the continued growth of the senior citizen population. According to the Institute on Aging, the percentage of retirement-age adults in the United States will reach 20% by the year 2030. That's when the youngest members of the so-called "Baby Boomer Generation" will turn 65.
Although the proportion of older Americans will level off after that, the actual number of people in that demographic group will keep increasing. An advantage of growing older in the next few decades is that we will be in good company! As a result, services, societal attitudes, and government programs will likely be more in-tune to the needs of an aging population.
Empty Nest Syndrome
When children grow up and leave the nest, middle-aged parents often look around them and re-evaluate their needs. As more people reach retirement age, a major lifestyle decision many couples will be weighing is the possibility of "downsizing." While they may still want to be able to have enough room for family gatherings and overnight guests, a large home may no longer fit their lifestyle or financial goals.
Buying a condo, cottage, or other type of smaller home can offer retirees a lot of benefits, especially for those ready to scale back on property maintenance. Moving into a gated community or planned development can free you from the burden of lawn mowing, landscaping, and other time-consuming maintenance tasks. Since these potential benefits may also come with restrictions, it pays to fully understand and feel comfortable with Homeowner Association agreements.
There's also the option of purchasing a smaller and easier-to-manage new home in which you don't have to comply with the requirements and fees of an HOA. For senior citizens of all ages, moving to a house that has a smaller yard to maintain and fewer stairs to climb can make life a lot easier. More compact homes also bring with them the advantages of lower heating and cooling costs.
Depending on financial resources and goals, some Baby Boomers decide to keep their family homestead and buy a second property for vacation purposes, rental income, or a combination of both. While that may seem like the opposite of downsizing, costs can be offset by renting the vacation home to reliable tenants or sharing it with family and friends. Owning a second home also gives you the option of transitioning completely to it when you are ready to downsize or relocate.
Putting your home on the market is not for the faint-hearted! As many people discover along the way, the road to selling a home can be rather bumpy -- especially if you attempt to sell it on your own.
Fortunately, there are several things you can do, right away, to make the journey shorter, smoother, and more rewarding. Here are three strategies that will greatly increase your chances of success.
Find a seasoned real estate agent. An experienced real estate agent will not only help you navigate state and federal regulations, negotiate with buyers, and get a handle on paperwork, but they'll also schedule showings of your home and provide continuous marketing help.
Enhance your curb appeal: When it comes to finding prospective buyers and setting up appointments, your real estate agent will do the lion's share of the work. However, it's mostly up to you to make sure your house looks its best and that the appearance of your property catches the eye of house hunters.
Once your home is listed online and a "for sale" sign is planted in your front yard, potential buyers are going to immediately take notice of how your house looks from the outside. Sometimes people browse listed houses from their cars, so it can really pay to make a great first impression from the street.
Some of the things that matter the most are a meticulous-looking yard, a clutter-free property, and a house that looks like it's well maintained. Adding a fresh coat of paint, displaying some colorful potted flowers, and taking care of unsightly weeds and overgrown bushes are a few things you can do to make your property look a lot more inviting.
Stage your home's interior: Once you've cleared the first big hurdle (curb appeal), your next priority -- or perhaps a simultaneous priority -- is to make the interior of your home look inviting and appealing. As is the case with boosting curb appeal, your real estate agent can provide you with cost-effective advice on how to get the most mileage from your efforts.
Some of the tried-and-proven methods of staging a home include reducing clutter, arranging living room furniture in "conversational groups" to depict a cozy, intimate environment, and letting plenty of natural light stream in to make your home appear as cheerful and bright as possible.
Fresh coats of neutral-colored paint should be applied to walls and ceilings on an as-needed basis, and all floors, tables, and counter tops should be kept immaculate. Home staging consultants often recommend removing (or toning down) certain decorating themes -- such as sports, religion, or even too many family photographs -- which may alienate some potential buyers.
The overall objective is to make it easy for house hunters to imagine themselves owning and living in your home. If there's anything about the appearance, decor, or smell of your home that makes people feel in any way uncomfortable, that could make it more difficult to find a committed buyer -- which, of course, is your ultimate goal!
A hot housing market features residences that buyers want to purchase as quickly as possible. As a home seller, you should do everything possible to stir up interest in your residence, even in a hot housing market. Because if dozens of buyers compete for your house, you may be able generate significant profits from your home sale.
Ultimately, there are several fast, effective ways to ensure you can maximize your home sale earnings in a hot housing market, and these include:
1. Conduct a Home Inspection
A home inspection allows you to identify your house's strengths and weaknesses. Then, you can take the necessary steps to transform various home weaknesses into strengths.
It won't take long to conduct a home inspection, either. Typically, a home inspector can visit your residence, perform the evaluation and provide an inspection report in a single day. This means you can quickly gain the home insights that you need to help you upgrade your residence prior to adding it to a hot housing market.
2. See How Your House Stacks Up Against the Competition
Take a look at the prices of available houses in your city or town that are similar to your own. This housing market data can help you establish a competitive initial asking price for your residence.
Furthermore, analyze the prices of recently sold residences in your area. With this housing market information, you can see just how quickly houses are selling and map out your home selling journey accordingly.
3. Consult with a Real Estate Agent
If you're unsure about how to proceed in a hot housing market, there is no need to stress. In fact, if you collaborate with a real estate agent, you can get the help you need to optimize your home sale earnings, regardless of the current housing market's conditions.
A real estate agent is a housing market expert who understands how to navigate the home selling journey. First, he or she will meet with you to discuss your home selling goals. A real estate agent then will develop a personalized home selling strategy. Finally, this housing market professional will list your home, set up home showings and open houses and help you get the best price for your residence.
Of course, a real estate agent is happy to assist you once you receive offers on your house too. If you get a home offer and don't know whether to accept, reject or counter it, a real estate agent can help you explore the pros and cons of all of the options at your disposal. Plus, a real estate agent can offer a recommendation about how to proceed with an offer, along with plenty of insights to help you make an informed decision.
When it comes to selling a house in a hot market, there's a lot that sellers can do to achieve the best-possible results. Use the aforementioned tips, and you can boost the likelihood of maximizing your home sale profits after you add your residence to a hot housing market.


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Listen up brides-to-be! The world's first wedding department store has opened in London
Exciting news for brides and grooms-to-be! A department store solely focused on weddings has officially opened in London. Located beneath weddings and events venue One Marylebone, The Wedding Gallery is set to become the new epicentre of global wedding planning. This go-to destination will take couples through an enchanting 75-minute journey, offering an exclusive, year-round showcase of the latest wedding trends, inspiration and ideas across all elements of the planning process. The world's first wedding department store has opened in London GALLERY: Beautiful wedding dresses for the modern day bride Sections for perusal include the Perfumery to discover signature collections from leading brands


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60-XX PROBABILITY THEORY AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES (For additional applications, see 11Kxx, 62-XX, 90-XX, 91-XX, 92-XX, 93-XX, 94-XX)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (2)
- Conference Proceeding (1)
- Flocking (1)
- Irrfahrten auf Graphen (1)
- Langzeitverhalten (1)
- Markov processes (1)
- Markovprozesse (1)
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- branching processes (1)
- flocking (1)
- long-time behaviour (1)
The interdisciplinary workshop STOCHASTIC PROCESSES WITH APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES was held in Bogotá, at Universidad de los Andes from December 5 to December 9, 2016. It brought together researchers from Colombia, Germany, France, Italy, Ukraine, who communicated recent progress in the mathematical research related to stochastic processes with application in biophysics. The present volume collects three of the four courses held at this meeting by Angelo Valleriani, Sylvie Rœlly and Alexei Kulik. A particular aim of this collection is to inspire young scientists in setting up research goals within the wide scope of fields represented in this volume. Angelo Valleriani, PhD in high energy physics, is group leader of the team "Stochastic processes in complex and biological systems" from the Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam. Sylvie Rœlly, Docteur en Mathématiques, is the head of the chair of Probability at the University of Potsdam. Alexei Kulik, Doctor of Sciences, is a Leading researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences.
In this thesis, stochastic dynamics modelling collective motions of populations, one of the most mysterious type of biological phenomena, are considered. For a system of N particle-like individuals, two kinds of asymptotic behaviours are studied : ergodicity and flocking properties, in long time, and propagation of chaos, when the number N of agents goes to infinity. Cucker and Smale, deterministic, mean-field kinetic model for a population without a hierarchical structure is the starting point of our journey : the first two chapters are dedicated to the understanding of various stochastic dynamics it inspires, with random noise added in different ways. The third chapter, an attempt to improve those results, is built upon the cluster expansion method, a technique from statistical mechanics. Exponential ergodicity is obtained for a class of non-Markovian process with non-regular drift. In the final part, the focus shifts onto a stochastic system of interacting particles derived from Keller and Segel 2-D parabolicelliptic model for chemotaxis. Existence and weak uniqueness are proven.
In this thesis we study reciprocal classes of Markov chains. Given a continuous time Markov chain on a countable state space, acting as reference dynamics, the associated reciprocal class is the set of all probability measures on path space that can be written as a mixture of its bridges. These processes possess a conditional independence property that generalizes the Markov property, and evolved from an idea of Schrödinger, who wanted to obtain a probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. Associated to a reciprocal class is a set of reciprocal characteristics, which are space-time functions that determine the reciprocal class. We compute explicitly these characteristics, and divide them into two main families: arc characteristics and cycle characteristics. As a byproduct, we obtain an explicit criterion to check when two different Markov chains share their bridges. Starting from the characteristics we offer two different descriptions of the reciprocal class, including its non-Markov probabilities. The first one is based on a pathwise approach and the second one on short time asymptotic. With the first approach one produces a family of functional equations whose only solutions are precisely the elements of the reciprocal class. These equations are integration by parts on path space associated with derivative operators which perturb the paths by mean of the addition of random loops. Several geometrical tools are employed to construct such formulas. The problem of obtaining sharp characterizations is also considered, showing some interesting connections with discrete geometry. Examples of such formulas are given in the framework of counting processes and random walks on Abelian groups, where the set of loops has a group structure. In addition to this global description, we propose a second approach by looking at the short time behavior of a reciprocal process. In the same way as the Markov property and short time expansions of transition probabilities characterize Markov chains, we show that a reciprocal class is characterized by imposing the reciprocal property and two families of short time expansions for the bridges. Such local approach is suitable to study reciprocal processes on general countable graphs. As application of our characterization, we considered several interesting graphs, such as lattices, planar graphs, the complete graph, and the hypercube. Finally, we obtain some first results about concentration of measure implied by lower bounds on the reciprocal characteristics.


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Babbling Brook Society
Publisher's Summary
Are little people living in those caves? How can it be?
This novella is a fantasy, though the setting and historical anecdotes are more factual than not. In Babbling Brook Society, an old-timer reminds us that our future is linked with the past.
A handful of Polar Caves Park staffers learn how climate change, pollution, and friendship influence hidden societies of tiny, ancient residents. Our relationship with the world and biodiversity go hand in hand with good manners and friendship. The Earth is our home and how we treat it has far-reaching impact.
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