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Open Access This article is
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Polymers 2019, 11(4), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040727
PA12 Powder Recycled from SLS for FDM
School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 17 March 2019 / Accepted: 17 April 2019 / Published: 22 April 2019
In this study, Polyamide 12 (PA12) powder recycled after selective laser sintering (SLS) was made into filaments for fused deposition modelling (FDM). Compared with fresh PA12, the melt flow rate (MFR) of the recycled PA12 powder decreased by 77%, but the mechanical properties were only slightly reduced. In FDM, the printing speed and building orientation were changed, and the performance of the printed parts was tested. If the printing speed is too fast or too slow, the mechanical properties of the parts will be affected, and there is an optimal speed range. The tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength of a printed test sample made from recycled powder reached 95%, 85%, and 87% of an x-direction test sample made from fresh PA12, respectively. For test samples printed from different orientations, the mechanical properties of the test samples printed in the x-direction were the best, while the crystallization performance was the opposite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the printed test sample had good compactness and mechanical properties, and the delamination phenomenon was basically not observed.
Keywords:recycled PA12 powder; filament; FDM; SLS
1. Introduction
Three-dimensional printing technology (also known as additive manufacturing (AM) technology) is based on 3D model data, and it uses a method of layer-by-layer accumulation of materials to manufacture solid parts, in contrast to traditional removal manufacturing (cutting processing). The process can quickly manufacture complex parts of any shape and structure in a short cycle and achieve individualized manufacturing results [1,2]. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS) are two of the most widely used technologies [3,4,5].
Fused deposition modelling has become an important branch of 3D printing due to its advantages of safety, environmental protection, wide range of materials, high integration, and low cost [6]. Fused deposition modelling technoloy controls a nozzle via computer according to geometric information (3D graphics) determined by a CAD model. The material is melted into liquid through the extrusion head of the heater. The molten thermoplastic filament is extruded through the nozzle, and the extrusion head moves accurately along the contour of each section of the part. The semi-flowing thermoplastic material is extruded, and the deposition is solidified into a precise thin layer of the actual component, overlaid on the built parts and solidified rapidly within 1/10 s to form a layer of material. After that, the printing platform moves downwards in the axial direction by one layer, and then the next layer of material is constructed. A solid model or part is stacked layer by layer from bottom to top [7,8].
In the SLS process, a CO2 laser is used as the energy source, and a computer is used to control the laser beam and scan the powder material at a certain speed and energy density according to pre-set two-dimensional data, stacking layer upon layer, finally forming a molded part [9,10,11,12]. Polyamide 12 has high crystallinity, high strength, a low melting point, and low water absorption and forming shrinkage, so it exhibits good comprehensive performance, including heat resistance, wear resistance, flame retardancy, easy processing, etc., which makes it the most commonly used material for the rapid manufacturing of functional components in the SLS process, accounting for more than 95% of the SLS polymer powder material market. At present, more research is on the PA12 composite powder. Zhu et al. [13] used a new method to prepare a high-performance SLS carbon fiber/polyamide 12/epoxy (CF/PA12/EP) ternary composite. Li et al. [14] prepared a glass fiber/phenolic resin/epoxy resin (GF/PF/EP) three-phase electrical insulating composite material for SLS, and Yan et al. [15] prepared a carbon fiber/polyamide-12 (CF/PA) composite powder. In SLS, the average total volume of manufactured parts is relatively small, between 5% and 15% of the volume of the manufactured article, which means that 85% to 95% of the material is not sintered and can theoretically be recycled [16].
To prevent sintered parts from warping and deforming during the laser sintering process, the powder layer is usually pre-heated, and the heating temperature is very close to the material melting temperature, which causes physical and chemical changes in the powder material. Chen et al. [17] studied systematical mechanisms of PA-12 aging and its micro-structural evolution during SLS. It was found that the effect of solid-state polycondensation reduces the crystallinity of the powder by ∼6% after three recycling. Pham et al. [16] found that in SLS, the PA12 powder undergoes molecular chain entanglement to form spherulites. The radius of the spherulites is a positive function of time and temperature. The higher the temperature and the longer the powder is exposed to high temperatures, the more likely that the molecular chains become larger, which eventually leads to an increase in molecular weight, a decrease in fluidity, and ultimately the deterioration of the powder's mechanical and thermal properties. Therefore, the re-use of non-sintered powder is limited and must be updated with a large amount of fresh materials; otherwise, the quality of the manufactured parts will change, the shrinkage rate will be higher, and the surface roughness will be greater, a phenomenon referred to as "orange peel". To some extent, old materials should be completely discarded to avoid significant deterioration in part quality and waste of fresh materials. However, SLS powder is a relatively expensive material, and its cost has formed a large part of the total cost of SLS manufacturing. Abandonment not only wastes resources but also pollutes the environment. Polyamide 12 powder designed for SLS costs around $150/kg, while the cost of PA12 pellets for conventional plastics processing is below $3/kg. The cost of PA12 filament for FDM is approximately $100/kg. Hence, turning SLS powder residue into polymer filaments for FDM can be one of the solutions to its successful reuse [18]. In SLS molding, the movement of polymer powder mainly occurs via viscous flow [19]. The melt viscosity of a polymer powder is an important parameter that determines whether it can be sintered. Polyamide 12 condenses during sintering, and the molecular weight increases, resulting in poor melt flowability, so it cannot be sintered again. However, FDM has a wider processing range, and the powder at this time is still available for FDM. This will help connect two separate additive manufacturing (AM) processes (i.e., SLS and FDM) to make AM more cost-effective, economical, and environmentally friendly.
At present, research on FDM-forming materials has mainly concentrated on polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene Styrene copolymers (ABS) [20]. These two materials perform poorly in terms of high temperature and corrosion resistance, which restricts their application in industry. Nylon has these advantages, but it is mainly used in SLS. There is little research on the use of nylon for FDM. Rahim et al. [21] compounded PA12 powder with zirconia and hydroxyapatite for filament fabrication and final FDM printing. Compared with molded test samples, printed test samples made by composite filaments have good mechanical properties. Composite materials can be used for non-loaded bio-implant materials. Hao Li et al. [14] used PA12 pellets and ABS pellets to produce filaments and printed test samples. Compared with amorphous ABS, FDM parts printed by semi-crystalline PA12 have better adhesive quality and higher tensile strength. In another study, Singh et al. [22] recycled discarded PA6 wire and prepared a filament with Al and Al2O3 for FDM printing, which reduced the operating cost of the RepRap system.
In this study, waste SLS powder was collected and processed in a single-screw extruder to prepare filaments for FDM, while the same experiment was performed with PA12 pellets. Test samples were printed with the prepared filaments and then tested and characterized to determine their properties and suitability for FDM.
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Materials and Processing
Recycled PA12 powder used in this test was supplied by Degussa GmbH, Germany, which was dried at 60 °C for three hours by a conventional air oven and extruded granulated by a SHJ-36 twin-screw extruder (Nanjing GIANT Machinery Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). The twin-screw extruder was pre-heated, and the temperature was set to 225 °C in the first zone, 240 °C in the second zone, 255 °C in the third zone, 260 °C in the fourth zone, 260 °C in the fifth zone, and 240 °C in the head. The PA12 recycled powder was weighed, poured into a twin-screw extruder in a batch, melt-blended, and subjected to extrusion granulation. The obtained pellets were cooled for injection molding.
2.2. Injection Moulding
The purchased fresh PA12 pellets (Degussa GmbH, Essen, Germany) and the pellets obtained from the recycled powder, as well as the recycled powder, were separately molded into a test sample for testing tensile (ISO 527-2:1993), flexural (ISO 178:2001), and impact properties (ISO 180:2000). The barrel temperature of the injection molding machine was set to 230 °C, the injection time was 6 s, the clamping time was 6 s, and the cooling time was 6 s. Ten straight test samples and 5 dumbbell-shaped test samples were made in each group. The molded test samples were sealed in bags, and the mechanical properties and thermal properties were tested after 24 hours of equilibration.
2.3. Melt Mass Flow Rate (MFR)
A small amount of purchased PA 12 pellets, pellets obtained by recycled powder, and recycled powder were dried in an oven at 80 °C for 2 hours. MFI was done as ISO 1133:1997 by an extrusion plastometer (model SRZ-400D, Changchun city intelligent instrument equipment Co., Ltd., Changchun, China). The experiment was set to cut the sample every 6 s. The test conditions were a temperature of 230 °C and a load of 2.16 kg, and the obtained samples were weighed separately. The average value was used to calculate the MFR, and the remaining material was sealed for use.
2.4. Filament Preparation and FDM Printing
The purchased PA12 pellets were weighed and then dried in an oven at 80 °C for 5 hours. The 3D consumable extruder (Dongguan Songhu Plastic Machinery Corp., Dongguan, China) was pre-heated, and the temperature was set to 210 °C in the first temperature zone, 240 °C in the second temperature zone, 220 °C in the third temperature zone, and 50 °C in the fourth temperature zone. The dried pellets were then extruded and drawn in batches by a 3D consumable extruder. The speed of the machine and the tractor was adjusted, the diameter of the filament was controlled at approximately 1.75 mm, and the prepared filament was rolled. In the same manner, the pellets obtained from the recycled PA12 powder were dried, and the pellets were extruded into a PA12 filament with a diameter of approximately 1.75 mm by a 3D consumable extruder.
The two types of PA12 filaments were printed into test samples by an FDM printer (MAGIC-L, Dongguan Yimai Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan, China) in the x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction, the specific orientation of printing is shown in Figure 1. The printer parameters were set to a layer height of 0.1 mm, a shell thickness of 1.2 mm, a bottom thickness of 1.2 mm, a bottom layer printing speed of 20 mm/s, a printing speed of 40 mm/s, a printing temperature of 235 °C, a hot bed temperature of 110 °C, and a packing density of 100%. The print speed parameter was set as a variable, and its print performance was tested.
2.5. Mechanical Performance Test
According to ISO 178:2001, the molded test sample and the printed test sample were prepared as notch samples using a notch sample making machine, and then the flexural properties were tested with an electronic tensile testing machine (model TCS-2000, GOTECH TESTING MACHINES INC., Taichung, Taiwan) at a flexural test rate of 2 mm/min. The tensile properties were tested as ISO 527-1:1993 by an electronic tensile testing machine (model TCS-2000) at a tensile test rate of 50 mm/min. According to ISO 180:2000, the impact performance of the test samples was tested by a cantilever arm impact testing machine (model XJU-22, Chengde Testing Machine Co., Ltd., Chengde, China), and the pendulum energy was 5.5 J. The data were recorded for comparative analysis.
2.6. Vicat Softening Temperature Test
The Vicat softening temperature of the injection moulded parts made by purchased PA12 pellets, the recycled pellets and the recycled powder were tested separately, and each group was tested with three broken samples obtained by the impact test. According to the test standard ISO 306:1994, the temperature was measured by a thermal deformation Vicat tester (model ZWK1302-A, MTS Industrial Systems CO., LTD., Shanghai, China). The test conditions were as follows: the weight was 50 N, and the heating rate was 120 °C/h.
2.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
After the impact test, the fracture surface of the test strip was used to observe morphological patterns made from different raw materials and different printing directions. The surface of the sample was covered with a layer of gold powder, and the fracture surface was imaged at 15 kV using a field emission scanning electron microscope. The damage mode of different print direction test samples was observed.
2.8. X-ray Analysis (XRD)
The wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of the PA12 material was determined in reflection mode on a diffractometer using a Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation source λ = 1.5406 Å, a scan rate of 3°/min, a voltage of 40 kV, and a current of 30 mA over the range 2θ: 10–35°. Scanning was performed on samples printed from recycled powder and nylon pellets.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Performance of Recycled PA12 Powder and PA12 Pellets
This experiment compared the flowability of purchased PA12 pellets, pellets prepared with recycled powder, and recycled powder. The tensile, flexural and impact properties and heat resistance of the injection molded test samples were tested, and the strips were tested for the Vicat softening point. The results are shown in Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, compared with the fresh material, the MFR of the recycled powder decreased by 77.19%, and the MFR of the recycled powder pellet decreased by 64.96%. The melt fluidity of the recycled powder is significantly lower than that of the fresh material, and the fluidity of the powder is slightly improved after extrusion granulation. In the extrusion granulation process, in the twin-screw extruder, due to the high level of friction between the powder and the screw and the inner wall of the machine, the actual processing temperature is much higher than the set temperature, the presence of oxygen leads to oxidative degradation. Under the action of high temperature and shearing force, the polymer radicals are decomposed to initiate an automatic oxidation cycle. On the one hand, the chain growth reaction occurs, and on the other hand, the carbonyl compound is decomposed. The main effect of these reactions is chain scission, which leads to a decrease in molecular weight and an increase in melt mass flow rate.
The overall reduction in the fluidity of the recycled powder is the result of SLS being carried out with a very low oxygen content. To prevent the warpage deformation of the SLS part, the powder material needs to be pre-heated. The preheating temperature is close to the melting temperature of the PA12, and the condensation reaction of the PA12 occurs under high temperature and without oxygen; the reaction equation is:
H[HN(CH2)11CO]nOH + H[HN(CH2)11CO]mOH → H[HN(CH2)11CO]n + mOH + H2O,
The condensation reaction leads to a multiplication of the molecular weight of PA12, and the larger the molecular weight, the more complicated the entanglement of the polymer chain and the more the entanglement point, thus resulting in poor fluidity and a lower melt mass flow rate.
Compared with the tensile strength and the impact strength of the test sample injection molded from fresh PA12 pellets, the corresponding performance of the test sample injection molded from recycled PA12 powder was reduced by 20.23% and 23.65%, and the test sample injection molded from pellet made from recycled powder was reduced by 7.39% and 19.59%. The performance of the recycled powder was not completely consistent. When selective laser sintering was performing, the degree of aging of the powder at different positions was different, and the performance was relatively uniform after extrusion granulation, so the strength was improved, but the rework will reduce the molecular weight, and the performance was still worse than that of the fresh pellet. At the same time, the crystallinity of the powder material and the spherulite size increase, so the impact strength decreases.
Compared to the test sample molded from fresh PA12 pellets, the flexural modulus of the test sample injection molded from recycled PA12 powder and the test sample injection molded from pellet made from recycled powder did not change much, only a slight increase. The Vicat softening temperature of the recycled powder was slightly higher than that of the fresh pellet, and the Vicat temperature increased by approximately 3 °C after powder granulation. This was because the powder material had undergone an ageing process, and the condensation of PA12 molecules occurred. The molecular chain becomes longer, and the molecular weight increases, resulting in an increase in the inter-molecular force and the inter-chain entanglement, which ultimately leads to an increase in the heat resistance of the PA12 powder and the Vicat softening temperature.
3.2. The Effect of Printing Speed on the Mechanical Properties of Printed Samples
In this experiment, the recycled PA12 powder was granulated, drawn into a cylindrical filament of 1.75 (±0.05) mm, and finally printed by an FDM printer. The FDM printer sets the print speed gradient. If the printing speed is too fast, serious warpage may occur. Therefore, the printing speed was set to 30, 40, and 50 mm/s. After completing the printing, the mechanical properties of the test sample were tested. During the printing process, the product formation process, the surface warpage phenomenon, and the contour profile were observed, and the adhesion between the layers can be felt by hand touching. In the process of printing the product, if there is serious warpage, it needs to be reprinted, and the sample without warping is used to measure the mechanical properties. The performance is shown in Table 2.
As the printing speed increases, the tensile strength gradually decreases, reflecting the law that the printing speed is inversely proportional to the tensile strength of FDM printed test samples. The slower the printing speed, the more uniform the nozzle spins, the smaller the gap between the filaments, the larger the contact surface, and the better the compactness of the print. As the printing speed increases, the quality of the print decreases slightly, and the density and tensile strength also tend to decrease.
During the printing process, when the polymer is in a molten state, the macromolecular chain arrangement is disordered. During the crystallization process, a portion of the macromolecular chain forms an ordered arrangement. When the printing speed is low, the gap between the molecular chains is small, and the degree of crystallization is higher. Fewer voids lead to more difficulty in releasing the stress, and the larger the volume shrinkage, the more likely that warpage deformation occurs. However, a higher printing speed leads to a shorter printing time and less pronounced warpage of the printed test sample, but the interlayer adhesion is deteriorated, so the tensile strength is low.
The change in printing speed has little effect on the flexural modulus of the printed test sample. In the FDM process, one layer is deposited first, and then another layer is deposited, which is stacked layer by layer. Therefore, the adhesion between layers has a great influence on the performance of the printed product. When the printing speed is 30 mm/s, the cooling time of each layer is longer, the adhesion of the extruded semi-solidified material to the next layer is worse, so the flexural modulus is lower.
The printing orientation used in this test is x-direction printing. The specific details are covered in Chapter 2 (2.4). The impact strength is particularly affected by the orientation of the printing test sample layers. The orientation between the layers in the x-direction is perpendicular to the orientation of the impact pendulum force. As the printing speed increases, the interlayer adhesion of the printed test sample deteriorates, and the impact strength gradually increases.
Based on the above analysis, the printing speed has a certain influence on the mechanical properties. The PA12 filament has better mechanical properties at a printing speed of 40 mm/s.
3.3. Comparison of Printing Performance between Recycled PA12 Filament and Fresh PA12 Filament
Fused deposition modelling is an unstable process and the diameter of filaments extruded by nozzles is not consistent. The diameter of polybutyrate-adipate-terephthalate–polymer (PBAT) filament measured by Sarat Singamneni et al. [23] shows that the measured value decreases continuously. Moreover, in the printing process, due to the large shrinkage rate of pure PA12 material, warp deformation easily occurs. As shown in Figure 2, the printed test sample is not firmly bonded to the bottom plate and even lift from the hot bed during printing. It is difficult to print a complete test sample. However, the printing performance of recycled PA12 powder is obviously better than that of the new materials. As shown in Figure 3, although the phenomenon of warping deformation sometimes occurs, the degree of warpage is smaller. The performance of the PA12 recycled powder after selective laser sintering is greatly changed, the shrinkage rate and shrinkage deformation phenomenon of the PA12 material are lowered, and the printing performance is superior to that of the untreated pure PA12 material.
Test samples with standard shapes and sizes, no warping deformation, and close bond were collected, and then their tensile, flexural and impact properties were tested according to the method in Section 2.5. The test results are shown in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6.
As shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6, the tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength of the test sample printed in the x-direction are the best, the y-direction is the second, and the z-direction is the worst. The tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength of the test sample of the y-direction and z-direction printed from filaments made of recycled powder reached 74% and 57%, 77% and 50%, and 39% and 34% of the x-direction print test samples, respectively. For different printing directions, the size of the bonded area (as shown in Figure 1) is significantly different, and the larger the bonded area, the better the bonding. The bonding area of the z-direction print test sample is the smallest. When the tensile test is performed, the force acts on the two layers, and the adhesion between the layers resists deformation during the flexural test. In the case of impact fracture, the x-direction test sample is prone to inter-layer fracture, while the x-direction and y-direction test samples exhibit cross-layer fracture, so the mechanical properties in the x-direction and the y-direction are better.
The tensile strength and impact strength of the test samples printed from filament made of fresh PA12 pellets were slightly higher than the test samples made of the recycled powder. For the flexural performance, the x-direction test sample, y-direction test sample, and z-direction test sample printed from filaments made of recycled powder reached 85%, 78%, and 57% of the performance of the corresponding test samples made of fresh pellets, respectively. Because the recycled material has been processed and sintered many times, various properties have changed for various reasons, such as the mechanical shearing during processing. Although the mechanical properties of the recycled materials and fresh materials are not much different, the mechanical properties of the recycled materials are slightly lower than those of the fresh materials.
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
Figure 7 shows SEM images of the impact fracture interfaces of x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction samples printed from filaments made of fresh PA12 pellets and recycled PA12 powder.
The fracture morphology is substantially similar to a line-like texture left by layer accumulation. During the printing process, each thread is bonded to each other to form a layer and rapidly solidifies after deposition. Subsequent layers, which are still hot, will fuse with the previous layer, and the process continues until all layers of the part are completed. However, there is no obvious delamination, and it can be seen that the printed test samples still have a relatively uniform material structure, which is advantageous for the mechanical properties of the product. At the same time, some pits and small holes were observed, which indicates that the material is not completely dense and does not reach the desired molten state; thus, the printing temperature still needs to be improved.
3.5. XRD Analysis
The PA12 may be arranged in a parallel or anti-parallel orientation to form α- and γ-type crystals, respectively. When all polymer chains are oriented in an anti-parallel manner, γ-type crystals are produced, in which case the highest crystallinity is obtained. It has been demonstrated that under most processing conditions, the liquid phase will crystallize into the γ-form, which is the most commonly crystalline form in PA12. However, certain conditions lead to the α-form. These have been reported as solution casting (under atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure, below 90 °C), drawing just below the melting point, and high-pressure crystallization [24,25,26]. All samples used in this experiment were treated by air-cooling to room temperature after printing and then subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis. Figure 8 shows an XRD pattern of test samples of different build orientations printed from filaments made of fresh PA12 pellets and recycled PA12 powder.
The crystallinity of the x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction test samples printed from filaments made of PA12 pellets were 21.04%, 27.50%, and 32.04%, respectively, and the crystallinity of the printed samples of the recycled PA12 powder were 20.07%, 27.30%, and 28.35%. The crystallinity of the test sample made of the recycled powder decreased, but the decrease was not large. Whether prepared from recycled PA12 powder or fresh PA12 pellets, the crystallinity of the test sample printed in the z-direction was the highest, the y-direction was the second, and the x-direction was the lowest. Different printing directions corresponded to sections of different sizes because the printing speed was the same; both were 40 mm/s, resulting in different cooling times of the filaments in each layer of molten state, and the cooling time in the z-direction was the longest. The high cooling rate during polymer processing can result in the formation of unstable γ-crystals, which contribute to the improvement of crystallinity.
4. Conclusions
This study aimed to recycle PA12 powder after SLS and develop a filament that can be used for FDM. In this study, PA12 powder after SLS was recycled and pelletized, and the injection was then molded. Compared with the fresh PA12 pellet injection molding, the tensile strength decreased by 7%, the flexural modulus barely changed, the impact strength decreased by 20%, and the overall mechanical properties declined slightly with the recycled powder. The melt fluidity of the recycled powder decreased by approximately 65%, but it was still able to be drawn and printed. The effects of different printing speeds on the mechanical properties of the test samples were tested. Finally, 40 mm/s demonstrated better mechanical properties and was selected as the printing speed for subsequent research. In the samples printed from filaments made of fresh PA12 pellets or recycled PA12 powder, it was found that the mechanical properties of the test samples printed in the x-direction were the best, the y-direction was second, and the z-direction was the worst, and the mechanical properties of the test samples printed by the new pellets were slightly better. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments were carried out, and it was found that the test samples made of fresh PA12 pellets and the recycled PA12 powder had similar microscopic morphology and good compactness, but further improvement was needed. The crystallinity of the two test samples was not much different. The crystallinity of the test sample prepared from filaments made with fresh PA12 pellets was slightly higher, and the crystallinity levels were ranked as x-direction < y-direction < z-direction.
The recycled PA12 powder can be used in FDM, and the performance of the recycled PA12 is not much different from that of the fresh PA12 pellets. Moreover, the cost of recycled powder is low, and if it can be successfully applied in the future, it not only solves the problem of SLS waste but also reduces the cost of molten deposition molding, which is beneficial to the entire 3D printing industry. Future research will focus on the preparation of composite filaments for recycled powders and the improvement of other performance tests to produce a filament with low shrinkage and excellent mechanical properties.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, L.F. and Y.W.; methodology, Y.W.; software, L.F.; validation, Y.W., L.F. and Q.W.; formal analysis, Q.W.; investigation, Q.W.; resources, Y.W.; data curation, L.F.; writing—original draft preparation, L.F.; writing—review and editing, Q.W.; visualization, L.F.; supervision, Y.W.; project administration, Y.W.; funding acquisition, Y.W.
This research was funded by The 10th Graduate Education Innovation Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology, grant number CX2018052 and the APC was funded by Yan Wang.
The author would like to thank the Huake 3D Technology Company for providing recycled PA12 powder, the Wuhan Institute of Technology for providing machinery and financial assistance, and the Innovative Team on 3D Printing Polymer Composite Materials R&D and Industrialization for financial support.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- Singamneni, S.; Smith, D.; LeGuen, M.J.; Truong, D. Extrusion 3D Printing of Polybutyrate-Adipate-Terephthalate-Polymer Composites in the Pellet Form. Polymers 2018, 10, 922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ishikawa, T.; Nagai, S.; Kasai, N. Thermal behavior of α nylon-12. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 1980, 18, 1413–1419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xenopoulos, E.; Clark, E.S. Nylon Plastics Handbook; Kohan, M.I., Ed.; Hanser/Gardner Publications: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 1995; ISBN 1-56990-189-9. [Google Scholar]
- Zarringhalam, H.; Hopkinson, N.; Kampermanb, N.F.; De Vlieger, J.J. Effects of processing on microstructure and properties of SLS Nylon 12. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2006, 435, 172–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
Figure 7. X-direction (a), y-direction (c), and z-direction (e) test samples printed from filament made of fresh pellets; x-direction (b), y-direction (d), and z-direction (f) test samples printed from filament made of recycled powder.
Figure 8. XRD pattern of different build orientations printed from filaments made of recycled PA12 powder and fresh PA12 pellets.
|Performance Testing
|MFR (g/10 min)
|Tensile Strength (MPa)
|Flexural Modulus (MPa)
|Impact Strength (kJ/m2)
|Vicat Softening Temperature (°C)
|Recycled powder
|Pellet made from recycled powder
|Fresh pellets
|Printing Speed
|Tensile Strength (MPa)
|Flexural Modulus (MPa)
|Impact Strength (kJ/m2)
|Density (g/cm3)
|30 mm/s
|40 mm/s
|50 mm/s
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


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August 25, 2018
Robert Morris
This weekend, Pastor Robert concludes the Eternity: Your Choice series with a message titled "Why" where he discusses how God's character is the answer to our tough questions.
Other Recent Sermons
Every Great Father
June 15, 2019
Jimmy Evans
Pastor Jimmy shares a special Father's Day message about the three essential roles fathers should play in their family's lives.
True Prophecy
June 8, 2019
Robert Morris
Pastor Robert shares how God uses prophecy today to strengthen and encourage us.
Here Am I. Send Me.
May 25, 2019
Dave Roever
Vietnam War veteran and Purple Heart recipient Dave Roever shares how God can turn tragedy into triumph.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sales Executive Non Food & Drink jobs in United Kingdom
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Two students from West Hancock Elementary School and one from West Hancock Middle School participated in this year's History Day Contest.
The theme for this year's contest was "Triumph and Tragedy in History."
Isabelle Rosin, WHMS eighth-grader, gave her speech on Iwo Jima at the district competition Feb. 22 at Waldorf. She qualified for the state competition, which was held in Des Moines April 29.
Kristi Gast, TAG teacher for fifth through eighth graders, said Rosin was one of six out of 21 performers to make it to the finals of the state competition but was not selected for the national competition being held in Washington, D.C. Only the top two students in the state level are invited to the national contest.
Rosin began working on her performance for the competition at the beginning of the year, according to Gast.
"Once she determined an area of focus, she began researching and developed her performance, which was judged in Forest City," Gast said.
You have free articles remaining.
Since the district competition, Gast said Rosin did additional research, revisions and practice for the state competition to further refine her performance.
One practice was when Rosin performed for the veterans at the Britt American Legion, when members were honored for 50 years of membership.
The two elementary students who participated in the district competition had to research someone who had triumphs and tragedies in their life.
The two chose Helen Keller and Alexander Hamilton, according to elementary school TAG teacher Elizabeth Gretillat.
In their performance, the students had to create a visual board with their information and pictures and submit an annotated bibliography and process paper that explained why they chose their person and how they created their project, Grettilat said.
Projects fall under one of five different categories: documentary, exhibit, paper, performance or website. Each category denotes the method the projects are relayed to the audience


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text:
Politics 26.6.2019 02:03 pm
WATCH LIVE: Ramaphosa responds to Sona debate
Watch the live stream of the president's response to the Sona debate.
Following a full day of debates by MPs on President Cyril Ramaphosa's State of the Nation Address on Tuesday, the president will get a chance to respond to them today. The president received criticism from Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema, among others, who said the president gave opposition parties nothing to debate on.
Politics eThekwini council scraps millions in interest on R50 million shortfall in public works debt
Politics WATCH: EFF MP Naledi Chirwa made to withdraw 'brutal murders' comment
EFF MPs defended the Fees Must Fall activist, saying she had nothing to apologise for.
Politics Malema was 'too young for armed struggle' but plays soldier anyway – ANC's Carrim
He has also says the Democratic Alliance is suffering an identity crisis and has reached its ceiling.
Politics WCape government disappointed by Mbalula's visit to Cape Town – Winde
On Tuesday morning, the transport minister experienced for himself the daily frustrations that train commuters face in Cape Town.
Politics Malema warns ANC of 'unled revolution' if land isn't expropriated
The EFF leader says 'white people will continue to think that they are superior' unless the pattern of land ownership is changed.
Politics Malema warns Ramaphosa to come clean on donations
'We want a president that is ethical, a president that is honest, a president that opens up and says how do we fix this,' he says
Politics What did Madiba see in you that we can't see? Malema asks Ramaphosa
The EFF leader accuses the president of turning back on the resolutions the ANC made.
Politics Thabo Mbeki denies call for action against Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane
'At no point did he call for any action to be taken against Ambassador Mandela. This is borne out by everything the journalist quoted from President Mbeki,' says the Thabo Mbeki Foundation.
Politics Stop 'flaunting like fashionistas', Limpopo premier tells ANC MECs
'Criticism against some of us is that we seem to be spitting in the face of the poor masses of our people,' Limpopo Premier Stanley Mathabatha said.
Politics Show us where you spent R1.3bn in Alex, MEC Maile – DA
DA Gauteng caucus leader Solly Msimanga has challenged MEC Lebogang Maile to a walkabout in Alexandra to show where the money was spent.
Politics BLF claims their Twitter account was hacked
This after an alleged challenge by the party's suspended secretary-general to the party's founder to provide proof of his membership.
Politics Mngxitama not a legitimate member of BLF, says party's SG
The party's suspended secretary-general has challenged the party's founder to provide proof of his membership before participating in further activities.
Politics ANC lays criminal charges against Steve Hofmeyr
In a seemingly sarcastic new tweet on Monday, the singer on Monday said he had 'reversed' his original post.
Politics Public protector shares Maimane's original letter in Ramaphosa investigation
According to Mkhwebane, the Supreme Court of Appeal has empowered her to look beyond the scope of the DA leader's concerns.
Politics Mashaba says MEC's denial of corruption in Alexandra project 'misguided'
The Johannesburg mayor says it is 'bizarre' to suggest no corruption has taken place.


text:
|Peter Dyballa
|Re: 23.0.60; describe-char gives wrong information
|Tue, 15 Jan 2008 10:50:01 +0100
Am 15.01.2008 um 09:18 schrieb Kenichi Handa:
Did that slowness happen only after my recent change?
Yes. Could it was introduced before, but for me it became existing when I updated after receiving your eMail yesterday.
And, how did you disable font-backend via an X resource"?
Probably badly expressed. I have two lines in ~/.Xdefaults: Emacs.FontBackend: x !Emacs.FontBackend: xft When the xft option is on, GNU Emacs crashes during start-up.
As far as I remember, you can't do it. Via X resouce, you can only specify which font backend to use. If you configure Emacs with --enable-font-backend, the only way to suppress it is by the command line argument "--disable-font-backend".
When using this option on the command line, GNU Emacs works much faster, when I've configure it before with --enable-font-backend. It scrolls up or down at normal speed. And there is one more difference: I can see a file name like
RGB äöüæÆÜÖÄ Kopie.txt as RGB äöüæÆÜÖÄ Kopie.txt while it otherwise is displayed as RGB aouæÆUOA Kopie.txt
Almost no open box symbol appears, which is simply great, but I am not completely sure whether the contents of the braces is always right (I am using utf8.txt from the Kermit distribution).What is "the contents of the braces"?
The character as described outside. For example: [Ȫ] 022A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS AND MACRON [ȫ] 022B LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS AND MACRON [Ȭ] 022C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON [ȭ] 022D LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON [Ȯ] 022E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE [ȯ] 022F LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE [Ȱ] 0230 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON [ȱ] 0231 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON It's this file: ftp://kermit.columbia.edu/kermit/charsets/utf8.txt -- Greetings PeteOur enemies are innovative and resourceful, and so are we. They never stop thinking about new ways to harm our country and our people, and neither do we.
– Georges W. Bush
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text:
The hotel offers high speed WiFi to all our guests allowing them to remain connected while they are enjoying their holiday.
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Guests can relax in the nice and functional and modern Outdoor pool at the hotel.
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text:
What's New at VLJ
Volunteer Lawyers for Justice is excited to honor Philip Taylor as its June Volunteer of the Month. Phil has been volunteering with VLJ's Children's Representation Program for the past year. His interest in pro bono work began when he left a position practicing shareholder litigation at the law firm Abraham, Fruchter & Twersky to begin his own practice. "When I started my solo practice, I had more opportunity to do pro bono work," said Phil. "My practice was slow initially, so I was excited by the opportunity to give back and learn about new practice areas." After participating in VLJ's new volunteer orientation, Phil, whose parents were both special education teachers, became interested in the Children's Representation Program (CRP). CRP provides free legal advice and representation to parents or guardians of children with disabilities who have been denied the special education services to which they are entitled.
The event will start at 5:30 p.m. on November 14 at the Valley Regency in Clifton. Arts and Eats for Justice is a celebration of how VLJ staff, volunteers, funders, and community partners work together to transform the lives of low-income and vulnerable clients in New Jersey. Honorees are selected for their commitment to VLJ's mission. Click to see who we're honoring this year!
Volunteer Lawyers for Justice has received the 2018 Jefferson Award Medallion in the Volunteer Group category for outstanding work benefiting the community. The Jefferson Awards were established in 1972 as the official recognition program of the United States Senate. They are considered America's highest honor for public service and volunteerism. "We were so honored to be nominated for this award by our Board Chair, Susan McGahan, a steadfast supporter of justice."
Last year, VLJ assisted 4,400 people and Our volunteer attorneys provided $2.3 Million in free legal services
thank you to our GENEROUS SUPPORTERS
VLJ thanks all of the offices and organizations that provide financial support to our programs. Without each of you, VLJ would not be able to assist so many clients in need.
In addition to the generous financial support provided by the offices listed below, VLJ would like to express our gratitude to McCarter & English for providing our team with office space in Newark. It is with your support that VLJ attorneys are "Taking Cases. Changing Lives."


text:
These One-Star Uber Driver Reviews Will Have You Rolling
Our friends at Funny or Die posted a collection of funny one-star Uber driver reviews.. But since their website constantly crashes my browser (WTF?!), I'll save you the trouble and share some of the better ones:
And before anyone starts bitching, I know that leaving a bad driver rating can cost an Uber driver his job if his rating drops too low. So yeah, don't be stupid and do something like this just for the lolz.
Leave a Reply
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We are giving away FREE Keto Meal Plan, Food List and Guides. Put your email below so we can send them to you immediately at no cost! We'll also send you weekly Keto hacks and new recipes to help you stay on track and achieve quick and sustainable results!
Selenium is a micronutrient that is naturally present in many different foods, such as Brazil nuts, seafood, poultry, meat, eggs, and some grains and dairy products. Our bodies need it for a number of vital functions. It plays an important role in thyroid health, cognitive function, protection from oxidative stress, and is important for metabolism, […]Continue reading
Delving in the keto diet means you must consume less carbohydrate, moderate protein, and more healthy fats. That is why today's dish is a highly recommended breakfast or snack for all keto dieters out there. These meat muffins or meatloaf cupcakes are easy to prepare and won't consume too much of your time in the […]Continue reading
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text: Visit the Grand Canyon for the weekend to experience the ultimate adventure getaway. Spring calls for longer daylight hours and moderate temperatures, making this the perfect time of the year for hiking and biking. Helicopter tours of the Grand Canyon are absolutely stunning. When you get tired, visit the Grand Canyon IMAX Theatre, then head to the Havasupai Falls and take pictures in front of the beautiful waterfall. If you are vacationing with young children, go on a nature walk or bird watching.


text:
Trustees, is of an adequate size to oversee the operations of the Trust, and that, in light of the small size of the Board, a complex Board leadership structure is not necessary or desirable. The relatively small size of the Board facilitates ready communication among the Board members, and between the Board and management, both at Board meetings and between meetings, further leading to the determination that a complex board structure is unnecessary. In view of the small size of the Board, the Board has concluded that designating one of the three Independent Trustees as the "lead Independent Trustee" would not be likely to meaningfully enhance the effectiveness of the Board. The Board reviews its leadership structure periodically and believes that its structure is appropriate to enable the Board to exercise its oversight of the Funds.
Bitcoin is a relatively new type of currency—a digital or cryptocurrency secured through cryptography, or codes that can't be read without a key. Traditional currencies are made up of paper bills and coins. Unlike traditional currencies, the bitcoin is not issued by any central government. Rather, a computer algorithm determines how many bitcoins are produced and added to the economy. This is much different than a traditional currency, where central banks typically determine how much money to print.
Mortgage-backed securities issued by private issuers, whether or not such obligations are subject to guarantees by the private issuer, may entail greater risk than obligations directly or indirectly guaranteed by the U.S. government. The average life of a mortgage-backed security is likely to be substantially shorter than the original maturity of the mortgage pools underlying the securities. Prepayments of principal by mortgagors and mortgage foreclosures will usually result in the return of the greater part of principal invested far in advance of the maturity of the mortgages in the pool.
Here is the story of Longfin Corp., a fin-tech-ish company that was listed on Nasdaq on Wednesday and then announced on Friday that it was acquiring Ziddu.com, "a blockchain-empowered global micro-lending solutions provider," causing its stock to go up by more than 1,200 percent and giving it a market capitalization of some $6.2 billion as of yesterday's close. LongFin's offering circular is a fun read -- it describes its founder and chief executive officer, who also happens to be the controlling shareholder of Ziddu.com, as "a financial wizard" and "a true believer in disruptive technologies" who "believes that every piece of information is worth millions" -- but even better is the press release describing the Ziddu acquisition:
The Fund generally does not expect to invest directly in futures contracts, option contracts and swap agreements ("Bitcoin Instruments"). The Fund expects to gain exposure to these investments by investing a portion of its assets in the ProShares Cayman Bitcoin Futures/Equity Strategy Portfolio, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Fund organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the "Subsidiary"). The Subsidiary is advised by ProShare Advisors, the Fund's investment advisor, and invests directly in Bitcoin Instruments. Unlike the Fund, the Subsidiary is not an investment company registered under the 1940 Act. The Fund's investment in the Subsidiary is intended to provide the Fund with exposure to commodity markets related to bitcoin in accordance with applicable rules and regulations. The Fund will invest up to 25% of its total assets in the Subsidiary. Except as otherwise noted, references to the Fund's investment strategies and risks include the investment strategies and risks of the Subsidiary.
I feel compelled to spread the word; cryptocurrency is an amazing chance to make a fuck ton of money with a relatively small investment. The problem is, the window is closing. Many coins have already doubled in value many many times, the more a coin doubles in value, the harder it gets for it to double again and you to make a tidy 100% on your portfolio…
Words of caution are appropriate when talking about going short and using leverage. These strategies are incredibly effective because they allow investors to not only profit from a general upward trend in bitcoin but to profit from the fluctuations in the market. At first, it is hard to think of a more perfect asset than bitcoin for such purposes. The upward trends have been fast and extreme, yet fluctuations are very common and tend to be substantial.
The Fund is different from most exchange-traded funds in that it seeks inverse, or "short", exposure. The Fund may not be suitable for all investors and should be used only by knowledgeable investors. Shareholders should actively manage and monitor their investments, as frequently as daily. As with any shorting strategy that is periodically rebalanced, the return of the Fund over time will likely differ from the inverse of the return of a similar static long investment.
Margin Call - when you run out of bitcoin on your account to cover the contract positions you have taken (your account value doesn't cover the Maintance Margin) you are officially rekt. Some exchanges like CryptoFacilities will merely notify you that you have to deposit more or reduce your positions to increase your margin. Others like BitMEX will liquidate you at this level where the exchange takes over your position to liquidate it into the market to prevent system loss.
• Investments by a Fund in options, futures, forward contracts, swap agreements and other derivative financial instruments are subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect the amount, timing or character of the distributions to shareholders by a Fund. In addition, because the application of these rules may be uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future Internal Revenue Service guidance with respect to these rules may affect whether a Fund has made sufficient distributions, and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements, to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and avoid fund-level tax.
A Parent Fund's investment in its Subsidiary will potentially have the effect of accelerating the Fund's recognition of income and causing its income to be treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of such subsidiary's income. If a net loss is realized by a Subsidiary, such loss is generally not available to offset the income earned by a Parent Fund. In addition, the net losses incurred during a taxable year by a Subsidiary cannot be carried forward by such Subsidiary to offset gains realized by it in subsequent taxable years. The Parent Funds will not receive any credit in respect of any non-U.S. tax borne by a Subsidiary.
There's a lot of ins and outs which can get confusing in arbitrage trading. We won't go into the technicals of why futures contracts trade at a premium to spot price. You can read a full explanation here. If it's not of interest to you, all you need to know is that there's a tendency, the further out in time the futures contract expires, for the premium to spot to be higher and higher in nominal percentage terms.


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It's much easier to promote a product that already exists than it is to create something from scratch, educate the consumer, and launch a marketing campaign. By utilizing an affiliate program, you avoid the hassles of product development, launching, and inventory. Your focus is on a product or service that works well for you—not finding storage space for the latest gadget you created or trying to code an update to a software tool.
Disney initially stated they wouldn't exceed one million in donations, but ended up donating two million after the campaign blew up. #ShareYourEars campaign garnered 420 million social media impressions, and increased Make-A-Wish's social media reach by 330%. The campaign is a powerful example of using an internet marketing strategy for a good cause. #ShareYourEars raised brand awareness, cultivated a connected online community, and positively affected Disney's brand image.
Before Sharpe ever came into close proximity with the internet marketing field, he was a construction worker. Needing a way to make ends meet, like millions of other people around the world, he turned to a field that could hopefully pay the bills. But try as he might, he was never able to actually get ahead. Until one day, when Sharpe discovered the amount of money being made online by internet marketers, his entire mindset changed.
If you are looking for some technology-focused know-about, this is a blog to read. It is one of the best online marketing platforms and provides real insights on tech and gadget coverage. The PSFK is an excellent technology-focused platform that predicts the future of the industry. It keeps you well–prepared for the upcoming changes.The Bookmark is a name that is recognized worldwide when it comes to marketing. This company has done quite well regarding global marketing and using creative and innovative strategies.
This isn't about off-the-shelf solutions. You need to really convey something illustrious and beautiful, then fill it with incredible MVP content. Over time, this will become a thriving hotbed of activity for you, where people will come by and check-in repeatedly to see what you're talking about and what value you're delivering. Keep in mind that this won't happen quickly. It will take years. Yes, I said years.
Twitter can be used for pretty much anything. You can launch a political campaign, start a non-profit hashtag movement, spy on your competitor, track down your long lost friend… it is a world of opportunities on a single open platform. It is no surprise that people have been turning to it for professional uses over the years. Prospecting is one that has been a little controversial, with some claiming it… [Read More…]
DisabledGO, an information provider for people with disabilities in the UK and Ireland, hired Agency51 to implement an SEO migration strategy to move DisabledGO from an old platform to a new one. By applying 301 redirects to old URLS, transferring metadata, setting up Google webmaster tools, and creating a new sitemap, Agency 51 was able to successfully transfer DisabledGO to a new platform while keeping their previous SEO power alive. Additionally, they were able to boost visitor numbers by 21% year over year, and the site restructuring allowed DisabledGO to rank higher than competitors. Their case study is available on SingleGrain.com.


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About Us
The Williamsville Public Library and Museum strives to enhance the lives of the people who live in or visit our community. We aim to promote lifelong learning; to collect, preserve and exhibit materials pertaining to the Village's history; and to encourage a love of reading.
Come and visit us at our new location, our staff and volunteers will be happy to help you anytime at the service desk or over the phone.
WPLM is committed to being an integral part of the Village of Williamsville; providing an asset to our community and contributing to local historic preservation.
WPLM News
Special Programs & Events
Creativebug Intro & Craft: Wednesday, June 25 (6:30-7:30)
Our next special event is aimed at teens and adults. WPLM can now offer our patrons free access to Creativebug through a special partnership with JOANN Fabrics. Creativebug is a video database for anyone who likes doing creative projects. Learn how easy it is to use and do a fun craft. The event is FREE, but space is limited. Click on the link to the right to register or call 566-3520.
Something for Everyone!
Click on the links to the right to learn about more special upcoming events!
Travel Kits are Back
Theme-based kits are perfect for road trips and STEM kits are great to keep kids challenged and busy without screen time.
For teens and adults we have stress-beating kits for coloring, dot-to-dot, and mosaic sticker art based on movies, travel, and young adult literature.
FREE passes to THREE Museums
Due to special partnerships, WPLM patrons with a valid WPLM card can now visit three Springfield museums for FREE: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum, Illinois State Museum, The Kidzeum of Health & Science.
To reserve your passes please call 566-3520 to let us know when you plan to attend.
Paws to Read
If you know a young reader who could benefit from practicing sight words or reading please contact Natalie Albers at [email protected] or call 566-3520. You can schedule a one on one session with Murphy, a certified therapy dog. He is a small, gentle dog who enjoys listening to kids of all ages.
Follow WPLM on Instagram to see examples of NEW books and DVD's. Let us know what you like to read or watch! Follow WPLMinsta.
Fireside Creations
Bring your sewing, knitting, or other creative project to work on while you chat, or be inspired by the work of others! The group usually meets on the second Tuesday and fourth Thursday of the month. Their next meetings will be on Thursday, June 27, Tuesday, July 9, and Thursday, July 25 at 12:30. Anyone is welcome to come once or come each time. Follow WPLM on Facebook for reminders.
Additional Ongoing Programs
Anyone is welcome to stop by for weekly Coffee Hour on Tuesday mornings at 10am. Follow WPLM on Facebook to learn about the choice for Book Club each month.
1000 Books Before Kindergarten
Click on "Children Programs" under the "Programming" tab to learn how your child can earn prizes and books as you read to them. (Yes, it counts if you read the same book multiple times!)
Local History
Over 1,500 items have been recorded in the museum inventory database during the last three years, and the work continues every week!
Come see the local history displays anytime we are open:
Monday-Thursday 10am- 7pm and Saturdays 10am- 2pm.
Planning will begin soon to change the displays again. Look for new museum displays in Summer 2019. Rotating the displays allows us to highlight different parts of the collection as we feature the stories of our local history.
WPLM has been busy adding books to our collection through the "Back to Books" grant for $4,500. The grant funds are a 50% increase in our normal book buying budget!
Thanks to the Williams Township's generous donation of $3,500 last year, planning has begun for an outdoor education space behind our building. Additional grants are being researched to help fund the project.
Upcoming Events
What's on Display
New Location
The popular one room school house exhibit has been moved next to the Nancy Richardson alcove. The other cases are showcasing Williamsville celebrations and more. A collection of Mrs. Stuttle's art work is also on display.
Our Services


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Spicy Fried Corn With Bacon and Chipotle
By Melissa Clark
20 minutes
Pasta With Bacon, Cheese, Lemon and Pine Nuts
By Julia Moskin
30 minutes
Foolproof Lemon-Garlic Mayonnaise
15 minutes
Simmered Kabocha Squash With Scallions
Basic Vinaigrette
5 minutes
Grilled Garlic Bread
Boiled Potatoes With Butter and Mint
Warm Corn Salad With Bacon
By Mark Bittman
10 minutes
Fried Green Tomatoes With Bacon Rémoulade
45 minutes
Steamed Corn With Clams and Bacon
By Sam Sifton
About 30 minutes
Glazed Bacon
By Florence Fabricant
40 minutes
Corn Pudding Stuffed with Greens
By Kim Severson
2 hours
Melina Hammer for The New York Times
This recipe came to The Times by way of Katie Workman, author of "The Mom 100 Cookbook," a book for parents who want to feed their kids (and themselves) wholesome meals that also taste good. She took as her motto for the vegetables chapter: "They can't eat only raw baby carrots for the rest of their lives." She believes that reasonably lavish applications of fat (bacon bits, butter, cheese, oil) make vegetables instantly palatable, and she is right. Her default technique is to sauté a shallot in butter, turn the vegetables in the pan until they start to soften, then cover tightly and let them cook in their own steam, testing them often. Here, a colorful medley of fresh corn, bell pepper, and kale are sautéed with bacon fat, butter and shallots, then tossed with bacon bits and scallions. It's endlessly versatile – substitute carrots or summer squash for peppers, onions for shallots, spinach for kale – and could very well win over the pickiest of eaters.
Featured in:
Raw Panic.
By Amanda Hesser
30 minutes, including cooking the corn
By Alex Witchel
By Ali Slagle
1 hour
Cooking Guide
By Sam Sifton
By Tejal Rao
By Melissa Clark
By Alison Roman


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Sarah Aaron
Lansing, Kansas, US
Every person that I have ever talked to on a chatline has said that they love the sound of my voice, my voice is soothing, my voice is comforting, and I'm able to change the tone and way in which I deliver my message.
Voice Ages
Child (5-12), Middle Aged (35-54), Senior (55+), Teen (13-17), Young Adult (18-35)
Special Skills
Payment Terms
Payment to Sarah Aaron is made through Voices.com SurePay®, our escrow service that guarantees your project is completed to your satisfaction. Pay securely by Visa, Mastercard or PayPal through Voices.com and when your work is done, simply download the final files, and release funds to Sarah Aaron.
Learn more about SurePay® here.
Next Steps
To invite Sarah Aaron to audition for your project, simply invite them to a job. Share your project details to quickly and easily receive a quote.
Have questions about posting a job?
See how Voices.com works here.
Hire Sarah Aaron as a voice actor
Working with Sarah Aaron is fast and easy. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step.
Request a quote for your project today.


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