text:
Photios I (Greek: Φώτιος Phōtios), (c. 810/820 – 6 February 893), a[›] also spelled Photius[2] (/ˈfoʊʃəs/) or Fotios, was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886;[3] He is recognized in the Eastern Orthodox Church as Saint Photios the Great.
Photios is widely regarded as the most powerful and influential church leader of Constantinople subsequent to John Chrysostom's archbishopric around the turn of the fifth century. He is also viewed as the most important intellectual of his time – "the leading light of the ninth-century renaissance".[4] He was a central figure in both the conversion of the Slavs to Christianity and the Photian schism,[5] and is considered "[t]he great systematic compiler of the Eastern Church, who occupies a similar position to that of Gratian in the West," and whose "collection in two parts...formed and still forms the classic source of ancient Church Law for the Greek Church."[2]
Photios was a well-educated man from a noble Constantinopolitan family. Photius's great uncle was a previous Patriarch of Constantinople, Saint Tarasius.[6] He intended to be a monk, but chose to be a scholar and statesman instead. In 858, Emperor Michael III (r. 842–867) decided to confine Patriarch Ignatius in order to force him into resignation, and Photios, still a layman, was appointed to replace him.[7] Amid power struggles between the pope and the Byzantine emperor, Ignatius was reinstated. Photios resumed the position when Ignatius died (877), by order of the Byzantine emperor.[7] The new pope, John VIII, approved Photios's reinstatement.[8] Catholics regard as legitimate a Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic) anathematizing Photios,[7] while Eastern Orthodox regard as legitimate a subsequent Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox), reversing the former.[7] The contested councils mark the end of unity represented by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.
Studies show that Photios was venerated as a saint as early as the 9th century, and by the Roman Church as late as the 12th century.[9] Nonetheless, Photios was formally canonized by the Orthodox Church in 1847.
Saint Photios the Great
Icon of Saint Photios from an image of a fresco in Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev
|The Great, Confessor of the Faith, and Equal to the Apostles[1]
|c. 810
|c. 893
Bordi, Armenia
|Venerated in
|Eastern Orthodox Church
|1847, Constantinople by Anthimus VI of Constantinople
|February 6
Photios I of Constantinople
|Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
|858 – 867
|Term ended
|877 – 886
|Personal details
|Chalcedonian Christianity
Most of the primary sources treating Photios's life are written by persons hostile to him. Modern scholars are thus cautious when assessing the accuracy of the information these sources provide.b[›] Little is known of Photios's origin and early years. It is known that he was born into a notable family and that his uncle Saint Tarasius had been the Patriarch of Constantinople from 784–806 under both Empress Irene (r. 797–802) and Emperor Nikephoros I (r. 802–811).[10] During the second Iconoclasm, which began in 814, his family suffered persecution since his father, Sergios, was a prominent iconophile. Sergios's family returned to favor only after the restoration of the icons in 842.[11] Certain scholars assert that Photios was, at least in part, of Armenian descentc[›] while other scholars merely refer to him as a "Greek Byzantine".[12] Byzantine writers also report that Emperor Michael III (r. 842–867) once angrily called Photios "Khazar-faced", but whether this was a generic insult or a reference to his ethnicity is unclear.[13]
Although Photios had an excellent education, we have no information about how he received this education. The famous library he possessed attests to his enormous erudition (theology, history, grammar, philosophy, law, the natural sciences, and medicine).[14] Most scholars believe that he never taught at Magnaura or at any other university;[15] Vasileios N. Tatakes asserts that, even while he was patriarch, Photios taught "young students passionately eager for knowledge" at his home, which "was a center of learning".[14] He was a friend of the renowned Byzantine scholar and teacher Leo the Mathematician.[16]
Photios says that, when he was young, he had an inclination for the monastic life, but instead he started a secular career. The way to public life was probably opened for him by (according to one account) the marriage of his brother Sergios to Irene, a sister of the Empress Theodora, who upon the death of her husband Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–842) in 842, had assumed the regency of the Byzantine Empire. Photios became a captain of the guard (prōtospatharios) and subsequently chief imperial secretary (protasēkrētis). At an uncertain date, Photios participated in an embassy to the Abbasids of Baghdad.[17]
Photios's ecclesiastical career took off spectacularly after Caesar Bardas and his nephew, the youthful Emperor Michael, put an end to the administration of the regent Theodora and the logothete of the drome Theoktistos in 856. In 858, Bardas found himself opposed by the then Patriarch Ignatios, who refused to admit him into Hagia Sophia, since it was believed that he was having an affair with his widowed daughter-in-law. In response, Bardas and Michael engineered Ignatios's confinement and removal on the charge of treason, thus leaving the patriarchal throne empty. The throne was soon filled with a kinsman of Bardas, Photios himself, who was tonsured a monk on December 20, 858, and on the four following days was successively ordained lector, sub-deacon, deacon and priest, and then on Christmas Day, the patronal feast[18] of Constantinople's cathedral, Hagia Sophia, Photius was consecrated as patriarch.[19]
The confinement and removal of Ignatios and the speedy promotion of Photios at first caused only internal controversy within the Church of Constantinople, and in 859 a local council was held, examining the issue and confirming the removal of Ignatios and election of Photios.[20] In the same time, partisans of Ignatios decided to appeal to the Church of Rome, thus initiating ecclesiastical controversy on an ecumenical scale as the Pope and the rest of the western bishops took up the cause of Ignatios. The latter's confinement and removal without a formal ecclesiastical trial meant that Photios's election was uncanonical, and eventually Pope Nicholas I sought to involve himself in determining the legitimacy of the succession. His legates were dispatched to Constantinople with instructions to investigate, but finding Photios well ensconced, they acquiesced in the confirmation of his election at a synod in 861.[21] On their return to Rome, they discovered that this was not at all what Nicholas had intended, and in 863 at a synod in Rome the pope deposed Photios, and reappointed Ignatius as the rightful patriarch, triggering a schism. Four years later, Photios was to respond on his own part by calling a Council and excommunicating the pope on grounds of heresy – over the question of the double procession of the Holy Spirit.[22] The situation was additionally complicated by the question of papal authority over the entire Church and by disputed jurisdiction over newly converted Bulgaria.[23]
This state of affairs changed with the murder of Photios's patron Bardas in 866 and of Emperor Michael III in 867, by his colleague Basil the Macedonian, who now usurped the throne. Photios was deposed as patriarch, not so much because he was a protégé of Bardas and Michael, but because Basil I was seeking an alliance with the Pope and the western emperor. Photios was removed from his office and banished about the end of September 867, and Ignatios was reinstated on November 23. Photios was condemned by the Council of 869–870, thus putting an end to the schism. During his second patriarchate, however, Ignatios followed a policy not very different from that of Photios.
Not long after his condemnation, Photios had reingratiated himself with Basil, and became tutor to the Byzantine emperor's children. From surviving letters of Photios written during his exile at the Skepi monastery, it appears that the ex-patriarch brought pressure to bear on the Byzantine emperor to restore him. Ignatios's biographer argues that Photios forged a document relating to the genealogy and rule of Basil's family, and had it placed in the imperial library where a friend of his was a librarian. According to this document, the Byzantine emperor's ancestors were not mere peasants as everyone believed but descendants of the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia.[24] True or not, this story does reveal Basil's dependence on Photios for literary and ideological matters. Following Photios's recall, Ignatios and the ex-patriarch met, and publicly expressed their reconciliation. When Ignatios died on October 23, 877, it was a matter of course that his old opponent replaced him on the patriarchal throne three days later. Shaun Tougher asserts that from this point on Basil no longer simply depended on Photios, but in fact he was dominated by him.[25]
Photios now obtained the formal recognition of the Christian world in a council convened at Constantinople in November 879. The legates of Pope John VIII attended, prepared to acknowledge Photios as legitimate patriarch, a concession for which the pope was much censured by Latin opinion. The patriarch stood firm on the main points contested between the Eastern and Western Churches: the demand of an apology to the Pope, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Bulgaria, and the addition of the filioque to the Nicene creed by the Western church. Eventually, Photios refused to apologize or accept the filioque, and the papal legates made do with his return of Bulgaria to Rome. This concession, however, was purely nominal, as Bulgaria's return to the Byzantine rite in 870 had already secured for it an autocephalous church. Without the consent of Boris I of Bulgaria (r. 852–889), the papacy was unable to enforce its claims.
During the altercations between Emperor Basil I and his heir Leo VI, Photios took the side of the Byzantine emperor. In 883, Basil accused Leo of conspiracy and confined the prince to the palace; he would have even have Leo blinded had he not been dissuaded by Photios and Stylianos Zaoutzes, the father of Zoe Zaoutzaina, Leo's mistress.[26] In 886, Basil discovered and punished a conspiracy by the domestic of the Hikanatoi John Kourkouas the Elder and many other officials. In this conspiracy, Leo was not implicated, but Photios was possibly one of the conspirators against Basil's authority.[27]
Basil died in 886 injured while hunting, according to the official story. Warren T. Treadgold believes that this time the evidence points to a plot on behalf of Leo VI, who became emperor, and deposed Photios, although the latter had been his tutor.[28] Photios was replaced by the Byzantine emperor's brother Stephen, and sent into exile to the monastery of Bordi in Armenia. It is confirmed from letters to and from Pope Stephen that Leo extracted a resignation from Photios. In 887, Photios and his protégé, Theodore Santabarenos, were put on trial for treason before a tribunal headed by senior officials, headed by Andrew the Scythian. Although the sources sympathetic to Photios give the impression that the trial ended without a conviction, the chronicle of Pseudo-Symeon clearly states that Photios was banished to the monastery of Gordon, where he later died. Latin sources confirm that he died in a state of complete excommunication by Pope John VIII. [29] Yet it appears that he did not remain reviled for the remainder of his life.[30]
Photios continued his career as a writer throughout his exile, and Leo probably rehabilitated his reputation within the next few years; in his Epitaphios on his brothers, a text probably written in 888, the Emperor presents Photios favorably, portraying him as the legitimate archbishop, and the instrument of ultimate unity, an image that jars with his attitude to the patriarch in the previous year.[31] Confirmation that Photios was rehabilitated comes upon his death: according to some chronicles, his body was permitted to be buried in Constantinople. In addition, according to the anti-Photian biographer of Ignatius, partisans of the ex-patriarch after his death endeavored to claim for him the "honor of sainthood". Furthermore, a leading member of Leo's court, Leo Choirosphaktes, wrote poems commemorating the memory of several prominent contemporary figures, such as Leo the Mathematician and the Patriarch Stephen, and he also wrote one on Photios.[32] Shaun Tougher notes, however, that "yet Photios's passing does seem rather muted for a great figure of Byzantine history [...] Leo [...] certainly did not allow him back into the sphere of politics, and it is surely his absence from this arena that accounts for his quiet passing."[33]
The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Photios as a saint; his feast day is February 6.
Photios is one of the most famous figures not only of 9th-century Byzantium but of the entire history of the Byzantine Empire. One of the most learned men of his age, and revered – even by some of his opponents and detractors – as the most prolific theologian of his time, he has earned his fame due to his part in ecclesiastical conflicts, and also for his intellect and literary works.[34][35]
Analyzing his intellectual work, Tatakes regards Photios as "mind turned more to practice than to theory". He believes that, thanks to Photios, humanism was added to Orthodoxy as a basic element of the national consciousness of the medieval Byzantines, returning it to the place it had had in the late Roman (early Byzantine) period. Tatakes also argues that, having understood this national consciousness, Photios emerged as a defender of the Greek nation and its spiritual independence in his debates with the Western Church.[36] Adrian Fortescue regards him as "the most wonderful man of all the Middle Ages", and stresses that "had [he] not given his name to the great schism, he would always be remembered as the greatest scholar of his time".[37] Yet, Fortescue is equally adamant of his condemnation of Photios' involvement in the Schism: "And yet the other side of his character is no less evident. His insatiable ambition, his determination to obtain and keep the patriarchal see, led him to the extreme of dishonesty. His claim was worthless. That Ignatius was the rightful patriarch as long as he lived, and Photius an intruder, cannot be denied by any one who does not conceive the Church as merely the slave of a civil government. And to keep this place Photius descended to the lowest depth of deceit."[38]
The most important of the works of Photios is his renowned Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon, a collection of extracts and abridgements of 280 volumes of classical authors (usually cited as Codices), the originals of which are now to a great extent lost. The work is especially rich in extracts from historical writers.
Some older scholarship speculated that the Bibliotheca was in fact compiled in Baghdad at the time of Photius's embassy to the Abbasid court, since many of the mentioned works were rarely cited during the so-called Byzantine Dark Ages c. 630 – c. 800, and it was known that the Abbasids were interested in works of Greek science and philosophy.[39] However, specialists of this period of Byzantine history, such as Paul Lemerle, have shown that Photios could not have compiled his Bibliotheca in Baghdad because he clearly states in both his introduction and his postscript that when he learned of his appointment to the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of books that he read previously, "since the time I learned how to understand and evaluate literature" i.e. since his youth.[40] Moreover, the Abbasids were interested only in Greek science, philosophy and medicine; they did not have Greek history, rhetoric, or other literary works translated; nor did they have Christian patristic writers translated.[41] Yet the majority of works in Bibliotheca are by Christian patristic authors, and most of the secular texts in Bibliotheca are histories, grammars or literary works, usually rhetoric, rather than science, medicine or philosophy. This further indicates that the majority of the works cannot have been read while Photios was in the Abbasid empire.
To Photios, we are indebted for almost all we possess of Ctesias, Memnon of Heraclea, Conon, the lost books of Diodorus Siculus, and the lost writings of Arrian. Theology and ecclesiastical history are also very fully represented, but poetry and ancient philosophy are almost entirely ignored. It seems that he did not think it necessary to deal with those authors with whom every well-educated man would naturally be familiar. The literary criticisms, generally distinguished by keen and independent judgment, and the excerpts vary considerably in length. The numerous biographical notes are probably taken from the work of Hesychius of Miletus.
The Lexicon (Λέξεων Συναγωγή), published later than the Bibliotheca, was probably in the main the work of some of his pupils. It was intended as a book of reference to facilitate the reading of old classical and sacred authors, whose language and vocabulary were out of date. For a long time, the only manuscripts of the Lexicon were the Codex Galeanus, which passed into the library of Trinity College, Cambridge and Berolinensis graec. oct. 22, both of which were incomplete. But in 1959, Linos Politis of the University of Thessaloniki discovered a complete manuscript, codex Zavordensis 95, in the Zavorda Monastery (Greek: Ζάβορδα) in Grevena, Greece, where it still resides.[42]
His most important theological work is the Amphilochia, a collection of some 300 questions and answers on difficult points in Scripture, addressed to Amphilochius, archbishop of Cyzicus. Other similar works are his treatise in four books against the Manichaeans and Paulicians, and his controversy with the Latins on the Procession of the Holy Spirit. Photios also addressed a long letter of theological advice to the newly converted Boris I of Bulgaria. Numerous other Epistles also survive.
Photios is also the writer of two "mirrors of princes", addressed to Boris-Michael of Bulgaria (Epistula 1, ed. Terzaghi) and to Leo VI the Wise (Admonitory Chapters of Basil I).[43]
The chief contemporary authority for the life of Photios is his bitter enemy, Nicetas the Paphlagonian, the biographer of his rival Ignatios.
The first English translation, by Holy Transfiguration Monastery, of the "Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit" by Photios was published in 1983.[44] Another translation was published in 1987 with a preface by Archimandrite (now Archbishop) Chrysostomos of Etna.[45]
^ a: The exact dates of Photios's birth and death are not known. Most sources list circa 810 and others circa 820 as his year of birth. He died some time between 890 and 895 (probably 891 or 893).[46]
^ b: The case of pseudo-Simeon's Chronicle is characteristic: the author argues that Photios was educated after an agreement he concluded with a Jewish magician who offered him knowledge and secular recognition, in case he renounced his faith.[47]
^ c: David Marshall Lang argues that "Photius [...] was only one of many Byzantine scholars of Armenian descent".[48] Peter Charanis notes that "John the Grammarian, Photius, Caesar Bardas and Leo the Philosopher seem to have been the prime movers. All four were, at least in part, of Armenian descent [...] as for Photius, the fact is that his mother Irene, was the sister of Arshavir, the Arshavir who had married Calomaria the sister of Bardas and the empress Theodora."[49] Nicholas Adontz stresses that "Arshavir, Photius' uncle, must not be confused with Arshavir, the brother of John the Grammarian".[50]
^ d: G. N. Wilson regards Leo the Mathematician as Photios's teacher, but Paul Lemerle notes that Leo was not one of the persons with whom Photios had a correspondence.[51]
|Titles of Chalcedonian Christianity
|Preceded by
| Patriarch of Constantinople
|Succeeded by
| Patriarch of Constantinople
|Succeeded by
Stephen I
Amyntianus (Ancient Greek: Ἀμυντιανός) was the author of a work on Alexander the Great, which was dedicated to the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, the style of which Photios I of Constantinople thought disparagingly of. He also wrote the life of Olympias, the mother of Alexander, and a few other biographies. The Scholiast on Pindar refers to a work of Amyntianus on elephants.Andronicus (poet)
Andronicus (Ancient Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος) was a poet of ancient Greece.
Andronicus was a contemporary of the emperor Constantius II, around 360. The sophist rhetorician Libanius wrote that the sweetness of his poetry gained him the favor of all the towns (probably of Egypt) as far as the Ethiopians, but that the full development of his talents was checked by the death of his mother and the misfortune of his native town (which may have been Hermopolis).If Andronicus is the same as the Andronicus mentioned by Photios I of Constantinople as the author of dramas and various other poems, he was a native of Hermopolis in Egypt, of which town he was decurio. Themistius, who speaks of a young poet in Egypt as the author of a tragedy, epic poems, and dithyrambs, appears likewise to allude to this Andronicus. In 359, Andronicus, with several other persons in the east and in Egypt, incurred the suspicion of indulging in pagan practices. He was tried by Paulus Catena, whom the emperor had despatched for the purpose, but he was found innocent and acquitted.No fragments of Andronicus' works are extant, with the exception of an epigram in the Greek Anthology.Aphthonius of Alexandria
Aphthonius (Ancient Greek: Ἀφθόνιος) of Alexandria is mentioned by church historian Philostorgius as a learned and eloquent bishop of the Manichaeans. He is mentioned as a disciple and commentator of the prophet Mani by Photios I of Constantinople and Peter of Sicily, and in the form of abjuring Manichaeism.
Philostorgius adds that the Arian theologian Aëtius of Antioch challenged Apthonius to a public debate, and traveled to Alexandria to engage in this. Aphthonius was defeated in the debate. Philostorgius goes on to say that Aetius won the argument so profoundly, and caused his opponent such shame, that Aphthonius fell ill immediately afterward, and died of grief seven days later.Apollophanes of Athens
Apollophanes of Athens (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλοφάνης ὁ Ἀθηναῖος) was a poet of the old Attic comedy. He appears to have been a contemporary of Strattis, and to have consequently lived about Olympiad 95.Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
The Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, which has sometimes abbreviated its name as the B.A.O. Church or the BAOC, is a religious body in the Eastern Orthodox tradition.Church of Crete
The Church of Crete (Greek: Εκκλησία της Κρήτης) is an Eastern Orthodox Church, comprising the island of Crete in Greece. The Church of Crete is semi-autonomous (self-governing) under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The current Archbishop of Crete is, since 30 August 2006, Irinaios Athanasiadis.Comba (Lycia)
Comba or Komba (Ancient Greek: τὰ Κὀμβα) was a city in ancient Lycia.Comba lay inland, near Mount Cragus, and the cities Octapolis and Symbra.Its site is located near Gömbe in Asiatic Turkey.Comba appears as a bishopric, a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Myra at a relatively late stage: it is not mentioned in the Notitia Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius, composed during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (c. 640), and its bishops appear only in the second half of the 7th century. The first is John, who participated in the Quinisext Council of 692. Bishop Constantine was at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, while another Constantine was one of the fathers of the Council of Constantinople (879) that rehabilitated the patriarch Photios I of Constantinople.A Notitia Episcopatuum of the 12th century still reports the presence of this diocese, even if it is not certain that at that time it still existed; the diocese certainly disappeared with the Turkish conquest of the next century.No longer a residential bishopric, Comba is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.Council of Constantinople (861)
The Council of Constantinople of 861, also known as Protodeutera, was a major Church Council, convened upon the initiative of Emperor Michael III of Byzantium and Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople, and attended by legates of Pope Nicholas I. The Council confirmed the deposition of former Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople, and his replacement by Photios. Several dogmatic, ecclesiological and liturgical questions were also discussed, and seventeen canons were produced. Decisions of the Council were initially approved by papal legates, but their approval was later annulled by the Pope. In spite of that, the Council is considered as valid by the Eastern Orthodox Church.Council of Constantinople (867)
The Council of Constantinople of 867 was a major Church Council, convened by Emperor Michael III of Byzantium and Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople in order to address several ecclesiastical issues, including the question of Papal supremacy in the Church, and the use of Filioque clause in the Creed.Diocese of Germensis in Galatia
The Diocese of Germa in Galatia or Germensis in Galatia is a suppressed see and now a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. Its seat was at Germensis in Galatia (also known as Germocolonia or Germacolonia) in the province of Galatia in the civil diocese of Pontus (present day northern central Turkey). It formed part of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and was a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Pessinus. Only one bishop of the see is known, Eustacius, who is mentioned as attending the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 879 which rehabilitated patriarch Photios I of Constantinople.Eutherios of Tyana
Eutherius of Tyana, metropolitan bishop of Tyana (site near Niğde, Turkey) in Cappadocia II, features in the context of the 431 Council of Ephesus, where he belonged to the eastern delegation led by John of Antioch. Dismayed by the deposition of his fellow exponent of the School of Antioch, Nestorius, precipitated by Cyril of Alexandria's vigorous objection to the Christotokos (instead of Theotokos) expression which Nestorius used, Eutherius writes a lively text of protest, which in turn brings about his own deposition and exile, initially at Scythopolis in Palestine. John of Antioch, in the Act of Union of 433, reconciled with Cyril and pursued a policy of abandoning some of the positions he had once held and repression of those who continued to express them. His successor and nephew, Domnus II of Antioch, however, advocated conciliation, and Eutherius was able to escape from Scythopolis and take refuge with Irenaeus, the new bishop of Tyre (who as a senior civil servant (comes) had been involved at a key level in the organisation of the Ephesus council and as go-between for the delegations and Emperor Theodosius II, and whose pro-oriental sympathies had led to a term of exile in Petra).
The text of the Protest appears to have survived largely through attribution to Athanasius of Alexandria. In the way of attestation Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople in his Bibliotheca is closer to the mark in ascribing it to Theodoret. Euthymios Zigabenos cites without naming an author, but Severus of Antioch in his Contra Impium Grammaticum quotes from with attribution to Eutherius of Tyana. (Both the latter authors are referring to chapter 20, which together with 21 may well constitute a slightly later addition by Eutherius to his original text).
The Protest (Antilogia) against those who advocate a suffering God (Theopaschism) is written in a clear and vigorous style using various rhetorical devices (formulae, punch-lines, diatribe, metaphor - e.g.,in chapter 20, reaching a safe harbour after the risk of piracy) and attempting to expose the absurdity of his Alexandrian school opponents' arguments. He uses the terminology derived from Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorios, e.g. sunapheia. Minor incoherences (e.g.in referencing scriptural quotations) do not essentially compromise the high quality of his expression. Coherence, or rather the incoherence of the opposition's reasoning, is a recurring theme. Such qualities ensure that this work is no ordinary pamphlet.
Eutherius' attitude to the Jews is interesting: like John Chrysostom, he rejects Judaism and he reproaches Jews for failing to discern the signs of divinity performed by Christ, but this very ignorance clears them of the charge of deicide, and in any case, he states that Christ has pronounced forgiveness.
Eutherius' other surviving work consists of five letters preserved in Latin in the Collectio Casinensis (Letters 162, 163, 204, 205, 291), 4 addressed to fellow Antiochene theologian bishops, John of Antioch, Helladius of Tarsus, Alexander of Hierapolis together with Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Alexander of Hierapolis individually, and one to Pope Sixtus III in Rome.Hippolytus of Rome
Hippolytus (c. 170–235 AD) was one of the most important second-third century Christian theologians, whose provenance, identity and corpus remain elusive to scholars and historians. Suggested communities include Palestine, Egypt, Anatolia, Rome and regions of the mideast. The best historians of literature in the ancient church, including Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome, openly confess they cannot name where Hippolytus the biblical commentator and theologian served in leadership. They had read his works but did not possess evidence of his community. Photios I of Constantinople describes him in his Bibliotheca (cod. 121) as a disciple of Irenaeus, who was said to be a disciple of Polycarp, and from the context of this passage it is supposed that he suggested that Hippolytus so styled himself. This assertion is doubtful. One older theory asserts he came into conflict with the popes of his time and seems to have headed a schismatic group as a rival to the Bishop of Rome, thus becoming an Antipope. In this view, he opposed the Roman Popes who softened the penitential system to accommodate the large number of new pagan converts. However, he was reconciled to the Church before he died as a martyr.Starting in the fourth century, various legends arose about him, identifying him as a priest of the Novatianist schism or as a soldier converted by Saint Lawrence. He has also been confused with another martyr of the same name. Pope Pius IV identifies him as "Saint Hippolytus, Bishop of Pontus" who was martyred in the reign of Severus Alexander through his inscription on a statue found at the Church of Saint Lawrence in Rome and kept at the Vatican as photographed and published in Brunsen.Leucius Charinus
Leucius, called Leucius Charinus by Photios I of Constantinople in the ninth century, is the name applied to a cycle of what M. R. James termed "Apostolic romances" that seems to have had wide currency long before a selection was read aloud at the Second Council of Nicaea (787) and rejected. Leucius is not among the early heretical teachers mentioned by name in Irenaeus' Adversus haereses (ca. 180). Most of the works seem to have come into existence in the mid-third century.The fullest account of Leucius is that given by Photius (Codex 114), who describes a book, called The Circuits of the Apostles, which contained the Acts of Peter, John, Andrew, Thomas, and Paul, that was purported to have been written by "Leucius Charinus" which he judged full of folly, self-contradiction, falsehood, and impiety (Wace); Photius is the only source to give his second name, "Charinus". Epiphanius (Haer. 51.427) made Leucius a disciple of John who joined his master in opposing the Ebionites, a characterization that appears unlikely, since other patristic writers agree that the cycle attributed to him was docetic, which denies the humanity of Jesus as Christ. Augustine knew the cycle, which he attributed to "Leutius", which his adversary Faustus of Mileve thought had been wrongly excluded from the New Testament canon by the Catholics. Gregory of Tours found a copy of the Acts of Andrew from the cycle and made an epitome of it, omitting the "tiresome" elaborations of detail he found in it.The "Leucian Acts" are as follows:
The Acts of John
The Acts of Peter
The Acts of Paul
The Acts of Andrew
The Acts of ThomasThe Leucian Acts were most likely redacted at a later date to express a more orthodox view. Of the five, the Acts of John and Thomas have the most remaining Gnostic content.Nepsis
Nepsis (or nipsis; Greek: νῆψις) is an important idea in Orthodox Christian theology, considered the hallmark of sanctity. It is a state of watchfulness or sobriety acquired following a long period of catharsis.Nonnosus (historian)
Nonnosus (Greek: Νόννοσος, romanized: Nónnosos) was a Byzantine ambassador under Justinian I. In around 530, he led a mission to the Red Sea area, visiting Axum, Ḥimyar, and the Arabs. His account of his visit to Axum provides a first-hand account of meeting the Axumite Negus at his royal court. Regarding his visit to the court of Axum, Nonnosus writes that he entered Ethiopia through the port city of Adulis and journeyed their overland to Axum. Nonnosus writes that along the way he saw a herd of 5000 elephants in the vicinity of Aua, which lies between Adulis and Axum. Upon meeting the Negus Kaleb of Axum, Nonnosus states that he had to kiss the ring of the regent and prostrate himself before him.
An abbreviated account of the meeting reads: "He was largely nude, wearing only a loincloth together with a pearl-encrusted shawl over his shoulders and belly, bracelets on his arms, a golden turban with four tassels on each side, and a golden torque on his neck. In the company of his courtiers he stood astride a spectacular gold-leafed palanquin mounted on the circular saddles of four elephants that been yoked together"
Upon his return he wrote a history of his embassy, which has survived only in a condensed version form attributed to Photios I of Constantinople. This claims that his father, Abraham, had been an ambassador to the Arabs and that his uncle, also Nonnosus, was sent on an embassy by Anastasius I.Patriarch Photios
Patriarch Photios/Photius may refer to:
Photios I of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 858–867 and 877–886
Patriarch Photius of Alexandria, Greek Patriarch of Alexandria in 1900–1925
Photios II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1929–1935Photios (disambiguation)
Photios (Φώτιος) is a Greek name, Latinized as Photius.
It commonly refers to Saint Photios I of Constantinople (c. 810–893), an Eastern Orthodox scholar and Patriarch of Constantinople.
Photios may also refer to:
Saint Photius the Martyr, a Christian martyr under Emperor Diocletian (died 305)
Photios (Emirate of Crete) (fl. 870s), Byzantine renegade and admiral of the Emirate of Crete
Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow (died 1431)
Photios II of Constantinople (1874–1935)
Patriarch Photius of Alexandria (died 1925)
Photios of Korytsa (1862–1906), Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop of Korçë
Photios Kontoglou (1895–1965), Greek writer and iconographerThe modern diminutive variant Fotis (Φώτης) may refer to:
Fotis Kafatos (born 1940), Greek biologist
Fotis Kouvelis (born 1948), Greek lawyer and politician
Fotis Vasilopoulos (born 1986), Greek basketball playerSergius II of Constantinople
Sergius II the Studite (Greek: Σέργιος Β′ ὁ Στουδίτης) (? – July 1019, Constantinople) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from July 1001 to 1019. He was a successor to the Patriarch Sisinnius II of Constantinople. He came from a prominent family related to the Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople. He reached the rank of abbot of the Monastery of Manuel (or, according to others, of the Stoudios Monastery).
According to the later legend, Sergius II was in the conflict with the Pope Sergius IV.His successor was Eustathius of Constantinople.Theognostus of Alexandria
Theognostus (Greek: Θεόγνωστος; c. 210 – c. 270) was a late 3rd century Alexandrian theologian. He is known from quotes by Athanasius and Photios I of Constantinople. Philip of Side says that he presided over the school of Alexandria after Pierius (AD 265). Although a disciple of Origen of Alexandria no reference of him can be found by Eusebius or Jerome. The main textual point of reference is derived from Athanasius.
|Bishops of Heraclea/Byzantium
Roman period (38-330 AD)
|Archbishops of Constantinople
Roman period (330–451 AD)
|Patriarchs of Constantinople
Byzantine period
|Patriarchs of Constantinople
Ottoman period
|Patriarchs of Constantinople
Turkish period (since 1923 AD)
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The genus Passiflora, Passifloraceae, comprises about 500 plant species, mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Many species of this genus have long been used in traditional folk medicines worldwide to the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, spasm, and aches (for review see: Dhawan et al., 2004; Guzman-Gutiérrez et al., 2014). Passiflora edulis Sims is a variety commonly known for its tasty fruit but also used in Brazilian traditional folk medicine (Bernacci et al., 2008). As firstly noticed by Degener (1932), P. edulis species exhibits considerable morphological variability. This plant produces two types of fruit: the purple (Passiflora edulisfo. edulis) and yellow fruit (Passiflora edulisfo. flavicarpa O. Deg.) (Bernacci et al., 2008). These distinctions go further, the P. edulis fo. edulis species presents flowers with white petals and purple filaments on the lower half, and white on the top half and brownish-purple fruit, with a length of 6–7 cm. The flowers of P. edulis fo. flavicarpa exhibit highly purple corona at the base and larger yellow fruits (i.e., 6–12 cm long) (Bernacci et al., 2008). Indeed, their genetic constitutions were found having low similarity (Aukar et al., 2002), and their volatile compounds were significantly different (Pontes et al., 2009). Despite these dissimilarities, P. edulis fo. flavicarpa is usually considered just a variety of the P. edulis species, thus the infraspecific taxonomy of P. edulis is contradictory and worth further discussion (for review see Bernacci et al., 2008).
In 2010, the official monograph of P. edulis species (no description of the variety) was included in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (2010) as well as the official monograph of P. alata Curtis. An important feature of Passifloraspecies is that, due to the folk medicinal uses, P. edulis, P. alata and P. incarnata were included in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to Brazilian Public Health System (Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, 2009). This list includes 71 species of medicinal plants with potential to generate pharmaceutical products of interest to Brazilian public health (Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, 2009). Regarding the relevance of Passiflora species as food, Brazil is considered the top world producer of yellow fruits (P. edulis fo. flavicarpa). These observations reinforce the value of pharmacologically validating the traditional use of Passifloraspecies abundantly cultivated and medicinally used in Brazil.
In vivo studies have long been reporting the biological actions of P. edulis Sims in rodents (Petry et al., 2001; Coleta et al., 2006; Reginatto et al., 2006). However, no formal distinction between P. edulis varieties has been registered. An exception was found in a study published in 2011 by a Chinese group, which compared the chemical constitution and biological effects of the ethanol extract of two populations of P. edulis ('edulis'and 'flavicarpa') cultivated in China (Li et al., 2011). In 2010, the same Chinese research group has reported the behavioral effects of ethanol extract of the aerial part of P. edulis fo. flavicarpa and its fractions in mice (Deng et al., 2010). Considering the importance of validating the traditional folk uses of P. edulis varieties, which has huge economic relevance in Brazil, the present study aimed to compare the phytochemical profile and the central effects of the aqueous leaf extract of the two populations of P. edulis ('edulis' and 'flavicarpa') cultivated in South America.
Materials and methods
Chemical and reagents
All solvents used were HPLC grade and Milli Q water, filtered in 0.45 µm membranes (MILEX®) and degassed by ultrasound bath. The reference standards used were vitexin-2"-O-rhaminoside (Fluka, 98.2%), isoorientin (Sigma, >98%), orientin (Sigma, >97%), isovitexin (Fluka, >95%), vitexin (Fluka, >95%), and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (Fluka, >98%). The compound 6,8-di-C-glycosylchrysin was isolated from Lychnophora ericoides leaves and was provided by Dr. Norberto Peporine Lopes. Spinosin and swertisin were isolated from Wilbrandea ebracteata roots (Santos et al., 1996). Vicenin-2 was isolated from P. edulis fo. flavicarpa leaves and identified by NMR spectral data (1H and 2D-NMR techniques-COSY, HSQC and HMBC) and the purity was confirmed by HPLC/DAD (Zucolotto et al., 2009). The reference standards were analyzed at 50 µg/ml concentration. The solutions were filtered in 0.45 µm membranes (MILEX®) and a 20 µl aliquot of the filtrate was injected for HPLC analysis.
Plant material
The leaves of Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpaO. Deg. were collected in Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina, Brazil and identified by the botanist Prof. Dr. Daniel Falkenberg (Department of Botany of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil). A voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium at the same university (FLOR 33886). The leaves of P. edulis Sims fo. edulis were collected in Santa Sofia, Boyacá, Colombia and identified by the botanist Luis Carlos Jimenez (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia). A voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium at the same university (COL 530661).
Preparation of extracts
The leaves of P. edulis fo. edulis and P. edulis fo. flavicarpa were air-dried at 40 °C, powdered and extracted using hot water (90 °C) by infusion (plant: solvent, 1:10, w/v) for 10 min. After that, the extracts were filtered and freeze-dried. For HPLC analysis, each extract was previously filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane (MILEX®). The extracts were solubilized in methanol:water (1:1, v/v) at 7.5 mg/ml and 20 µl was used for HPLC analysis.
Phytochemical analysis
HPLC analysis was performed in a Varian® chromatograph pump ProStar 240, ProStar 410 auto injector, coupled to ProStar 335 DAD detector and Phenomenex-Luna 5 µm C18 (2) 100A (250 mm × 4.6 mm) (column). The mobile phase was (A) acetonitrile and (B) acetic acid 0.3%, using the following gradient 0–10 min 10:90% (A) in (B), 10–40 min 20:80% (A) in (B), and 40–90 min 20:80% (A) in (B) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and UV 345 nm. Peaks found in the chromatograms were identified by comparing the retention time (RT) and UV spectra of the reference standards and by co-injection of reference standards plus extracts to compare the increase of peak area.
Male Swiss mice (weighing 25–40 g) from our breeding colony were used. Animals were housed in plastic cages (41 cm × 34 cm × 16 cm), 12 per cage, under a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on 6 a.m.) at room temperature of 23 ± 1 °C, with water and food ad libitum. All experimental procedures were conducted between 2 and 5 p.m. and were performed in accordance with the Brazilian law n° 11.794/2008 for experimental use of animals. This study was approved by local Ethic Committee for Animal Use (License N° 032/2010).
Drugs and treatments
Diazepam (Cristália Prod. Quím. Farmacêuticos Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil), an anxiolytic drug, was solubilized in tween 80 (0.5%) and saline, and it was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 1 mg/kg (10 ml/kg), 30 min before testing. Nortriptyline (Novartis Biociências S.A., São Paulo, Brazil), an antidepressant drug, was solubilized in saline and i.p.administered at 30 mg/kg (10 ml/kg), 30 min prior the forced swimming test. Saline was used as control.
Aqueous extracts of Passiflora were solubilized in tap water and administered orally (p.o.), by using a syringe coupled to an oral cannula (0.1 cm × 4 cm), in a volume of 10 ml/kg, 60 min before testing. Tap water was used as control. Thiopental sodium 50 mg/kg (Cristália Prod. Quím. Farmacêuticos Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil), a barbituric acid, was injected i.p. 60 min prior the Passifloraextracts.
Behavioral tests
Elevated plus-maze (EPM) test
The elevated plus maze consists of two open arms (15 cm × 5 cm) and two enclosed arms (15 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm), connected to a central platform (5 cm × 5 cm) and elevated 40 cm above the floor. This test was performed as described by Lister (1987). After treatments, each mouse was individually placed in the center of the EPM, with the head turned to the open arms, and they were allowed to freely explore the apparatus for 5 min. Experiments were performed in a dimly light and quiet room. After each test, the maze was cleaned with 10% ethanol solution. The parameters registered were the number of entries into and the time spent in the open and enclosed arms. The ratios 'time spent in the open arms/time spent in all arms' and 'frequency of entries into open arms/total entries into all arms' were calculated to yield the percentages of time spent in and frequency of entries into open arms, respectively. These parameters can be related to the 'anxiety' level experienced by the animal (Rodgers and Dalvi, 1997). Additionally, the number of entries into enclosed arms was used and an index of general activity.
Open field test
Spontaneous locomotor activity of mice was measured using the open field test. The apparatus, made of wood covered with impermeable formica, had a black floor of 40 cm × 40 cm and black walls of 40 cm high. The test room had a controlled illumination (dimly-light condition). Each mouse was placed in the center of the open field and the distance traveled every 5 min were registered during 30 min through automatic observation (Anymaze, Stoelting Co., Wood Dale, IL, USA). After the behavioral evaluation of each mouse, the arena was cleaned with 10% ethanol solution.
Forced swimming test
This test was performed according to Porsolt et al. (1977). Mouse was individually forced to swim in a transparent glass cylinder (24 cm in height, 18 cm in diameter) filled with 18 cm of water at 23 ± 1 °C. The time spent immobility (in s) was measured during the last 4 min of a single 6-min test session. Mice were considered immobile when they made no further attempts to escape except the movements necessary to keep their heads above the water.
Thiopental-induced sleeping time test
Thiopental was used to induce sleep as previously described by Vogel and Vogel (1997). Thiopental 50 mg/kg was administered i.p. 60 min after administration of Passiflora extracts. The interval time between injection of thiopental and time that animal loss righting reflex was recorded (in s) as latency time. The interval, in seconds, between loss and recovery of righting reflex was registered as sleeping duration, and it was used as index of hypnotic effect.
Statistical analysis
The data herein presented were reported as mean ± SEM. All data were analyzed using GraphPad InStat 3.06 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, USA). All results were initially submitted to Levene's test for homogeneity of variance and to Kolmogorov–Sminorv's test for normality. Comparisons between treated and control groups were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test or Student's t-test, as detailed in the figure legends. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
Results and discussion
Phytochemical analysis
The aqueous extracts from P. edulis fo. edulisand P. edulis fo. flavicarpa were analyzed by HPLC/PAD. The chemical profile showed in chromatograms is markedly different to the P. edulis varieties. P. edulis fo. edulis presents peaks between 30 and 80 min, the major peaks were observed in RT = 32.4 and 58 min (Fig. 1A). In contrast, P. edulis fo. flavicarpa shows peaks between 20 and 50 min and major peaks with RT = 29.3 and 36 min (Fig. 1B). According to the maxima absorption found in the UV spectra, the main peaks observed in the chromatograms of both extracts seem to be flavonoids. Co-injection of extracts plus reference standards showed an increase in the peak area of some flavonoids as summarized in Table 1.
|6,8-di-C-glycosyl chrysin
|P. edulis fo. flavicarpa
|P. edulis fo. edulis
Notes: +, Compound identified; ++ major compound; - compound not identified.
Regarding the P. edulis fo. edulis extract, only two minority peaks were identified: vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside (peak 2, RT = 36 min) and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (peak 3, RT = 42 min) (Fig. 1A). In general, peaks showed the typical UV absorption of luteolin derivatives: peak 1 (λmax = 261,349 nm), 4 (λmax = 264,348 nm), 5 (λmax = 264,348 nm), and 7 (λmax = 297,348 nm); except for peak 6 (λmax = 267,342 nm) that presented UV absorption similar to flavonoid apigenin (Fig. 1A) (Mabry et al., 1970). As regards P. edulis fo. flavicarpa extract, vicenin-2 (peak 2, RT = 28.2 min), isoorientin (peak 4, RT = 30.2 min), 6,8-di-C-glycosylchrysin (peak 5, RT = 35.5 min) and isovitexin (peak 7, RT = 38.5 min) were identified as the major peaks (Fig. 1B). The peaks 1 (λmax = 266,347 nm) and 6 (λmax = 266,345 nm) displayed an UV absorption similar to luteolin derivatives, while peak 3 (λmax= 268,339 nm) was characterized as an apigenin derivative (Fig. 1B) (Mabry et al., 1970).
Briefly, the chromatograms of P. edulis fo. flavicarpa were quite different from those of P. edulis fo. edulis. Six major peaks (between 55 and 80 min) observed in the P. edulis fo. edulishad not been detected in P. edulis fo. flavicarpa. These observations reinforce the view that these two forms of P. edulis are different from each other. Zucolotto and colleagues (2011) have previously demonstrated the presence of C-glycosyl flavonoids in South American Passiflora species, including the P. edulis fo. edulis and P. edulisfo. flavicarpa. Concerning the P. edulis fo. flavicarpa, in this study, vicenin-2, isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, vitexin, spinosin and 6,8-di-C-glycosylchrysin were identified, while to the P. edulis fo. edulis extract no reference standards used in this work were identified (see Table 1). Previously, Li et al. (2011) showed the presence of the following flavonoids in P. edulis fo. flavicarpa ethanol extract: lucenin-2, vicenin-2, isoorientin, isovitexin, luteolin-6-C-chinovoside, and luteolin-6-C-fucoside. In agreement with our data, Li et al. (2011) also demonstrated that none of these flavonoids were detected in P. edulis fo. edulis. These observations reinforce the view that these two varieties of P. edulis are different from each other. However, distinct local and collection times of the herein studied P. edulis varieties should be taken into account to explain differences in the phytochemical profile.
Behavioral tests
Elevated plus-maze test
Before starting the behavioral evaluation of Passifloraextracts, the effects of the standard anxiolytic drug, diazepam, was assessed in our experimental conditions. Mice i.p. injected with diazepam at 1 mg/kg displayed a significant increase in the percentage of time spent in (vehicle: 12.3 ± 7.0%; diazepam: 42.0 ± 4.5%*; *p < 0.05, Student's t-test) and entries into (vehicle: 19.3 ± 5.0%; diazepam: 51.0 ± 4.5* %; *p < 0.05, Student's t-test) open arms. As showed in Fig. 2, P. edulis fo. edulis 300 mg/kg significantly increased the percentage of entries into open arms (Fig. 2A; F(3,42) = 3.096; p < 0.05, ANOVA, Dunnett's test). Similarly, P. edulis fo. flavicarpa 100 and 300 mg/kg evoked a significant increase in the percentage of entries into open arms (Fig. 2D; F(4,51) = 4.206; p < 0.05, ANOVA, Dunnett's test). No significant effects in the percentage of time spent into open arms and frequency of entries into closed arms were observed in mice treated with the extracts of these two populations of Passiflora (Fig. 2B, C, E, F; p > 0.05).
Open-field test
Considering the cumulative distance traveled, a trend to reduce this behavioral parameter was observed in P. edulis fo. edulis (1000 mg/kg)-treated mice (Fig. 3A; F(2,25) = 2.965; #p = 0.07, ANOVA, Dunnett's test). The administration of P. edulis fo. edulis at 1000 mg/kg significantly reduced the distance traveled at the first 5 min of observation compared to control (Fig. 3B; F(2,25) = 3.233; *p < 0.05, ANOVA, Dunnett's test). P. edulis fo. flavicarpa did not affect the distance traveled by mice during the 30 min of observation (Fig. 3C and D; p > 0.05).
Several studies investigated the effects of P. edulis in anxiety. However, experimental results have brought some controversy. Petry et al. (2001) showed that P. edulis Sims reduced anxiety in rodents, as well as Coleta et al. (2006) and Barbosa et al. (2008). However, Dhawan et al. (2001) showed that P. edulis Sims was devoid of anxiolytic activity. These differences could be due to the fact that distinct subpopulations of P. edulis were used. In favor of this view, Li et al. (2011) compared the anxiety effects ethanol leaf extracts of two varieties of Passiflora edulis ('edulis' and 'flavicarpa'). They showed that P. edulis fo. flavicarpa displayed anxiolytic-like activity only at the higher dose tested (i.e., 400 mg/kg). However, P. edulisfo. edulis was inactive at lower doses, while at 400 mg/kg evoked sedation. Based on these observations, Li et al. (2011) suggested that the biological actions of these subpopulations of P. edulis are distinct. In contrast with Li et al., we observed that both varieties of P. edulis reduces anxiety behaviors; being P. edulis fo. flavicarpa more potent than the variety 'edulis'. Indeed, the hypolocomotor/sedative effects of P. edulis fo. edulis, firstly reported by Li et al. (2011), was also herein observed. Differences observed between the present study and Li et al. (2011) can be explained by the distinctions in technical extract preparations (i.e., aqueous and ethanol, respectively), besides the differences in local and collection times of the used P. edulis varieties.
Forced swimming test
Student's t-test revealed a significant effect for the acute administration of nortriptyline in mice in the forced swimming test. Nortriptyline reduced the time that animals spent immobile in the water compared to controls (saline: 100.16 ± 15.11 s; nortriptyline: 49.28 ± 7.31 s*; *p < 0.05, Student's t-test). As illustrated in Fig. 4, the administration of the aqueous extract of P. edulis fo. edulis 300 mg/kg (Fig. 4A; F(3,81) = 5.028; p < 0.05, ANOVA, Dunnett's test) and P. edulis fo. flavicarpa 1000 mg/kg (Fig. 4B; F(2,56) = 3.489; p < 0.05, ANOVA, Dunnett's test) significantly reduced immobility time of mice in the forced swimming test.
Very little literature information supports the antidepressant actions of Passiflora species. A study suggested that the antidepressive effects of Hypericum perforatum are potentiated when it is combined with P. incarnata (Fiebich et al., 2011). Recently, for the first time it was showed that a Passiflora extract induces antidepressant-like effects in mice. An ethanol extract of leaves and stems of P. edulis (the variety of P. edulis was not detailed), 400–500 mg/kg, given orally during seven days, reduced immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests (Wang et al., 2013). In the same study, cyclopassiflosides IX and XI, compounds observed in large amount in the ethanol extract, were isolated, and these cycloartane triterpenoids were suggested to be mediating these effects (Wang et al., 2013). In our study, both extracts evoked antidepressant actions. However, P. edulisfo. edulis seemed to be more potent compared to the variety 'flavicarpa'. These findings are promising and they support an innovative biological action induced by P. edulis varieties.
Thiopental-induced sleeping time test
At the doses tested, the treatment with the aqueous extract of P. edulis fo. edulis and P. edulis fo. flavicarpa did not significantly affect neither the latency to sleep nor the sleeping time duration induced by thiopental (Table 2).
|Latency to sleep (s)
|Sleeping time duration (s)
|155.2 ± 8.0
|403.5 ± 66.9
|300 mg/kg
|163.3 ± 17.3
|599.8 ± 167.2
|1000 mg/kg
|146.2 ± 27.8
|584.2 ± 87.3
|155.2 ± 8.0
|403.5 ± 66.9
|300 mg/kg
|163.3 ± 17.3
|599.8 ± 167.2
|1000 mg/kg
|146.2 ± 27.8
|584.2 ± 87.3
Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of 10-12 animals per group.
Passiflora species has long been used in traditional folk medicine due to its sedative effects. More than 30 years ago, the aqueous extract of P. edulis have been reported to prolong barbiturate- and morphine-induced sleep time in mice, and this extract also partially blocked the amphetamine-induced stimulated effects (Do et al., 1983). Few studies showed that P. edulis aqueous extracts reduce spontaneous locomotor activity and prolong sleep in mice (Maluf et al., 1991; Meier, 1995). Sena et al. (2009) showed that the aqueous extract from the pericarp of P. edulis fo. flavicarpa potentiated the hypnotic effects of ethyl ether in mice. In our study, the treatment with the aqueous extract of P. edulis fo. edulis and P. edulis fo. flavicarpa did not significantly affect thiopental-induced sleeping time. As commented above, a potential sedative effect was only detected for the aqueous extract of P. edulis fo. edulis in mice at 1000 mg/kg. Possibly, the low sedative effect of our extracts could be due to the part of plant used in our study (which was not stated in those old reports), methods of extract preparation or differences between bioassays; additionally, aspects related to seasonal variation and geographical origin of plants should be taken into account.
The present findings support that both extracts share anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activities. By contrast, quite distinct phytochemical profile was reported for the aqueous extract of P. edulis varieties. In both extracts the major compounds observed were flavonoids C-glycosides, suggesting that these biological actions are not due to a specific glycoside. A possible explanation to the biological similarities between P. edulis fo. edulis and P. edulis fo. flavicarpa could be on the fact that flavonoids C-glycosides or other similar product of the metabolism of P. edulis varieties are promoting these shared biological actions. Finally, both varieties of P. edulis could be used as a remedy for anxiety and depression.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Wheel Diameter: 16 Inch
- Upholstery: Vinyl
- Radio: Am/Fm
- Power Steering
- Front Wipers: Intermittent
- Front Seat Type: Bucket
- Front Airbags: Dual
- Front Air Conditioning Zones: Single
- Front Air Conditioning
- Daytime Running Lights
- Clock
- Center Console: Front Console With Storage
- Abs: 4 Wheel
- Paint Solid
- Engine Vortec 4800 V8 Sfi
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INSTALLED FEATURES: Front air conditioning, Front air conditioning zones: single, Front airbags: dual, Radio: AM/FM, ABS: 4-wheel, Center console: front console with storage, Power steering, Clock, Daytime running lights, Front seat type: bucket, Upholstery: vinyl, Wheel diameter: 16 inch, Wheels: steel, Front wipers: intermittent. We are one big happy family here at Azteka Motors. That goes for our customers too. We treat everyone with the utmost respect and we have been doing so ever since we opened our doors back in 2002. Whether you are just browsing or have any questions at all, feel free to ask to speak with one of the staff. Please give us a call at 866-540-0455. And we would love to welcome you in person! More
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Hi There! Is this Your First Time?
Did you know if you Register you have access to free search tools including the ability to save listings and property searches? Did you know that you can bypass the search altogether and have listings sent directly to your email address? Check out our how-to page for more info.
- Price$149,900
- Beds4
- Baths2
- Built2013
22 Nason St, Fredericton
NO LOT FEES 16 x 74 five-year-old 4-bedroom 2-bathroom Maple Leaf Mini Home will not disappoint. The Good becomes the Great when you set eyes on this excellent condition large home, decked out with all the modern trimmings we all seek in a newer model home and if that is not enough, this super great package sits on its own lot, no lot fees here to pay but yourself. Investment smart. So, what you were previously seeking was almost non-existent UNTIL NOW! Lucky for you, we present 22 Nason Street located in a very popular & convenient setting off Brookside Drive, close to popular Killarney lake/beach where the sun shines hot in summer for swimming and walking trails and the winter for skating and ice fishing and so much more. This freshly painted ready to move in Mini features a large open concept kitchen/dining complete w/plenty of modern cabinets, matching island and all appliances. The Living rm is bright and generous in size while a sizeable Master bdrm features a full ensuite bath w/shower. Fittingly on the opposite end of the home resides a 2nd full bath, laundry (W & D included), 2nd, 3rd & 4th bdrms. A complimentary shed is included in this great deal.
Essential Information
- Price$149,900
- Bedrooms4
- Bathrooms2.00
- Full Baths2
- Square Footage16*74
- Land Size622.5 sq m, Landscaped, Level | Under 0.5 Acres
- Year Built2013
- TypeResidential
- Sub-TypeSingle Family
- StyleMini
- StatusActive
- GaragesNone
- ExteriorVinyl
- Lot Description622.5 sq m, Landscaped, Level
- RoofAsphalt Shingle
Listing Details
- Listing AgentGlenis Mahaney
- Listing OfficeGardiner Realty Royal Lepage Fredericton.
Community Information
- Address22 Nason St
- SubdivisionG1 - Nashwaaksis
- CityFredericton
- ProvinceNB
- Postal CodeE3G 0B2
- InteriorVinyl
- Interior FeaturesAir Exchanger, Built-In Appliances, Laundry – Main Floor
- HeatingBaseboard, Electric
- BasementBlock
Additional Information
- Date ListedOctober 9th, 2018
The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange (IDX) program of The Real Estate Board of the Fredericton Area, Inc . The Detailed Information Sheet includes the name of the participating listing office. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed. ©2014 Listings are property of The Real Estate Board of the Fredericton Area, Inc.


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Press releases • May 15, 2019 20:42 CEST
33-year old Anders Jacobson reaps Sweden's top business honor from Sweden's leading business magazine on the back of 24-months building impact-led investment company Blue into a worldwide force for change aimed at returning the planet to health
Press releases • May 15, 2019 20:38 CEST
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Blue leads US$ 6 million investment in New York water personalization startup Rocean
Press releases • May 09, 2019 13:38 CEST
NYC-based Rocean sets sights on reinventing the water industry with smart counter-top water device that filters, carbonates, flavors and enhances tap water.
Blue CEO attends deployment of 85 FloWater refill stations in Oakland, California, geared to shift children from drinking sugary soda to pure water
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Blue co-founder and CEO Anders Jacobson joins a news conference and ribbon cutting in Oakland, California, to showcase the deployment of FloWater Refill Stations in Oakland schools as part of an initiative to fight childhood obesity by encouraging students to drink more water.
Blue applauds European lawmakers calling time on single use plastic
Press releases • Mar 29, 2019 15:33 CET
With the world celebrating Earth Hour on Saturday, Swedish impact-focused investment company Blue today applauded the decision this week by European lawmakers to ban single use plastic products.
Bluewater och 11th Hour Racing utlyser den andra årliga upplagan av Urban Water Challenge, där vinnande entreprenör belönas med upp mot en miljon dollar
Press releases • Mar 27, 2019 14:35 CET
Priset ges ut för att accelerera uppfinningsrikedom och hitta lösningar på vattenbristen i framtidens storstäder
Blowing in the wind, one clean tech solution for tomorrow
News • Mar 25, 2019 12:56 CET
Radical wind data science concept wins Blue-sponsored hunt for tomorrow's clean tech entrepreneurs in Stockholm Royal Institute of Technology competition
Celebrating World Water Day, Bluewater and 11th Hour Racing announce one-million-dollar 2nd Annual Urban Water Challenge
Press releases • Mar 22, 2019 12:28 CET
Award launched to help unleash human ingenuity to tackle urban water threats
Leading US finance publication spotlights Blue investment Karün
News • Mar 22, 2019 10:15 CET
Blue investment Karün, the Chilean eyewear maker, is capturing the attention of the world's top media, including Barron's, the leading weekly finance magazine.
SEK 500M green bond offer launched by Baseload Capital, part-owned by Blue
News • Mar 15, 2019 10:30 CET
Swedish investment company Baseload Capital has launched a Green Bond, proceeds to be used to accelerate build-out of low temperature geothermal heat power
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Blue: An innovation catalyst for sustainable solutions benefitting human and planetary wellbeing
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Thoughts on Mower Choice
Hey guys
I need to buy a mower tomorrow and would love some advice before I dive in.
I've looked at husqvarna, Victa and Honda.
I've got a medium sized backyard and I mow every fortnight. I'm chasing 4 stroke because my Honda whipper snipper is 4 stroke.
Budget $400-$500
I'm leaning towards the Victa Power Mulcher for the large engine and torque $549 at bunnings https://www.bunnings.com.au/victa-power-mulcher-18-mulch-or-...
The comparable Husqvarna but leaning towards the Victa LC19 $550-$650 at allmowers https://allmowers.com.au/product/husqvarna-lc19-lawnmower
And the Honda, but I've read conflicting reports of the entry level Honda engine and think the Briggs Stratton might be better $619 at hastings mowers and $699 elsewhere- https://www.hasmow.com.au/honda-hrr216pku-mulch-catch
Anything else I should consider/other recommendations?
Thanks in advance.
- +1 vote
I had an Ozito electric before that was horribly under-powered. Spend a bit extra for a higher power rating if you go electric.
Yeah wouldn't be going any less than 36v but I'm happy with petrol oil and spark plugs
- +1 vote
I got the dual-battery 40v brushless Gardenline mower…. on paper this is better than the Ryobi One+ mower.
It was absolutely gutless. Even when the lawn was relatively dry and mid-height, it would require two trips.
And if the lawn did have a good growth from recent rains, forget about it.
And this was me with x4 batteries failing to cut a relatively average sized backyard, forget the front.
Ended up return/refunding it after trying x4 consecutive times back to Aldi. Using a cheap petrol one for now, have no issues.
Maybe in 5 years the technology will improve, and I will come back to try it.
I wonder how the battle is with eBikes vs Regular Bikes, and eCars and IcE cars.
- +2 votes
@Kangal: Voltage is not power. You can have 200 volts, but if it's a 100 watt motor it isn't gonna cut anything
@brendanm: I know, but usually lower voltage devices are lower power devices, which is why I mentioned it.
Neither products actually disclose the true power, which makes it hard for consumers to judge them and susceptible to cheap marketing tricks.
@Kangal: They don't say at all? I have the Victa brushless, 1.2kw and it mows quit well.
@Kangal: The 40v batteries will be the same voltage as 36v. It's just a Tameike ting thing to advertise the max voltage or the normal voltage of lithium batteries. In he US, Ryobi 36v stuff is sold as 40v AFAIK, but they are the same. My Ryoki 36v mower works well enough.
As far as 'on paper it appears better' unless you have power/torque figures available, you cannot compare on paper. I have experienced Aldi, Ozitto and Ryobi 18v cordless drills side by side and found the Ryoji had the most torque, the Aldi was the worst. All ostensibly the same, it markedly different in usage. I'd like to compare some premium brand gear to see how it goes, but haven't had he opportunity yet.
@Euphemistic: That doesn't make sense, sure Wattage is a figure that can be fudged but Voltage makes little sense. Unless they're comparing the same battery, one when it's low and running normally compared to one that's full/over-charged and running at max load.
Still doesn't change the fact that the Ryobi eMower was a 36V/5A unit and the Gardenline was a 40V/8A. Like I said initially, on-paper I had the superior unit with extra/spare batteries to hotswap. But this didn't translate to good performance in the real-world.
- +1 vote
@Kangal: https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/confusion_with_v...
The nominal voltage of lithium-ion is 3.60V/cell. Some cell manufacturers mark their Li-ion as 3.70V/cell or higher. This offers a marketing advantage because the higher voltage boosts the watt-hours on paper (voltage multiplied by current equals watts).
36v batteries will be a pack of 10 3.6v batteries. If you label each as 3.7 you get an extra volt. If you 'market' it a little more you'll end up with 40v.
Also when you look at a battery it will give you volts and amp hours (Ah) on the label. The amp hour rating is an indicator of capacity, how long the battery will run for. What you hook it up to will determine the current draw, and therefore the run time. Ie my drill battery will run for maybe an hour using the drill, but several hours running a lower wattage light because the drill draws a lot more current than the light.
Like I said, two otherwise comparable drills had significantly different power to drive screws in a back to back test. Same battery voltage and same capacity, but different tool power.
@Euphemistic: I know this.
I'm just saying its too much exaggeration (lie) to say a 36V is 40V, the difference is too much. If it was a case of 36V to 37V, heck, even 38V it would be understandable. And I know Voltage isn't a fixed rating, even AA battery's voltage drops and increases depending on charge state and load.
I would say this might be a case of Australia's strong consumer protections causing Ryobi to be honest with the 36V rating, and a case of American ignorance/laziness to let them market the same batteries as 40V.
So if Ryobi is that shifty on just a simple number, perhaps their more expensive name-brand mower, is actually inferior to the Gardenline mower as the spec sheet suggested. Which means my initial hunch was correct, battery mowers are not yet ready there for the average job, and we'll need to wait probably until 2025 to upgrade. I mean, the first Tesla Roadster sucked when compared to the direct competitor 2009 BMW Z4, which offered much better fit and finish, range, lower price, and a more nimble driving experience. Fast-forward to the 2019 Tesla Model 3 Performance, and that's a competitive car (at least in the cheaper USA market, which also gets Tax subsidies).
@Kangal: If you know all that stuff, you should know that 40v is just marketing speak for 36v gear. If you stick a 36vbattery on a volt meter immediately off a charger you'll probably get 40v. Just like if you check a AA battery it will showlike 1.57 straight up, but immediately begin to degrade once used.
My ryobi mower does the job fine and it's definitely not a premium product. It's also a few years old now. I'd say that current battery mowers are at a point to compete with petrol.
No way I'll be going back to petrol yard equipment for my 'average suburban yard'. The fuel, oil, noise and stink far outweigh the minor power loss for me. If I had an acreage, or a jungle I'd probably want something more.
@Kangal: Max charge they will be at 40-42v. Fully discharged will be 30-32v. They can state any voltage in between and it's technically correct, just depends whether they want to state the "nominal" voltage, or full charge voltage. Literally just marketing.
@Kangal: Wattage can't be fudged, it's literally volts X amps. If a motor pulls 10 amps at 40 volts, it's a 400 watt motor.
@brendanm: You're saying voltage can be fudged, then say Wattage is a product of Volts x Amps, then go on to say Wattage can't be fudged…. you okay?
Voltage is consistent, it depends on the actual hardware of the battery or adaptor. And as I said before, it varies, but not as much as you might think, at least not for Li-ion otherwise that's a sign of a degrading battery and not suited for work.
Amps can be varied, and is not consistent, thus Wattage is a figure that can be fudged rather easily. I see this all the time when comparing Electronics from China vs Europe, where the European devices have more power, but on-paper look much weaker when comparing the Wattage figures. This is common knowledge when it comes to speakers.
The Gardenline mower seemed like it had +80% more power, which should've been enough for my average backyard. But I'm not sure about it anymore. I still stand behind my initial comment, I don't think battery mowers are quite ready for mainstream, but they probably will be given some more years/increases in battery and motor technology.
@Kangal: The voltage isn't fudged. Read what I wrote. https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/confusion_with_v...
That should give you some information as to the voltage range between charged and discharged for liion batteries.
Speakers don't have power, they handle power. Speakers are also not motors. It's common for amps to be labelled pmpo power, which is the very maximum peak an amplifier can produce. RMS is the proper measurement.
You have no motor wattage specs to see if it "had 80% more power". The "8A" you mention is actually 8 amp/hours, which lets you know the capacity of the battery, not the power of the motor.
Try a decent quality battery mower that actually provides the motor power.
- +1 vote
The Gardenline mower seemed like it had +80% more power, which should've been enough for my average backyard.
You made the mistake of looking at the battery power, not the motor power.
I have an eGo 56V that I got for about $600 when Masters collapsed and its been brilliant. I wont go back to petrol.
You should be able to get a self-propelled mower in that price range.
With all due respect you can get SP mowers for ~$300 or so sometimes - but if your yard isn't overly large, steep & you're able bodied IMHO it's much more weight, PITA to use (i.e turning sharp corners, engaging on/off and potential issues) for marginal benefit.
That said I get it some people want SP regardless - just like some folks want pre-cooked rice etc - I don't understand but fair play to them.
I was so happy when I got my SP lawnmower but then realised how slow it was, I found myself pushing it along anyway to go at my normal pace.
In that price range Honda
Yeah but get it at Bunnings because warranty is no hassle. See if you can find it listed elsewhere to price beat
- +1 vote
Yes in the post I found it for $619 so I'd be getting a price beat at bunnings
Cheers :)
- +3 votes
personally, I'd go second hand.
my current mower is 9 years old. it came with the house when I bought it. it was old then. it still works near perfectly. (sometimes requires some start-ya-bastard in the carby )
I've picked up plenty of hard rubbish mowers that just needed a new spark plug, air filter, oil change and blades sharpened. and were good to go (and on sold) -bought the sparkplugs and filter from aliexpress for ~$3 the pair delivered
- +6 votes
I agree 100%.
Current mower was $100 on gumtree from the guy who has a dozen for sale, his garage was like a show room. He does an altomic and services/resurrects ones he gets for free.
He was happy to get my old rusting-out deck that still started reliably that he could use for parts.
Less to landfill, big savings - what's not to like?
Liftime wty on catcher. Long lasting & durable mower without the snob price tag.
It'd be handy to know if you want to catch, mulch or side throw the clippings? You also seem ok with just a regular push mower (which is wise unless you either have physical issues or a very large property - I have an acre myself and STILL use just a push mower!) That said this thread is well worth looking through as mowers aren't a complex tool and so what works for most folks will fit for you as well.
As someone who knows a bit about the area the first thing I'd say is to prioritise the quality of the engine above all other features - it's really the make or break part of any mower. A bad chassis can be lived with but a poor engine is a deal and sanity breaker.
My 2c on your suggestions:
- the Victa I'd avoid - it's expensive for what you get - those B&S engines are nothing like the ones they made their reputation on - sure thats a slightly larger one but they're all chinese made aluminium ones and I know mechanics are very sus on them. Otherwise it's a very average mower IMHO.
the Husky is expensive and you're paying for the brand - again nothing spesh about it IMHO to justify the price
that Honda is ok - but it's a bar bladed mower (ok if you're wanting to mulch and have a lawn devoid of obstacles etc) - but IMHO it's again where you're paying for the brand though it's a solid mower
I agree that 2nd hand mowers can be a real bargain - they tend to drop 50% in value the moment they're used and so if you can locate a good mower thats relatively unused - thats value. Check the condition e.g colour of the oil, any issues starting, rust under the deck etc. But that can be a great mower for $200-300.
Obviously avoid anything thrashed or neglected - change oil, plug and filter straight away and put a fuel treatment through it and sharpen the blades and thats a good deal - but if you value your time more I get buying new.
IMHO for what you're doing consider these:
Good specs, solid Australian brand - the Kohler motor is better than the low end B&S's.
Nice Yamaha engine on this one - easy to grab through Bunnings, versatile mower as can catch, mulch or sidethrow.
If you'd like to go cordless electric these are good mowers for the $$$ - ideally you can get a few batteries when they price match Aldi:
Hope that helps :-)
I thought b/s were bulletproof so I was set with the victa choice. The one I'm retiring is still running after 24 years.
I've never heard of Kohler.
I was leaning towards the victa over the ryobi because of the b/s engine, you reckon the Yamaha is better?
Not terribly keen on electric.
Would like mulching capabilities.
Yes, B&S is not the same as 24yrs ago - that said ALL low end mowers are more vulnerable to poor maintenance that older ones - which were so good they tolerated it. Well DYOR Kohler is a quality engine maker.
I would prefer that Yamaha to that B&S.
No offence but I think if you're ~24yrs between mowers it's likely you're not across the massive leaps ahead cordless mowers have made within the past 3 or so yrs. Low weight, high torque, very low maintenance - ability to use the batteries in other tools etc.
Their big hidden benefit is for folks who are not tech savvy (with small engines) and so you don't have to pay to have your mower serviced professionally. Honestly if you've an average yard I'd strongly recommend considering a mid level cordless option - again Whirlpool forums have threads on this but that Ozito one is an excellent choice - loads of power, great warranty, well priced and very solidly built.
If I didn't have so much grass to mow I'd have one in a heartbeat - must makes sense.
Batterys on sale now to pm aldi, if you dont think it does the jov you just take to bunnies ad say the sales guy said it would work and its shit. No way to lose.
Dunno how big your yard is but I wish I'd bought a mover with a soft catcher like Honda. Much easier to tell when it's full. I bought a B&S/Victa 945 (I think) and the throttle cable thingie is at the front and gets knocked a lot and bent. Sometimes it sticks now and I have to manually hold it down to turn it off.
I went to a 36v Ryobi a couple of years ago. You won't get me going back to petrol. So convenient, quiet and virtually no maintenance, just put the battery on charge after finishing, and take it off when charged. Battery in, pull the run switch and it starts every time, then stops immediately when you let go.
A 5ah battery will do my lawns, approx 250m2 unless I've let it go too long and I need to double cut the thickest parts (hi setting then low setting). I have 2 batteries, so running out of charge isn't an issue mid mow. If the grass is long, I'll use a smal,we batteey out the front , then save the big battery for the backyard where the grass gets thickest.
Don't get a mower with individual height adjustment levers on all 4 wheels. That's my only complaint about the Toro I got last Xmas.
I'm suggesting a Honda with a Honda motor, not b&s. I've got one still runs like new, just oil, plug and air filter changes. My cousin works in the council and offered me the chance to buy some of there old mowers, to my surprise I've got the same engine, theirs are self propelled. He bought two for himself they were going so cheap, I think $200 odd bucks each. They're still running like a dream. These motors a like motorbike motors, steel cam and valves, not plastic like in b&s motors.
I have a question about mowing. I've just finished mowing the backyard and there are track marks up and down the yard- everywhere the mower wheels have been. The grass is very dry - no rain for a fortnight - so the turf is as hard as it ever gets. The track marks happens every time I mow the backyard. Do I have unusually soft grass or soil or is that what modern, heavy mowers do now? Or is it a combination of the two? It never happened with other, lighter mowers I've used on other yards.
I've never mowed with a light mower on this yard so I don't know if it's just the turf or just the mower.


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'I didn't have the points, so doing the PLC was the best decision I ever made' - how college entry does not always hinge on the Leaving Cert
Paul Sheerin | Kerry College of Further Education
Paul Sheerin's talent for music impressed in an audition for the CAO course of his dreams last year, but his Leaving Cert results meant he didn't have the necessary points to qualify for entry.
It was a disappointment, but no great surprise to the Co Kerry student, who admits: "I wasn't the best at school."
The 19-year-old had his eye on the Level 8 (honours degree) Bachelor of Music at Cork IT.
Now, last year's disappointment is history and he is in line for a place in CIT next month.
Paul's story is an example of how college entry does not always hinge on the Leaving Cert, and how a year-long Level 5 post-Leaving Certificate (PLC) course can make points redundant.
While applicants using a PLC route still have to compete, they have the option of using either Leaving Cert points or their PLC results.
Trumpet player Paul has been a member of the popular, Killarney-based, Gleneagle Concert Band for 11 years and says he wanted to pursue a career in music since he was in second year. Prior to that he fancied himself playing for Liverpool FC, "but I knew that wasn't going to work out!"
It was the Gleneagle band conductor, and music teacher, Vincent Condon, who brought his attention to the PLC Music (Performance) course in Kerry College of Further Education (KCFE), Tralee, launched last year. The timing was just right for Paul.
"He said it was the perfect course for me and it would get me into Cork IT. I did an interview and they took me on. It was the best decision I ever made," says the former pupil of Pobalscoil Sliabh Luachra, Rathmore, Co Kerry.
The programme covers music technology, sound engineering and production, music industry studies, music theory and practice, music in Ireland and team-working as well as work experience. Entry requirements for the course are LCA, LCVP or Leaving Cert, but those who have reached age 18 without Leaving Cert will also be considered.
Like other PLCs, it has progression links to a number of third-level CAO courses, in both universities and institutes of technology, including the BMus in Cork IT. Other links that exists for it include DCU (Religious Education and Music), Dundalk IT (Production of Music and Audio), IT Tralee (Music Technology); IT Tralee (TV, Radio and New Media Broadcasting), UL (Performing Arts), Waterford IT (Music) and Sligo IT (Performing Arts).
Paul describes his time in KCFE as a "really good year" and his dedication to his studies saw him end the year with six distinctions and a merit.
Apart from his excellent academic results, the talented musician was also awarded the Upcoming Star Award at the KCFE 2018 Annual Awards Ceremony.
Paul re-applied to Cork IT for entry on the basis of his PLC and returned for another audition earlier this year, emerging with an audition mark of 100pc. The panel commented on his improved performance and asked what he had done over the year to have improved so much.
He is excited by the prospect of starting college but still hasn't decided what career route he would like to follow. "I would love to teach, but I would also love to be performing."
Irish Independent
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