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It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Lucy and Linus Production Cel Setup (Bill Melendez, 1966)....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
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DescriptionIt's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Lucy and Linus Production Cel Setup (Bill Melendez, 1966). This classic TV special premiered on CBS 10/27/66 and continues to air every year around Halloween. It was nominated for an Emmy Award that year. This hand-inked, hand-painted production cel of Lucy and Linus is from the opening scene where they walk together to go to pick out a pumpkin. Vince Guaraldi's piano music "Snoopy Song" plays the entire walk. Linus kicks up a bunch of autumn leaves at the 21 second mark. This is a 12 field, 3-cel setup. Lucy is on one cel, Linus is on a second, and the leaves he kicks up on a third. They are wonderful full figure images and of course Linus has his blanket. Both characters measure approximately 3" tall. The cels are on a print background for presentation purposes. Inked production cels from early Charlie Brown shows are considered the holy grail of Peanuts animation collecting. Condition is Very Good.
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text:
This study has been produced by FIRA International Ltd.
on behalf of the Furniture Industry Research Association.
Michael Powell
Chairman of the Furniture Industry Research Association
Appendix 5
Breakdown of office furniture - storage
carbon footprint data 56
Appendix 6
Breakdown of office furniture - desks
carbon footprint data 57
Appendix 7
Breakdown of contract furniture
carbon footprint data 58
Climate change is one of the most important environmental A major challenge was to establish a footprinting
challenges facing governments, organisations and methodology that would be applicable to all companies
individuals. To address the causes of climate change, (across a diverse industry sector) that was cost effective yet
governments around the world have agreed targets for the accurate enough to generate comparable data. Whilst
reduction of damaging greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. some companies have been collating data for some time,
A number of greenhouse gases impact negatively on the this data often relates to differing accounting boundaries
environment, and the most significant of these is carbon and is subject to gaps, or missing data. These
dioxide. Therefore the majority of greenhouse gas emission inconsistencies only served to demonstrate the
reduction commitments are expressed in the form of carbon complexities of data collection for accurate carbon
reduction. In this context the term carbon is used to mean footprinting and the potential pitfalls when trying to
carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) – a measurement that benchmark products or organisations.
expresses the environmental effect of a number of GHGs in
terms of the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that The project identified a number of concerns relating to the
would cause the same effect. The effect of a business, methodology used, the number of products assessed, and
process, product or service can then be evaluated in terms the difficulty in getting accurate data from the global
of the GHG emissions it generates; this is commonly furniture supply chain. Key to this was that the 'cradle to
referred to as a 'carbon footprint'. gate' assessment makes no allowance for life span, or
the ability to re-use or recycle at the end of a product's
The UK furniture manufacturing industry is of a substantial life cycle.
size and, similar to many other manufacturing industries,
generates carbon emissions. Therefore there is great scope The report therefore concluded that at this point in time the
for the industry to assess and reduce its carbon impact. production of product carbon footprint benchmarks utilising
Whilst the importance of carbon emissions is recognised the selected methodology is not currently desirable.
across the industry, there is considerable potential for
confusion in the regarding its practical use. As a result, It is, therefore, important to note that the results presented
companies engaging in carbon footprinting often do so in this study are not appropriate for a furniture manufacturer,
unilaterally, utilising different boundaries and methodologies specifier or consumer to make an informed decision on the
in assessing their businesses and products. selection of a product based on its carbon footprint. In
addition, the results presented in this study do not allow
The lack of credible and consistent assessment means that anyone to accurately establish that a product is better or
any data produced is not comparable. Hence, the aim of worse than an industry average.
this project was to assess the feasibility of producing
product footprint benchmarks for the furniture industry. In This study into the feasibility of setting product benchmarks
doing so companies wishing to make green claims would for the furniture industry does, however, make an important
have a standard method and benchmarkable data set. It contribution to the understanding of furniture product
would also allow purchasers to make informed decision carbon footprints. It is expected that as greater volumes of
about carbon related environmental benefits. The benefits products are footprinted and the project methodology is
of such an exercise are clear however successful product revised and improved, the accuracy of carbon footprint data
benchmarking should ensure that the data is truly for furniture products will improve.
comparable and consistent.
One of the major stimuli for commissioning this research
The project was designed to undertake this work using a project was the lack of understanding and fragmented
consistent methodology assessing the impact of materials approach to carbon footprinting in the industry. This lack of
and processes from the extraction of raw materials to the consistency can create uncertainty around green claims
manufacturer's factory gate (a 'cradle to gate' assessment). whether they are aimed at specifiers or consumers. In this
The project was designed to be cost effective, using respect, the results of the project allowed to provide advice
existing company data and a low cost, online carbon to the UK furniture industry and furniture specifiers as well
calculator – the Furniture Footpriner™ tool. as manufacturers.
A key finding from the report is that in the majority of For the purposes of this report, the following terms and
furniture ranges examined, the embedded carbon definitions apply:
contained within the materials and processes used for
the manufacture of the product were the highest Boundaries
contributors to the product's carbon footprint, rather than The limit of emissions associated with the manufacture of a
company factors such as utilities or transportation. Thus product, or delivery of a service, that are included within a
reducing the materials used in a product, or opting for carbon footprint.
lower impact materials can considerably reduce a
product's carbon footprint. Carbon
Throughout the report the term carbon shall mean Carbon
The report's key conclusion is that carbon footprinting is Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e).
a very useful tool for the furniture industry. The more the
furniture industry understands the make up of its Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)
products footprints the more it can look to reduce it in A unit which expresses the emissions of carbon dioxide and
targeted, intelligent and innovative ways. other greenhouse gases in terms of their global warming
potential relative to carbon dioxide.
Carbon footprint
One of the major An estimate the total emission of greenhouse gases (GHG)
from the operation of an organisation or the manufacture of
a product, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents.
stimuli for
Greenhouse gases (GHG)
commissioning this A collection of gases that have been attributed with
increasing climate change set out by the IPCC and including
research project was carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons
and perfluorocarbons.
the lack of
understanding and
fragmented approach
to carbon footprinting
in the industry.
3.1 Background The UK government's response has been the adoption of the
Climate Change Act (2008), which has set a target of reducing
Climate change is recognised as one of the greatest
the UK's carbon emissions in 2050 to a level 80% below the
challenges facing governments and nations across the
1990 levels. To help meet these targets, several policies have
world. An increasing body of evidence1 suggests that it
been introduced.
is human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels or
emissions from manufacturing processes, that is the • The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, formerly the
biggest cause of climate change. It has been stated that Carbon Reduction Commitment. This is a mandatory
the current level of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) carbon emissions reporting and pricing scheme to cover
could result in an increase of 6˚C in average global all organisations using more than 6,000MWh per year of
temperatures by the end of the century2. The electricity.
consequences of this might include effects such as
extreme weather changes resulting in floods or droughts • The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). This is
and possibly leading to regional, social and political designed to put a cap on the carbon emitted by certain
instabilities. businesses (i.e. energy activities, production and
processing of ferrous metals, mineral industries and
some other industries such as production of pulp, paper
In order to tackle the problem of climate change,
and board) and create a market and price for carbon
governments around the world have agreed targets for
the reduction of damaging GHG emissions. Many of
these commitments are expressed in the form of carbon • Climate Change Levy & Agreements. Climate Change
reduction. In this context the term carbon is used to Levy (CCL) is a charge on energy usage for business and
mean carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) – a the public sector with the aim of encouraging energy
measurement that expresses the environmental effect of efficiency. Related to this, Climate Change Agreements
a number of green house gases in terms of the (CCAs) allow energy intensive organisations (e.g. paper,
equivalent amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that would steel, glass and chemicals industries) a discount on the
cause the same effect. levy provided that energy efficiency targets are met.
3.2 What is a carbon footprint? Two key forms of carbon footprint for businesses are:
For a business to reduce its carbon emissions, it first needs to • An organisational footprint. This may consist of
be able to measure how much carbon it is using and where it emissions from all the activities across an
is using it. In this respect, it is the 'carbon footprint' of a organisation, including buildings, energy use,
business that would give an indication of its carbon impact. industrial processes and company vehicles,
depending on the organisational boundaries selected.
Whilst the term 'carbon footprint' has varying definitions4, for
the purposes of assessing products it is widely accepted that • A footprint of a product or process. This consists
'carbon footprinting is the methodology to estimate the total of emissions over the life of a product or service, and
emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in carbon equivalents may include all emissions from the extraction of raw
from a product across its life cycle from the production of raw materials and manufacturing of the product, potentially
material used in its manufacture to the disposal of the finished extending right through to its use and final reuse,
product'5. These emissions may be caused directly or recycling or disposal.
indirectly by a person, organisation, event or product.
Key to the carbon footprinting process is the determination of
what boundaries are used to assess an organisation, or
product; in other words what factors that affect a footprint are
included in the calculation of the footprint. For example, some
organisational footprints may include the carbon emissions
…for the purposes of associated with the employees' commute to work, whilst
others may exclude this. Some product footprints may
assessing products it is include the transportation impact of delivering a product from
the manufacturer to the customer, whilst others may choose
widely accepted that to stop their analysis at the factory gates. These differences in
boundaries between studies mean that not all company and
'carbon footprinting is the product footprints are directly comparable.
manufacture to the
disposal of the finished
The UK furniture manufacturing industry is of considerable When using this methodology, in conjunction with a simple,
importance to the UK economy. It generates in excess of low cost, footprinting tool (FIRA's Furniture FootprinterTM),
£8.3 billion of factory gate sales, and employs nearly one comparable carbon footprints could be produced, that
hundred thousand people14. Furniture manufacturing, similar would address the relative feasibilities of:
to many other manufacturing industries, generates carbon
emissions, and as such, there is a great scope for industry
to assess and reduce its carbon impact. Currently, those • Manufacturers calculating meaningful
companies within the industry engaging in carbon carbon footprints to inform and measure
footprinting do so independently, utilising differing their own carbon usage and reductions.
boundaries and methodologies to assess their businesses
and products. The lack of consistent assessment
boundaries means that the data produced cannot always be • Manufacturers comparing the carbon
considered comparable. impact of their products with those of
With the increasing profile of carbon footprinting, and their competitors.
anecdotal evidence that specifiers are starting to request
both company and product carbon footprints in tender • Specifiers procuring low carbon
documents, The Furniture Industry Research Association
(FIRA), as the UK's leading Association for the furniture furniture products based on a
industry, initiated a project in 2010 to investigate the benchmarking scheme.
feasibility of developing a carbon footprinting benchmarking
scheme for the UK furniture industry.
Objective 2
Objective 3
Objective 4
Objective 5
5.1 Introduction
The furniture industry is a diverse industry sector, with large
variations in business size and products produced.
Preliminary visits to project participants showed that the
existing methods of carbon footprinting and data collection
varied quite dramatically. These approaches were taken into Scope 1 emissions
consideration when defining the final project methodology. These are direct GHG emissions from
Overall, the biggest challenge of the project was to establish sources owned or controlled by the
a footprinting method that would be applicable to all company (e.g. emissions from combustion
in boilers, furnaces, vehicles; emissions from
companies within a diverse industry sector, which was cost
chemical production in owned or controlled
effective, yet accurate enough to generate comparable data. process equipment).
5.2 Project boundaries For the purpose of the project, scope 1 gross figures for fuels
combustion (boilers, furnaces of turbines) and owned transport
There are several approaches to assessing the carbon (cars, vans, lorries, ships, airplanes) were collected and
footprint of a product. These can include as little or as much attributed to the production based on the unit output of the
of a product's lifecycle as desired, and thus it is important to manufacturing factory.
pick an approach which is fit for the intended purpose. A
product carbon footprint boundary can include the whole life
cycle, often called Cradle to Grave or Cradle to Cradle
assessment, or as a partial assessment, either a Cradle to
Summary of project scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions
(Factory) Gate assessment or a Gate to Gate assessment
(i.e. in and out of a factory).
For the purposes of this project it was decided to use a These direct and indirect emissions are further categorised
Cradle to Gate assessment. Cradle to Gate assessment under 3 "scopes" (scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3). This
includes all carbon impacts from resource extraction of raw categorisation is designed to improve transparency and
materials ('cradle') to the factory gate (i.e. before a product is consistency within GHG accounting and reporting6 can be
transported to the next customer). The use and disposal summarised as above.
phases of the product's lifecycle are omitted in this case. The
prime reason for selecting the Cradle to Gate assessment The study included full scope 1 and 2 emissions as well as
was due to the fact that it is within this stage of a product's scope 3 emissions that are attributable to a product's cradle
life cycle that is under the manufacturer's direct control, to gate impact.
giving greater confidence in data accuracy and therefore a
better possibility of benchmarkable data. The physical boundary for the companies assessed within the
project was defined as the site where the item was
Within the discipline of carbon footprinting there are other manufactured. Therefore some aspects that are traditionally
boundaries that need to be defined. First, there are 2 basic included in a Cradle to Gate assessment such as emissions
types of emissions that a company should consider when from the transport of products to the first customer' site, all
calculating their carbon footprints; direct and indirect green activities once the product has arrived at the first customer
house gas (GHG) emissions. (i.e. additional manufacturing steps, final product distribution)
were omitted.
• Direct GHG emissions are from sources that are
owned or controlled by the company.
To summarise, the full list of emissions included in the 5.3 Units of analysis
carbon footprinting benchmark assessments were: GHG emissions tell only part of the story with regard to
environmental impact and risk. However, they have been
● Raw materials and components given a strong policy focus by governments nationally and
entering the premises internationally, are now within the focus of corporate
boardrooms, and therefore resonate well with industry and
● Delivery of raw materials from the wider stakeholders. For the purposes of this report, the
first supplier term carbon is taken to mean carbon dioxide equivalent, or
CO2e. The outputs from this project are thus reported in
● Energy usage (e.g. fuel, electricity) kgCO2e, or the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent in
kilograms attributable to a final product.
● Manufacturing processes onsite
Carbon dioxide equivalent as a unit includes the emissions
● Manufacturing service consumables of carbon dioxide gas and other greenhouse gases
described in terms of their global warming potential relative
● Outsourced activities to carbon dioxide. The best way to explain this is through
an example. Like carbon dioxide, methane is a
● Business and administration support greenhouse gas but methane has a 'potency' that is 25
activities such as sales, operation of times greater than that of carbon dioxide when it
the premises, cars and travel comes to its global warming potential. For this
reason 1kg of methane released would
● Packaging materials, both temporary be represented in carbon footprint
calculations as 25 kgCO2e15.
and permanent
For the purposes of this project the
● Storage of a product on site / or an
mass of carbon to be reported is per
associated facility including functional unit (i.e. per item of furniture).
transport on site
5.4 Project assumptions and exemptions • Assumption 3: Data included in the methodology
represents an estimate of a cradle to gate carbon
As previously mentioned, establishing a footprinting
method that would be applicable to all companies (within
a diverse industry sector) but was cost effective yet
• Assumption 4: The average emissions factor data
accurate enough to generate comparable data was the
used by the Furniture FootprinterTM tool are
biggest challenge of this project. It was understood quite
representative of the embedded carbon seen in
early on in the project that there was a huge variation in
materials used within the UK furniture industry.
the way companies recorded and kept data as well as in
their willingness in supplying the project with the required
• Assumption 5: Waste was accounted for in terms of
starting materials using a wastage factor. However the
processes used in the disposal of waste generated
The variation unavailability of data and the ease of
during the production of a product including transport
extracting relavent data in a cost effective way influenced
of the waste from its point of post-sale use to the point
the final project methodology. To overcome these issues
of disposal or recycling were not accounted for. The
number of project assumptions had to be made which in
weights of material used in the calculations are those
some cases deviated from the guidance given in
in the final product and no excess is accounted for.
documents such as PAS 20508.
This is another deviation from guidance given in
documents such as PAS 2050, however for ease of
• Assumption 1: Average per product utility
data collection product information was taken from
consumption is representative of the utilities used in
Bills of Materials and Parts Lists, which do not
the manufacturing of individual products, i.e. the
highlight wastage.
organisation's total utilily footprint is divided by the
total number of products produced, regardless of
product type, to obtain an allocation of utilies per
In addition to these, the following emissions were
product. Whilst this a deviation from PAS 2050, it
excluded from project assessments:
allowed the company and utility usage to be allocated
to a product by a simple calculation, rather than
• Manufacture and ongoing maintenance of capital
expensive research and monitoring.
goods, such as plant machinery, transport
equipment, electricity generating plant, office furniture
• Assumption 2: Transport emissions regarding the
for internal use.
transport of raw materials only include distances from
the first link in the supply chain, i.e. the transport • All office materials (stationery) and equipment
contribution is only from the organisation's supplier, (computers, printers).
such as a local distributer, rather than from source,
which may be overseas. In many cases • The building and maintenance of premises.
manufacturers may not be aware of the origin of a
component, and research down the supply chain can • Staff commute to and from their place of work.
be expensive, in addition it is generally accepted that
• Immaterial emissions (individual elements contributing
the transport of raw materials forms only a small
less than 1% of a footprint provided that these
percentage of the total carbon impact of a product.
elements, when combined, do not contribute 5% or
more towards the total footprint).
A total footprint
comprises of the
organisational footprint
Packaging was given its own section in the analysis because of a company plus the
it was important to understand its carbon impact in relation to
the furniture concerned. A variety of different packaging was
assessed including plastic packaging, wood packaging, EG
footprint attributable to
pallets, cardboard packaging, foam packaging. Similar to the
approach used for materials (Section 5.6.3), these values
its products
were collected either as weight information as part of a bill of
materials and transposed into the tool or the bill of materials
was used as a guide and each element of the product was
weighed manually.
6.1 Introduction Full data sets for all kitchen items are in Appendix 1.
However for the purposes of detailed analysis, four key
The UK has a strong kitchen manufacturing sector. In 2009
items were chosen. These key items represent high volume
there were 1,200 kitchen manufacturers in the UK, and the
kitchen sector recorded sales in the region of £1.2 billion,
with imports making up just 20% of this total16. The • 1000mm kitchen wall unit. A wall hanging carcass unit
manufacture of kitchen units in the UK predominately 1000mm in width with a set of double doors and at
focuses on the manufacture of cabinets, utilising imported least one shelf.
frontals and hardware.
• 500mm wall unit. Similar in carcass construction to
The manufacture of kitchen units in the UK predominately the 1000mm wall unit but half the width. Due to its
focuses on the manufacture of cabinets, utilising imported smaller size it also only has a single door.
frontals and hardware.
• 1000mm drawer line unit. A base unit normally
featuring a cutlery drawer, a door and at least one
6.2 Product selection shelf.
Unlike many other furniture products, kitchen carcasses are
• 500mm drawer line unit. Similar in carcass
normally manufactured to a standard size format, allowing
construction to the 1000mm drawer line unit but half
for inter-changeability. This has the additional bonus of
the width. Due to its smaller size it also only has a
allowing for easier comparison between products. Table 1
single door.
shows the different products selected for assessment, which
are representative of items found in a typical kitchen. The
average carbon footprint for each product, as well as the
number of products assessed and the number of
manufacturers participating in the project is also shown in
this table.
Estimated average
Number of Number of
Item carbon footprint
products manufacturers
Worktops 4 1 26
Appliance housing 4 4 35
Metal Metal
Plastic Plastic
Packaging Packaging
Transport Transport
Utilities Utilities
Other Other
Metal Metal
Plastic Plastic
Packaging Packaging
Transport Transport
Utilities Utilities
Other Other
The carbon footprints follow similar patterns, with the largest • The 1000mm drawer line unit has the highest footprint
carbon impact being the raw material content, primarily the of all the units as this item as it has the highest raw
timber and board used in the product. The second highest material volumes.
carbon contributor is the onsite company utilities usage
• The 500mm wall unit is physically half the size of the
(which also makes up some of the organisational footprint).
1000mm wall unit, however, its carbon footprint is not
However this should be analysed in the context that has been
half the magnitude of the 1000mm wall unit. This is
described before regarding utility allocation of data.
probably due to the material content in the smaller unit
being more than half of the larger unit. It may also
The results also show that:
indicate that the project methodology in allocating
• For 500mm and 1000mm drawer line units, the third proportion of the utilities may not justified. However the
largest carbon contributor is the metal content of the implications of this should be fairly insignificant
product. The metal content relates to the hinges and because the utility is not the largest component of the
drawer runners used. overall carbon footprint.
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
d al tic ng rt es he
d al tic ng rt es he
et as gi po liti et as gi po liti
bo M Pl a ns Ut Ot bo M Pl a ns Ut Ot
nd ck Tra nd ck Tra
ra Pa ra Pa
be be
Tim Tim
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
d al tic ing or
t es he
d al tic ing or
t es he
et as liti et as liti
bo M Pl kag nsp Ut Ot bo M Pl kag nsp Ut Ot
nd Pa
c Tra nd Pa
c Tra
era era
b b
Tim Tim
Figure 2 Data variation for each category of carbon footprint input relative to the average carbon footprint for the key
kitchen products. The data variation graphs represent the maximum and minimum variation in the data relative to the
average value. The zero value on the graph represents the average carbon footprint.
For all units, but especially the wall units, there was Different price ranges and designs may also include slightly
significant variation in the energy used in the manufacture of different materials make-ups. For example the inclusion of
the product. There is, therefore, a potential opportunity for Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) supports or sections can
some manufacturers to implement energy efficiency influence the final footprint. Whilst the predominant material
measures to reduce the total carbon footprint of their used in kitchen manufacturing is Melamine Faced
products. An added advantage of a focus on energy Chipboard (MFC), MDF was also identified as a
efficiency is that it is very likely to result in costs savings and manufacturing material in some units. The use of MDF
increased competitiveness over the medium to long term. instead of MFC is important because the carbon footprint of
However it is important to note that the methodology used in MDF is estimated to be 24% higher than that of MFC. MDF
this project for allocating utility use does not highlight this. is often used in more expensive products.
When examining the drawer line units it was noted that the In conclusion, the data collected indicates that
variation in data for raw materials (i.e. metal and manufacturers and designers looking to reduce the
timber/board) was more pronounced compared to that for embedded carbon within their product should look to
the wall units. The variation in timber/board may be due to minimise the amount of board materials and metal within
differences in styles, or differences in the thickness of board their products, and review the type of drawer construction
used. Variation in metal content is primarily due to some used. This is, however, only part of the story as product life is
units featuring a metal box type drawer construction, whilst also important. A thicker carcass and more durable
others utilise an MDF drawer with smaller runners. hardware may result in a longer life span, which may reduce
the overall environmental impact of the product. However it
Product variation within similar looking items will also be a should be noted that product lifespan is not in the scope of
function of price point. For example, more expensive ranges this project.
may have sturdier construction with more timber support
within the unit.
Double mattress
0 10 20 30 40 50
Timber and board
7.2 Product selection
The bedding items selected for analyses were those
commonly manufactured in the UK, and are shown in Table 2.
The average carbon footprint for each product, as well as the Double divan
number of products assessed, and the number of %
manufacturers participating in the project, are also shown 0 10 20 30 40 50
in Table 2. Timber and board
Estimated Metal
Number of Number of Plastic
Item carbon
products manufacturers
footprint Packaging
Double Utilities
19 4 79
mattress Other
Single divan 2 1 33
Figure 3 The average total carbon footprint of
Double divan 6 3 35 bedding items
Headboard 2 2 22
The footprints of double mattresses and double divans are manufacture and a proportion to mattress manufacture may
quite different from each other. not be justified in this case.
For mattresses, the carbon impact of raw materials (i.e. Figure 4 shows further analysis of the product data and
foams and fillings, textiles and metals) has the biggest highlights the variation of the individual emission categories
impact. that make up a total carbon footprint. This analysis shows
which emissions categories have the highest variation and
For double divans, whilst the carbon impact of the raw highlights differences in manufacturing methods/products.
materials was also high, the utilities used in the manufacturing
process appeared to have a more significant impact. This The results show that for double divans, the largest variation
may be a true indication of the energy used to make a double in carbon impact was found in metal content. This variation,
divan. However it may also be that the project methodology in however, was due to data relating to one product assessed
allocating a proportion of the utilities to double divan that featured a sprung edge.
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-20 -20
-40 -40
s l rt r l rt r
ing les eta sti
po liti
es he ar
s les eta sti
po liti
es he
bo fill xti M Pla ka ns Ut Ot bo fill xti M Pla ka ns Ut Ot
Te a Te a
nd nd Pa
c Tr nd nd
c Tr
era sa ra sa
b am be am
Tim Fo Tim Fo
Figure 4 - Data variation for each category of carbon footprint input to the average carbon footprint for the key bedding
products. The data variation graphs represent the maximum and minimum variation in the data relative to the average
value. The zero value on the graph represents the average carbon footprint.
The second largest variation was shown to be the timber The design of products has a significant effect on carbon
content. The basic wooden frame of a simple divan is usually footprints. For example, the carbon footprint of a double
standard in nature from company to company assuming an mattress depended most on the amount and type of
item of equal size. However, the data contains divans of foam/filling used with larger amounts of filling leading to
different styles, some of sturdier construction, some including higher carbon footprints.
draws or some including sprung edge designs. This variation
in design plays a large role in determining the timber footprint In terms of the specific foams/fillings, polyester wadding is
of a divan. estimated to have a carbon impact that is more than double
that of cotton based wadding. Wool is considered a textile
For mattresses, the greatest variation in carbon impact was rather than a filling, making comparison with other fillings
found in the foams and fillings used. Mattresses come in a difficult; however the wool textile is estimated to be more
number of designs including sprung, pocket sprung and carbon intensive than both polyester and cotton wadding.
foam. In addition, price points are determined by thickness The use of felt, however, is a relatively carbon efficient method
and comfort which also relates to the volume of materials in a of padding a mattress as it is estimated to have has a carbon
product. intensity that is a quarter of the intensity of polyester wadding.
The project analysed all types of mattress, and this affected Similarly, the tool indicates that polyurethane foam has an
the spread of results. For example, two foam mattresses were estimated lower footprint than that of Visco-elastic foam, by
examined. These have much higher foam content than spring approximately 20% assuming the same weight. The data
mattresses and therefore affect the average and variation for indicates that polyester wadding is used much more widely
all items. In addition, the foam mattresses have no springs, than cotton wadding. Frequently fillings are made up of a
which again affect the variation, and average for all mattress blend of polyester and cotton. In this case increasing the
products. percentage of cotton in a filling allows a
manufacturer/designer to reduce the total carbon footprint of
Higher variation in textiles' footprints might have been the mattress.
expected due to the range of double mattresses that were
considered but this was not the case.
0 10 20 30 40 50
Photo courtesy of Wesley-Barrell Timber and board
Table 3 Product data for upholstery items Other
average Armchair
Number of Number of %
Item carbon
products manufacturers 0 10 20 30 40 50
(kgCO2e) Timber and board
Sofa bed 1 1 88
Sofa Armchair
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
-5 -5
-10 -10
-15 -15
ard lling
s les tal sti
c g rt ies he
ard lling
s les tal sti
c g rt ies he
bo xti Me gin nspo tlit Ot bo xti Me gin nspo tlit Ot
d d fi Te Pla cka a U d d fi Te Pla cka a U
an n Pa Tr an n Pa Tr
ber m sa ber m sa
a a
Tim Fo Tim Fo
Figure 6 Data variation for each category of carbon footprint input to the average carbon footprint for the key upholstery
items. The data variation graphs represent the maximum and minimum variation in the data relative to the average value.
The zero value on the graph represents the average carbon footprint.
The largest contributor to total carbon footprint for both items same energy to manufacture. However, it is not possible to
is material content, in particular foams and fillings. Other assess the validity of this assumption due to the methodology
emissions categories of importance are the fabric content adopted in this research.
and frame material, which in the majority of cases is wood.
Figure 6 shows that the largest variation of data for both
Figure 6 shows variation of data analysis for sofas and upholstered items is its raw material content, particularly
armchairs to allow conclusions as to what area a foams and fillings. This indicates that significant reductions in
manufacturer can focus on to reduce the carbon footprint of the carbon footprint of a sofa can be achieved by minimizing
their products. the amount of fillings used, or by switching to fillings with the
least carbon impact. The carbon footprint of polyurethane
For an armchair, the impact of company specific utilities and foam is estimated to be approximately 20% lower than that of
transport elements are more significant than for the sofa. This visco-elastic foam.
may indicate that the energy needed to make an armchair is
similar to that needed to make a sofa, as the same
production processes are used, despite the smaller size of
the product. However it may also be that the project
methodology in allocating proportion of the utilities may not
be justified in this case. The figure for utilities is averaged out
across all the products so the methodology suggests by its
very nature that a sofa, armchair and footstool all require the
For a task chair, the two major contributors to the final Task chair
product footprint are the carbon embodied within just two 80
materials; metal and plastic. These two materials account for
approximately 70% of the total footprint of a task chair. The
shape of the carbon footprint of a visitor chair is more uniform 60
with all the components having an impact on the overall
footprint. 40
The variation of data for the footprints of a task chair and
visitor chair are illustrated in Figure 8.
Table 5 Product data for office storage
Estimated Transport
Number of Number of Utilities
Item carbon
products manufacturers
footprint Other
Figure 9 The average total carbon footprint of key office
Desk high storage items.
7 5 28
Bookcase 3 3 18
Wooden filing
2 1 48
Tambour 2 2 50
Steel pedestal 1 1 44
Cupboard 2 2 31
Whilst a desk high pedestal is normally of a standard size, Desk high pedestal
bookcases can vary considerably in size. While every effort 15
was made to ensure that the products selected were similar in
size, it was not always possible to achieve this, and this point
needs to be taken into account when reviewing the bookcase
For both items, the largest carbon contribution is found in the
timber and board content. This is particularly true for 0
bookcases, which were constructed almost entirely from
timber based materials. -5
For the desk high pedestal, the carbon impact of metal and -10
plastic content are also high compared with other emissions. rd tal sti
c ing ort ies he
boa Me Pla ag nsp Utlit Ot
These relate to the drawer runners and castors that are d ck a
an Pa Tr
sometimes fitted to the products. In contrast, the contribution ber
from the manufacturer's utilities is much lower than the
embodied carbon in the board, metal and plastic.
The variation of the carbon footprint data for the desk high Bookcase
pedestal and the bookcase is shown in Figure 10. 15
For the bookcases, the main variables are the timber/board -10
and company utilities components of the footprint. Despite the rd tal sti
c ing ort ies he
boa Me Pla ag nsp Utlit Ot
bookcases not being of standard sizes the data variation was d ck a
an Pa Tr
quite low compared to the variation in desk high pedestal ber
carbon footprints. Since the amount of timber/board used in a
wooden bookcase would be fairly constant, this may suggest
that utilities contribution has a significant impact. However it is Figure 10 Data variation for each category of carbon
important to note that the methodology used to attribute the footprint input to the average carbon footprint for the key
whole company utility usage to a product is not accurate office storage items. The data variation graphs represent
enough to make any definite conclusions regarding the effect the maximum and minimum variation in the data relative to
of utilities in a product's carbon footprint. the average value. The zero value on the graph represents
the average carbon footprint.
As with all other sectors, it should be remembered that the
product footprints produced take no account of the life span
of a product, and that different designs and/or materials may
extend the usable life of a product despite containing more
initial embedded carbon.
Office desk
0 10 20 30 40 50
Timber and board
11.2 Product selection Utilities
The UK desking manufacturing industry tends to produce Other
desks with standard worktop sizes, to meet both customer
demand, and to allow some interchangeability of products in
the work place. Table 6 shows the most common office desk Figure 11 The average total carbon footprint of a
types selected for assessment in this study. 1600mm x1800mm rectangular desk.
The average carbon footprint, the number of products used
for this carbon footprint and the number of manufacturers are
also shown in Table 6.
Number of Number of
Item carbon
products manufacturers
1600mm x 1800mm
8 6 35
rectangular desk
6 people bench
2 2 228
1600mm x 800mm
1 1 63
wave desk
1600mm x 1200mm
1 1 45
work station
Figure 12 shows the variation of data for the individual Unlike all other products, the second largest footprint variation
emission categories that make up the total carbon footprint. is attributable to transport.
The large variation for metal is attributable to desk design. It is important to note that the methodology followed for the
Metal supports (e.g. four standard legs or a cantilever calculation of the transport impact (i.e. considering first
configuration) result in a greater footprint than the use of MFC supplier only) may significantly under estimate this effect for
panel legs. some manufacturers. Two manufacturers imported significant
amounts of product from their European manufacturing base,
The desks are manufactured to a defined table top size, with skewing the transport figures considerably, whilst others
similar materials, and, as such, there was very little variance declared the transport impact of purchased materials only
between products. from a local agent.
Office desks
Figure 12 Data variation for each category of carbon
footprint input to the average carbon footprint for the
15 rectangular desk. The zero value on the graph represents
the average carbon footprint.
rd tal sti
c ing ort ies he
boa Me Pla ag nsp Utlit Ot
d ck a
an Pa Tr
Table 7 Product data for contract furniture
Estimated Transport
average Utilities
Number of Number of
Item carbon
products manufacturers Other
Dining chairs 3 1 27 0 10 20 30 40 50
Timber and board
Waiting room
2 1 66 Foams and fillings
beam seating
For both products, the raw material content is responsible for Contract dining tables
the largest carbon impact; timber and board for dining tables 15
and foams and fillings for dining chairs. The results also
indicate the significant impact of utilities. However the
methodology used to attribute the whole company utility
usage to a product is not accurate enough to make any
definite conclusions regarding the effect of utilities in the
product's carbon footprint.
A range of different sized dining tables were assessed hence,
as expected, the largest footprint variation is attributable to -5
the timber / board components.
ard lling
s les tal sti
c ing ort s
Dining chair footprints are governed by the style of the chair. bo xti Me ag sp litie Ot
d d fi Te Pla ck ran Ut
Heavily upholstered chairs tend to exhibit higher footprints. ra
n n Pa T
be sa
This reflects the trend for other upholstered products im o am
(Section 8.0).
Reductions in the carbon footprint of a contract dining chair Contract dining chairs
can be achieved by minimizing the amount of fillings used, or 15
by switching to fillings with the least carbon impact. However,
it is important to note that due to the bespoke nature of
contract furniture, product design is influenced by the end
user and design changes will not be as simple as in, for
Figure 14 Data variation for each category of carbon
footprint input to the average carbon footprint for the key -5
contract furniture items. The data variation graphs
represent the maximum and minimum variation in the data -10
relative to the average value. The zero value on the graph rd gs les tal sti
c ing ort ies he
b oa fillin exti Me Pla ag nsp Utlit Ot
T k
represents the average carbon footprint. an
d nd Pa
c Tra
ber m sa
Tim Fo
Carbon footprinting is a complex science. Full product Potential uncertainties in estimating the impact of Utilities can
footprint analysis, where the complete product supply chain be attributed to the following factors:
is examined in detail, certainly has merit in terms of it
increased accuracy but has significant cost implications. • Business model – different business models and
levels of manufacturing affect the utilities usage. The
The analyses within this report are based on average amount of manufacturing one company does
emissions values for raw materials. This inevitably introduces compared to another varies considerably across the
a degree of uncertainty, but is a cost effective alternative to industry. A company may essentially assemble
assessing the actual footprint of each material within a furniture or construct it from raw materials. In addition
product. Using such data encourages industry engagement a utilities figure for one company might include office
in a concept that might previously have been considered to and warehouse facilities where as other companies
be prohibitively expensive. figures may relate only to dedicated manufacturing
sites. This creates a problem both internally within a
Other uncertainties for raw materials are also likely such as: sector but also externally when comparing cross
sector products.
• Footprints for some materials are not available and a
closest fit approximation has to be made using data • Utilities averaged across different product types –
for a similar material; when a manufacturer makes several product types,
methodological choices mean that they all have the
• Determining the exact make up of composite products same utilities footprint. Consequently a footstool
can be difficult and this has been addressed by appears to require the same energy to manufacture as
estimating the average makeup of the materials in a a 3 seat sofa.
product (such as a castor). However overall, the
number of composite products that were minimal so • Companies record their total manufacturing output in
any uncertainty from this should be very small; different ways. A unit is not always a complete item of
furniture. This will lead to some inconsistency in
• All materials figures are UK based averages. e.g. a attributing company values to individual products.
piece of steel is assigned the same footprint whether
manufactured in China or the UK which may result in
over or under-estimating the true carbon footprint of a
steel component;
5) 9) 4) 8) 8) 8) 11
) 5) 13
) 7) 7) 3) 8) 3) 3)
= = = = = = = = = + = = =
it (n it (n it (n it (n s (n
(n (n= ir (n (n= ir (n l (n
(n k (n
(n s (n
n n un un tre
s va fa a air a sta as es bl air
ll u ll u ne ne at Di So ch ch ch de kc rd ta ch
wa wa li li rm k tio n e o la n g g
r M A
s p Bo u ni nin
m m ep
h ng Di Di
00m 0 0m d ra d ra rec k c ta
10 5 0 m ito
r s re
00 0m De 0
0 /1 0 Vis x 80
90 5
Figure 15 Summary of total average carbon footprints for all key items of furniture. The error bars denote the variation
of data and n stands for the number of products that the data are derived from.
Bookcase (n+3)
Armchair (n=5)
Sofa (n=11)
Divan (n=8)
Mattress (n=8)
Figure 16 Summary of % change between minimum and maximums carbon footprints for all key items of furniture,
n stands for the number of products that the data are derived from.
Figure 16 shows the difference between the minimum and An office chair featuring a metal base and mesh fabric could
maximum carbon footprint for all key items as a percentage have a significantly higher carbon footprint than a simple,
of the average carbon footprint. predominantly plastic design, despite fulfilling the same
The key component that makes up the carbon footprint of an
item of furniture is the amount and type of material used in a The carbon footprint for mattresses varies considerably.
product. However, a consumer could make an informed decision on
what mattress to select, by balancing the carbon impact of
In the kitchen sector the variation of products is relatively the product against its comfort in use. Similarly a designer of
small, as products are all of the same design, and an office chair could look to replace as many metal
manufactured in the same materials. components with plastic in order to ensure that his product
has a low carbon footprint when placed on the market.
In other sectors the large variation in footprints shown in
Figure 16 predominately relates to product design. However the study identified some fundamental issues with
the methodology used which affect the feasibility of initiating
a carbon footprint benchmarking scheme at this time.
• Where variation in footprints within product types is • A conscious decision was made to include UK average
large it is difficult to define an average, poor or good materials emissions factors to maximise simplicity and
carbon footprint. This is particularly the case when usability in the Furniture FootprinterTM tool. This does,
sample numbers are low. The remedy is to undertake a however create a problem when comparing product
larger number of product assessments, thus ensuring footprints including components or materials from
greater statistical certainty to any published data. several countries. This fact removes the incentive in
switching to a supplier with a lower carbon footprint if
• Despite the best intentions of the researchers, it was showing a calculated reduction in your product carbon
extremely difficult to ensure consistency of data input footprint is your primary motivating factor. This is
and comparable boundaries (for example errors particularly significant because the results show that
associated with the distance from first suppliers and the materials component of the overall footprint for
relative contributions of "business wide footprints"). most products is very significant. Therefore, the
accounting methodology permits tacking of only two of
• The emissions factors selected for inclusion in the
three key options to address this impact: design out
Furniture Footprinter™ tool used for the project only
either material weight or high carbon intensity
account for emissions applicable to products
materials. However, while this is a problem, it is clear
manufactured in the UK. It is not suitable for estimating
that a company that is serious about reducing its
the carbon impact of product manufactured in Europe,
materials footprint needs to invest in further
the US or Far East, where the embedded carbon
investigation of those elements that will have a
values for both materials and utilities will be
significant impact.
considerably different. As approximately 40% of
products sold in the UK are imported16, it is not • Externally sourced materials and components are
feasible to compare and ratify the footprints of all sometimes bought in bulk directly from an overseas
products on the market without up stream supply chain supplier, (carbon emissions attributable to transport are
data collection. thus declared), whereas others are sourced from a
local agent, and only the transport impact from the
• Similarly when components and hardware are
local agent is declared, thus distorting the comparative
purchased from overseas manufacturers the carbon
carbon footprints. However the data gathered showed
impact is only assessed based on UK data for the
that the impact of transport is relatively insignificant in
base material (rather than the actual data for the
the product footprint and hence not a huge factor.
country of manufacture), and contains no energy
usage component. This may mean a manufacturer • It is important to note that the methodology used in this
using imported components may be assigned a lower project does not currently fully account any pre-
or higher footprint than is actually the case. manufacturing processes that are involved in the
components of an item like a task chair. This may result
in a company that brings in the components of a
product rather than manufacturing them in-house to
underestimate the carbon footprint of the final product.
A more detailed and lengthy, and hence expensive,
methodology would have to employed in order to map
the carbon impact of manufacturing a unit of furniture.
The use of carbon footprinting data has advantages, in that it "A static Product Carbon Footprint stand-alone label providing
is relatively widely known and understood, however it is only a total CO2 footprint on products does not make sense and is
one element of the total assessment of the environmental not very relevant for consumer decision making. Although
impact. Carbon footprinting only assesses embedded carbon consumers are increasingly aware of the relevance of climate
of materials, manufacturing and company processes. impacts resulting from their purchasing behaviour and usage
of products, the display of a total CO2e footprint figure alone
A more inclusive assessment of environmental impact should would not be of much help to them."
include such elements as:
The document states that releasing this kind of figure
• The toxicity of any substances used in suggests an accuracy and certainty not demonstrable with
manufacture or production current methodologies. Releasing product carbon footprints
for some products without guiding benchmarks risks
• Product life span consumers be they public or business, forming the opinion
• Recyclability and reusability that a product with the footprint displayed will have a lower
footprint than a product without such a label.
• Biodegradability of non-recyclable or
reusable components Whilst the ANEC observation has some merit, it is important to
note that organisations that are willing to invest effort in
For example, by using the Cradle to Gate assessment producing accurate company and product footprints should
methodology, a product could be designed to have a very low be encouraged to use these for carbon reduction policies and
footprint, by minimising the volume of materials used in its to promote their successes.
construction. However it is possible that such a product may
have a short life span, and need replacing more frequently
that a more robustly manufactured product, and the ultimate
carbon impact is for the low carbon product over its life span.
Cradle to cradle methodologies, and more in depth
environmental analysis may provide a better indication of the
overall environmental impact of a product.
Benchmarking carbon footprints of furniture products Benchmarking carbon footprints of furniture products
Advice to manufacturers
Back to contents page
The results of the study showed that embodied carbon in the It is important to recognise that the outsourcing of carbon
raw materials used in furniture manufacture is the most intensive activities should not be regarded as a way of
significant contributor to the carbon footprint of a product. This reducing the carbon footprint of the business or products.
indicates that the furniture industry, in order to bring about the This practice simply displaces that carbon elsewhere in the
largest reductions in carbon emissions, must consider design supply chain. The carbon impact of furniture needs to be seen
options to reduce the amount of raw materials that are used, in a global light, displacing emissions to other nations does
or to select alternative lower carbon materials for use in their not address the fundamental problem.
products. It is, however, important not to use this information
in isolation as other environmental considerations should also Once a company has addressed its energy efficiency
be considered. Some of these considerations include the end performance and considered design aspects, the next step is
of life characteristics, toxicity, durability and the availability of the consideration of greening their supply chain. The key to
sustainable sources of material. successfully greening a supply chain is to form partnerships
and work closely with suppliers to achieve the desired results.
It is also important to continually evaluate the availability of When looking to form supplier or customer partnerships it is
new environmentally friendly materials as they become important to involve them early. The reason for this being that
available. This could include anything from natural and in many cases long lead times necessitate early sourcing and
renewable fabrics, sustainable timber alternatives or steel supplier involvement in green product development. Similarly
compounds designed not to require degreasing processes. customers need to be buying product with its full life cycle in
mind. In this context, it is important to look the chain and
Whilst the data produced in the course of the project indicated provide customers waste saving proposals and initiatives.
that the carbon impact from utility usage and transport had a
limited impact on a product footprint, reducing the utility
usage and transport costs should not be ignored. Indeed
when addressing any environmental concern a company
should always look internally first and identify efficiency
measures. These efficiency measures should include an
examination of utilities usage, transportation practices and
manufacturing waste reduction. These areas can often be
looked at as part of lean manufacture, energy assessments,
environmental management systems and transport
management programmes. Often successful businesses will
address all these areas as a matter of course because greater
efficiency increases competitiveness. The reductions made in
these areas are also easy to track report on.
Benchmarking carbon footprints of furniture products Benchmarking carbon footprints of furniture products
Advice to specifiers
Back to contents page
The requirement for manufacturers to declare both their Evidence of these activities should be sought either through
organisational and product carbon footprints is featuring first party declaration or third party verification. It should be
increasingly in tenders for the supply of furniture and related noted that carbon offsetting should be seen as the route of
services. last resort when looking to reduce carbon impact, and not the
easiest option.
In the absence of any carbon footprint benchmarks in the
furniture industry for either individual products or for When assessing a supplier's environmental credentials there
businesses, and with the danger of inconsistent are other avenues which can be considered to ensure the
representation of source data, it is impossible to make supplier adheres to all relevant environmental regulations, and
legitimate quantitative comparisons solely based on are committed to the continuous improvement of its
manufacturer's self declarations when evaluating tender environmental performance. For example, selecting a
submissions. company who has an effective Environmental Management
System, such as ISO 14001 offers a level of re-assurance.
The purpose of this project was to investigate the viability of Similarly selecting a supplier who is a full member of the
benchmark average data that would allow specifiers to make Furniture Industry Sustainability Programme (FISP) indicates
an informed decision on the environmental impact of a that that supplier is addressing wider sustainability issues than
product based on its carbon footprint. The results clearly just carbon reduction or environmental management.
indicate the difficulties associated with this concept and that In conclusion, it is good practice to ensure that suppliers strive
further research would be required to enable well sourced towards reducing the carbon footprint of their activities. It is
benchmarks to be established: inadvisable, however, to rely on quantitative product
benchmarking at this point in time for choosing between
• Large volumes of data are needed to produce alternate products.
statistically accurate average values.
The main aim of the project was the investigation of the However, whilst some companies have been collating data for
feasibility of developing carbon footprinting benchmarks for some time, this data often relates to differing accounting
the UK furniture industry based on current readily available boundaries and is subject to gaps, or missing data. These
information from the industry. The research shows that, when inconsistencies only served to demonstrate the complexities
using the simple standardised methodology, comparison of of data collection for accurate carbon footprinting and the
product carbon footprints is not currently recommended potential pitfalls when trying to benchmark products or
within the furniture industry. organisations.
The 'Cradle to Gate' methodology used does not adequately Examine the viability of comparing the
assess all the environmental and sustainability impact of a
product, and therefore may be misleading when used to
footprint of similar furniture products on a
establish the green credentials of a product. A more in depth like for like basis and to identify furniture
'Cradle to Cradle' assessment may provide more accurate sectors and product categories that are
results; however this is likely to be considerably more suitable for comparison
expensive to produce as not all data needed will necessarily
be available to the manufacturer.
Provide industry benchmarks for
Further objectives were also set for the project. appropriate products
Develop and critique a cost effective The furniture industry is diverse in nature and it is recognised
methodology, from which UK furniture that a one size fits all approach may not be appropriate for all
producers could calculate the carbon sectors within the industry. The results of the study showed
this to be the case and despite the use of a standard
footprint of their products methodology, comparison of furniture products on a like for
like basis is not realistically achievable within the UK furniture
A carbon footprinting methodology for the furniture industry industry. The results are not suitable for a stakeholder to make
needs to be accessible to companies of all sizes and types. In an informed decision on the selection of a product based on
this respect, a cost effective methodology was successfully its carbon footprint. In this respect, the results presented in
developed which enabled data to be collected from a variety this study do not allow a company to establish that their
of different UK furniture manufacturers. All footprints were product is better or worse than an industry average.
ensured to contain, where practicable, the same emissions
sources at the same level of detail.
Provide advice to the UK furniture To take benchmarking forward, a number of issues need
to be addressed:
industry and furniture specifiers on
• Any carbon footprinting methodology for the furniture
the interpretation of product carbon
industry needs to be accessible to companies of all
footprint claims sizes and types.
• Greater consistency in the way that companies record
One of the major stimuli for commissioning this research
data is needed.
project was the lack of understanding and fragmented
approach to carbon footprinting in the industry. This lack of • A larger amount of data needs to be generated to
consistency can create uncertainty around green claims enable statistically valid comparisons.
whether they are aimed at specifiers or consumers. In this
• How to easily address the impacts of imports and
respect, the results of the project allowed to provide advice to
components should be considered.
the UK furniture industry and furniture specifiers as well as
manufacturers. The key message was that carbon footprinting • Reporting footprints on per kg or per product cost, or
as a tool has value in understanding the makeup of a other basis to create more realistic comparisons could
product's footprint, and then allowing it to be evaluated to see be considered.
what can be done to reduce the footprint.
• Ways of incorporating other environmental criteria
within a footprinter calculation should be established
It is clear that much of this data was much harder to collate
(i.e. re-use, recyclability, life span).
than was originally envisaged and that widespread valid
benchmarking under the current business environment would
prove difficult. When reviewing the data obtained during the research, a key
finding from the report was that in the majority of furniture
However, this does not mean that the industry should ignore ranges examined, the embedded carbon contained within the
the benefits to be gained from improving its carbon impact, materials and processes used for the manufacture of the
and efforts need to continue to be made to develop viable product were the highest contributers to the product's carbon
techniques that will measure a company's carbon footprint, rather than company factors such as utilities or
performance. Companies should be encouraged to start by transportation.
measuring the footprint of their activities and focus on the
continuous improvement of their carbon impact. Similar conclusions have been identified by other
manufacturing industries. For example the computer industry
has identified that only around 10% of the carbon emissions
attributed to the manufacture of a computer relate to direct
sources, such as utilities, whilst the carbon embedded in
It is therefore important to purchased parts were the largest components of their cradle
to gate footprints. Other examples include motor vehicle
remember that carbon footprinting manufacture which has a similar 90% figure for embedded
can be a very useful tool for the emissions and the newspaper industry where the figure is
60% embedded emissions18.
furniture industry. The more the
furniture industry understands the It is therefore important to remember that carbon footprinting
can be a very useful tool for the furniture industry. The more
footprint of its products the more it the furniture industry understands the footprint of its products
the more it can look to reduce it in targeted, intelligent and
can look to reduce it in targeted, innovative ways. Such carbon reductions can also lead to
intelligent and innovative ways. significant cost savings for manufacturers.
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distraction?", International Journal of Physical Distribution III environmental declarations. Principles and
& Logistics Management, Vol. 40, Iss. 1/2, pp. 42 – 60. procedures". BSI, London, UK.
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'Carbon Footprint'. In: C. C. Pertsova, Ecological and World Resources Institute (2011). "Greenhouse
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report your greenhouse gas emissions". DEFRA,
London, UK. 18. Furniture Industry Research Association (2010).
"Competitiveness of the UK Furniture Manufacturing
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Version 1.3". The Carbon Trust, London, UK
19. IPCC (2007). "Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
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1:2006. Greenhouse gases. Specification with guidance Programme, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
at the organization level for quantification and reporting of Change.
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2:2006. Greenhouse gases. Specification with guidance Stevenage, UK.
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removal enhancements". BSI, London, UK. benchmarks in the context of environmental labels and
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3:2006. Greenhouse gases. Specifications with guidance 22. Dornfeld (2010). http://green-
for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas manufacturing.blogspot.com/2010/03/greening-
assertions". BSI, London, UK. manufacturing-supply-chain.html.
Appliances housing
Total Timber Foams Textiles Metal Plastic Packaging Transport Utilities Other
Mattress footprint & board & fillings
Product A 43.71 0 23.77 6.48 7.16 0.00 2.81 1.20 2.14 0.14
Product B 65.88 0 25.05 17.46 16.13 0.00 2.81 2.15 2.14 0.14
Product C 43.38 0 23.73 6.20 7.16 0.00 2.81 1.20 2.14 0.14
Product D 163.63 0 128.18 27.33 0.00 0.00 2.81 3.03 2.14 0.14
Product E 61.85 0 18.82 10.20 27.76 0.00 1.04 0.58 3.40 0.05
Product F 51.08 0 9.60 8.54 27.73 0.00 1.04 0.54 3.40 0.22
Product G 85.63 0 39.35 5.98 34.90 0.00 1.04 0.69 3.40 0.28
Product H 82.58 0 42.01 10.74 23.69 0.00 1.04 1.01 3.40 0.70
Product I 81.04 0 36.06 6.16 32.82 0.00 1.04 0.70 3.40 0.88
Product J 83.00 0 68.23 4.67 0.16 0.51 4.87 1.12 3.40 0.05
Product K 71.09 0 17.55 20.52 27.77 0.00 1.04 0.76 3.40 0.05
Product L 67.00 0 2.00 17.00 30.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 15.00 0.00
Product M 63.00 0 9.00 3.00 33.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 15.00 0.00
Product N 102.00 0 29.00 37.00 17.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 15.00 0.00
Product O 125.00 0 48.00 12.00 47.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 15.00 0.00
Product P 82.98 0 46.34 0.74 24.16 3.15 1.90 1.44 4.93 0.33
Product Q 104.64 0 36.81 2.84 48.37 5.68 3.17 1.56 4.93 1.29
Product R 41.37 0 14.25 1.10 16.45 1.16 1.87 1.29 4.93 0.33
Product S 90.85 0 49.99 10.29 16.64 4.52 2.70 1.45 4.93 0.33
Single/double divan
Product A 18 4 1 4 0 0 1 1 3 3
Product B 31 7 3 2 10 1 1 1 3 2
Product C 62 1 0 5 38 0 3 1 15 0
Product D 37 13 0 3 1 0 4 1 15 0
Product E 36 22 0 0 4 0 2 2 5 1
Product F 26 15 0 1 0 1 2 2 5 1
Product G 25 13 0 1 1 1 2 2 5 1
Product H 42 24 0 0 7 1 2 2 5 1
Product A 31.00 7.00 1.00 6.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 15.00 0.00
Product B 12.41 3.28 2.95 1.70 0.13 0.00 0.56 0.41 3.40 0.00
Total Timber Foams Textiles Metal Plastic Packaging Transport Utilities Other
Sofa footprint & board & fillings
Product A 119.76 14.99 57.38 25.00 7.71 0.00 3.44 5.51 5.60 0.13
Product B 105.65 13.64 49.03 22.39 6.86 0.00 3.16 4.85 5.60 0.13
Product C 81.51 12.19 32.41 18.66 5.16 0.00 3.16 4.21 5.60 0.13
Product D 110.83 16.85 45.08 24.66 7.71 0.00 3.44 7.37 5.60 0.13
Product E 117.90 15.13 49.01 28.27 9.07 0.00 3.64 7.07 5.60 0.13
Product F 86.33 9.39 40.55 21.35 3.63 0.77 1.20 2.73 3.40 3.32
Product G 72.30 8.73 38.91 10.13 3.42 0.74 1.20 4.50 3.40 1.28
Product H 103.22 12.09 37.90 31.78 4.74 0.00 3.16 7.51 5.60 0.44
Product I 65.00 12.00 32.00 9.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 3.00 0.00
Product J 65.00 12.00 32.00 12.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 0.00
Product K 64.00 8.00 31.00 13.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 6.00 3.00 0.00
Product A 50.77 9.21 20.11 7.01 3.54 0.00 1.94 3.23 5.60 0.13
Product B 41.80 7.02 13.03 7.02 4.43 0.00 1.94 2.63 5.60 0.13
Product C 41.83 7.02 13.03 7.02 4.43 0.00 1.94 2.66 5.60 0.13
Product D 49.28 2.91 30.10 2.40 0.18 0.00 0.19 2.23 8.56 2.71
Product E 30.04 4.64 6.29 9.74 1.93 0.60 0.64 1.14 3.40 1.68
Product A 17.41 2.74 3.88 1.77 0.57 0.00 1.75 1.04 5.60 0.06
Electric chair
Product A 75.16 11.42 14.37 3.00 28.21 2.65 0.74 3.50 8.56 2.71
Sofa bed
Product A 87.62 9.55 7.46 19.76 35.87 1.03 0.64 7.38 3.40 2.54
Total Timber Foams Textiles Metal Plastic Packaging Transport Utilities Other
Office task chair footprint & board & fillings
Product A 77.80 0.00 4.24 8.53 18.03 26.65 4.44 5.26 6.14 4.53
Product B 59.75 0.00 3.39 5.14 28.28 11.58 0.00 4.69 6.14 0.54
Product C 143.10 0.00 3.18 13.24 93.30 13.54 4.44 6.54 6.14 2.72
Product D 106.98 0.00 15.21 8.53 55.13 11.13 3.50 4.10 6.14 3.25
Product E 61.40 0.25 3.73 0.01 28.65 7.71 0.95 7.01 6.14 6.96
Product F 93.20 0.00 3.77 0.93 43.55 41.38 0.12 2.36 0.89 0.20
Product G 40.30 0.00 5.55 0.97 8.86 22.00 0.12 1.71 0.89 0.20
Product H 64.72 0.00 2.82 1.05 8.09 48.28 0.19 0.93 3.04 0.32
Product I 55.71 0.74 0.03 0.56 37.29 12.40 0.40 0.93 3.04 0.32
Product J 50.13 0.00 1.04 1.05 0.00 38.46 0.30 1.24 4.63 3.41
Product K 56.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 20.00 20.00 1.00 6.00 3.00 3.00
Product L 54.00 0.00 11.00 2.00 10.00 23.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 3.00
Product M 77.00 0.00 6.00 2.00 8.00 53.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 3.00
Product A 80.86 7.36 5.79 25.58 25.48 0.46 4.44 5.19 6.14 0.41
Product B 34.25 0.46 5.49 4.24 4.01 5.78 4.44 3.69 6.14 0.00
Product C 63.46 2.93 5.09 17.05 25.98 0.59 2.96 2.19 6.14 0.54
Product D 22.65 2.56 4.88 0.01 2.75 0.00 0.95 2.31 6.14 3.06
Product E 64.32 3.95 25.99 17.05 3.47 0.13 3.50 3.56 6.14 0.54
Product F 22.50 1.25 2.37 1.57 7.42 0.00 0.23 0.89 7.58 1.19
Product G 46.71 0.65 3.96 1.23 6.52 22.64 0.23 1.02 7.58 2.87
Product H 46.77 0.65 3.61 1.23 9.51 19.91 0.23 1.19 7.58 2.87
Product I 21.32 0.51 1.94 1.05 5.65 0.91 0.23 1.00 7.58 2.46
Product J 70.00 0.00 52.00 6.00 7.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 0.00
Product K 27.00 1.00 3.00 3.00 5.00 11.00 0.00 1.00 3.00 0.00
Product L 22.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 14.00 0.00 1.00 3.00 0.00
Product M 24.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 3.00 0.00
Product N 30.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 9.00 14.00 0.00 1.00 3.00 0.00
Product O 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 0.00
Product P 25.00 3.00 6.00 1.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 0.00
Product R 27.00 3.00 6.00 3.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 0.00
Product S 27.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 1.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 0.00
Product T 22.00 2.00 4.00 2.00 8.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 0.00
Steel pedestal
1600mm x 1800mm Total Timber Metal Plastic Packaging Transport Utilities Other
rectangular desk footprint & board
Total Timber Foams Textiles Metal Plastic Packaging Transport Utilities Other
Dining table footprint & board & fillings
Product A 23.78 10.96 0.09 0.00 0.18 1.27 8.56 2.71 23.78 10.96
Product B 17.53 2.23 7.54 0.00 0.62 1.07 4.63 1.45 17.53 2.23
Product C 33.00 18.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 12.00 0.00 33.00 18.00
Dining chairs
Product A 18.01 3.06 1.17 0.60 0.18 0.00 0.19 1.55 8.56 2.71
Product B 26.14 5.36 5.82 1.20 0.09 0.00 0.19 2.21 8.56 2.71
Product C 37.94 3.29 19.03 2.40 0.35 0.00 0.19 1.41 8.56 2.71
Product A 75.00 0.00 16.00 56.00 1.00 75.00 0.00 Unknown 3.00 0.00
Product B 57.00 6.00 8.00 40.00 1.00 57.00 6.00 Unknown 3.00 0.00


text:
Timesheets for Management Consultants
Time is cash for any business …yet especially for an administration consultancy. A counseling firm is a business with for the most part settled expenses – you procure a bundle of capable individuals, and how much benefit you make relies upon how well you influence utilization of their chance on customer to work. Keep usage and billability high, and your firm will make great benefits. Neglect it too low, and your firm begins draining money.Timesheet programs, otherwise called time following or time administration programming, help administration counseling firms track and bill their opportunity. Since time is, truly, cash for a consultancy then it is obvious that picking the privilege free online timesheet software arrangement is a basic business choice.With the privilege timesheet arrangement, an administration counseling firm can significantly enhance its income. Powerful time administration supports a consultancy's income in a few ways, including:
- Billing a greater amount of the time you spend on customer work
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- Charging the suitable rate in all occasions
- Scoping and valuing its undertakings better
On the off chance that you take a gander at the benefit and misfortune (P&L) explanation of a run of the mill counseling practice, it rapidly ends up plainly obvious that representative costs make up by far most of their cost structure. Picking the privilege timesheet framework empowers a consultancy to control its expenses by:
- Catching extension crawls or task administration issues early
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- Reducing the overhead and organization related with overseeing time
There are numerous decisions you look in picking charging and time following programming for your consultancy, Should it be introduced on your servers or facilitated by the merchant? Do you require web or cell phone get to? Should costs be overseen through a similar framework? Will you receipt through the timesheet framework, or do you require it to incorporate with your bookkeeping bundle? What are more, numerous other such inquiries…?In choosing timesheet programming you can survey all the accessible arrangements yourself, connect with a product determination consultancy, or exploit new online administrations that assistance you analyze significant programming for nothing. In any case, it is vital you ponder your necessities and contribute enough time to settle on a very much educated choice.Read More


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Bitmain Antminer S9 (Used)
The Antminer S9 respects the same form factor as the very popular Antminer S7 and its size is almost identical. Yet, it has more than three times the power and double efficiency of the S7. The BM1387 chip from Bitmain is built with TSMC's FinFET 16 nm technology and delivers a record of 0.098 J/GH. You look at one of the best-selling bitcoin miners in the world, the Antminer S9. This miner has a hashrate between 12.9TH/s and 14.5TH/s. Carrying 189 BM1387 chips, the S9 was the most energy efficient bitcoin miner of its time. Even in 2019, at least half of Bitcoin's mining operation is with Antminer S9, which has not been upgraded to ASICboost. All our miners will be delivered with ASICboost firmware update installed. We can also install BraiinsOS on demand because this miner is compatible with the open-source operating system. The Antminer S9 is probably one of the least expensive mining equipment available to start Bitcoin mining, while generating a return on investment in some places with cheap energy excess. Once you have accessed the Antminer UI, you only need to enter your Wallet address and Pool settings before you start mining.
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Dinodpx had een nieuw logo ontwerp nodig en lanceerde daarom een wedstrijd op 99designs.
Een winnaar werd gekozen uit117 ontwerpen ingezonden door18 freelance designers.
We sell high-end organic maple syrup and related products (maple seasonings, salad dressings, and other high end gourmet products). The quality of the product is the highest available on the market.
`Rouge` is the color red in French. It also is the color of maple leaves during the fall season.
Our slogan is My Maple Tree which is also our website name i.e. http://www.MyRedMapleTree.com (currently not live).
Our products are derived in an eco friendly environment and buying our products help sustain the environment by supporting the families that have produced this maple syrup for many years. The logo will be used on all our labels as well as the web site.
Our target audience are mainly foodies who buy gourmet and organic products. We are based in Quebec, Canada but are targeting mainly the US market.
Bekijk hoe een ontwerpwedstrijd werkt of leer meer over logo ontwerpdiensten.