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Since endothelial dysfunction, CVD and ED are closely associated in epidemiological studies, the question for clinicians is whether to recommend the man presenting with ED undergo a cardiovascular (CV) evaluation. Clearly, based on numerous studies, ED can be considered at least a 'marker' for possible further vascular disease or CVD.15 In their report, Vlachopoulos and coworkers make the point that the man presenting with ED, the clinician, is offered an opportunity to attempt to improve the health of the man by addressing lifestyle modification, and consider further vascular evaluation owing to the clear relationship between endothelial dysfunction, ED and CVD.19
Adverse effects related to PDE5i use with mild-moderate and transient (58). Furthermore, side effects usually attenuate if use is not discontinued. Autonomic dysreflexia, a life-threatening phenomenon characterized by bradycardia, hypertension, facial flushing and headaches associated with SCI lesions above T6, has not been reported with use. However, hypotension leading to dizziness in individuals treated with sildenafil has been noted with high thoracic and cervical levels of injury (72). No adverse events were noted within the study; however, the dizziness was reported by use of sildenafil 50 mg in the cervical LOI and 100 mg in the thoracic LOI patients. Headache is the most reported side effect of all PDE5i, followed by dyspepsia and flushing. Priapism, and death have not been reported after use of PDE5i by SCI patients.
The next new treatments for erectile dysfunction will probably be improvements in some ED drugs already being used. "A dissolvable form of Levitra that you put under your tongue is coming that may work more quickly than the pills we have now," says Feloney. A new form of alprostadil may make it possible for you to rub it directly on the penis instead of inserting or injecting it. And newer phosphodiesterase inhibitors that last even longer and cause fewer side effects are being developed. Stay tuned!
Several pre-treatment factors have been described that may indicate success with PDE5i therapy. The presence of an upper motor neuron lesion up to T12 suggests a successful response, as well as requirement for a lower dosage of medication (62,68-71). Additionally, the presence of residual erections after injury or an incomplete SCI (ASI-A vs. ASIB-D) also improve the chance of PDE5i treatment success (59,67,68,71).
If it is determined that ED is a problem, the patient evaluation should include a detailed sexual and medical history and a physical exam. In particular, it is important to evaluate the ED within the context of ejaculatory problems. There is a strong interplay between premature ejaculation (PE) and ED, with about a third of ED patients reporting PE. The relationship between the PE and ED is bidirectional and successful treatment of one often requires treatment of the other.14
Once a complete sexual and medical history has been completed, appropriate laboratory studies should be conducted. In the initial evaluation of ED, sophisticated laboratory testing is rarely necessary. For example, serum testosterone (and sometimes prolactin) is typically only useful when the patient demonstrates hypogonadal features or testicular atrophy, or when clinical history is suggestive. Additional hormonal evaluation may include thyroid stimulating hormone in those with a clinical suspicion of hypothyroidism or appropriate diabetes screening in those presenting with a concern for impaired glucose metabolism. If the patient has not been evaluated with a lipid panel and hyperlipidemia is suspected, measurement and appropriate referral to internal medicine or cardiology is recommended. In most cases, a tentative diagnosis can be established with a complete sexual and medical history, physical examination, and limited or no laboratory testing.
Taking one of these tablets will not automatically produce an erection. Sexual stimulation is needed first to cause the release of nitric oxide from your penile nerves. These medications amplify that signal, allowing some men to function normally. Oral erectile dysfunction medications are not aphrodisiacs, will not cause excitement and are not needed in men who get normal erections.
ED is a common occurrence after SCI, occurring in up to 80% of men, and results from disruption of the nerve pathways essential for erection (24,25). Different degrees of ED may occur depending on the spinal cord level of injury (LOI), extent of lesion and timing from injury. Reflexogenic erections can occur with lesions above L3 or L4 when the erectile spinal reflex arc remains intact. Psychogenic erections can occur with low lesions in the sacral and lumbar spinal cord but may not occur in complete lesions above T9 that can damage sympathetic outflow. Additionally, reflexogenic erections are not likely to occur in the spinal shock period that occurs after the initial cord trauma. Conversely, their occurrence may signal that the period of shock is over (26). Typically SCI affects younger men in their "sexual prime" and ED is associated with decreased quality of life (27).
You can also consider using a cock ring or penis ring if you are able to get an erection but have trouble maintaining it. Cock rings work by trapping the blood inside your penis so it remains harder for longer. You can purchase one in a sex store or online for about $5 and you put in on over your penis and testicles when you are half hard and keep it on until you are finished with sex. It's a great cheap fix for erectile issues.
Radical prostatectomy for the treatment of prostate cancer poses a significant risk of ED. A number of factors are associated with the chance of preserving erectile function. If both nerves that course on the lateral edges of the prostate can be saved, the chance of maintaining erectile function is reasonable. The odds depend on the age of the patient. Men younger than 60 years have a 75-80% chance of preserving potency, but men older than 70 years have only a 10-15% chance.
Parasympathetic pathways originate from the intermediolateral cell columns of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sacral spinal cord segments. Preganglionic fibers pass through the pelvic plexus where they coalesce with sympathetic fibers from the superior hypogastric plexus. The cavernous nerves that innervate the penis arise from the portion of the pelvic plexus. The pelvic plexus also contains nerves that innervate the rectum, bladder and urinary sphincter and the nerve projections can be damaged during radical excision of the bladder, prostate and rectum, leading to iatrogenic ED (4).
Treatment. prostatitis or another acute infection affecting the genitalia can cause temporary impotence that clears up in response to antibiotics. The smooth muscle relaxant sildenafil (viagra) was introduced in 1998 as a treatment for organic impotence. Administration of testosterone may be indicated if low levels of this hormone are found in a blood sample. If impotence is organic and does not respond to other therapies, a penile prosthesis can be implanted; this is usually done surgically by a urologist. Other therapies include the use of vacuum tumescence devices and penile injection of pharmacologic agents that cause dilation.
If you think that the tips on how to treat impotence at home naturally that are introduced in the article above are exactly what you need to overcome your current concern about the impotence issue as well as for those who also need to treat their own impotence problem, and if you really want to share this list with them to make use together, you just need to feel free as I always want my article would be useful for as many people as possible. Remember to leave your comments and feedbacks below to show me your own thoughts.
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It is important for clinicians prescribing these drugs to make the patient aware of the action of the drugs especially the fact that they do not result in an immediate erection, and that they do not cause an erection without sexual stimulation. There is frequently a great expectation when men begin using these drugs and it is wise to temper their enthusiasm and explain they do not work immediately, and may not work every time, but also let the patient know that if these drugs do not work, there are other options.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not recommend alternative therapies to treat sexual dysfunction.[27] Many products are advertised as "herbal viagra" or "natural" sexual enhancement products, but no clinical trials or scientific studies support the effectiveness of these products for the treatment of ED, and synthetic chemical compounds similar to sildenafil have been found as adulterants in many of these products.[28][29][30][31][32] The FDA has warned consumers that any sexual enhancement product that claims to work as well as prescription products is likely to contain such a contaminant.[33]
In some cases, however, these drugs may be unsuitable for patients with heart disease. If you are considering one of these drugs and you have heart disease, as many diabetics do, be sure to tell your doctor. In rare cases, the pills may create "priapism," a prolonged and painful erection lasting six hours or more (although reversible with prompt medical attention).
There are so many potential reasons a man might develop erectile dysfunction (ED), it's nearly impossible to generalize the best ways to treat it. What works for one man may not work for another simply because they are having problems for different reasons. That said, it may encouraging to hear that there are a variety of options that may be considered, from psychological counseling to lifestyle changes, medications to treatments and devices.
Penile injection therapy, intracavernous injection, involves the injection of a vasodilator (a chemical that relaxes arteries to increase blood flow) into the penis. Penile injected therapy is recognized as the most effective nonsurgical treatment for erectile dysfunction. However, due to the invasive nature, it is often used in men who have failed or have contraindications to other treatments such as oral therapies.
If a trial of oral ED therapy and withdrawal of offending medications prove to be ineffective in restoring erectile function, it is appropriate for most primary care practitioners to consider referral to a specialist for additional evaluation and discussion of alternative treatment options. These include intracavernous injection therapy, vacuum constriction devices, intraurethral therapy, and possible surgery.
This isn't all that surprising. When you feel blue and low on energy, it can be extremely difficult to perform at your sexual peak. Furthermore, depression is linked to changes in your brain chemistry and nervous system. Some of these areas also affect your sex drive and ability to have an erection. This means that depression can change the way your brain works, making ED more likely.
Much of the emphasis on erectile pathophysiology has been placed on penile smooth muscle function and cavernosal hemodynamics. The neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of erection can be characterized but its full extent is poorly understood. Neurologic disease does not always reproducibly affect erections in a uniform manner compared to other types of sexual dysfunction (SD). This offers many obstacles to understanding the role the nervous systems plays in SD and consequently obscures what treatment options readily optimize erections specific to the neurologic insult.
Counselling or sex therapy (58% of people find this works for them) –mind-related causes of erectile dysfunction can affect anyone. They are more likely if you experience erectile dysfunction at a younger age. Talking to a counsellor or therapist can help some people overcome erectile dysfunction related to these problems, possibly for good. They can also help you if your erectile dysfunction is causing you stress, as this can make matters worse.
Patients at high cardiovascular risk should not be treated for ED until their cardiac condition is stabilize. These conditions include unstable or refractory angina, myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident within the past 2 weeks, uncontrolled hypertension, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification III-IV congestive heart failure, high-risk arrhythmias, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathies, and moderate-to-severe valvular disease.25 This class of drugs is also contraindicated in patients who use nitroglycerin or nitrate-containing compounds.26, 27
This is one of many types of constricting devices placed at the base of the penis to diminish venous outflow and improve the quality and duration of the erection. This is particularly useful in men who have a venous leak and are only able to obtain partial erections that they are unable to maintain. These constricting devices may be used in conjunction with oral agents, injection therapy, and vacuum devices.
When stimulated by the nerves, the spongy tissue arranges itself in such a way that more blood can be stored in the penis. The veins running through the outer sheath of the penis then compress which stops the blood from leaving the penis. As the blood is stopped from flowing out, the penis fills with blood and stretches within the outer casing, giving an erection.
Your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms and health history. They may do tests to determine if your symptoms are caused by an underlying condition. You should expect a physical exam where your doctor will listen to your heart and lungs, check your blood pressure, and examine your testicles and penis. They may also recommend a rectal exam to check your prostate. Additionally, you may need blood or urine tests to rule out other conditions.
Once implanted, the pumps become "part of their body," Montague explains. "No out-of-pocket cost per use. Predictable response. Works every time." Pills, even when they work, might be less effective if you've had more than a couple drinks or are out of sorts for other reasons. Injections are slightly more reliable than pills but, Montague says, are still subject to variability.
The phrase "use it before you lose it" can be applied when it comes to helping men with ED regain normal erectile function. Pelvic exercises, more commonly known as kegel exercises, are used to promote urinary continence and sexual health. They help to strengthen the bulbocavernosus muscle, which does three things: allows the penis to engorge with blood during erection, it pumps during ejaculation, and it helps empty the urethra after urination, according to Healthline.
The sympathetic pathway originates from the 11th thoracic to the 2nd lumbar spinal segments and goes via the white rami to enter the sympathetic chain ganglia. Subsequently nerves travel through the lumbar splanchnic to inferior mesenteric and superior hypogastric nerves to the pelvic plexus. The T10 through T12 segments are most often the origin of sympathetic fibers, and the sympathetic chain ganglia that innervate the penis are located in the sacral and caudal ganglia (3).
The device consists of an acrylic cylinder placed over the penis that uses a lubricant to achieve a good seal between the penile body and cylinder. An erection is then achieved by creating a vacuum inside the cylinder with a pump connected to the cylinder. Once an erection is achieved, a constriction band is applied to the base of the penis to maintain the erection. The cylinder can then be removed and the patient can engage in intercourse with the constriction band at the base of the penis maintaining the erection. The band can remain on for approximately 30 minutes and then must be removed. The erection produced by the device differs from a normal erection likely because of venous occlusion from the constriction band resulting in generalized swelling of the entire penis, with probable preservation of arterial inflow.
Instead of injecting a medicine, some men insert a suppository of alprostadil into the urethra. A suppository is a solid piece of medicine that you insert into your body where it dissolves. A health care professional will prescribe a prefilled applicator for you to insert the pellet about an inch into your urethra. An erection will begin within 8 to 10 minutes and may last 30 to 60 minutes.
There are many alternative impotence treatments available but many of them are neither licensed nor legitimate, Beware of sellers offering "herbal" impotence treatments - these remedies do not work and are often sold illegally. You should also be wary of online sellers who offer Viagra and other prescription drugs without asking you for a prescription. Illegal pharmacies often sell counterfeit or fake medication and buying from them could put your health at risk.
A study published in May 2014 in The Journal of Sexual Medicine found that some men can reverse erectile dysfunction with healthy lifestyle changes, such as exercise, weight loss, a varied diet, and good sleep. The Australian researchers also showed that even if erectile dysfunction medication is required, it's likely to be more effective if you implement these healthy lifestyle changes.
The PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra) and tadalafil (Cialis) are prescription drugs which are taken orally.[22]:20–21 Additionally, a cream combining alprostadil with the permeation enhancer DDAIP has been approved in Canada as a first line treatment for erectile dysfunction.[25] Penile injections, on the other hand, can involve one of the following medications: papaverine, phentolamine, and prostaglandin E1, also known as alprostadil.[22]:25
Physical causes may include the narrowing of the blood vessels caused by hypertension (high blood pressure), nutritional deficiencies, certain prescription treatments and medications for enlarged prostate or prostate cancer, excess drinking, obesity, heavy smoking, kidney issues, thyroid problems, hormonal changes due to aging, injury, or surgery, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels.
The mechanisms by which testosterone plays a role in erectile function are not completely understood. A study evaluating the effect of testosterone on erections in surgically castrated rabbits and control animals, in which the rabbits' intracavernosal pressures were compared after cavernosal nerve stimulation, determined that castrated rabbits had much lower pressures after stimulation than control rabbits did. [21] Notably, the pressures increased when castrated rabbits received exogenous testosterone replacement.
In patients who either fail to respond to first or second-line therapy, or are not interested in the conservative therapies, penile prosthesis implantation is available. Malleable and rigid implants were available for many years, but in 1973 the world of penile prosthetics took a giant leap forward with the advent of the inflatable penile implant. Most implants done nowadays are of the inflatable variety. Adverse events including malfunction and infection are rare, and patient satisfaction is very high.45
• Medications: About 25 percent of ED cases are caused by drugs. Many medications, including common medicines prescribed for diabetes and its complications, can cause ED. The most common offenders are blood pressure drugs, antihistamines, antidepressants, tranquilizers, appetite suppressants, and cimetidine (an ulcer drug). In addition, over-the-counter medications, including certain eye drops and nose drops, have been associated with ED. That does not mean you should stop taking these medications! Rather, you should discuss them with your doctor to determine whether a different dosage, an alternate medicine, or additional treatments will resolve the ED.
Suppositories "were developed so men wouldn't have to use needles," Bivalacqua says. They contain the drug alprostadil (also known as prostaglandin E1) and are sold under the brand name Muse. If they are going to work, it takes about five to 10 minutes. However, Muse produces erections in only 30 to 40 percent of patients, usually those with mild ED, because some of the drug is absorbed systemically and diverted from its function of opening penile arteries to allow more blood to flow in. The out-of-pocket cost is around $20 to $30 per suppository.
And surgery comes with its own serious risks, such as developing incontinence or impotence, while radiation can result in urinary problems. — Peter Loftus, WSJ, "Surgery Adds Three Years to Lives of Prostate-Cancer Patients, Study Finds," 12 Dec. 2018 Male-impotence pill Viagra began facing generic competition late last year, while the Lyrica pain treatment is expected to confront generics at the end of this year. — Jonathan D. Rockoff, WSJ, "Pfizer Narrows Guidance on Tougher Pricing, Generic Competition," 30 Oct. 2018 Arkham Horror Third Edition is a classic struggle of agency versus impotence, set in the uncanny world of H.P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu mythos. — Charlie Theel, Ars Technica, "Arkham Horror Third Edition: The classic Lovecraft adventure returns," 24 Nov. 2018 There's obviously a lot of anger and frustration here toward the US government at the moment—along with side effects like bottled rage and sometimes a creeping sense of ineptitude or impotence about our ability to do anything about it. — Corey Seymour, Vogue, "Pussy Riot's Nadya Tolokonnikova On Her New Guide To Activism, Raising The Next President Of Russia, And Her "Holy War" On Fairy Tales," 12 Oct. 2018 In exchange for political impotence, they would be mostly left alone and allowed to get rich. — Paul Mozur, New York Times, "Inside China's Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Shame and Lots of Cameras," 8 July 2018 Their suspicion is compounded by rumors that the polio vaccine causes impotence, death and, ironically, paralysis. — Meher Ahmad, New York Times, "Pakistan Has Just One New Polio Case, but Isn't Declaring Victory Yet," 20 May 2018 Fighting back, even as an exercise in impotence, did a lot for McCain. — Alex Horton, Washington Post, "John McCain rebelled at the Naval Academy — and as a POW — long before he was a Senate maverick," 3 May 2018 Feelings of desperation and impotence are being felt throughout Central America, where the lawlessness, endemic poverty and levels of gang violence akin to war zones that have driven so many families from their homes show little signs of abating. — Washington Post, "Violence keeps Central Americans coming to US despite Trump," 21 June 2018
Begot, I., Peixoto, T. C. A., Gonzaga, L. R. A., Bolzan, D. W., Papa, V., Carvalho, A. C. C., ... & Guizilini, S. (2015, March 1). A Home-Based Walking Program Improves Erectile Dysfunction in Men With an Acute Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 115(5), 5741-575. Retrieved from http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(14)02270-X/abstract


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Despite the garment's initial success in France, women worldwide continued to wear traditional one-piece swimsuits. When his sales stalled, Réard went back to designing and selling orthodox knickers.[67] In 1950, American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole,[38] owner of mass market swimwear firm Cole of California, told Time that he had "little but scorn for France's famed Bikinis."[68] Réard himself would later describe it as a "two-piece bathing suit which reveals everything about a girl except for her mother's maiden name."[69] Fashion magazine Modern Girl Magazine in 1957 stated that "it is hardly necessary to waste words over the so-called bikini since it is inconceivable that any girl with tact and decency would ever wear such a thing".[9][38]
The tropical islands of the South Pacific are one of the last unspoiled regions of our planet. Isolated from the rest of the world by the vast expanse of the blue ocean, these volcanic islands rise with immense beauty from the depths, while others are but mere flat coral atolls. Home to exotic ancient cultures, thrilling hikes, endless underwater treasures and of course, the prettiest beaches in the world – no two islands are ever the same. I have visited over 30 Pacific islands on several trips to the region and here are my personal favorites, the very best – the top 10 tropical islands in the South Pacific.
All the above tips are mostly about taking care of yourself. Give back to the ocean by taking care of it also. Do not touch corals, fish or turtles. The only thing you can touch safely is sand and rock and water (that means with your fins also). Read our snorkeling etiquette page for learning how to develop skills for taking a break in the water without having to stand.
The Super Snorkel face mask is super comfortable and allows you to breathe as easily as if you were on land. The soft silicone edging that conforms to your face and the 4-point head straps create a watertight seal that keeps water out and your face dry. In addition, a drain at the bottom of the masks gets rid of any extra water, and a separate breathing chamber keeps airflow away from the lens, which makes our mask completely fog-resistent.
Good luck! If you want to be surrounded by more tech people and other coders to learn from, Chang Mai would be a lot better for that. But there's no beach there. Any more questions feel free to email me. I would also recommend joining a digital nomad mastermind like Dynamite Circle or Digital Nomad Academy. That way you can make connections and meet other people who are doing similar Internet-related things in Thailand and SE Asia.
If you followed the coverage of Hurricane Irma in September 2017, you might expect that the reefs of Key Largo suffered damage. Thankfully, this upper Florida Key was within the eye of the storm, and thus the reefs were largely spared any consequence. The high-profile corals of Molasses Reef, part of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, are still surrounded by cruising nurse sharks, Southern stingrays, and several species of turtles including loggerhead, green and hawksbill. The famed Christ of the Abyss statue, found at the John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, is also unharmed and the park is accepting visitors.
I am moving to Bali next month. I am currently on another Indo Island, less popular and not really paradise but has some pretty destinations (Batam Island). I must say I am so interested in visiting the other places well but if you are visiting Bali it is definitely a romantic experience. It's the perfect place for a honeymoon and the best part is… it's cheap! The most expensive thing will probably be the airfare unless you reside in South East Asia.
Break up the basics and fill your wardrobe with patterned womens swimwear! We're pretty much obsessed with mixing and matching patterned bikini tops and bikini bottoms. Try cute bathing suits in a tribal geometric pattern for boho vibes. Oh say can you sea an American flag bikini?! It's a super playful poolside option. Try floral beach wear to keep it girly! Keep it classic in striped swim wear. We love all kinds of printed women's bathing suits!
You must provide your order invoice and the form of payment used to make the purchase when returning merchandise to a store. You may return your merchandise to any Forever 21, XXI, For Love 21, F21 Red, or Forever 21 "$10 and Under" location within the United States. Refunds for online purchases returned in store will be issued in the original form of payment, except for online purchases made using PayPal. At this time, all store returns of online purchases using PayPal are valid for exchange or store credit only. Please allow 1-2 billing cycles for the credit to appear on your statement.
Nice reviews. I've spent a couple weeks in Bocas and it was a great place despite the crazy partying til 4am at Heiki. I'm more of the exploring, mild social drinking. Panama is amazing. Last summer, I spent 2 weeks on St John, USVI and had a great time. The main exploring takes place in the water. Most of the land isn't that hike-able, which I like a mixture of both. Super expensive. Just a small carton of orange juice (8oz) was $3, a 1/4 pineapple was 4 dollars, etc. Most everything is imported and their electric runs off a diesel generator and averages $200-$400 a month for electric alone.
There are many great places to eat in OB. BO-Beau Kitchen + Bar is a romantic spot as it offers upscale French fare in a cozy, candlelit dining room. If you prefer something casual, try the juicy, loaded burgers at Hodad's, fresh fish tacos at South Beach Bar & Grille, or a slice of pizza and some San Diego craft beer at Pizza Port. Kaiserhof is known for its authentic German food and brews while Old Townhouse Restaurant is the best for diner-style breakfast (especially when recovering from a long night out).
Microkini 1995 A microkini, including subgenres like minikini, minimini and tear-drop, is an extremely meager bikini.[140] The designs for both women and men typically use only enough fabric to cover the genitals and, for women, the nipples. Any additional straps are merely to keep the garment attached to the wearer's body. Some variations of the microkini use adhesive or wire to hold the fabric in place over the genitals. Microkinis keep the wearer just within legal limits of decency and fill a niche between nudism and conservative swimwear.[141]
Purposes Recreational purposes, including cave diving, wreck diving, and ice diving. Professional purposes, including for civil engineering, underwater welding, offshore construction or for military purposes. Recreational purposes include observing fish and algae and coral reefs especially in water bodies with minimal waves and warm waters; also interesting things to see near the water surface.
We recommend you go from a beach your first time, not a boat. Jumping off a boat into deep water your first time can be daunting. Many first timers naturally are afraid that they will not float easily. Combine that fear with unease about breathing through a snorkel and using a mask, and pretty quickly it becomes a less fun first experience. This visitor story is why we suggest not going from a boat for your first experience.
The Bahamas is a coral archipelago with 700 islands and more than 2000 cays scattered over 100,000 square miles of the Atlantic Ocean, about 50 miles off the coast of Florida. The population of the Islands range from deserted to packed, and the most visited are Grand Bahama and Paradise Island. Home to the Andros Barrier Reef, the Bahamas are a scuba divers paradise and some of the best tropical islands to visit in the Caribbean.
Tropical Islands was built by the Malaysian corporation Tanjong in the former airship hangar known as the Aerium. The hangar – the third largest free-standing hall in the world – was originally designed to protect large airships from the elements. It was purchased by Tanjong on 11 June 2003 for €17.5 million, of which €10 million was a subsidy from the federal state of Brandenburg. The building permit for constructing the theme park inside the hall was granted on 2 February 2004 and Tropical Islands officially opened on 19 December 2004.
In Scuba diving, as one descends, in addition to the normal atmospheric pressure, water exerts increasing pressure on the chest and lungs—approximately so the pressure of the inhaled breath must almost exactly counter the surrounding or ambient pressure to inflate the lungs. By always providing the breathing gas at ambient pressure, modern equipment ensures the diver can inhale and exhale naturally and virtually effortlessly, regardless of depth.
OB is a boho beach community, so what else can you expect but dive bars, right? Winstons Beach Club is your place for live music—usually some sort of cover band in the Dead/Reggae/Jam band vein. Comedy shows are also regularly scheduled there. The Catalina Lounge is your popular, friendly dive bar, as is the Tilted Stick. The Arizona Cafe has cleaned up its act and is now a cool hangout with pool tables and big TVs for watching sports.
Hi Kyle. Greetings from "a 26 year old flight risk"—as I've begun calling myself. I pursued a career in information networking with the option to work from home so I could gypsy around. So far, I've only spent significant time around US cities, but I want to venture out to somewhere tropical and laid back. Taghazout, Morocco sounds like my kind of place, have any suggestions for where/how to find an inexpensive villa?
Looking great and feeling your best is easy when you have cute bikini swimsuits & two-piece swimsuits. With a stylish selection of on-trend women's bikini tops, bikini bottoms & bikini sets, we've got your next look covered (at prices you'll love). First, start with supportive styles you'll wear again & again. Great-fitting underwire bikinis, push-up bikinis and bra sized swimwear will be new your vacay faves. Looking for the latest swimwear styles? Try popular bandeau bikinis or crochet bikinis. Plus, you can find swimsuits in your favorite colors, like trending pink bikinis. Make any day a beach day when you style up with Target.

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S4E18: All's Balls That Ends Balls
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Manage episode 221681823 series 79739
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Greetings and warm wishes in the cold winter of our despair, Blue Ballers. At the conclusion of our Senior Year Campaign, for yet another season, our playoff hopes have been ignominiously dashed. Hold off on season retrospectives - we've got plenty of that coming down the pipeline - for now we want to talk about Atlanta, Dome, Villa, Berhalter and something the stans refer to as "Preath." It's a messy little monster of a show for the messy little monster that was the 2018 Pigeons, now mercilessly returned to their nests. Plus: a little nazi talk, a little inside podluminati baseball, and the Talking Points Theme Song. Slip on your loosest long johns - you've got Blue Balls.
145 episodes available. A new episode about every 17 days averaging 57 mins duration .


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Teacher placed on Administrative leave After Being Accused of Selling Black Student in mock slave auction
A Watertown, NY,teacher was placed on administrative leave on Thursday last week after being accused of making black students act as slaves Ina a mock auction
According to Nicole Dayes mother of one of the students his boy and another African American child were put up in the middle of the class and told they were now slaves. The teacher started the bidding by assigning price to the caucasion students. After the winning bid was placed her son was then told how slaves would take the slave owners last name and what he was to call the slave owner by. Then her son and the other slave were instructed to call the Caucasian child by master and the child's last name.
In what that should come as a suprise to no one the school district received complain s that a fourth grade teacher recent lesson and took subsequent action which unfortunately faild to include parking a generous assortment of feet in the teacher's ass
The teacher has been placed on administrative leave pending a full investigation in to the matter the school said in a statement. The identity of the teacher hasn't been discoled and the school will announce further discipline if necessary after their investigation has concluded
I've never participated in a mock slave auction but I would imagine a fourth grade class room isn't the idea place to have one especially in 2019. Yet here we are admonishing another teacher for contaminating their learning environment with racist bullshit.


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4. Rakuten Formerly Buy.com, Rakuten.com has grown into a monster. Rakuten ranks among the top three e-commerce companies in the world with over 90,000 products from 38,500 shop owners and more than 18 million customers. Among its numerous online properties, its flagship B2B2C (business-to-business-to-consumer) model e-commerce site Rakuten Ichiba is the largest e-commerce site in Japan and among the world's largest by sales.
Lending Club is a platform where you can lend your money to other people. You're the bank. Each note is only $25, so you can invest $1,000 and lend money to 40 people. There are many grades of loan (from safest to riskiest) and investors earn, on average, between 5% and 7% annualized returns. For more information, check out Investing and Making Money with Lending Club Peer-to-Peer Lending and my real money Lending Club Portfolio.
I know this from experience. Three years ago I was a struggling affiliate marketer, bouncing from offer to offer (playing a game of what I call "affiliate pinball"). Today I make a full-time income from diverse passive income streams: sales of affiliate products, sales of my own products, and Adsense revenue (my Adsense revenue alone topped $2,000 last month). And it's all because I focus on serving the needs of a niche audience.
Working as a nurse or a computer engineer for a salary are two examples of active income. In contrast, residual income is income from an investment that earns over the minimum rate of return. You get paid for work you completed once or are periodically overseeing. With residual income, you don't have to be present or intricately involved to get paid.
At this point, you probably already know what Facebook is and what it does. What you might not know? It has a training and certification program. Facebook Blueprint offers self-paced and live e-learning courses for marketers seeking to grow their organizations using Facebook. Blueprint offers classes in different languages on how to use Facebook and Instagram -- here's a peek at the course catalog.
What you must be careful to avoid is spending all your time reading and thinking up new experiments and not spending enough of your time implementing and testing them. Many of these experiments will require iteration and patience, and it'll be tempting to look around for quick wins instead. You'll have to avoid that temptation and stick to the plan if you want to learn.
Paid channel marketing is something you've probably come across in some form or another. Other names for this topic include Search Engine Marketing (SEM), online advertising, or pay-per-click (PPC) marketing. Very often, marketers use these terms interchangeably to describe the same concept — traffic purchased through online ads. Marketers frequently shy away from this technique because it costs money. This perspective will put you at a significant disadvantage. It's not uncommon for companies to run PPC campaigns with uncapped budgets. Why? Because you should be generating an ROI anyway. This chapter walks through the basics of how.
4. Understand profitable problems deeply. It's not enough to simply know that, for example, males between 18 and 25 are looking for hangover cures. You need to find out what exactly they want in a hangover cure, and the problems they have with current hangover cures. There's more to it then simply finding your niche, however. You also need to understand the language they use in describing their ideal solution, so you can echo that language back to them in your ad copy, sales page copy, etc.
Another great thing about Amazon affiliate program is that you will have a choice of promoting products that interest you. You can promote the products by writing reviews or articles about the products. The earning potential in Amazon affiliate program is unlimited. Unlike other companies where you will earn by promoting a single product, Amazon offers you with a unique link that earns you a commission each time a customer purchases any product from the site.
I do agree that a few of these ideas are not bad, but for me the problem with some of these platforms has been that I'm not from the USA. So, I can't operate there. It's a really interesting possibility to get some extra bucks from doing what you would do either way, like shopping. One of the best projects so far that I have seen is FluzFluz. It's simple and really easy to use for everyone who uses Uber, Amazo, or other apps. The best part of all is that you can get some passive income – not just from your own purchases, but from other people's as well. I hope one day it will make it here to your list. I think it's worth it to check out.
Under no circumstances shall Solvid be liable to you (the end user) for any damages whatsoever, including (without limitation) any direct incidental or consequential damages, loss of profits, or any claims of yours or third party websites. You, the end user assume all risks and potential damages (known or unknown) associated with using our services.
UPDATE: I created SoundProofExpert.com and wrote just seven articles on it. I got distracted and never finished the site. I usually like 50 articles on a niche site. Anyway, 1.5 years later, the site started earning $400/month in passive income from just SEVEN ARTICLES! We gave the site away as a contest on the Income School Youtube channel. Watch this video on our Youtube channel to see all of the details of this site–how much traffic we got, how long it took to get traffic, and all the earnings. We reveal everything about that project in the video. Oh, and be sure to subscribe to Income School!
Okay, so technically this isn't a free course, but if you are new to LinkedIn's online marketing training, you can sign up for a free month and take this handy course in social media marketing. Analyze what's working via SWOT analysis, discover how to create a strong social presence that highlights your strengths, and gain inspiration by exploring the most cutting edge opportunities for social media to achieve even greater reach.
No. Once you pass your test, and receive your certificate, you are certified for life. For instance if do great on your exam, and thereby get your SEO Certification, get Web Analytics Certified or a Social Media Marketing Certification, then you have it, and we will not ask you to give it back to us, or remove it from your LinkedIn profile, CV or resume. Once you pass the test, the certification is yours to keep.
Blogging is still going to take work starting out. That path to $5,000 a month didn't happen overnight but just like real estate development, it build up an asset that now creates constant cash flow whether I work or not. I get over 30,000 visitors a month from Google search rankings, rankings that will continue to send traffic even if I take a little time off.
Most beginners don't understand this and they start a wordpress blog by getting a domain name and hosting and they just start creating content hoping to get more traffic from search engines. Because they depend too much on search engine traffic they will be focusing more on impressing search engines instead of their target audience. When you don't focus on people you will fail miserably to build a profitable online business.
The numbers related to the usage of mobile devices are growing constantly, making mobile experience quite important in internet marketing, which is why you should learn about internet marketing for mobile devices. The topics in this chapter include tips for optimizing your website for mobile devices, including responsive design, separate pages and mobile marketing, and the importance of developing this strategy in modern business.
P2P lending is the practice of loaning money to borrowers who typically don't qualify for traditional loans. As the lender you have the ability to choose the borrowers and are able to spread your investment amount out to mitigate your risk. The most popular peer to peer lending platform is Lending Club. You can read our full lending club review here: Lending Club Review.
Third-Party Fulfillment: With third-party fulfillment, you own the inventory, but do not store it. You purchase the product from a manufacturer and store it at a third-party fulfillment center. Once a purchase is made, they will ship the product to the customer for you. A great example of a third-party logistics company (3PL) is Amazon FBA. Using a 3PL is convenient and offers higher profit margins than dropshipping, but quality can decrease and become compromised when entrusting fulfillment to a third party.
Came here with a preconceived notion but left with totally different mindset. Was wondering when looking at searches per month what would be the minimum you would consider? I feel you are going to say depends on niche. Second question, I have never thought of a directory site, how do you go about monetizing? Simply charging for a link? I have a bunch of decent domain but not enough time in the day it seems. Any advice greatly appreciated
18. Olavivo Olavivo is a boutique affiliate network, with a focus on E-commerce, Health and Beauty and Cryptocurrency verticals. Our network promises dedication, transparency and unique technological capabilities with the highest level of personal and professional service. Join us today and get more bang for your buck. When you succeed, we succeed.
I had to get out. I actually had this random Facebook ad come up in my news feed (go figure) and it eventually led me to a webinar that taught on how to start an email marketing business (which is, by the way, the most profitable form of affiliate marketing – or ANY marketing for that matter). I listened through the whole 2 hours, completely mesmerized. By the end of it, I knew what I was going to be focusing on to help my family out of the pit of debt we were in and into a world free of financial stress. I didn't know if it would actually work, but eventually it lead to EXCESS income!
Despite the fact that internet marketing is relatively new in the field of advertising, this approach has been widely accepted as the best method to reach consumers, who are spending more and more of their time online. "Internet marketing", "digital marketing", "emarketing" or "online marketing" as it is also called, is a complex approach consisting of several types or marketing activities, which use different platforms to establish the connection with online consumers and transmit the message.
How to Monetize the Site: The affiliate program for Lowes and Home Depot stinks. It's only around 2%, which simply isn't enough. I would sign up for Amazon Associates to recommend items like a kitchen island post and hardware. But also I think a site like this could get a HUGE amount of traffic from Pinterest if you have nice pictures, so I would definitely consider putting ads on a site like this. I usually find that a site can earn about $1,000 per month for every 100,000 visitors to the site. Frankly, with a site like this you could get that much traffic pretty quickly. I use Adthrive right now to run the ads on my sites.
Sleep deprivation not only affects millions of people around the world, but also affects the society and the economy. If the society, employers, and the general public show greater concern for this condition, it is possible to bring back productivity and also have everyone getting their full 8 hours of sleep every night.A better understanding can be achieved with the following infographic: https://sleepsherpa.com/sleep-deprivation-effects/
There are plenty of websites on the internet that offer digital marketing courses for free. You can sign up on those sites and learn digital marketing through various courses and programs. Those courses can help you develop the understanding for the field and get a certificate as well, but they are not as authenticated as professional certificates and tend to have low completion rates. These free courses don't usually offer any interactive projects, practical hands-on learning, or live lectures. Although some of these free courses can help you get your feet wet, if you're serious about learning digital marketing, you'll need professional training with a certified online education program. As the old adage goes, you typically get what you pay for.
Index funds provide you with a way to invest in the stock market that is completely passive. For example, if you invest money in an index fund that is based on the S&P 500 Index, you will be invested in the general market, without having to concern yourself with choosing investments, rebalancing your portfolio, or knowing when to sell or buy individual companies. All that will be handled by the fund which will base the fund portfolio on the makeup of the underlying index.
Every aspect of the site appears professional, including the presence of a demo, a free trial and multiple ways to contact the company. There are three plans to choose from. Pro supports 200 attendees for $119 per month. Elite allows up to 500 attendees and costs $199 per month. Finally, Summit allows 1,000 attendees and costs $399 per month. Each plan is discounted if customers pay annually, rather than month-to-month.
Self-Fulfillment: Self-fulfillment is a great option for sellers looking for 100% control of the shipping process and lower costs. This is a giant undertaking, depending on your business model. You must have a warehouse to store the inventory and the resources to handle today's shipping expectations. Fulfilling orders is time consuming and can become a burden as your business grows. Only choose this option if you want complete control of the fulfillment process and have the resources to do so.
If you love, technology or things related to technology such as computers or software, this is the affiliate program for you. This platform will provide both the sellers and affiliate marketer, as they will have a common goal of making a profit. To ensure public trust, the brand only offers high quality and original content. This makes it a quite difficult to enter for your first affiliate program, but the results are exponentially higher than the rest on this list.
Ashley Madison is a dating site with a twist. Of course, you've probably already heard about it, as the company has received plenty of media attention over the years. Basically, Ashley Madison offers a discreet dating service for people who are married. I'm not personally sure about the income potential, but there is clearly demand for the service.
Almost all of these ideas require starting a personal blog or website. But the great thing about that is that it's incredibly cheap to do. We recommend using Bluehost to get started. You get a free domain name and hosting starts at just $2.95 per month - a deal that you won't find many other places online! You can afford that to start building a passive income stream.
With more than 100,000 people from 100+ countries participated in Google's Online Marketing Challenge, it is an online course with modules covering an introduction to Digital Marketing, search advertising, search engine marketing, video, analytics, social, mobile, and display advertising, making it one of the most comprehensive courses for beginners.
This introductory class is perfect for marketers, brands, small business, freelancers, and everyone looking to harness the potential of paid social advertising. By the end, you'll be ready to run your first social media ad campaign — and connect with customers, convert views into action, and drive impact for long-term business success! Brian Peters (Digital Marketing Strategist at Buffer) walks through his process for custom social media advertising strategies.
Avantlink is all about data, customization, and better understanding the relationship between the products you promote, how you go about marketing them, and making adjustments so as to better reap the benefits of your work. The Avantlink network is connected with hundreds of merchant partners to work with across different fields, so many different kinds of affiliate marketers may find options there.
While some people tend to use a savings account at the same bank where they have their checking account, make sure it's a high-interest one, not just a convenient one. "For short-term savings that you have parked in a savings account for easy access, you can often make more money just by researching whether you're getting the best interest rate," Goudreau says. "While many traditional banks offer as little as 0.1% interest on savings, online banks tend to offer higher interest rates. By switching to an account that offers 1% interest or more, you would be making 10 times as much just by moving the money."
Whether you're somewhat familiar with digital marketing or you're starting from scratch, you may be looking to learn more. There are several ways you can learn digital marketing online; for example, you can take digital marketing courses. If you're on the fence about whether a digital marketing course is right for you, here are a few points to consider and reasons to learn digital marketing:
David Wygant is still in the dating field but follows a very different angle. The site offers a range of courses, modules and reports that focus on helping people be successful in dating. For example, courses for women include What Men Desire, Comment with Him and The Commitment Switch Secret. Courses for men include Men's Mastery Series, 7 Second Seduction and The Life Blueprint. Some of the courses are eBooks, while others are audio or video-based.
As for what should your sandbox be, you have a few options. The easiest is to start a blog. That's what this site was started as: a sandbox for learning content marketing, and it only became my full-time job on accident. A blog is a perfect sandbox for learning digital marketing since you can test almost all of the tactics on it, it's low-cost, and you'll improve your writing in the process.


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Featuring free WiFi and air conditioning, Cercas Velhas offers accommodations in Sagres, 2953 feet from Mareta Beach. Some rooms feature a seating area for your convenience.
Located in Sagres and with Mareta Beach reachable within a 13-minute walk, Blacksheep Sagres has a tour desk, non-smoking rooms, a garden, free WiFi and a shared lounge.
Located a 17-minute walk from Mareta Beach, Casa Biota offers a garden, a terrace and air-conditioned accommodations with a patio and free WiFi.
Residência Júlio offers bright rooms and self-catering apartments, just 2953 feet from Tonel Beach. It has a tropical garden with sun-loungers and a barbecue. Free Wi-Fi is available in public areas.
Located in the center of Sagres, this hotel offers self-catering apartments with balconies 1640 feet from the Atlantic Coast.
Just 164 feet from Tonel Beach, Apartamentos Turisticos offers free Wi-Fi and bright accommodations with views of the Atlantic Ocean. Sagres Point is an 8-minute walk away.
Popular with guests booking hotels in Sagres
Popular with guests booking hotels in Sagres
Popular with guests booking hotels in Sagres
Popular with guests booking hotels in Sagres
Popular with guests booking hotels in Sagres
Popular with guests booking hotels in Sagres
Offering an outdoor pool and views of the marina and sea, Lagos Avenida Hotel is set in Lagos city center in the Algarve, within a 10-minute drive from Meia Praia Beach Lagos. location is fantastic, staff very friendly and helpful.
Costa d'Oiro Ambiance Village offers the Mediterranean architecture of villas, gardens, terraces and swimming pools spread throughout. It is 984 feet from Lagos' Dona Ana Beach. Property shows the use of high end hardware and fittings everywhere.
Located in Vila Do Bispo, Hotel Mira Sagres has antique facades and overlooks the 16th century Mother Church. It features modern rooms, spa facilities and an indoor pool. The staff is very welcoming and the place is very well kept.
Located 328 feet from the Porto de Mós beach, Hotel Clube Porto Mós is a 4-star apartment resort just 5 minutes' driving from the center of Lagos. The view was amazing. The trail that leads to Ponta da Piedade was only a few steps away from our...
Overlooking the Sagres fort and the lighthouse of Cape St Vicent, Pousada de Sagres enjoys a beautiful cliff-top location along the Atlantic Ocean. I wrote an extensive review for the posada. It meant all our expectations and more!
In Lagos, just one mile from Meia Praia Beach, Hotel Montemar offers air conditioned rooms with balconies. A breakfast buffet is freshly prepared and served each morning. Staff were so friendly and helpful. Great breakfast. Easy walk to center.
Tivoli Lagos is a 4-star hotel featuring spa facilities and a courtyard with swimming pool. It features an Algarve-themed décor and ambiance. We loved the location, cleanliness and spaciousness of the apartment.
This hotel is located in Lagos. It features a sauna, a hot tub and 2 ample outdoor swimming pools. Club House CVL is also conveniently located in Praia da Luz. The receptionist was very nice, breakfast was delicious. The value for the money is perfect.
Riomar is a recently-renovated hotel in central Lagos, only a 5-minute walk from a beach on the Atlantic. It features a bike rental to explore the surroundings and nearby golf facilities. Good location and good rooms. Not many options on the breakfast, but what was there was good :-) The...
Located in Praia da Luz, this hotel is 3.7 mi from the Atlantic Ocean. It offers separate pools for children and adults, tennis courts and massage services. Loved the property! The pool and country side views were awesome.
Located on the beautiful Praia de Luz Bay in Lagos, the Luz Bay Hotel has separate pools for children and adults. The comfortable rooms are air conditioned and feature balconies. Very clean and a lot of open spaces. Staff at Reception was really kind.
Overlooking the palm tree-lined marina, this hotel offers a heated rooftop pool and air-conditioned rooms with a furnished balcony. Guests can relax on the spacious sun terrace. The staff were incredibly helpful and friendly and spoke very good English.
Located 1.2 miles from Dona Ana Beach, Lagos Atlantic Hotel offers 3-star accommodations in Lagos and has a garden, a bar and a shared lounge. Friendly and helpful staff, quiet location, close to beach and cliffwalks.
Well located in Lagos, Casa Mãe provides air-conditioned rooms, a seasonal outdoor swimming pool and a garden. Organic swank. Where yoga & kale meet poolside & wine.
This family-run hotel in Lagos offers rooms with a private balcony and a surrounding palm garden with a swimming pool and sun terrace. The restaurant serves traditional Algarvean meals. Our Superior room was in the new building - very new, very clean.
Set in a tropical palm garden, Villa Esmeralda is located in Lagos, just 98 feet from the Porto de Mós Beach. It offers a stunning backdrop with the Atlantic Ocean and a solar-heated swimming pool. Only property in the area with direct access to nice and clean beach. Beautiful garden for relaxing.
This family-run boutique hotel offers panoramic views of the bays of Lagos and Praia da Luz. The surrounding gardens are filled with multi-level sun terraces and there is a heated outdoor pool. It was the perfect compliment to a busy downtown lagos! Beautiful, comfy, quiet!
Casa Fajara has an outdoor swimming pool, garden, a bar and shared lounge in Carrapateira. A sauna and a bicycle rental service are available for guests. Loved Casa Fajara: lovely pool, peaceful setting, very friendly and helpful staff.
This charming, 19th century manor house was converted into a design country house with modern interiors. It features free Wi-Fi, indoor and outdoor pools and massage treatments. Hotel was nice overall. Very nice property.
Located in the green surroundings of the Costa Vicentina Natural Park, the Memmo Baleeira offers an outdoor pool with magnificent Atlantic Ocean views and rooms with private balconies. We spent a part of our honeymoon here and it was wonderful!
Overlooking the bay of Praia da Luz with its sandy beach only 1969 feet away, this family-run hotel offers 2 outdoor pools. Each air-conditioned room has a private balcony. Quiet location with great restaurant options in the area. Breakfast was included and was very good!
Set on a clifftop overlooking the Burgau fishing village and the Atlantic Ocean, this eco-friendly hotel features an outdoor swimming pool. Wonderful view of the ocean from balcony and could hear the waves.
An intimate getaway overlooking the Atlantic Ocean, Boutique Hotel Vivenda Miranda is located in Lagos, only a 5-minute stroll from the beach. Beautiful room exceeded expectations as did the grounds.
Set 131 feet from the Atlantic, this beachfront hotel offers airy rooms with a private sea-view balcony. It is located in the village of Salema, a 25-minute drive from Lagos. Love the place clean great staff and breakfast
If you drive all the way to the monument, you will usually find closer parking. Go on the free tour of the lighthouse given every 20 minutes or so; ask someone there for the location of the waiting area since it is fairly informal and somewhat unorganized (no reservations).


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Resume Template 27 Marvelous Spanish Teacher Resume Template Marvelous Spanish Teachere Template Awesome Collection Of English Amazing Sample
Functional Sample When you are referring the online resume samples, you will need a functional sample if you have employment gaps in your past. Functional format does not draw attention towards the gaps in employment history of the applicant. Rather it focuses on the existing skills of the applicant. It will explain to the employer about how these skills can help to benefit the company.
An attractive resume template/outline makes it more powerful. Just as dressing smartly helps a candidate in an interview good formatting does the same for a resume. Looks do matter at all places in the real world and on paper. When you present yourself well you get noticed. Similarly when you present a good resume it will be noticed; otherwise it would be very easily find a bin to rest in.
Use good quality paper and a laser printer Dont skimp on paper quality with your resume it leaves a bad impression. Poor quality paper creases and wrinkles easier. Use a laser printer to make sure your resume doesnt smudge or smear. Always use white paper for easier photocopying and avoid color in your resume. Black and white is the way to go.
Chronological Resume Sample This is the most commonly used format and hence most sample resumes you see are written in this format. The job experiences are presented in reverse chronological manner in this format. Presenting the details in this format, you will provide the sense of security to the employer that you dont have any employment gaps in your past. If you have any gaps in your past, you should prefer using different format for presenting details. The sample resume of this type will list the key skills before employment history. Sample employment section will include the details listed in reverse chronological way.
Combination Resume Sample This format is also known as two page format. In the initial part it begins as the functional resume and ends as a chronological format. This is the combination of both functional and chronological formats. It is the ideal format to use when designing a resume. This will highlight your existing skills and list your job details in chronological manner. This will give clear understanding of the applicants past work history to the employer.
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where user is your username and password is your Twitter password entered in plaintext. Replace the text Your status message with anything you wishcurl -u user:password -d status="Your status message" http://twitter.com/statuses/update.xml
Update Twitter status from the Linux command line
You can easily update your Twitter status from the CLI by using this one simple command:
1 comment:
Nice article, which you have described very well about the Linux command. Your article is very useful for those who are looking to learn Linux commands. thanks for sharing...ReplyDelete
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I found that the recipe of electrolyzing molten magnesium carbonate produces carbon trioxide… What? Carbon trioxide does exist, but it is very unstable. It will decompose into carbon dioxide and oxygen very quickly. Carbon trioxide may be produced in the negative pole of electrolytic carbonate, but it will decompose very quickly. It can not exist stably. Moreover, carbon trioxide is useless in GT, so I don't know why it's added…
Carbon Trioxide?what?
Mr.CHEN (Mr.CHEN) #1
system (system) automatically bumped #2
Gregorius (Gregorius Techneticies) #3
It was added because it exists. Very easy reason.
dnk1234567 (dnk1234567) #4
MgCO3 is a substance that is easily decomposed by heat. So how to get molten MgCO3?
Gregorius (Gregorius Techneticies) #5
What do you need molten MgCO3 for?
laurynasl (Laurynas Liutkus) #6
Which MgCO3 ? There is magnesite (natural mineral) and there is magnesium carbonate (Mg + CO2 + Water in a mixer).
Donzil (Donzil Zenovka) #7
I seem to recall using molten Magnesium carbonate in a burner mixer for preparation of pure sodium for titanium refinement. perhaps that's what they mean?
Or was that calcium carbonate…


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Parkia biglobosa (PROTA)
|General importance
|Geographic coverage Africa
|Geographic coverage World
|Spice / condiment
|Dye / tannin
|Forage / feed
|Auxiliary plant
|Food security
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G.Don
- Protologue: Loudon, Hort. brit.: 277 (1830).
- Family: Mimosaceae (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae)
- Chromosome number: 2n = 24, 26
- Mimosa biglobosa Jacq. (1763),
- Parkia africana R.Br. (1826),
- Parkia clappertoniana Keay (1955),
- Parkia filicoidea auct. non Welw. ex Oliv.
Vernacular names
- African locust bean (En).
- Néré, arbre à farine, caroubier africain (Fr).
- Farroba (Po).
Origin and geographic distribution
Parkia biglobosa occurs in a belt between 5°N and 15°N, from the Atlantic coast in Senegal to southern Sudan and northern Uganda. The belt is widest in West Africa (maximum 800 km) and narrows to the east. It was probably introduced to São Tomé and Principe. Trial plantations have been established in Tanzania, and African locust bean was introduced to the Caribbean region over 200 years ago, probably as a consequence of the slave trade, and later possibly to Guyana. The use of the fermented beans of African locust bean dates back many centuries and was already described in the 14th century.
African locust bean is a multipurpose tree that is as highly valued as shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn.). Fermented seeds ('soumbala', 'dawadawa', 'netetu') serve primarily as a condiment for seasoning sauces and soups. Roasted seeds are used as a coffee substitute known as 'Sudan coffee' or 'café nègre'. Ground seeds are mixed with Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves to prepare a sauce, and are also used to make doughnuts. The mealy pulp from the fruits is eaten or is mixed with water to make a sweet and refreshing drink rich in carbohydrates. Boiled pods are used to dye pottery black; the ash is applied as a mordant. The bark is rich in tannins and may be used for tanning hides, but the resulting leather is often of moderate quality especially with regard to colour, which is often reddish, uneven, and darkens when exposed to light.
The leaves are sometimes eaten as a vegetable, usually after boiling and then mixed with other foods such as cereal flour. Young flower buds are added to mixed salads.
In West Africa the bark, roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a wide diversity of complaints, both internally and externally, sometimes in combination with other medicinal plants. The bark is most important for medicinal uses, followed by the leaves. Medicinal applications include the treatment of parasitic infections, circulatory system disorders, such as arterial hypertension, and disorders of the respiratory system, digestive system and skin. In veterinary medicine, a root decoction is used to treat coccidiosis in poultry. Green pods are crushed and added to rivers to kill fish. The nutritional value of the fish is not adversely affected so long as they are cooked or dried.
The fruit pulp is used as an ingredient of feed for pigs and dogs. The seeds are added to poultry feed after treatment to remove their antinutritional properties. The leaves are a useful, but not very palatable fodder. They should be mixed with other feed because the concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium and sodium are too low. The wood is suitable for making kitchen implements, such as mortars, pestles and bowls, and handles of hoes and hacks, and it is occasionally also used for house building, mainly for indoor construction. It is also used as firewood, and may be suitable for paper production. The fibres of pods (husks) and roots are used as sponges, strings of musical instruments and for the production of small baskets. Burnt pod husks are used in Senegal as an adulterant of, or additive to, tobacco (adding pungency).
African locust bean has a reputation for soil improvement; its leaves are applied as green manure. It is also important in apiculture, being a good source of nectar and suitable for the placement of hives. It may serve as a decorative avenue tree.
African locust bean is very important in West African culture. It plays a role in all major rituals, including those associated with birth, baptism, circumcision, marriage and death.
Production and international trade
In northern Nigeria the annual production of seeds is estimated at 200,000 t. The products of African locust bean are not important in international commercial trade. However, local trade is important in West Africa, especially in the Sahel region, where the dried or fermented seeds are often transported far from the sites of production, often across country borders.
The yellowish fruit pulp is very rich in carbohydrates (ca. 80%), which makes it an excellent energy source. The seeds of African locust bean contain antinutritional factors and have to be processed before use as food or livestock feed. Boiled and fermented seeds contain 35% proteins, 29% lipids, 16% carbohydrates and have good organoleptic properties and a positive effect on intestinal flora. The seeds are good sources of protein, fat and calcium, but contain a non-toxic oil of variable composition. Some sources indicate arachidic acid as the most abundant fatty acid, accompanied by behenic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic acids; other sources mention oleic acid as the most important component (35–50%) with, in addition, equal amounts of behenic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids.
An alcoholic extract of crude seeds showed anti-hypertensive activity and contractile effect on smooth muscles of the intestine, and increased the tonus and mobility of the uterus. Ichthyotoxic and molluscicidal activities have been recorded for the seeds due to the presence of saponins.
The bark, leaves and pod husks are rich in tannins, which in general have anti-diarrhoeal and activities. In tests with mice, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities have been demonstrated for bark extracts. The aglycone flavonoids in the leaves have spasmolytic activity on smooth muscles, and also vasodilatory and antiseptic effects. Coumarin derivatives in leaf extracts have anticoagulant activity.
The wood is relatively hard and solid, but not very durable, whitish to yellowish or dull brown. The sapwood is often indistinctly demarcated from the slightly darker heartwood. The density is 550–650 kg/m³ at 15% moisture content.
Adulterations and substitutes
Fermented seeds of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and red sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) are used as a substitute for fermented Parkia biglobosa seeds in Burkina Faso; in Benin, those of Prosopis species are used.
Medium-sized tree up to 20(–30) m tall; taproot often present, lateral roots up to 10(–20) m spreading from bole; bole usually straight and robust, cylindrical, up to 130 cm in diameter, often branching low; bark distinctly longitudinally fissured, often with more or less regular scales between the fissures, thick, ash-grey to greyish-brown, slash fibrous and reddish-brown, exuding an amber gum; crown dense, wide spreading and umbrella-shaped, consisting of heavy branches. Leaves alternate, bipinnately compound, up to 30(–40) cm long; stipules absent; petiole 4–12.5 cm long, swollen at base and there with an orbicular gland; rachis with a caducous awn at apex, bearing up to 17 pairs of pinnae, with a gland between the terminal pinnae; pinnae with 13–60 pairs of leaflets; leaflets sessile, oblong, 8–30 mm × 1.5–8(–10) mm, very unequal at base with a proximal auricle, rounded or obtuse at apex, glabrous but slightly ciliate near apex. Inflorescence a pendulous head arranged racemosely; peduncle 10–35 cm long; turning salmon-pink, many-flowered. Flowers bisexual, male or sterile, sessile but pseudopedicellate by the fusion of the bases of calyx, corolla and stamens, calyx and corolla tubular, 5-lobed; bisexual flowers in the distal portion of the capitulum, 10–17 mm long, with 10 stamens long exserted and a superior, 1-celled ovary, style filiform, stigma cup-shaped; male flowers in the basal portion of the capitulum, 6–7 mm long, with stamens not exserted, nectariferous; sterile flowers at the extreme base of the basal portion of the capitulum, 6–7 mm long, with rudimentary stamens. Fruit a linear-oblong pod 12–35 cm × 1.5–2.5 cm, slightly falcate, with stipe of 1–4 cm at base, subcylindrical, glabrous and smooth, usually brown when ripe, 5–23-seeded. Seeds embedded in yellowish endocarp, globose-ovoid, slightly compressed, 0.5–1.5 cm long, with distinct pleurogram on lateral face, testa hard, smooth, glossy dark brown.
Other botanical information
Parkia comprises about 30 species and has a pantropical distribution. Only 3 species, all belonging to the section Parkia, occur in continental Africa, and a fourth one on Madagascar. The African Parkia species seem to be closely related. Parkia biglobosa is found in savanna woodland of the Sudanian region, whereas the other 2 continental African species (Parkia bicolor A.Chev. and Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv.) are principally rain forest species.
Wood-anatomical description:
- Macroscopic characters:
- Heartwood yellowish to pale brown, usually indistinctly demarcated from the whitish to pale yellowish sapwood. Grain straight or slightly interlocked. Texture moderately coarse and uneven. Wood with unpleasant odour when fresh.
- Microscopic characters:
- Vessels diffuse, often in pairs, large. Parenchyma abundant, paratracheal aliform and confluent and apotracheal in marginal bands.
Growth and development
The seedling shows semi-hypogeal germination, the testa splitting but remaining associated with the fleshy, pale green cotyledons. The first leaf is a cataphyll, and subsequent juvenile leaves are bipinnate with usually 3 pairs of pinnae. The whitish to yellowish taproot develops first during germination and gives rise to lateral roots. Growth is comparatively fast: seedlings may reach a height of 1 m in 1 year, and young trees of superior provenances can reach 7 m in 6-year-old plantations. Tree development is in accordance with Champagnat's architectural model: the trunk is formed by superposition of renewal shoots from lateral buds; the new shoot is initially orthotropic but later becomes plagiotropic; the phyllotaxy is spiral.
Trees start flowering at 5–7 years while still comparatively small. They reach their maximum height after 30–50 years, and can reach an age of 100 years. African locust bean flowers in the dry season in the Sahel region from December to April, slightly earlier in less dry regions. Flowering coincides with loss of leaves; new foliage develops after peak flowering. The flowering period lasts 3–8 weeks depending on the region. Mature fruits develop by April to May. However, 2 periods of flowering and fruiting per year may occur.
Anthesis commences during the afternoon; pollen is shed at dusk and secretion of nectar also reaches a maximum then. Flowers begin to wilt in the night. Bats are the main pollinators, but insects, such as bees and, less often flies and moths, also frequently visit the capitula and pollinate flowers. The flowers are protandrous, which facilitates cross-pollination.
Although humans are probably the main dispersers of seeds today, parrots, hornbills, monkeys, goats, antelopes, squirrels and other rodents also play an important role in seed dispersal.
African locust bean is protected and planted in agricultural fields and wasteland in savanna regions. It tolerates a wide variety of climatological conditions, the principle constant being a dry season of 5–7 months/year. It may grow in regions with an annual rainfall of 500–800 mm in the Sahel, but occurs in regions with much higher rainfall as well, e.g. 2200 mm in Guinea Bissau, and it has even been recorded in regions with over 3500 mm in Sierra Leone and 4500 mm in Guinea. It prefers regions with a mean annual temperature of 26–28°C, but tolerates lower temperatures and occurs up to 1350 m altitude. Although it prefers deep soils with good drainage and fertility, African locust bean can also be found on shallow lateritic soils, stony slopes and rocky hills.
Propagation and planting
Propagation is mainly by seeds, and these are orthodox. The seeds, with a number of 4500–5000/kg, are still viable after 8.5 years with a germination rate of 78.5% when kept at 4°C and 60% relative humidity. The seeds may be treated with concentrated (97%) sulphuric acid for 10 minutes to break dormancy, and subsequently immersed in water for 24 hours. Germination at an average rate of 95% for freshly collected seeds starts 48 hours after sowing, usually in pots. Small farmers usually soak seeds in water overnight. Seedlings need watering twice a day, and weeding once every 2 weeks. After sowing in seed-beds, young seedlings of 3 days old can be transplanted into pots. Seedlings reach 20–25 cm tall after 20 weeks in the nursery, and are then planted out into the field. Direct sowing is possible, but the success rate depends on soil moisture and the degree of insect and rodent damage, these pests being attracted by the strong smell of germinating seeds.
Preliminary ploughing of the soil contributes to proper establishment of seedlings in the field, with a success rate up to 82% four years after planting. Spacing is usually 10 m × 10 m.
Vegetative propagation of African locust bean is also possible. Grafting, cuttings taken from seedlings, and marcotting of 11–25 years old trees showed good results in Burkina Faso and Nigeria. Experimental in-vitro propagation by meristems of young seedlings has given a success rate of 72% in the United Kingdom.
Thinning of older trees is practised in Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali and Nigeria to promote fruit production and reduce the effect of shade on associated agricultural crops. In Burkina Faso, a decline in millet and sorghum yields occurred when cultivated under African locust bean trees. In some regions of Burkina Faso, regular weeding, and establishment of fire breaks, are customary in plantations of African locust bean.
Diseases and pests
Fungal infections of leaves by Cercospora sp. have been recorded in Guinea, and by Hypoxylon rubiginosum and Phyllachora leonensis in Sierra Leone. Attacks by a basidiomycete of the genus Phellinus may cause desiccation of trees. Infection by loranthaceous hemiparasites of the genera Tapinanthus and Agelanthus is widespread and may eventually result in the death of heavily infected trees.
Fruits are normally collected in April and May. Harvesting is either done from the ground using long-staked cutters, or by climbing the trees. When seeds are collected for the production of young plants, 25–30 individual trees of superior stature, good health and at least 100 m apart are selected.
The annual production of fruits varies between 25–130 kg/tree, depending on year and site. Average annual production of seeds is 900 kg/ha, of pulp 2.2 t/ha and of husks 1.9 t/ha. The production of trees planted in agricultural fields is on average higher than that of trees growing in wasteland.
Handling after harvest
The fruits collected for plant production are transported in jute sacks. The fruit valves are opened by removing the fibrous strand extending from the base to the apex, and the seeds with adherent pulp are removed. These are pounded and sieved through a coarse mesh, and subsequently washed to remove the pulp completely. Floating elements are eliminated. The seeds are then dried and impurities removed. The methods for seeds without pulp are boiled for 24 hours, subsequently cleaned, and boiled a second time for 0.5–2 hours. The seeds are then fermented for 2–4 days in a container covered by leaves or plastic. Fermentation is usually a spontaneous bacterial fermentation under alkaline conditions. main bacteria involved are species of Bacillus, but others include species of Lactobacillus, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus. The final product is obtained after sun drying for one day. During drying, salt or ash can be added to improve the flavour.
Genetic resources
Seed collecting missions were organized by the Centre National de Semences Forestières (CNSF), Burkina Faso, in 1990 and 1995 in 12 countries (Senegal, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad). This resulted in the establishment of a seedbank in Burkina Faso, and in a study of the morphological and genetic variability of Parkia biglobosa, which showed that the species has a comparatively high genetic diversity and an important intraspecific morphological variability, mainly present within populations. This enables the conservation of maximum phenotypic diversity by sampling a large number of specimens in a few populations of different parts of the area of distribution.
African locust bean is one of the comparatively few tropical plant species which has been subject to thorough studies concerning its biology and utilization. It has considerable socio-economic importance, and therefore its weakly organized local management deserves more attention, as well as initiatives to improve its products. It is, for example, desirable that appropriate technology be developed for industrial processing of the seeds and pulp. An evaluation of the genetic constitution and production capacity of Parkia biglobosa populations within the entire area of distribution is needed as a basis for developing sustainable management systems while meeting the demand for the products.
Major references
- Bonkoungou, E.G., 1987. Monographie du Néré, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.: espèce à usages multiples. IRBET, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 69 pp.
- Burkill, H.M., 1995. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 3, Families J–L. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 857 pp.
- Hall, J. B., Tomlinson, H.F., Oni, P.I., Buchy, M. & Aebischer, D.P., 1996. Parkia biglobosa: a monograph. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication No 9, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom. 107 pp.
- Hopkins, H.C., 1983. The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 135–167.
- Hopkins, H.C., 1986. Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 43: 1–124.
- Hopkins, H.C. & White, F., 1984. The ecology and chorology of Parkia in Africa. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 54: 235–266.
- Nikiéma, A., 1993. Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don in an agroforestry system. A pilot study in Burkina Faso. MSc thesis Tropical Forestry. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands. 42 pp.
- Salim, A.S., Simons, A.J., Waruhiu, A., Orwa, C. & Anyango, C., 2002. Agroforestree Database. [Internet] World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ Sites/TreeDBS/ aft.asp. 2002.
- Ouédraogo, A.S., 1995. Parkia biglobosa (Leguminosae) en Afrique de l'Ouest: Biosystématique et amélioration. Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (IBN-DLO), Wageningen, Netherlands. 205 pp.
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Other references
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Sources of illustration
- Hagos, T.H., 1962. A revision of the genus Parkia R.Br. (Mim.) in Africa. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 11: 231–265.
- S. Sina, Centre national de semences forestières (CNSF), 01 B.P. 2682, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- S.A. Traoré, Centre national de semences forestières (CNSF), 01 B.P. 2682, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
Correct citation of this article
Sina, S. & Traoré, S.A., 2002. Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G.Don. In: Oyen, L.P.A. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l'Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. Accessed 11 April 2019.
- See the Prota4U database.