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Automation has helped many businesses improve operations, but at what cost to the people that work for these organizations? Many systems rely on the autonomy of artificial intelligence systems to keep certain tasks and workflows on point. Automation could replace up to a quarter of the current workforce in the next ten years, so people are naturally skeptical and worried about their jobs in the near future.
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The healthcare industry is notorious for its reliance on technology these days. With so many compliance laws and procedures that must be followed in the correct way, many businesses have turned to technology to make their jobs easier. Medical IT in particular can create a lot of concerns regarding infrastructure design and data sharing. How can innovations in artificial intelligence change this? Let's find out.
Traditionally, artificial intelligence isn't thought of positively. In science fiction A.I. systems are usually the antagonist our hero has to overcome; or, more recently, as a knowledgeable sidekick to our hero. Outside of science fiction, however, A.I. has some real uses that make it a benefit to businesses today.
Humankind has been fascinated with the concept of helpfully intelligent machines making life easier for many years. While we may still be many years away from the likes of Josie from The Jetsons or J.A.R.V.I.S. and F.R.I.D.A.Y., Iron Man's digital super-assistants, artificial intelligence is a very real thing, with real benefits for businesses even today.
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Kolowaré (Agenzia Fides) - "Together with all our people, here in Togo, we accompany our dear brother Gigi Maccalli, in the hands of the kidnappers for eight months, with our prayer, friendship, memory and an intense plea for his release", explains missionary Father Silvano Galli, a priest of the Society for African Missions, recalling the abduction of Fr. Pier Luigi Maccalli, SMA missionary kidnapped in Niger on the night between 17 and 18 September 2018.
"We hope to embrace Fr. Gigi Maccalli soon - he continues. In recent months, the group of the Renewal in the Spirit of Sokodé has held a series of meetings in which about thirty people gathered in the church to attend weekly teachings. The purpose of the meetings is to help people get rid of all their fears and heal their wounds, even the most hidden ones". Father Galli says "we gather around the Word of God, and everyone present is invited to organize, even a corner of their own home, where to gather, pray, reflect, be silent".
All the faithful, says Fr. Galli "continue to remember Fr. Maccalli in personal and community prayer". The hope for his release has not been lost and every day the kidnapped missionary "is entrusted to the Providence of God". "Every baptized person offers his life to the Lord, and we are in spiritual communion with Fr. Luigi", he concludes (SG/AP) (Agenzia Fides, 17/5/2019)
OCEANIA/AUSTRALIA - Week of prayer and action for asylum seekers: the Church calls for a fair trial and integration
AFRICA/NIGER - Boko Haram threaten Christians in Diffa. "Real news, but there is no mass flight of the faithful"
AFRICA/DR CONGO - "The group that kidnapped Fr. Luc is known and we are trying to free him", says the Bishop of Bunia
AFRICA/CENTRAL AFRICA - A missionary: "Violence, massacres, wild exploitation of resources in the Country"
EUROPE/ITALY - "Chaire Gynai", Welcome, woman: the integration project for migrant women celebrates its first anniversary

subset: commoncrawl


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Books » Author » Joao Diniz Sanches
By Sanches, Joao Diniz
New in paperback. In recent years, karting has grown significantly as an accessible, affordable introduction to motorsport with the emergence of indoor karting tracks across Europe, and many first-time karters are sufficiently stirred by the experience to want to progress further ...
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Karting has grown significantly as an accessible, affordable introduction to motorsport. This title covers the fundamentals of kart racing, catering for the complete novice yet sufficiently detailed to benefit those racing at club level.
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Offers an overview of the world of racing videogames. This title presents the history of racing games highlighting the major arcade, PC and console releases. It contains sections on driving technique, car set-up/tuning, and the benefits of force-feedback steering wheels/simulator ...
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Customer reviews for this vehicle
Rental process was easy. Someone came to pick us up at the airport and made it even easier. Drop off was efficient. I would rent with them again.
Claude rented this vehicle on 14. Mar 2019
Our rental car experience with Northbound went fantastic ! The staff was very personable and efficient. Pickup from the airport makes everything very simple (only wish the sign the person held said "Northbound" rather than "Nordic rentals" because
we were a little confused) - besides that it was an overall great experience and would not hesitate to use this company again.
Taylor rented this vehicle on 08. Sep 2018
The car rental with the Northbound was easy. Pick up and drop of the car was smooth and staff was very friendly.
Justinas rented this vehicle on 21. Jun 2018


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Climbing Harness Edge designed for climbing and mountaineering.
Working on your climbing? Its sleek Comfort Frame design makes it super lightweight and ensures even weight distribution when hanging or climbing.
User comfort
Comfort Frame concept and elasticated leg loops stay tight.
Sleek design, lightweight and robust component. Just 9.3 oz in size XS!
Abrasion resistant
2 PES tie-in loops and HDPE belay loop.
Freedom of movement
The elasticated thighs remain tight and the belt is supple and thin.
Easy to put on
Single auto-locking buckle to adjust the harness at the waist.
Breaking resistance
Main tie-in loop made from high-density polyethylene for good resistance.
Easy transport
4 gear loops for carrying carabiners and quickdraws.
XS: 9.3 oz S: 9.7 oz M: 10.2 oz L: 10.6 oz XL: 11.3 oz
4 moderately rigid gear loops on the sides of the harness: 2 fairly large loops at the front, 2 smaller at the back.
ADJUSTABLE ONLY AT THE WAIST Easy to use: 1 single adjustment buckle at the waist. Leg loops have an elasticated fitting. This provides greater freedom of movement. Available in 5 sizes.
XS: Waist size: 25.2" - 29.1" Thigh circumference: 18.1" - 20.5" S: Waist size: 29.1" - 31.1" Thigh circumference: 19.3" - 21.7" M: Waist size: 31.1" - 33.1" Thigh circumference: 20.5" - 22.8" L: Waist size: 33.1" - 35" Thigh circumference: 21.3" - 23.6" XL: Waist size: 35" - 37" Thigh circumference: 22" - 24.4"
As an additional clever feature, the Edge harness has a toothbrush loop on the thigh.
The Edge harness includes a banana-shaped carry bag that can be attached at the waist. Very compact.
Product Testing
Designed by our teams in the Chamonix Valley (France) at the foot of Mont Blanc. Our technical partners test them in the field to validate product claims.
Webbing : 100.0% Polyester cationic Main fabric : 100.0% Polyester cationic
Storage Instructions
Store in a warm, dry place, away from light.
Model Code
Climbing Harness Edge reviews


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According to Adrienne LaFrance on The Atlantic, Facebook purposely manipulated what users saw on their timeline in order to "study how it would affect their moods."
The backlash, in this case, seems tied directly to the sense that Facebook manipulated people—used them as guinea pigs—without their knowledge, and in a setting where that kind of manipulation feels intimate. There's also a contextual question. People may understand by now that their News Feed appears differently based on what they click—this is how targeted advertising works—but the idea that Facebook is altering what you see to find out if it can make you feel happy or sad seems in some ways cruel.
Mood researchers have been toying with human emotion since long before the Internet age, but it's hard to think of a comparable experiment offline. It might be different, Fiske suggests, if a person were to find a dime in a public phone booth, then later learn that a researcher had left the money there to see what might happen to it.
"But if you find money on the street and it makes you feel cheerful, the idea that someone placed it there, it's not as personal," she said. "I think part of what's disturbing for some people about this particular research is you think of your News Feed as something personal. I had not seen before, personally, something in which the researchers had the cooperation of Facebook to manipulate people... Who knows what other research they're doing."
Here is what Facebook had to say, noting that perhaps, causing its users anxiety in the name of science, may not have been the best of ideas.
"The reason we did this research is because we care about the emotional impact of Facebook and the people that use our product," says Kramer. "We felt that it was important to investigate the common worry that seeing friends post positive content leads to people feeling negative or left out. At the same time, we were concerned that exposure to friends' negativity might lead people to avoid visiting Facebook."
|Icons of the Web
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|"When Life Gives You Lemons."


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Living room (26 m²) : - Road view
Living room (26 m²) : - Road view
Living room (26 m²) : - Road view
Living room (26 m²) : - Road view
Living room (26 m²) : - Road view
Living room (26 m²) : - Road view
Kitchen (4 m²) : - Courtyard view
Kitchen (4 m²) : - Courtyard view
Kitchen (4 m²) : - Courtyard view
Bathroom (4 m²) : - Road view
Bathroom (4 m²) : - Road view
Toilet (1 m²) :
Languages spoken by the landlords :
With Lodgis for more than 3 years
Click on one room in order to see the pictures.
This apartment consists of a pleasant living room with wooden floor and its double-glazed windows and view on road. This quiet living room is furnished and equipped for a comfortable stay: tv, linen, quilt, 1 armchair(s), dining table, desk, shelves, 1 chair(s), 1 bed(s) of 90cm, 1 bed(s) of 140cm.
This apartment consists of beautiful kitchen with tile floor and all the essential equipment for your daily life: hob, refrigerator, freezer, oven, combined microwave oven, toaster, kettle, coffee-maker, cupboard, crockery.
This apartment is equipped with a pleasant bathroom and bright with double-glazed windows. This bathroom is furnished with all the equipment you need for a comfortable stay: bath towels, cupboard, separate shower, towel drying radiator. The toilets are separated from the bathroom and located in an independant room.
Neighborhood's ambiance : residential
Station : Boissière
Along the right bank of the Seine, the Trocadéro gardens and the village of Passy form a special enclosure in the capital, where life is pleasant and easy. Trocadéro - Passy has many picturesque streets, still inhabited by the memory of artists who once frequented them, and their many charming accommodations. The streets are dominated by the protective silhouette of the Eiffel Tower, which stands on the other side of the river. Moreover, with the Musée de l'Homme and the Cité de l'Architecture et du patrimoine, and the home of Balzac, cultural opportunities abound in this neighbourhood!
All our rentals in Trocadéro – Passy quarter
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Nearby services :
Butcher/ Delicatessen - Bakery - grocery store - pharmacy
Rental period : min 3 months
Agency fees: maximum €15 incl.tax / sqm
Garantee deposit: up to 2 months' rent (according to the lease signed)
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13015 Summerhill Crescent
Surrey, British Columbia, V4A 7T4
Commute to Downtown White Rock
Some errands can be accomplished on foot.
A few nearby public transportation options.
13015 Summerhill Crescent has a Walk Score of 55 out of 100. This location is Somewhat Walkable so some errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in Surrey. Nearby parks include Laronde Park, Ware Park and Fun Fun Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 13015 Summerhill Crescent.
13015 Summerhill Crescent has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options.
Bus lines:
352 Ocean Park/Bridgeport Station
0.1 km
351 Crescent Beach/Bridgeport Station
0.1 km
855 Elgin Park School Special
0.1 km
360 Ocean Park/Peace Arch Hospital
0.2 km
361 Ocean Park/White Rock Centre
0.2 km
View all Surrey apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include pool, fireplace and fitness.
This location is in the city of Surrey, BC. Surrey has an average Walk Score of 51 and has 468,251 residents.


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Discount Domain Names
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"The only way to keep up with the latest about Domain Name Registration is to constantly stay on the lookout for new information. If you read everything you find about Domain Name Registration, it won't take long for you to become an influential authority."
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"There's no doubt that the topic of Domain Name Registration can be fascinating. If you still have unanswered questions about Domain Name Registration, you may find what you're looking for in the next article. "


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"Economic theory has always got to be historically bounded," Beggs says. "I think it's a mistake to think you'll find the workings of modern money by going back to the origins of money." He does point out that, while barter may not have been widespread, it's possible that it happened somewhere and led to money, just given how much is unknown about such a large period of time.
mid-15c., apparently from Old French barater "to barter, cheat, deceive, haggle" (also, "to have sexual intercourse"), 12c., of uncertain origin, perhaps from a Celtic language (cf. Irish brath "treachery"). Connection between "trading" and "cheating" exists in several languages. Related: Bartered; bartering. The noun is first recorded 1590s, from the verb.
Then again, it's one thing to keep a community alive and well when everyone's camping in a forest and they've all opted in to that vision. It's quite another to imagine a gift economy enabling humans to build skyscrapers, invent iPhones, put air conditioners in every house, and explore space. (The same goes for collecting taxes and running large businesses.) Not that it's an all-or-nothing situation: We already have gift economies among friends and family. Perhaps expanding that within small communities is possible; it's certainly desirable.
The content on MoneyCrashers.com is for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as professional financial advice. Should you need such advice, consult a licensed financial or tax advisor. References to products, offers, and rates from third party sites often change. While we do our best to keep these updated, numbers stated on this site may differ from actual numbers. We may have financial relationships with some of the companies mentioned on this website. Among other things, we may receive free products, services, and/or monetary compensation in exchange for featured placement of sponsored products or services. We strive to write accurate and genuine reviews and articles, and all views and opinions expressed are solely those of the authors.
Other countries though do not have the reporting requirement that the U.S. does concerning proceeds from barter transactions, but taxation is handled the same way as a cash transaction. If one barters for a profit, one pays the appropriate tax; if one generates a loss in the transaction, they have a loss. Bartering for business is also taxed accordingly as business income or business expense. Many barter exchanges require that one register as a business.
Economists since the times of Adam Smith (1723-1790), looking at non-specific pre-modern societies as examples, have used the inefficiency of barter to explain the emergence of money, of "the" economy, and hence of the discipline of economics itself.[3] However, ethnographic studies have shown that no present or past society has used barter without any other medium of exchange or measurement, nor have anthropologists found evidence that money emerged from barter, instead finding that gift-giving (credit extended on a personal basis with an inter-personal balance maintained over the long term) was the most usual means of exchange of goods and services.[4]
Identify your resources. What items do you have that you could easily part with? Use a critical eye to go through your home, and consider possessions you may have in storage or that another family member or friend is currently using. If you would prefer to offer services, honestly assess what you could provide for others that they would otherwise pay a professional to do. It could be a skill or a talent or hobby such as photography.
Nowinska says one of the biggest challenges Swapsity faces is that new barterers think they have nothing to offer. So they offer bad trades. Yet most people have hundreds of skills—from cooking to networking to scrapbooking. The trick is learning to recognize the value of your skills, your knowledge and your talent. Bartering attaches value to things that are not always recognized, or highly valued, in a cash economy—often hobbies that people can't make a living on but love to do. One Barter Babe trades her homemade canned goods for gifts—mostly other crafted items—she can give away at Christmas. A Swapsity member has traded pounds of fiddleheads she picks at her mom's house in the country for feng shui sessions.
Bartering does have its limitations. Many bigger (i.e., chain) businesses will not entertain the idea and even smaller organizations may limit the amount of goods or services for which they will barter (i.e., they may not agree to a 100% barter arrangement and instead require that you make at least partial payment). But in an economic crunch, bartering can be a great way to get the goods and services you need without having to pull money out of your pocket.


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Stubborn tummy fat can be very hard to shift. Due to our often sedentary lifestyles and stressful jobs, medicated with alcohol and biscuits, belly fat can easily build up. And, it's not just our ability to win the swimsuit competition that's affected by the belly build up: fat deposits around the belly are linked to serious health issues, including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
Carrots contain many plant compounds such as beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein, lycopene, polyacetylenes, which can improve your health in many ways -- from boosting your eye health to reducing your risk of cancer, and from improving your immune system to helping you achieve your fitness goals. Read - Black tea, not black coffee, is your best weight loss drink to reduce belly fat in without dieting
3. Stress Belly: The Daily Mail reports that a stressful life could contribute to excess weight in the abdominal area. They spoke to health expert Jackie Wicks, co-author of new book Cheats & Eats: Lifestyle Programme, and she explained to them that cortisol, which is also called the stress hormone, becomes too high for a lengthy period of time, and can increase the amount of fat stored in the stomach. So the key to losing that excess stomach fat caused by stress is to try and destress yourself. Wicks recommends taking a hot bath on a regular basis. She explains that they have been shown to lower cortisol levels. She also adds that going for a walk every day not only helps burn calories but can also be a great way to clear your mind, the Daily Mail reported.
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In order to have a mommy belly, you need to be a mommy. During pregnancy and delivery, the pelvic floor muscles are extremely stressed. They don't snap back. Usually, you need to make a point of it to retrain them. The uterus doesn't really go back to its original placement either. A mommy belly will resemble a pregnant belly that's softer to the touch, but still rounded.
my boyfriend has been insisting on this detox for a while — and now I see why…he also adds ginger in his water – a bit spicy, but delicious! I began my diet regimen again and I am going to add the detox water and the fruits to it – plain water is good, water w fruits its way better – more phenomenal if it actually does so much good to your body! thank you!!
This great detox water not only rids your body of toxins but helps to flush fat from your body as well. Cucumbers are diuretics can help you to avoid water retention. Lemons and limes help to flush out toxins from your digestive tract and grapefruits help you to burn fat. Just add ½ gallon of spring water, ½ of a medium grapefruit (sliced), ½ a cucumber (sliced), ½ each of a sliced lemon and lime and a couple of mint leaves. Allow the ingredients to sit in the fridge for a couple of hours before serving and drink at least ½ gallon per day for optimal results.
Directions Place one E-Z Weight Loss Tea bag in a tea mug and pour hot water. Wait 3-5 minutes. Can be sweetened. It is recommended to drink 1 cup a day, after dinner. Do not take more than recommended. Tastes Delicious Hot or cold. Within 20 min of waking up, it is highly beneficial to drink 8oz of pure water before drinking Zerotea. Bring water to a light simmer, not boiling. Once water is ready, allow tea to steep for 3 to 5 minutes. Drink hot or cold. You can add raw local honey for the health benefits and taste. TIP: The longer you brew the tea the more antioxidants are released; steeping long enough is important. Follow this routine for 14 or 28 days at a time and see the benefits. — —
Put aside the butter and olive oil: coconut oil should be your new go-to medium for frying and basting. The reason is that it can withstand much higher heats, so it's less carcinogenic than other oils. Studies show that the medium-chain fats in coconut oil boost metabolism and decrease the amount of fat you store in response to high calorie intake.
Eat a healthy diet. Emphasize plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Choose lean sources of protein such as fish and low-fat dairy products. Limit saturated fat, found in meat and high-fat dairy products, such as cheese and butter. Also limit processed meats. Choose moderate amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats — found in fish, nuts and certain vegetable oils — instead.
A waist size greater than 40 inches indicates a man is at a high risk of type-2 diabetes and heart disease. This inflated, firm belly is due to an overabundance of visceral fat, which lies deep inside your trunk nestled around internal organs. Visceral fat -- unlike the subcutaneous fat that resides just under the skin on the abdomen, hips, thighs and arms -- secretes hormones and compounds that raise inflammation, which contributes to heart disease. Men are genetically more likely to store fat in their gut, rather than the lower body, and certain lifestyle habits exacerbate weight accumulation in the middle.
Seltzer adds that in addition to reducing your calorie intake, you should make sure to have good methods of managing stress, which can be anything from getting enough sleep at night to doing meditation throughout the day. "We do know that if levels of cortisol (the stress hormone) are high, any excess energy you consume will be preferentially deposited around your middle," he says.
And that's when everything changed. Tea will literally squelch your appetite and make staying slim utterly effortless. When you drink tea, you do more than nourish yourself. You join an international community of people around the world who are engaging in the very same rituals as you. Throughout Asia, tea is practically a national drink. In places like Morocco, you'll never enter a home without being offered tea—it's considered rude! From England to India, people plan their travel and work schedules around tea.
This is one of the sweetest detoxifiers out there. It derives a big blast of sugar from its decadent array of fruits that includes pineapple, orange and agave. Grated ginger is also sprinkled on top to pack a spicy punch. It is also an elite digestive aid, especially for those with ulcers or a history of cramps. With this elixir, there is a lot of sharpness in terms of flavor, but the thick agave nectar can smooth out everything for a divinely syrupy texture. All of the citrus fruits naturally join forces to fortify stomach, intestines and colon. Say cheers!
It's day 31, I officially weigh 134 pounds and I've lost over 28 pounds in 31 days. Words can't explain how amazing I feel. It's a lot easier to shop now a days. It doesn't take me forever to find the perfect size any more. No more asking "Do you have this in a bigger size?" It's even helping my marriage, my husband and I started actually going out on the weekends like we did before we got married!
Natural psyllium (Ispaghul) acts as a safe and effective weight loss aid. Psyllium may improve blood sugar and lipid levels, which can be related to obesity. Flaxseeds are rich in omega-3 acids which target tummy fat effectively. Flax seeds act as bulking agents in your stomach and give you a feeling of fullness and prevent you from overeating and help you lose weight.
Watermelon is a terrific, low-cal smoothie base. This fruit has been shown to improve lipid metabolism resulting in less belly fat and a decreased risk of heart disease. A hydrating fruit rich in lycopene, it will increase your body's arginine levels, an amino acid that ups the body's fat-burning potential and lowered the risk of developing belly fat. At the same time the juicy red fruit also builds lean muscle.
Safety Warning — Zero Tea contains NO laxatives. Potential side effects may include: headache, gas, stomach cramps, bloating, constipation, vomiting, or diarrhea. This product contains caffeine. If you experience any discomfort immediately cease taking. Do not brew more than 15 minutes. Lipo Express Slimming Tea, 100% natural and free of chemicals or preservatives. It is imported from Spain and is one of the most popular teas from around the world. Any secondary effects that you may feel could be due to the detox process of your body. Although there are no known side effects, please read the ingredient list carefully and if any case you feel nausea, bloating, headache, general discomfort; discontinue. This product has not been evaluated by the FDA and is in no way intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Nevertheless, we do not recommend this product if you are under 18 years old, pregnant or breastfeeding. If you experience laxative effects please note it can affect the contraceptive pill. Always consult your doctor before starting a detox/ cleanse programme. This product contains a blend of herbal ingredients including senna. Consult your healthcare provider prior to use if you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medication, or if you have a medical condition —
Lie on your back with your head and shoulders lifted off the floor and your hands behind your head if you need some support for your neck. With both legs extended and toes pointed lift your right leg off the floor so that it is perpendicular with your upper body (keep your lifted leg as straight as you can) and raise your left leg just a few inches off the ground.
Belly fat increases your risk of MI (Myocardial Infarction) and CHD (Coronary Heart Disease)The biggest contributor to this increased risk is visceral fat.This is underlying belly fat that surrounds your internal organs.If you have a waist circumference larger than 40 inches, you are more likely to have a larger amount of visceral fat in your body.That puts you at high risk of suffering a heart attack, heart disease or stroke.
HOW MUCH WEIGHT COULD YOU LOSE IN 7 DAYS? June Caron, 55, dropped 6 pounds in a week. "And the weight just keeps coming off!" In fact, she lost 15 pounds and 4 inches off her waist in 6 weeks. And Jennie Joshi, 38 (at right), lost 11 pounds and an inch off her waist. "Zero Belly is easy to follow regardless of life's demands," she says. Read more about the program and the remarkable results of our test panel in Zero Belly Diet.
In men, adequate levels of testosterone are necessary to maintain a healthy fat distribution. However, research has shown that the presence of visceral fat can interfere with testosterone production, further exacerbating the storage of fat in the belly. Excess abdominal fat not only reduces testosterone production, but is also associated with a rise in the female hormone estradiol in men. It is unclear if testosterone decline associated with aging disrupts the production of testosterone, or if the accumulation of fat via weight gain leads to lower levels of testosterone. Either way, the reduction of visceral fat via lifestyle changes is beneficial for overall health in men.
Rooibos tea is made from the leaves of the "red bush" plant, grown exclusively in the small Cederberg region of South Africa, near Cape Town. What makes rooibos tea particularly good for your belly is a unique and powerful flavanoid called Aspalathin. Research shows this compound can reduce stress hormones that trigger hunger and fat storage and are linked to hypertension, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Yup, sometimes the kettle can be as effective as the kettlebell.
Touting their discovery as "a great step forward in weight loss history," the panel were quick to offer up their hard earned cash to back the entrepreneurial pair. "We were shocked. The most we were hoping for was some advice…we weren't even sure that we would manage to get any investors," explained Samantha. After outstanding offers from each panel member, the sisters burst into tears.
Refined grains, more so than whole grains, expand your waist. In a 2010 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers found that increased intake of refined grains correlated with a greater amount of belly fat, while an increased intake of whole grains did not. Eat brown rice, quinoa and 100-percent whole-wheat bread in lieu of white rice and pasta. Include ample watery, fibrous vegetables at meals too -- they'll help fill you up without too many calories.
I ordered this tea to aid in both my weight loss efforts and to detox my system. My metabolism has slowed down, i'm tired all the time and I am battling hormone issues. I've only been drinking the tea for approximately a week and I already feel more energetic and healthier. I have changed my eating habits and the tea is now a daily part of my diet. It's changing my life!
Apples are a great inclusion to any detoxification methodology. This is because they linger longer than most fruits, which makes people feel fuller than usual. The end result is an unnoticeably suppressed appetite. Likewise, cinnamon speeds the metabolism to new levels of efficiency by providing extra heat for burning more calories. With fiery spicy sensations and profoundly transformative antioxidants, girls around the globe are pledging allegiance to their newly cultivated physiques. With the best detox water, skinniness happens on its own. As you can see, weight loss is hardly even a real pursuit when the drinks taste this unbelievably good.
When it comes to weight loss, this DIY detox water sets the gold standard for efficiency. The central ingredient is apple cider vinegar. An added bonus of this brew is the inadvertent generations of flawless skin. It treats acne problems and complexion issues automatically. Also, apples help people feel full for a longer period of time, which makes dieting a much easier feat. Similarly, cinnamon is also used to speed up metabolism and halt consumption cravings. By burning excess sugars, this spicy addition to the mix prevents fat storage from occurring. Lemons add fierce flair to this flavorful remedy!
* The average person can expect to lose 1-2 lbs. per week. Results may vary. Weight loss is influenced by exercise, food consumed and diet.* FREE 1-3 Day Shipping on Orders Over $99 from Shop.Atkins.com. ©2019 Atkins Nutritionals, Inc.Disclaimer: Nothing contained on this Site is intended to provide health care advice. Should you have any health care-related questions, please call or see your physician or other health care provider. Consult your physician or health care provider before beginning the Atkins Diet as you would any other weight loss or weight maintenance program. The weight loss phases of the Atkins Diet should not be used by persons on dialysis. Individual results may vary.


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white orthorhombic crystal. Non-volatile, non-hygroscopic, smellless. High stability at normal temperature and can maintain original quality for several year. Freely soluble in water and liquid ammonia, strongly acidic in water solution. Slightly soluble in methanol, insoluble in ethanol and ether. Characteristics of double functional group of amidogen and sulphamic, may go on chemical reaction with many matters.Melting point 205°C, decomposing temperature 209°C.
Molecular Formula: NH2SO3H
Molecular weight: 97.09CAS NO.: 5329-14-6 Hazard
Class: 8
Metal parts cleaning, getting away oxidize surface. Slightly corrosive to metal, used to flush boiler, and sterilize bacterium in water. Bleach fiber, wood and paper. Remove nitrite in tobacco. Raw material for paint, dye stuff and PH test paper. Used as fire resistance of cotton fiber.


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Fermentation 2018, 4(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4030057
Regulatory Promotion and Benefit Analysis of Biogas-Power and Biogas-Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion in Taiwan's Livestock Industry
Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
Received: 31 May 2018 / Accepted: 18 July 2018 / Published: 24 July 2018
The objectives of this paper were to summarize the status of the livestock (pig and cattle) industry and its waste management in Taiwan. The Water Pollution Control Act authorized the reuse of liquor and digestate from anaerobic digestion (AD) as fertilizers for agricultural lands on 24 November 2015. A large number of official databases and literature have been surveyed and analyzed to address the characterization of the biogas (AD-based) digestate and the potential benefits of biogas-to-power in Taiwan. On the promulgation of the Act, the central ministries have jointly managed the applications of livestock farms for reusing the AD-based liquor and digestate as fertilizers for farmlands. The survey findings revealed that the biogas digestate from a pig farm in Taiwan contained significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other soil nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. However, it is necessary to control zinc present in the biogas digestate from pig-raising farms. A preliminary analysis based on 123 large-scale pig farms with a total of 1,223,674 heads showed the annual benefits of methane reduction of 6.1 Gg, electricity generation of 3.7 × 107 kW-h, equivalent electricity charge saving of 4.0 × 106 US$, and equivalent carbon dioxide mitigation of 152.5 thousand tons (Gg). Obviously, the integration of AD and biogas-to-power for treating animal manure is a win-win option for livestock farms to gain environmental, energy, and economic benefits.
Keywords:digestate; anaerobic digestion; biogas-to-power; agricultural fertilizer; regulatory promotion; circular economy
1. Introduction
Taiwan is a small island country, posing a maritime climate with high humidity and warm temperatures due to its geographical location in tropical/subtropical zones. More significantly, this country has a high population density (i.e., about 650 people per km2) because its geographical area is only about 36,000 km2, where two-thirds is mountainous and around 24% of Taiwan's land is used for farming. Therefore, the patterns of livestock industry and crop production are small-scale, and concentrated in the central-south region of the island. With continuous economic development and improved living standards, the domestic demand for animal protein, especially of pork and beef, has increased in recent years, making the livestock industry one of the main agricultural industries in Taiwan.
Over the past few years, livestock (e.g., pigs and cattle) waste (i.e., excrement and manure), due to its high levels of biodegradable matters and inorganic nutrients [1], has caused adverse impacts on environmental quality when they are discharged into surface water bodies or agricultural soils without adequate treatment, such biological treatment [2]. In this regard, the livestock sector contributes a significant share to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially in methane (CH4) [3]. On the other hand, it was found to be seriously polluted in terms of suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonium–N (NH4+-N) and phosphate–P (PO4−3-N) concentrations in the pig-farming wastewater system [4]. Therefore, eutrophication may appear in the surface water because of the oversupply of nutrients, leading to structural changes in the ecosystem, such as excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants, depletion of dissolved oxygen and fish species, and deterioration of water and air quality. It is necessary to protect environmental quality from these constituents present in the livestock wastewater [5].
In comparison with aerobic (activated sludge) processes for treating livestock wastewater, anaerobic digestion (AD) has attracted much greater attention in recent years because it can save energy for aeration, produce much less sludge, and generate a methane-rich biogas as renewable energy. Therefore, AD is a promising valorization technology for the purpose of converting organic biomass into a highly energetic biogas for the generation of electric power and heat [6]. In Taiwan, the central ministries, including the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), and the Council of Agriculture (COA), have given financial support for large-scale pig farms to turn pig-raising wastewater into electricity using the three-step system. Under the authorization of the Renewable Energy Development Act of 2009, the feed-in tariffs (FITs) for promoting electricity generation from AD-based biogas in Taiwan have been announced since 2010, indicating an upward trend, as shown in Figure 1. For example, the tariffs of biogas-to-power in 2010 and 2018 were 2.0615 and 5.0161 NTD$/kW-h (1 US$ ≈ 30 NTD$) [7], respectively, showing an annual average increase of 11.8% from 2010. However, biogas digestate will be produced by the AD process, thus forming a sludge residue [8]. Fortunately, this biosludge is a nutrient-rich substance, which can be used as a fertilizer if it is well handled by proper application operation and control of heavy metals in soils. In other words, the direct reuse of AD-based digestate as a fertilizer or soil conditioner is based on its richness in valuable lignocelluloses and mineral nutrients [9,10,11,12].
In the past decades, biogas digestate recycling has been promoted in many European countries. In the literature, however, there are no studies on this issue in Asian countries. In line with the official promotion of the reuse of liquor and digestate from anaerobic digestion (AD) as fertilizers for agricultural lands since 2016, the objectives of this paper were to summarize the status of livestock (i.e., pigs and cattle) industry and its waste management in Taiwan. Further, the characterization of the biogas (AD-based) digestate in Taiwan was summarized to verify its agronomic value. Finally, the preliminary benefit analysis of biogas-to-power and regulatory management measures were briefly addressed in the paper to promote a circular economy in the Taiwanese livestock industry.
2. Materials and Methods
Based on the above-mentioned description, the materials and methods in the present study are briefly summarized below.
• Activity (statistics and current status) of livestock industry
Data on the statistics and current status of the livestock industry in Taiwan were obtained from the official Statistics Yearbook (website: http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book.aspx) and promotion brochures (website: http://english.tlri.gov.tw/page.aspx?path=175), which were compiled by the COA.
• Preliminary benefit analysis of biogas-to-power
In order to analyze the preliminary benefits of biogas-to-power in the Taiwan's pig-raising industry, the author adopted the official statistics and the emission factors developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [13].
• Characterization of biogas digestate
The data on the characterization of biogas-digestate in Taiwan were extracted from the previous study [14]. They were also used to verify by comparing several literatures [11,15,16,17].
• Regulatory measures of biogas-digestate recycling
The regulatory measures of biogas-digestate recycling were extracted from the official websites of the central competent authorities, including the COA (https://eng.coa.gov.tw/) and the EPA (https://www.epa.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=epaen).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Current Status of Livestock Industry in Taiwan
3.1.1. Statistics of Livestock Industry in Taiwan
According to the official survey by the COA, pig farms raised about 5440 thousand heads by the end of 2016, as listed in Table 1 [18]. Table 1 also listed the variations of total heads during the past decade (2007–2016), showing a decreasing trend from 6,620,790 heads in 2007 to 5,442,381 heads in 2016. This trend should be mostly attributed to Taiwan entering the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1 January 2002. Consequently, livestock products in the domestic market suffered from tremendous pressure under global competition. In fact, the historical record of total inventory pigs during the year of 1991 almost reached about 10,089 thousand heads. Unfortunately, the pig industry in Taiwan encountered the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) event in March 1997; pork was prohibited from being exported. Meanwhile, the Taiwanese government was preparing for the WTO accession, thus assisting medium-scaled or uncompetitive pig farms in business transformation. These efforts attempted to enhance the competitiveness of the industry in the face of strong foreign competition. On the other hand, the excrement discharge from the pig-raising farms was considered one of the main pollution sources in receiving water bodies (e.g., rivers), since the pig-excrement contained nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, the EPA in Taiwan established several strict measures or permits for effluents from the livestock industry to prevent excrement from polluting water bodies in accordance with the Water Pollution Control Act. In this regard, most small-scaled farms have been driven out of business.
As is the case with hogs, a majority of cattle were raised in the central-south region of Taiwan. Currently, three main cattle, including buffalo cattle, yellow and hybrid cattle, and dairy cattle (Holstein), are raised in Taiwan. Table 1 listed the statistics of cattle raised during the past decade (2007–2016) [18]. In Taiwan, most buffalo cattle were used for draft purposes prior to the 1980s. With increasing farm mechanization and a growing demand for beef and milk, buffalo cattle inventories have dropped sharply from 18,600 heads in 1991 to 2037 heads in 2016, only 1.4% of total cattle numbers. Many yellow and hybrid cattle were used for both beef supply and draft purposes. As discussed in the case of buffalo cattle, draft use was declining rapidly. Additionally, beef imports from Australia, New Zealand, and the USA have grown since the 1990s. The number of yellow and hybrid cattle also showed a decreasing trend from 33,699 heads in 1991 to 6968 heads in 2007. In recent years, local citizens liked to eat warm beef, indicating that the yellow and hybrid cattle inventories maintained a stable trend, about 10% of total cattle numbers. With a growing demand for milk since 1970s, dairy cattle numbers have increased from 5723 heads in 1966 to 100,539 heads in 1991. In the past decade, the dairy cattle numbers indicated stable ones over the range from 122 thousand heads to 132 thousand heads, accounting for about 89% of total cattle numbers.
3.1.2. Current Status of Livestock Waste Management in Taiwan
It is well known that livestock excrement and manure contain lots of organic matter and dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, livestock waste has an agronomic value or fertilizer value. Although a good way to treat livestock waste is to return it into the soil by proper application, the primary concerns are aesthetic odor and heavy metals (e.g., copper and zinc). In Taiwan, the limits for zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, mercury, lead, arsenic, and chromium in the organic fertilizers have been set by the COA to protect soil quality and hence crop quality. As described earlier, the discharge of wastewater (or livestock slurry) from pig-raising farms into surface water bodies without biological treatment had caused serious water pollution in the past. This means that the livestock waste treatment focuses on the compliance cost reduction of meeting the regulatory requirements (e.g., effluent standards and water pollution control fee) in accordance with the Water Pollution Control Act. The approach for the reuse of AD-based liquor and digestate as agricultural fertilizer changed previous perceptions about slurry. This innovative measure will raise its value as a useful resource that can increase soil fertility and also produce biogas for fuels, while reducing the amount of slurry entering water bodies. The author roughly performed an analysis of the benefits of reusing digestate as fertilizer, showing that about 5 million packs of fertilizer and 6.0 × 107 US$/year (40 kg, 16% N) can be made by using the following factors: 20 g N/head·day, 5 million pig heads, and 12 US$/pack. Therefore, the EPA has jointly ventured with the COA to implement the plan of reusing AD-based liquor and digestate as fertilizers for farmlands under the amendments of the "Water Pollution Control Measures and Test Reporting Management Regulations" on 27 December 2017. Figure 2 compared the flow-sheet of the traditional three-step system with innovative circular system in the pig-farming wastewater treatment plant, showing that the AD system can reduce air/water pollution and mitigate GHG emissions from the livestock sector through bioenergy production [19].
Currently, the three-step system has been adopted as the most suitable excrement and manure treatment system in Taiwan. In most cases, when operated under proper conditions, the treated wastewater can meet the effluent standards, which include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 80 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 600 mg/L, and suspended solid (SS) of 150 mg/L. The three-step process for treating livestock wastewater is briefly described as follows [20].
- -
- The first step is the solid-liquid separation. After the operation, the recycled solid material is often collected for composting in the subsequent utilization.
- -
- The second step is called anaerobic fermentation or anaerobic digestion (AD). During the anaerobic treatment, biogas is generated as a valuable by-product. Raw biogas is mainly composed of methane (60–75 vol %) and carbon dioxide (19–33 vol %) [21]. It also contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and water vapor. In order to prevent damage of biogas utilization units, the desulfurization (H2S removal) of raw biogas is crucial in the subsequent reuses such as fuel sources for the stove, water heater, piglet warming, water pump, electricity generation, automobile, etc. [22]. In addition, the biogas digestate formed during the AD process is another valuable by-product since it constitutes a bio-fertilizer with increased availability of soil nutrients like nitrogen and inorganic minerals. However, the study by Czubaszek and Wysocka–Czubaszek [23] showed a relatively low impact of the emissions of CO2 and CH4 from the field fertilized with biogas digestate on total emission from agriculture.
- -
- The third step is an aerobic treatment. The activated sludge process is used to further treat the anaerobically treated wastewater. The excess sludge generated in this step is dehydrated and directly used as a fertilizer. Occasionally, the spent activated sludge and recycled biosolid generated in the first step are processed into organic fertilizers.
3.2. Preliminary Benefit Analysis of Biogas-to-Power in the Taiwan's Pig-Raising Industry
In Taiwan, the biogas from swine manure management was viewed as a valuable energy source because it contains a high proportion of methane, one of the major GHGs. Currently, the gaseous fuel provides a unique green energy for auxiliary power. To upgrade the integrated biogas-to-power system and promote the circular economy in the livestock waste management, a US$84 million (NTD$2.6 billion) "Pig Industry Modernization Project" in Taiwan was officially launched by the EPA in early 2017. Pig farms with more than 5000 heads will be subsidized by official funds to build biogas-to-power plants in the coming three years (2017–2020). According to the reasonable activity data in Taiwan and available factors, as described below:
- Methane emission factor: 5 kg CH4·head−1·year−1 (equivalent to 11.75 m3 biogas head−1·year−1 based on methane concentration of 65% in biogas) [13].
- Electricity generation factor: 0.626 m3 biogas per kW-h (based on 5500 kcal·m−3 heating value, 25% energy efficiency) [24].
- Electricity purchase charge (FIT): 0.172 US$ per kW-h, seen in Figure 1.
- Global warming potential for methane: 25 (100-year time horizon) [25].
The potential for quantitative benefits of biogas-to-power from the pig-raising industry is summarized below:
- Methane reduction: 1,223,674 head × 5 kg CH4·head−1·year−1 × 10−6 Gg·kg−1 ≈ 6.1 Gg·year−1.
- Electricity generation: 6.1 × 106 kg·year−1 × 2.35 m3 kg−1 ÷ 0.626 m3 kW-h−1 ≈ 2.3 × 107 kW-h·year−1.
- Equivalent electricity charge: 2.3 × 107 kW-h·year−1 × 0.172 US$ kW-h−1 ≈ 4.0 × 106 US$·year−1.
- Equivalent carbon dioxide mitigation: 6.1 Gg·year−1 × 25 ≈ 152.5 Gg·year−1.
Overall, about 55 biogas plants with total installed capacity of 3.9 MW are being operated in connection with large-scale pig farms, concentrated in the Southern Taiwan (Table 3).
3.3. Characterization of Biogas Digestate in Taiwan
The AD process is a promising valorization technology due to its ability to convert livestock waste into a highly energetic biogas for the generation of electric power and/or heat. However, biogas digestate will be produced in the AD process, thus forming a sludge residue or biosolid. Although the primary concerns are toxic contaminants (e.g., heavy metals), the AD residue is often utilized as a fertilizer or soil conditioner based on its richness in mineral nutrients [8].
In order to study the characterization of biogas digestate, the fresh biogas digestate was obtained from a livestock farm at the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology (Pingtung County, Taiwan) [14]. This pig farm was designed to deal with excrement and manure from a maximum 1500 pig heads. According to a previous study [14], the dried biosolid comprised a large percentage of ash (i.e., 23.03 wt %), thus causing a relatively lower calorific value (i.e., 16.64 MJ/kg). However, the nitrogen and sulfur contents (i.e., 4.56 and 1.49 wt %, respectively) of the feedstock were relatively high. Other thermochemical properties of the digestate sample included the contents of inorganic nutrients and contaminants. It showed that the macronutrients Ca and P were significantly high in the sample. On the other hand, this biosolid also contained some micronutrients, including Al, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti, and Zn. These aforementioned findings were in accordance with the literature data [15,16]. Moreover, the concentrations of heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb) were not observed (below the method detection limits), while Cu and Zn were found to be more concentrated in the digested sediment. Therefore, these nutrients and heavy metals may be easily leached from soils [12,15,16,17], suggesting that AD residue should be carefully monitored in case of its application to agricultural soils.
3.4. Regulatory Measures of Livestock Waste Recycling in Taiwan
Regarding a regulatory framework for livestock waste management in Taiwan, it was developed by a ministerial joint-venture to protect environmental quality and a promote circular economy. Since 2014, the EPA and the COA have jointly managed the applications of pig farms to utilize AD liquor and digestate as organic fertilizers in nearby soil. Under the authorization of the Water Pollution Control Act, the EPA announced amendments to the "Water Pollution Control Measures and Test Reporting Management Regulations", adding a new chapter on the plan for implementing AD liquor and digestate as fertilizer for farmlands. The plan of reusing AD-based liquor and digestate as fertilizer for farmlands must be submitted to the COA for application. Upon approval, the permit should be further reported to the local competent authorities for reference in accordance with the contents of registration (e.g., application rate, monitoring and verification) in the implementation stage.
It was reported that the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the pig-raising wastewater ranged from 1500 to 15,200 mg N/L and from 70 to 1750 mg P/L, respectively [26]. In addition, the discharge may contain dissolved organics in terms of COD and BOD. Consequently, wastewater from livestock farms is considered to be the main water pollution source, resulting in eutrophication and/or water body deterioration.
In order to further increase the utilization efficiency of livestock waste, Taiwan's EPA simplified the management (application) and review (verification) procedures according to the "Water Pollution Control Measures and Test Reporting Management Regulations" on 27 December 2017. In addition, the EPA requested pig and cattle farms registered after the amendments to recycle at least 10% of their discharged wastewaters. Other pig and cattle farms, those that discharge wastewater to the surface water body, shall meet the recycling ratios as follows:
- -
- Large-sized farms with more than 2000 pig heads or 500 cattle heads will meet at least 5% of recycling wastewater generated in 5 years, and 10% of recycling wastewater generated in 10 years from 27 December 2017.
- -
- Medium-sized farms with 20–2000 pig heads or 40–500 cattle heads will meet at least 5% of recycling wastewater generated in 8 years, and 10% of recycling wastewater generated in 12 years from 27 December 2017.
On the other hand, the EPA further revised and announced the Regulations to reduce water pollution. The main points of the amendments for livestock waste management are summarized below:
- -
- Defining the plan for implementing AD-based liquor and digestate as fertilizers for farmlands. It refers to the liquor and digestate generated from livestock excrements, or the livestock excrements collected by the management operator of livestock waste treatment center (or biogas recycling center) after anaerobic fermentation or aeration treatment, and then used on farmlands for fertilization.
- -
- Expanding the scope of suitable users of liquor and digestate from the AD process as organic fertilizers for agricultural lands. In addition, agricultural land is clearly defined as land registered under a general or specific agricultural zone.
- -
- Adjusting the groundwater background values and test items for agricultural soil quality on which AD-based liquor and digestate are used as fertilizers. It means that testing for NH4 + -N in AD-based liquor and digestate, pH, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, copper, and zinc in groundwater, and pH and total phosphorus in soil are no longer required.
- -
- Simplifying the application procedures for reusing AD-based liquor and digestate as agricultural fertilizers. The agricultural competent authorities (i.e., the COA and local governments) have been authorized to determine the minimum number of days for the anaerobic fermentation of livestock waste based on the review of case plan. On-site inspections of the plan for implementing AD-based liquor and digestate as fertilizers for farmlands will be conducted on a flexible basis.
Furthermore, livestock farms, those that discharged wastewater to the surface water body, are required to pay fees for water pollution control starting from 1 January 2017 under the authorization of the Water Pollution Control Act. This fee is calculated based on the farm-scale classification and the water quality items of treated wastewater (effluent) such as COD and SS. To avoid illegal discharge and improve surface water quality, the EPA will strengthen livestock effluent control and inspection, and promote the reuse of AD-based liquor and digestate as fertilizers for farmlands.
4. Conclusions and Prospects
The livestock sector contributes to the release of GHGs (i.e., methane) and water/air (odor) pollution. In this regard, anaerobic digestion (AD) processes for treating livestock manure provides a cost-effective valorization technology because of its advantages of energy saving, reduced digestate yield, and electricity (biogas-to-power) generation. In Taiwan, there were about 5442 thousand pig heads and 146 thousand cattle heads raised in livestock farms by the end of 2016. To upgrade environmental, agricultural, and energy sustainability, the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) and the Council of Agriculture (COA) have jointly managed the applications of livestock (pig and cattle) farms for reusing AD-based liquor and digestate recycling as fertilizers or soil conditioners for agricultural lands. This recycling regulation was motivated by the authorization of the Water Pollution Control Act on 24 November 2015. Obviously, the integration of AD and biogas-to-power has a better performance compared to the existing three-step system, as it requires less time and cost to complete the cycle. Furthermore, these AD-based by-products (liquor and digestate) contain soil nutrients, which could be reused as green fertilizers in farmlands. Based on 123 large-scale pig farms with about 1223 thousand heads in Taiwan, a preliminary analysis showed the annual benefits of methane reduction of 6.1 Gg, electricity generation of 3.7 × 107 kilowatt-hour (kW-h), equivalent electricity charge saving of 4.0 × 106 US$, and equivalent carbon dioxide mitigation of 152.5 thousand tons (Gg). Thus, the production of biogas and digestate from the AD process is a win-win option for livestock farms to gain environmental, energy, and economic benefits.
This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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Figure 2. Flow-sheet comparison of traditional treatment to innovative practice in pig-farming wastewater management.
|Yellow/Hybrid Cattle
a Source Reference [18].
|Scale (Heads)
|Percentage (%)
|Heads on Farms
|Percentage (%)
|5000 or more
a Source Reference [18]; statistics to the end of November 2017.
|Heads on Farms
|Northern Taiwan
|Central Taiwan
|Southern Taiwan
a Surveyed by the Council of Agriculture (COA); total installed capacity: ~3.9 MW; statistics to the end of 2018.
© 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


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The Bam Vino captures your love of baseball and wine. Sculpted to look like a baseball player getting ready to hit a homerun, the bottle fits top down into the player's hands to form the bat. The Bam Vino is sure to be an instant conversation piece and an addition to your everyday decor.
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