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Luna Sharm Hotel
Magles El Madina St.,, Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt
- Overview
- Map
Luna Sharm Hotel - Description
Luna Sharm Hotel. "Luna Sharm Hotel" is a 4-star hotel. The hotel is an excellent pied-a-terre from which guests can discover Sharm El Sheikh. The hotel is conveniently situated as it lies near the airport. There is a shuttle bus service available for your transport needs. The rooms are air-conditioned. The air conditioning keeps the warm weather outside, always ensuring a comfortable temperature. This hotel features a garden. Don't forget to pack your swimsuit since this accommodation features a swimming pool. You are offered various activities, like pool, diving and table tennis. You have the opportunity to indulge yourself with a relaxing massage treatment. The onsite restaurant is known for its international and regional specialties. This accommodation has also its own bar.
Situated at Om el Sid hill in Sharm el-Sheikh, Luna Sharm Hotel offers rooms with a private balcony with scenic views of the pool or the garden. Facilities include 2 outdoor pools. The air-conditioneRead more on the website
Luna Sharm Hotel type(s): Luxury
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PHAK - Chapter 01
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Chapter 1Introduction To FlyingIntroductionThe Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge provides basic knowledge for the student pilot learning to y, as well as pilots seeking advanced pilot certication. For detailed information on a variety of specialized ight topics, see specic Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handbooks and Advisory Circulars (ACs). This chapter offers a brief history of ight, introduces the history and role of the FAA in civil aviation, FAA regulations and standards, government references and publications, eligibility for pilot certicates, available routes to ight instruction, the role of the Certicated Flight Instructor (CFI) and Designated Pilot Examiner (DPE) in ight training, and Practical Test Standards (PTS).1-1History of FlightFrom prehistoric times, humans have watched the ight of birds, longed to imitate them, but lacked the power to do so. Logic dictated that if the small muscles of birds can lift them into the air and sustain them, then the larger muscles of humans should be able to duplicate the feat. No one knew about the intricate mesh of muscles, sinew, heart, breathing system, and devices not unlike wing aps, variable-camber and spoilers of the modern airplane that enabled a bird to y. Still, thousands of years and countless lives were lost in attempts to y like birds. The identity of the rst bird-men who tted themselves with wings and leapt off a cliff in an effort to y are lost in time, but each failure gave those who wished to y questions that needed answering. Where had the wing appers gone wrong? Philosophers, scientists, and inventors offered solutions, but no one could add wings to the human body and soar like a bird. During the 1500s, Leonardo da Vinci lled pages of his notebooks with sketches of proposed ying machines, but most of his ideas were awed because he clung to the idea of birdlike wings. [Figure 1-1] By 1655, mathematician, physicist, and inventor Robert Hooke concluded the human body does not possess the strength to power articial wings. He believed human ight would require some form of articial propulsion.Balloons solved the problem of lift, but that was only one of the problems of human ight. The ability to control speed and direction eluded balloonists. The solution to that problem lay in a childs toy familiar to the East for 2,000 years, but not introduced to the West until the 13th century. The kite, used by the Chinese manned for aerial observation and to test winds for sailing, and unmanned as a signaling device and as a toy, held many of the answers to lifting a heavier-than-air device into the air. One of the men who believed the study of kites unlocked the secrets of winged ight was Sir George Cayley. Born in England 10 years before the Mongoler balloon ight, Cayley spent his 84 years seeking to develop a heavier-thanair vehicle supported by kite-shaped wings. [Figure 1-2] The Father of Aerial Navigation, Cayley discovered the basic principles on which the modern science of aeronautics is founded, built what is recognized as the rst successful ying model, and tested the rst full-size man-carrying airplane. For the half-century after Cayleys death, countless scientists, ying enthusiasts, and inventors worked toward buildingFigure 1-1. Leonardo da Vincis ornithopter wings.The quest for human ight led some practitioners in another direction. In 1783, the rst manned hot air balloon, crafted by Joseph and Etienne Montgoler, ew for 23 minutes. Ten days later, Professor Jacques Charles ew the rst gas balloon. A madness for balloon ight captivated the publics imagination and for a time ying enthusiasts turned their expertise to the promise of lighter-than-air ight. But for all its majesty in the air, the balloon was little more than a billowing heap of cloth capable of no more than a one-way, downwind journey. 1-2Figure 1-2. Glider from 1852 by Sir George Cayley, British aviator(17731857).a powered ying machine. Men, such as William Samuel Henson, who designed a huge monoplane that was propelled by a steam engine housed inside the fuselage, and Otto Lilienthal, who proved human ight in aircraft heavier than air was practical, worked toward the dream of powered ight. A dream turned into reality by Wilbur and Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903. The bicycle-building Wright brothers of Dayton, Ohio, had experimented for 4 years with kites, their own homemade wind tunnel, and different engines to power their biplane. One of their great achievements was proving the value of the scientic, rather than build-it-and-see approach to ight. Their biplane, The Flyer, combined inspired design and engineering with superior craftsmanship. [Figure 1-3] By the afternoon of December 17th, the Wright brothers had own a total of 98 seconds on four ights. The age of ight had arrived.using his Safety First airboat and the two men signed an agreement for what would become the rst scheduled airline in the United States. The rst aircraft was delivered to St. Petersburg and made the rst test ight on December 31, 1913. [Figure 1-4]Figure 1-4. Benoist airboat.A public auction decided who would win the honor of becoming the rst paying airline customer. The former mayor of St. Petersburg, A. C. Pheil made the winning bid of $400.00 which secured his place in history as the rst paying airline passenger. On January 1, 1914, the rst scheduled airline ight was conducted. The ight length was 21 miles and lasted 23 minutes due to a headwind. The return trip took 20 minutes. The line, which was subsidized by Florida businessmen, continued for 4 months and offered regular passage for $5.00 per person or $5.00 per 100 pounds of cargo. Shortly after the opening of the line, Benoist added a new airboat that afforded more protection from spray during takeoff and landing. The routes were also extended to Manatee, Bradenton, and Sarasota giving further credence to the idea of a protable commercial airline. The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line continued throughout the winter months with ights nally being suspended when the winter tourist industry began to dry up. The airline operated only for 4 months, but 1,205 passengers were carried without injury. This experiment proved commercial passenger airline travel was viable. The advent of World War I offered the airplane a chance to demonstrate its varied capabilities. It began the war as a reconnaissance platform, but by 1918, airplanes were being mass produced to serve as ghters, bombers, trainers, as well as reconnaissance platforms. 1-3Figure 1-3. First flight by the Wright brothers.History of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)During the early years of manned ight, aviation was a free for all because no government body was in place to establish policies or regulate and enforce safety standards. Individuals were free to conduct ights and operate aircraft with no government oversight. Most of the early ights were conducted for sport. Aviation was expensive and became the playground of the wealthy. Since these early airplanes were small, many people doubted their commercial value. One group of individuals believed otherwise and they became the genesis for modern airline travel. P. E. Fansler, a Florida businessman living in St. Petersburg approached Tom Benoist of the Benoist Aircraft Company in St. Louis, Missouri, about starting a ight route from St. Petersburg across the waterway to Tampa. Benoist suggestedAviation advocates continued to look for ways to use airplanes. Airmail service was a popular idea, but the war prevented the Postal Service from having access to airplanes. The War Department and Postal Service reached an agreement in 1918. The Army would use the mail service to train its pilots in cross-country ying. The rst airmail ight was conducted on May 15, 1918, between New York and Washington, DC. The ight was not considered spectacular; the pilot became lost and landed at the wrong aireld. In August of 1918, the United States Postal Service took control of the airmail routes and brought the existing Army airmail pilots and their planes into the program as postal employees. Transcontinental Air Mail Route Airmail routes continued to expand until the Transcontinental Mail Route was inaugurated. [Figure 1-5] This route spanned from San Francisco to New York for a total distance of 2,612 miles with 13 intermediate stops along the way. [Figure 1-6]Figure 1-6. The transcontinental airmail route ran from New York toSan Francisco. Intermediate stops were: 2) Bellefonte, 3) Cleveland, 4) Bryan, 5) Chicago, 6) Iowa City, 7) Omaha, 8) North Platte, 9) Cheyenne, 10) Rawlins, 11) Rock Springs, 12) Salt Lake City, 13) Elko, and 14) Reno.Transcontinental Air Mail Route system, had initiated this system. The Department of Commerce made great advances in aviation communications, as well as introducing radio beacons as an effective means of navigation. Built at intervals of approximately 10 miles, the standard beacon tower was 51 feet high, topped with a powerful rotating light. Below the rotating light, two course lights pointed forward and back along the airway. The course lights ashed a code to identify the beacons number. The tower usually stood in the center of a concrete arrow 70 feet long. A generator shed, where required, stood at the feather end of the arrow. [Figure 1-7]Figure 1-5. The de Haviland DH-4 on the New York to San Franciscoinaugural route in 1921.On May 20, 1926, Congress passed the Air Commerce Act, which served as the cornerstone for aviation within the United States. This legislation was supported by leaders in the aviation industry who felt that the airplane could not reach its full potential without assistance from the Federal Government in improving safety. The Air Commerce Act charged the Secretary of Commerce with fostering air commerce, issuing and enforcing air trafc rules, licensing pilots, certicating aircraft, establishing airways, and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation. The Department of Commerce created a new Aeronautics Branch whose primary mission was to provide oversight for the aviation industry. In addition, the Aeronautics Branch took over the construction and operation of the nations system of lighted airways. The Postal Service, as part of the 1-4Federal Certication of Pilots and Mechanics The Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce began pilot certication with the rst license issued on April 6, 1927. The recipient was the chief of the Aeronautics Branch, William P. MacCracken, Jr. [Figure 1-8] (Orville Wright, who was no longer an active ier, had declined the honor.) MacCrackens license was the rst issued to a pilot by a civilian agency of the Federal Government. Some 3 months later, the Aeronautics Branch issued the rst Federal aircraft mechanic license. Equally important for safety was the establishment of a system of certication for aircraft. On March 29, 1927, the Aeronautics Branch issued the rst airworthiness type certicate to the Buhl Airster CA-3, a three-place open biplane. In 1934, to recognize the tremendous strides made in aviation and to display the enhanced status within the department,the Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce. [Figure 1-9] Within this time frame, the Bureau of Air Commerce brought together a group of airlines and encouraged them to form the rst three Air Trafc Control (ATC) facilities along the established air routes. Then in 1936, the Bureau of Air Commerce took over the responsibilities of operating the centers and continued to advance the ATC facilities. ATC has come a long way from the early controllers using maps, chalkboards, and performing mental math calculations in order to separate aircraft along ight routes.Figure 1-7. A standard airway beacon tower.Figure 1-9. The third head of the Aeronautics Branch, EugeneL. Vidal, is flanked by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (left) and Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace (right). The photograph was taken in 1933. During Vidals tenure, the Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce on July 1, 1934. The new name more accurately reflected the status of the organization within the Department of Commerce.The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the civil aviation responsibilities to a newly created, independent body, named the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA). This Act empowered the CAA to regulate airfares and establish new routes for the airlines to service. President Franklin Roosevelt split the CAA into two agencies, the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) and the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). Both agencies were still part of the Department of Commerce but the CAB functioned independently of the Secretary of Commerce. The role of the CAA was to facilitate ATC, certication of airmen and aircraft, rule enforcement, and the development of new airways. The CAB was charged with rule making to enhance safety, accident investigation, and the economic regulation of the airlines. Then in 1946, Congress gave the 1-5Figure 1-8. The first pilot license was issued to William P.MacCracken, Jr.CAA the responsibility of administering the Federal Aid Airport Program. This program was designed to promote the establishment of civil airports throughout the country. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 By mid-century, air trafc had increased and jet aircraft had been introduced into the civil aviation arena. A series of mid-air collisions underlined the need for more regulation of the aviation industry. Aircraft were not only increasing in numbers, but were now streaking across the skies at much higher speeds. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 established a new independent body that assumed the roles of the CAA and transferred the rule making authority of the CAB to the newly created Federal Aviation Agency (FAA). In addition, the FAA was given complete control of the common civilmilitary system of air navigation and ATC. The man who was given the honor of being the rst administrator of the FAA was former Air Force General Elwood Richard Pete Quesada. He served as the administrator from 19591961. [Figure 1-10]quality of life of the American people, then, now, and into the future. At this same time, the Federal Aviation Agency was renamed to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The DOT began operation on April 1, 1967. The role of the CAB was assumed by the newly created National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which was charged with the investigation of all transportation accidents within the United States. As aviation continued to grow, the FAA took on additional duties and responsibilities. With the highjacking epidemic of the 1960s, the FAA was responsible for increasing the security duties of aviation both on the ground and in the air. After September 11, 2001, the duties were transferred to a newly created body called the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). With numerous aircraft ying in and out of larger cities, the FAA began to concentrate on the environmental aspect of aviation by establishing and regulating the noise standards of aircraft. Additionally in the 1960s and 1970s, the FAA began to regulate high altitude (over 500 feet) kite and balloon ying. 1970 brought more duties to the FAA by adding the management of a new federal airport aid program and increased responsibility for airport safety. Air Trafc Control (ATC) Automation By the mid-1970s, the FAA had achieved a semi-automated ATC system based on a marriage of radar and computer technology. By automating certain routine tasks, the system allowed controllers to concentrate more efciently on the vital task of providing aircraft separation. Data appearing directly on the controllers scopes provided the identity, altitude, and groundspeed of aircraft carrying radar beacons. Despite its effectiveness, this system required enhancement to keep pace with the increased air trafc of the late 1970s. The increase was due in part to the competitive environment created by the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. This law phased out CABs economic regulation of the airlines, and CAB ceased to exist at the end of 1984.Figure 1-10. First Administrator of the FAA was General ElwoodRichard Pete Quesada, 19591961.Department of Transportation (DOT) On October 15, 1966, Congress established the Department of Transportation (DOT), which was given oversight of the transportation industry within the United States. The result was a combination of both air and surface transportation. Its mission was and is to serve the United States by ensuring a fast, safe, efcient, accessible, and convenient transportation system meeting vital national interests and enhancing the 1-6To meet the challenge of trafc growth, the FAA unveiled the National Airspace System (NAS) Plan in January 1982. The new plan called for more advanced systems for en route and terminal ATC, modernized ight service stations, and improvements in ground-to-air surveillance and communication.The Professional Air Trafc Controllers Organization (PATCO) Strike While preparing the NAS Plan, the FAA faced a strike by key members of its workforce. An earlier period of discord between management and the Professional Air Trafc Controllers Organization (PATCO) culminated in a 1970 sickout by 3,000 controllers. Although controllers subsequently gained additional wage and retirement benets, another period of tension led to an illegal strike in August 1981. The government dismissed over 11,000 strike participants and decertied PATCO. By the spring of 1984, the FAA ended the last of the special restrictions imposed to keep the airspace system operating safely during the strike. The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 Until 1978, the CAB regulated many areas of commercial aviation such as fares, routes, and schedules. The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, however, removed many of these controls, thus changing the face of civil aviation in the United States. After deregulation, unfettered free competition ushered in a new era in passenger air travel. The CAB had three main functions: to award routes to airlines, to limit the entry of air carriers into new markets, and to regulate fares for passengers. Much of the established practices of commercial passenger travel within the United States went back to the policies of Walter Folger Brown, the United States Postmaster General during the administration of President Herbert Hoover. Brown had changed the mail payments system to encourage the manufacture of passenger aircraft instead of mail-carrying aircraft. His influence was crucial in awarding contracts and helped create four major domestic airlines: United, American, Eastern, and Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA). Similarly, Brown had also helped give Pan American a monopoly on international routes. The push to deregulate, or at least to reform the existing laws governing passenger carriers, was accelerated by President Jimmy Carter, who appointed economist and former professor Alfred Kahn, a vocal supporter of deregulation, to head the CAB. A second force to deregulate emerged from abroad. In 1977, Freddie Laker, a British entrepreneur who owned Laker Airways, created the Skytrain service, which offered extraordinarily cheap fares for transatlantic ights. Lakers offerings coincided with a boom in low-cost domestic ights as the CAB eased some limitations on charter ights, i.e., ights offered by companies that do not actually own planes but leased them from the major airlines. The big air carriers responded by proposing their own lower fares. For example, American Airlines, the countrys second largest airline, obtained CAB approval for SuperSaver tickets.All of these events proved to be favorable for large-scale deregulation. In November 1977, Congress formally deregulated air cargo. In late 1978, Congress passed the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, legislation that had been principally authored by Senators Edward Kennedy and Howard Cannon. [Figure 1-11] There was stiff opposition to the billfrom the major airlines who feared free competition, from labor unions who feared nonunion employees, and from safety advocates who feared that safety would be sacriced. Public support was, however, strong enough to pass the act. The act appeased the major airlines by offering generous subsidies and it pleased workers by offering high unemployment benets if they lost their jobs as a result. The most important effect of the act, whose laws were slowly phased in, was on the passenger market. For the rst time in 40 years, airlines could enter the market or (from 1981) expand their routes as they saw t. Airlines (from 1982) also had full freedom to set their fares. In 1984, the CAB was nally abolished since its primary duty of regulating the airline industry was no longer necessary.Figure 1-11. President Jimmy Carter signs the Airline DeregulationAct in late 1978.The Role of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) The FAA is empowered by regulations to promote aviation safety and establish safety standards for civil aviation. The FAA achieves these objectives under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), which is the codication of the general and permanent rules published by the executive departments and agencies of the United States Government. The regulations are divided into 50 different codes, called Titles, that represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. FAA regulations are listed under Title 14, Aeronautics and Space, which encompasses all aspects of civil aviation from how to earn a pilots certicate to maintenance of an aircraft.1-7Title 14 CFR Chapter 1, Federal Aviation Administration, is broken down into subchapters A through N as illustrated in Figure 1-12.Code of Federal Regulations Aeronautics and Space Subchapters A B C Chapter 1. Federal Aviation Administration Definitions (definitions and abbreviations) Procedural rules (rulemaking processes, claims, enforcement) Aircraft (Aircraft certification procedures [21], Airworthiness standards [parts 25 through 33 depending on type of aircraft], airworthiness directives [39], maintenance [43], aircraft registration [47]) Airmen (certification of pilots and Instructors [61], (Medical standards [67]) Airspace (designation of airspace classification [71], special use airspace [73] Air traffic and general rules (general operating and flight rules [91], special air traffic rules and airport traffic patterns [93]) Air carriers, air travel clubs. and operators for compensation or hire: certification and operations Schools and other certified agencies Airports Navigational facilities Administrative regulations Reserved War risk insurancea number of aviation safety-related and business support services. The WJHTC is the premier aviation research and development and test and evaluation facility in the country. The centers programs include testing and evaluation in ATC, communication, navigation, airports, aircraft safety, and security. Furthermore, the WJHTC is active in long-range development of innovative aviation systems and concepts, development of new ATC equipment and software, and modication of existing systems and procedures.Field OfcesFlight Standards Service Within the FAA, the Flight Standards Service promotes safe air transportation by setting the standards for certication and oversight of airmen, air operators, air agencies, and designees. It also promotes safety of ight of civil aircraft and air commerce by: Accomplishing certication, inspection, surveillance, investigation, and enforcement. Setting regulations and standards. Managing the system for registration of civil aircraft and all airmen records.D E FGH I J K LM NThe focus of interaction between Flight Standards Service and the aviation community/general public is the Flight Standards District Ofce (FSDO). Flight Standards District Ofce (FSDO) The FAA has approximately 130 FSDOs. [Figure 1-13] These offices provide information and services for the aviation community. FSDO phone numbers are listed in the telephone directory under Government Ofces, DOT, FAA. Another convenient method of nding a local ofce is to use the FSDO locator available at: www.faa.gov/about/ofce_ org/headquarters_ofces/avs/ofces/afs/afs600.Figure 1-12. Overview of 14 CFR, available online free from theFAA, and for purchase through commercial sources.For the pilot, certain parts of 14 CFR are more relevant than others. During ight training, it is helpful for the pilot to become familiar with the parts and subparts that relate to ight training and pilot certication. For instance, 14 CFR part 61 pertains to the certication of pilots, ight instructors, and ground instructors. It also denes the eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, ight prociency, as well as training and testing requirements for each type of pilot certicate issued. 14 CFR part 91 provides guidance in the areas of general ight rules, visual ight rules (VFR), and instrument ight rules (IFR), while 14 CFR part 43 covers aircraft maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alterations. Primary Locations of the FAA The FAA headquarters are in Washington, D.C., and there are nine regional ofces strategically located across the United States. The agencys two largest eld facilities are the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (MMAC) in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and the William J. Hughes Technical Center (WJHTC) in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Home to FAA training and logistics services, the MMAC provides 1-8Figure 1-13. Atlanta Flight Standards District Office (FSDO).In addition to accident investigation and the enforcement of aviation regulations, the FSDO is also responsible for the certication and surveillance of air carriers, air operators, ight schools/training centers, and airmen including pilots and ight instructors. Each FSDO is staffed by Aviation Safety Inspectors (ASIs) who play a key role in making the nations aviation system safe. Aviation Safety Inspector (ASI) The Aviation Safety Inspectors (ASIs) administer and enforce safety regulations and standards for the production, operation, maintenance, and/or modication of aircraft used in civil aviation. They also specialize in conducting inspections of various aspects of the aviation system, such as aircraft and parts manufacturing, aircraft operation, aircraft airworthiness, and cabin safety. ASIs must complete a training program at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, which includes airman evaluation, and pilot testing techniques and procedures. ASIs also receive extensive on-the-job training and recurrent training on a regular basis. The FAA has approximately 3,700 inspectors located in its FSDO ofces. All questions concerning pilot certication (and/or requests for other aviation information or services) should be directed to the local FSDO. FAA Safety Team (FAASTeam) The FAA is dedicated to improving the safety of United States civilian aviation by conveying safety principles and practices through training, outreach, and education. The FAA Safety Team (FAASTeam) exemplies this commitment. The FAASTeam has replaced the Aviation Safety Program (ASP), whose education of airmen on all types of safety subjects successfully reduced accidents. Its success led to its demise because the easy-to-x accident causes have been addressed. To take aviation safety one step further, Flight Standards Service created the FAASTeam, which is devoted to reducing aircraft accidents by using a coordinated effort to focus resources on elusive accident causes. Each of the FAAs nine regions has a Regional FAASTeam Ofce dedicated to this new safety program and managed by the Regional FAASTeam Manager (RFM). The FAASTeam is teaming up with individuals and the aviation industry to create a unied effort against accidents and tip the safety culture in the right direction. To learn more about this effort to improve aviation safety, to take a course at their online learning center, or to join the FAASTeam, visit their web site at www.faasafety.gov/default.aspx. Obtaining Assistance from the FAA Information can be obtained from the FAA by phone, Internet/ e-mail, or mail. To talk to the FAA toll-free 24 hours a day, call 1-866-TELL-FAA (1-866-835-5322). To visit the FAAsweb site, go to www.faa.gov. Individuals can also e-mail an FAA representative at a local FSDO ofce by accessing the staff e-mail address available via the Contact FAA link at the bottom of the FAA home page. Letters can be sent to: Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Ave, SW Washington, DC 20591 FAA Reference Material The FAA provides a variety of important reference material for the student, as well as the advanced civil aviation pilot. In addition to the regulations provided online by the FAA, several other publications are available to the user. Almost all reference material is available online at www.faa.gov in downloadable format. Commercial aviation publishers also provide published and online reference material to further aid the aviation pilot.Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) The Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) is the ofcialguide to basic ight information and ATC procedures for the aviation community ying in the NAS of the United States. [Figure 1-14] An international version, containing parallel information, as well as specic information on international airports, is also available. The AIM also contains information of interest to pilots, such as health and medical facts, ight safety, a pilot/controller glossary of terms used in the system, and information on safety, accidents, and reporting of hazards.Figure 1-14. Aeronautical Information Manual.1-9This manual is offered for sale on a subscription basis or is available online at: http://bookstore.gpo.gov. Order forms are provided at the beginning of the manual or online and should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Ofce (GPO). The AIM is complemented by other operational publications, which are available via separate subscriptions or online.Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) The Aeronautical Information Manual is designed to provide the aviation community with basic flight information and ATC procedures for use in the NAS of the United States. It also contains the fundamentals required in order to fly in the United States NAS, including items of interest to pilots concerning health/medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, etc. Airplane Flying HandbookHandbooksHandbooks are developed to provide specic information about a particular topic that enhances training or understanding. The FAA publishes a variety of handbooks that generally fall into three categories: Aircraft, Aviation, and Examiners and Inspectors. [Figure 1-15] These handbooks can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents or downloaded (www. faa.gov/regulations_policies). Aviation handbooks are also published by various commercial aviation companies. Aircraft ight manuals commonly called Pilot Operating Handbooks (POH) are documents developed by the airplane manufacturer, approved by the FAA, and are specic to a particular make and model aircraft by serial number. This subject is covered in greater detail in Chapter 8, Flight Manuals and Other Documents, of this handbook. [Figure 1-16]The Airplane Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual to introduce basic pilot skills and knowledge that are essential for piloting airplanes. It provides information on transition to other airplanes and the operation of various airplane systems. Aviation Instructors Handbook The Aviation Instructors Handbook provides the foundation for beginning instructors to understand and apply the fundamentals of instructing. This handbook also provides aviation instructors with up-to-date information on learning and teaching, and how to relate this information to the task of conveying aeronautical knowledge and skills to students. Experienced aviation instructors also find the new and updated information useful for improving their effectiveness in training activities. Instrument Flying Handbook The Instrument Flying Handbook is designed for use by instrument flight instructors and pilots preparing for instrument rating tests. Instructors find this handbook a valuable training aid as it includes basic reference material for knowledge testing and instrument flight training. Instrument Procedures Handbook The Instrument Procedures Handbook is designed as a technical reference for professional pilots who operate under IFR in the NAS and expands on information contained in the Instrument Flying Handbook. Figure 1-15. A few samples of the handbooks available to theAdvisory Circulars (ACs)Advisory circulars (ACs) provide a single, uniform, agencywide system that the FAA uses to deliver advisory material to FAA customers, industry, the aviation community, and the public. An AC may be needed to: Provide an acceptable, clearly understood method for complying with a regulation. Standardize implementation of the regulation or harmonize implementation for the international aviation community. Resolve a general misunderstanding of a regulation. Respond to a request from some government entity, such as General Accounting Ofce, NTSB, or the Ofce of the Inspector General. Help the industry and FAA effectively implement a regulation. Explain requirements and limits of an FAA grant program. Expand on standards needed to promote aviation safety, including the safe operation of airports.public. Most are free of charge or can be downloaded from the FAA website.There are three parts to an AC number, as in 25-42C. The rst part of the number identies the subject matter area of the AC and corresponds to the appropriate 14 CFR part. For example, an AC on certication: Pilots and Flight and 1-10Figure 1-16. Pilot Operating Handbooks from manufacturers.Ground Instructors is numbered as AC 61-65E. Since ACs are numbered sequentially within each subject area, the second part of the number beginning with the dash identies this sequence. The third part of the number is a letter assigned by the originating ofce and shows the revision sequence if an AC is revised. The rst version of an AC does not have a revision letter. In Figure 1-17, this is the fth revision, as designated by the E.Flight PublicationsThe FAA, in concert with other government agencies, orchestrates the publication and changes to publications that are key to safe ight. Figure 1-18 illustrates some publications a pilot uses. Pilot and Aeronautical InformationNotices to Airmen (NOTAMs)Time-critical aeronautical information, which is of either a temporary nature or not sufciently known in advance to permit publication on aeronautical charts or in other operational publications, receives immediate dissemination via the National Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) System. NOTAMs contain current notices to airmen, which are considered essential to the safety of flight, as well as supplemental data affecting other operational publications. NOTAM information is classified into two categories: NOTAM (D) or distant and Flight Data Center (FDC) NOTAMs. NOTAM (D) information is disseminated for all navigational facilities that are part of the NAS, all public use airports, seaplane bases, and heliports listed in the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD). NOTAM (D) information now includes such data as taxiway closures, personnel and equipment near or crossing runways, and airport lighting aids that do not affect instrument approach criteria, such as visual approach slope indicator (VASI).Figure 1-17. Example of an Advisory Circular.Figure 1-18. From left to right, a sectional VFR chart, IFR chart, and A/FD with a sample of a page from that directory.1-11FDC NOTAMs contain such things as amendments to published Instrument Approach Procedures (IAPs) and other current aeronautical charts. They are also used to advertise temporary ight restrictions caused by such things as natural disasters or large-scale public events that may generate a congestion of air trafc over a site. NOTAMs are available in printed form through subscription from the Superintendent of Documents, from an FSS, or online at The Pilot Web Site (http://pilotweb.nas.faa.gov/ distribution/atcscc.html), which provides access to current NOTAM information. [Figure 1-19]Aircraft Types and CategoriesUltralight Vehicles An ultralight aircraft [Figure 1-20] is referred to as a vehicle because the FAA does not govern it if it: Is used or intended to be used by a single occupant. Is used for recreation or sport purposes. Does not have an airworthiness certicate. If unpowered, weighs less than 155 pounds. If powered, weighs less than 254 pounds empty weight, excluding oats and safety devices that are intended for deployment in a potentially catastrophic situation. Has a fuel capacity not exceeding 5 gallons. Is not capable of more than 55 knots calibrated airspeed at full power in level ight. Has a power-off stall speed, which does not exceed 24 knots calibrated airspeed.Figure 1-20. A typical ultralight vehicle, which weighs less than254 pounds.Figure 1-19. A sample of NOTAM information available to thepublic. Most are free of charge or can be downloaded from the FAA website.Safety Program Airmen Notication System (SPANS)The FAA recently launched the Safety Program Airmen Notication System (SPANS), an online event notication system that provides timely and easy-to-assess seminar and event information notication for airmen. The SPANS system is taking the place of the current paper based mail system. This transition will provide better service to airmen while reducing costs for the FAA. Anyone can search the SPANS system and register for events. To read more about SPANS, visit www.faasafety.gov/SPANS/default.aspx.Ultralight vehicles do not require any form of pilot license or certication if they are own within 14 CFR 103 operating rules which generally limit the ultralight vehicle to uncontrolled airpsace and no ight over populated areas. Every person ying an ultralight should be familiar to the rules specied in 14 CFR 103. Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) Category In 2004, the FAA approved a new pilot certicate and aircraft category program to allow individuals to join the aviation community by reducing training requirements that affect the overall cost of learning to y. The Sport Pilot Certicate was created for pilots ying light-weight, simple aircraft and offers limited privileges. The category of aircraft called the1-12Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) includes Airplane (Land/Sea), Gyroplane, Airship, Balloon, Weight-Shift Control (Land/ Sea), Glider, and Powered Parachute. [Figure 1-21] In order for an aircraft to fall in the Light Sport Category, it must meet the following criteria: The maximum gross takeoff weight may not exceed 1,320 pounds, or 1,430 pounds for seaplanes. Lighterthan-air maximum gross weight may not be more than 660 pounds.The maximum stall speed may not exceed 45 knots, and the inight maximum speed in level ight with maximum continuous power is no greater than 120 knots. Seating is restricted to single or two-seat conguration only. The powerplant may be only a single, reciprocating engine (if powered), but may include rotary or diesel engines. The landing gear must be xed, except gliders or those aircraft intended for operation on water. The aircraft can be manufactured and sold ready-to-y under a new special LSA category, and certication must meet industry consensus standards. The aircraft may be used for sport, recreation, ight training, and aircraft rental. The aircraft will have an FAA registration N-number and may be operated at night if the aircraft is properly equipped and the pilot holds at least a private pilot certicate with a minimum of a third-class medical.Pilot CerticationsThe type of intended ying will inuence what type of pilots certicate is required. Eligibility, training, experience, and testing requirements differ depending on the type of certicates sought. [Figure 1-22]Figure 1-21. Some examples of LSA (from top to bottom: gyroplane,Figure 1-22. Front side (top) and back side (bottom) of an airmanweight-shift control, and a powered parachute).certificate issued by the FAA.1-13Sport Pilot To become a sport pilot, the student pilot is required to have the following hours depending upon the aircraft: Airplane: 20 hours Powered Parachute: 12 hours Weight-Shift Control (Trikes): 20 hours Glider: 10 hours Rotorcraft (gyroplane only): 20 hours Lighter-Than-Air: 20 hours (airship) or 7 hours (balloon)3 hours in preparation for the practical test 3 hours of solo ightTo earn a Sport Pilot Certicate, one must: Be at least 16 to become a student sport pilot (14 for glider). Be at least 17 to test for a sport pilot certicate (16 for gliders). Be able to read, write, and understand English. Hold a current and valid drivers license as evidence of medical eligibility.Private Pilot A private pilot is one who ies for pleasure or personal business without accepting compensation for ying except in some very limited, specic circumstances. The Private Pilot Certicate is the certicate held by the majority of active pilots. It allows command of any aircraft (subject to appropriate ratings) for any noncommercial purpose, and gives almost unlimited authority to y under VFR. Passengers may be carried, and ight in furtherance of a business is permitted; however, a private pilot may not be compensated in any way for services as a pilot, although passengers can pay a pro rata share of ight expenses, such as fuel or rental costs. If training under 14 CFR part 61, experience requirements include at least 40 hours of piloting time, including 20 hours of ight with an instructor and 10 hours of solo ight. [Figure 1-23]Recreational Pilot To become a recreational pilot, one must: Be at least 17 years old (16 to be a private glider pilot or be rated for free ight in a balloon.) Be able to read, write, speak and understand the English language Pass the required knowledge test Meet the aeronautical experience requirements A logbook endorsement from an instructor Pass the required practical test Third-class medical certicate issued under part 14 CFR part 67, except for gliders and balloonsmedical eligibility not requiredFigure 1-23. A typical aircraft a private pilot might fly.As a recreational pilot, cross-country ight is limited to a 50 NM range from departure airport but is permitted with additional training per 14 CFR section 61.101(c). Additional limitations include ight during the day, and no ying in airspace where communications with air trafc control are required. The aeronautical experience requirements for a recreational pilot license 30 hours of ight time including at least: 15 hours of dual instruction 2 hours of enroute trainingCommercial Pilot A commercial pilot may be compensated for ying. Training for the certificate focuses on a better understanding of aircraft systems and a higher standard of airmanship. The Commercial Certicate itself does not allow a pilot to y in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), and commercial pilots without an instrument rating are restricted to daytime ight within 50 nautical miles (NM) when ying for hire. A commercial airplane pilot must be able to operate a complex airplane, as a specific number of hours of complex (or turbine-powered) aircraft time are among the prerequisites, and at least a portion of the practical examination is performed in a complex aircraft. A complex aircraft must have retractable landing gear, movable aps, and a controllable pitch propeller. See 14 CFR part 61, section 61.31(c) for additional information. [Figure 1-24]1-14lists certicated ground and ight schools and the pilot training courses each school offers. AC 140-2, as amended, can be found online at the FAAs Regulations and Guidance Library located on the FAAs web site at www.faa.gov. Enrollment in a 14 CFR part 141 ight school ensures quality and continuity, and offers a structured approach to ight training because these facilities must document the training curriculum and have their ight courses approved by the FAA. These strictures allow 14 CFR part 141 schools to complete certicates and ratings in fewer ight hours, which can mean a savings on the cost of ight training for the student pilot. For example, the minimum requirement for a Private Pilot Certicate is 35 hours in a part 141-certicated school and 40 hours in part 61 schools. (This difference may be insignicant for a Private Pilot Certicate because the national average indicates most pilots require 60 to 75 hours of ight training.) Many excellent ight schools nd it impractical to qualify for the FAA part 141 certicates and are referred to as part 61 schools. 14 CFR part 61 outlines certicate and rating requirements for pilot certication through noncerticated schools and individual ight instructors. It also states what knowledge-based training must be covered and how much ight experience is required for each certicate and rating. Flight schools and ight instructors who train must adhere to the statutory requirements and train pilots to the standards found in 14 CFR part 61. One advantage of ight training under 14 CFR part 61 is its exibility. Flight lessons can be tailored to the individual student, because 14 CFR part 61 dictates the required minimum ight experience and knowledge-based training necessary to gain a specic pilots license, but it does not stipulate how the training is to be organized. This exibility can also be a disadvantage because a ight instructor who fails to organize the ight training can cost a student pilot time and expense through repetitious training. One way for a student pilot to avoid this problem is to insure the ight instructor has a well-documented training syllabus. How To Find a Reputable Flight Program To obtain information about pilot training, contact the local FSDO, which maintains a current le on all schools within its district. The choice of a ight school depends on what type of certicate is sought, whether an individual wishes to y as a sport pilot or wishes to pursue a career as a professional pilot. Another consideration is the amount of time that can be devoted to training. Ground and ight training should be obtained as regularly and frequently as possible because this assures maximum retention of instruction and the achievement of requisite prociency. 1-15Figure 1-24. A complex aircraft.Airline Transport Pilot The airline transport pilot (ATP) is tested to the highest level of piloting ability. The ATP Certicate is a prerequisite for acting as a pilot in command (PIC) of scheduled airline operations. The minimum pilot experience is 1,500 hours of ight time. In addition, the pilot must be at least 23 years of age, be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English language, and be of good moral standing. [Figure 1-25]Figure 1-25. Type of aircraft flown by an airline transport pilot.Selecting a Flight SchoolSelection of a ight school is an important consideration in the ight training process. FAA-approved ight schools, noncertificated flying schools, and independent flight instructors conduct ight training in the United States. All ight training is conducted under the auspices of the FAA following the regulations outlined in either 14 CFR part 141 or 61. 14 CFR part 141 ight schools are certicated by the FAA. Application for certication is voluntary and the school must meet stringent requirements for personnel, equipment, maintenance, facilities, and teach an established curriculum, which includes a training course outline (TCO) approved by the FAA. The certicated schools may qualify for a ground school rating and a ight school rating. In addition, the school may be authorized to give its graduates practical (ight) tests and knowledge (computer administered written) tests. AC 140-2, as amended, FAA Certicated Pilot Schools Directory,Do not make the determination based on nancial concerns alone, because the quality of training is very important. Prior to making a nal decision, visit the schools under consideration and talk with management, instructors, and students. Be inquisitive and proactive when searching for a ight school, do some homework, and develop a checklist of questions by talking to pilots and reading articles in ight magazines. The checklist should include questions about aircraft reliability and maintenance practices, questions for current students such as whether or not there is a safe, clean aircraft available when they are scheduled to y. Questions for the training facility should be aimed at determining if the instruction ts available personal time. What are the schools operating hours? Does the facility have dedicated classrooms available for ground training required by the FAA? Is there an area available for preight briengs, postight debriengs, and critiques? Are these rooms private in nature in order to provide a nonthreatening environment in which the instructor can explain the content and outcome of the ight without making the student feel self-conscious? Examine the facility before committing to any ight training. Evaluate the answers on the checklist, and then take time to think things over before making a decision. This proactive approach to choosing a ight school will ensure a student pilot contracts with a ight school or ight instructor best suited to individual needs. How To Choose a Certicated Flight Instructor (CFI) Whether an individual chooses to train under 14 CFR part 141 or part 61, the key to an effective ight program is the quality of the ground and ight training received from the CFI. The ight instructor assumes total responsibility for training an individual to meet the standards required for certication within an ever-changing operating environment. A CFI should possess an understanding of the learning process, knowledge of the fundamentals of teaching, and the ability to communicate effectively with the student pilot. During the certication process, a ight instructor applicant is tested on the practical application of these skills in specic teaching situations. The ight instructor is crucial to the scenario-based training program endorsed by the FAA. He or she is trained to function in the learning environment as an advisor and guide for the learner. The duties, responsibilities, and authority of the CFI include the following: Orient the student to the scenario-based training system.Help the student become a condent planner and inight manager of each ight and a critical evaluator of their own performance. Help the student understand the knowledge requirements present in real world applications. Diagnose learning difculties and helping the student overcome them. Evaluate student progress and maintain appropriate records. Provide continuous review of student learning.Should a student pilot nd the selected CFI is not training in a manner conducive for learning, or the student and CFI do not have compatible schedules, the student pilot should nd another CFI. Choosing the right CFI is important because the quality of instruction and the knowledge and skills acquired from this ight instructor affect a student pilots entire ying career.The Student PilotThe rst step in becoming a pilot is to select a type of aircraft. FAA rules for getting a pilots certicate differ depending on the type of aircraft own. Individuals can choose among airplanes, gyroplanes, weight-shift, helicopters, powered parachutes, gliders, balloons, or airships. A pilot does not need a certicate to y ultralight vehicles. Basic Requirements A student pilot is one who is being trained by an instructor pilot for his or her rst full certicate, and is permitted to y alone (solo) under specic, limited circumstances. Upon request, an FAA-authorized aviation medical examiner (AME) will issue a combined medical certicate and Student Pilot Certicate after completion of a physical examination. Student Pilot Certicates may be issued by an FAA inspector or an FAA-designated pilot examiner. To be eligible for a Student Pilots Certicate, an individual must be: Be 16 years old (14 years old to pilot a glider or balloon). Be able to read, write, speak, and understand English. Hold a current Third-Class Medical Certicate (or for glider or balloon, certify no medical defect exists that would prevent piloting a balloon or glider).1-16Medical Certication RequirementsThe second step in becoming a pilot is to obtain a medical certicate and Student Pilots Certicate if the choice of aircraft is an airplane, helicopter, gyroplane, or airship. [Figure 1-26] (The FAA suggests the individual get a medical certicate before beginning ight training to avoid the expense of ight training that cannot be continued due to a medical condition.) Balloon or glider pilots do not need a medical certicate, but do need to write a statement certifying that no medical defect exists that would prevent them from piloting a balloon or glider. The new sport pilot category does not require a medical examination; a drivers license can be used as proof of medical competence. Applicants who fail to meet certain requirements or who have physical disabilities which might limit, but not prevent, their acting as pilots, should contact the nearest FAA ofce.A medical certicate is obtained by passing a physical examination administered by a doctor who is an FAAauthorized AME. There are approximately 6,000 FAA-authorized AMEs in the nation. Medical certicates are designated as rst class, second class, or third class. Generally, rst class is designed for the airline transport pilot; second class for the commercial pilot; and third class for the student, recreational, and private pilot. A Student Pilot Certicate is issued by an AME at the time of the students rst medical examination. This certicate allows an individual who is being trained by a ight instructor to y alone (solo) under specic, limited circumstances and must be carried with the student pilot while exercising solo ight privileges. The student pilot certicate is only required when exercising solo ight privileges. The student certicate is valid until the last day of the month, 24 months after it was issued.Student Pilot Solo RequirementsOnce a student has accrued sufcient training and experience, a CFI can endorse the students certicate to authorize limited solo ight in a specic type (make and model) of aircraft. A student pilot may not carry passengers, y in furtherance of a business, or operate an aircraft outside of the various endorsements provided by the ight instructor. There is no minimum aeronautical knowledge or experience requirement for the issuance of a student pilot certicate other than the medical requirements for the class of medical certicate the student certicate is based upon. There are, however, minimum aeronautical knowledge and experience requirements for student pilots to solo.Becoming a PilotThe course of instruction a student pilot follows depends on the type of certicate sought. It should include the ground and ight training necessary to acquire the knowledge and skills required to safely and efciently function as a certicated pilot in the selected category and class of aircraft. The specic knowledge and skill areas for each category and class of aircraft are outlined in 14 CFR part 61. Eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, proficiency, and aeronautical requirements can be found in 14 CFR part 61, Certication: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors. Recreational Pilot, see subpart D Private Pilot, see subpart E Sport Pilot, see subpart JFigure 1-26. A Third-Class Medical Certificate/Student PilotThe knowledge-based portion of training is obtained through FAA handbooks such as this one, textbooks, and other sources of training and testing materials which are available in print form from the Superintendent of Documents, GPO, and onlineCertificate.1-17at the Regulatory Support Division: www.faa.gov/about/ ofce_org/headquarters_ofces/avs/ofces/afs/afs600. The CFI may also use commercial publications as a source of study materials, especially for aircraft categories where government materials are limited. A student pilot should follow the ight instructors advice on what and when to study. Planning a denite study program and following it as closely as possible will help in scoring well on the knowledge test. Haphazard or disorganized study habits usually result in an unsatisfactory score. In addition to learning aeronautical knowledge, such as the principles of ight, a student pilot is also required to gain skill in ight maneuvers. The selected category and class of aircraft determines the type of ight skills and number of ight hours to be obtained. There are four steps involved in learning a ight maneuver: The CFI introduces and demonstrates ight maneuver to the student. The CFI talks student pilot through the maneuver. The student pilot practices the maneuver under CFI supervision. The CFI authorizes the student pilot to practice the maneuver solo.Requirements: General, for additional detailed information pertaining to eligibility; and if pursuing a private pilot certicate, 14 CFR section 61.103, Eligibility Requirements: General, contains additional detailed information pertaining to eligibility. Sample test questions can be downloaded from Airmen Knowledge Test Questions: www.faa.gov/education_ research/testing/airmen/test_questions/. Each applicant must register to take the test, and provide proper identication and authorization proving eligibility to take a particular FAA test. The option to take an untimed sample test will be offered. The actual test is time limited, but most applicants have sufcient time to complete and review the test. Upon completion of the knowledge test, the applicant receives an Airman Knowledge Test Report that reects the score and is embossed with the testing centers seal. To pass, a minimum score of 70 must be attained.When To Take the ExaminationThe knowledge test is more meaningful to the applicant and more likely to result in a satisfactory grade if it is taken after beginning the ight portion of the training. Therefore, the FAA recommends the knowledge test be taken after the student pilot has completed a solo cross-country ight. The operational knowledge gained by this experience can be used to the students advantage in the knowledge test. The student pilots CFI is the best person to determine when the applicant is ready to take the knowledge exam.Once the student pilot has shown prociency in the required knowledge areas, ight maneuvers, and accrued the required amount of ight hours, the CFI endorses the student pilot logbook, which allows the student pilot to take the written and practical exams for pilot certication.Where To Take the ExaminationThe FAA has hundreds of designated computer testing centers worldwide that administer FAA knowledge tests. These testing centers offer the full range of airman knowledge tests. Applicants will be charged a fee for the administration of FAA knowledge tests. A complete list of test centers, their locations and phone numbers can be downloaded at Airmen Certication Frequently Asked Questions located at www. faa.gov/education_research/testing/airmen/test_questions/ or www.faa.gov/licenses_certicates/airmen_certication/ airmen_FAQ/. An applicant can also contact the local FSDO to obtain this information. If the student pilot chooses a 14 CFR part 141 ight school with test examining authority, the school will administer the knowledge test during the curriculum. Practical Examination The FAA has developed PTSs for FAA pilot certicates and associated ratings. [Figure 1-27] These practical tests are administered by FAA ASIs and DPEs. 14 CFR part 61 species the areas of operation in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant. Since theKnowledge and Skill ExaminationsKnowledge Examination The knowledge test is the computer portion of the exams taken to obtain pilot certication. The test contains questions of the objective, multiple-choice type. This testing method conserves the applicants time, eliminates any element of individual judgment in determining grades, and saves time in scoring. If pursuing a recreational pilot or private pilot certicate, it is important to become familiar with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.23, Medical Certicates: Requirements and Duration; 14 CFR section 61.35, Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and Passing Grades; and 14 CFR section 61.83, Eligibility Requirements for Student Pilot, for detailed information pertaining to prerequisites and eligibility. If pursuing a recreational pilot certicate, it is important to review 14 CFR section 61.96, Applicability and Eligibility1-18Figure 1-27. Examples of Practical Test Standards.FAA requires all practical tests be conducted in accordance with the appropriate PTS, and the policies set forth in the Introduction section of the PTS book, the pilot applicant should become familiar with this book during training. The PTS book is a testing document and not intended to be a training syllabus. An appropriately rated ight instructor is responsible for training the pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers. Descriptions of tasks and information on how to perform maneuvers and procedures are contained in reference and teaching documents such as this handbook. A list of reference documents is contained in the Introduction section of each PTS book. Copies may obtained by: Downloading from the FAA website: www.faa.gov. Purchase of print copies from the GPO, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, or via their ofcial online bookstore at www.access.gpo.gov.contains tasks, which are comprised of knowledge areas, ight procedures, and/or ight maneuvers appropriate to the area of operation. The candidate is required to demonstrate knowledge and proficiency in all tasks for the original issuance of all pilot certicates.When To Take the Practical Exam14 CFR part 61 establishes the ground school and ight experience requirements for the type of certication and aircraft selected. However, the CFI best determines when an applicant is qualied for the practical test. A practice practical test is an important step in the ight training process. The applicant will be asked to present the following documentation: FAA Form 8710-1 (8710.11 for sport pilot applicants), Application for an Airman Certicate and/or Rating, with the ight instructors recommendation. An Airman Knowledge Test Report with a satisfactory grade. A medical certificate (not required for glider or balloon), and a student pilot certicate endorsed by a ight instructor for solo, solo cross-country (airplane and rotorcraft), and for the make and model aircraftThe ight prociency maneuvers listed in 14 CFR part 61 are the standard skill requirements for certication. They are outlined in the PTS as areas of operation. These are phases of the practical test arranged in a logical sequence within the standard. They begin with preight preparation and end with postight procedures. Each area of operation1-19to be used for the practical test (drivers license or medical certicate for sport pilot applicants). The pilot log book records. A graduation certicate from an FAA-approved school (if applicable).The applicant must provide an airworthy aircraft with equipment relevant to the areas of operation required for the practical test. He or she will also be asked to produce and explain the: Aircrafts registration certicate Aircrafts airworthiness certicate Aircrafts operating limitations or FAA-approved aircraft ight manual (if required) Aircraft equipment list Required weight and balance data Maintenance records Applicable airworthiness directives (ADs)A pilot training program depends on the quality of the ground and ight instruction the student pilot receives. The ight instructor must possess a thorough understanding of the learning process, knowledge of the fundamentals of teaching, and the ability to communicate effectively with the student pilot. He or she uses a syllabus and teaching style that embodies the building block method of instruction. In this method, the student progresses from the known to the unknown via a course of instruction laid out in such a way that each new maneuver embodies the principles involved in the performance of maneuvers previously learned. Thus, with the introduction of each new subject, the student not only learns a new principle or technique, but also broadens his or her application of those principles or techniques previously learned. Insistence on correct techniques and procedures from the beginning of training by the ight instructor ensures that the student pilot develops proper ying habit patterns. Any deciencies in the maneuvers or techniques must immediately be emphasized and corrected. A ight instructor serves as a role model for the student pilot who observes the ying habits of his or her ight instructor during ight instruction, as well as when the instructor conducts other pilot operations. Thus, the ight instructor becomes a model of ying prociency for the student who, consciously or unconsciously, attempts to imitate the instructor. For this reason, a ight instructor should observe recognized safety practices, as well as regulations during all ight operations. The student pilot who enrolls in a pilot training program commits considerable time, effort, and expense to achieve a pilot certicate. Students often judge the effectiveness of the ight instructor and the success of the pilot training program based on their ability to pass the requisite FAA practical test. A competent ight instructor stresses to the student that practical tests are a sampling of pilot ability compressed into a short period of time. The goal of a ight instructor is to train the total pilot. Role of the Designated Pilot Examiner The DPE plays an important role in the FAAs mission of promoting aviation safety by administering FAA practical tests for pilot and Flight Instructor Certicates and associated ratings. Although administering these tests is a responsibility of the ASI, the FAAs highest priority is making air travel safer by inspecting aircraft that y in the United States. To satisfy the need for pilot testing and certication services, the FAA delegates certain of these responsibilities to private individuals who are not FAA employees.For a detailed explanation of the required pilot maneuvers and performance standards, refer to the PTSs pertaining to the type of certication and aircraft selected. These standards may be downloaded free of charge from the FAA: www.faa. gov. They can also be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents or GPO bookstores. Most airport xed-base operators and ight schools carry a variety of government publications and charts, as well as commercially published materials.Who Administers the FAA Practical Examination?Due to the varied responsibilities of the FSDOs, practical tests are usually given by DPEs. An applicant should schedule the practical test by appointment to avoid conicts and wasted time. A list of examiner names can be obtained from the local FSDO. Since a DPE serves without pay from the government for conducting practical tests and processing the necessary reports, the examiner is allowed to charge a reasonable fee. There is no charge for the practical test when conducted by an FAA inspector. Role of the Certicated Flight Instructor To become a CFI, a pilot must meet the provisions of 14 CFR part 61. The FAA places full responsibility for student ight training on the shoulders of the CFI, who is the cornerstone of aviation safety. It is the job of the ight instructor to train the student pilot in all the knowledge areas and teach the skills necessary for the student pilot to operate safely and competently as a certicated pilot in the NAS. The training will include airmanship skills, pilot judgment and decisionmaking, and good operating practices. 1-20Appointed in accordance with 14 CFR section 183.23, a DPE is an individual who meets the qualication requirements of the Pilot Examiners Handbook, FAA Order 8710.3, and who: Is technically qualied. Holds all pertinent category, class, and type ratings for each aircraft related to their designation. Meets requirements of 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.56, 61.57, and 61.58, as appropriate. Is current and qualied to act as PIC of each aircraft for which he or she is authorized. Maintains at least a Third-Class Medical Certicate, if required. Maintains a current Flight Instructor Certicate, if required.Chapter SummaryThe FAA has entered the second century of civil aviation as a robust government organization and is taking full advantage of technology, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite technology to enhance the safety of civil aviation. The Internet has also become an important tool in promoting aviation safety and providing around-the-clock resources for the aviation community. Handbooks, regulations, standards, references, and online courses are now available at the FAA website. In keeping with the FAAs belief that safety is a learned behavior, the FAA offers many courses and seminars to enhance air safety. The FAA puts the burden of instilling safe ying habits on the ight instructor, who should follow basic ight safety practices and procedures in every ight operation he or she undertakes with a student pilot. Operational safety practices include, but are not limited to, collision avoidance procedures consisting of proper scanning techniques, use of checklists, runway incursion avoidance, positive transfer of controls, and workload management. These safety practices will be discussed more fully within this handbook. Safe ight also depends on Scenario-Based Training (SBT) that teaches the student pilot how to respond in different ight situations. The FAA has incorporated these techniques along with decision-making methods, such as Aeronautical DecisionMaking (ADM), risk management, and Crew Resource Management (CRM), which are covered more completely in Chapter 17, Aeronautical Decision-Making.Designated to perform specific pilot certification tasks on behalf of the FAA, a DPE may charge a reasonable fee. Generally, a DPEs authority is limited to accepting applications and conducting practical tests leading to the issuance of specic pilot certicates and/or ratings. The majority of FAA practical tests at the private and commercial pilot levels are administered by DPEs. DPE candidates must have good industry reputations for professionalism, integrity, a demonstrated willingness to serve the public, and adhere to FAA policies and procedures in certication matters. The FAA expects the DPE to administer practical tests with the same degree of professionalism, using the same methods, procedures, and standards as an FAA ASI.1-211-22
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Chapter 4 in the PHAK - Federal Aviation Administration Introduction This chapter examines the fundamental physical laws ... Chapter 4. 4-2 1500 ... Understanding the fluid properties of air is essential
HOMEWORK PHAK CHAPTER 10 JEPPESEN Chapter 8 section A GLEIM CHAPTER 5 5.1-5.6 ASA CHAPTER 8 8-21 TO 8-35 The next test will be 100% ASA.
PHAK Chapter 10 is a product of the mass of a body and ... Chapter 10. 10-2 Empty Full ... the necessary calculations and decisions.
Meterology Chapter 6. HOMEWORK READ ALL OF CHAPTER 6 IN YOUR JEPPESEN PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL PHAK CHAPTER 11 DO ALL OF THE QUESTIONS IN ASA Chapter 6.
X-COUNTRY PLANNING CHAPTER 9. HOMEWORK READ –PHAK Chapter 15 –JEPPESEN Private Pilot Manual Chapter 9 section A, & Chapter 11 –AIM Page 713 section 5-1-8.
Class #4 Aircraft Instruments. Content Flight Instruments Engine Instruments Miscellaneous Instruments Gleim 2.1-2.8 JEPPESEN CHAPTER 2 SECTION C PHAK.


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What are the best Caspar Weinberger quotes? Read the most famous quotes by Caspar Weinberger. Top 10 Caspar Weinberger images and Top 10 Caspar Weinberger quotes. Caspar Weinberger quotations on stolen, foolish, indeed, small, risks are those that make this public servant famous.Go to table of contents
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I think women are too valuable to be in combat.
Here rests the soul of our nation - here also should be our conscience.
Sanctions and negotiations can be very ineffective, and indeed foolish, unless the people you are talking with and negotiating with and trying to reach agreements with are people who can be trusted to keep their word.
It took the Gulf War to demonstrate that America did want more than one friend in the Mideast, and also was willing to take and make major risks to prevent a small Muslim country, Kuwait, from being overrun and in effect stolen by Iraq.
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Who is Caspar Weinberger? Some facts about Caspar Weinberger from biography. Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger was an American politician and Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from January 21, 1981, until November 23, 1987, making him the third longest-serving defense secretary to date, after Robert McNamara and Donald Rumsfeld. He is also known for his role i... Read more about Caspar Weinberger on Wikipedia or watch videos with quotes from Caspar Weinberger on YouTube.
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7 hottest phones unveiled at MWC 2018 The Galaxy S9 is not the only new player hurtling out of Barcelona. There's an iPhone X clone from Asus, a classic Nokia that makes a comeback and a futuristic Vivo concept phone. A cybercriminal campaign focused on targeting the supply chain through the exploitation of ASUS Live Update software may have involved the installation of backdoors on over one million PCs.On Monday, researchers from Kaspersky Labs said the attack was first detected in January 2019. It is believed that the campaign, dubbed Operation ShadowHammer, took place between June and November 2018 and has potentially compromised countless users -- despite there being only a small list of individuals the hackers wished to target.Operation ShadowHammer leverages the ASUS Live Update Utility, which comes pre-installed on the majority of ASUS computers.ASUS Live Update is intended for ensuring computer systems, such as drivers, apps, BIOS, and UEFI all receive upgrades and patches … [Read more...] about Hijacked ASUS Live Update software installs backdoors on countless PCs worldwide
Microsoft office live meeting
Microsoft earnings meet Wall Street expectations, and the stock sinks 2.5%
caption Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella source Justin Sullivan/Getty Images Microsoft reported earnings for the holiday quarter of 2018, and came in just about exactly at Wall Street expectations on revenue. Notably, Microsoft just barely missed expectations on earnings per share – but Microsoft says that it's because of a one-time charge around the new tax laws, and it would have beat otherwise. Overall, Microsoft showed strong growth in all of its three business units, with Microsoft Azure, Office 365, and the Surface hardware line as standouts. Microsoft stock is down some 2.5% in after-hours trading at the time of writing. Microsoft reported results for its holiday quarter on Wednesday after the bell – and posted earnings that fell short of Wall Street expectations, though it showed stronger-than-expected cloud revenue. Microsoft stock is down some 2.5% in after-hours trading at the time of writing. Microsoft … [Read more...] about Microsoft earnings meet Wall Street expectations, and the stock sinks 2.5%
Office 365 vs G Suite: Which productivity suite is best for your business?
Both Microsoft and Google would like to be your one-stop shop for business productivity software. Their respective subscription offerings, Office 365 and G Suite, tick all the top-level boxes on your company's communications and productivity checklist. Each suite includes the following features: Business email and shared calendaring services attached to custom domainsOnline storage, with shared space for collaboration and a large allotment of personal storage space for each user accountProductivity apps for creating and collaborating on documents, spreadsheets, and presentationsCorporate communication tools, including messaging, online meetings, and video conferencingA management interface, with advanced features such as compliance and archiving for enterprise customers as well as security features including two-factor authenticationBoth of these services are underpinned by a robust, highly reliable cloud infrastructure with data centers worldwide. (And if the G Suite brand … [Read more...] about Office 365 vs G Suite: Which productivity suite is best for your business?
Microsoft Will Supply American Soldiers With HoloLens AR Headsets For Combat Training
Nov 29, 10:33 AM EST Newsletter Signup BusinessTechnologyWorldNationalMedia & CultureOpinionSportsLuxury Technology By Corazon Victorino 11/29/18 AT 7:55 AM American soldiers would soon be able to engage in combat training using specialized HoloLens AR headsets made by Microsoft now that the Redmond giant won a $480 million military contract with the U.S. government. Since Microsoft won the bidding, it will be providing the military with prototypes of augmented reality systems for two years. The documentation describing the bidding process also indicated that the deal may result to follow-on orders of over 100,000 headsets. Microsoft is primarily tasked to come up with AR tech that would give soldiers the ability to engage in "25 bloodless battles before the 1st battle." This means the headsets would be used in live combat training, so that military men would be better at detecting, deciding and engaging before the enemy. "Augmented … [Read more...] about Microsoft Will Supply American Soldiers With HoloLens AR Headsets For Combat Training
Why Microsoft needs to fix its broken tablet mode in Windows 10 (before it's too late)
In 2016, Microsoft achieved OneCore, a unified platform kernel designed to provide a cohesive Windows experience across form factors. From the desktop contexts of Surface Laptop, Surface Studio or Surface Pro (in laptop mode), to augmented reality with HoloLens to the tablet modes of Surface Pro and Surface Go Microsoft is striving to make Windows 10 one OS for all. Conceptually the idea is great. The execution, however, falls short due to limited developer support, a weak app ecosystem and an underdeveloped touch user interface which all leads to a less than ideal tablet experience. Windows 10 with millions of legacy desktop apps and multiple input modalities is unmatched for productivity. Still, Apple, Google, and Samsung boast superior tablet experiences and more robust app ecosystems. And their quests to make their productivity options more competitive is ever so slowly narrowing Microsoft's entrenched lead. Ironically, this path to challenging Microsoft's productivity forte was … [Read more...] about Why Microsoft needs to fix its broken tablet mode in Windows 10 (before it's too late)


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Fundraisers in Hamilton, MT
Get help paying bills & expenses in Hamilton today
Fleecey was unable to give birth to the last pup. An emergency C Section was done to save Fleecey. Please help with vet costs.
Last donation 11mos ago
$1,340 raised of $1,000
Mitzi Garnett is one of the most giving people I've ever known. She always puts others first. This time, we need to put her first. She has been diagnosed with Stage 2 Invasive Breast Cancer. We're asking for financial help so that Mitzi can take time off of work and heal. This is a major surgery...
Last donation 7mos ago
$7,850 raised of $15,000
This campaign is for my little guys. Original due dates were February 10th. They were born 7 weeks early on December 17th at 32 weeks. I was admitted to labor and delivery on December 4th when my water ruptured and they had to stop premature labor. On that Sunday the 17th, I was far enough along...
Last donation 1yr ago
$3,565 raised of $10,000
Benjamin Williams was born 2-26-72. Ben is 47 yrs old and has been on dialysis for 27 years of his life. He received a kidney transplant when he was 20. His father donated for him and it was lost 3 1/2 years later from an intolerance to an anti rejection drug. It almost killed him then, but he...
Last donation 3w ago
$2,575 raised of $50,000
Unfortunately our beautiful Marvel is being returned to us as he did not work out for the family that adopted him and he needs more training. With his return we now have 4 dogs in boarding and training!!! We have managed to pay for them so far with your previous donations, but this is going to...
Last donation 3d ago
$2,110 raised of $2,000
On August 28, 2017 I found out that my son Blaine has Burkitts Lymphoma, a type of cancer. He is 10 years old and full of life!! He loves to be active, create and draw art, listen to music, play mine craft and is a very loving child. The kids and I have been living in Hamilton, Mt where I am a si...
Last donation 1yr ago
$2,475 raised of $10,000
Dona Hinshaw has been struggling with intense pain and multiple ER visits over the last few months. The answer finally came with a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, although that is certainly not the news we wanted to hear. At this point, we are told the tumor is inoperable. She will be starting...
Last donation 8mos ago
$12,261 raised of $15,000
Bob Trezona is a United States Army veteran who proudly served his country during the Viet Nam War. On Thanksgiving Day in 1968, Bob was part of a combat mission when his helicopter was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade. His helicopter exploded 60' above the ground and crash landed. Bob was trapp...
Last donation 1yr ago
$6,033 raised of $32,753
I am raising money to help my brother, Justin Weidow to pay for his medical bills and other expenses on his road to recovery. If you know Justin you know how tough and stubborn he is. Justin is an avid bow hunter and fisherman who loves the outdoors. Being the oldest of 8 kids he practically r...
Last donation 2yrs ago
$11,060 raised of $50,000
Tom is a husband, a father to 2 beautiful daughters, a former United States Marine, and an all around wonderful respectable man. He was recently diagnosed with a type of cancer called carcinoma. He is still in the process of working with doctors to find the best course of action. He is unable...
Last donation 1yr ago
$2,700 raised of $10,000
My sister Linda Kearns is pending a very extensive and complicated back surgery and with all the doctor visits and surgery money is very tight. Most of you know Linda as the secretary at Hamilton High School, where she has held that position for over thirty-seven years. She will not be able to wo...
Last donation 2yrs ago
$1,745 raised of $10,000
Karry Zimmerman, beloved father, husband, and friend to so many, recently lost his very brief battle with stage 4 pancreatic cancer. We are all heartbroken. He was only diagnosed 4 weeks before his passing - it was all so sudden. As you can imagine, the medical and other expenses are quite ext...
Last donation 10mos ago
$3,735 raised of $10,000
The Hamilton Middle School Science Olympiad team was the MONTANA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP team at the recent competition at Montana State University in Bozeman. This is a huge accomplishment for our students/school, and also a reflection on the town's dedication to science and education. The competit...
Last donation 1mo ago
$2,790 raised of $5,000
SO here goes, my story in a nut shell, and the reason why I am asking for a little help. My entire story would take a book so maybe the full story can wait. It basically all started on March 3, 2000, we had to rush my daughter to the ER and found out she had type 1 diabetes, not a week to relive....
Last donation 2mos ago
$1,840 raised of $4,290
Tasha is a single mom with four beautiful kiddos. She has been working her booty off trying to support them on her own. She is a traveling CNA and has never once complained about working long hours just to support her kiddos This afternoon, October 23, 2018 they lost their home and everything i...
Last donation 7mos ago
$1,335 raised of $5,000
As many of you know Susan Matthews, a long time resident and friend of the community, has been battling breast cancer since around October, 2011 and unfortunately we are now nearing the end of her journey. She is currently in Marcus Daily Hospice Center and the family thinks it's in her best inte...
Last donation 3mos ago
$5,007 raised of $7,000
Dear Family & Friends, Cancer is one of the most cowardly diseases on the planet. As others have said, cancer is the definition of tragedy. We are finding lows we didn't know existed, yet with the help of family and friends, we are also encouraged. With her permission, Lynda has allowed me to...
Last donation 6mos ago
$8,000 raised of $50,000
Early November 2016, Ray made an appointment to see his primary doctor due to unknown issues he had been having, causing frequent urination all day and night long. He was sleepless and tired of being TIRED. After having an ultrasound, MRI and other tests done, he was referred to a Urologist, look...
Last donation 1yr ago
$4,560 raised of $6,000
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