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"Mathematics - Nature & Society"
By Sanjenbam Jugeshwor Singh.
We generally heard a very common word among our Manipuri society that a person who led a clean & peaceful life even if he is not literate that his calculation is very precise (Mahak asi lairik heitrasu angkadi yam kuppani).This gives a very beautiful message about the importance & need of Mathematics in our life. Then what is Mathematics? Mathematics is a methodical applications of matters. It's so said because the subject makes a man methodical or systematic. It makes our life orderly and prevents chaos. Certain qualities that are nurtured by Mathematics are power of reasoning, creativity, abstract or spatial thinking, critical thinking, problem solving ability and even effective communication skills. One very wonderful example of this is: how our street vendor's women in Manipur (mostly illiterate) calculate the cost of fractional items or goods, especially fish so fast and so accurately without pen & paper or calculator even faster than a mathematics teacher or a student who is very good in mathematics. This, in fact shows how mathematics is associated with us in our day-to-day life.
Mathematics is the cradle of all creations, without which the World cannot move even an inch. Be it be a cook, or a farmer, a carpenter or a mechanic, a shopkeeper or a Doctor, an Engineer, a Scientist or a magician, everybody needs mathematics in their day-to-day life. Even insects use Mathematics in their day-to-day life for existence. Snails make their shells, spiders design their webs and bees build hexagonal combs, birds makes their nests. These are certain examples of Mathematical patterns in Nature's fabric.
Anybody can be Mathematician if one is given proper guidance & training in the formative period of one's life. A good curriculum of Mathematics is helpful in effective teaching & learning of the subject. Experience says, learning Mathematics can be made easier and enjoyable if our curriculum includes Mathematical activities and games. Mathematical puzzles and riddles encourage and attract an alert and open minded attitude among youngsters and help them to develop clarity in their thinking. Emphasis should be laid on development of clear concept in Mathematics in a child, right from the primary classes. If a teacher fails here, then the child will develop a phobia for the subjects as he moves on to the higher classes. For explaining a topic in Mathematics, a teacher should take up help of pictures, sketches, diagrams and models as far as possible. As it is believed that the process of learning is complete if our sense of hearing is accompanied by our sense of sight. Open-ended questions should be given to the child to answer and he/she should be encouraged to think about the solutions in all possible manners. The child should be appreciated for every correct attempt and the mistakes must be immediately corrected without any criticism. The greatest hurdle in the process of learning Mathematics is lack of practice. Students should daily work out at least 10 problems from different areas in order to master the concept and develop speed and accuracy in solving a problem. Learning of multiplication-tables should be encouraged in the lower classes. Another very effective means of spreading the knowledge of Mathematics among children is through peer-teaching. Once a child has learned a concept from his/her teacher, the latter should ask him to explain the same to fellow students. Moreover in the process all the children will be able to express their doubts on the topic and clear them through discussion in a group. The present age is one of skill-development and innovations. The more the mathematical we are in our approach, the more successful we will be. Mathematics offers rationality to our thoughts. It is a tool in our hands to make our life simpler and easier. Let us realize and appreciate the beauty of the subject and embrace it with all our hearts. It is a talent which should be compulsorily honed by all in every walk of life.
(Any suggestions or comments can reach to: email@example.com)
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Joanna Hlebowiczaffiliated with the university
Research areas and keywords
UKÄ subject classification
- Clinical Medicine
Recent research outputs
Effect of food intake on biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and inflammation analyzed with the proseek multiplex CVD II kitMagnus Dencker, Ylva Gårdinger, Ola Björgell & Joanna Hlebowicz, 2018 Feb 27, In : Genetics and Molecular Research. 17, 1, gmr16039884.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
The impact of alteplase on pulmonary graft function in donation after circulatory death - An experimental studyAnnika Liersch-Nordqvist, Mohammed Fakhro, Leif Pierre, Joanna Hlebowicz, Malin Malmsjö, Richard Ingemansson & Sandra Lindstedt, 2017 Oct, In : Annals of medicine and surgery (2012). 22, p. 1-6 6 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

subset: commoncrawl


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Jobs Board
If you want to work in the retail sector use our jobs board below to find the latest opportunities.
If you want to fill your job vacancies fast click here to add a job.
Part Time Bike Mechanic
This Job has been viewed 150 times
- Employer
- Total Fitness Bath
- Job reference
- 34147Emp
- Location
- Bath, Bath & North East Somerset
- Salary range
- Job added
- 7 June 19
- Final date for applications
- n/a
Job Description
We are looking for an experienced mechanic to work 1-2 days per week in our busy workshop servicing bikes and building stock for our showroom.
We offer good pay, staff discounts, Cycle to Work and a great working environment.
Skills/Experience Required
- You will need to be able to build stock out of the box as well as being able to carry out setup and basic services on a variety of bikes inclduing replacement of any faulty parts.
- You will need to complete all relevant paperwork after each service and be able to liase with dealers and suppliers.
- You must be competent with a computer, be able to use email & Microsoft Office.
- We are looking for a friendly, detail orientated team player with a good work ethic and excellent time keeping.
- You should enjoy being public facing and confident in answering any questions you may be asked.


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Like Father Like Baby
Some are born to love sports and that is so exception for this baby and the father. Clearly this dad is a big sports fan and rooting for his team. Every time they score a touchdown he would raise his hands and yell out of happiness. Right next to him is a newborn and every time he raises his hands so does the baby. It is truly an adorable moment between father and child and one that will continue for years and years to come I'm sure. Now all the baby needs to do is learn to talk so it can yell too.


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News & Updates
Xendo on the go
By AppWise / Dec 16, 2015
It's one of our most popular requests... "when is your mobile app coming out?". While I can't share the details right now, stay tuned for exciting stuff in 2016.
In the meantime, I wanted to share how you can setup Xendo on your iPhone and iPad so that it's available like a native mobile app, right now. With four simple steps you can be using Xendo on the go:
Step 1: Once you've opened Xendo in your default Safari browser, just slide down to reveal the menu at the bottom. Click on the middle icon to get Xendo on your Home Screen.
Step 2: Click the 'Add to Home Screen' button.
Step 3: Give your bookmark an intuitive name, like 'Xendo' and click 'Add'.
Step 4: You should now have Xendo on your Home Screen and you can launch it just like any other app.
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Schneider Electric Chooses AppDirect to Power Its Exchange Ecosystem MarketplaceFew companies can say that they've been at the forefront of innovation for almost 200 years, but Schneider Electric is one of them. Founded in 1836, t...
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With a little more power, destroying Ram Mandir to build the mosque would be displayed with Islamic pride.
This is why it is systematic and large-scale and Muslim chroniclers proudly document destruction.
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Tuesday, June 25, 2019
Dr. Mustafa Barghouti: G4S withdrawal, "a great victory for BDS"
Dr. Mustafa Barghouthi
- March 11, 2016
Main News
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Mustafa Bargouthi
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The withdrawal of the G4S company from Israel is a great victory for BDS. Dr. Mustafa Barghouti, Secretary General of the Palestinian National Initiative, said that the withdrawal of the British company, G4S, from Israel and the closing of their offices represents another great victory that is crucial to the BDS movement against Israel. Dr. Barghouti also added that the closure of the G4S company offices specialized in escorting services, which invests more than $150 million in guarding Israeli prisons, where Palestinian prisoners are being tortured, confirms the effectiveness of the boycott movement. This withdrawal plays a role in escalating and widening new losses on the Israeli economy. Dr. Barghouti also commented that this remarkable achievement will help put pressure on other companies dealing with the Israeli occupation. It also confirms the efficiency of the boycott movement. He also explained that this withdrawal is proof of the importance of the boycott movement and its success which constitutes a real deterrent to Israel. It is important that this boycott movement gains support and strength to reach all over the world. Barghouti called on the Palestinian people to support the international movement by engaging in this boycott of Israeli goods in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
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text: Calendar There are multiple events going on monthly. Take a look at what's happening around our community. All Events To begin your search, use the options below or the 30 day calendar to choose a specific day. Search by Keyword: Search by Category:All Events Athletics Awards Ceremony Diploma Exams Diploma Prep District Event Educational Event Elementary Graduation High School Hot Lunch Important Deadline Important Notification Junior High Music Event Parent Event Picture Day Religious Event School Event Student Event Weather Delay Start Date: End Date: Calendar Printout Select a day on the calendar to jump into events and activities. Showing: All Events Showing«1to3of3» Results per page:5 10 15 Thursday, June 27, 2019Full Day of InstructionFull Day of Instruction All Day Friday, June 28, 2019Half Day of InstructionHalf Day of Instruction All Day Friday, June 28, 2019Year End Mass + Gr 6 FarewellYear End Mass + Gr 6 Farewell 9:00 am - 10:00 am


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Irving, Texas – Kleinfelder is pleased to announce that Ray Carr has joined the company as Program Manager for the Texas CEI (Construction Engineering and Inspection) practice.
Ray officially started on October 31, 2016 and is housed in our Irving office. Ray has over 48 years of Project Management, Construction Management, and Marketing experience in both consulting and private sector roles.
Ray holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington and has also completed postgraduate work in business administration at UTA. He is a Licensed Professional Engineer in Texas and several additional States.
Ray joins Kleinfelder following two years as the Owner Verification Construction Manager for TxDOT on the Border West Expressway in El Paso, Texas. This is a 7.5 mile, four-lane Design-Build Toll Road between I-10 and the International Border, with a total budget in excess of $600 million.
Ray's professional engineering experience includes planning, design, and construction management of multidiscipline projects for both public and private clients. His diverse contributions include office startup; client retention and profitability; serving as a liaison with Local, State, and Federal agencies; establishing design and construction standards; and marketing and managing multi-phase design and construction contracts.
Ray has been responsible for construction projects with a total cost of $978 million, ranging in size from several thousand dollars to more than $600 million of project costs. Ray has extensive experience in program management, preconstruction, construction management, design-build, aviation, planning, streets, highways, private development, water and sewer, healthcare facilities, parks, drainage, fire training, wetlands, Municipal, State, Department of Defense, Federal Government, and regulatory compliance issues.
Ray has served as City Engineer for several small cities; as District Engineer for a water district; and managed projects for TxDOT, LaDOTD, NMDOT, DHS CBP, USAF, USAFRC, FAA, EPA, USACOE, and the Republic of Honduras, Carswell Air Reserve Station, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, Dallas Love Field, Sheppard Air Force Base, Spinks Municipal Airport,; the Counties of Angelina, Collin, Grayson, and Plaquemines Parish; and the Cities of Dallas, Fort Worth, Arlington, Grand Prairie, Ennis, Wylie, Plano, McKinney, Little Elm, Waco, Royse City, and Granbury.
Ray is an Alumni Member of the Boy Scouts of America and assisted as a volunteer conducting numerous Pinewood Derbies and outdoor adventures. Please join in welcoming Ray to the Kleinfelder family!
About Kleinfelder
Kleinfelder has been connecting great people to the best work since 1961. We are engineers, scientists, and construction professionals providing solutions that improve our clients' transportation, water, energy, and other private infrastructure. As an integrated, cross-disciplinary team of bright, curious, and innovative problem-solvers, we are dedicated to doing the right thing, every day, on every project from over 60 offices in the US, Canada and Australia.


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JH-CM-12MAY19 Personal Assistant wanted to work with disabled child in Battersea
Job reference: JH-CM-10MAY19
Closing date:
Closing date:
Personal Assistant wanted to work with autistic child in Battersea area, South London. Taking child to the local parks, cafes, sporting events etc. 6 hours per week, flexible days in the late afternoon. Pay rate is £10.20 per hour. Must be experienced working with children or people with autism.


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Pet Policy
We love our dogs. However not everyone loves our dogs as much as we do. This year we are adding a Pet Coordinator to the staff in order to keep track of who has dogs, make sure those dogs stay safe and make sure that everyone else is safe as well in regards to those dogs.
Our Pet Coordinator is M'Lady Pickles Drake/Becky Puckett.
Warriors and Warlords Pet Policy
All animals shall be trolled in and have a site token on them at all times.This site token will have their owners name/Scadian name and how to reach them on it.
All animals must be contained by items such as leashes, fences, tie-outs, kennels, etc.
All animals are expected to have food, shade, and ample water.
Barking and other animal noises should be minimal during dark hours.
Any animals found wandering or disturbing the peace may be asked to leave site. A list of daycare and kenneling locations with prices will be available with animal control and at info point.
Aggressive animals will be asked to leave immediately.
Pet owners with multiple offenses may be asked to leave site along with their pet with no refund of site fee.
A list of emergency vet locations will be available with animal control and at info point.


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By Bi5MiLl4hRunamuckfestival. Display Cabinet. At Tuesday, February 12th 2019, 23:19:34 PM.
It is often the case that no displays on the showroom floor are exactly what you and your business requires. Maybe some of your items are oddly shaped, or the dimensions of your shop don't match any premade display cabinets - but don't despair! Many of the best shop display vendors offer a custom design and construction service. This means that they can help you design a display cabinet that perfectly matches your needs and then have it built, with a minimum of fuss. For more information on this service, or a quote on displays for your business, contact your local shop display specialist today.
Aside from the size of the cabinets, consider the shelving space. You want your products to be displayed correctly, and different things will need different types of shelving. If you're selling books, then you need book display shelves, which are different in size and design from grocery shelves or even collectible displaying cabinets. Choosing the right shelving will make sure you can display your products in a way that's easy for your customers to view them.
Size is the first thing you need to consider. First, you need display cabinets that will fit in your store. You must also be able to fit it into your doorway (unless you assemble it yourself.) You will have a limited space in your store, so you want pieces that will fit your products and the store, with enough room for your customers to move around in and admire your products. This will take some planning, as you need to measure the size of your store, and plan out how many and how big your cabinet should be. Try to use paper and pen (or a software program) to plan out your floorspace, so you can choose the right size of cabinets.


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- Fairgrounds18.Jun 2018
- Employee
Fairgrounds is a great company to work for. Equal opportunity, growth,promotion, and very supportive.
Suggestions for improvement
- N/a it is a very safe environment and reliable
What I like about the company
Great benefits and always willing to help
What I dislike about the company
Nothing off the top of my head
- CompanyFairgrounds
- CityMeraux
- Are you a Current or Former Employee?Current employee
- PositionEmployee


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professional factory for Electric heating belt Export to St. Petersburg
Short Description:
Place of Origin:Zhejiang, China (Mainland) Brand Name:NUANYI Model Number:NY002 classification:hand warmer stlye:with cover (can put hand in bag) Product name:electric hot water bag Item name:electric warm bag weight:1.5kg Style:custom size:110*19 Material:Flannelette,PVC Voltage:220V(110v) Power:380w Charge time:8-15min Warm time:3-8 hours Manufactor: Cixi Jade Rabbit Electric Appliance Factory Approved Certificate:CE ROHS Wire length:75(80)cm Maximumt...
Product Detail
Product Tags
professional factory for Electric heating belt Export to St. Petersburg Detail:
|Place of Origin:Zhejiang, China (Mainland)
|Brand Name:NUANYI
|Model Number:NY002
|classification:hand warmer
|stlye:with cover (can put hand in bag)
|Product name:electric hot water bag
|Item name:electric warm bag
|Charge time:8-15min
|Warm time:3-8 hours
|Manufactor: Cixi Jade Rabbit Electric Appliance Factory
|Approved Certificate:CE ROHS
|Wire length:75(80)cm
|Reset temperature:35-40°c
|Pvc:double pvc
Product detail pictures:
"Quality 1st, Honesty as base, Sincere company and mutual profit" is our idea, in an effort to create consistently and pursue the excellence for professional factory for Electric heating belt Export to St. Petersburg, The product will supply to all over the world, such as: Brunei , Ireland , Tajikistan , Since the establishment of our company, we have realized the importance of providing good quality products and the best before-sales and after-sales services. Most problems between global suppliers and clients are due to poor communication. Culturally, suppliers can be reluctant to question things they do not understand. We break down those barriers to ensure you get what you want to the level you expect, when you want it.


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As the construction industry makes a comeback in Central Oregon, officials at the state Construction Contractors Board anticipate an eventual increase in complaints against licensed contractors alleging unresolved defects and poor workmanship.
Many of those complaints will end up in the courts, CCB officials said, thanks to a change in state law that took from the state agency the authority to make final decisions on complaints through arbitration hearings.
The change took effect in July 2011 and requires complainants, which can include prime contractors, subcontractors, employees and suppliers, as well as homeowners, to submit instead to mediation by the CCB.
If the two sides cannot reach an agreement, they may take the complaint to state court.
"I don't think it's made a lot of difference in terms of a lot of complaints filed," said Stan Jessup, interim manager of CCB dispute resolution services. "It gave homeowners an incentive to resolve their disputes in mediation."
The Legislature made the change, he said, to cut the cost of CCB hearings. Rather than increase license fees on contractors in a struggling economy to fund the approximately $1.2 million biennial cost of arbitration hearings in 2011-13, lawmakers opted to include the courts in the complaint process, Jessup said.
Homeowners have a year to file complaints about unresolved problems involving contractors. The number of all complaints declined from 1,628 in 2010 to 934 last year, according to data supplied by the CCB. Complaints filed by homeowners statewide between 2010 and 2013 fell steadily from 766 to 570.
The state requires residential contractors to have a minimum $20,000 performance bond, an amount that sometimes discourages homeowners from filing a complaint with the CCB, said Jacob Zahniser, a lawyer with Ball Janik LLP who specializes in construction defects.
Most claims exceed that amount, he said.
"The CCB has only really been effective to resolve small-money claims," said Zahniser, who has represented homeowners in Bend. "It has never been an effective mechanism to resolve larger claims."
Often, the dispute between homeowner and homebuilder has festered long enough that neither side is talking to the other and mediation becomes difficult; that's when lawyers get involved, Zahniser said. The dispute will usually center on money, not the contractor remedying the problem, he said.
"The (mediation) process has a place, and I've used it," Zahniser said. "It does protect a homeowner, but only up to a certain point, and after a certain point it just doesn't protect the homeowner."
Filing a complaint with the CCB serves another purpose, however. It allows the CCB to retain authority over the contractor's license in the event of a judgment against the contractor. Plus, filing even a large claim through the board preserves the homeowner's place in line to collect on the contractor's bond in the event others make similar claims.
The CCB will impose an order, in addition to any court judgment, that allows the state to suspend the contractor's license if restitution goes unmet. The board may suspend a contractor's license even if the complaint is never filed with the board but the homeowner files suit, instead, said Bruce Ehrlich, a CCB compliance specialist.
In that event, homeowners who prevail in court need to provide the CCB with a certified copy of the judgment, he said.
"When the amount of construction is fairly slow and reasonable, contractors are doing the work themselves, so complaints are few and far between," Ehrlich said.
"If things get really crazy, if it picks up, we'll expect to see a shortage of (subcontractors) and unlicensed people start creeping in. We'll start to see complaints pick up again."
Andy High, staff vice president of government affairs for the Central Oregon Builders Association, said the organization focuses on giving consumers information they need to ensure they choose reputable contractors. When complaints arise, mediation may resolve conflicts between homeowners and contractors faster, he said.
"We like to stress that the more that the consumer researches the contractor, (the better)," High said. "If (contractors) don't want to give references, hand over the license or show the bond, you need to be cautious."
Policing job sites against unlicensed contractors is part of the Construction Contractors Board's mission. For example, a CCB sweep of 99 job sites this week in Eastern and Central Oregon turned up 19 violations, Jessup said.
Working without a contractor's license may draw a $1,000 fine on the first offense, and $5,000 for each subsequent offense. Unlicensed work that damages property may draw a $5,000 fine immediately, he said.
Nearly 400 complaints against unlicensed contractors advertising on Craigslist were filed between January and June, Jessup said.
"It's a big issue," he said. "Especially with places like Craigslist, where they're advertising but not licensed."
— Reporter: 541-617-7815, firstname.lastname@example.com
Editor's note: This story has been corrected. Information from Jeff Hall, Deschutes County Circuit Court trial court administrator, has been removed.
The Bulletin regrets the error.


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Samanth Subramanian
Samanth Subramanian is a writer and journalist based in India. He studied journalism at Penn State University and international relations at Columbia University. He is, at present, a Leon Levy Biography Fellow at the City University of New York.
He has written for numerous publications including the New York Times, New Yorker, New York Review of Books, New Republic, Newsweek, Aeon, Boston Globe, The Caravan, Far Eastern Economic Review, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, Granta, Guardian, The Hindu, Huffington Post, Intelligent Life (Economist), Mint, The National (UAE), Wall Street Journal, The Cricket Monthly, etc. He also co-hosts The Intersection, a fortnightly science and culture podcast from Audiomatic.
Samanth's first book Following Fish: Travels Around the Indian Coast (2010, Penguin India, ISBN 0143064479) was praised by critics such as William Dalrymple and Ramachandra Guha, and won the Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize. It was also nominated for the Andre Simon Book Award. It was published in the UK in 2012 by Atlantic Books, ISBN 978-0857896001.
His second book This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan Civil War (2015, Atlantic Books, ISBN 978-0857895950) was nominated for the Samuel Johnson Prize and the Royal Society of Literature's Ondaatje Prize. He became only the second Indian writer after Suketu Mehta to be nominated for this prestigious award for literary non-fiction.[1] Dalrymple writing in The Guardian considered it a remarkable and moving portrayal of the agonies of the conflict that "will stand as a fine literary monument against the government's attempt at imposed forgetfulness".[2]
- ^ "Samanth Subramanian Becomes The Second Indian To Be Longlisted For The Samuel Johnson Prize". HuffPost. September 22, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ Dalrymple, William (March 9, 2015). "This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan War review – a moving portrayal of the agonies of the conflict". The Guardian. Retrieved May 6, 2016.


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Messy Church is a time for people of all ages to explore and express the Christian faith in a fun and creative way. It runs from 4 pm until 6 pm at St Andrew's Church Hall, Deans, usually on the third Sunday of each month.
Our next Messy Church is on Sunday 16th June when our theme is "Dazzling Disciples". Come along and find out how we can dazzle like a star if we are filled with God's love and share that love with those around us.
Each Messy Church is different, but here is an idea of what to expect:
4 pm: Arrive – Come to St Andrew's and relax and chat over refreshments. Families are welcome to enjoy the toys together.
4:15 pm: Crafts – Several different crafts, games, challenges and activities are available for everyone to explore a biblical theme.
5 pm: Celebrate – We come together as a group for a celebration involving a story, song, activities and prayers.
5.15 pm: Eat – We share a meal together.
Everyone is most welcome at Messy Church, though we ask that children are accompanied by an adult.


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Nematodes are an evolutionarily successful group of organisms and represent an important part of the soil microfauna that affect the soil microflora as they occupy positions at primary, secondary and/or tertiary consumer level in soil food webs (Moore and de Ruiter 1991). Despite the relevance of nematodes, the current adoption of this groups as a bioindicator is limited mainly due to difficulties in obtaining fine-scale taxonomic resolution (genus level or below) based on morphological traits, in addition to often being limited by systematic expertise (Yeates 2003).
Molecular assays utilizing the conserved 18S rDNA [small subunit: SSU] gene have been developed as an alternative to study the diversity of nematodes as a monitoring tool (Chen et al. 2010). Molecular analysis of nematode soil community DNA involves recovery and purification of nucleic acids, followed by PCR amplification. However, the key step is the efficient extraction of high-quality DNA that is representative of the nematode community and its variations within the environment. When DNA extraction is done on samples collected from soil it is difficult to completely remove the humus with a routine total DNA extraction procedure which can inhibit the activity of Taq DNA polymerase in the PCR reaction (Steffan et al. 1988). Although DNA extraction kits from soil samples are available and successful, the few milligrams of soil that are required for DNA extraction may not be representative of the environmental diversity of nematodes in the sample. Our objective was to asses a reliable protocol for DNA extraction of nematodes communities from agricultural environmental samples.
Fifteen surface soil samples selected to obtain a wide range in agricultural management and climatic seasons were used in the development of the method (Table I). Soil samples were taken with a soil sampler (2.5 inner diameter x 20 cm long) from the top 20 cm from a long-term crop-pasture rotation experiment at the INTA-FCA, UNMdP Balcarce station, Argentina (37°45' S, 58°18' W; 130 m above sea level; 870-mm mean annual rainfall; 13.7°C mean annual temperature). Soil was a complex of Typic Argiudoll and Petrocalcic Paleudoll soils, pH 5.7 in water, loamy texture, 33.1 cmol kg-1 cation exchange capacity, and 5.0 mg kg-1 Bray and Kurtz P, organic matter content of 62.0 g kg-1).
|Treatment (Nomenclature)
|Season (Nomenclature)
|Crop Characteristics
|ADN ng.µL-1
|Winter (w)
|Pasture (P)
|Dactylis glomerata, Phalaris tuberose, Festuca arundinacea], Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, and Triflolium pratense
|Crop-pasture rotation with conventional tillage (Cpct)
|Plowed soil (disk harrow and chisel one month before sampling)
|Crop-pasture rotation with no-tillage (Cpnt)
|Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fallow
|Continuous cropping with conventional tillage (Cct)
|Plowed soil (disk harrow and chisel one month before sampling)
|Continuous cropping with no-tillage (Cnt)
|Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fallow
|Summer (u)
|Same as (Pw)
|Pasture (5 month) Dactylis glomerata, Phalaris tuberose, Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, and Triflolium pratense
|Same as(Cpctu)
|Maize (Zea mays, 4 month)
|Maize (Zea mays, 4 month)
|Spring (s)
|Same as winter
|Pasture (11 month), same as (Cpctu)
|Pasture (11 month), same as (Cpctu)
|Maize (Zea mays) stover
|Maize (Zea mays) stover
Field-crop management conditions where the soil was collected in winter, summer and spring (w, u and s, respectively) were: Pasture (P), Crop-pasture rotation with conventional tillage -CT- (Cpct), Crop-pasture rotation with no tillage -NT- (Cpnt), Crop rotation (30 years) with CT (Cct), Crop rotation (30 years) with NT (Cnt) (Table I). Eight sub-samples were collected from each experimental unit (5 x 25m). These were thoroughly mixed to obtain a single composite sample of approximately 1kg. Nematodes were extracted from 100g of fresh soil from each sample by the centrifugal-flotation method (Caveness and Jensen 1955) and placed in 25ml containers (4°C until use 24h later).
Each sample was homogenized with a magnetic shaker (2 min) and immediately 4 subsamples of 5 ml each were collected. Nematodes of each subsample were individually collected (at least 20 nematodes) with the help of an "L"-shaped needle and placed in 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes with 100 μl of milliQ autoclaved water and stored at -20 °C until use. Each subsample was processed according to one of four DNA extraction methods as described.
TRIS-EDTA BUFFER. Nematodes were crushed in 500 μl of TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl; EDTA 1 mM [pH 8.0]) and β-mercaptoethanol Sigma 1% solution with a sterile micropestle in an ice bath. The pellet was dried and resuspended in 50 μl PCR-quality (nuclease-free) water after centrifugation (13,000 rpm, 4 min, 4 °C) and stored at -20 °C until use.
SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE. Nematodes were crushed with a sterile micropestle in an ice bath in 500 μL of SDS (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate), 50 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, 100 μg K proteinase ml-1 (Invitrogen), 1% β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma) and 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5 following Donn et al. (2008). The material was frozen in liquid nitrogen, followed by thawing and heating to 60 °C for 30 min. The supernatant was transferred to a fresh tube, and subjected to phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1, pH=8) extraction, with a subsequent chloroform extraction. The DNA was then precipitated (cold ethanol and 1/10 volume sodium acetate) and the resulting pellets were washed twice with 70% cold ethanol, dried, resuspended in 50 μl PCR-quality water and stored at -20 °C until use.
CHELEX RESIN. Nematodes were crushed in 240 μl TE buffer with 160 μl of 20% Chelex 100 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.), with a sterile micropestle in an ice bath as a modification of the method described by Stock (2009). The samples were then subjected to two cycles of heating (95 °C, 10 min) / freezing in liquid nitrogen and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 2 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was carefully transferred to a new tube and stored at -20 °C until use.
CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE BUFFER. Extraction of nucleic acids was perfor med following a method described by Vierstraete (2009) and Sambrook et al. (1989), somewhat modified: Nematodes were crushed in 500 μl of TE buffer with 2% CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), 100 μg/ml K proteinase, and 1% β-mercaptoethanol with a sterile micropestle in an ice bath. Each microcentrifuge tube was subjected to three cycles of heating (95 °C, 10 min) / freezing in liquid nitrogen with 15 sec vortexing. After centrifugation (13,000 rpm, 7 min, 4 °C), the upper phase (without any solid material) was transferred to a fresh tube. An equal volume of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1, pH=8) extraction solution was added and finger vortexed. This step was repeated, an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1 v/v) was added and the sample was vortexed and centrifuged to remove any residual phenol. After centrifugation (13,000 rpm, 15 minutes), the upper phase (without chloroform) was transferred into a new 1.5 ml tube containing 750 μl cold isopropanol and 1/10 volume sodium acetate. The tubes were maintained at -20 °C overnight. After centrifugation (13,000 rpm, 30 min, 4 °C), the supernatant was decanted into a beaker and the DNA pellet was washed in 200 μl cold 70% ethanol. The DNA pellet was air-dried and re-suspended in 50 μl PCR-quality water and stored at -20 °C until use.
The DNA concentration was quantified in all extracts by measuring absorbance at 260 nm with the Epoch (Biotech) spectrometer. The quality of the extract was also assessed by the 260/280 nm absorbance ratio (Sambrook et al. 1989). All experimental samples were subjected to PCR before any purification, to establish whether a purification step was essential for the successful amplification of gDNA.
To test the suitability of the DNA extracts for downstream molecular applications, the 18S small subunit ribosomal gene was amplified twofold using the primer pairs NEMF1/S3 (5'-CGCAAATTACCCACTCTC-3'/5'-AGTCAAATTAAGCCGCAG-3') and NS1/NS4 (5'-GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC-3'/5'-GGCTGCTGGCACCAGACTTGC-3'). For PCR amplification 2 μl DNA of template were used directly in a 25 μl reaction mixture in the presence of Taq Polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). PCR was performed in an automated thermal cycler (PTC-200, MJ Research Inc.) with an initial 94 °C denaturation for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1.5 min, 72 °C for 2 min and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. Each reaction included a negative control without DNA.
When the PCR amplification failed, the extracts were purified with the Wizard(r) SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System and each purified DNA sample was then subjected to PCR as described above. Agarose gels were stained with GelRed(r) and visualized with UV transillumination.
The disruption of nematodes in TE buffer, in SDS, and in Chelex Resin methods, failed in the subsequent PCR amplification, even though the DNA samples were purified with the Wizard(r) kit. The validity of using molecular techniques for environmental studies depends on obtaining representative extracts of nucleic acids from an environmental sample. The DNA extraction protocols used for soils usually include from one to all three of the following basic elements: physical disruption, chemical lysis, and enzymatic lysis (Sambrook et al. 1989). In our experiment, we performed the same physical disruption of nematodes but we changed the buffer for chemical extraction and/or enzymatic lysis. Nucleic acid extraction methods are often inefficient because of coextraction of enzymatic inhibitors from the soil together with the DNA.
Even though direct lysis techniques have been used frequently because they yield more DNA, in our study this did not provide the expected successful result. The major drawback of direct lysis methods is that more substances PCR-inhibitory of the Taq polimerase are extracted along with the DNA (Leff et al. 1995). Although we obtained DNA product after direct physical disruption in TE buffer we found no visible PCR products. The efficacy of diverse chemical lysis components remains largely unknown. Donn et al. (2008) reported that DNA extraction of nematodes from environmental samples with lysis mixtures containing the detergent SDS yielded both quantifiable DNA and PCR product. However, in our experiment, the SDS procedure resulted in DNA product but failed to obtain a nematode DNA extract that could be amplified by PCR. We made modifications to the basic chemical lysis techniques, which included high-temperature (90 °C to boiling) incubation (Stock 2009) and incorporation of the chelating agent Chelex resin, to inhibit nucleases and disperse soil particles (Jacobsen and Rasmussen 1992). However, this method also completely failed and no PCR products were obtained after direct amplification or amplification after purification.
The CTAB/phenol chloroform extraction was the only DNA extraction method that provided positive PCR amplicons of 18S rDNA. The PCR amplifications using the primer pairs NEMF1/S3 and NS1/NS4 resulted in expected fragments of about 700 bp and 1,000 bp, respectively (Figs. 1 and 2). The NEMF1 primer, targets the variable V3 and V5 regions of the 18S rDNA and is widely used in molecular-biodiversity studies of nematodes; S3 is a "universal" primer for eukaryotes that targets with highly a conserved region of the 18S rDNA (Waite et al. 2003). The NS1 and NS4 hybridized with highly-conserved regions of the eukaryote 18S rDNA molecule (White et al. 1990).
CTAB is known to help remove humus materials from most soils that contain high concentrations of humus acids which inhibit PCR enzymes. It has been reported that phenol/chloroform helps deproteinize the homogenate and remove a good deal of the humus and pigmented components of soil (Schneegurt et al. 2003). In our experiment, the DNA extracts obtained by the other (TE, SDS and Chelex) methods were highly pigmented (data not shown), but the extract obtained by the CTAB method combined with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol was clear and free of pigments.
The concentration of DNA of extracts from the CTAB/phenol chloroform method, ranged from about 20 ng µl-1 to 80 ng µl-1 (Table I). This could probably be associated with both, the variable abundance of nematodes communities in a sample and to the different contribution of DNA associated to the size of nematodes in each condition/station of sample collection. This wide range of DNA yield confirms the efficiency of the CTAB/phenol chloroform extraction method for a variable abundance of DNA in environmental samples. The highest purity of the extracted DNA was recorded in samples in which extraction was performed by the CTAB/phenol chloroform method (with values of absorbance A260/A280 ratio, close and higher to 1,5, Table I). While other tested methods of extracting DNA resulted in high yield, the quality of the extractions was lower than those obtained by the CTAB method (data not shown). Although the CTAB in the chemical lysis buffer and the proteinase K in the enzymatic lysis, combined by the phenol, chloroform and isoamyl alcohol extraction, was the most time-consuming method, it yielded both quantifiable DNA and amplifiable by PCR reaction. Used primers resulted in the expected amplicon`s sizes and served to test the success of the DNA extraction methods used.
In conclusion, we developed a simple and relatively affordable extraction method (CTAB combined with proteinase K and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol) for the extraction of DNA of nematodes communities from agricultural soils. The proposed protocol was successful for all analyzed samples of nematodes which were representative of different agricultural management and environmental stations. This provides the opportunity for studying nematodes as indicators of disturbances associated with agricultural management. After the successful extraction of DNA from nematodes communities, fingerprinting strategies (such as DGGE, SSCP, t-RFLP, etc.) or cloning-sequencing, may help define the role of the communities of nematodes as bioindicators of edaphic disturbances.


text: Home > Gadgets and Tech China's army develops online war game: report Agence France-Presse Posted at Jun 30 2011 11:35 AM | Updated as of Jun 30 2011 07:35 PM Share Save Facebook Twitter LinkedIn BEIJING - After setting up its own cyber-warfare team, China's military has now developed its first online war game aimed at improving combat skills and battle awareness, state press said Wednesday. "Glorious Mission" is a first-person shooter game that sends players on solo or team missions armed with high-tech weapons, the China Daily reported. Weapons used in the game are part of the actual arsenal of China's People's Liberation Army, it added. The final version of the game, which took nearly three years to develop and test, was launched on June 20. "I think it is possible the game will be made open online for Chinese military fans to download and play," an unnamed PLA press officer was quoted as saying. China has the world's biggest online population at more than 477 million users, according to official data. The launch of the game comes after the military announced earlier this year that it had set up an elite Internet security task force to fend off cyber attacks. Despite numerous allegations from around the world pointing at China as a source of cyber attacks, the state press, citing military officials, denied that the elite task force was set up as a "hacker army". Share Save Facebook Share on Twitter LinkedIn Read More: china Agence France-Presse online game Internet games


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|IR heating lamp array with reflectors modified by removal of segments thereof
|System for compensating against wafer edge heat loss in rapid thermal processing
|Sandhu et al.
|Rapid thermal processing high-performance multizone illuminator for wafer backside heating
|Optical element, production method of optical element, optical system, and optical apparatus
|Murakami et al.
|High performance multi-zone illuminator module for semiconductor wafer processing
|Moslehi et al.
|Lamp-heated chuck for uniform wafer processing
|Three-zone rapid thermal processing system utilizing wafer edge heating means
|Hauser et al.
|Semiconductor wafer heater with infrared lamp module with light blocking means
|Najm et al.
|Conical rapid thermal processing apparatus
|Wortman et al.
|Apparatus and method for substrate heating utilizing various infrared means to achieve uniform intensity
|Anderson et al.
|Rapid thermal heating apparatus and method
|Gronet et al.
|Zone melting apparatus for monocrystallizing semiconductor layer on insulator layer
|Nishimura et al.
|Light-radiant furnace for heating semiconductor wafers
|Arai et al.
|McNeilly et al.
a substrate having first and second sides, the first side having a substantially flat surface;
a plurality of lamps arranged in generally coaxial circles on the first side of the substrate; and
an optical reflector formed in the substrate adjacent the lamps, the reflector positioned to reflect light from a lamp generally toward the object, the reflector comprising a plurality of coaxial circular continuous troughs each forming an annulus in the flat surface of the substrate, the lamps positioned in the troughs and the troughs having a depth extending in a direction from the first surface toward the second surface.
The present invention relates to rapid thermal processing (RTP) systems of the type used to fabricate integrated circuits and other electronic devices carried on substrates. More specifically, the present invention relates to an optical heating device for use in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) system.
Integrated circuits and many other electronic devices are built in and on semiconductor wafers and other round substrates. Many early fabrication systems processed batches of small diameter wafers. The wafer size has increased from 1.25 inches in diameter through today's conventional wafer of 200 mm diameter. Fabrication facilities are being designed around the newest wafer standard, 300 mm, with 450 mm wafers expected to be in production by the year 2007. As wafer sizes have increased, film thickness and feature sizes have decreased. In the most extreme case, microprocessors are now being fabricated in production with insulating layers that are approximately 10 atoms thick. Both the larger wafer size and the new process technology have put extreme uniformity and reproducibility requirements on the individual process tools. As a result, with only a few exceptions, process tools are shifting to single wafer reactors.
Since most process steps involve a chemical reaction and/or a film growth, some technique for controlling the temperature of the wafer, typically by a type of wafer heating, is almost always used in these process tools. Individual wafer heating is typically done optically in a process generically known as rapid thermal processing (RTP), or through resistively heated coils or pedestals which are placed in contact with a susceptor on which the wafer is mounted. Resistive heating arrangements suffer from a number of drawbacks. The wafer must beheld in contact with the susceptor. This produces unwanted particulate contamination. The newest technologies are sensitive to particles on both sides of the wafer, and so will find susceptor heating highly unacceptable. When used in conjunction with film deposition processes such as chemical vapor deposition and sputtering, the films accumulate on the heated susceptor, eventually flaking off when the film becomes sufficiently thick. Since the susceptor is hot, it can also outgas leading to memory effects and other unwanted contamination. Thermal uniformity in a resistively heated system often depends on the quality of the contact to the wafer. Variations lead to nonreproducible results. Finally the thermal mass of the susceptor necessitates slow heating and cooling, leading to long process times.
RTP systems have gone through a series of evolutionary improvements. An optical source is isolated from the chamber through a fused silica window which is sealed through the use of elastomer o-rings. This allows the operation of the light source in one atmosphere of air. Early RTP systems were built in two configurations. In the first a single high intensity source such as a high power xenon arc lamp, was used with a shaped reflector to produce an approximately uniform radiant field at the surface of the wafer. The light source while extremely intense and efficient, was difficult to operation and would age nonuniformly. As a result the thermal uniformity at the surface of the wafer would shift over time. The second configuration, which was popular for many years, involved the use of a reflecting cavity to distribute the radiation to the wafer. The wafer was loaded in a fused silica flow tube. Linear filament lamps were arranged above and below the flow tube to act as a heat source. The flow tube and lamps were enclosed in a reflecting box, typically gold plated aluminum or stainless steel. The surface of the cavity was often roughened to randomize the direction of the reflected light rays. Once again, the intention was to produce a uniform radiant field at the surface of the wafer.
Both types of systems suffer from a common deficiency. When a nominally uniform radiant intensity is applied to the top of the wafer, the edges of the wafer were found to be significantly cooler than the center. The reasons for this radial temperature radiant include a variation of the optical view factor (and therefore radiant intensity) across the surface of the wafer, the lack of optical energy directed toward the sides of the wafer, and natural convection in the chamber which tends to overcool the wafer edges. In the later versions of the single lamp system, these effects were sometimes compensated by selectively frosting the fused silica window to scatter some of the light that would otherwise reach the center of the wafer. The temperature variation, however, was not constant. It depended on the process temperature, the optical properties of the wafer, and the gas conditions inside the reactor. Thus the single source system could only optimize for one set of conditions. The reflecting cavity approach to RTP compensated for edge effects by increasing the power density to the lamps near the perimeter of the wafer. Typically the upper and lower lamp banks were arranged perpendicular to each other and parallel to the lane of the wafer. Thus, the extra radiation was distributed in a square about the round wafer, with two side of the square above the wafer and two sides below the wafer. By varying the power distribution between the majority of the lamp array and these edge lamps, one could compensate for edge effects over a range of process conditions.
While the reflecting cavity was widely used for 100 mm to 150 mm wafers, the technique did not have sufficient uniformity to be used with 200 mm systems. For this type of system a more refined zone heating system would be required. The goals of this zone heating are as follows: 1) to collect as much light from the lamps as possible; 2) to be able to distribute that light in circular zones that can be independently controlled to be able to obtain a uniform temperature across the surface of the wafer; and 3) to be as insensitive as possible to lamp to lamp variations in optical conversion efficiency. The latter point is quite important as lamp outputs can vary by as much as 20% as received. After operation, the lamp aging further increases this disparity.
One system that falls into this category is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,825 by Moslehi et al. in which much shorter, single-sided filament lamps penetrate the reflector. Flat sided rings are machined into the reflector to direct some of the light corresponding rings on the surface of the wafer. By arranging the wafers into these circular rings, the light from several lamps is effectively averaged, and so the system is less sensitive to lamp to lamp variation. Collection efficiency was only moderate however. A 100 mm system typically requires .about.50 kW of energy, well in excess of that required for a reflecting cavity design. A 200 mm system requires .about.200 kW.
A second type of zone heated RTP system, now in widespread production for use at 200 mm wafers and beyond, uses an array of lamps, each of which has an individual reflector to collect the light and direct it to the surface of the wafer. This arrangement is sometimes called a spotlight system. Groups of lamps, in roughly the shape of concentric rings, are run in parallel from 3 to 5 power supplies to be able to control the radiant power distribution across the wafer. This type of system has a high collection efficiency, and allows the use of the zone heating technique, but requires careful lamp matching and frequent lamp changes to ensure the necessary uniformity. A typical system requires 137 kW lamps to hear a 200 mm wafer. 200 mm systems are expected to require close to 300 lamps.
While spotlight systems have achieved a great deal of success systems used to primarily to thermally anneal and/or oxidize the wafer, the technique is generally prohibitively expensive and too complicated to operate to be used as a heat source for other processes. Typical spotlight annealing systems are very expensive and require frequent lamp change outs using vendor qualified (i.e., presorted) lamps. As a result, very few equipment vendors have chosen to use the spotlight system for heating wafers in non-annealing processes. Finally both of the zone heating systems described above were designed to heat wafers to temperatures in excess of 1100° C. to anneal implanted impurities in the semiconductor wafer. Most non-annealing processes are run at temperatures well below 700° C. Power requirements for these lower temperature processes are at least four times lower than conventional implant annealing. Operating the heater in this low power regime further degrades the lamp as the operating power is too low to activate the halogen cycle of lamps.
Thus there is a need for a much lower cost version of a multizone lamp module that can heat a semiconducting wafer using cylindrical symmetry. This could be used for low and moderate temperature processes (temperatures less than or equal to 800° C.), including those operations such as plasma assisted processes, where wafer heating plays a supplementary role. The heating arrangement should have a high collection efficiency to minimize operating costs and should allow the overlapping output of multiple lamps in a zone to avoid the localized hot spots that spotlight systems are prone to.
An optical heating device for use in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) system includes a substrate having first and second sides. A plurality of lamps are arranged in generally coaxially circles on the first side of the substrate. An optical reflector portion is formed in the substrate adjacent the lamps and is configured and positioned to reflect light from the lamp generally toward an object to be heated.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of an optical heating device including a disc in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view of the disc of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the disc of FIGS. 1 and 2 taken along the lines labelled 3--3.
FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram of a rapid thermal processing (RTP) system in accordance with the present invention.
This present invention includes a low cost, multizone system for heating cylindrically symmetric substrates such as semiconductor wafer, in a variety of processing systems. In one embodiment, the system is not designed to produce temperatures over 800° C., however, the system can be constructed and maintained at much lower costs than the prior art optical heating systems which were designed for much higher temperature operation.
In one embodiment, the lamps in the present invention are distributed alone several circles that are coaxial with the wafer to be heated. To efficiently collect the light and direct it to the surface of the wafer, the lamps lie in a series of annular troughs. The cross sections of these troughs may be shaped parabolically or near parabolically. The reflecting shapes may also be canted into or away from the center of the wafer to focus or defocus the light. The use of these troughs significantly improves the thermal uniformity of the design in comparison to prior art systems such as that set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,825. Furthermore the present reflector is far simpler to construct and does not require the prior art radiation baffles. This reflector may be cooled by natural or forced convection, or by the use of a cooling fluid such as water. The lamps will be electrically contacted through an annular series of lamp sockets. Each zone, except perhaps for the center zone which may be heated by a single lamp on the central axis of the system, typically contains a number of these sockets.
Since typical optical conversion efficiencies for halogen lamps are less than 50%, cooling of the lamp/reflector assembly is an important part of the design. The reflector itself may be cooled by natural or forced convection, or by the use of a cooling fluid such as water. Gold or other highly reflective and chemical inert coatings can be used to retard corrosion of the reflector while it is warm. The primary lamp failure mechanism is the formation of air leaks at the seal between the glass envelope and the metal base. The air leak leads to a rapid oxidation and subsequent failure of the hot filament. Typically, this leak arises from repeated thermomechanical stresses due to lamp heating. Prior art designs have used heat conduction through the power leads, and in some cases forced convection over the glass envelope to cool the lamps. In this design, the lamps are cooled by providing metal to metal contact between the metal base of the lamp and the cooled reflector. Thermal conduction through this metal base is far more effective than either forced convection or conduction from the leads in keeping the glass to metal seal cool. AS a result longer lamp life and/or higher output power is available.
The light from the lamp modules and reflector can be directed toward a wafer, which resides in a process chamber, through a window. This window may be fused silica, quartz, sapphire, or other material which is sufficiently transparent in the visible and near IR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Both sides of the wafer could be heated with such lamp modules if increased temperature or increased vertical uniformity are required. With two sided heating temperatures approaching 1000° C. would be available.
The optical heating system of the invention produces a series of rings of light on the surface of the wafer. Light in each of these rings can be partially defocused to allow some overlap and spread. By controlling the electrical power to the lamps in each trough, the intensity of these rings can be independently controlled. Power settings may be determined through a look up table derived from the design of the system, or may be in response to sensors positioned to detect the temperature at various radii from the center of the wafer. The number of circular zones depends on the size of the wafer to be heated and the granularity of control desired, but would commonly be between 3 and 5. Similarly, the number of lamps in each trough depends on the power density that is required. Excellent thermal uniformity is achieved on a 300 mm wafer using three zones containing 1, 8 and 16 lamps, respectively. A higher power version can easily be made with 1, 12 and 24 lamps in the same three trough heater. Although the central zone may consist of a single lamp, it can be controlled by its own power supply and would thus be immune from the problems associated with nonuniform optical conversion efficiency.
By varying the power distribution across the wafer, one can ensure the desired temperature profile during both steady state and transient cycles. Often this is a uniform profile, however, one might also wish to ramp the temperature across the wafer to compensate for gas depletion or other process nonuniformities. Thus the present invention is more efficient than the system of U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,825 and less expensive to build and operate than prior art spot light systems. Unlike either of these two, the present invention is well suited for low and moderate temperature heating (less than 800° C.) and is may be used as a "workhorse" heating system to be integrated into a wide variety of semiconductor processing tools.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a optical heating device 10 in accordance with the present invention which includes a disc 12. A series of lamp apertures 14 are formed in two concentric circles 16 and 18 about a center lamp aperture 20. In the specific embodiments shown, circle 18 includes eight lamp apertures substantially evenly spaced and circle 16 includes 16 lamp apertures substantially evenly spaced.
FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view of disc 12 showing apertures 14 carried in an outer trough 22, an inner trough 24, and a center "trough" 32. Apertures 14 extend completely through disc 12.
FIG. 3 is a side cross sectional view of disc 12 taken along the lines labelled 3--3 in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 3 also shows lamps 30 placed in troughs 22 and 24 and center reflector or "trough" 32. Lamps 30 are carried in apertures 14 which extend from a top side 34 of disc 12 to a bottom side 36. FIG. 3 also shows an alignment hole 40 which is used for mounting and aligning disc 12.
In one embodiment, disc 12 has a diameter of about 15 inches and is made of aluminum. The trough depths are about 4.5 cm and are defined by Equation 1 : z=0.5(r-r02) Eq. 1
where r0 is 0 cm, 6.04 cm, or 12.08 cm and r ranges from 0-2.967 cm, 3.07-9.01 cm and 9.11-15.10 cm. Lamp apertures 14 are divided into two 1 cm sections, one section for holding the tip portion of a lamp 30 and one for holding a base portion of a lamp 30. In one preferred embodiment, lamps 30 comprise 1000 W tungsten halogen lamps available from Ushio America, Inc. located in Cypress, Calif. Lamp apertures 14 have a diameter of 0.75" for the bulb, with a 0.875 clearance hole for the base. In one preferred embodiment, troughs 22, 24 and 32 are coated with a reflective material such as gold.
FIG. 4 shows a rapid thermal processing system 50 in accordance with the present invention utilizing optical heating device 10. Lamps 30 carried in disc 12 are coupled to a controller 52 which receives power from a power source 54. Controller 52 may be coupled to a cooling device 56 which may be used to cool disc 12 such as through the application of cold water. Controller 52 is also optionally coupled to a heat or light sensor(s) 58 positioned near an object 60 which is to be heated. Object 60 is carried in a process chamber 62 proximate a transparent window 64 which is located between device 10 and object 60.
In operation, controller 52 applies power to lamps 30 carried in disc 12. The power applied to individual lamps may vary as desired to achieve a desired heat distribution on object 60. Further, the parabolas of troughs 22, 24 and 32 may be tilted relative to the axis of disc 12, or disc 12 may be tilted, as desired to change the light distribution across object 60 and thereby change the heating profile. Cooling apparatus 56 may be used to cool disc 12 to thereby remove heat generated by lamps 30. Controller 52 monitors the heat or the optical energy applied to disc 60 using sensor(s) 58 and may responsively control lamps 30. Further, multiple sensor 58 may be used such that controller 52 can change the heating profile across the surface of object 60. Window 64 may comprise, for example, fused silica, quartz, sapphire or other material which is transparent to visible and near infrared light. A second disc 12 may be used to illuminate the opposite side of object 60. The desired power setting for each lamp 30 carried in disc 12 may be stored in a look up table 68 stored in controller 52.
Disc 12 may be fabricated using any appropriate technique such as simple machining techniques.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the shapes of the troughs may be other than those specifically set forth herein. Further still, the number of troughs, spacing, number of lamps, lamp types, materials, etc. may be changed to obtain a desired power level, distribution pattern or other system characteristics.


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Also in attendance were Baby Driver's , Maze Runner's , , , , director , , , Blade Runner 2049's , , , and. In 2004, while pregnant with her daughter Deva, Bellucci posed nude for the Italian in protest against an Italian law that restricts the provision of fertility treatment to heterosexual couples and excludes single women or same-sex couples, restricts surrogacy and research using human embryos, forbids sperm and egg donation, and limits the number of embryos created with in-vitro techniques to three. A housekeeper invites me into a magnificent sitting room with a high ceiling, large windows and a sumptuous sofa. She studied law for a short while before deciding to go into modeling. They married in 1999 and have two daughters, Deva born 2004 and Léonie born 2010.
And I think today it is completely different. This year, will receive the Lumiere Award in celebration of her body of work. Bellucci is signed to D'management Group in Milan and also to in London. And then I became professional when I finished high school at 18. © 2019 MediaMass All rights reserved.
She can speak in different languages and is known for her beauty. In 1992, she is selected by Francis Ford Coppola for Dracula. She is often considered among the most beautiful women in the world. She is often considered among the most beautiful women in the world.
Check out the photos from the show in the gallery. She was previously in a relationship with Telman Ismailov. Félix's necklace was based on her own pet croc—she even brought it into the store to make sure Cartier got it just right. By 1989, she was becoming prominent as a fashion model in and across the , in New York City. In 2006, actress Monica Bellucci paired the necklace with a crisp white shirt for the red carpet at Cannes.
She became known and popular with worldwide audiences, following her roles in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002. Also in attendance were , , and , , , and. Some fans have expressed anger at the fake report saying it was reckless, distressing and hurtful to fans of the much loved actress. This is discouraged and will be removed in upcoming major release.
The three ladies sat in the front row alongside fellow actresses , , , , , , and models , , and. . It was a way to be in touch with her. From 2006 to 2010 Bellucci was the face of a range of products. This is a new part of me I am discovering now in my 50s.
Like Sophia Loren, Gina Lollobrigida, Silvana Mangano, she has Italian film-star glamour — dark hair, voluptuous, a sensuous beauty. Biography Monica Bellucci, born in Citta di Castello, Italy, is offered her first screen role in La Riffa by Francesco Laudadio in 1991. She is hailed as one of the most beautiful women in the world. Also in attendance at the event were Marion's partner , , , , , , and The Artist co-stars and.
She is 54 years old and is a Libra. Copyright c 2015 Jed Watson. Her filmography notably includes: The Apartment 1996 , Brotherhood of the Wolf 2001 , Under Suspicion starring Morgan Freeman and Gene Hackman 2000 , Irreversible Competition, 2002 , Matrix Parts 2 and 3, 2003 , Secret Agents 2004 , She Hate Me 2004 , The Passion of Christ 2004 , and The Brothers Grimm 2005. The struggle, she admits, was being taken seriously in films at the start of her career, when in 1990 she was cast in the Italian-language film Vita coi figli Life with the Kids by the Italian director Dino Risi after he saw her picture in a magazine. Archived from on 11 January 2012.
She later played a in the 2015 film. Agnosticisme Residence She owns a house in Paris, France. On several occasions, she has appeared in the list of print media. Personal Life In 1990, Monica Bellucci got married to Claudio Carlos Basso, who is an Italian photographer. Unlike the post-war icons, however, Bellucci has been in regular work beyond her 40s.
Although they are now divorced and living on different continents — he is in Brazil — she says their relationship is amiable. On 30-9-1964 Monica Bellucci nickname: Monique was born in Città di Castello, Italy. Joining her included , , and , continuing the influx of 90s supermodels returning to the spotlight of fashion. I loved the world of image. Thankfully, the actress best known for her roles in The Passion of the Christ, The Matrix Reloaded or Brotherhood of the Wolf is alive and well. Bellucci began her career as a fashion model, modeling for the likes of and , before making a transition to Italian films and later films and French films.


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Art Director and Photgrapher from Venice, CA. Capturing adventure and the world around me in both pixels and medium format film.
public transportation transportation rail transportation mode of transportation train vehicle interior train - vehicle travel one person seat architecture real people vehicle seat indoors passenger train land vehicle journey window day train interior architectural column subway train — at Amtrak Train No 20 in Madison Heights United States


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Genesis 32:24, "So Jacob was left alone, and a man wrestled with him till daybreak."
Psalms 46:10, "Be still, and know that I am God…"
"With God, we are never really alone."
When was the last time you unplugged? I'm talking shut down your computer, turned off the radio, put your phone away and had a moment of peace and quiet.
In our society, we are constantly wired with social media, streaming entertainment, and technology at our fingertips. We are never really alone and forced to look at our lives, reflect on who we have become or evaluate our behavior.
There is always a distraction that helps us avoid the introspection.
In today's verse, Jacob had sent his family and his possessions away while they were fleeing his dysfunctional family. And in his solitude, God wrestled with him. God began his greatest work in Jacob's life in isolation.
Imagine what God can do in your life if you truly press pause on everything else and spend time alone with him. God can bring hope and healing, even if it requires pain and patience. It may not be easy, but it will be worth it. Don't let the fear of temporary pain keep you from the eternal joy that is waiting for you.
Are there times during the day when you pick up your phone or turn on the TV to veg and escape? Don't do that today. Instead, spend some quiet time with God. Whether you write in a journal, read your Bible or simply talk to him, it will be time well-spent.
God, it's so easy to distract myself, even with good things, to avoid being alone with you. I know you can use times when I'm alone for my good. Help me to trust you today and be intentional in my time with you. In Jesus' name I pray, Amen!


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Search over 1,000,000 properties worldwide and 550 airlines worldwide.
Search over a million flights, hotels, packages, and more
No Expedia cancellation fee to change or cancel almost any hotel reservation.
Expedia has Burlingame packages ready for you. Combining your airfares and accommodations is one of the easiest ways to save money on your adventure.
Savvy travelers who book a package deal on Expedia can save as much as $583*.
Our extensive international database allows you to research more than 750,000 properties worldwide and 550 partner airlines. With such a great range of options, arranging your dream vacation will be easy!
Almost all reservations can be changed with no extra charge from us.
It's nice to just roam the streets in a new place, but sometimes it's a good idea to come up with a plan. Grab your schedule — we have some cool ideas for your forthcoming Burlingame vacation.
Venturing out on the green is a fantastic way to stretch your legs and have fun. Test your skills with a round at Crystal Springs Golf Course. There's a great range of things to do in and around this destination. You'll discover a variety of things to keep you on the go at Coyote Point Park! This prominent tourist precinct is brimming with sights and activities to fill up your day. Still have time to spare? If you've got an inquiring mind, it's worth stopping at Burlingame Museum of PEZ Memorabilia. You never know what you'll find there!
If it's your first time staying in Burlingame, make sure you look into the accommodations available. There are no less than 63 properties in the surrounding areas, but not many within the center. Luxury getaways and cheap vacations — Expedia will help out.
Need help looking for a soft bed to snuggle up in at night? Our top picks are the TownePlace Suites San Mateo Foster City (1299 Chess Dr) and the Staybridge Suites San Francisco Airport (1350 Huntington Ave).
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Get yourself a bite to eat, pop in your headphones and take a look at the in-flight movies. Before too long you'll be collecting your bags from the carousel at San Francisco International Airport (SFO)! Found 4 miles (6 km) north of Burlingame, it's the neighborhood's nearest terminal.
*Savings based on all vacation package bookings with Flight + Hotel on Expedia.com from January through December 2017, as compared to price of the same components booked separately. Savings will vary based on origin/destination, length of trip, stay dates and selected travel supplier(s). Savings not available on all packages. For Free Flight or 100% Off Flight deals, package savings is greater than or equal to the current cost of one component, when both are priced separately.
These prices were available within the past 7 days. Prices quoted are per person, round trip, for the period specified. Prices and availability are subject to change. Additional terms apply.


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FlowCanvas Visual Scripting 2.9.2 可视化脚本编程插件
2019-04-09 18:41 发布
Unity3d插件/模型 /[编辑器拓展]
FlowCanvasFlowCanvas Visual Scripting系列索引:
FlowCanvas Visual Scripting 1.2.0 下载链接
FlowCanvas Visual Scripting 1.2.5b 下载链接
FlowCanvas Visual Scripting 1.3.0 下载链接
FlowCanvas Visual Scripting 1.3.2 下载链接
FlowCanvas Visual Scripting 2.8.5 下载链接
FlowCanvas Visual Scripting 2.9.0 下载链接
FlowCanvas Visual Scripting 2.9.1 下载链接
This extension requires one license per seat
Requires Unity 5.6.1 or higher.
FlowCanvas is a powerful visual scripting system to create and manipulate virtually any aspect of gameplay elements for your Unity games in a very similar fashion to Unreal Blueprints and Autodesk Stingray, but with far less programming knowledge required!FlowCanvas是一个功能强大的可视化脚本系统,可以以非常类似于虚幻蓝图和欧特克Stingray的方式为Unity游戏创建和操作几乎所有的游戏元素,但所需的编程知识要少得多
FlowCanvas gives you the full flexibility of concepts typically available only in code, through an intuitive visual node editor, empowering you to create things from quick prototypes, up to complete game mechanics, without writing a single line of code.
✔ Designers: Prototype, iterate and realize complete gameplay mechanics without coding, while learning how code works the easy way. If you are familiar with Unreal Blueprints, you will feel right at home.
✔ Programmers: Interface with your code at a higher level, creating decoupled systems and/or provide new self-contained nodes for designers with an easy and well documented API.
By connecting Events, Flow Controllers, Actions and Functions together, you can create and manipulate gameplay elements including but certainly not limited to:
● Player Controls
● Level Design Events
● Gameplay Mechanics
● User Interfaces
● Player Interactions
● and a whole lot more.
Feature Highlights
● Work in a complete, intuitive Visual Node Editor with all expected pro features.
(undo/redo, zoom in/out, minimap, copy/pasting, multi-selection, comments, groups, JSON import/export and more)
● Use any type of variables out of the box.
(Classes, Structs, Enums, Lists, Interfaces..)
● Use automatically generated nodes for all and any Unity functionality, your code and 3rd party APIs. Including Methods, Properties, Fields, Unity Events, C# Events, Generic Methods, Constructors and Operators.
● Enjoy Built-In Unity and custom code documentation, directly within the editor.
● Visual Script custom Macro nodes and reuse them anywhere, or share with others.
● Visual Script custom Functions and reuse them from anywhere within the flowScript.
● React to almost any Unity built-in event, or custom Unity and C# Event.
● Diverse the Flow utilizing more than 20 Flow Control nodes.
● Visually Debug flow execution and value data transfers in runtime.
● Navigate the graph with ease, using a robust graph minimap.
● Utilize the Graph Debug Console and automatically locate faulty nodes with ease.
● Work expressively due to unique, automatic Data Conversions and Casting.
● Filter relevant nodes with advanced Type-Sensitive Intellisense Context Menus.
● Search and use nodes quickly through the smart node browser.
● Sync variables over the network using UNET.
● Data Bind variables with any component property or field.
● Live Edit FlowScripts in runtime.
● Extend and create custom nodes with ease, supporting Generic(T) nodes.
● Utilize a seamless integration with NodeCanvas BehaviourTrees and FSMs.
● User Friendly. No Setup Required.
● Rock Solid Performance.
● Strong Type Connections. No boxing.
● Blazing Fast Reflection.
● All Platforms Supported.
● Full C# Source Code included!
Add FlowCanvas in your current project and enjoy powerful visual scripting for Unity without any compromises.
402 4 0
小柚子 2017-02-24
292 1 0
如果没有感觉 2017-01-09
561 16 6
如果没有感觉 2019-01-29
Build Report Tool 3.4.14 构建报表工具
66 1 0
神妈 2019-06-03
Unique Projectiles Volume 1 1.4 法术子弹火球黑暗魔法箭特效
Multi Device Preview & Gallery 1.7.5 多设备预览插件
SimpliCity Extra Roads & Bridges 1.03 道路立交桥梁模型
Translucent UI 5.1 半透明用户界面背景模糊优化插件
Low Poly Water Cleaning Isometric VR AR low-poly 3d model水清洗设备模型


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Certification Provider: Comptia
Exam Code: JN0-643
Exam Name: Juniper Networks Certified Professional Enterprise Routing and Switching (JNCIP-ENT)
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PROFIT GROWTH. Does cash seem to be flying out the door to everyone but YOU в the owner.]


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Arbitrary arrest and detention
Thailand: Three political exiles arrested in Vietnam now in Thai government custody
June 4, 2019
On 9 May 2019, the Thai Alliance for Human Rights (TAHR) has issued a statement that three political exiles have been arrested in Vietnam, and have now been handed over to the Thai authorities.
Vietnam: Four Former Prisoners of Conscience Detained in Bordergate after Touring Cambodia
June 4, 2019
On 27 May 2019, Vietnam's security forces have detained four former prisoners of conscience named Nguyen Thi Ngoc Phuong, Nguyen Thi Truc Anh, Ho Cong Di and Vo Nhu Huynh after they returned from a tour in the neighboring country of Cambodia, Defend the Defenders has learned.
Vietnam: Authorities in Nghe An Arrest Local Democracy Activist, Charging Him with "Conducting Anti-state Propaganda"
June 4, 2019
On 29 May 2019, security forces in Vietnam's central province of Nghe An arrested Mr. Nguyen Nang Tinh, a lecturer of the Nghe An College for Culture and Art, and charged him with "Making, storing, spreading information, materials, items for the purpose of opposing the State of Socialist Republic of Vietnam" under Clause 1, Article 117 of the country's 2015 Penal Code.
Myanmar: Police Open Cases against Prominent Activist, 4 Others for Supporting Jailed Performers
June 4, 2019
On 22 May 2019, Police have filed lawsuits against well-known democracy activist Ma Nilar Thein and four youth activists under four articles of the Penal Code over their support for a group of students who were jailed for criticizing the military in a satirical performance.
Myanmar: Journalist arrested covering protest
June 4, 2019
On 15 May 2019, A journalist with local television station Channel Mandalay was arrested covering a protest at a cement factory. He remains in police custody.
Vietnam: Female Anti-Corruption Activist Beaten, Five Others Detained for Protesting Arbitrarily-placed Toll Booth
June 4, 2019
On May 20, police in Soc Son district, Hanoi, brutally beat Mrs. Dang Thi Hue and arrested her and five other drivers who came to Bac Thang Long-Noi Bai toll booth to protest its illegal collection of transport fee.
Vietnam: Independent Blogger Vo Van Tao Says He Was Abducted by Police in Hanoi
June 4, 2019
On 4 May 2019, Nha Trang City-based independent journalist Vo Van Tao has accused police officers from the Ministry of Public Security of kidnapping him in Hanoi in the evening
Vietnam: Anti-corruption Campaigner Nguyen Viet Bang Arrested on Allegation of "Abusing Democratic Freedom"
June 4, 2019
On 13 May 2019, Authorities in Vietnam's northern province of Bac Ninh have arrested local anti-corruption campaigner Nguyen Viet Bang for his denunciations against senior bank officials.
Malaysia: Thai Asylum Seeker Forcibly Returned
June 4, 2019
On 10 May 2019, Malaysian authorities forcibly returned a Thai asylum seeker to Thailand where she faces likely persecution for her peaceful political activities, Human Rights Watch said today. Praphan Pipithnamporn, who was registered as an asylum seeker by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
India: A group of Indian HRDs detained for peacefully supporting students' families
June 4, 2019
on May 2, 2019 a group of human rights defenders belonging to various civil society organisations including some concerned citizens of city of Hyderabad went to the office of Telangana State Board of Intermediate Examination (TSBIE) and asked permission to meet with theSecretaryof TSBIE. The police arrested the group of defenders from the venue of the Intermediate Board and detained them at Begumbazar Police Station.


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Comfort is the new cool according to this latest 2018 TV ad for the new Citroën C4 Cactus Hatch. The video shows a guy rushing so much to get his kids to school and himself to work that he leaves his cup of tea or coffee on the car's roof, but he somehow gets away with it. The commercial finishes with the voiceover saying "Because your life is hectic enough".
Music: All in All. Group: Superjava.
Preview or download at iTunes, Amazon.
This Citroën C4 Cactus advert music is a song titled All in All, which was released last year by the French band Superjava.
Citroen UK YouTube video release date: 7 September, 2018.


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