text:
Miodrag Vujošević, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, IAUS
Saša Milijić, Director
Tanja Bajić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia ADDRESS
Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, IAUS
SECRETARY Spatium
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Spatium is indexed in SCOPUS and SCImago.
Branislav Bajat, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia; Ljiljana Blagojević, Belgrade, Serbia; Giancarlo Cotella, Polytechnic
University of Turin, DIST - Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning, Turin, Italy; Tijana Crnčević, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Thomas
Dillinger, Vienna University of Technology, Faculty of Planning and Architecture, Vienna, Austria; Miša Đurković, Institute for European Studies, Belgrade, Serbia;
Evelyn Gustedt, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ARL), Hannover, Germany; Zeynep Enlil, Yildiz Technical
University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Istanbul, Turkey; Milorad Filipović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics,
Belgrade, Serbia; Andrej Gulič, Urban Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Augustin Ioan, University of Architecture and Planning "Ion
Mincu", Bucharest, Romania; Fernando Jerez, The University of Western Australia, School of Architecture, Landscape and Visual Arts, Crawley, Australia; Grigoris
Kafkalas, Aristotle University of Thesalloniki, Spatial Development and Research Unit – SDRU, Athens, Greece; Elina Krasilnikova, Volgograd State University of
Architectural and Civil Engineering - Institute of Architecture and Urban development, Department of Urbanism and Theory of Architecture, Volgograd, Russia;
Moscow Region "Research Urban Planning and Design Institute" (SUO "NIiPI Urban Development"), Moscow, Russia; Nikola Krunić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Marija
Maksin, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Tamara Maričić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Saša Milijić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Bernhard Müller, Leibniz-Institut für ökologische
Raumentwicklung, Dresden, Germany; Zorica Nedović-Budić, University College Dublin, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, Dublin,
Ireland; Mark Oranje, University of Pretoria, Department of Town & Regional Planning, Pretoria, South Africa; George Petrakos, University of Thessaly, School
of Engineering, Department of Planning and Regional Development, Volos, Greece; Jasna Petrić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Mina Petrović, University of Belgrade,
Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Sociology, Belgrade, Serbia; Mila Pucar, Belgrade, Serbia; Ratko Ristić, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade,
Serbia; Aleksandar Slaev, Varna Free University, Faculty of Architecture, Varna, Bulgaria; Vladimir Stevanović, SANU (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts),
Belgrade, Serbia; Paolo Tomasella, Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Udine, Italy; Paul Waley, University of Leeds, School of Geography, Leeds, UK; and
Slavka Zeković, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia.
Branislav Bajat, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia; Tijana Crnčević, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Mirjana Devetaković, University of
Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade, Serbia; Branka Dimitrijević, University of Strathclyde, Department of Architecture and Building Science, Glasgow, UK;
Omiljena Dželebdžić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Milorad Filipović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics, Belgrade, Serbia; Boško Josimović, IAUS, Belgrade,
Serbia; Nikola Krunić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Ksenija Lalović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade, Serbia; Jelena Luković, University of
Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, Belgrade, Serbia; Božidar Manić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Igor Marić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Tamara Maričić, IAUS, Belgrade,
Serbia; Saša Milijić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Zorica Nedović-Budić, University College Dublin, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, Dublin,
Ireland; Marina Nenković-Riznić, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia; Mina Petrović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade, Serbia; Mila Pucar, Belgrade,
Serbia; Ratko Ristić, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia; Borislav Stojkov, Belgrade, Serbia; Dragutin Tošić, University of Belgrade,
Faculty of Geography, Belgrade, Serbia; and Miodrag Vujošević, IAUS, Belgrade, Serbia.
Printed in Serbia by
"PLANETA PRINT", Belgrade, Serbia
Number of copies: 200
No. 39, June 2018, Belgrade
1-6 Marija Grujić, Simple analysis of daylight saving time effects in Belgrade climate and
Aleksandar Radevski latitude
26 - 37 Emilija Nikolić Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the
Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
38 - 46 Aleksandar D. Slaev, Regulating market-led urban expansion in the new master plans of Sofia
Slavka Zeković, and Belgrade
Atanas Kovachev,
Tamara Maričić,
Tanja Bajić
47 - 54 Ivana Vučetić The impact of a hydroelectric power station on the development and
modernization of the Bajina Bašta settlement during the socialist period
Dear readers,
Although not numerous in terms of the number of contributions, this issue of Spatium belongs to the most heterogeneous
ones so far, covering the following themes and topics, viz.: analysis of daylight saving time effects in a specific geographical
area of Belgrade; a comparative study of initiatives in three smart city programmes; some experiences from the
participatory planning practices in Serbia; a review of the cultural heritage protection of a historical/archeological site of
Viminacium; a comparative analysis of the market-led urban expansion in the respective metropolitan areas of Sofia and
Belgrade; and a discussion of the spatio-urban impact of a hydroelectric power station.
Miodrag Vujošević
No. 39, June 2018, pp. 26-37 338.485:904"652"(497.11)
Review paper
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1839026N
Viminacium was the capital of the Roman province of Moesia Superior and an important legionary fortress. Today it
is an archaeological park with protected and presented historic buildings and contemporary facilities, situated by the
thermo power plant and strip coal mine near Kostolac in Serbia, and it is identified as a cultural property of exceptional
importance for the Republic of Serbia. The protection and presentation of the historic buildings in Viminacium to
date can be divided into groups as follows: basic protection and presentation; integrated protection and presentation
through interpretation; and integrated protection and presentation through reconstruction and revitalisation. All the
processes can be discussed within the framework of the evergreen topic of heritage conservation - the quest for the
proper protection and presentation of buildings, which is often connected with the spatial context.
Key words: Viminacium Archaeological Park, protection, presentation, protective structure, spatial context.
26 spatium
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
spatium 27
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
this, a legal boundary between the archaeological site and resource with the recommendation of its preservation in
the progressive mine has been established. Since 2002, the situ, and the importance of using non-destructive methods
northern gate of the legionary fortress, the city and fortress of research. This means avoiding complete archaeological
walls, urban communications, city baths, the amphitheatre, excavation, leaving undisturbed parts for the future,
and several necropolises, villas, suburban settlements, and limiting excavations to endangered places, or those
aqueducts and other structures relating to the water supply important for explaining scientific problems or more effective
system have been partially or completely excavated. interpretation. Reconstructions must be distinguished from
existing structures and wherever possible, they should not
INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS FOR THE PROTECTION be carried out directly on archaeological remains (ICOMOS,
AND PRESENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 1990). The Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation
of Cultural Heritage Sites, adopted in 2008 in Quebec,
Many international charters, conventions, guidelines and
recognised the interpretation and presentation of heritage
recommendations relating to the research and conservation
as part of its protection and management process, and
of cultural and natural heritage, resulting from the work
emphasised the need to construct an easily recognizable
of several international organizations, such as UNESCO,
interpretative infrastructure according to the character of the
ICOMOS and the Council of Europe, deal with archaeological
space, as well as the organization of cultural events in those
heritage. Consulting these documents is very important, but
areas (ICOMOS, 2008). The Recommendations of the First
it is often very hard to fulfil the principles defined in them.
International Conference of ICOMOS on Archaeological Parks
The conservation of a monument is a cultural activity, and
and Sites (Salalah recommendations), adopted in 2015 in
all cultural activities are controversial with no pre-defined
Salalah, Oman, define archaeological parks as a link between
recipes. There is no intervention that meets all the criteria
scientific research and the general public. The area should be
of "an abstract idea of ʻconservation correctness' that is
designed to ensure the protection of archaeological remains,
irreproachable both from a theoretical and a technical
with controlled entrances, and sections that are accessible
point of view"; each site has a different story and requires
and have been interpreted and explored, and it should be
a special approach, and each building can, in many ways,
surrounded by an appropriate buffer zone. Anastilosis
go through conservation processes (Rizzi, 2007). Although
(with high accuracy), consolidation (to ensure stability and
only some of the documents are legally binding for the states
security) and interpretative stabilisation (if reversible and
that signed them, it is a moral obligation for those who work
does not damage original materials or context) are allowed.
in the area of the protecting and presenting cultural heritage
All additional elements must be clearly visible compared to
to be acquainted with all of them. Sometimes, it seems that
the original ones, while reconstruction which is not science-
consulting the documents limits the processes. However,
based at the site is forbidden. It is also necessary to build
their purpose is to enhance the heritage protection, and this
interpretative centers and museums (ICOMOS, 2015). The
is the way in which these documents should be accepted.
Council of Europe adopted the European Convention on the
Among the UNESCO documents, in addition to the Convention Protection of the Archaeological Heritage in London, in 1969,
on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage as the first European charter dedicated to the protection of
adopted in Paris in 1972 (UNESCO, 1972), which is the basis this heritage, aimed at preventing the illegal excavation and
for the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage trafficking of artefacts. The Convention was revised in 1992
(Rukavina, Obad Ščitaroci and Petrić, 2013), it is important and adopted in Valletta, and has since been based on integral
to mention the Recommendation on International Principles protection. It advocates the preservation of sites in situ and
Applicable to Archaeological Excavations from New Delhi, the formation of protected areas, even if there are no visible
adopted in 1956. This emphasised the need for public remains (COE, 1969; COE, 1992). The Charter on the Use of
availability of the explored sites, with the establishment Ancient Places of Performance (The Verona Charter) from
of educational institutions or museums in their vicinity 1997 was created in order to promote the use of theatres,
(UNESCO, 1956). As for the documents adopted by ICOMOS, amphitheatres, circuses, etc. (COE, 1997).
the most influential document to date is the International
Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments THE PROTECTION AND PRESENTATION OF HISTORIC
and Sites (Venice Charter) adopted in 1964. According to BUILDINGS IN VIMINACIUM
the Charter, conservation measures include consolidation
Following excavation, the remains of historic buildings
(which can be carried out with the help of contemporary
buried for centuries must be physically protected
techniques, if traditional ones are inadequate), restoration
because they are, in most cases, very sensitive to various
(which has to stop where the assumption begins and its
environmental impacts. The first way to protect them is
goal must be respectful of the contribution of all building
to re-cover them with earth. Another way is to leave them
periods), and anastilosis (with a clear difference between
uncovered, conserve them and repeat this process on a
the historical structure and the new binding materials),
regular basis with constant monitoring. The third way is to
while they a priori exclude reconstruction. The historic
conserve them and cover the site with a protective structure
building is related to the located area, so its relocation is
with a less demanding monitoring process. The decision to
allowed only if it is saved by doing so, or if the relocation is
build the protective structure must be made in accordance
justified by national or international importance (ICOMOS,
with many factors. In this process, location analysis and the
1965). The Charter for the Protection and Management of the
perception of the value of the historic structure are very
Archaeological Heritage (Lausanne Charter) adopted in 1990
important. The final decision must enable interdependence
emphasises archaeological heritage as a non-renewable
between the conservation procedures and the protective
28 spatium
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
structure, and the management and monitoring of the site. their inclusion is the erection of new buildings for education
In addition to this, the erection of protective structures and public use on archaeological sites. One such building
needs to be a reversible process (Ivanović-Šekularac et al., is Domus Scientiarum Viminacium, which hosts scientific
2017). conferences, workshops and summer schools, and also
many other events. In 2011, an international summit of the
In 1988, two tombs excavated during the large-scale
state presidents of south-eastern Europe under the auspices
research of Viminacium necropolises, known as "memorias",
of UNESCO took place here. Its exhibition space hosted a
were covered with a joint protective structure. It was not
national archaeological exhibition in 2013, celebrating 1,700
until 2003-2004 that the next protective structure was built,
years of the Edict of Milan (Nikolić, 2014a; Ilić and Nikolić,
when the northern gate of the legionary fortress and the city
2015). Today the collection of Viminacium wall paintings
baths were covered. In 2003 and 2008, the aqueducts and
and sarcophagi is exhibited here, as well as contemporary
other water supply facilities threatened by the progression
works of art – a model of Viminacium and the bronze heads
of the strip mine were relocated, and since then, they have
of Roman emperors, supplemented with virtual archaeology.
been waiting for their first public presentation (Mrđić, 2007;
Another method is the activation and revitalisation of
Blagojević and Stojković-Pavelka, 2004; Nikolić, 2016).
historic buildings, which was achieved in the Mausoleum
During 2005, part of the necropolis with the Mausoleum
in 2008, when a concert by French soprano Emma Shapplin
was covered, and Viminacium Archaeological Park, with
was organised in its space, as well as in 2013, when the
its ancient buildings, service functions and constant
partially reconstructed Roman amphitheatre hosted the
supervision, was officially opened in 2006 (Anđelković
opera "Aida" (Ilić and Nikolić, 2015).
Grašar et al., 2013; Golubović and Korać, 2013; Mrđić,
2012). Soon after, the Archaeological and Scientific Research The planning and regulatory solutions for the Viminacium
Center Domus Scientiarum Viminacium was built near the site, with rules for the design, construction and use
Mausoleum, in the immediate vicinity of the Drmno strip of the space, are determined by the Spatial Plan of the
mine (Figure 2 and Figure 3). It was designed as a house Special Purpose Area of the Viminacium Archaeological
with a peristyle, with the interweaving of traditional and Site, adopted in 2015. The area of the Plan is divided into
modern materials.44Although it is considered to be a kind three entities: public use and the entrance (parking zone
of reconstruction, it can be said that it is actually a type with entrances and communications zone), purpose built
of association with a Roman house. It fits to the image of constructions (scientific and research zone, and scientific
a flat area with unexplored ancient architecture, and it has and touristic presentation zone), and the archaeological
already become an inseparable part of the archaeological sites (archaeological research zone and conservation,
park as one of its motifs, and thus one of the factors of its restoration, reconstruction, revitalisation and presentation
integrity (Nikolić, 2014a). zone, with contemporary constructions to aid the function of
the archaeological site) (Spatial Plan, 2015; Nikolić, 2017).
The protected ancient buildings that will be presented in
this paper are: the northern gate of the legionary fortress,
city baths and the amphitheatre (in the conservation,
restoration, reconstruction, revitalisation and presentation
zone, with contemporary constructions to aid the function
of the archaeological site), the Mausoleum (in the scientific
and research zone), the craftsmen's centre (in the scientific
and touristic presentation zone) and the memorial buildings
with triconchal memorial building B (situated outside the
area defined by the Spatial Plan). These historic buildings
are protected and presented in a variety of ways, which
can be divided into groups as follows: basic protection
and presentation; integrated protection and presentation
through interpretation; and integrated protection and
presentation through reconstruction and revitalisation.
Although accepted as a kind of exhibition space and
connected to paleontological remains, the Mammoth Park
(in the scientific and touristic presentation zone) will be
described in brief here, as an integral part of the Viminacium
Figure 3. Domus Scientiarum Viminacium Archaeological Park.5
(Source: photo-documentation of the Institute of Archaeology Belgrade
- Project Viminacium) 5
The Spatial Plan of the Special Purpose Area of the Viminacium
Archaeological Site was developed by the team of JUGINUS, Belgrade,
Contemporary processes of scientific research and the led by the architect Marin Krešić and spatial planner Dubravka Pavlović.
sustainable development of archaeological sites require The authors of the protective structures over the northern gate of
their inclusion in contemporary life. One of the methods for the legionary fortress, city baths and Mausoleum in Viminacium are
members of the team gathered around the architect and professor from
The authors of the architectural project for Domvs Scientiarvm the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, in retirement – Dr.
Viminacivm are architects Emilija Nikolić, Brana Stojković-Pavelka and Vojislav Kujundžić. The project for the protective structure over the
Božana Lukić, and archaeologist Miomir Korać, while the construction memorial buildings was completed by architect Dragoljub Todorović and
project was developed by civil engineer Zoran Cekić. civil engineer Jaša Preger. The architect Slobodan Barišić was in charge
spatium 29
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
Basic protection and presentation of historic buildings was completed in 2004. The temporary protective structure
consisting of nine carriers is made of glued laminated timber.
The basic protection of historic buildings in Viminacium
Here, the principle of the minimum number of necessary
includes the partial restoration and physical protection
elements for the stiffening of the structure was used, which
of the buildings with protective structures. The buildings
allows a much taller construction, almost cancelling its
protected in this way are the northern gate of the legionary
presence in the space in relation to the ancient remains,
fortress and the city baths. The protective structures were
thus allowing them to dominate. However, the protective
made using constructions that enable the wood to bridge
structure does not lose its own monumentality. Further,
spans exceeding the limitations of its natural growth. These
apart from the guide's narrative and the partly presented
structures are the first of this kind formed in Serbia, while
floor heating of the baths within its remains, there are no
the use of a PVC membrane as a cover is one of the first uses
other types of interpretation in the space, and the ancient
of this material in our country. To date, protective structures
building is viewed by means of a tour around it.
over archaeological sites of this type in Serbia, in addition
to Viminacium, have been made at Mediana, and Drenovac In archaeological sites, protective structures that have
near Paraćin (Vasić-Petrović and Momčilović-Petronijević, lightness and flexibility, and which use a minimum amount
2015).6 of material are mainly preferred. Such structures are often
completely prefabricated, i.e. mounted at the site itself, and
The temporary protective structure over the in situ remains
the disassembly is, in most cases, simple (Hebbelinck et
of the northern gate of the legionary fortress (Figure 4 - left)
al., 2001). The intended purpose of such structures can be
was completed in 2003. Here, the LKV system (lightweight
permanent, or sometimes temporary in situations where
roof trusses) made it possible for short beams made of solid
they serve as an interim solution until another construction
wood with steel plate connectors to form constructions
is achieved that was, at that particular moment, unavailable
that could bridge the required spans. However, the large
(Mollaert et al., 2011). The protective structures over the
number of short beams and trusses placed at a relatively
northern gate of the legionary fortress and the city baths
small distances from each other play a dominant role
were intended to be temporary. However, as long as they
in the space, and the relatively low height of the overall
still stand there, they affect the overall impression of the
construction makes the remains of an ancient monumental
Viminacium Archaeological Park. They fulfil the basic
building like the entrance gate look like a pile of building
function of physically protecting the ancient remains and
material, without offering the possibility of imagining the
provide a basic level of presentation, but they negatively
entity that they were once part of. The remains can be
affect the preservation of the authenticity of the context
viewed from only one position at the entrance to the space
because they emphasise themselves and act independently
and, apart from the narrative provided by the guide, there
in an area which belongs to the city and legionary fortress
is no other interpretation, which would be very difficult
of Viminacium. This method of protection is unsustainable
to achieve anyway. The structure made above the in situ
in the future, when more buildings are excavated that will
partially restored remains of the city baths (Figure 4 - right)
also require some form of physical protection. Viminacium
of the conservation of triconchal memorial building B. The project of was a city with all the functions typical of a Roman city -
the protective structure over the craftsmen centre was completed by paved streets, temples, theatres, baths and residential
the civil engineer Krstan Laketić. The authors of the projects for the buildings. An important question exists here, that of how
reconstruction of the amphitheatre are architect Emilija Nikolić and to incorporate buildings that used to form the live urban
civil engineer Krstan Laketić, while the projects for the consolidation of
fabric of an ancient city, but that are in ruins today, into one
its ancient remains were completed by the civil engineer Zoran Cekić.
The authors of the projects for the Mammoth Park are architect Emilija unified site presentation (Nikolić, 2015). There is a similar
Nikolić, archaeologist Miomir Korać and civil engineer Krstan Laketić. dilemma in Herculaneum and Pompeii. Since excavations
Figure 4. Northern gate of the Viminacium legionary fortress (left) and Viminacium city baths (right)
(Source: photo-documentation of the Institute of Archaeology Belgrade - Project Viminacium)
30 spatium
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
Figure 5. Viminacium memorial buildings (left) and Viminacium craftsmen centre (right)
(Source: up left: Todorović, 1991; other photos: photo-documentation of the Institute of Archaeology Belgrade, Project Viminacium)
of the centuries-buried ancient cities began in the 18th destroyed southern necropolis and the city is maintained.
century, the buildings and decorations have decayed due During the previously mentioned extensive archaeological
to atmospheric influences and a large number of visitors. research in the area of the thermal power plant, the so-
This begs the question of whether the stucco decoration and called "triconchal memorial building B" was also preserved
wall paintings should be moved to the museum, with non- and partially restored in 1985 (RZZZSK, 1998). This building
decorated walls left behind, thereby losing the special value is not covered by a protective structure and is unavailable to
of the place and renouncing what lava naturally conserved, visitors, since it is an individual building without any chance
or whether it is better to cover the whole space with a of presentation as long as the industrial facilities are active.
protective structure, convert it to a museum, and thus lose
After relocating from the thermal power plant zone to the
its extraordinary urban value (Rizzi, 2007). Both approaches
archaeological park in 2015, the complex of three Roman
put the authenticity and integrity of the sites into question.
brick kilns, called the "craftsmen's centre" was temporarily
Many tombs were discovered during the extensive covered by a protective structure of an eaves type (Figure 5
archaeological research of Viminacium southern - right). The construction is made of glued laminated timber
necropolises that was conducted during the 1870s and and covered with ceramic tiles. Access to the space below the
1980s, before the construction of Kostolac B thermal construction is from its longitudinal side, and the space is
power plant. In the tombs of G-4815 and G-4816, called viewed via a tour around the kilns. Any interpretation of the
"memorial buildings" or "memorias", during 1986 and space other than by the narrative does not currently exist.
1987, partial restoration works were carried out, and in However, the kilns are covered with the eaves as a temporary
1988 the tombs were covered with a protective structure solution, with the aim to include the craftsmen's centre in
(Figure 5 - left). The structure is made of concrete and wood the Limes Park of Viminacium – a replica of a typical Roman
and the roof is covered with metal sheets (RZZZSK, 1998; city street with surrounding houses, planned to be built in
Todorović, 1991). The space below the protective structure this zone in the future. In this way, the kilns will become a
is illuminated through the roof, receiving mild daylight. The part of a newly refurbished ambient unit that will depict
tombs are not able to be interpreted in any way. Access to ancient life and, thus, receive a more fitting interpretation.
the structure is problematic because it is isolated from the The protective structure today physically protects the
rest of the Viminacium Archaeological Park. It is a part of the ancient remains and provides a basic level of presentation,
thermal power plant complex, and it is difficult to include but acts as an independent structure in the space. The
a visit to it. The protective structure provides the basic kilns are separated from their original context, which was
protection and presentation for the site, but its construction destroyed by the construction of an industrial facility which
and appearance, which resembles that of a building, makes forced their relocation. The role of this protective structure
it different from the protective structures seen in the is only to physically protect the historical remains of the
previous two examples. It physically protects the remains kilns, since today there is no context to which they should
and provides a basic level of presentation, but also acts as be connected. In this way, the design of the structure, which
an independent building in the space. However, after the is dominant in the space today, is justified. With it, a part of
physical destruction of its original context, that of a Roman the archaeological park that was empty until the kilns were
necropolis, which occurred as a result of the construction relocated, was given a new character – the introduction of
of the thermal power plant, the protected tombs can no a human building intervention. When the space develops
longer belong to it, nor can the presentation of the context into the intentionally created context of Limes Park, this
be accomplished. In that respect, the protection of the protective structure will no longer be an adequate physical
ancient remains here is appropriate. Since they are still in element in it and its domination will not be justified. Then, a
situ, they are in their original relationship to the Roman city new protective structure for the kilns will be needed, whose
and, with their preservation, the relationship between the design will be conditioned by the new context.
spatium 31
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
Integrated protection and presentation of historic a contemporary theorist of conservation, instead of insisting
buildings through interpretation on the truth as a result of an uncompromising pursuit of
authenticity, supports "legibility" as "the ability of an object
The only site at Viminacium Archaeological Park in which
to be correctly comprehended or 'read' by the observer". The
integrated protection and presentation was carried out
presentation of the Mausoleum in Viminacium provokes
using interpretation is the Mausoleum (Figure 6). This is an
the existence of the authenticity of the place, with a new
in situ presented part of the eastern Viminacium necropolis,
structure embedded within the ancient building, but on
with a restored and partially reconstructed central grave
the other hand, it provides a deeper understanding of
that belonged to a high-ranking individual in the Roman
it. According to a survey carried out in 2012, among the
hierarchy (Golubović and Korać, 2013). It is the starting
Mausoleum visitors coming from English speaking areas,
point for visitors and the first site that is presented to them
74% based their impressions on the explanations provided
in the archaeological park. The protective structure over the
by guides, reconstructions and costumed people, while only
remains of the central grave and part of the necropolis was
26% based their impressions on the archaeological remains
constructed in the period from 2004 to 2005. The structure,
(Anđelković Grašar and Tapavički-Ilić, 2013).
covered with a PVC membrane, is made of glued laminated
timber in the shape of a truncated square based pyramid. We can say that the protective structure over the Mausoleum
fulfils the basic function of physically protecting the ancient
remains, and provides a basic level of presentation, as
well as an extended level of presentation, which includes
interpretation due to the new physical structures embedded
in the ancient space. Although it was planned to be a
temporary structure, its position, which represents a natural
elevation in the area, has given it additional domination
over a large part of the Viminacium site. However, the
Mausoleum was situated outside the Viminacium city fabric,
and, thus, the protective structure does not endanger it.
Moreover, viewed from its inner space, the pyramidal shape
of the structure accentuates the ancient remains, especially
the central grave (Golubović and Korać, 2013). For these
reasons, this protective structure has greater value, and its
temporary character can be changed to become permanent
in the future. Today, it is the most recognisable physical
symbol of the Viminacium Archaeological Park.
In Serbia, examples of protective structures that have
brought integrated protection and presentation through
interpretation to archaeological sites can be found in
Sirmium, above the Imperial Palace (Škorić, 2014) and in
Lepenski Vir, above the relocated prehistoric settlement
(Jovin and Temerinski, 2003). According to the concept
of construction and the use of materials, they are close to
the structure over the memorial buildings in Viminacium.
However, although the intention for both structures was to
cover sites, they have also brought new museum and service
facilities, which is not the case either for the structure over
the memorial buildings, or the one over the Mausoleum.
Figure 6. Viminacium Mausoleum Thus, from initially being simply protective structures,
(Source: photo-documentation of the Institute of Archaeology Belgrade they have become presentation buildings that also have an
- Project Viminacium) integrated protective function.
The remains below the protective structure are presented The presentation within the Mammoth Park was developed
in three forms. The first is an overview of the site from a with the assistance of a protective construction and in the
contemporary level, the second is an entry to the space form of interpretation. The construction itself, raised above
where a closer look at the graves is obtained, and the third the relocated mammoth skeletons, has become a kind
provides visitors with the story of the "underworld", leading of exhibition building, surrounded by the outdoor park
them through newly built, semi dark underground corridors arrangement. Therefore, it can also be called integrated
with painted antique graves, giving them the ability to protection and presentation through the formation of an
observe in situ art from the imaginary level of the deceased, exhibition space (Figure 7). The construction was erected in
with an additional narrative interpretation provided by the 2014 above the relocated mammoth skeletons found in the
guide (Nikolić and Roter-Blagojević, 2017). In this part of the mine in 2009 and 2012. It is located within the border of
archaeological park, an interpretive approach to funerary the protected area of Viminacium, which is the final edge of
wall painting was applied (Anđelković Grašar et al., 2013; the development of the strip mine. The intensive passable
Golubović and Korać, 2013). Salvador Munoz Vinas (2005), green roof with natural light, above the construction of
32 spatium
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
glued laminated timber, follows the slope of the surrounding appears as a technical measure which ensures the safety
terrain and thus forms an underground exhibition space. The and durability of a building, assuming that we take care not
creation of space below the level of the present-day soil is an to compromise the monumental properties of the building.
association with the time context in which the mammoths However, the solution to the second problem form is much
lived, which is very distant from the present. The entrance more complex, because then the constructive assembly
to the space is accessed by an earth road that relates to the represents a feature of the building as a monument (Đorđević,
passage through the natural canyon. The central skeleton, 1978). Both cases have occurred with the Viminacium
preserved in its entirety, is oriented as it was in the mine. amphitheatre, where it was necessary to strengthen the
The attempt to partially restore the authenticity of the basic stone walls using contemporary materials, but also
context in which the animals once lived has been partially where the main characteristic of its ancient structure – the
achieved using traditional natural materials in the space and wooden construction – was interpreted as an important
layers of sand brought from the spot where they were found. part of the reconstruction.
The Mammoth Park has become an attractive ambience, but
it has not become an independent museum building. Since it
is directly related to the site where the exhibited skeletons
were found, it is an integral part of the archaeological park,
and it does not dominate over the ancient remains (Nikolić,
spatium 33
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
34 spatium
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
the area of Ruffenhofen, Germany, a part of the "Frontiers of and also those that will be excavated in the future, will be
the Roman Empire" already inscribed on the World Heritage one of the most important decisions that managers of the
List (UNESCO, 2005), is presented by planting different site and designers will face. Probably, the only undisputed
sorts of low non-destructive vegetation which form and principle that should be followed in the future presentation
outline the interior areas and buildings of the former fort of Viminacium is emphasizing the whole over its parts,
and accentuate its walls and ditches, enabling visitors to no matter what interventions we decide to use. It can
visualise their dimensions, especially looking from a nearby give important and very much needed spatial value to
hill (Deutsche Limeskommission, 2010) (Figure 10). Should Viminacium Archaeological Park, where excavations will
we present the ancient city of Viminacium by excavations last for decades.
and different ways of protection using protective structures,
integrate the excavated ruins into the environment leaving Аcknowledgements
them uncovered, or leave most of the city unexcavated, but The article is a result of the project: IRS - Viminacium,
marked for future generations? Each of these decisions Roman city and military legion camp – research of the
can be justified by international documents in the area of material and non-material culture of inhabitants using
cultural heritage, and can bring successful results in the area the modern technologies of remote detection, geophysics,
of protection and presentation. GIS, digitalization and 3D visualization (no 47018), funded
by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological
Development of the Republic of Serbia.
The author of the paper is grateful to Krstan Laketić,
from "Piramida d.o.o.", Sremska Mitrovica, for providing
valuable information about the protective structures in
Viminacium, to Prof. Dr. Nenad Šekularac, from the Faculty
of Architecture, University of Belgrade, for an opportunity
to participate in his students' work on the design of the
protective structures over the Viminacium sites, and to Dr.
Miomir Korać, director of the project IRS – Viminacium and
Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, for the opportunity to
be one of the authors of the projects for Domus Scientiarum
Viminacium and the Mammoth Park and reconstruction of
the Viminacium amphitheatre.
spatium 35
Nikolić E.: Evaluation of the protection and presentation of historic buildings in the Viminacium archaeological park in relation to their spatial context
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spatium 37
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The idea for a nonprofit hackathon originated at a WeWork happy hour. I was brainstorming with a few fellow WeWork members about how to get better exposure for the nonprofits we run using the WeWork community. What we came up with was a new use of "hackathon," but one for social good.
As founder and CEO of Envested (a platform that connects WeWork members to local nonprofits), I love bringing together WeWork members and the nonprofits they can help with their unique professional expertise. I'll share how we pulled it off at WeWork Charging Bull, and perhaps you can get inspired to put on your own hackathon.
Prep work
WeWork nonprofits put specific requests on Envested that could be accomplished in three hours or less. We advertised the hackathon through the WeWork network, flyers around the space, and a presence at other WeWork events. We also allowed people to drop in during the event.
Each nonprofit had their own conference room to host volunteer hackers. Envested and WeWork facilitated check-in, food, and drinks in the common area. Members started in the main area, then spent time with the nonprofits they were best suited to help.
The results
The Boaz Organization for Youth walked away with a plan for creating an app to connect unaccompanied immigrant or refugee youth to services and resources in NYC. They even got the first five simulation pages designed and found someone to develop the app for them beyond the hackathon!
Afrika Tikkun met a WeWork member who works just a few offices over that has actually spent time at their center for youth in South Africa. They're having lunch this week and believe something great is going to come out of that connection!
GlamourGals got a mockup of an interactive map they want to include on their website showcasing where to find GlamourGals chapters.
All participating nonprofits got exposure and awareness with a broad range of WeWork members in their building. And, best of all, multiple WeWork members told us they would come back if we did another hackathon.
Do These 3 Things
Thinking about putting on your own hackathon? Do these three things.
- Give them enticements they can't resist – Go above and beyond basic snacks and drinks. All participants at our event received two drink tickets and open access to an ice cream sundae bar.
- Know your audience – Help nonprofits structure their asks according to what members have to offer. Since most nonprofits have a wide range of projects they need help with, why not cater to the skills available? Ask WeWork members what they know and can offer, then share that information with nonprofits to create hackathon projects.
- Use your time wisely – Send detailed and specific instructions to volunteers before the event to maximize time spent volunteering. You can also have an "onboarding" session the day before where nonprofits get 30 minutes with volunteers to explain the project and their mission before the actual hackathon.
Happy hacking!

subset: commoncrawl


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Epistwe to Titus
|Part of a series of articwes on
|Pauw in de Bibwe
See awso
The Epistwe of Pauw to Titus, usuawwy referred to simpwy as Titus, is one of de dree Pastoraw Epistwes (awong wif 1 Timody and 2 Timody) in de New Testament, historicawwy attributed to Pauw de Apostwe. It is addressed to Saint Titus and describes de reqwirements and duties of ewders and bishops.[1]
Not mentioned in de Acts of de Apostwes, Saint Titus was noted in Gawatians (cf. Gaw. 2:1, 3) where Pauw wrote of journeying to Jerusawem wif Barnabas, accompanied by Titus. He was den dispatched to Corinf, Greece, where he successfuwwy reconciwed de Christian community dere wif Pauw, its founder. Titus was water weft on de iswand of Crete to hewp organize de Church, and water met back wif de Apostwe Pauw in Nicopowis. He soon went to Dawmatia (now Croatia). According to Eusebius of Caesarea in de Eccwesiasticaw History, he served as de first bishop of Crete and remained dere in his owd years.[citation needed] He was buried in Cortyna (Gortyna), Crete; his head was water removed to Venice during de invasion of Crete by de Saracens in 832 and was enshrined in St Mark's Basiwica, Venice, Itawy.[citation needed]
Schowars are not unanimous about de audenticity of de pastoraw epistwes,[1][page needed] but it is considered pseudepigraphic by about 80% of schowars.[2] Titus is usuawwy one of de dree Pastoraw epistwes attributed to Pauw. Titus has a very cwose affinity wif 1 Timody, sharing simiwar phrases and expressions and simiwar subject matter.[3][4]
Pauwine audenticity[edit]
The audor of Titus identifies himsewf as "Pauw, a servant of God and an apostwe of Jesus Christ." According to Easton's Bibwe Dictionary (1893), The Epistwe was probabwy written about de same time as de First Epistwe to Timody, wif which it has many affinities."[5]
Schowars who bewieve Pauw wrote Titus date its composition from de circumstance dat it was written after Pauw's visit to Crete (Titus 1:5). That visit couwd not be de one referred to in de Acts of de Apostwes 27:7, when Pauw was on his voyage to Rome as a prisoner, and where he continued a prisoner for two years. Thus traditionaw exegesis supposes dat after his rewease Pauw saiwed from Rome into Asia, passing Crete by de way, and dat dere he weft Titus "to set in order de dings dat were wanting." Thence he wouwd have gone to Ephesus, where he weft Timody, and from Ephesus to Macedonia, where he wrote de First Epistwe to Timody, and dence, according to de subscription of dis epistwe, to "Nicopowis of Macedonia",[6] from which pwace he wrote to Titus, about 66 or 67.
Recent schowarship has revived de deory dat Pauw used an amanuensis, or secretaries, in writing his wetters (e.g. Rom 16:22), but possibwy Luke for de pastoraws[7][8] This was a common practice in ancient wetter writing, even for de bibwicaw writers.[9][10]
Opposed to Pauwine audenticity[edit]
The Pastoraw epistwes are regarded by a majority of schowars as being pseudepigraphicaw.[2] On de basis of de wanguage and content of de pastoraw epistwes, dese schowars today doubt dat dey were written by Pauw and bewieve dat dey were written after his deaf. Critics cwaim de vocabuwary and stywe of de Pauwine wetters couwd not have been written by Pauw according to avaiwabwe biographicaw information and refwect de views of de emerging Church rader dan de apostwe's. These schowars date de epistwe from de 80s AD up to de end of de 2nd century.[11] The Church of Engwand's Common Worship Lectionary Scripture Commentary concurs wif dis view: "de proportioning of de deowogicaw and practicaw demes is one factor dat weads us to dink of dese writings as coming from de post-Pauwine church worwd of de wate first or earwy second century".[12]
Epimenides paradox[edit]
One of de secuwar pecuwiarities of de Epistwe to Titus is de reference to de Epimenides paradox: "One of de Cretans, a prophet of deir own, said, 'Cretans are awways wiars'."[13] The statement by a member of a group dat aww members are wiars is a famous wogic probwem, appwicabwe awso to Psawms 116:11.[citation needed]
Fawse teachers[edit]
In Titus 1:9 Pauw describes some among de Jewish Christians as fawse teachers.[14][15] Pauw describes de fawse teachers as rebewwious, empty tawkers who cwaim to teach de waw "widout understanding"[16] and deceivers who dewiberatewy wead de faidfuw astray.[17] Cawvin wrote dat vain tawking (Greek: mataiowogia) is contrasted here wif usefuw doctrine, incwuding any triviaw and frivowous doctrines dat contribute noding to piety and fear of God.[18]
See awso[edit]
- ^ a b Harris, Stephen L., Understanding de Bibwe. Pawo Awto: Mayfiewd. 1985.
- ^ a b S.J., Fewix Just,. "Deutero-Pauwine Letters". cadowic-resources.org.
- ^ Wiwwiam Pawey Horae Pauwinae (1785)
- ^ Bart D. Ehrman. The New Testament: A Historicaw Introduction to de Earwy Christian Writings 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. pp. 385ff
- ^ "Titus, Epistwe to". eastonsbibwedictionary.org.
- ^ "It was written to Titus, ordained de first bishop of de church of de Cretians, from Nicopowis of Macedonia." —Audorized Version subscription after Titus 3:15
- Note: Sources dat say Nicopowis was in Epirus are technicawwy correct, but Epirus had become part of Macedonia (Roman province) in 146 BCE. In 110 CE under Trajan it became a province in its own right, separate from Macedonia and Achaia. The expression "Nicopowis of Macedonia" in Pauw's timeframe is vawid.
- ^ George W. Knight, The Pastoraw Epistwes: A Commentary on de Greek Text, New Internationaw Greek Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI; Carwiswe, Engwand: W.B. Eerdmans; Paternoster Press, 1992), 48.
- ^ Wiwwiam D. Mounce, Pastoraw Epistwes, vow. 46, Word Bibwicaw Commentary (Dawwas: Word, Incorporated, 2000), cxxix.
- ^ Richards, E. Randowph. Pauw and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Cowwection, uh-hah-hah-hah. Downers Grove, IL; Leicester, Engwand: InterVarsity Press; Apowwos, 2004.
- ^ Harry Y. Gambwe, "Amanuensis," ed. David Noew Freedman, The Anchor Yawe Bibwe Dictionary (New York: Doubweday, 1992), 172.
- ^ Raymond E. Brown. An Introduction to de New Testament. New York: Anchor Bibwe, p. 662
- ^ Houwden and Rogerson (2001). Common Worship Lectionary: a Scriptures Commentary. London: SPCK. p. 18.
- ^ Titus 1:12–13
- ^ Titus 1:9–16
- ^ Arichea, Daniew Castiwwo; Hatton, Howard (1995). A handbook on Pauw's wetters to Timody and to Titus. New York: United Bibwe Societies. ISBN 978-0-8267-0168-8.
- ^ 1 Timody 1:6
- ^ Towner, Phiwip H (1994). 1–2 Timody [and] Titus. Downers Grove (Iww.): InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1814-3.
- ^ Cawvin, Jean; Cawvin Transwation Society (1844). Cawvin's commentaries ... Edinburgh: Printed for de Cawvin Transwation Society.
This articwe incorporates text from a pubwication now in de pubwic domain: Easton, Matdew George (1897). . Easton's Bibwe Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Newson and Sons.
Externaw winks[edit]
Onwine transwations of de Epistwe to Titus:
- Onwine Bibwe at GospewHaww.org
- Earwy Christian Writings: Titus
- Titus – King James Version
- Bibwe: Titus pubwic domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
Exegeticaw papers on Titus:
Epistwe to Titus
|Preceded by
Second Timody
| New Testament
Books of de Bibwe
|Succeeded by


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When it comes to the bed room, what a companion will certainly and also will certainly not do is typically chosen with the firm prior to she gets here, so be ahead of time concerning what it is you desire from your companion. A leading companion company can be discovered via a web link in the banner listed below.


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Rompers and Sleepwear
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Stella McCartney Kids
Banana Badges All-In-One
Regular Price: SGD 150.00
Special Price SGD 75.00
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Regular Price: SGD 150.00
Special Price SGD 75.00