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If you're in the market to buy a grill, yet you've only grilled with propane or charcoal in the past, wood pellet grills may have piqued your curiosity. These grills use a very different cooking method than the direct flame of propane, resulting in more even heating and more precise temperature control. A wood pellet grill is more like a smoker than an open flame grill, as it's difficult to sear meat with a wood pellet grill. Purchasing and using a wood pellet grill is going to be more expensive than propane and charcoal grills.
Ready for the camp or cabin, this reliable, no-frills stove features two 30,000-BTU commercial-grade cast burners. The all-steel range features sturdy grates built to support hefty cast-iron cookware. It's surrounded by a three-sided steel screen to block drafts and grease splatter. The heavy-duty steel legs slide off for transportation and storage. Cooks up to 15 hours on a 20-lb. propane cylinder (not included). Includes hose and regulator.
Kevin: I have a gas smoker but would like a wood pellet smoker. I'm looking at Traeger Lil Tex (due to price) but I read about Blazn Grill Works, Grand Slam, made in USA, stainless steel grates and a control unit that is very good. Cost about $1195, can't find dealers so called and talked with the owner. What I read on web site sounds good. He claims on his short video that his auger is the best and doesn't put torque on the drive due to the design. Any thoughts on this unit? Any advice would be appreciated. Still looking at the Yoder YS640 as price is very similar.
While the exterior is certainly whimsical, this smoker is serious business, with a proprietary Digital Pro Controller that maintains even cooking temperature, just like an oven. Dual meat probes let you monitor the pork and the chicken at the same time, and 425 square inches of grilling space means you can easily feed a crowd. The 11.5-pound hopper holds plenty of pellets, so you won't need to refill for many hours.
OK. I'm rambling a bit. To your point regarding Traeger. I think that the models you can buy at big box stores (Costco etc) are OK. I still hear a few complaints about blistering paint etc. But… their Pro Series Models are a different story. The new management at Traeger has come a long way in their efforts to reaffirm the Traeger brand as a legitimate BBQ Pellet Smoker brand that everyone from the backyarder to competition pitmasters can get behind. To that end, they only allow specialty retailers carry the Pro Series models, which are built with a bit more heft and better PID controls, electronics, etc. You can find these at Ace Hardware stores, places like the Whiskey Bent BBQ Supply store we have here in Lakeland, FL (there is now one in Odessa, FL) as well. You can find a Traeger Pro model by going to http://www.traegergrills.com/dealers.
One comment I see a lot in various forums like Pellet Heads Forum is that you want as much efficiency as you can get. As with lump charcoal, this means burning as clean of a cook as you can with as little ash as possible. Different pellet mixes will produce differences in what you get in this area, and the cooker you're using will dictate this to some degree as well.
Green Mountain pellet smokers offer innovation and good quality as well as relatively low price points. The Daniel Boone model is the midsized version. It boasts an advanced digital touch-pad dual-probe controller and stainless steel grates and drip pan, and, with 13.5 inches of headroom, Daniel Boone can accommodate large turkeys and roasts. Although the WiFi option adds a hundred bucks to the bill, few pellet smokers anywhere near GMG's price range offer WiFi control. Download the GMG app to your smartphone or tablet for a point-to-point connection, enabling you to remotely turn Daniel Boone on and off; monitor and control the internal meat temp, cooking temp, and timer; and even store the time- and temperature-based profiles of your favorite recipes. For example, you can set your Daniel Boone to "Tri-Tip Beef Roast" and have it start out cooking at 225°F (105°C) until the internal meat temp hits 110°F (43°C), then crank to 500°F (260°C) for browning until the meat registers 135° (57°C), then drop the temp to 150°F (65°C) to keep it warm.
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Great reviews. I have been lately looking into pellet poopers. I currently own a large Big Green Egg and a Pit Barrel Grill. My Egg has limited space. On the PBC (Pit Barrel Cooker) I can cook a ton of food as it uses hanging meat method. But it has zero temperature control on it. A set lower vent and that's it. You have to adjust the lid to get the temps up. I have adjustable rings for my Egg that allows for increased capacity. Eggs are great smokers, grills and ovens. I do have a FireBoss temp controller for the Egg which will allow a set it and forget operations. Wifi controls also. With that being said, I am looking for increased capacity in my cooks. I was seriously considering a XL Primo Oval or a XL BGE. Then I found these pellet poopers. After reading this blog and other reviews I found some limitations. One the lack of smoke flavor. Now with my Egg I add chunks of wood into the lump for smoke flavor. Same with the PBC. The PBC has different smoke flavor as the fats and juices from the meat drip on the hot coals which ignite (according to PBC's website) and produce a smokey flavor in the meat. I've read two ways to increase the smoke flavor in Pellet Poopers. One is to start at a lower temp for a few hours, then crank it up to cooking temps. Two is the smoke tubes or Mojo Bricks. My question is do these techniques work? One review on the smoking tube said that they really didn't make that much of a difference. Another issue was for grilling and the lack of direct heat. Grill Grates would eliminate this concern correct? My understanding of Grill Grates is that they provide a way to direct grill in an indirect environment. That's a limitation with both of my cookers. The Egg can Indirect or Direct grill. Not both. Yes I can remove the indirect piece and set up the Egg for direct grilling, but you risk burnt fingers even with welders mitts on. Wouldn't the Grill Grates on a Pellet Pooper solve this problem? Allowing you to slow cook that steak to say 10 degrees shy of your temp range then sear it on the grill grate for the a couple of minutes on each side to get it to your desired temp range? Or go the other way, sear first for a few minutes per side then indirect cook it to the desired temp?
Eric, I'm sorry for the trouble you've had with your Traeger. Not sure this will help, but here is how I make sure I don't have the problem you had. When I start after a long previous cook or any cook at all really, I vacuum out all the dust and vacuum out the burn pot. Then, I put a handful of pellets into the burnt pot, insert the heat deflector, the drip tray, and grate. I find that this keeps things working well. Sometimes, the burn pot will get too full of ash and this can cause the problems that you had. Give it a try. If it works, please let me know.
First one, had an auger problem... told that this never happens. Returned to Costco, now on 2nd Unit. FIRE HAZARD, fire pot overloaded after temp dropped from 375 to 100 on a four-hour turkey. When I opened the lid to see what was going on it EXPLODED into a fireball and then had flames shooting out from all sides of the grill. There was even smoke and heat felt from the firebox side of the grill and it looked as though the overloaded firepot was burning into the auger line as well. DANGEROUS PRODUCT!!!
Z GRILLS or Z Grills is a maker of smokers, grillers, and stainless steel prep work tables galore. It entered the world of pellet grills recently and launched an IndieGoGo campaign in order to fund its "affordable wood pellet grill" for $500,000 and currently gives even Traeger's economical offerings a run for their money with its ability to accept all types of pellets and do all sorts of cooking styles.
This smoker has cooking area measuring 560 sq. inches, large enough to allow you to smoke food for your friends and family. This is also enough to give you the best grilling experience, as we've found after reviewing the top products from Camp Chef. It also has a useful rack where you can keep your smoked food hot while your waiting for your whole meal to come together or that one couple who always arrive late for the party.
This unit will not let even a single pellet go to waste. No need of worrying whether you're out of pellets or not. You can carry pellets at a maximum of 20 pounds, with the digital thermostat ensuring the pellets are being used properly. This saves you loads of cash and gives you smoking food simultaneously without wasting time in refilling pellets.
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Recently bought portable Traeger ptk+ smoker as camp a lot. Food is amazing though grill size better suited for 2-4 ppl and you can't fit a large roast. However cooked a rack of ribs, several chickens and burgers. Food comes out amazing. You do need electricity hookup camping and it drains too much power to run off cars dc socket. $300 and of you call them to order v online they will throw in free weather cover free shipping and some rub. It does take up some room in car so beware if you have tiny vehicle. Buyer beware racoons love smoked food so remove your trash bag with bones from campsite before retiring, as we found out the hard way
Take your outdoor cooking to the next level with the Camp Chef Pellet Grill and Smoker. Designed with the home griller in mind, built-in features simplify the process of smoking. The included digital temperature readout takes the guesswork out of the cooking process. An advanced digital temperature chip gives a more steady smoke and temperature, eliminating large temperature swings and giving a more consistent cooking temperature. The Pellet Grill and Smoker features range from innovative digital smoker controls to dual temperature sensors. Discover the real secret of award winning BBQ cooks, low and slow smoking.
I didn't actually learn to cook—at all—until after college. So my parents, who I now see only once a year or so because they live in France, have never really gotten a chance to try my food. One of the first nights after they flew over to see our home, I cooked them perfect lobster tails on the grill. When a long-lost cousin showed up one day during their visit, I ran to the store, bought two chickens, threw them on the Traeger, and we had a feast. Everyone agreed that those chickens were the moistest and most evenly-cooked they'd ever had.
This smoker comes with two cooking settings: hot and fast, and low and slow. Its Digital Elite Controller makes setting the temperature a breeze — all you have to do is turn the dial to your desired temperature, and you can leave it for the rest of the cooking process. This smoker can reach the temperature of up to 450 degrees Fahrenheit. The digital display on top of the grill lets you monitor the heat conveniently.
All this said, I believe the girls you are looking at already will both provide you with long lasting grilling and smoking satisfaction. Honestly, when you get to a point where are your in the price range that you are in, it's really hard to choose a bad option with pellet grills. The biggest Advantage you have over the ones you're looking at and the Yoder models is that they are heavy built giving you excellent heat retention over your Cooks.
Moving on from the orangish-red looks of the predecessor RT-680, this newer model has a black hood, with stainless steel built. It is 2.5" taller than the RT-680 and has 2 stainless steel bull horn handles on the outside that will have you falling in love with its built. Everything from the towel rings, the controller shelf, the hopper lid to the spill-proof bucket hook is stainless steel and even the smallest of details like the laser cutout of "Rec Tec Grills" on the side will never fail to impress.
The Camp Chef SmokePro's automatic features definitely set it apart and make it truly a "set it and forget it" kind of unit. It makes use of an electric auto-igniter system that lets you start grilling with just one button. The automatic auger instantly dispenses pellets to maintain the desired temperature and use your pellets the most efficient way.
For as long as I can remember, the REC TEC RT-680 has been setting the standards for the best pellet smokers on the market, which is why REC-TEC is America's fastest growing Pellet Smoker Company. And when they came up with the 2018 version of the REC TEC Pellet Grill, we knew it was going to be the very best pellet grill any barbecue lover could get their hands on.
The Camp Chef PG24S lets you set the smoker to your desired settings so you can leave it to relax while it does the rest for you. With an advanced digital temperature chip, it steadily monitors the temperature, achieving a constant cooking temperature at all times. Dual LED temperature displays allow you to easily check the temperature of the food kept inside your smoker without losing any heat. With an auto-dispensing pellet hopper that can hold around 18 pounds, your pellets are used efficiently. The grill can work in temperatures that range from 160F to 400F.
You want to easily switch to different smoky flavors: Changing flavors in your Traeger grill is as easy as changing the pellets that you place in the hopper. Through its website, Traeger offers several different smoky flavors of hardwood pellet offerings, including hickory, mesquite, apple, maple, cherry, and oak. And Traeger's website provides information on which types of hardwoods provide the best smoky flavor for certain types of foods, which can help you successfully use this grill immediately out of the box.
Words like Grilling, Barbecuing and Smoking are often used interchangeably by us. However, when looking at them from a grill master's point of view, there are some subtle methodological differences among these three: One is done with the lid up, BBQ is done in a closed circulation with the lid down, and smoking is a slow cooking process in a closed circulation.
This smoker comes with two cooking settings: hot and fast, and low and slow. Its Digital Elite Controller makes setting the temperature a breeze — all you have to do is turn the dial to your desired temperature, and you can leave it for the rest of the cooking process. This smoker can reach the temperature of up to 450 degrees Fahrenheit. The digital display on top of the grill lets you monitor the heat conveniently.
"We love pellet grills but didn't like the designs of the models on the market. They are more like an oven than a grill. MAK Grills are designed to be the best in class. You get outstanding BBQ flavor and safe cooking with real wood, along with an automatic lighting and fuel feed system. Simply turn the grill on and you're cooking in minutes! Our direct heat FlameZone ® feature is pioneering the industry for "gas grill like" cooking without the hassle of flare-ups and burned food." — MAK Grills
Ordering through All Things BBQ was VERY simple and easy. In fact, my YS640 arrived a few days sooner than expected/quoted. These grills are expensive, but I am a firm believer in "you get what you pay for". There is no doubt the quality of Yoder craftsmanship is exceptional. So far, I have only been able to use my YS640 a coupe of times. However, I'm looking forward to many meals being cooked on it going forward. If you buy one, you will not be disappointed!
Now, the best pellet grills come with more advanced features like auto-ignition using igniting rods, Wi-Fi Support, automatic turn on/off, and much more. One of the key safety features added by pellet smokers (designed by Green Mountain Grills), is a cooling fan to cool off the grill after it has been turned off. Even the shape of the body has been changed to have peaked lids so that it can accommodate turkeys and other kinds of roasts. Some come with multiple levels of racks for warming and cooling.
For a large-sized smoker, the Camp Chef SmokePro SE delivers excellent, smoky-tasting flavor that even beginners can accomplish. This is largely due to its automatic temperature control features and grease management system, allowing you relax while it cooks for you. With minimal cons (only weight and pellet price), this is a definite hit among professionals and newbies. The SmokePro SE is an unquestionable bang for your buck kind of purchase.
I have used this cooker at least once a week for two years. I recently had a couple of issues with it going out and was thinking it was having a serious issue. Quite frankly as much as I use it it should be worn out by now. Here is what I discovered. Carbon had built up on the tempeture probe and the grill wasn't getting accurate readings. Suspecting the temp probe I checked it with an external one and it was off 50 degrees or more. I am assuming that the readings were off enough that the grill controller just shut it off kind of a fail safe? 30 seconds with steel wool and we are back in business.
For me, grilling is a way to communicate to the people in my life that I love them and to easily involve others in my passions and hobbies. So, to be able to guarantee perfection in every meal isn't just about eating well, it's about reliably being able to put my best foot forward with these people who matter. And the remarkable thing about the Traeger is that you can expect to be able to do the same from the very first time you use it.
But, along with some shelves we don't need, a headboard that won't fit our new bed, and a gigantic chest freezer I haven't yet filled, the Egg has languished in the back corner of the garage since then. That's because a brand new Traeger Timberline 850 was sitting here waiting for us when we arrived and it's performed so well and become such an essential part of my cooking that now I can't imagine using anything else.
JUNK!!!!! Major defects and powder coating coming off and possibly getting my family sick. Very rude customer service telling me to just take it back to Costco! Did I mention I bought the biggest one and will need to disassemble the entire thing to fit it in my explorer! I will be sending the paint chips that came off to a lab to determine what the stuff is and if my family has been exposed to carcinogenic chemicals. A $1,000 for Chinese junk....Stay away for your families sake!!!!!
On Tabletop Models: I didn't include them here because though extensive, this post is more of an overview of a few select makers of Pellet Smokers I think do a fine job with both manufacturing and product support. The one exception is that I did include a link to where you can find the Rec-Tec mini. That's Rec-Tec's answer to the smaller, tabletop or tailgating models.
Just putting a stamp on your info and recommendations. The Pro is definitely a Pro! Consistent, excellent temp control, juicy and great flavor. Smoke ring, some of my ribs are pink all the way through and dripping with juice. Smoke profile, good, not over powering. I have used 45# of hickory so far, 20# of cherry and a few pounds of apple and pecan. Have not tried anything but Lumberjack but that will be the next experiment. I have tried the smoke tube and it is ok. I was worried about getting an ash or bitter taste as the smoke is fairly heavy and a little acrid smelling if you let it burn from bottom to top. So I lay it down and light on my wife's Weber gas grill side burner and get the whole thing burning good and then blow it out. If it smells acrid your meat will get some of that taste. Starting the tube this way it is still going an hour later.
Hi – my husband and I are really interested in a pellet smoker. We came across some when we were at a fair and are trying to find more information about the Traeger brand because the price seems affordable compared to all the others you mentioned. You started out talking about the Traeger but never gave any feedback on it? Little help please:) Thanks!
First impression was this thing isn't built like a mass produced unit, it's more like something you would expect from a master fabricator. The assembly instructions were incredibly detailed, and the way it was packaged made it really easy. It takes a little time to get temp steady for low smoking, but once it's there it seems to be pretty steady. So far absolutely impressed with everything about this cooker, and made in the USA!!!
Am considering adding a pellet grill to my fleet, have champagne taste on a beer budget. Have a smoke hollow smoker (lp) that works awesome, a cheap charbroil gril, and a holland I picked up used. Tried the holland because I got tired of flareups but it is slow, a coffee can over the stacks until it warms up helps but you don't want to walk away from it that way. I like the idea of something you don't have to baby sit. Any reviews on the traeger grills? I like the looks of the traeger jr, has nice features, portable and enough room for most of the things I want. Also are these grills affected by wind and do they work in cold weather? I live in ND and like to use them in the winter as long as the temp is above 10 degrees or so.
Loved the idea of a "pellet smoker" - less stress, delicious meat. Bought mine at Costco 1 year ago and have used it many times with mixed results, not exactly stress less. Last time using it the pellet hopper caught on fire, turns out the auger chamber is packed full of pellets and won't move. Attempted to open chamber to clear and with this model it is extremely difficult (with unit sold thru Costco - newer ones look easier...) so I called customer service hotline. Called different 4 times and talked with a different live person each time and was promised a call back to schedule an in house repair. Never received one call back so I tried to email and again never received a return email. I have no choice but to return smoker to Costco.
Bought a YS-640 in 2012 and have been an avid supporter of Yoder pellet grills. Cooks great and very solid construction. Technical support started out phenomenal but seems to be less competent now. Have replaced the thermocouple every two years, almost to the month (pellet grill gets used 1-2 times per month, at low temp 275 deg F cooks). Really disappointing thermocouple life for a $1500 pellet grill. Still love the way it cooks but I have to keep a spare thermocouple in my tool box so I don't have an issue on my cooks.
Hey Bill! I think you'd be very happy with a Yoder pellet smoker. From a product and manufacturing standpoint, they're great pellet smokers. If you're looking at spending $1,700 and can perhaps go a little higher, you can then consider either a MAK grill or a Memphis Grill Pro Series. These are fantastic pieces of equipment. They are insulated at the point where the lid touches the body at closing, and provide superior convection cooking. Anytime you feel you want some extra smoke, you can always throw in an Amazn Pellet Tube or use a Mojo Cube. These will amp up your smoke profile in a manner you can predict and keep under control. I would NOT recommend adding anything foreign to your burn pot ever. Just keep things from the main pellet smoker function working as per the manufacturer's design.
So, there they are: my pellet grill review of 2016-2017.These information are surely going to help you from going nuts when trying to purchase your own pellet grill. These pellet grill review will give you a clear straight forward understanding of the best and most conventional features in pellet grills in the market today. Now that you are all set thanks to the pellet grill review, go grab yours, call some friends over and have a great weekend!
Cleaning other types of smokers typically includes scooping ash from the burners and removing burnt remains from the racks. Traeger turns this messy process into a very simple one. The smoker burns pellets so efficiently that there is almost no ash left behind. Since there is no direct flame, the cooking grates will not get sticky and caked with excessive amounts of burnt, juicy meat. In order to clean the racks, all you have to do is brush them quickly and then wipe them with a paper towel.
Built from substantial stainless steel, the SmokePro looks bombproof and weighs a hefty 140 lbs – so it's not portable like the Z Grills or Traeger Junior Elite. It has a stainless-steel probe to directly monitor meat, and a sensor for the grill's internal temperature. Both read out on the LED display next to the digital controller, which goes from 160F to 500F in 25-degree increments.
So after some research I felt like I had two choices. I could either spend $1800 on a new Traeger Timberline and double down on Traeger (hoping like crazy they fixed the heat issue) or spend literally half the money and get the sure thing. And by the way, if you feel like you absolutely Must have wifi to monitor, just buy a Woodwind and an iGrill 2 (wifi enabled) and you'll still save $800!
Has had auger issues from the beginning and a yr later continues. Once it gets running it does a good job of cooking but it takes average 20 minutes to continually unjamb the auger. Called CS after first use and the issue was recognized and it's looks to be poorly designed with a simi free floating impeller/ auger to keep the impeller from jamming into the side housing and this worked for that issue but now the auger just gets jammed up and I have to empty out the hopper tap on the auger then it will start again till it warms up.
In reading through the comments section, it seems the recommendations have shifted over time. As it stands today, which smoker would you go with and why: GMG Jim Bowie, Traeger Pro 34, or the RecTec? I like the cooking space of the Traeger Pro 34, but the other 2 seem to have more bells and whistles. I've been smoking about 5yrs, so not a pro but not a beginner. Currently have a 10+ year old Traeger Lil Tex elite hand-me down that is ready to give up the ghost. Would appreciate your thoughts!
Now you can control your grill with wifi using the iOS or Android app, so you can attend to other cooking or put your feet up and relax. This grill can use either 110v or 12v and includes adaptors for three different power options. It has legs that fold for transportation, and double as handles, making this ideal for tailgating as well as home cooking.
In 2010, I sprung for a discounted Rainer with $80 in tip money and a pro deal through the whitewater rafting company I worked for. It was an expensive purchase for me at a time when my monthly food budget was around $60. But hey, along with a Roll-a-Table, two chairs I "borrowed" from the rafting company, and my cooler, I had almost a full kitchen that I could deploy from the back of my truck. And the Rainier quickly proved a wise investment.
Typically, most portable grills would give up certain features just to maintain their portability, but this wood pellet grill from Traeger actually had more than what other top grills have to offer. Out of all of our features, it managed to tick 85% off the review. Its digital controls, versatile cooking features, and decent cooking space (perfect for outdoor adventures) all make it our best portable pick.
"We love pellet grills but didn't like the designs of the models on the market. They are more like an oven than a grill. MAK Grills are designed to be the best in class. You get outstanding BBQ flavor and safe cooking with real wood, along with an automatic lighting and fuel feed system. Simply turn the grill on and you're cooking in minutes! Our direct heat FlameZone ® feature is pioneering the industry for "gas grill like" cooking without the hassle of flare-ups and burned food." — MAK Grills
Cuisinart's CPO-600 Alfrescamore Outdoor Pizza Oven was born Cuisinart's CPO-600 Alfrescamore Outdoor Pizza Oven was born from love of crisp brick-oven style pizza. It's been designed with the cooking ability of professional brick ovens but with the accessibility ease and size of a portable grill. Whether you're holding an impromptu family pizza night inviting the friends over for ... More + Product Details Close
I did a lot of research, and ended up buying the Camp Chef DLX24. It was at a price that fit my budget, (under $500) and had a lot of features the others didnt. The pellet trap door for quick dumping of the pellet hopper into a bucket, and the ash cleanout under the drum was a clincher. Being able to pull a lever and dump the ashes into an easily removable cup is a great feature that all grills should include.It has a digital temperature controller, and dual probes (one inside the smoker for grill temp, one for the meat) and overall good quality construction. The second shelf inside is standard (you pay extra for that on other grills). If your budget allows, would suggest purchasing the propane powered sear box ($199) which attaches to the side of the grill and allows for reverse searing meat..
Words like Grilling, Barbecuing and Smoking are often used interchangeably by us. However, when looking at them from a grill master's point of view, there are some subtle methodological differences among these three: One is done with the lid up, BBQ is done in a closed circulation with the lid down, and smoking is a slow cooking process in a closed circulation.
Just what I needed for my Traeger Pro 22. Fits like a glove, simple install, and makes adding and pulling rib racks off the smoker much easier. No longer a balancing act trying to get a tray to stay put on top of the pellet hopper lid. This also fits perfectly under Traeger's cover for the Pro 22 models. Have to be a little care you dont pinch your fingers when folding it down (would be a nice future mod if it could somehow be spring assisted), but thats my only gripe.


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Otium Planning Group
Otium Planning Group is a contemporary sport and leisure consultancy providing services in planning, facility development, management and funding for the sport, recreation and leisure industries…read more
Offering unique opportunities to trade, learn and interact in China's fast growing fitness market, the third FIBO CHINA Fitness Convention is to be held in Shanghai from 8th to 10th Septtember.
The steady growth of the fitness market in China sees around 20,000 fitness clubs, gyms and studios operating in the world's fastest growing economy, with predictions that fitness club memberships have the potential to reach 5% of the entire Chinese population (about 70 million people) in five year.
As the world's leading fitness and healthy trade show, the goals of FIBO in China is to establishing a platform to promote a healthy lifestyle and to help many international fitness companies to expand their businesses in this fast growing market.
FIBO CHINA will also feature the Forum for the Future Development of the Fitness Industry in China with world renowned guest speakers include Hongguang Wang, Vice President of the China National Institution of Science and Technology Development; Herman Rugters, board member of EuropeActive; Andrew Jones Chief Operating Officer of Nuffield Health; Jan Middelkamp, Chief Executive of BlackBoxPublisher and Frank Napolitano, Chairman of 24 Hours Fitness USA.
More than 300 delagates, most of whom are fitness club investors/owners, dealers, and industry leaders in China, are expected to participate who are mainly fitness club investors/owners, dealers, and industry leaders in China.
Sponsored by Reed Sinopharm Exhibitions and supported by German leading exhibition company - Reed Exhibitions Deutschland, the organisers of Germany's FIBO exhibition, FIBO CHINA dedicates itself as a bridge for fitness product and service providers to succeed in China.
Being held at the Shanghai Convention & Exhibition Centre, FIBO China will feature more than 200 brands and exhibits from more than 20 countries and regions, including BSN, DYMATIZE, GymMax, Intenza, ISOPURE, Life Fitness, Matrix, MUSCLETECH, MUTANT, NANOX, Precor, Star Trac, SportsArt and Technogym.
Organisers are expecteding that 2016 attendance will exceed the 8,000 trade visitors from 40 countries and regions who attended the 2015 event.
Since the start of 2016, FIBO CHINA has been undertaking a '100 City Road Show' in order to bring the most advanced fitness classes, ideas, technologies, and products to tens of thousands club investors/owners, managers, and trainers across China.
In addition, FIBO's 'Target Attendee Program' is looking to attract Chinese nutrition supplement distributors and buyers into the event's visitor portfolio.
FIBO CHINA will also feature aCrossFit Competition (with more than 30 professional teams from across Asia), MMA Training Camp, Body building Competition, live performances and a 'Future Gym' showcase.
Click here for details in the Australasian Leisure Management industry Calendar.
22nd May 2016 - CHINA GRAPPLES WITH RISE IN CHILDHOOD OBESITY
11th May 2016 - CHINESE SPORTS INDUSTRY TO BE WORTH MORE THAN US$460 BILLION BY END OF 2020
16th April 2016 - FIBO 2016 ATTENDED BY 153,000 RECORD CROWD
15th December 2015 - EUROPEAN FITNESS EXPO FIBO EXPECTS EXHIBITORS AND VISITORS FROM MORE THAN 100 NATIONS
13th August 2013 - CHINA MARKS NATIONAL FITNESS DAY AS NATIONAL SURVEY SHOWS A DECLINE IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG YOUNG
29th March 2011 - SOKO FITNESS & SPA GROUP CONTINUES TO EXPAND
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Edu and Jobs
Yasin Malik-led JKLF banned by Centre
Sat 23 Mar 2019, 11:23:00
New Delhi: The Yasin Malik-led Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) was banned on Friday for "promoting" secession of the militancy-hit state from the Union of India, officials said here.
Banning the outfit under various provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act after a high-level meeting on security chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, officials said the Centre is of the opinion that the JKLF is "in close touch with militant outfits" and is supporting extremism and militancy in Jammu and Kashmir and elsewhere.
They said the outfit claims "secession of a part of the Indian territory from the union" and supports terrorist and separatist groups fighting for this purpose.
Union Home Secretary Rajiv Gauba said the JKLF has been banned as the government has a policy of zero tolerance against terrorism.
The JKLF has been at the forefront of separatist activities in J-K and was involved in the killings of Kashmiri Pandits in 1989 leading to their exodus from the valley, he said.
The home secretary said the government is committed to relentlessly pursuing a policy of curbing the activities of secessionist groups which are threat to the country.
The other reason for banning the outfit was that the cadres of the JKLF were indulging in activities intended to disrupt the territorial integrity of India, the officials said.
Malik is at present lodged in Kot Balwal jail in Jammu, and is likely to face trial in the three-decade-old case of kidnapping of Rubaya Sayeed, the daughter of then Union Home Minister Mufti Mohammed Sayeed, and gunning down of four IAF personnel in Srinagar.
The JKLF was founded by Pakistani national Amanullah Khan in mid-1970 at Birmingham in the United Kingdom and came into prominence in 1971 when its member hijacked an Indian Airlines plane flying from Srinagar to Jammu.
As many as 37 FIRs have been registered against the JKLF by the Jammu and Kashmir Police, Gauba said.
The organisation was also involved in the kidnapping and killing of Ravindra Mhatre, an Indian diplomat posted the UK, in 1984. A week later, India executed Maqbool Bhat, a JKLF activist, who had been sentenced to death.
This is the second organisation in Jammu and Kashmir which has been banned this month. Earlier, the Centre had banned the Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir.
Gauba said the review of security of Jammu and Kashmir-based separatists would continue. The government withdrew security of several separatist leaders in Jammu and Kashmir following the Pulwama terror attack in February when 40 CRPF personnel were killed.
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The True Cost of Compliance
Survey reveals that doing the bare minimum is roughly the equivalent of an invitation to financial disaster.
There are two distinct sets of governance, risk management and compliance (GRC) technologies floating around the many enterprises these days. The first set focuses on the financial controls required for the business, while the second is generally a subset of those technologies focused on IT activities. Unfortunately, this bifurcation of GRC tends to result in a lot of redundant activity and acquisition of duplicate software.https://o1.qnsr.com/log/p.gif?;n=203;c=204663295;s=11915;x=7936;f=201904081034270;u=j;z=TIMESTAMP;a=20410779;e=i
The folks at SAP are arguing that in reality, the GRC activity being done within most IT organizations is really just an extension of the financial controls that companies need to put in place as part of any GRC strategy. As such, with the release this week of a coordinated set of updates to the SAP GRC portfolio, which includes new versions of SAP BusinessObjects Access Control, SAP BusinessObjects Risk Management and SAP BusinessObjects Process Control.
Beyond just trying to reduce the cost of GRC, Jim Dunham, SAP group vice president of GRC solutions, says the SAP suite of offerings includes embedded business intelligence software that will make it easier for a business to get more value out of GRC investments by streaming the data these applications gather into SAP analytic applications. The end result is a more unified approach to GRC that eliminates a lot of redundant activities.
Most IT folks are not big fans of GRC because it takes a lot of time away from their primary IT activities. Dunham says by unifying the GRC activities of the company, the people in charge of managing financial risk should be able to roll up many of the IT GRC activities as part of their larger mandate.
How long that may take is anybody's guess. But it's clear that a lot of the GRC activity within far too many companies is fragmented, resulting in a lot of duplicate work that wastes a lot of time. Whatever approach companies take to GRC, it would be a good idea to take a step back just to reconsider the overall strategy because you'll be surprised to find how much of your GRC activity is out of control, which is a great irony in itself when you think about it.


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Braylee Giles Kitchen design ideas, 2018-08-27 23:44:07. Among the areas in a home where there's a lot of action is happening is the kitchen. It is for this reason that it must be renovated whenever necessary so that there will be an improvement in the way that most activities will be carried out.
Zoie Henry Kitchen design ideas, 2018-07-29 05:26:47. Hire a professional interior designer to help you serve you such that all your design makes sense along with the functionality of kitchen.
Tinsley Spears Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 07:21:00. The kitchen is like any other room but needs the most attention. You can either make a simple streamlined kitchen with everything planned for and very practical in its layout, or indulge in some art décor and decorate it. Markets are filled with options to help make it more personal.
Amya Johnson Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 00:26:19. Among the areas in a home where there's a lot of action is happening is the kitchen. It is for this reason that it must be renovated whenever necessary so that there will be an improvement in the way that most activities will be carried out.
Angelique Clemons Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 19:25:03. The caddies can come in a variety of designs, colors, and finishes. Some people find the gleaming stainless steel containers as very chic because of their versatility and durability as well as the fact that they are shiny. The luster and sparkle tend to play off other surfaces with similar finishes like the cooking stove, the coffeemakers, refrigerators and so forth. Others prefer the ones made out of copper because it brings out the warm rustic charm and the feeling of a traditional home that has olden day iron stoves and open fires. They actually help draw attention to the owner's unique personality that will shine easily through. Then there are the ones made out of clay or ceramic which are usually preferred by the more artistic people.
Sofia Hensley Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 18:36:41. Accessorize Affordably. Let's face it; you cannot afford to just go out and buy a bunch of new appliances and fancy fixtures to revamp your kitchen. After all, we are talking about cheap, kitchen design ideas here. With that in mind, here are two very important words, "Yard" and "Sale". Your neighbor's trash may very well be your favorite kitchen treasure. At garage sales, you can find many items that will accent your newly designed kitchen. Items such as fabric and curtains, place settings, pictures, bookshelves, vases and racks can be purchased for pennies at yard sales, yet they will give your kitchen a stylish appearance of prosperity.
Lucy Leach Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 14:01:48. If you have lots of kitchen design ideas in mind, there is probably one common thing about them - simplicity. Many people are enticed into bringing the country style theme in their kitchens because of the homey look and feel. While modern kitchens often have better functionality, nature lovers and those who love the laidback type of life, will definitely find more happiness in these types of kitchen design ideas.
Reina Wright Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 02:56:20. The appliances should be next to each other when you are designing the kitchen. This increases their efficiency and prevents you from having to walk across the entire room to get from one appliance to the other. If you do not require a large refrigerator, you can purchase a smaller, deeper one to save more floor space. There are software design tools that can help you come up with design ideas for your small kitchen and appliances. You can also get great ides from home improvement stores.
Whitney Ellis Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 16:59:12. - Kitchens with a Peninsula - Provide a sitting area in the kitchen.
Reina Wright Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 04:40:26. Before starting off on the renovation program, it's important to do some field work. Visit the kitchens of some of the houses around to get as many ideas as you can. It helps to know how others have gone about it.
Reina Wright Kitchen design ideas, 2018-09-16 13:45:29. Galley up. The galley kitchen design is also a great tool in your toolbox of small kitchen design ideas. Lining up cabinets and appliances in hallway fashion can give you the ability to get a lot done in a limited amount of space, thus cutting back on time. This style highlights a key function that most small kitchen owners master early, and that is the "two birds with one stone" concept. If you can accomplish more than one task in a given location, make sure that you do so.
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Does Trade Openness Make Sense? Investigation of ?· Does Trade Openness Make Sense? Investigation of…
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International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 6 www.hrmars.com Does Trade Openness Make Sense? Investigation of Nigeria Trade Policy Ude Damian Kalu Department of Economics, College of Management Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike Nigeria. Agodi Joy E. Department of Marketing, College of Management Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike Nigeria. Corresponding Author: Ude Damian Kalu Email: email@example.com DOI: 10.6007/IJAREMS/v4-i1/1469 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v4-i1/1469 ABSTRACT The empirically examined whether trade openness makes sense, using Nigeria trade policy as yardstick. Considering the framework of the traditional trade theories which postulate that trade has positive impact on economic growth, the study employed Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and Pairwise-Granger causality methodology using secondary data from 1984 to 2013. Results show that trade openness has a significant impact on economic growth. This implies that trade openness make sense in Nigeria given that most of the period under investigation ranged from when Nigeria adopted unrestricted trade policies. The control variables (interest rate and exchange rate) have significant positive effect on economic growth in Nigeria. The pairwise Granger causality test shows that there is a unidirectional causality between economic growth and trade openness at lag one only. Key words: Trade openness, trade policy, export, import, import substitution, economic growth. 1. INTRODUCTION The idea that trade openness leads to economic growth and improves the welfare of the citizens of a country has attracted the attention of policy makers and governments of the developing countries in the recent years. Nigeria as a developing country is not left out. But the question now is whether the economic environment is conducive for the trade policy (trade openness) to thrive? However, trade openness is a trade policy which encourages the flow of goods and services International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 7 www.hrmars.com unhindered by government-imposed restrictions. Such restrictions could be high taxes, tariffs and even non tariffs barriers such as regulatory legislation and quotas. Trade openness permits an economy to make better use of its resources by allowing import of goods and services at a lower cost than they could be produced at home (following the theory of comparative cost advantage). It also enable developing countries to import capital equipment and intermediate inputs that are critical to long-run growth which will be expensive or impossible to be produced domestically. Other possible benefits of trade openness include more intense competition, which obliges local firms to operate more efficiently than under protection, and greater awareness of new foreign ideas and technologies (knowledge spillover). Although trade openness reduces government revenue via reduction in taxes and tariffs on trade, but studies (Knetter, 1993; Wade, 1990 and Singh, 1994) support that its benefits outweigh its cost. The potential costs of trade openness can also be either reduced or worsened by the overall context of policies in which reforms is undertaken. Higher macroeconomic instability such as high fiscal deficit, high and volatile inflation, volatile real exchange rate and institutional factors such as governance, rule of law, state of infrastructures in an economy can affect the efficacy of trade openness. Over whelming evidence links openness and economic growth. In recent years many developing countries have attempted to liberalize their trade and at the same time a growing number of governments have begun to explore and participate in regional and international trade agreements. To a greater extent these reform effort is consistent with the policy prescriptions that emerged from economic first principle: trade barriers should be low, more or less uniform across sectors, transparent and non-discretionary and should operate through price mechanism (Schiff and Winter 1998). Knetter (1993), Wade (1990), Singh (1994) have pointed out that in countries like Japan, south Korea, and Taiwan, the government has played a leading and a heavily interventionist role in the course of their economic growth and development and they achieved it. Nigeria since its emergence as an independent nation has evolved two macroeconomic management regimes of the interventionist and market friendly style. The macroeconomic model that relied on inward orientation and import substitution strategy of urban industrial development (a more controlled and less open economic arrangement) was adopted in Nigeria at post-independence but prior to 1986 (before the introduction of structural adjustment programme, SAP). Since the introduction of SAP, Nigeria economy has been relatively more open as a result of the policy measure applied. Nigeria having tried these two trade policy regimes - protection and trade openness and the later still on course through the adoption of National Economic Empowerment and Development strategy (NEEDS), this research work is geared towards investigating the growth of the economy of the period incorporating these two regimes - control and open trade. It is over two decades since Nigeria commenced a series of reform measure aimed at putting the economy back on the path of sustainable growth and development. There is no doubt that several structural changes had taken place in the Nigeria economy, some positive while others are not too impressive. In the period before the introduction of structural adjustment programme (SAP) in International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 8 www.hrmars.com July 1986 and given the place of industrialization in the process of development, the policy of import substitution (IS) industrialization which was inward oriented held sway. According to Obaseki and Ojo (1998) a trend analysis show that the Nigeria economy has been relatively more open since 1986 as a result of the policy measures applied under SAP. The broad measure of openness, total trade - GDP ratio increased from 0.21 in 1986 to 0.64 in 1987 and 1997 it had reached 18.8. The extensive liberalization of trade and exchange control and a more "realistic" exchange rate management resulted in this development. 050010001 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29OPENNESS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH TRENDTOP RGDP Figure 1.1 Relationship between Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Nigeria. The figure above lends credence to the argument that trade openness begets economic growth. The figure further reveals that economic growth has been on the increase in Nigeria after the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). This policy thrust opened Nigerias trade with foreign countries. It is argued that the basic aim of opening an economy is to restore long-term growth and development. These have not been achieved in Nigeria, and even if growth is achieved as claimed by the government, it has significant distributional cost (Omoke, 2004). Hence a prominent feature or fallout of the Nigeria trade policy reform is the pervasive and widespread poverty and unemployment of the vast majority of the people. The expected growth seems elusive and major distortions are still found in the structure of the economy. The wide spread poverty, high unemployment rate, decay in the public infrastructure, inefficient social sector (like health and education) and rising price level, obviously, will have negative long-term effect on growth, income, production capacity and development in Nigeria. Pertinent questions at this juncture are: why did Nigeria abandon the import substitution strategy in preference for a more open and market oriented strategy of the international monetary fund (IMF)? to what extent has openness improved and sustained economic growth in Nigeria? and is there any causal relationship between trade openness and economic growth? International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 9 www.hrmars.com Figure 1.2 Relationship between import and export in Nigeria. The figure above shows that greater percentage of Nigerias export earning is used to finance its import for the past thirty years. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Conceptual Framework 2.1.1 Openness: concept and measurement. Chakraverty and singh (1988) argued that openness is a multidimensional concept, apart from trade a country can be open or not so open with respect to financial and capital market, in relation to technology, science, culture, education, inward and outward migration. Moreover, a country can choose to be open in some direction (say trade) but not so open in other such as foreign Direct Investment(FDI).Their analysis suggest that there is no unique optimum for or degree of openness which holds true for all countries at all time. Therefore in real sense of it, no country is open and no country is closed. There are several measures of trade openness as listed by Rodriquez and Rodrik (2000): Trade Dependency Ratio: The growth rate of exports over the specified period. Growth Rate of Export: The growth rate of exports over the specified period. Tariff Averages: A simple or trade weighted average of tariff level. Collected Tariff Ratio: The ratio of tariff revenues to import. Coverage of Quantitative Restrictions: The percentage of good covered by quantitative restrictions. Black Market Premium: The black market premium for foreign exchange, a proxy for the overall degree of external sector distortions. Trade Bias index: The extent to which policy increase the ratio of importable good price relative to exportable goods prices compared to the same ratio in world market. Sarch and warner Index: A composite index that uses several trade related indicator; tariffs, quota coverage, black market premier, social organization and the existence of export market boards. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 10 www.hrmars.com Learners Openness index: an index that estimate the difference between the actual trade flows and those that was expected from a theoretical trade model. For a long time, economists have tried to provide comparative measure of openness. This has proved to be controversial and elusive. This is illustrated by the fact that while according to Green way and Nam (1998) South Korea has an open and outward oriented economy, for others like wade (1994) it is an example of a semi closed economy with a high degree of government intervention. 2.2. Overview of Trade Theories The history of trade between and among nations is as old as mankind. In the ancient history of West Africa, we traded among one another. Many Kingdoms and empires like Mali, Ghana, Songhai, Kanem-Borno, Hausa land, the forest kingdoms at the coast of Dahomey, traded with one another on various goods .This type of trade that existed at these periods was called the trans-Saharan trade (Ukwueze 2009). Adam Smith, in his book an enquiry into nature and cause of wealth of nations published in 1776 made it clear that countries should trade with one another. He saw clearly that a country would gain by trading with other countries. This was discussed in his theory of Absolute Advantage of trade. This theory states that a country should specialized in the production of that commodity which it can produce more cheaply than others and exchange it for the commodities that cost less in other countries. In other words, a country should specialize in the production of those commodities in which it has absolute advantage in its production. Adam Smith stressed for non-interference of trade by governments. In other words he stressed for free trade as the best trade policy for nations. David Ricardo, after going through the work of Adam smith, came up with this question; what if one country is more productive than another country in all lines of production, that is, if a country has absolute advantage in all line of production, does it still benefit the countries to trade? Ricardo, (1817) in Sodersten and Reed (1994). His answer was yes! He said that, it is not the absolute but the comparative differences in cost that determine trade relations between two countries. Thus, he came up with the theory of Comparative Cost Advantage .This theory states that a country should specialize in the production of that commodity in which its comparative cost of production is the least. We compare the opportunity cost of producing each good in both countries. As long as the countries opportunity cost of the production for one goods differ, one country has a comparative cost advantage in the production of one the two goods, while the second country has a comparative advantage in the production of the other. In this case, both will gain from trade, regardless of the fact that one of the countries might have an absolute advantage in both lines of production. Bertin Ohlin in his famous book inter-regional and International Trade (1933) criticized the previous theories and formulated the General Equilibrium or factor Endowment or factor proportions theory of international trade. It is known as the modern theory of international trade or Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory. In fact it was Eli Heckscher, Ohlins teacher who first International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 11 www.hrmars.com propounded it in 1919 and Ohlin carried it forward to build the modern theory of international trade. The theory postulates that trade arise because of the different countries factor endowments. Given relative factor endowments, factor prices will differ, for instance labour will be relatively cheaper in labour abundant countries and so will domestic commodities prices ratio and factor combination. This theory explains why resource abundant (for instance, labour abundant) countries should specialize in the production and exportation of labour-intensive goods because of the relative cost and price advantage enhanced by international specializations. Trade therefore serves as an engine for a nation to capitalize on its abundant resources through more intensive production, Mete, et al (2006). What this theory suggests is nothing short of trade openness which was equally elicited in the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (H-O-S) model which is a development of the H-O principle. This model (H-O-S) shows how an increase in the price of a commodity can raise the income of the factors of production used most intensely in producing it. Samuelsons factor price equalization theorem postulates the condition under which trade openness offers a substitution for the free mobility of factors of production. Based on this model, free mobility of factors can lead to national resource movement from place of excess to place of relative scarcity and movement of welfare from one country to another. 2.3 Review of Nigeria Trade Policies Nigerias trade policies have been short-terms in nature and aims at securing Balance of payment viability and export promotion. Other intended uses include industrialization policy, employment creation and self-sufficiency policies among others. The trade policies can be categorized under pre SAP era and post SAP era policy (Analogbei 2000). The Nigeria economy was largely agrarian at the independence with a very narrow industrial base. A development plan was then conceived as a means of expanding the industrial base (especially for local consumables) to realize this, the intensive export of cash crops was embarked upon so as to finance the import implied by the expansion of the industrial base. Marketing boards were created to guarantee the farmers ready external market for their cash crops of cocoa, palm produce, ginger, groundnut etc. Other exports include some solid minerals, coal and tin. The urge to quicken industrial growth led to higher demand for import which gave rise to Balance of payment (BOP) problem. Measures put on place to reduce pressure on the Bop include exchange control measures, import tariffs, import licensing to affect the import substitution industrialization policy, a discriminatory custom tariff structure and import prohibitions. The second national development plan (1970-1974) sought economic growth via the replacement of assets destroyed during the civil war and the restructuring of productive capacity as well as securing equitable distribution of gains of development was initiated. This development plan was also designed to incorporate and enhance the priority area of the 1962-8 plan. However due to continued pressure on Nigeria BOP, restrictive trade policy of the earlier period was still retained and strengthened. Midway into the execution of the second National Development plan, the international price for crude oil increased and there were surplus funds for which Nigeria had no immediate internal investment outlet due to the countrys low absorptive exchange control regulations (CBN, 1979). The National Development plan 1975-1980 was International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 12 www.hrmars.com introduced amid the oil boom but with an ambitious plan of enhanced earnings from oil. Trade policies were therefore relaxed (Analogbei 2000). The fourth National Development Plan (1980-1985) however, came when Nigeria was experiencing a decline in foreign exchange earnings due to the oil shock. Also due to the upward trend in the demand for imports, the external reserve fell and the BOP position worsened and stricter trade restrictions were introduced but the efficacy of this measure was in doubt as import demand still maintained its upward trend while exports keep declining to further payment imbalance. Trade policies during the SAP era was characterized by trade liberalization and the liberalization of the pricing system with emphasis on the use of an appropriate price mechanism form foreign exchange allocation. A second tier foreign exchange regime in which market forces determine the exchange rate was put in place. Import and export licenses were abolished, exports were encouraged and bottlenecks such as the requirements that exporters must surrender their proceeds to the CBN were scrapped. Domiciliary accounts for exporters were encouraged. The post SAP trade policies liberalized trade by removing the import-licensing requirement and using instead custom tariffs. The list of items on the prohibition list was drastically reduced. In general, the trade policy regimes in Nigeria were well classified based on the strategies employed from 1970-1973, 1974-1979, 1986-1993 and 1994-`1999 (Mete 2006).Therefore, it can be adduced from the above review that the broad objective of Nigeria trade policy is the diversification of export earnings from oil to non-oil sectors. 2.3 Empirical Literature There are vast empirical evidences on trade openness as a trade policy that can enhance economic growth and improve the welfare of the citizens as well as those that contrast it. Dollar (1992) is one of the most cited in the recent studies on the relationship between openness and growth. The principal contribution of Dollars paper lies in the construction of two separate indices, which he demonstrated are each negatively correlated when growth over the 1976-85 periods in a sample of 95 developing countries. Aka (2005) examined the effect of the level of fiscal adjustment required to compensate for the drop in fiscal receipt because of trade liberalization and adoption of external common tariffs in WAEMU countries on income distribution and poverty in Cote dIvoire. The study concludes that the elimination of agricultural exports and import taxes leads to poorer households in the case of pre-shock scenario. The elimination of taxes on industrial exports reduces the number of households that are poor relative to the pre-shock scenario. Bacchetta, and Van Wincoop (2003) relate growth in countries per capital output to changes in the trade-GDP ratio. Out of 68 countries sampled, 24 are globalizers (open countries) and 44 are non-globalizers (trade restricted countries). Their finding was that increase in integration with world economy have been substantial among the globalizers and they have large change in trade volume between the 1970s and the 1990s; a doubling of trade to GDP on average of 16% to 33% of the GDP, but among the non-globalizers, trade actually fell as a share of GDP from 60%to 40% of GDP. Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000) after reviewing the work of Dollar (1992, Ben-David (1993), Sarchs International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 13 www.hrmars.com and Warner (1995), and Romer, (1993) said that they find little evidence that open trade policies in the sense of lower tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade are significantly associated with economic growth .they argued that methodological problems with the empirical strategies employed in these studies leave the result open to diverse interpretation and, in many cases, the indicator of openness used by the researchers are poor measure of trade barrier or are highly correlated with other sources of bad economic performance. In other cases the methods to ascertain the link between trade policy and growth have serious shortcomings. Ogujiuba et al (2004) studied the longrun relationship between trade openness and real economic growth in Nigeria using Johansen-Juselive co-integration technique. Their result showed that at 1% significant level, there is co-integration between the variables. They conclude that available evidence in Nigeria show that tariff restriction raises economic uncertainties in Nigeria, especially in the textile and manufacturing enterprises that are adversely affected by intensified import composition from abroad. Romer, (1993) analyzed the robustness of openness growth relationship to the use of different indicators he uses nine alternative openness indexes to analyze the connection between trade policy and productivity growth during 1980-1990. While three of these indexes measure openness proper, the other six measures the extent of trade policy induces distortion. The result Edward presented are weighted least square (WLS) regression of total factor productivity growth on the nine openness indicators. Six of the nine indicators are significant and all but one has the expected sign. Ben-David (1993) takes altogether different approach to studying the impact of openness on economic growth. He measured the effect of trade policies on income by asking whether trade liberalization leads to a reduction in the dispersion of income level among liberalizing countries (that is whether it contributes to what has been called convergence). He shows that open economies converge and that the trade agreements of the European Union have resulted in convergence of its member to a higher level of income. Overall growth from 1945 to 1994 of the European communities (ECS) Belgium, France, the Netherlands Italy, and Germany was 3.45 percent, compared to 1.2, percent, between 1900 and 1939 and 1.16 percent from 1870 to 1899. However, Ben-Davids work shows that the only economies that converge were those that are integrated in the world economy through trade. Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000) find that the empirical evidences used in different studies such as dollar (1992), Ben-David (1993) Sarchs and Warners (1995) have shortcomings and thus weaken the conclusion made by these economist in the above papers. They argued that these are little evidence that lower tariff and non-tariff barrier to trade have strong correlation with growth. They show that many authors specify the nation of openness differently. Krueger (2005) studied the impact of trade policy on industrialization in Nigeria. The result from ordinary least square regression indicates that tariffs had a positive and significant effect on output, but no effect on growth of exports or imports. However, Ajakaiye and Soyibo (1999) adopted a slightly different approach to standard time series analysis. They identified four International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 14 www.hrmars.com episode of trade liberalization between 1970 and 1992 (in 1970-1976, 1986-1987, 1989 and 1992) based on policy account, tariff index and trade intensity measure. Using regression techniques, the authors found that only the first instance of liberalization (1970-1976) increased real import while none of the four episodes had a significant effect on real GDP. Dorosh and Sahn (1999), examined the impact of trade and exchange rate liberalization on income distribution and poverty in countries such as Cameroon, Gambia, Madagascar and Niger, using social accounting matrices (SAMS) for the period 1989 - 1993. The findings from these studies shows that trade and exchange rate liberalization benefit poor households in urban and rural areas. Bautista and Thomas (1997) have also examined the impact of trade reform particularly import liberalization on income distribution and poverty in Philippines. The result indicates favorable effect of import liberalization on income distribution and poverty. Decalawe, Partry, Savard, and Thorbecke (1999) have also used computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for an archetype Africa developing economy. They analyze the impact of a fall in price of the export crop and import tariff on poverty and income distribution. The study demonstrates that reductions in import tariffs are beneficial to the alleviation of poverty. Previous studies are predominantly on testing the relationship between trade openness and economic growth without paying attention to by how much higher or lower it has contributed to economic growth against the controlled regime. This forms the area of departure of this study from previous works and this study covered this gap. 3. METHODOLOGY AND DATA The study follows Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and Pairwise-Granger causality frameworks. 3.1 Model Specification This model of this study is adopted from Ajakaiye and Soyibo (1999) with some modifications to realize the objective of this study. The model is specified as: RGDPt= 0+ 1EXCHt + 2INTt + 3T0Pt + t (1) Following the studies reviewed, the model follows ARCH(2) and GARCH(2) process. RGDPt= 0+ 1RGDPt-1 + 2RGDPt-2 + 3EXCHt + 4EXCHt-1 + + 5EXCHt-2 + 6INTt + 7INTt-1 + 8INTt-2 + 9T0Pt + 10T0Pt-1 + 11T0Pt-2 + t ... (2) However, to obtain the rate of change, the study logged equation (2). lnRGDPt= 0+ 1lnRGDPt-1 + 2lnRGDPt-2 + 3lnEXCHt + 4lnEXCHt-1 + + 5lnEXCHt-2 + 6INTt + 7INTt-1 + 8INTt-2 + 9lnT0Pt + 10lnT0Pt-1 + 11lnT0Pt-2 + t .... (3) International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 15 www.hrmars.com Where, RGDP= Real Gross Domestic Product (Proxy for economic growth), EXCH= Exchange Rate, INT=interest rate, TOP= Degree of Openness (Import + Export/GDP), 0 = Constant, i = parametric coefficients, t = Random error term. The Pairwise-Granger causality test is modeled as: RGDPt = ni 1i TOPt- 1 + nj 1j RGBPt j + 1t . (4) TOPt = ni 1i TOPt 1 + nj 1j RGBPt j + 2t . (5) Where, 1t and 2t are uncorrelated. This study covers the period 1984 to 2013. Data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin (2013). Trade openness ((import+export)/RGDP) was computed by the authors. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result of the regression is presented below. The estimates of the result were subjected to various economic, statistical and econometric tests. Figure 4.1 Relationship between economic growth and the explanatory variables. From the figure above, the study infer that linear relationship exists between economic growth and the explanatory variables specified above. However, the figure shows that import and export have been on upward trend since 1986. Table 4.1 Relationship Between Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Nigeria International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 16 www.hrmars.com Dependent Variable: LOG(RGDP) Convergence achieved after 65 iterations Coefficient Std. Error z-Statistic Prob. C 5.873240 0.074021 79.34514 0.0000 INT -0.013743 0.003953 -3.476974 0.0005 LOG(EXCH) 0.073698 0.027839 2.647274 0.0081 LOG(TOP) 0.096600 0.024294 3.976327 0.0001 Variance Equation C 0.001976 0.003674 0.537679 0.5908 ARCH(1) 1.294830 1.261370 1.026526 0.3046 ARCH(2) -0.754618 2.152789 -0.350530 0.7259 GARCH(1) 0.627838 1.203684 0.521597 0.6020 GARCH(2) -0.107579 0.501336 -0.214584 0.8301 Table 4.1 shows that trade openness conformed to a priori expectation and it is statistically significant. This implies that trade openness make sense in Nigeria given that most of the period under investigation ranged from when Nigeria adopted unrestricted trade policies. Interestingly, interest rate and exchange rate are significant factors affecting Nigerias economic growth rate. From the variance equation, the study observed that lag 1 of each of the explanatory variables in ARCH and GARCH estimators have positive impact on Nigerias economic growth while lag 2 of the same variables and estimators have negative effect on Nigerias economic performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 17 www.hrmars.com Figure 4.2 Relationship between Economic Growth and Nigerias External Sector The figure above shows that Nigerias export determines its economic growth. However, the ugly trend is that Nigerias import follows the trend and swings of its export. This is particularly worrisome and shows that Nigeria is susceptible to the slightest external shock. 4.4 PAIRWISE GRANGER CAUSALITY This is used to test whether RGDP Granger cause TOP or vice versa (unidirectional causality) or whether both Granger cause each other (bidirectional causality). Pairwise Granger Causality follows the F-distribution given as: F = RSSR RSSUR/m .. (4.1) RSSUR / n k with m and (n k) d.f. The null hypothesis is that TOP does not Granger cause RGDP and that RGD does not Granger cause TOP. Decision Rule. Reject H0 if the computed F-value exceeds the critical F-value at 5% level of significance. F-critical value = 3.42 Table 4.2. Pairwise Granger Causality Test Lags: 1 Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Probability RGDP does not Granger Cause TOP 29 3.90996 0.05869 TOP does not Granger Cause RGDP 1.14885 0.29364 International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 18 www.hrmars.com Lags: 2 Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Probability RGDP does not Granger Cause TOP 28 1.79703 0.18830 TOP does not Granger Cause RGDP 0.24083 0.78793 Lags: 4 Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Probability RGDP does not Granger Cause TOP 26 0.34008 0.84715 TOP does not Granger Cause RGDP 0.99985 0.43468 Lags: 6 Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Probability RGDP does not Granger Cause TOP 24 0.33598 0.90387 TOP does not Granger Cause RGDP 0.35411 0.89303 Lags: 8 Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Probability RGDP does not Granger Cause TOP 22 0.88878 0.58098 TOP does not Granger Cause RGDP 0.25063 0.95894 From the table above, there is a unidirectional causality between RGDP and TOP at lag one and at 5% level of significance. Put in differently, RGDP Granger causes TOP at lag one. However, no causality (unidirectional or bidirectional) was observed between RGDP and TOP from lag 2 through lag 8. 5. CONCLUSION The main aim of this research work is to test empirically whether trade openness makes sense, having Nigeria trade policy as yardstick. Considering the framework of the traditional trade theories which postulate that trade has positive impact on economic growth. Another puzzle that this work tried to explain is whether there is a causal relationship between economic growth and trade openness. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 19 www.hrmars.com Although, this study shows that there is a meaningful relationship between trade openness and economic growth and that economic growth Granger causes trade openness, but in order to fashion out meaningful trade design and reap in full the gains accruable from it, other factors of economic growth should be considered. Domestic and foreign investments are often determined by the endowment of natural resources and rule of law/ political stability. Woytek (2003), from a study on common wealth of independent states identified that governance and corruption, weak infrastructure and political conflicts may frustrate the maximization of the objective function of long term growth through trade openness. Given these arguments and empirical evidences, one should think of a rather minor role for trade openness in Nigeria towards achieving growth. Therefore, trade policy makers in Nigeria should not only be so much occupied with formulating trade policies but should also consider whether the environment is conducive for such policy to thrive. However, the study makes the following recommendations for policy: Effort should be made in formulating policies that will enhance trade (both domestic and foreign) as the economy strives to attain growth through trade. There should be macroeconomic stability through appropriate application of trade policies, fiscal and monetary policies which if synchronized would be mutually reinforcing in achieving common macroeconomic objective of price stability, favorable balance of trade and growth. Nigeria should enter or concentrate her trade agreement with industrialized and developed nations because if the government of Nigeria is busy formulating trade policies that will widen her border and the developed nations are busy closing their border, then, the effort of the developing nation will be rendered useless. This is because Nigeria depends on them for technology which will enhance diversification of developing economy to increase productivity and export. There will be need for effective regulation of trade inflow to avoid conversion of the economy into a dumping ground for sub-standard and harmful goods. Also the government should fall back on balanced growth doctrine and target the development of certain key industries with respect to potentials embedded in them. Following Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory, Nigeria has abundant labour to produce and export Agricultural goods. Thus, there is need to go back and revive the Agricultural sector in Nigeria so that the benefits of trade openness will be maximized. Generally, government should consider a set of consistent economic policies that will strengthen bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, this will go a long way in restoring the confidence of trade partners, thereby increasing the rate of multilateral trade partners to Nigeria. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I finally acknowledge all the authors whose materials have been relevant to the completion of this work and to all those who have contributed in one way or the other to make this study a success. God bless you all. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 20 www.hrmars.com REFERENCES Ajakaiye, O. A and Soyibo, J. (1999). Institutional Framework and the Process of Trade Policy Making in Africa: A Case Study of Nigeria. A Paper for International Conference: Dakar. Aka, B. F. (2003). Fiscal Adjustment, Poverty, Inequality and Welfare in Cote Divoire: A CGE model Analysis, Final Report AERC, Nairobi, Kenya. Analogbei, F.C.O (2000). Trade reforms and productivity in Nigeria, in proceeding of the Ninth Conference of the Zonal Research Unit of the CBN Titled Productivity and Capacity Building in Nigeria, P 159, Lagos press. Bacchetta, P. and Van Wincoop, E., (2003). Do Consumer Prices React Less Than Import Prices to Exchange Rates? Journal of Europeans Economics Association (1), 662 670. Bautista, A. and Thomas, R. (1997). Does Trade Growth Cause Growth? American Economic Review. 53(1). Ben-David, N. (1993). Commercial Policy in the Undeveloped Countries, American Economic review 49 (2). CBN, (1979). Central Bank of Nigeria Quarterly Report. Nigeria. CBN, (2013). Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. Nigeria. Chakraverty, S. and Singh, .A. (1988). The Desirable Forms of Economic Openness in the South Mimeo. Helsinki, WIDER (World Institute for Development Economics Research. Decalawe, G., Partry, M., Savard, K. and Thorbecke, G. (1999). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement; In P.M Garber (ed) the Mexico-US Free Trade Agreement, Cambridge, MA MIT Press. Dollar, D. (1992). Outward Oriented Developing Economics Really do Grow More Rapidly; Evidence From 95 LDCs, 1976 85, Economic Development and Cultural Change. Dorosh, M. and Sahn, P. (1999). Trade Openness and Income Inequality in Developing Countries, CSGR Working Paper Series 232/07. Knetter, M.M. (1993). International Comparisons of Pricing-to-Market Behavior. American Economic Review 83(3): 473-86. One of the Earliest Papers Introducing the Concept of Pricing-to-Market. Mete, R. (2006). Do Economist Agree on Anything, Yes! The Economists voice 3 (9) Obaseki, P.J. and Ojo, M. O. (1998). Challenges of Globalization for Macroeconomic. Policy and Management in Nigeria CBN. Economic and Financial Review 36 (4) 425. Ogujiuba, K. K., Oji, G.O., and Adenuga (2004). Is Trade Openness Valid for Nigerias Long Run Growth: A Cointegration Approach A Paper Presented to the USAID-Nigeria. Omoke, P. (2004). Impact of trade Liberalization on the Environment in Developing Countries p 40 Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000). Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptics Guide to the Gross-National Evidence; NBER Working Paper No. 7081. Romer D, (1993). Openness and inflation: Theory and Evidence, Eviatecly Journal of Economics 4(1), 869 903. Sachs, J. and Warner, A. (1995). Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration Trade. Brooking Papers on Economic Activities. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences 2015, Vol. 4, No. 1 ISSN: 2226-3624 21 www.hrmars.com Schiff, J. and Winter, M. (1998). Trade Liberalization and Environment in the Pacific Basin; Coordinated Approaches to Mexican Trade and Environment Policy. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 24(2) Singh, H.P. (1994) Import Policy for a Developing Economy, Allahabada, Ind Chugh Publication. Sodersten, R. and Reed, F. (1994). Does Globalization Hurt the Poor? Policy Research Working Paper 252. Poverty Reduction and Economic management Division World Bank Institute. Ukwueze, E. R (2009). The Concept of Trade and Economic Reliance for Nigeria, in Obiora Anichebe (ed), Issues in Nigeria People and Culture. (Nsukka, Afro-Orbis publication Ltd 2009). 175 179. Wade, E. W. (1994). Of Openness and Distance: Trade Development in the Common Wealth of Independent States. IMF Working Paper, European 11 department October. Woytek, S. H, (2003). The Distribution of Gains Between Investing and Borrowing Countries, American Economic Review 59(2) 473 85.
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I've seen a lot of questions on the forums about people who don't know the best strategy for consuming, or trying to find out what node drop rates are like. As such, I'll pulled together all the links I have bookmarked (plus a few extras, thanks Cheron) that people might find useful:
Please feel free to reply with extra useful resources and I'll update this post.
- Full Character List: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/...rive_web#gid=0
- Character Database: http://www.hodabase.com/heroes/
- Acronym List: http://forums.capitalgames.com/showt...-HoDA-Acronyms
- Consuming Guide (how it works): http://forums.capitalgames.com/showt...=1#post1291501
- Consuming Points (the numbers): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets...vGw4Yk/pubhtml
- Fortification Guide: http://forums.capitalgames.com/showt...-Age-of-Heroes
- XP Levels (how much you need to get to level 70, etc): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/...=sharing#gid=0
- Event Calendar: http://tinyurl.com/hodacal
- Node Drops (UPDATED for Nexus!): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1djh-Gi3ySY8yZM4o8dmgF9yf-2Tr5gWqKxbUKY0LRQU/edit#gid=745629078
- Character Gallery: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bxc...it?usp=sharing
- Game Mechanics (how things like drain, gain, heal, etc. work): http://forums.capitalgames.com/showt...nd-the-Numbers
- Comprehensive HoDA Guide (a little out of date but still shows some great information, Sarah Luz worked really hard on it) http://forums.capitalgames.com/showt...ll-things-HoDA
- Chat room for discussing all things HoDA (all are welcome): http://forums.capitalgames.com/showt...ringo-Group-OG
Please feel free to reply with extra useful resources and I'll update this post.


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Hi! As many of you know I'm teaching midwives and midwife trainers in the most deprived and remote provinces in Cambodia alongside a couple of NGOs. I'm working across forty health centres, which are anywhere up to sixty miles from the nearest hospital, so having the skills and equipment to manage an emergency is absolutely essential.
A big focus of the training I've been offering is newborn resuscitation, as this is such a simple but life-saving skill and, although the maternal mortality rates are improving, the newborn death rate is still very high. Some of the centres have basic resuscitation equipment, although they are incredibly difficult to use and of a size and type we wouldn't consider safe in the UK. Many are broken, and those which aren't would be useless in an emergency - so not great really! I've heard horror stories from the midwives about babies being born in terrible condition and not having anything they could use to resuscitate them with, which is absolutely devastating.
The type of bag and mask that I want to raise money for is specifically designed for use in developing countries (LaerdalNewbornBag), and is incredibly easy and safe to use. I've been getting the midwives to practise with this model as well as their standard-issue one, in the hope that I might be able to secure these for them. Each time we've ended a session, the midwives have all said how much they want this piece of kit, so I'm absolutely certain they will get good use and save lives.
As I'm doing this independently it has to go through me directly rather than an organisation. The upside of this is that you know exactly where every single penny you donate is going! Each bag and mask set costs £13, so if you are able to donate that (or more if you're feeling generous!) I'll send you a picture of your donated resuscitation equipment going to its new home! I'm hoping to raise at least £500 to cover the bulk of the cost, but anything else is a bonus as there is also the issue of shipment (or collection!) from China.
Thanks for taking the time to read my plea, do ping me over a message if you have any questions, or would like to find out about how to arrange for a personalised resuscitation bag and mask, printed with a special message or picture of your own face.